a short view of the immorality, and profaneness of the english stage together with the sense of antiquity upon this argument / by jeremy collier ... short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage collier, jeremy, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a short view of the immorality, and profaneness of the english stage together with the sense of antiquity upon this argument / by jeremy collier ... short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage collier, jeremy, - . [ ], p. printed for s. keble ... r. sare ... and h. hindmarsh ..., london : . errata: p. 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argument , by jeremy collier , m. a. london , printed for s. keble at the turk's-head in fleetstreet , r. sare at gray's-inn-gate , and h. hindmarsh against the exchange in cornhil . . the preface . being convinc'd that nothing has gone farther in debauching the age than the stage poets , and play-house , i thought i could not employ my time better than in writing against them . these men sure , take vertue and regularity , for great enemies , why else is their disaffection so very remarkable ? it must be said , they have made their attack with great courage , and gain'd no inconsiderable advantage . but it seems lewdness without atheism , is but half their business . conscience might possibly recover , and revenge be thought on ; and therefore like foot-pads , they must not only rob , but murther . to do them right their measures are politickly taken : to make sure work on 't , there 's nothing like destroying of principles ; practise must follow of course . for to have no good principles , is to have no reason to be good. now 't is not to be expected that people should check their appetites , and balk their satisfactions , they don't know why . if virtue has no prospect , 't is not worth the owning . who would be troubled with conscience if'tis only a bugbear , and has nothing in 't but vision , and the spleen ? my collection from the english stage , is much short of what they are able to furnish . an inventory of their ware-house would have been a large work : but being afraid of over charging the reader , i thought a pattern might do . in translating the fathers , i have endeavour'd to keep close to their meaning : however , in some few places , i have taken the liberty of throwing in a word or two ; to clear the sensé , to preserve the spirit of the original , and keep the english upon its legs . there 's one thing more to acquaint the reader with ; 't is that i have ventured to change the terms of mistress and lover , for others somewhat more plain , but much more proper . i don't look upon this as any failure in civility . as good and evil are different in themselves , so they ought to be differently mark'd . to confound them in speech , is the way to confound them in practise . ill qualities ought to bave ill names , to prevent their being catching . indeed things are in a great measure govern'd by words : to guild over a foul character , serves only to perplex the idea , to encourage the bad , and mislead the unwary . to treat honour , and infamy alike , is an injury to virtue , and a sort of levelling in morality . i confess , i have no ceremony for debauchery . for to compliment vice , is but one remove from worshipping the devil . march th . / . the contents . chap. i. the introduction . page the immodesty of the stage . p. the ill consequences of this liberty . p. immodesty a breach of good behaviour . p. the stage faulty in this respect to a very scandalous degree . p. modesty the character of women . p. the natural serviceableness of this quality . p. immodesty much more insufferable , under the christian , than under the heathen religion . p. the roman , and greek theatres more inoffensive than the english. p. this proved from plautus . ibid from terence . p. from seneca 's tragedies . p. the comparison carried on to the theatre at athens . ibid. a short character of aeschylus . p. the cleaness of his expression . p. the genius and conduct of sophocles . p. the sobriety of his plays . p. euripides 's character distinguished from the two former . p. the reserv'dness of his stile . p. all humours not fit for representation . p. a censure of aristophanes . p. aristophanes his testimony against himself . p. the authorities of ben. johnson . p. beaumont & fletcher . p. and corneille . against the present stage . p. chap. ii. the prophaneness of the stage . this charge prov'd upon them , i. by their cursing and swearing . p. the english stage formerly less hardy in this respect . ibid the provokingness of this sin. p. . this offence punishable by law , and how far . p. swearing in the play house an un-gentlemanly , as well as an un-christian practise . a second branch of the profaness of the stage , consisting in their abuse of religion , and the holy scriptures . p. instances of this liberty in the mock astrologer . ib. in the orphan . p. in the old batchelour , and double dealer . p. , in don sebastian . p. breif remarks upon a passage or two in the dedications of aurenge zebe , and the translation of juvenal . p. , farther instances of profaneness in love triumphant . p. in love for love. p. in the provok'd wife . p. and in the relapse . p. the horrid impiety of this liberty . p. the stage guilty of down right blasphemy . this charge made good from several of the plays above mention'd . p. the comparative regularity of the heathen stage , exemplyfied in terence , and plautus . p. and in the greek tragedians . p. seneca more exceptionable than the greeks , but not so faulty as the modern stage . p. this outraging of religion intolerable . p. chap. iii. the clergy abused by the stage . p. this usage both unpresidented . p. and unreasonable . p . the misbehaviour of the stage upon this account . p. chap. iv. immorality encouraged by the stage . p. the stage poets make libertines their top-characters , and give them success in their debauchery . p. a character of their fine gentleman . p. their fine ladies accomplish'd much after the same manner . p. the young people of figure in plautus and terence , have a greater regard to morality . ibid the defence in the preface to the mock-astrologer , not sufficient . p. the christian religion makes a great difference in the case . p. horace of a contrary opinion to the mock-astrologer . p. the mock-astrologer's instances from ben johnson unserviceable . p. the authority of shakespear against the mock-astrologer . p. his maxim founded on the difference between tragedy , and comedy , a mistake . p. delight not the chief-end of comedy p. this assertion prov'd against the mock-astrologer from the testimonies of rapin. ibid and ben johnson . p. aristotle , and quintilian , cited to the same purpose p. , to make delight the main business in comedy , dangerous , and unreasonable . p. the improper conduct of the stage with respect to poetry , and ceremony . p. extravagant rants . p. gingles in the spanish fryar , king arthur , and love triumphant . p. women roughly treated by the stage . p. their coarse usage of the nobility . p. these freedoms peculiar to the english stage . p. chap. v. sect . i. remarks upon amphytrion . p. the machines prophane , smutty , and out of character . p. the singularity of the poet in this point . p. blasphemy in absalom and achitophel . p. a poem upon the fall of the angels , call'd a fairy way of writing . p. the punishment of the damned ridiculed . p. sect . ii. remarks on the comical history of don quixot . p. the poets horrible prophaneness . p. his want of modesty , and regard to the audience . p. all imitations of nature not proper for the stage . p. the poets talent in raillery , and dedication . p. sect . iii. remarks on the relapse . p. a misnommer in the title of the play. p. the moral vitious . p. the plot ill contriv'd . p. the manners or characters out of order . p. the three dramatick unities broken . p. chap. vi. the opinion of the heathen philosophers , orators , and historians , concerning the stage . p. the stage censured by the state. this proved from the constitutions of athens , sparta , and rome . p. farther instances of this publick discountenance in the theodosian code . p. in our own statute book . p. and in the late order of the french king. p. an order of the bishop of arras against plays . p. the stage condemn'd by the primitive church . p. the councils of illiberis , arles , &c. cited . ibid the testimony 's of the fathers against the stage , particularly , of theophilus antiochenus . p. of tertullian . p. of clemens alexandrinus . p. of minutius foelix . p. . of st. cyprian . ibid. lactantius . p. st. chrisostom . p. st. hierom. p. and st. augustine cited to the same purpose . p. the censure of the fathers , and councils &c. applicable to the english stage . p. the conclusion . p. errata . page margin for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. . l. . for by his , r. his . l. . for other , r his other . l. . for praeetr , r. praeter . p. . l. . for poets , knaves , r. poets knaves . p. . l. . for concianotores , r. concionatores . p. . l. . for debaush , r. debauchee . p. . l. . for enterprizes , r. enterprize . p. . l. . for ridicules , r. ridiculous . p. . l. . for justifying , r. and justifie . p. . l. . for tempestinous , r. tempestuous . l. . for pray , r. should pray . p. . for executed , r. exerted . p. . l. . for antarkick . r. antartick . p. . l. . for angitia . r. angitiae . p. . l. . for auger , r. augur . p. . margin , for heglins cogmog , r. heylins cosmog . p. . l. . dele up . p. . l. . for then , r. therefore . p. . l. . for to , r. too . p. . l. . dele and. p. . l. . for circumstance , r. circumstances . p. . l. . for cup , r. a cup. p. . l. . for apon't , r. upon 't . . l. . for le , r. les. p. . l. . for correspondence r. this correspondence . p. . l. . for himself . r. themselves . the litteral mistakes the reader is desired to correct . essays upon several moral subjects in two parts the second edition corrected and enlarged by jeremy collier , m. a. human prudence , or the art by which a man may raise himself and his fortune to grandure , the seventh edition . an answer to all the excuses and pretences that men usually make for their not coming to the holy communion , by a divine of the church of england : fitted for the meanest capacity , and proper to be given away by such persons as are charitably inclin'd . price pence . the introduction . the business of plays is to recomend virtue , and discountenance vice ; to shew the uncertainty of humane greatness , the suddain turns of fate , and the unhappy conclusions of violence and injustice : 't is to expose the singularities of pride and fancy , to make folly and falsehood contemptible , and to bring every thing that is ill under infamy , and neglect . this design has been oddly pursued by the english stage . our poets write with a different view , and are gone into an other interest . 't is true , were their intentions fair , they might be serviceable to this purpose . they have in a great measure the springs of thought and inclination in their power . show , musick , action , and rhetorick , are moving entertainments ; and rightly employ'd would be very significant . but force and motion are things indifferent , and the use lies chiefly in the application . these advantages are now , in the enemies hand , and under a very dangerous management . like cannon seized they are pointed the wrong way , and by the strength of the defence the mischief is made the greater . that this complaint is not unreasonable i shall endeavour to prove by shewing the misbehaviour of the stage with respect to morality , and religion . their liberties in the following particulars are intolerable . viz. their smuttiness of expression ; their swearing , profainness , and lewd application of scripture ; their abuse of the clergy ; their making their top characters libertines , and giving them success in their debauchery . this charge , with some other irregularities , i shall make good against the stage , and shew both the novelty and scandal of the practise . and first , i shall begin with the rankness , and indecency of their language . chap. . the immodesty of the stage . in treating this head , i hope the reader does not expect that i should set down chapter and page , and give him the citations at length . to do this would be a very unacceptable and foreign employment . indeed the passages , many of them , are in no condition to be handled : he that is desirous to see these flowers let him do it in their own soil : 't is my business rather to kill the root than transplant it . but that the poets may not complain of injustice ; i shall point to the infection at a distance , and refer in general to play and person . now among the curiosities of this kind we may reckon mrs. pinchwife , horner , and lady fidget in the country wife ; widdow blackacre and olivia in the plain dealer . these , tho' not all the exceptionable characters , are the most remarkable . i 'm sorry the author should stoop his wit thus low , and use his understanding so unkindly . some people appear coarse , and slovenly out of poverty : they can't well go to the charge of sense . they are offensive like beggars for want of necessaries . but this is none of the plain dealer's case ; he can afford his muse a better dress when he pleases . but then the rule is ; where the motive is the less , the fault is the greater . to proceed . jacinta , elvira , dalinda , and lady plyant , in the mock astrologer , spanish friar , love triumphant and double dealer , forget themselves extreamly : and almost all the characters in the old batchelour , are foul and nauseous . love for love , and the relapse , strike sometimes upon this sand , and so likewise does don sebastian . i don't pretend to have read the stage through , neither am i particular to my utmost . here is quoting enough unless 't were better : besides , i may have occasion to mention somewhat of this kind afterwards . but from what has been hinted already , the reader may be over furnish'd . here is a large collection of debauchery ; such pieces are rarely to be met with : 't is sometimes painted at length too , and appears in great variety of progress and practise . it wears almost all sorts of dresses to engage the fancy , and fasten upon the memory , and keep up the charm from languishing . sometimes you have it in image and description ; sometimes by way of allusion ; sometimes in disguise ; and sometimes without it . and what can be the meaning of such a representation , unless it be to tincture the audience , to extinguish shame , and make lewdness a diversion ? this is the natural consequence , and therefore one would think 't was the intention too . such licentious discourse tends to no point but to stain the imagination , to awaken folly , and to weaken the defences of virtue : it was upon the account of these disorders that plato banish'd poets his common wealth : and one of the fathers calls poetry , vinum daemonum an intoxicating draught , made up by the devils dispensatory . i grant the abuse of a thing is no argument against the use of it . however young people particularly , should not entertain themselves with a lewd picture ; especially when 't is drawn by a masterly hand . for such a liberty may probably raise those passions which can neither be discharged without trouble , nor satisfyed without a crime : 't is not safe for a man to trust his virtue too far , for fear it should give him the slip ! but the danger of such an entertainment is but part of the objection : 't is all scandal and meanness into the bargain : it does in effect degrade human nature , sinks reason into appetite , and breaks down the distinctions between man and beast . goats and monkeys if they could speak , would express their brutality in such language as this. to argue the matter more at large . smuttiness is a fault in behaviour as well as in religion . 't is a very coarse diversion , the entertainment of those who are generally least both in sense , and station . the looser part of the mob , have no true relish of decency and honour , and want education , and thought , to furnish out a gentile conversation . barrenness of fancy makes them often take up with those scandalous liberties . a vitious imagination may blot a great deal of paper at this rate with ease enough : and 't is possible convenience may sometimes invite to the expedient . the modern poets seem to use smut as the old ones did machines , to relieve a fainting invention . when pegasus is jaded , and would stand still , he is apt like other tits , to run into every puddle . obscenity in any company is a rustick uncreditable talent ; but among women 't is particularly rude . such talk would be very affrontive in conversation , and not endur'd by any lady of reputation . whence then comes it to pass that those liberties which disoblige so much in conversation , should entertain upon the stage . do the women leave all the regards to decency and conscience behind them when they come to the play-house ? or does the place transform their inclinations , and turn their former aversions into pleasure ? or were their pretences to sobriety elsewhere nothing but hypocrisy and grimace ? such suppositions as these are all satyr and invective : they are rude imputations upon the whole sex. to treat the ladys with such stuff is no better than taking their money to abuse them . it supposes their imagination vitious , and their memories ill furnish'd : that they are practised in the language of the stews , and pleas'd with the scenes of brutishness . when at the same time the customs of education , and the laws of decency , are so very cautious , and reserv'd in regard to women : i say so very reserv'd , that 't is almost a fault for them to understand they are ill used . they can't discover their disgust without disadvantage , nor blush without disservice to their modesty . to appear with any skill in such cant , looks as if they had fallen upon ill conversation ; or managed their curiosity amiss . in a word , he that treats the ladys with such discourse , must conclude either that they like it , or they do not . to suppose the first , is a gross reflection upon their virtue . and as for the latter case , it entertains them with their own aversion ; which is ill nature , and ill manners enough in all conscience . and in this particular , custom and conscience , the forms of breeding , and the maxims of religion are on the same side . in other instances vice is often too fashionable ; but here a man can't be a sinner , without being a clown . in this respect the stage is faulty to a scandalous degree of nauseousness and aggravation . for st . the poets make women speak smuttily . of this the places before mention'd are sufficient evidence : and if there was occasion they might be multiplyed to a much greater number : indeed the comedies are seldom clear of these blemishes : and sometimes you have them in tragedy . for instance . the orphans monimia makes a very improper description ; and the royal leonora in the spanish friar , runs a strange length in the history of love p. . and do princesses use to make their reports with such fulsom freedoms ? certainly this leonora was the first queen of her family . such raptures are too lascivious for joan of naples . are these the tender things mr. dryden says the ladys call on him for ? i suppose he means the ladys that are too modest to show their faces in the pit. this entertainment can be fairly design'd for none but such . indeed it hits their palate exactly . it regales their lewdness , graces their character , and keeps up their spirits for their vocation : now to bring women under such misbehaviour is violence to their native modesty , and a mispresentation of their sex. for modesty as mr. rapin observes , is the character of women . to represent them without this quality , is to make monsters of them , and throw them out of their kind . euripides , who was no negligent observer of humane nature , is always careful of this decorum . thus phaedra when possess'd with an infamous passion , takes all imaginable pains to conceal it . she is as regular and reserv'd in her language as the most virtuous matron . 't is true , the force of shame and desire ; the scandal of satisfying , and the difficulty of parting with her inclinations , disorder her to distraction . however , her frensy is not lewd ; she keeps her modesty even after she has lost her wits . had shakespear secur'd this point for his young virgin ophelia , the play had been better contriv'd . since he was resolv'd to drown the lady like a kitten , he should have set her a swimming a little sooner . to keep her alive only to sully her reputation , and discover the rankness of her breath , was very cruel . but it may be said the freedoms of distraction go for nothing , a feavour has no faults , and a man non compos , may kill without murther . it may be so : but then such people ought to be kept in dark rooms and without company . to shew them , or let them loose , is somewhat unreasonable . but after all , the modern stage seems to depend upon this expedient . women are sometimes represented silly , and sometimes mad , to enlarge their liberty , and screen their impudence from censure : this tolitick contrivance we have in marcella , hoyden , and miss prue . however it amounts to this confession ; that women when they have their understandings about them ought to converse otherwise . in fine ; modesty is the distinguishing vertue of that sex , and serves both for ornament and defence : modesty was design'd by providence as a guard to virtue ; and that it might be always at hand , 't is wrought into the mechanism of the body . 't is likewise proportion'd to the occasions of life , and strongest in youth when passion is so too . 't is a quality as true to innocence , as the sences are to health ; whatever is ungrateful to the first , is prejudicial to the latter . the enemy no sooner approaches , but the blood rises in opposition , and looks defyance to an indecency . it supplys the room of reasoning , and collection : intuitive knowledge can scarcely make a quicker impression ; and what then can be a surer guide to the unexperienced ? it teaches by suddain instinct and aversion ; this is both a ready and a powerful method of instruction . the tumult of the blood and spirits , and the uneasiness of the sensation , are of singular use. they serve to awaken reason , and prevent surprize . thus the distinctions of good and evil are refresh'd , and the temptation kept at proper distance . ly . they represent their single ladys , and persons of condition , under these disorders of liberty , this makes the irregularity still more monstrous and a greater contradiction to nature , and probability : but rather than not be vitious , they will venture to spoil a character . this mismanagement we have partly seen already . jacinta , and belinda are farther proof . and the double dealer is particularly remarkable . there are but four ladys in this play , and three of the biggest of them are whores . a great compliment to quality to tell them there is not above a quarter of them honest ! this was not the roman breeding , terence and plautus his strumpets were little people ; but of this more hereafter . dly . they have oftentimes not so much as the poor refuge of a double meaning to fly to . so that you are under a necessity either of taking ribaldry or nonsence . and when the sentence has two handles , the worst is generally turn'd to the audience . the matter is so contrived that the smut and scum of the thought rises uppermost ; and like a picture drawn to sight , looks always upon the company . ly . and which is still more extraordinary : the prologues , and epilogues are sometimes scandalous to the last degree . i shall discover them for once , and let them stand like rocks in the margin . now here properly speaking the actors quit the stage , and remove from fiction into life . here they converse with the boxes , and pit , and address directly to the audience . these preliminaries and concluding parts , are design'd to justify the conduct of the play , and bespeak the favour of the company . upon such occasions one would imagine if ever , the ladys should be used with respect , and the measures of decency observ'd , but here we have lewdness without shame or example : here the poet exceeds himself . here are such strains as would turn the stomach of an ordinary debauchee , and be almost nauseous in the stews . and to make it the more agreeable , women are commonly pick'd out for this service . thus the poet courts the good opinion of the audience . this is the desert he regales the ladys with at the close of the entertainment : it seems he thinks they have admirable palats ! nothing can be a greater breach of manners then such liberties as these . if a man would study to outrage quality and , vertue , he could not do it more effectually . but thly . smut is still more insufferable with respect to religion . the heathen religion was in a great measure a mystery of iniquity . lewdness was consecrated in the temples , as well as practised in the stews . their deitys were great examples of vice , and worship'd with their own inclination . 't is no wonder therefore their poetry should be tinctured with their belief , and that the stage should borrow some of the liberties of their theology . this made mercurys procuring , and jupiters adultery the more passable in amphitrion : upon this score gymnasium is less monstrous in praying the gods to send her store of gallants . and thus chaeraea defends his adventure by the precedent of jupiter and danae . but the christian religion is quite of an other complexion . both its precepts , and authorities , are the highest discouragement to licentiousness . it forbids the remotest tendencies to evil , banishes the follies of conversation , and obliges up to sobriety of thought . that which might pass for raillery , and entertainment in heathenism , is detestable in christianity . the restraint of the precept , and the quality of the deity , and the expectations of futurity quite alter the case . but notwithstanding the latitudes of paganism , the roman and greek theatres were much more inoffensive than ours . to begin with plautus . this comedian , tho' the most exceptionable , is modest upon the comparison . for st . he rarely gives any of the above mention'd liberties to women ; and when these are any instances of the contrary , 't is only in prostituted and vulgar people ; and even these , don't comè up to the grossness of the modern stage : for the purpose . cleaereta the procuris borders a little upon rudeness : lena and bacchis the strumpet are airy and somewhat over-merry , but not a l'anglois obscene . chalinus in womans cloaths is the most remarkable . pasicompa charinus his wench talks too freely to lysimachus ; and so does sophroclidisca slave to lamnoselene . and lastly : phronesiam a woman of the town uses a double entendre to stratophanes . these are the most censurable passages , and i think all of them with relation to women ; which considering how the world goes is very moderate . several of our single plays shall far out-do all this put together . and yet plautus has upon the matter left us entire comedies . so that in short , these roman lasses are meer vestal virgins , comparatively speaking . ly . the men who talk intemperately are generally slaves ; i believe dordalus the pandar , and lusiteles will be found the only exception : and this latter young gentleman ; drops but one over airy expression : and for this freedom , the poet seems to make him give satisfaction in the rest of his character . he disputes very handsomly by himself against irregular love ; the discourse between him and philto is instructive and well managed . and afterwards he gives lesbonicus a great deal of sober advice , and declaims heartily against luxury and lewdness ! now by confining his rudeness to little people , the fault is much extenuated . for first , the representation is more naturally this way ; and which is still better , 't is not so likely to pass into imitation : slaves and clowns are not big enough to spread infection ; and set up an ill fashion . 't is possible the poet might contrive these pesants offensive to discountenance the practise . thus the heilots in sparta were made drunk to keep intemperance out of credit . i don't mention this as if i approv'd the expedient , but only to show it a circumstance of mitigation and excuse . farther , these slaves and pandars , seldom run over , and play their gambols before women . there are but four instances of this kind as i remember , olympio , palaestrio , dordalus , and stratilax are the persons . and the women they discourse with , are two of them slaves , and the third a wench . but with our dramatists , the case is otherwise . with us smuttiness is absolute and unconfin'd . 't is under no restraint , of company , nor has any regard to quality or sex. gentlemen talk it to ladies , and ladies to gentlemen with all the freedom , and frequency imaginable . this is in earnest to be very hearty in the cause ! to give title and figure to ill manners is the utmost that can be done . if lewdness will not thrive under such encouragement it must e'en miscarry ! ly . plautus his prologues and epilogues are inoffensive . 't is true , lambinus pretends to fetch a double entendre out of that to poenulus , but i think there is a strain in the construction . his prologue to the captivi is worth the observing . fabulae huic operam date . pray mind the play. the next words give the reason why it deserves regarding . non enim pertractate facta est neque spurcidici insunt versus immemorabiles . we see here the poet confesses smut a scandalous entertainment . that such liberties ought to fall under neglect , to lie unmention'd , and be blotted out of memory . and that this was not a copy of his countenance we may learn from his compositions . his best plays are almost alwaies modest and clean complexion'd . his amphitrio excepting the ungenuine addition is such . his epidicus the master-piece of his whole collection is inoffensive throughout : and so are his menechmi , rudens , and trinummus , which may be reckon'd amongst some of his next best . his truculentus another fine play ( tho' not entire ) with a heathen allowance , is pretty passable . to be short : where he is most a poet , he is generally least a buffoon . and where the entertainment is smut , there is rarely any other dish well dress'd : the contrivance is commonly wretched , the sence lean and full of quibbles . so that his understanding seems to have left him when he began to abuse it . to conclude , plautus does not dilate upon the progress , successes , and disappointments of love , in the modern way . this is nice ground , and therefore he either stands off , or walks gravely over it , he has some regard to the retirements of modesty , and the dignity of humane nature , and does not seem to make lewdness his business . to give an instance . silenium is much gone in love , but modest withall , tho' formerly debauch'd . she is sorry her spark was forced from her , and in danger of being lost . but then she keeps within compass and never flies out into indecency . alcesimarchus is strangely smitten with this silenium , and almost distracted to recover her . he is uneasy and blusters , and threatens , but his passion goes off in generals . he paints no images of his extravagance , nor descends to any nauseous particulars . and yet after all , plautus wrote in an age not perfectly refin'd , and often seems to design his plays for a vulgar capacity . 't was upon this view i suppose his characters exceed nature , and his ill features are drawn too large : his old men over credulous , his misers romantick , and his coxcombs improbably singular . and 't is likely for this reason his slaves might have too much liberty . terence appear'd when breeding was more exact , and the town better polish'd ; and he manages accordingly : he has but one faulty bordering expression , which is that of chremes to clitipho . this single sentence apart , the rest of his book is ( i think ) unsullied and fit for the nicest conversation . i mean only in referrence to the argument in hand , for there are things in him , which i have no intention to warrant . he is extreamly careful in the behaviour of his women . neither glycerium in andria , pamphila in eunuchus , or pamphila in adelphi , phanium in phormio , or philumena in hecyra , have any share of conversation upon the stage . such freedom was then thought too much for the reservedness of a maiden-character . 't is true in heautontimoroumenos the poets plot obliged antiphila to go under the disguise of bacchis her maid . upon this occasion they hold a little discourse together . but then bacchis tho' she was a woman of the town , behaves her self with all the decency imaginable . she does not talk in the language of her profession . but commends antiphila for her virtue : antiphila only says how constant she has been to chinia , seems surprised at his arrival , and salutes him civilly upon 't , and we hear no more from her . mr. dryden seems to refer to this conduct in his dramatick poesie . he censures the romans for making mutes of their single women . this he calls the breeding of the old elizabeth way , which was for maids to be seen and not to be heard . under favour the old discipline would be very serviceable upon the stage . as matters go , the mutes are much to few . for certainly 't is better to say nothing , than talk out of character , and to ill purpose . to return . the virgin injured by chaerea does nothing but weep , and won't so much as speak her misfortune to the women . but comedy is strangly improved since that time ; for dalinda has a great deal more courage , tho' the loss of her virtue was her own fault . but terence has that regard for women , that he won't so much as touch upon an ill subject before them . thus chremes was ashamed to mention any thing about his sons lewdness when his wife was present . pudet dicere hac praesente verbum turpe . the slaves in this comedian are kept in order and civilly bred . they guard and fence when occasion requires , and step handsomly over a dirty place . the poet did not think littleness and low education a good excuse for ribaldry . he knew infection at the weakest , might seize on some constitutions : besides , the audience was a superior presence , and ought to be considered . for how negligent soever people may'be at home , yet when they come before their betters 't is manners to look wholsom . now tho' plautus might have the richer invention ; terence was always thought the more judicious comedian . his raillery is not only finer , and his stile better polish'd ; but his characters are more just , and he seems to have reach'd farther into life than the other . to take leave of this author , even his serumpets are better behaved than our honest women , than our women of quality of the english stage . bacchis in heautontimoroumenos , and bacchis in hocyra , may serve for example . they are both modest , and converse not unbecoming their sex. thais the most accomplish'd in her way , has a great deal of spirit and wheadling in her character , but talks no smut . thus we see with what caution and sobriety of language terence manages . 't is possible this conduct might be his own modesty , and result from judgment and inclination . but however his fancy stood , he was sensible the coarse way would not do . the stage was then under discipline , the publick censors formidable , and the office of the choragus was originally to prevent the excesses of liberty . to this we may add that nobless had no relish for obscenity ; 't was the ready way to disoblige them . and therefore 't is horaces rule . nec immunda crepent ignominiosaque dicta . ossenduntur enim quibus est equus & pater , & res . the old romans were particularly carefull their women might not be affronted in conversation : for this reason the unmarried kept off from entertainments for fear of learning new language . and in greece no woman above the degree of a slave , was treated abroad by any but relations . 't is probable the old comedy was silenced at athens upon this score , as well as for defamation . for as aristotle observes the new set of comedians were much more modest than the former . in this celebrated republick , if the poets wrote any thing against religion or good manners , they were tryed for their misbehaviour , and lyable to the highest forfeitures . it may not be amiss to observe that there are no instances of debauching married women , in plautus , nor terence , no nor yet in aristophanes . but on our stage how common is it to make a lord , a knight , or an alderman a cuckold ? the schemes of success are beaten out with great variety , and almost drawn up into a science . how many snares are laid for the undermining of virtue , and with what triumph is the victory proclaim'd ? the finess of the plot , and the life of the entertainment often lies in these contrivances . but the romans had a different sence of these matters , and saw thro' the consequences of them . the government was awake upon the theatre , and would not suffer the abuses of honour , and family , to pass into diversion . and before we part with these comedians we may take notice that there are no smutty songs in their plays ; in which the english are extreamly scandalous . now to work up their lewdness with verse , and musick , doubles the force of the mischief . it makes it more portable and at hand , and drives it stronger upon fancy and practice . to dispatch the latins all together . seneca is clean throughout the piece , and stands generally off from the point of love. he has no courting unless in his hercules furens : and here the tyrant lycus addresses megara very briefly , and in modest and remote language . in his thebais , oedipus's incest is reported at large , but without any choaking description . 't is granted phaedra speaks her passion plainly out , and owns the strength of the impression , and is far less prudent than in euripides . but tho' her thoughts appear too freely , her language is under discipline . let us now travel from italy into greece , and take a view of the theatre at athens . in this city the stage had both its beginning and highest improvement . aeschylus was the first who appear'd with any reputation . his genius seems noble , and his mind generous , willing to transfuse it self into the audience , and inspire them with a spirit of bravery . to this purpose his stile is pompous , martial , and enterprizing . there is drum and trumpet in his verse . 't is apt to excite an heroick ardour , to awaken , warm , and push forward to action . but his mettal is not always under management . his inclination for the sublime ; carrys him too far : he is sometimes embarrass'd with epithites . his metaphors are too stiff , and far fetch'd ; and he rises rather in sound , than in sence . however generally speaking , his materials are both shining and solid , and his thoughts lofty , and uncommon . this tragedian had always a nice regard to good manners . he knew corrupting the people was the greatest disservice to the commonwealth ; and that publick ruine was the effect of general debauchery . for this reason he declines the business of amours , and declares expresly against it . now here we can't expect any length of testimony . his aversion to the subject makes him touch very sparingly upon it . but in this case there is no need of much citation . his very omissions are arguments , and his evidence is the stronger for being short . that 〈◊〉 i meet with shall be produced . st . orestes was obliged by the oracle to revenge his fathers death in the murther of his mother . when he was going to kill her , he mentions her cruelty , but waves her adultery . euripides approv'd this reservedness and makes his electra practise it upon the same occasion aeschylus in his next play complements his country with a great deal of address in the persons of the eumenides . they are very gentile and poetical in their civilities : among other things they wish the virgins may all marry and make the country populous : here the poet do's but just glance upon the subject of love ; and yet he governs the expression with such care , that the wishes contain a hint to sobriety , and carry a face of virtue along with them . the double dealer runs riot upon such an occasion as this ; and gives lord touchwood a mixture of smut and pedantry to conclude with , and yet this lord was one of his best characters : but poets are now grown absolute within themselves , and may put sence and quality upon what drudgeries they please . to return . danaus cautions his daughters very handsomly in point of behaviour . they were in a strange country , and had poverty and dependance to struggle with : these were circumstances of danger , and might make him the more pressing . he leaves therefore a solemn charge with them for their security , bids them never to subsist upon infamy , but to prefer their virtue to their life . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . our poets i suppose would call this preaching , and think it a dull business . however i can't forbear saying an honest heathen is none of the worst men : a very indifferent religion well believed , will go a great way . to proceed . sophocles appear'd next upon the stage , and was in earnest an extraordinary person . his conduct is more artificial , and his stile more just , than that of aeschylus . his characters are well drawn , and uniform with themselves : his incidents , are often surprising , and his plots unprecipitated . there is nothing but what is great , and solemn throughout . the reasoning is well coloured . the figures are sometimes bold , but not extravagant . there are no flights of bombast , no towring above nature and possibility : in short , nothing like don sebastians reigning in his atomes . this tragedian like aeschylus does not often concern himself with amours , and when he does , nothing can be more temperate , and decent . for example where the incest of oedipus is described , the offensiveness of the idea is screen'd off and broken by metaphorical and distant expressions . in another play creon resolves to put antigone to death for presuming to bury polynices . this lady and haemon creons son were very far engaged ; haemon endeavours to disswade his father from antigones execution : he tells him the burying her brother tho' against his order , was a popular action . and that the people would resent her being punish'd : but never so much as mentions his own concern unless in one line ; which was so obscure that creon misunderstood him . antigone amongst her other misfortunes laments her dying young and single , but says not one word about haemon . the poet takes care not to bring these two lovers upon the stage together , for fear they might prove unmanagable ? had they been with us , they had met with kinder treatment . they might have had interviews and time and freedom enough . enough to mud their fancy , to tarnish their quality , and make their passion scandalous . in the relation of haemons death , his love is related too , and that with all the life and pathos imaginable . but the description is within the terms of honour : the tendernesses are solemn , as well as soft : they move to pity and concern , and go no farther . in his trachiniae the chorus owns the force of love next to irresistable ; gently hints the intrigues of the gods , and then passes on to a handsome image of the combat between achelous and hercules . we see how lightly the poet touches upon an amorous theme : he glides along like a swallow upon the water , and skims the surface , without dipping a feather . sophocles will afford us no more , let us therefore take a view of euripides . 't is the method of this author to decline the singularities of the stage , and to appear with an air of conversation . he delivers great thoughts in common language , and is dress'd more like a gentleman than a player . his distinction lies in the perspicuity of his stile ; in maxim , and moral reflection ; in his peculiar happiness for touching the passions , especially that of pity : and lastly , in exhausting the cause , and arguing pro and con , upon the streach of reason . so much by way of character . and as for the matter before us he is entirely ours . we have had an instance or two already in electra and phaedra : to go on to the rest . in his hippolitus he calls whoring , stupidness and playing the fool. and to be chast and regular , is with him , as well as with aeschylus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . as muchas to say 't is the consequence of sence , and right thinking . phaedra when her thoughts were embarrass'd with hippolitus , endeavours to disentangle her self by argument . she declaims with a great deal of satyr against intemperate women ; she concluded rather to die then dishonour her husband and stain her family . the blemishes of parents , as she goes on , often stuck upon their children , and made them appear with disadvantage . upon this , the chorus is transported with the virtue of her resolution and crys out 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . how becoming a quality is modesty in all places . how strangly does it burnish a character , and oblige ones reputation ? the scholiast upon these verses of hippolitus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. makes this paraphrase . th●… mind should be clean and unsulli●… that the muses being virgins their performances should agree with their condition . to proceed . hermione complains against andromache because she was entertain'd by her husband : for this andromache tells her she talk'd too much for a young woman , and discover'd her opinion too far . achilles at the first sight of clytemnestra , le ts her understand he was as much taken with the sobriety of her air , as with the rest of her fine face and person . she receives the complement kindly , and commends hint for commending modesty . menelaus and helen after a long absence manage the surprize of their good fortune handsomly . the most tender expressions stands clear of ill meaning . had osmin parted with almeria as civilly as these two met , it had been much better . that rant of smut and profainness might have been spared . the reader shall have some of it . o my almeria ; what do the damn'd endure but to despair , but knowing heaven , to know it lost for ever . were it not for the creed , these poets would be crampt in their courtship , and mightily at a loss for a simile ! but osmin is in a wonderful passion . and truly i think his wits , are in some danger , as well as his patience . you shall hear . what are all wracks , and whips , and wheels to this ; are they not soothing softness , sinking ease , and wasting air to this ? sinking ease , and wasting air , i confess are strange comforts ; this comparison is somewhat oddly equip'd , but lovers like sick people may say what they please ! almeria takes this speech for a pattern , and suits it exactly in her return . o i am struck , thy words are bolts of ice ? which shot into my breast now melt and chill me . bolts of ice ? yes most certainly ! for the cold is struck up into her head , as you may perceive by what follows . i chatter , shake , and faint with thrilling fears . by the way 't is a mighty wonder to hear a woman chatter ! but there is no jesting , for the lady is very bad . she won't be held up by any means , but crys out : — lower yet , down down ; one would think she was learning a spanel to sett . but there 's something behind . — no more we 'll lift our eyes , but prone and dumb , rot the firm face of earth , with rivers of incessant scalding rain . these figures are some of them as stiff as statues , and put me in mind of sylvesters dubartas . now when the winters keener breath began to crystallize , the baltick ocean , to glaze the lakes , to bridle up the floods , and periwig with snow the bald pate woods . i take it , the other verses are somewhat of kin to these , and shall leave them to mr. dryden's reflection . but then as for soothing softness , sinking ease , wasting air , thrilling fears , and incessant scalding rain ; it puts me to another stand . for to talk a little in the way of the stage . this litter of epithetes makes the poem look like a bitch overstock'd with puppies , and sucks the sence almost to skin and bone. but all this may pass in a play-house : false rhetorick and false jewells , do well together . to return to euripides . cassandra in reporting the misfortunes of the greeks stops at the adulteries of clytemnestra and aegiala and gives this handsome reason for making a halt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . foul things are best unsaid , i am for no muse , that loves to flourish on debauchery . some things are dangerous in report , as well as practise , and many times a disease in the description . this euripides was aware of and manag'd accordingly , and was remarkably regular both in stile , and manners . how wretchedly do we fall short of the decencies of heathenism ! there 's nothing more ridiculous than modesty on our stage . 't is counted an ill bred quality , and almost sham'd out of use. one would think mankind were not the same , that reason was to be read backward , and vertue and vice had changed place . what then ? must life be huddled over , nature left imperfect , and the humour of the town not shown ? and pray where lies the grievance of all this ? must we relate whatever is done , and is every thing fit for representation ? is a man that has the plague proper to make a sight of ? and must he needs come abroad when he breaths infection , and leaves the tokens upon the company ? what then must we know nothing ? look you ! all experiments are not worth the making . 't is much better to be ignorant of a disease then to catch it . who would wound himself for information about pain , or smell a stench for the sake of the discovery ? but i shall have occasion to encounter this objection afterwards , * and therefore shall dismiss it at present . the play-house at athens has been hitherto in order , but are there no instances to the contrary ? do's not aristophanes take great liberties and make women speak extraordinary sentences ? he do's so . but his precedent fignifies nothing in the case . for st . we have both the reason of the thing , and all the advantage of authority on the other side . we have the practise and opinion of men of much greater sence , and learning then himself . the best philosophers and poets , criticks and orators , both greek and latin , both antient and modern , give the cause against him . but aristophanes his own plays are sufficient to ruin his authority . for st , he discovers himself a downright atheist . this charge will be easily made good against him by his comparing his nubes with other plays . the design of his nubes was to expose socrates , and make a town jest of him . now this philosopher was not only a person of great sence and probity , but was likewise suppos'd to refine upon the heathen theology , to throw off the fabulous part of it , and to endeavour to bring it back to the standard of natural religion . and therefore justin martyr and some others of the fathers , look'd on him as a person of no pagan belief , and thought he suffer'd for the unity of the god-head . this man aristophanes makes fine sport with as he fancies : he puts him in a fools coat , and then points at him . he makes socrates instruct his disciple strepsiades in a new religion , and tell him that he did not own the gods in the vulgar notion . he brings him in elswhere affirming that the clouds are the only deities . which is the same lash which juvenal gives the jews , because they worship'd but one single soveraign being . nil praeetr nubes & coeli numen adorant . socrates goes on with his lecture of divinity and declares very roundly that there is no such thing as jupiter . afterwards he advances farther , and endeavours to get strepsiades under articles to acknowledge no other gods , but chaos , the clouds , and the tongue . at last the poet brings the philosopher to publick pennance for his singularities . he sets fire to his school for teaching young people ( as he pretends ) to dispute against law and justice ; for advancing atheistick notions , and burlesquing the religion of the country . that socrates was no atheist is clear from instances enough . to mention but one . the confidence he had in his daemon , or genius by which he governed his affairs puts it beyond all dispute . however 't is plain aristophanes was not of his religion . the comedian was by no means for correcting the common perswasion . so that he must either be an orthodox heathen or nothing at all . let us see then with what respect he treats the receiv'd divinities . this play , where one would not expect it , discovers somewhat of his devotion . in the beginning of it phidippides , who was a sort of new-market spark , swears by jocky neptune , that he had a strange kindness for his father strepsiades . upon this the old man replies ; no jocky , if you love me ; that deity has almost undone me . this was making somewhat bold with neptune who was jupiters brother , soveraign of a whole element , and had no less than the third share of the universe ! certainly aristophanes had no venture at sea , or else must think the trident signified but very little . but this is meer ceremony to what follows . in his first play plutus pretends he had a mind to oblige only men of probity , but jupiter had made him blind on purpose that he might not distinguish honest men from knaves : for to be plain jupiter had a pique against good people . towards the end of this comedy mercury is abused by cario , and acts a ridiculous , and lessening part himself . afterwards he complains heavily that since plutus was cured of his blindness , the business of sacrifing fell off , and the gods were ready to starve . this mercury has the same ill usage with the poets , knaves , informers , and lewd women ; from all this stuff put together , his meaning is pretty plain , viz. that religion was no better than an imposture supported by art , and ignorance : and that when men's understandings were awake , and their eyes a little open , they would have more discretion than to be at any expence about the gods. this i take to be part of the moral of his fable . if we look farther into him we shall see more of his mind . his ranae makes merry with theheathen scheme of heaven and hell. here charon and the stygian frogs are brought in comically enough . and that you may understand his opinion more perfectly we are told , that he that bilks his catamite after a sodomitical abuse , is thrown into the common shore of hades . and what company do you think he is lodg'd with ? why with those who perjure themselves , with those who kick their fathers and mothers ? it seems in the poets justice a man might as good be false to his oath , as to his lewdness . to disappoint the stews , is every jot as great a crime ; as to fly in the face of nature , and outrage our parents . his quartering his malefactors thus critically , was without question on purpose to banter the perswasion of future punishment . in the same play xanthias bids aeacus answer him by jove , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this little scoundrel of a slave has the manners to make jupiters quality no better than his own . to go on with him : in his aves he speaks out to purpose . here pisthetaerus tells epops that if the birds would build a castle in the air , they might intercept the fumes of the sacrifices , and starve the gods unless they would come too , and be tributary . it seems the birds had very good pretences to execute this project ; for they were ancienter than jupiter and saturn , and govern'd before the gods. and to speak truth were more capable of the function . their adviser goes on to inform them , that after they had built their pensile city , and fortifyed the air , their next business was to demand their ancient soveragnity : if jupiter refused to quit , they were to declare a holy war against him , and the rest of the confederate gods , and to cut off the communication between heaven and earth . pisthaeterus grows very warm in his new interest , and swears by jove that men ought to sacrifice to the birds , and not to jupiter . and if things came to a rupture , and jupiter grew troublesome , he undertakes to send a detachement of eagles against him ; with orders to storm his palace with flambeaux , and fire it about his ears . at last to prevent the calamities of a war , hercules proposes an accomodation , and is willing jupiter should resign . neptune calls him a block-head for his pains , because he was heir at law , and after jupiters decease was of course to succeed in his dominions : once more , and i have done : in eirene , trygaeus speaks in a menacing way . that unless jupiter gave him satisfaction in his business , he would inform against him as a disaffected person , and a betrayer of the liberties of greece . i might add many other instances , and some more scandalous than any i have mentioned ; but these are sufficient to shew the authors sentiment : and is it any wonder an atheist should misbehave himself in point of modesty ? what can we expect less from those who laugh at the being of a god , at the doctrines of providence , and the distinctions of good and evil ? a sceptick has no notion of conscience ; no relish for virtue , nor is under any moral restraints from hope or fear . such a one has nothing to do but to consult his ease , and gratifie his vanity , and fill his pocket . but how these ends are compassed , he has no squeamishness , or scruples about it . 't is true when the methods of lewdness will take , they are generally most agreeable . this way suits their talent , and screens their practise , and obliges their malice . for nothing is a greater eye-sore to these men , then virtue and regularity . what a pleasure is it then to be admired for mischeif , to be reveng'd on religion , and to see vice prosper and improve under our hands ! to return : beside aristophanes ; atheisme , i have a second objection to his authority , and that is want of judgment . if we examine his plays we shall find his characters improper , or ununiform ; either wrong at first , or unsteady in the right . for the purpose . in his nubes . a. . s. . p. . . he puts dirty expressions in the mouth of his man of probity , makes him declaim vitiously against vice , and corrects scurrility with impudence ; now what can be more idle and senceless , than such conduct as this ? epecially when this justus as he calls him had told them in the beginning of his speech , that people used to be well slash'd for such fooling , when government and discipline were in their due force . the chorus of his ranae slides into the same inconsistency of precept , and practise . farther , in the progress of this play ; aeschylus falls a rallying contrary to his humour , and jests away his own arguments at a very unseasonable juncture , when he was disputing for no less prize than the laureatship . this tragedian after he had play'd a little with the story of bellerophon , goes on in the same strain ; and charges euripides that he had furnish'd all sorts of people with saweiness and prattle . the schools and academies were spoil'd by this means ; so that the boys were often whip'd , aud the boatswains drubb'd , for their chattering . these comical levities come with an ill grace from aeschylus . his character was quite different both in reality , and in the play before us . he is all along represented as a person of a serious temper , of a reserv'd loftiness , cholerick , and tender of his honour to an excess , and almost in a rage at the affront of a rival , and being forc'd to enter the lists with euripides . the case standing thus , neither the man , nor the business , would admit of drolling . another instance of his want of conduct we have in his concianotores . here blepyrus and some others of his legislative assembly , talk at a very dirty insipid rate . the lowest of the mob , can hardly jest with less wit , and more lewdness . and to make their discourse more remarkable ; these douty members were just going to the house , and had their heads full of the good of the nation , when they entertain'd themselves thus decently . and are these little buffoons fit to consult de arduis régni , &c. to give authority to law , and rules for publick life ? do's ribaldry and nonsence become the dignity of their station , and the solemnity of their office ? to make his parliament-men play the fool thus egregiously , must needs have a great deal of decorum , and state-policy in the contrivance ; and is just as wise as if a painter should have drawn them in the habit of jack-puddings , and merry-andrews . but aristophanes has still higher flights of absurdity . he won't so much as spare the gods but makes them act these little parts of clownishness and infamy . bacchus and hercules in his ranae are forced to talk smut and rally like link-boys , and do almost all the tricks of bartholomew-fair . to mention something that will bear the quoting . bacchus enquires of hercules the readiest way to hades , or the other world. he bids him either hang , or poyson himself , and he can't miss the road. this is hercules's humour to a tittle ! and represents him as much to the life , as an ape would do the grand signior at a publick audience ! this with a short sentence or two of lewdness , is the hardest of hercules his usage : and 't is well he escaped so ; for bacchus is treated much worse . he appears under the disadvantages of a clownish debaush , and a coward . and is terribly afraid of a spectre . when he comes before aeacus , this judge is very rough with him ; and tries his pretences to a deity by bastinado : bacchus howls in the drubbing and had almost spoil'd all . now do's this paultry behaviour agree with the heathen theology , with the common opinion concerning bacchus and hercules ? do's a blew-cap and a ladle , become the sons of jupiter and the objects of religious worship ? those who at the lowest , were counted the conquerors of the world , and more than men both by birth and enterprizes ? sophocles and euripides make these two persons manage at a quite different rate of decency . 't is no defence to say aristophanes wrot comedy , and so was obliged to make his scenes more diverting . this excuse i say is defective ; for a comedian ought to imitate life and probability , no less than a tragedian . to metomorphose characters , and present contradictions to common belief , is to write , farce instead of plays . such comedians like thespis ought to have a travelling stage , and take the air with porcupines and dromedaryes . if 't is said that gravity and greatness do's not suit the complection and entertainment of comedy . to this i answer , that therefore the persons should be chosen accordingly . they should have nothing in their known humour , and condition too noble , and solemn for trifling . 't is horaces advice . aut famam sequere , aut convenientia finge scriptor . de. art. poet. let us remember that operations always resemble the nature from whence they flow . great persons should therefore have a correspondent behaviour assign'd them . to make beings much superior to the biggest of mankind , talk below the least , is absurd and ridicules . this aristophanes seems sensible of in his defence of aeschylus . here euripides objects to aeschylus , that he was too rumbling , noisy , and bombastick , over affecting that which horace calls ampullas , & sesquipedalia verba . to this aeschylus answers , that the thoughts , and designs of heroes must be deliver'd in expressions proportioned to their greatness . it being likely that the demi-gods spoke up to their dignity and stature : and as they were distinguish'd by the richness of their habit , so they had a more magnificent language than other mortals . to this euripides replys nothing ; from whence you may conclude the poet thought the apology not unreasonable . in short aristophanes had sense but he does not always use it . he is not equal , and uniforme . sometimes you have him flat and foolish a good while together . and where he has spirit , 't is oftentimes lavished away to little purpose . his buffoonery is commonly too strong for his judgment . this makes him let sly his jests without regard to person or occasion : and thus by springing the game too soon , the diversion is lost . i could make several other material objections against the conduct of his plays ; but this being not necessary i shall observe in the d. place . that notwithstanding the scandalous liberty for which aristophanes is so remarkable ; yet in his lucid intervalls , when sence and sobriety return upon him , he pronounces against his own practise . in the contest between aeschylus and euripides , bacchus is made the umpire of the controversie . aeschylus begins with a question , and asks euripides what 't is which makes a poet admired ? he answers . 't is for the address of his conduct , and the handsome turns of morality in his poems . 't is because his performance has a tendency to form the audience to virtue , and improvement . aeschylus demands of him farther ; but suppose you debauched the age , and made an honest and a brave people lewd , and good for nothing , what do you deserve then ? here bacchus interposes , and crys out , what does he deserve ? a halter ! pray don't ask so plain a question . and afterwards we are told , that poets are valuable only for describing things useful , in life and religion , for polishing inventions , and setting off great examples with lustre , and advantage . in the progress of the dispute , aeschylus taxes euripides with being too uncautious in his representations ; and tells him that poets ought to conceal that which is vicious in story ; and entertain with nothing but virtue , and sobriety : he goes on reprimanding euripides for his dramatick incests , strumpets , and amours : and as for himself , to his best remembrance , he never brought any love-intrigues upon the stage . this is very significant expostulation : and contains very good rules for the trial of the muses : but if the english stage , should be obliged to this test ; aristophanes must set fire to it , and that with much more reason than to socrates his school . now that aeschylus spoke aristophanes's sense is pretty plain : for first ; as to the business of love , aristophanes always declines it ; he never patches up a play with courtship , and whining , tho' he wrote nothing but comedy . in the next place the chorus which is usually the poets interpreter , speaks honourably of aeschylus even to a preference ; and at last judge bacchus gives sentence for him . thus we see aristophanes confutes his own lewdness , and comes in evidence against himself . this with the other two exceptions i have made good against him , are sufficient to take off the force of the precedent , and make him an insignificant authority . to what i have observ'd from the stage of the antients , i could add the authorities of aristotle , and quintilian , both extraordinary persons , but i shall reserve their testimony till afterwards . to come home , and near our own times : the english theatre from queen elizabeth to king charles ii. will afford us something not inconsiderable to our purpose . as for shakespear , he is too guilty to make an evidence : but i think he gains not much by his misbehaviour ; he has commonly plautus's fate , where there is most smut , there is least sense . ben. johnson is much more reserv'd in his plays , and declares plainly for modesty in his discoveries , some of his words are these . a just writer whom he calls a true artificer , will avoid obscene and effeminate phrase . where manners and fashions are corrupted , language is so too . the excess of feasts and apparel , are the notes of a sick state , and the wantonness of language of a sick mind . a little after he returns to the argument , and applies his reasoning more particularly to the stage . poetry , ( says he ) and picture , both behold pleasure , and profit , as their common object , but should abstain from all base pleasures , least they should wholly err from their end ; and while they seek to better men's minds , destroy their manners , insolent and obscene speeches , and jests upon the best men , are most likely to excite laughter . but this is truly leaping from the stage to the tumbrill again , reducing all wit to the original dung-cart . more might be cited to this purpose , but that may serve for an other occasion : in the mean time i shall go on to beaumont and fletcher . fletchers faithfull shepheardess is remarkably moral , and a sort of exhortation to chastity . this play met with ill judges , 't was hiss'd before half acted , and seems to have suffer'd on the account of its innocence . soon after ben. johnson and beaumont appear justifying the author in a copy of verses . and as beaumont commends modesty in fletcher , so he is commended himself by mr. earl for the same quality . such passions , such expressions meet my eye , such wit untainted with obscenity . and as i remember jasper main has some stroaks to the same purpose . fletcher is still more full for the cause . indeed nothing can be more express . he delivers himself by way of prologue ; where the poet speaks in his own person . the prologue to the woman-hater , very frankly lets the audience know what they are to expect . if there be any amongst you , ( says he ) that come to hear lascivious scenes , let them depart ; for i do pronounce this , to the utter discomfort of all two-penny gallery men , you shall no bawdry in it . we find in those days smut was the expectation of a coarse palate , and relish'd by none but two-penny customers . in the knight of the burning pestle , part of the prologue runs thus . they were banish'd the theatre at athens , and from rome hiss'd , that brought parasites on the stage with apish actions , or fools with uncivil habits , or courtezans with immodest words . afterwards prologue , who represents a person , gives us more to the same purpose . — — fly far from hence all private taxes , immodest phrases , whatever may but look like vitious . for wicked mirth , never true pleasure brings ; for honest minds , are pleas'd with honest things . i have quoted nothing but comedy in this author . the coronation is another . and the prologue tells you there is no undermirth such as does lard the scene , for coarse delight , the language here is clean , and confident our poet bad me say , he 'll bate you but the folly of a play. for which altho' dull souls his pen despise ; who think it yet too early to be wise . the nobles yet will thank his muse , at least excuse him , cause his thought aim'd at the best . thus these poets are in their judgments clearly ours . 't is true their hand was not always steady . but thus much may be aver'd , that fletcher's later plays are the most inoffensive . this is either a sign of the poets reformation ; or that the exceptionable passages belong'd to beaumont , who dyed first . to these authorities of our own nation , i shall add a considerable testimony out of mr. corneille . this author was sensible that tho' the expression of his theodore was altogether unsmutty , yet the bare idea of prostitution uneffected , shock'd the audience , and made the play miscarry . the poet protests he took great care to alter the natural complexion of the image , and to convey it decently to the fancy ; and deliver'd only some part of the history as inoffensively as possible . and after all his screening and conduct , the modesty of the audience would not endure that little , the subject forced him upon . he is positive ' the comedies st. augustine declaim'd against , were not such as the french. for theirs are not spectacles of turpitude , as that father justly calls those of his time. the french generally speaking , containing nothing but examples of innocence , piety and vertue . in this citation we have the opinion of the poet , the practise of the french theatre , and the sense of that nation , and all very full to our purpose . to conclude this chapter . by what has been offer'd , it appears that the present english stage is superlatively scandalous . it exceeds the liberties of all times and countries : it has not so much as the poor plea of a precedent , to which most other ill things may claim a pretence . 't is mostly meer discovery and invention : a new world of vice found out , and planted with all the industry imaginable . aristophanes himself , how bad soever in other respects , does not amplyfie , and flourish , and run through all the topicks of lewdness like these men. the miscellany poems are likewise horribly licentious . they are sometimes collections from antiquity , and osten , the worst parts of the worst poets . and to mend the matter , the christian translation , is more nauseous than the pagan original . such stuff i believe was never seen , and suffer'd before . in a word , if poverty and diseases , the dishonour of families , and the debauching of kingdoms , are such valuable advantages , then i confess these books deserve encouragement . but if the case is otherwise , i humbly conceive the proceeding should be so too . chap. ii. the profaness of the stage . an other instance of the disorders of the stage is their profaness : this charge may come under these two particulars . st . their cursing and swearing . dly . their abuse of religion and holy scripture . st their cursing and swearing . what is more frequent then their wishes of hell , and confusion , devils and diseases , all the plagues of this world , and the next , to each other ? and as for swearing ; 't is used by all persons , and upon all occasions : by heroes , and paltroons ; by gentlemen , and clowns : love , and quarrels , success , and disappointment , temper , and passion , must be varnish'd , and set off with oaths . at some times , and with some poets swearing is no ordinary relief . it stands up in the room of sense , gives spirit to a flat expression , and makes a period musical and round . in short , 't is almost all the rhetorick , and reason some people are masters of : the manner of performance is different . some times they mince the matter ; change the letter , and keep the sense , as if they had a mind to steal a swearing , and break the commandement without sin. at another time the oaths are clipt , but not so much within the ring , but that the image and superscription are visible . these expedients , i conceive are more for variety , then conscience : for when the fit comes on them , they make no difficulty of swearing at length . instances of all these kinds may be met with in the old batchelour , double dealer , and love for love. and to mention no more , don quixot , the provok'd wife , and the relapse , are particularly rampant and scandalous . the english stage exceed their predecessors in this , as well as other branches of immorality . shakespear is comparatively sober , ben jonson is still more regular ; and as for beaument and fletcher , in their plays they are commonly profligate persons that swear , and even those are reprov'd for 't . besides , the oaths are not so full of hell and defiance , as in the moderns . so much for matter of fact : and as for point of law , i hope there needs not many words to prove swearing a sin : for what is more provoking than contempt , and what sin more contemptuous than common swearing ? what can be more insolent and irreligious , than to bring in god to attest our trifles , to give security for our follies , and to make part of our diversion ? to play with majesty and omnipotence in this manner , is to render it cheap and despicable . how can such customes as these consist with the belief of providence or revelation ? the poets are of all people most to blame . they want even the plea of bullies and sharpers . there 's no rencounters , no starts of passion , no suddain accidents to discompose them . they swear in solitude and cool blood , under thought and deliberation , for business , and for exercise : this is a terrible circumstance ; it makes all malice prepence , and enflames the guilt , and the reckoning . and if religion signifies nothing , ( as i am afraid it does with some people ) there is law , as well as gospel against swearing . d , jac. . cap. . is expresly against the playhouse . it runs thus . for the preventing and avoiding of the great abuse of the holy name of god , in stage plays , enterludes &c. be it enacted by out vereign lord &c. that if at any time , or times , after the end of this present session of parliament ; any person or persons do , or shall , in any stage play , enterlude , shew &c. ieastingly or profanly , speak or use the holy name of god , or of christ jesus , or of the holy ghost , or of the trinity , which are not to be spoken , but with fear and reverence ; shall forfeit for every such offence , by him or them committed , ten pounds : the one mosty thereof to the king's majesty , his heirs ; and successors , the other mosty thereof to him , or them , that will sue for the same in any court of record at westminster , wherein no essoin , protection , or wager of law shall be allow'd . by this act not only direct swearing , but all vain invocation of the name of god is forbidden . this statute well executed would mend the poets , or sweep the box : and the stage must either reform , or not thrive upon profaness . dly swearing in the playhouse is an ungentlemanly , as well as an unchristian practice . the ladies make a considerable part of the audience . now swearing before women is reckon'd a breach of good behaviour , and therefore a civil atheist will forbear it . the custom seems to go upon this presumption ; that the impressions of religion are strongest in women , and more generally spread . and that it must be very disagreeable to them , to hear the majesty of god treated with so little respect . besides : oaths are a boistrous and tempestiuous sort of conversation ; generally the effects of passion , and spoken with noise , and heat . swearing looks like the beginning of a quarrel , to which women have an aversion : as being neither armed by nature , nor disciplin'd by custome for such rough disputes . a woman will start at a soldiers oath , almost as much as at the report of his pistol : and therefore a well bred man will no more swear , than fight in the company of ladies . a second branch of the profaness of the stage is their abuse of religion , and holy scripture . and here sometimes they don't stop short of blasphemy . to cite all that might be collected of this kind would be tedious . i shall give the reader enough to justifie the charge , and i hope to abhor the practice . to begin with the mock-astrologer . in the first act the scene is a chappel ; and that the use of such consecrated places may be the better understood , the time is taken up in courtship , raillery , and ridiculing devotion . jacinta takes her turn among the rest . she interrupts theodosia , and cries out : why sister , sister — will you pray ? what injury have i ever done you that you pray in my company ? wildblood swears by mahomet , rallies smuttily upon the other world , and gives the preference to the turkish paradise ! this gentleman to incourage jacinta to a complyance in debauchery , tells her heaven is all eyes and no tongue . that is , it sees wickedness but conceals it . he courts much at the same rate a little before . when a man comes to a great lady , he is fain to approach her with fear , and reverence , methinks there 's something of godliness in 't . here you have the scripture burlesqu'd , and the pulpit admonition apply'd to whoring . afterwards jacinta out of her great breeding and christianity , swears by alla , and mahomet , and makes a jest upon hell. wildblood tells his man that such undesigning rogues as he , make a drudge of poor providence . and maskall to show his proficiency under his masters , replies to bellamy , who would have had him told a lie. sir upon the faith of a sinner you have had my last lie already . i have not one more to do me credit , as i hope to be saved sir. in the close of the play , they make sport with apparitions and fiends . one of the devils sneezes , upon this they give him the blessing of the occasion , and conclude he has got cold by being too long out of the fire . the orphan lays the scene in christendom , and takes the same care of religion . castalio complements his mistress to adoration . no tongue my pleasure and my pain can tell : 't is heaven to have thee , and without thee hell. polydor when upon the attempt to debauch monimia puts up this ejaculation . blessed heaven assist me but in this dear hour : thus the stage worships the true god in blasphemy , as the lindians did hercules by cursing and throwing stones . this polydor has another flight of profaness , but that has got a certain protection , and therefore must not be disturb'd . in the old batchelour , vain-love asks belmour , could you be content to go to heaven ? bell. hum , not immediatly in my conscence , not heartily . — this is playing i take it with edge-tools . to go to heaven in jeast , is the way to go to hell in earnest . in the fourth act , lewdness is represented with that gaity , as if the crime was purely imaginary , and lay only in ignorance and preciseness . have you throughly consider'd ( says fondlewife ) how detestable , how heinous , and how crying a sin the sin of adultery is ? have you weighed i say ? for it is a very weighty sin : and altho' it may lie — yet thy husband must also bear his part ; for thy iniquity will fall on his head. i suppose this fit of buffoonry and profaness , was to settle the conscience of young beginners , and to make the terrors of religion insignificant . bellmour desires laetitia to give him leave to swear by her eyes and her lips : he kisses the strumpet , and tells her , eternity was in that moment . laetitia is horibly profane in her apology to her husband ; but having the stage-protection of smut for her guard , we must let her alone . fondlewife stalks under the same shelter , and abuses a plain text of scripture to an impudent meaning . a little before , laetitia when her intrigue with bellmour was almost discover'd , supports her self with this consideration . all my comfort lies in his impudence , and heaven be prais'd , he has a considerable portion . this is the play-house grace , and thus lewdness is made a part of devotion ! ther 's another instance still behind : 't is that of sharper to vain-love , and lies thus . i have been a kind of god father to you , yonder : i have promis'd and vow'd something in your name , which i think you are bound to perform . for christians to droll upon their baptism is somewhat extraordinary ; but since the bible can't escape , 't is the less wonder to make bold with the catechisme . in the double dealer , lady plyant cries out jesu and talks smut in the same sentence . sr. paul plyant whom the poet dub'd a fool when he made him a knight , talks very piously ! blessed be providence , a poor unworthy sinner , i am mightily beholden to providence : and the same word is thrice repeated upon an odd occasion . the meaning must be that providence is a ridiculous supposition , and that none but blockheads pretend to religion . but the poet can discover himself farther if need be . lady froth is pleas'd to call jehu a hackney coachman . upon this , brisk replies , if jehu was a hackney coachman , i am answer'd — you may put that into the marginal notes tho' , to prevent criticisms — only mark it with a small asterisme and say , — jehu was formerly a hackney coachman . this for a heavy piece of prosaness , is no doubt thought a lucky one , because it burlesques the text , and the comment , all under one . i could go on with the double dealer but he 'll come in my way afterwards , and so i shall part with him at present . let us now take a veiw of don sebastian . and here the reader can't be long unfurnish'd . dorax shall speak first . shall i trust heaven with my revenge ? then where 's my satisfaction ? no , it must be my own , i scorn a proxy . but dorax was a renegado , what then ? he had renounc'd christianity , but not providence . besides ; such hideous sentences ought not to be put in the mouth of the devil . for that which is not fit to be heard , is not fit to be spoken . but to some peoplean atheistical rant is as good as a flourish of trumpets . to proceed . antonio tho' a profess'd christian , mends the matter very little . he is looking on a lot which he had drawn for his life : this proving unlucky , after the preamble of a curse or two , he calls it , as black as hell , an other lucky saying ! i think the devils in me : — good again , i cannot speak one syllable but tends to death or to damnation . thus the poet prepares his bullies for the other world ! hell and damnation are strange entertaining words upon the stage ! were it otherwise , the sense in these lines , would be almost as bad as the conscience . the poem warms and rises in the working : and the next flight is extreamly remarkable : not the last sounding could surprize me more , that summons drowsy mortals to their doom , when call'd in hast they fumble for their limbs : very solemnly and religiously express'd ! lucian and celsus could not have ridiculed the resurrection better ! certainly the poet never expects to be there . such a light turn would have agreed much better to a man who was in the dark , and was feeling for his stockings . but let those who talk of fumbling for their limbs , take care they don't find them too fast . in the fourth act mustapha dates his exaltation to tumult , from the second night of the month abib . thus you have the holy text abused by captain tom ; and the bible torn by the rabble ! the design of this liberty i can't understand , unless it be to make mustapha as considerable as moses ; and the prevalence of a tumult , as much a miracle as the deliverance out of aegypt . we have heard this author hitherto in his characters , let us hear him now in his own person . in his dedication of aurenge zebe he is so hardy as to affirm that he who is too lightly reconciled after high provocation , may recommend himself to the world for a christian , but i should hardly trust him for a friend . and why is a christian not fit to make a friend of ? are the principles of christianity defective , and the laws of it ill contriv'd ? are the interests and capacities of mankind overlook'd ? did our great master bind us to disadvantage , and make our duty our misfortune ? and did he grudge us all the pleasures and securities of friendship ? are not all these horrid suppositions ? are they not a flat contradiction to the bible , and a satyr on the attributes of the deity ? our saviour tells us we must forgive until seventy times seven ; that is , we must never be tired out of clemency and good nature . he has taught us to pray for the forgiveness of our own sins , only upon the condition of forgiving others . here is no exception upon the repetition of the fault , or the quality of the provocation . mr. dryden to do him right , do's not dispute the precept . he confesses this is the way to be a christian : but for all that he should hardly trust him for a friend . and why so ? because the italian proverb says , he that forgives the second time is a fool. this lewd proverb comes in for authority , and is a piece of very pertinent blasphemy ! thus in some peoples logick one proof from atheisin , is worth ten from the new testament . but here the poet argues no better than he believes . for most certainly , a christian of all others is best qualifyed for friendship . for he that loves his neighbour as himself , and carries benevolence and good nature beyond the heights of philosophy : he that is not govern'd by vanity , or design ; he that prefers his conscience to his life , and has courage to maintain his reason ; he that is thus qualified must be a good friend ; and he that falls short , is no good christian . and since the poet is pleas'd to find fault with christianity , let us examine his own scheme . our minds ( says he ) are perpetually wrought on by the temperament of our bodies , which makes me suspect they are nearer allyed than either our philosophers , or school divines will allow them to be . the meaning is , he suspects our souls are nothing but organiz'd matter . or in plain english , our souls are nothing but our bodies . and then when the body dies you may guess what becomes of them ! thus the authorities of religion are weaken'd , and the prospect of the other world almost shut up . and is this a likely supposition for sincerity and good nature ? do's honour use to rise upon the ruines of conscience ? and are people the best friends where they have the least reason to be so ? but not only the inclinations to friendship must languish upon this scheme , but the very powers of it are as it were destroy'd . by this systeme no man can say his soul is his own . he can't be assured the same colours of reason and desire will last . any little accident from without may metamorphose his fancy , and push him upon a new set of thoughts . matter and motion are the most humorsom capricious things in nature ; and withall , the most arbitrary and uncontroll'd . and can constancy proceed from chance , choice from fate , and virtue from necessity ? in short a man at this rate must be a friend or an enemy in spite of his teeth , and just as long as the atoms please and no longer . every change in figure and impulse , must alter the idea , and wear off the former impression . so that by these principles , friendship will depend on the seasons , and we must look in the weather glass for our inclinations . but this 't is to refine upon revelation , and grow wiser than wisdom ! the same author in his dedication of juvenal and persius , has these words : my lord , i am come to the last petition of abraham ; if there be ten righteous lines in this vast preface , spare it for their sake ; and also spare the next city because it is but a little one . here the poet stands for abraham ; and the patron for god almighty : and where lies the wit of all this ? in the decency of the comparison ? i doubt not . and for the next city he would have spared , he is out in the allusion . 't is no zoar , but much rather sodom and gomorrah , let them take care the fire and brimstone does not follow : and that those who are so bold with abraham's petition , are not forced to that of dives . to beg protection for a lewd book in scripture phrase , is very extraordinary ! 't is in effect to prostitute the holy rhetorick , and send the bible to the brothell ! i can hardly imagin why these tombs of antiquity were raked in , and disturb'd ? unless it were to conjure up a departed vice , and revive the pagan impurities : unless it were to raise the stench of the vault , and poyson the living with the dead . indeed juvenal has a very untoward way with him in some of his satyrs . his pen has such a libertine stroak that 't is a question whether the practise , or the reproof , the age , or the author , were the more licentious . he teaches those vices he would correct , and writes more like a pimp , than a poet. and truly i think there is but little of lewdness lost in the translation . the sixth and eleventh satyrs are particularly remarkable . such nauseous stuff is almost enough to debauch the alphabet , and make the language scandalous . one would almost be sorry for the privilege of speech , and the invention of letters , to see them thus wretchedly abused . and since the business must be undertaken , why was not the thought blanched , the expression made remote , and the ill features cast into shadows ? i 'm mistaken if we have not lewdness enough of our own growth , without importing from our neighbours . no. this can't be . an author must have right done him and be shown in his own shape , and complexion . yes by all means ! vice must be disrobed , and people poyson'd , and all for the sake of justice ! to do right to such an author is to burn him . i hope modesty is much better than resemblance . the imitation of an ill thing is the worse for being exact : and sometimes to report a fault is to repeat it . to return to his plays . in love triumphant , garcia makes veramond this compliment : may heaven and your brave son , and above all , your own prevailing genius guard your age. what is meant by his genius , in this place , is not easy to discover , only that 't is something which is a better guard than heaven . but 't is no matter for the sense , as long as the profaness is clear . in this act , colonel sancho lets carlos know the old jew is dead , which he calls good news . carl. what jew ? sanch. why the rich jew my father , he is gone to the bosom , of abraham his father , and i his christian son am left sole heir . a very mannerly story ! but why does the poet acquaint us with sanchos religion ? the case is pretty plain : 't is to give a lustre to his profaness , and make him burlesque st. luke with the better grace . alphonso complains to victoria that nature doats with age. his reason is , because brother and sister can't marry as they did at first : 't is very well ! we know what nature means in the language of christianity , and especially under the notion of a law-giver . alphonso goes on , and compares the possession of incestuous love to heaven . yes , 't is eternity in little. it seems lovers must be distracted or there 's no diversion . a flight of madness like a faulcons lessening , makes them the more gaz'd at ! i am now coming to some of the poets divinity . and here vengeance is said to be so sweet a morsel , that heaven reserves it for its proper tast. this belike is the meaning of those texts , that god is good and gracious , and slow to anger , and does not willingly afflict the children of men ! from expounding the bible he goes to the common prayer . and as carlos interprets the office of matrimony , for better ; for worse , is for virgin for whore ; and that the reference might not be mistaken , the poet is careful to put the words in italick , and great letters . and by the way , he falls under the penalty of the statute for depraving the common prayer . sancho upon reading a letter which he did not like , cries damn it , it must be all orthodox . damn and orthodox clapt together , make a lively rant , because it looks like cursing the creed . the most extraordinary passage is behind ; sancho was unhappily married : carlos tells him , for your comfort , marriage they say is holy. sancho replies : ay , and so is martyrdom as they say , but both of them are good for just nothing , but to make an end of a mans life . i shall make no reflections upon this : there needs no reading upon a monster : 't is shown enough by its own deformity . love for love has a strain like this , and therefore i shall put them together : scandal solicits mrs. foresight ; she threatens to tell her husband . he replys , he will die a martyr rather then disclaim his passion . here we have adultery dignified with the stile of martyrdom : as if 't was as honourable to perish in defence of whoring , as to dye for the faith of christianity . but these martyrs will be a great while in burning , and therefore let no body strive to grace the adventure , or encrease the number . and now i am in this play the reader shall have more . jeremy who was bred at the university , calls the natural inclinations to eating and drinking , whoreson appetites . this is strange language ! the manicheans who made creation the work of the devil , could scarcely have been thus coarse . but the poet was jeremy's tutor , and so that mystery is at an end . sr. samson carries on the expostulation , rails at the structure of human bodies , and says , nature has been provident only to bears , and spiders ; this is the authors paraphrase on the psalm ; and thus he gives god thanks for the advantage of his being ! the play advances from one wickedness to another , from the works of god , to the abuse of his word . foresight confesses 't is natural for men to mistake . scandal replies , you say true , man will err , meer man will err — but you are something more — there have been wise men ; but they were such as you — men who consulted the stars , and were observers of omens — solomon was wise but how ? — by his judgment in astrology . 't is very well ! solomon and foresight had their understandings qualified alike . and pray what was foresight ? why an illiterate fellow . a pretender to dreams , astrology , palmistry &c. this is the poets account of solomon's supernatural knowledge ! thus the wisest prince is dwindled into a gypsie ! and the glorious miracle resolved into dotage , and figure-flinging ! scandal continues his banter , and says , the wise men of the east owed their instruction to a star ; which is rightly observ'd by gregory the great in favour of astrology . this was the star which shone at our saviour's birth . now who could imagine by the levity of the occasion , that the author thought it any better than an ignis fatuus , or sydrophel's kite in hudibras ? sr. sampson and the fine angelica , after some lewd raillery continue the allegory , and drive it up into profaness . for this reason the citation must be imperfect . sr. samps . sampson 's a very good name for — your sampsons were strong dogs from the beginning . angel. have a care — if you remember the strongest sampson of your name , pull'd an old house over his head at last . here you have the sacred history burlesqu'd , and sampson once more brought into the house of dagon , to make sport for the philistines ! to draw towards an end of this play. tattle would have carried off valentine's mistress . this later , expresses his resentment in a most divine manner ! tattle i thank you , you would have interposed between me and heaven , but providence has laid purgatory in your way . thus heaven is debas'd into an amour , and providence brought in to direct the paultry concerns of the stage ! angelica concludes much in the same strain . men are generally hypocrites and infidels , they pretend to worship , but have neither zeal , nor faith ; how few like valentine would persevere unto martyrdom ? &c. here you have the language of the scriptures , and the most solemn instances of religion , prostituted to courtship and romance ! here you have a mistress made god almighty , ador'd with zeal and faith , and worship'd up to martyrdom ! this if 't were only for the modesty , is strange stuff for a lady to say of her self . and had it not been for the profane allusion , would have been cold enough in all conscience . the provok'd wife furnishes the audience with a drunken atheistical catch : 't is true this song is afterwards said to be full of sin and impudence . but why then was it made ? this confession is a miserable salvo ; and the antidote is much weaker than the poyson : 't is just as if a man should set a house in a flame , and think to make amends by crying fire in the streets . in the last act rasor makes his discovery of the plot against belinda in scripture phrase . i 'le give it the reader in the authors dialogue . belind. i must know who put you upon all this mischief . rasor . sathan and his equipage . woman tempted me , lust weaken'd , — and so the devil overcame me : as fell adam so fell i. belind. then pray mr. adam will you make us acquainted with your eve ? rasor unmasks madamoselle and says , this is the woman that tempted me : but this is the serpent ( meaning lady fanciful ) that tempted the woman ; and if my prayers might be heard , her punishment for so doing should be like the serpents of old , &c. this rasor in what we hear of him before , is all roguery , and debauch : but now he enters in sackcloth , and talks like tribulation in the alchemist . his character is chang'd to make him the more profane ; and his habit , as well as discourse , is a jest upon religion . i am forced to omit one line of his confession . the design of it is to make the bible deliver an obscene thought : and because the text would not bend into a lewd application ; he alters the words for his purpose , but passes it for scripture still . this sort of entertainment is frequent in the relapse . lord foplington laughs at the publick solemnities of religion , as if 't was a ridiculous piece of ignorance , to pretend to the worship of a god. he discourses with berinthia and amanda in this manner : why faith madam , — sunday is a vile day , i must confess . a man must have very little to do at church that can give an account of the sermon . and a little after : to mind the prayers or the sermon , is to mind what one should not do . lory tells young fashion , i have been in a lamentable fright ever since that conscience had the impudence to intrude into your company . his master makes him this comfortable answer . be at peace , it will come no more : — i have kick'd it down stairs . a little before he breaks out into this rapture . now conscience i defie thee ! by the way we may observe , that this young fashion is the poets favorite . berinthia and worthy , two characters of figure , determine the point thus in defence of pimping . berinth . well , i would be glad to have no bodies sins to answer for but my own . but where there is a necessity — worth. right as you say , where there is a necessity ; a christian is bound to help his neighbour . nurse , after a great deal of profanestuff concludes her expostulation in these words : but his worship ( young fashion ) over-flows with his mercy and his bounty ; he is not only pleas'd to forgive us our sins — but which is more than all , has prevail'd with me to become the wife of thy bosom : this is very heavy , and ill dress'd . and an atheist must be sharp set to relish it . the vertuous amanda makes no scruple to charge the bible with untruths . — what slippery stuff are men compos'd of ? sure the account of their creation's false , . and 't was the womans rib that they were form'd of . thus this lady abuses her self , together with the scripture , and shews her sense , and her religion , to be much of a size . berinthia , after she has given in a scheme for the debauching amanda , is thus accosted by worthy : thou angel of light , let me fall down and adore thee ! a most seraphick compliment to a procuress ! and 't is possible some angel or other , may thank him for 't in due time . i am quite tired with these wretched sentences . the sight indeed is horrible , and i am almost unwilling to shew it . however they shall be produced like malefactors , not for pomp , but execution . snakes and vipers , must sometimes be look'd on , to destroy them . i can't forbear expressing my self with some warmth under these provocations . what christian can be unconcern'd at such intolerable abuses ? what can be a juster reason for indignation than insolence and atheism ? resentment can never be better shown , nor aversion more seasonably executed ! nature made the ferment and rising of the blood , for such occasions as this. on what unhappy times are we fallen ! the oracles of truth , the laws of omnipotence , and the fate of eternity are laught at and despis'd ! that the poets should be suffer'd to play upon the bible , and christianity be hooted off the stage ! christianity that from such feeble beginings made so stupendious a progress ! that over-bore all the oppositions of power , and learning ; and with twelve poor men , outstretch'd the roman empire . that this glorious religion so reasonable in its doctrine , so well attested by miracles , by martyrs , by all the evidence that fact is capable of , should become the diversion of the town , and the scorn of buffoons ! and where , and by whom is all this out-rage committed ? why not by julian , or porphirie , not among turks or heathens , but in a christian country , in a reform'd church , and in the face of authority ! well! i perceive the devil was a saint in his oracles , to what he is in his plays . his blasphemies are as much improv'd as his stile , and one would think the muse was legion ! i suppose the reader may be satisfied already : but if he desires farther proof , there 's something more flamingly impious behind . the christian almeida when sebastian was in danger , raves and foames like one possess'd , but is there heaven , for i begin to doubt ? now take your swing ye impious sin unpunish'd , eternal providence seems over watch'd , and with a slumbring nod assents to murther in the next page , she bellows again much after the same manner . the double dealer to say the least of him , follows his master in this road , passibus aequis . sr. paul plyant one would think had done his part : but the ridiculing providence won't satisfie all people : and therefore the next attempt is somewhat bolder . sr. paul. hold your self contented my lady plyant , — i find passion coming upon me by inspiration . in love triumphant , carlos is by the constitution of the play a christian ; and therefore must be construed in the sense of his religion . this man blunders out this horrible expression . nature has given me my portion in sense with a p — — to her . &c. the reader may see the hellish syllable at length if he pleases . this curse is borrow'd for young fashion in the relapse . the double dealer is not yet exhausted . cynthia the top lady grows thoughtful . upon the question she relates her contemplation . cynth. i am thinking ( says she ) that tho' marriage makes man and wife one flesh , it leaves them two fools . this jest is made upon a text in genesis , and afterwards applyed by our saviour to the case of divorse . love for love will give us a farther account of this authors proficiency in the scriptures . our blessed saviour affirms himself to be the way , the truth , and the light , that he came to bear witness to the truth , and that his word is truth . these expressions were remembred to good purpose . for valentine in his pretended madness tells buckram the lawyer ; i am truth , — i am truth . — who 's that , that 's out of his way , i am truth , and can set him right . now a poet that had not been smitten with the pleasure of blasphemy , would never have furnish'd frensy with inspiration ; nor put our saviours words in the mouth of a mad-man . lady brute , after some struggle between conscience and lewdness , declares in favour of the later . she says the part of a downright wife is to cuckold her husband . and tho' this is against the strict statute law of religion , yet if there was a court of chancery in heaven , she should be sure to cast him . this brass is double guilt . first , it supposes no equity in heaven . and secondly , if there was , adultery would not be punish'd ! the poet afterwards acquaints us by this lady , that blasphemy is no womans sin. why then does she fall into it ? why in the mid'st of temper and reasoning ? what makes him break in upon his own rules ? is blasphemy never unseasonable upon the stage , and does it always bring its excuse along with it ? the relapse goes on in the same strain . when young fashion had a prospect of cheating his elder brother , he tells lory , providence thou see'st at last takes care of men of merit . berinthia who has engag'd to corrupt amanda for worthy ; attacks her with this speech , mr. worthy used you like a text , he took you all to peices , and it seems was particular in her commendation , thus she runs on for several lines , in a lewd , and profane allegory . in the application she speaks out the design , and concludes with this pious exhortation ! now consider what has been said , and heaven give you grace to put it in practise ; that is to play the whore. there are few of these last quotations , but what are plain blasphemy , and within the law. they look reeking as it were from pandaemonium , and almost smell of fire and brimstone . this is an eruption of hell with a witness ! i almost wonder the smoak of it has not darken'd the sun , and turn'd the air to plague and poyson ! these are outrageous provocations ; enough to arm all nature in revenge ; to exhaust the judgments , of heaven , and sink the island in the sea ! what a spite have these men to the god that made them . how do they rebell upon his bounty , and attack him with his own reason ? these giants in wickedness , how would they ravage with a stature proportionable ? they that can swagger in impotence , and blaspheme upon a mole-hill , what would they do if they had strength to their good-will ? and what can be the ground of this confidence , and the reason of such horrid presumption ? why the scripture will best satisfie the question . because sentence against an evil work is not excuted speedily , therefore the heart of the sons of men , is fully set in them to do evil. clemency is weakness with some people ; and the goodness of god which should lead them to repentance , does but harden them the more . they conclude he wants power to punish , because he has patience to forbear . because there is a space between blasphemy and vengeance ; and they don't perish in the act of defiance ; because they are not blasted with lightning , transfixt with thunder , and guarded off with devils , they think there 's no such matter as a day of reckoning . but let no man be deceiv'd , god is not mock'd ; not without danger they may be assur'd . let them retreat in time , before the floods run over them : before they come to that place , where madness will have no musick , nor blasphemy any diversion . and here it may not be amiss to look a little into the behaviour of the heathens . now 't is no wonder to find them run riot upon this subject . the characters of their gods were not unblemish'd . their prospect of the other world , was but dim ; neither were they under the terrors of revelation . however , they are few of them so bad as the moderns . terence does not run often upon this rock . 't is true chaerea falls into an ill rapture after his success . chremes bids his wife not tire the gods with thanks : and aeschinus is quite sick of the religious part of the weding . these instances ; excepting his swearing , are the most , ( and i think near all the ) exceptionable passages of this author . plautus is much more bold . but then his sally's are generally made by slaves and pandars . this makes the example less dangerous , and is some sort of extenuation . i grant this imperfect excuse wont serve him always . there are some instances where his persons of better figure are are guilty of lewd defences , profane flights , and sawcy expostulation . but the roman deities were beings of ill fame , 't is the less wonder therefore if the poets were familiar with them . however , plautus has something good in him , and enough to condemn the practise . pleusides would gladly have had the gods changed the method of things , in some particulars . he would have had frank good humour'd people long live'd , and close-fisted knaves die young. to this periplectimenes gravely answers , that 't is great ignorance , and misbehaviour to censure the conduct of the gods , or speak dishonorably of them . in his pseudolus the procurer ballio talks profanely . upon which pseudolus makes this reflection . this fellow makes nothing of religion , how can we trust him in other matters ? for the gods whom all people have the greatest reason to fear , are most slighted by him . the greek tragedians are more staunch , and write nearer the scheme of natural religion . 't is true , they have somebold expressions : but then they generally reprove the liberty , and punish the men. prometheus in aeschylus blusters with a great deal of noise , and stubborness . he is not for changing conditions with mercury : and chuses rather to be miserable , than to submit even to jupiter himself . the chorus rebuke him for his pride , and threaten him with greater punishment . and the poet to make all sure brings him to execution before the end of the play. he discharges thunder and lightning at his head ; shakes his rock with an earthquake , turns the air into whirl-wind , and draws up all the terrors of nature to make him an example . in his expedition against thebes , eteocles expects capaneus would be destroy'd for his blasphemies . which happen'd accordingly . on the other hand ; amphiaraus being a person of virtue , and piety , they are afraid least he should succeed . for a religious enemy is almost invincible . darius's ghost lays xerxes's ruin upon the excess of his ambition . 't was , because he made a bridge over the hellespont , used neptune contumeliously , and thought himself superiour to heaven . this ghost tells the chorus that the persian army miscarried for the out-rages they did to religion , for breaking down the altars , and plundering the gods. ajax's distraction is represented as judicial in sophocles . 't was inflicted for his pride and atheism . when his father bid him be brave but religious withall , he haughtily replyed that 't was for cowards to beg the assistance of the gods ; as for his part , he hoped to conquer without them . and when minerva encouraged him to charge the enemy . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , he made her this lewd and insufferable answer . pray withdraw , and give your countenance elswhere , i want no goddesses to help me do my business . this insolence made minerva hate him ; and was the cause of his madness and self murther . to proceed . the chorus condemns the liberty of jocasta , who obliquely charged a practise upon the oracle : tho' after all , she did not tax apollo , but his ministers . the same chorus recommends piety , and relyance upon the gods , and threatens pride and irreligion with destruction . in antigone , tiresias advises creon to wave the rigour of his edict , and not let the body of polynices lie unburied , and expos'd . he tells him the altars were already polluted with humane flesh. this had made the language of the birds unintelligible , and confounded the marks of augury . creon replies in a rage , and says he would not consent to the burial of polynices : no , tho' 't were to prevent the eagle's throwing part of the carkass in jove's chair of state. this was a bold flight ; but 't is not long before he pays for 't . soon after , his son , and queen , kill themselves . and in the close the poet who speaks in the chorus , explains the misfortune , and points upon the cause , and affirms that creon was punish'd for his haughtiness and impiety . to go on to his trachiniae . hercules in all the extremity of his torture does not fall foul upon religion . 't is true , he shows as much impatience as 't is possible . his person , his pain , and the occasion of it , were very extraordinary . these circumstances make it somewhat natural for him to complain above the common rate . the greatness of his spirit , the feavour of his blood , and the rage of his passion , could hardly fail of putting force , and and vehemence into his expressions . tho' to deal clearly he seems better furnish'd with rhetorick , than true fortitude . but after all , his disorders are not altogether ungovern'd . he is uneasy , but not impious , and profane . i grant hercules oeteus in seneca , swaggers at a strange rhodomontading rate . but the conduct of this author is very indifferent . he makes a meer salamander of his hero , and lets him declaim with too much of length , curiosity and affectation , for one in his condition : he harangues it with great plenty of points , and sentences in the fire , and lies frying , and philosophizing for near a hundred lines together . in fine , this play is so injudiciously manag'd , that heinsius is confident 't was written by neither of the seneca's , but by some later author of a lower class . to return to sophocle's trachiniae . hyllus reproaches the gods with neglect , because they gave hercules no assistance , and glances upon jupiter himself . this sally is not so throughly corrected as formerly . 't is true the chorus make some little satisfaction immediately after . they resolve all surprizes of misfortune , all revolutions of states or families , into the will and permission of jupitur . this by implication , they make an argument for acquiescence . besides , the poet had laid in a sort of caution against misconstruction before . for the messenger tells dejaneira that we ought not to murmur at the conduct of jupiter . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this for a heathen is something tho' not enough , cleomenes's rant seems an imitation of hyllus , only 't is bolder , and has nothing of the rashness of youth to excuse it . besides sophocles throws in somewhat by way of preservative . whereas in cleomenes the boy cleonidas has the better on the wrong side , and seems to carry the cause of atheism against his father . this scene of a famine mr. dryden calls a beauty ; and yet methinks cleora is not very charming ! her part is to tell you the child suck'd to no purpose . it pull'd and pull'd but now but nothing came , at last it drew so hard that the blood follow'd . and that red milk i found upon its lips , which made me swoon for fear . there 's a description of sucking for you ! and truly one would think the muse on 't were scarsely wean'd . this lady's fancy is just slip-stocking-high ; and she seems to want sense , more than her breakfast . if this passage would not shine , the poet should have let it alone . 't is horace's advice . — et quae desperes tractata nitescere posse relinquas . the greatest part of the life of this scene is spent in impious rants , and atheistical disputes . to do the author right , his characters never want spirits for such service , either full or fasting . some people love to say the worst things in the best manner ; to perfume their poysons , and give an air to deformity . there is one ill sentence in sophocles behind . philoctetes calls the gods 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and libells their administration . this officer we must understand was left upon a solitary island , ill used by his friends , and harrass'd with poverty and ulcers , for ten years together . these , under the ignorance of paganism , were trying circumstances , and take off somewhat of the malignity of the complaint . afterwards he seems to repent , and declares his assurance that the gods will do justice , and prays frequently to them . the conclusion of this play is remarkably moral . here hercules appears in machine ; aquaints philoctetes with his own glorious condition ; that his happiness was the reward of virtue , and the purchase of merit . he charges him to pay a due regard to religion ; for piety would recommend him to jupiter more than any other qualification . it went into the other world with people and they found their account in 't both living and dead . upon the whole ; the plays of aeschylus and sophocles are formed upon models of virtue : they joyn innocence with pleasure , and design the improvement , of the audience . in euripides's bacchae , pentheus is pull'd in pieces for using bacchus with disrespect . and the chorus observes that god never fails to punish impiety , and contempt of religion . polyphemus blusters atheistically , and pretends to be as great as jupiter : but then his eye is burnt out in the fifth act. and the chorus in heraclidae affirm it next to madness not to worship the gods. i grant he has some profane passages stand uncorrected , and what wonder is it to see a pagan miscarry ? seneca , as he was inferiour in judgment to the greeks , so he is more frequent , and uncautious , in his flights of extravagance . his hero's and heroines , are excessively bold with the superior beings . they rave to distraction , and he does not often call them to an account for 't . 't is true ajax oileus is made an example for blaspheming in a storm . he is first struck with thunder , and then carried to the bottom : the modern poets , proceed upon the liberties of seneca , their mad-men are very seldom reckon'd wirh . they are profane without censure , and defie the living god with success . nay , in some respect they exceed even seneca himself . he slies out only under impatience ; and never falls into these fits without torture , and hard usage . but the english stage are unprovok'd in their irreligion , and blaspheme for their pleasure . but supposing the theatres of rome , and athens as bad as possible , what defence is all this ? can we argue from heathenism to christianity ? how can the practise be the same , where the rule is so very different ? have we not a clearer light to direct us , and greater punishments to make us afraid . is there no distinction between truth and fiction , between majesty and a pageant ? must god be treated like an idol , and the scriptures banter'd like homers elysium , and hesiods theogonia ? are these the returns we make him for his supernatural assistance ? for the more perfect discovery of himself , the stooping of his greatness , and the wonders of his love. can't we refuse the happiness without affronting the offer ? must we add contempt to disobedience , and out-rage to ingratitude ? is there no diversion without insulting the god that made us , the goodness that would save us , and the power that can damn us ? let us not flatter our selves , words won't go for nothing . profaness is a most provoking contempt , and a crime of the deepest dye . to break through the laws of a kingdom is bad enough ; but to make ballads upon the statute-book , and a jest of authority , is much worse . atheists may fancy what they please , but god will arise and maintain his own cause , and vindicate his honour in due time . to conclude . profaness tho' never so well corrected is not to be endured . it ought to be banish'd without proviso , or limitation . no pretence of character or punishment , can excuse it ; or any stage-discipline make it tolerable . 't is grating to christian ears , dishonourable to the majesty of god , and dangerous in the example . and in a word , it tends to no point , unless it be to wear off the horrour of the practise , to weaken the force of conscience , and teach the language of the damn'd . chap. iii. the clergy abused by the stage . the satyr of the stage upon the clergy is extreamly particular . in other cases , they level at a single mark , and confine themselves to persons . but here their buffoonry takes an unusual compass ; they shoot chain'd-shot , and strike at universals . they play upon the character , and endeavour to expose not only the men , but the business . 't is true , the clergy are no small rub in the poets way . 't is by their ministrations that religion is perpetuated , the other world refresh'd , and the interest of virtue kept up . vice will never have an unlimited range , nor conscience be totally subdued , as long as people are so easy as to be priest-ridden ! as long as these men are look'd on as the messengers of heaven , and the supports of government , and enjoy their old pretentions in credit and authority ; as long as this grievance continues , the stage must decline of course , and atheism give ground , and lewdness lie under censure , and discouragment . therefore that liberty may not be embarrass'd , nor principles make head against pleasure , the clergy must be attack'd , and rendred ridiculous . to represent a person fairly and without disservice to his reputation , two things are to be observ'd . first he must not be ill used by others : nor secondly be made to play the fool himself . this latter way of abuse is rather the worst , because here a man is a sort of felo de se ; and appears ridiculous by his own fault . the contradiction of both these methods is practised by the stage . to make sure work on 't , they leave no stone unturn'd , the whole common place of rudeness is run through . they strain their invention and their malice : and overlook nothing in ill nature , or ill manners , to gain their point . to give some instances of their civility ! in the spanish fryer , dominick is made a pimp for lorenzo ; he is call'd a parcel of holy guts and garbage , and said to have room in his belly for his church steeple . dominick has a great many of these compliments bestow'd upon him . and to make the railing more effectual , you have a general stroke or two upon the profession . would you know what are the infiallible church remedies . why 't is to lie impudently , and swear devoutly . a little before this dominick counterfits himself sick , retires , and leaves lorenzo and elvira together ; and then the remark upon the intrigue follows . you see madam ( says lorenzo ) 't is interest governs all the world. he preaches against sin , why ? because he gets by 't : he holds his tongue ; why ? because so much more is bidden for his silence . 't is but giving a man his price , and principles of church are bought off as easily as they are in state : no man will be a rogue for nothing ; but compensation must be made , so much gold for so much honesty ; and then a church-man will break the rules of chess . for the black bishop , will skip into the white , and the white into the black , without considering whether the remove be lawful . at last dominick is discover'd to the company , makes a dishonourable exit , and is push'd off the stage by the rabble . this is great justice ! the poet takes care to make him first a knave , and then an example : but his hand is not even . for lewd lorenzo comes off with flying colours . 't is not the fault which is corrected but the priest. the authors discipline is seldom without a biass . he commonly gives the laity the pleasure of an ill action , and the clergy the punishment . to proceed . horner in his general remarks upon men , delivers it as a sort of maxim , that your church-man is the greatest atheist . in this play harcourt puts on the habit of a divine . alithea does not think him what he appears ; but sparkish who could not see so far , endeavours to divert her suspicion . i tell you ( says he ) this is ned harcourt of cambridge , you see he has a sneaking colledge look . afterwards his character is sufficiently abused by sparkish and lucy ; but not so much as by himself . he tells you in an aside he must suit his stile to his coat . upon this wise recollection , he talks like a servile , impertinent fop , in the orphan , the young soldier chamont calls the chaplain sr. gravity , and treats him with the language of thee , and thou . the chaplain instead of returning the contempt ; flatters chamont in his folly , and pays a respect to his pride . the cavalier encouraged i suppose by this sneaking , proceeds to all the excesses of rudeness , — is there not one of all thy tribe that 's honest in your school ? the pride of your superiours makes ye slaves : ye all live loathsome , sneaking , servile lives : not free enough to practise generous truth , ' tho ye pretend to teach it to the world. after a little pause for breath , the railing improves . if thou wouldst have me not contemn thy office , and character , think all thy brethren knaves , thy trade a cheat , and thou its worst professour , inform me ; for i tell thee priest i 'le know . the bottom of the page is down-right porters rhetorick . art thou then so far concern'd in 't ? — curse on that formal steady villains face ! just so do all bawds look ; nay bawds they say ; can pray upon occasion ; talk of heaven ; turn up their gogling eye-balls , rail at vice ; dissemble , lye , and preach like any priest , art thou a bawd ? the old batchelour has a throw at the dissenting ministers . the pimp setter provides their habit for bellmour to debauch laetitia . the dialogue runs thus . bell. and hast thou provided necessaries ? setter . all , all sir , the large sanctified hat , and the little precise band , with a swingeing long spiritual cloak , to cover carnal knavery , — not forgetting the black patch which tribulation spintext wears as i 'm inform'd upon one eye , as a penal mourning for the — offences of his youth &c. barnaby calls another of that character mr. prig , and fondlewife carrys on the humour lewdly in play-house cant ; and to hook the church of england into the abuse , he tacks a chaplain to the end of the description . lucy gives an other proof of the poets good will , but all little scurilities are not worth repeating . in the double dealer the discourse between maskwell and saygrace is very notable . maskwell had a design to cheat mellifont of his mistress , and engages the chaplain in the intrigue : there must be a levite in the case ; for without one of them have a singer in 't , no plot publick , or private , can expect to prosper . to go on in the order of the play. maskwell calls out at sagraces door , mr. saygrace mr. saygrace . the other answers , sweet sir i will but pen the last line of an acrostick , and be with you in the twingling of an ejaculation , in the pronouncing of an amen . &c. mask . nay good mr. saygrace do not prolong the time , &c. saygrace . you shall prevail , i would break off in the middle of a sermon to do you pleasure . mask . you could not do me a greater — except — the business inhand — have you provided a habit for mellifont ? saygr . i have , &c. mask . have you stich'd the gownsleeve , that he may be puzled and wast time in putting it on ? saygr . i have ; the gown will not be indued without perplexity . there is a little more profane , and abusive stuff behind , but let that pass . the author of don sebastian strikes at the bishops through the sides of the mufti , and borrows the name of the turk , to make the christian ridiculous . he knows the transition from one religion to the other is natural , the application easy , and the audience but too well prepar'd . and should they be at a loss he has elsewhere given them a key to understand him . for priests of all religions are the same . however that the sense may be perfectly intelligible , he makes the invective general , changes the language , and rails in the stile of christendom . benducar speaks , — churchmen tho' they itch to govern all , are silly , woful , awkard polititians , they make lame mischief tho' they mean it well . so much the better , for 't is a sign they are not beaten to the trade . the next lines are an illustration taken from a taylor . their intrest is not finely drawn and hid , but seams are coarsly bungled up and seen . this benducar was a rare spokesman for a first minister ; and would have fitted john of leyden most exactly ! in the fourth act the mufti is depos'd and captain tom reads him a shrewd lecture at parting . but let that pass . to go on , mustapha threatens his great patriark to put him to the rack . now you shall hear what an answer of fortitude and discretion is made for the mufti . mufti . i hope you will not be so barbarous to torture me . we may preach suffering to others , but alass holy flesh is too well pamper'd to endure martyrdom . by the way , if flinching from suffering is a proof of holy flesh , the poet is much a saint in his constitution , witness his dedication of king arthun . in cleomenes , cassandra rails against religion at the altar , and in the midst of a publick solemnity . accurs'd be thou grass-eating fodderd god! accurs'd thy temple ! more accurs'd thy priests ! she goes on in a mighty huff , and charges the gods and priesthood with confederacy , and imposture . this rant is very unlikely at alexandria . no people are more bigotted in their superstition than the aegyptians ; nor any more resenting of such an affront . this satyr then must be strangely out of fashion , and probability . no matter for that ; it may work by way of inference , and be serviceable at home . and 't is a handsom compliment to libertines and atheists . we have much such another swaggering against priests in oedipus . why seek i truth from thee ? the smiles of courtiers and the harlots tears , the tradesmens oaths , and mourning of an heir , are truths to what priests tell . o why has priesthood privilege to lie , and yet to be believ'd ! and since they are thus lively , i have one word or two to say to the play. when aegeon brought the news of king polybus's death , oedipus was wonderfully surpriz'd at the relation . o all ye powers is 't possible ? what , dead ! and why not ? was the man invulnerable or immortal ? nothing of that : he was only fourscore and ten years old , that was his main security . and if you will believe the poet he fell like autumn fruit that mellow'd long , ev'n wondred at because he dropt no sooner . and which is more , oedipus must be acquainted with his age , having spent the greatest part of his time with him at corinth . so that in short , the pith of the story lies in this circumstance . a prince of ninety years was dead , and one who was wondred at for dying no sooner . and now why so much exclamation upon this occasion ? why must all the powers in being be summon'd in to make the news credible ? this posse of interjections would have been more seasonably raised if the man had been alive ; for that by the poets confession had been much the stranger thing . however oedipus is almost out of his wits about the matter , and is urgent for an account of particulars . that so the tempest of my joys may rise by just degrees , and hit at last the stars . this is an empty ill proportion'd rant , and without warrant in nature or antiquity . sophocles does not represent oedipus in such raptures of extravagant surprize . in the next page there 's another flight about polybus his death somewhat like this. it begins with a noverint universi . you would think oedipus was going to make a bond. know , be it known to the limits of the world ; this is scarce sence , be it known . yet farther , let it pass yon dazling roof the mansion of the gods , and strike them deaf with everlasting peals of thundring joy . this fustian puts me in mind of a couplet of taylors the water poet , which for the beauty of the thought are not very unlike . what if a humble bee should chance to strike , with the but-end of an antarkick pole. i grant mr. dryden clears himself of this act in his vindication of the duke of guise . but then why did he let these crude fancies pass uncorrected in his friend ? such fluttering ungovern'd transports , are fitter for a boys declamation then a tragedy . but i shall trouble my self no farther with this play. to return therefore to the argument in hand . in the provok'd wife sir john brute puts on the habit of a clergyman , counterfeits himself drunk ; quarrels with the constable , and is knock'd down and seiz'd . he rails , swears , curses , is lewd and profane , to all the heights of madness and debauchery : the officers and justice break jests upon him , and make him a sort of representative of his order . this is rare protestant diversion , and very much for the credit of the reformation ! the church of england , i mean the men of her , is the only communion in the world , that will endure such insolences as these : the relapse is if possible more singularly abusive . bull the chaplain wishes the married couple joy , in language horribly smutty and profane . to transcribe it would blot the paper to much . in the next page young fashion desires bull to make hast to sr. tun-belly . he answers very decently , i fly my good lord. at the end of this act bull speaks to the case of bigamy , and determines it thus . i do confess to take two husbands for the satisfaction of — is to commit the sin of exorbitancy , but to do it for the peace of the spirit , is no more then to be drunk by way of physick ; besides to prevent a parents wrath is to avoid the sin of disobedience , for when the parent is angry , the child is froward : the conclusion is insolently profane , and let it lie : the spirit of this thought is borrow'd from ben johnsons bartholomew-fair , only the profaness is mightily improved , and the abuse thrown off the meeting house , upon the church . the wit of the parents being angry , and the child froward , is all his own . bull has more of this heavy stuff upon his hands . he tells young fashion your worships goodness is unspeakable , yet there is one thing seems a point of conscience ; and conscience is a tender babe . &c. these poets i observe when they grow lazy , and are inclined to nonsence , they commonly get a clergy-man to speak it . thus they pass their own dulness for humour , and gratifie their ease , and their malice at once . coupler instructs young fashion which way bull was to be managed . he tells him as chaplains go now , he must be brib'd high , he wants money , preferment , wine , and a whore. let this be procured for him , and i 'll warrant thee he speaks truth like an oracle . a few lines forward , the rudeness is still more gross , and dash'd with smut , the common play-house ingredient . 't is not long before coupler falls into his old civilities . he tells young fashion , last night the devil run away with the parson of fatgoose living . afterwards bull is plentifully rail'd on in down right billings-gate : made to appear silly , servile , and profane ; and treated both in posture and language , with the utmost contempt . i could cite more plays to this purpose ; but these are sufficient to show the temper of the stage , thus we see how hearty these people are in their ill will ! how they attack religion under every form , and pursue the priesthood through all the subdivisions of opinion . neither jews nor heathens , turks nor christians , rome nor geneva , church nor conventicle , can escape them . they are afraid least virtue should have any quarters undisturbed , conscience any corner to retire to , or god be worship'd in any place . 't is true their force seldom carries up to their malice : they are too eager in the combat to be happy in the execution . the abuse is often both gross and clumsey , and the wit as wretched as the manners . nay talking won't always satisfy them . they must ridicule the habit as well as the function , of the clergy . 't is not enough for them to play the fool unless they do it in pontificalibus . the farce must be play'd in a religious figure , and under the distinctions of their office ! thus the abuse strikes stronger upon the sense ; the contempt is better spread , and the little idea is apt to return upon the same appearance . and now does this rudeness go upon any authorities ? was the priesthood alwaies thought thus insignificant , and do the antient poets palt it in this manner ? this point shall be tried , i shall run through the most considerable authors that the reader may see how they treat the argument . homer stands highest upon the roll , and is the first poet both in time , and quality ; i shall therefore begin with him . t is true he wrote no plays ; but for decency , practise , and general opinion , his judgment may well be taken , let us see then how the priests are treated in his poem , and what sort of rank they hold . chryses apollo's priest appears at a council of war with his crown and guilt scepter . he offers a valuable ransom for his daughter ; and presses his relation to apollo . all the army excepting agamemnon are willing to consider his character , and comply with his proposals . but this general refuses to part with the lady , and sends away her father with disrespect . apollo thought himself affronted with this usage , and revenges the indignity in a plague . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . adrastus and amphius the sons of merops a prophet , commanded a considerable extent of country in troas , and brought a body of men to king priam's assistance . and ennomus the augur commanded the troops of mysia for the besieged . phegeus and idaeus were the sons of dares the priest of vulcan . they appear in an equipage of quality , and charge diomedes the third hero in the grecian army . idaeus after the misfortune of the combat , is brought off by vulcan . dolopion was priest to scamander , and regarded like the god he belong'd to , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ulisses in his return from troy , took ismarus by storm , and makes prize of the whole town , excepting maron , and his family . this maron was apollo's priest , and preserv'd out of respect to his function : he presents ulisses nobly in gold , plate , and wine ; and this hero makes an honourable mention of him , both as to his quality , and way of living . these are all the priests i find mentioned in homer ; and we see how fairly the poet treats them , and what sort of figure they made in the world. to the testimony of homer , i shall joyn that of virgil , who tho' he follows at a great distance of time , was an author of the first rank , and wrote the same kind of poetry with the other . now virgil tho' he is very extraordinary in his genius , in the compass of his learning , in the musick and majesty of his stile ; yet the exactness of his judgment seems to be his peculiar , and most distinguishing talent . he had the truest relish imaginable , and always described things according to nature , custom , and decency . he wrote with the greatest command of temper , and superiority of good sense . he is never lost in smoak and rapture , nor overborn with poetick fury ; but keeps his fancy warm and his reason cool at the same time . now this great master of propriety never mentions any priests without some marks of advantage . to give some instances as they lie in order . when the trojans were consulting what was to be done with the wooden-horse , and some were for lodging it within the walls ; laocoon appears against this opinion at the head of a numerous party , harangues with a great deal of sense , and resolution , and examines the machine with his lance. in fine , he advised so well , and went so far in the discovery of the stratagem ; that if the trojans had not been ungovernable , and as it were stupified by fate and folly , he had saved the town . trojaque nunc stares priamique arx alta maneres . this laocoon was neptunes priest , and either son to priam , or brother to anchises , who was of the royal family . the next we meet with is pantheus apollo's priest. he is call'd pantheus otriades , which is an argument his father was well known . his acquaintance with aeneas to whose house he was carrying his little grandson , argues him to be a person of condition . pantheus after a short relation of the posture of affairs , joyns aeneas's little handful of men , charges in with him when the town was seiz'd , and fired , and at last dies handsomly in the action . the next is anius king of delos , prince and priest in one person . rex anius , rex idem hominum phaebique sacerdos . when aeneas was outed at troy , and in quest of a new country , he came to an anchor at delos ; anius meets him in a religious habit , receives him civilly , and obliges him with his oracle . in the book now mention'd we have another of apollo's priests , his name is helenus , son of priam and king of chaonia . he entertains aeneas with a great deal of friendship , and magnificence , gives him many material directions , and makes him a rich present at parting . to this prince if you please we may joyn a princess of the same profession ; and that is rhea silvia daughter to numitor king of alba , and mother to romulus , and remus . this lady virgil calls — regina sacerdos a royal priestess . farther . when aeneas made a visit upon business to the shades below , he had for his guide , the famous sibylla cumaea , who belong'd to apollo . when he came thither amongst the rest of his acquantance he saw polybaetes a priest of ceres . this polybaetes is mention'd with the three sons of antenor , with glaucus , and thersilochus , who commanded in cheif in the trojan auxiliaries : so that you may know his quality by his company . when aeneas had passed on farther , he saw orpheus in elysium : the poet calls him the thracian priest. there needs not be much said of orpheus ; he is famous for his skill in musick , poetry , and religious ceremonies , he was one of the hero's of antiquity , and a principal adventurer in the expedition for the golden-fleece . in the seventh aeneid the poet gives in a list of the princes , and general officers who came into the assistance of turnus ; amongst the rest he tells you , quin & marrubia venit de gente sacerdos , archippi regis missu fortissimus umbro . this priest he commends both for his courage and his skill in physick , natural magick , and phlosophy . he understood the virtue of plants , and could lay passions and poysons asleep . his death was extreamly regretted by his country , who made a pompous aud solemn mourning for him . te nemus angitia vitrea te fucinus unda te liquidi flevere lacus . the potitij , and the pinarij mention'd aeneid . were as livy observes , chosen out of the first quality of the country , and had the priesthood hereditary to their family . to go on , aemonides , and chloreus make a glistering figure in the feild , and are very remarkable for the curiosity of their armour , and habit. aemonides's finery is passed over in general . totus collucens veste atque insignibus armis . but the equipage of chloreus is flourish'd out at length , and as i remember admired by macrobius as one of the master peices of virgil in description . in short ; he is all gold , purple , scarlet , and embroydery ; and as rich as nature , art , and rhetorick can make him . to these i might add rhamnes , asylas , and tolumnius , who were all persons of condition , and had considerable posts in the army . it may be these last were not strictly priests . their function was rather prophetick . they interpreted the resolutions of the gods , by the voice of birds , the inspection of sacrifices , and their observations of thunder . this made their character counted sacred , and their relation to the deity particular . and therefore the romans ranged them in the order of the priests . thus we see the admired homer , and virgil , always treat the priests fairly , and describe them in circumstances of credit : if 't is said that the instances i have given are mostly in names of fiction , and in persons who had no being , unless in the poets fancy . i answer , i am not concern'd in the history of the relation . whether the muster is true or false , 't is all one to my purpose . this is certain , had the priests been people of such slender consideration as our stage poets endeavour to make them ; they must have appear'd in a different figure ; or rather have been left out as too little for that sort of poem . but homer and virgil , had other sentiments of matters : they were govern'd by the reason of things , and the common usage of the world. they knew the priesthood a very reputable employment , and always esteem'd as such . to have used the priests ill , they must have call'd their own discretion in question : they must have run into impropriety , and fallen soul upon custom , manners , and religion . now 't was not their way to play the knave and the fool together : they had more sense than to do a silly thing , only for the satisfaction of doing an ill one . i shall now go on to enquire what the greek tragedians will afford us upon the present subject . there are but two plays in aeschylus where the ministers of the gods are represented . the one is in his eumenides , and here apollo's priestess only opens the play , and appears no more . the other is in his seige of thebes . in this tragedy the prophet amphiaraus is one of the seven commanders against the town . he has the character of a modest , brave officer , and of one who rather affected to be great in action , than noise . in sophocle's oedipus tyrannus . jupiter's priest has a short part . he appears at the head of an address , and delivers the harangue by the king's order . oedipus in his passion treats tiresias ruggedly ; tiresias replies with spirit and freedom , and plainly tell him he was none of his servant but apollo's . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and here we may observe that all oedipus his reproaches relate to tiresias's person , there is no such thing as a general imputation upon his function : but the english oedipus makes the priesthood an imposturous profession ; and rails at the whole order . in the next tragedy , creon charges tiresias with subornation ; and that he intended to make a penny of his prince . the priest holds up his character , speaks to the ill usage with an air of gravity , calls the king son , and foretells him his misfortune . to go on to euripides , for sophocles has nothing more . this poet in his phaenissae brings in tiresias with a very unacceptable report from the oracle . he tells creon that either his son must die , or the city be lost . creon keeps himself within temper , and gives no ill language . and even when moenecius had kill'd himself , he neither complains of the gods , nor reproaches the prophet . in his bacchae , tiresias is honourably used by cadmus ; and pentheus who threatned him , is afterwards punish'd for his impiety . in another play apollo's priestess comes in upon a creditable account , and is respectfully treated . iphigenia agamemnon's daughter is made priestess to diana ; and her father thought himself happy in her employment . these are all the priests i remember represented in euripides . to conclude the antient tragedians together : seneca seems to follow the conduct of euripides , and secures tiresias from being outraged . oedipus carries it smoothly with him and only desires him to out with the oracle , and declare the guilty person . this tiresias excuses , and afterwards the heat of the expostulation falls upon creon . calchas if not strictly a priest , was an auger , and had a religious relation . upon this account agamemnon calls him interpres deorum ; the reporter of fate , and the god's nuntio ; and gives him an honourable character . this author is done ; i shall therefore pass on to the comedians . and here , aristophanes is so declared an atheist , that i think him not worth the citing . besides , he has but little upon the argument : and where he does engage it , the priests have every jot as good quarter as the gods. as for terence , he neither represents any priests , nor so much as mentions them . chrysalus in plautus describes theotimus diana's priest , as a person of quality , and figure . in his rudens we have a priestess upon the stage , which is the only instance in this poet. she entertains the two women who were wrecked , and is commended for her hospitable temper . the procurer labrax swaggers that he will force the temple , and begins the attack . demades a gentleman , is surprized at his insolence , and threatens him with revenge . the report of so bold an attempt made him cry out . quis homo est tanta confidentia ; qui sacerdotem audeat violare ? it seems in those days 't was very infamous to affront a holy character , and break in upon the guards of religion ! thus we see how the antient poets behaved themselves in the argument . priests seldom appear in their plays . and when they come 't is business of credit that brings them . they are treated like persons of condition . they act up to their relation ; neither sneak , nor prevaricate , nor do any thing unbecoming their office. and now a word or two of the moderns . the famous corneille and moliere , bring no priests of any kind upon the stage . the former leaves out tiresias in his oedipus : tho' this omission balks his thought , and maims the fable . what therefore but the regard to religion could keep him from the use of this liberty ? as i am inform'd the same reservedness is practis'd in spain , and italy : and that there is no theatre in europe excepting the english , that entertains the audience with priests . this is certainly the right method , and best secures the outworks of piety . the holy function is much too solemn to be play'd with . christianity is for no fooling , neither the place , the occasion nor the actors are fit for such a representation . to bring the church into the playhouse , is the way to bring the playhouse into the church . 't is apt to turn religion into romance ; and make unthinking people conclude that all serious matters are nothing but farce , fiction , and design . 't is true the tragedies at athens were a sort of homilies , and design'd for the instruction of the people . to this purpose they are all clean , solemn , and sententious . plautus likewise informs us that the comedians used to teach the people morality . the case standing thus 't is less suprizing to find the priests sometimes appear . the play had grave argument , and pagan indulgence , to plead in its behalf . but our poets steer by an other compass . their aim is to destroy religion , their preaching is against sermons ; and their business , but diversion at the best . in short , let the character be never so well managed no christian priest ( especially , ) ought to come upon the stage . for where the business is an abuse , and the place a profanation ; the demureness of the manner , is but a poor excuse . monsieur racine is an exception to what i have observ'd in france . in his athalia , joida the high-priest has a large part . but then the poet does him justice in his station ; he makes him honest and brave , and gives him a shining character throughout . mathan is another priest in the same tragedy . he turns renegado , and revolts from god to baal . he is a very ill man but makes a considerable appearance , and is one of the top of athaliahs faction . and as for the blemishes of his life , they all stick upon his own honour , and reach no farther than his person : in fine the play is a very religious poem ; 't is upon the matter all sermon and anthem . and if it were not designed for the theatre , i have nothing to object . let us now just look over our own country-men till king charles the second . shakespear takes the freedom to represent the clergy in several of his plays : but for the most part he holds up the function , and makes them neither act , nor suffer any thing unhandsom . in one play or two he is much bolder with the order . * sr. hugh evans a priest is too comical and secular in his humour . however he understands his post , and converses with the freedom of a gentleman . i grant in loves labour lost the curate plays the fool egregiously ; and so does the poet too , for the whole play is a very silly one . in the history of sr. john old-castle , sr. john , parson of wrotham swears , games , wenches , pads , tilts , and drinks : this is extreamly bad , and like the author of the relapse &c. only with this difference ; shakespears sr. john has some advantage in his character . he appears loyal , and stout ; he brings in sr. john acton , and other rebels prisoners . he is rewarded by the king , and the judge uses him civilly and with respect . in short he is represented lewd , but not little ; and the disgrace falls rather on the person , then the office. but the relapsers business , is to sink the notion , and murther the character , and make the function despicable : so that upon the whole , shakespear is by much the gentiler enemy . towards the end of the silent woman , ben johnson brings in a clergy-man , and a civilian in their habits . but then he premises a handsom excuse , acquaints the audience , that the persons are but borrow'd , and throws in a salvo for the honour of either profession . in the third act , we have another clergy-man ; he is abused by cutberd , and a little by morose . but his lady checks him for the ill breeding of the usage . in his magnetick lady , tale of a tub , and sad sheapherd , there are priests which manage but untowardly . but these plays were his last works , which mr. dryden calls his dotages . this author has no more priests , and therefore we 'll take leave . beaumont and fletcher in the faithful shepheardess , the false one , a wife for a month , and the knight of malta , give , us both priests and bishops , part heathen and part christian : but all of them save their reputation and make a creditable appearance . the priests in the scornful lady , and spanish curate are ill used . the first is made a fool , and the other a knave . indeed they seem to be brought in on purpose to make sport , and disserve religion . and so much for beaumont and fletcher . thus we see the english stage has always been out of order , but never to the degree 't is at present . i shall now take leave of the poets , and touch a little upon history and argument . and here i shall briefly shew the right the clergy have to regard , and fair usage , upon these three following accounts . i. because of their relation to the deity . ii. because of the importance of their office . iii. they have prescription for their privilege . their function has been in possession of esteem in all ages , and countries . i. vpon the account of their relation to the deity . the holy order is appropriated to the divine worship : and a priest has the peculiar honour to belong to nothing less then god almighty . now the credit of the service always rises in proportion to the quality and greatness of the master . and for this reason 't is more honourable to serve a prince , than a private person . to apply this . christian priests are the principal ministers of gods kingdom . they represent his person , publish his laws , pass his pardons , and preside in his worship . to expose a priest much more to burlesque his function , is an affront to the diety . all indignities done to ambassadors , are interpreted upon their masters , and reveng'd as such . to outrage the ministers of religion , is in effect to deny the being , or providence of god ; and to treat the bible like a romance . as much as to say the stories of an other world are nothing but a little priest-craft , and therefore i am resolv'd to lash the profession . but to droll upon the institutions of god ; to make his ministers cheap , and his authority contemptible ; to do this is little less than open defyance . t is a sort of challenge to awaken his vengeance , to exert his omnipotence ; and do right to his honour . if the profession of a courtier was unfashionable , a princes commission thought a scandal , and the magistracy laught at for their business ; the monarch had need look to himself in time ; he may conclude his person is despis'd , his authority but a jest , and the people ready either to change their master , or set up for themselves . government and religion , no less than trade subsist upon reputation . 't is true god can't be deposed , neither does his happiness depend upon homage . but since he does not govern by omnipotence , since he leaves men to their liberty , acknowledgment must sink , and obedience decline , in proportion to the lessenings of authority . how provoking an indignity of this kind must be , is easy to imagine . ii. the functions and authorities of religion have a great influence on society . the interest of this life lies very much in the belief of another . so that if our hopes were bounded with sight , and sense , if eternity was out of the case , general advantage , and publick reason , and secular policy , would oblige us to be just to the priesthood . for priests , and religion always stand and fall together ; now religion is the basis of government , and man is a wretched companion without it . when conscience takes its leave , good faith , and good nature goes with it . atheism is all self , mean and mercenary . the atheist has no hereafter , and therefore will be sure to make the most of this world. interest , and pleasure , are the gods he worships , and to these he 'll sacrifice every thing else . iii. the priest-hood ought to be fairly treated , because it has prescription for this privilege . this is so evident a truth , that there is hardly any age or country , but affords sufficient proof . a just discourse upon this subject would be a large book , but i shall just skim it over and pass on . and i st . for the jews . josephus tells us the line of aaron made some of the best pedigrees , and that the priests were reckon'd among the principal nobility . by the old testament we are inform'd that the high-priest was the second person in the kingdom . the body of that order had civil jurisdiction . and the priests continued part of the magistracy in the time of our saviour . jehoiada the high-priest was thought an alliance big enough for the royal family . he married the kings daughter ; his interest and authority was so great that he broke the usurpation under athalia ; and was at the head of the restauration . and lastly the assamonean race were both kings and priests . to proceed . the aegyptian monarchy was one of the most antient and best polish'd upon record . here arts and sciences , the improvment of reason , and the splendor of life had its first rise . hither 't was that plato and most of the celebrated philosophers travel'd for their learning . now in this kingdom the priests made no vulgar figure . these with the military men were the body of the nobility , and gentry . besides the business of religion , the priests were the publick annalists and kept the records of history , and government . they were many of them bred in courts , formed the education of their princes , and assisted at their councils . when joseph was viceroy of aegypt , and in all the height of his pomp , and power , the king married him to the daughter of potipherah priest of on. the text says pharaoh gave him her to wife . this shows the match was deliberate choice , and royal favour , no stooping of quality , or condescensions of love , on joseph's side . to pass on . the persian magi , and the druids , of gaul were of a religious profession , and consign'd to the service of the gods. now all these were at the upper end of the government , and had a great share of regard and authority . the body of the indians as diodorus siculus reports is divided into seven parts . the first is the clan of the bramines , the priests , and philosophers of that country . this division is the least in number , but the first in degree . their privileges are extraordinary . they are exempted from taxes , and live independent of authority . they are called to the sacrifices , and take care of funerals ; they are look'd on as the favourites of the gods , and thought skillful in the doctrins of an other life : and upon these accounts are largely consider'd in presents , and acknowledgment . the priestesses of argos were so considerable , that time is dated from them , and they stand for a reign in chronology . the brave romans are commended by polybius for their devotion to the gods ; indeed they gave great proof of their being in earnest ; for when their cheif magistrates , their consuls themselves , met any of the vestals , they held down their fasces , and stoop'd their sword and mace to religion . the priest-hood was for sometime confin'd to the patrician order , that is to the upper nobility . and afterwards the emperours were generally high-priests themselves . the romans in distress endeavour'd to make friends with coriolanus whom they had banish'd before . to this purpose they furnish'd out several solemn embasayes . now the regulation of the ceremony , and the remarks of the historian ; plainly discover that the body of the priests were thought not inferior to any other . one testimony from tully and i have done . 't is in his harangue to the college of the priests . cum multa divinitus , pontifices , a majoribus nostris inventa atque instituta sunt ; tum nihil preclarius qaum quòd vos eosdem et religionibus deorum immortalium , & summe rei publicae praeesse voluerunt . &c. i. e. amongst the many laudable instances of our ancestors prudence , and capacity , i know nothing better contrived then their placing your order at the helm , and setting the same persons at the head both of religion , and government . thus we see what rank the priest-hood held among the jews , and how nature taught the heathen to regard it . and is it not now possess'd of as fair pretences as formerly ? is christianity any disadvantage to the holy office. and does the dignity of a religion lessen the publick administrations in 't ? the priests of the most high god and of idolatry , can't be compared without injury . to argue for the preference is a reflection upon the creed . 't is true the jewish priest-hood was instituted by god : but every thing divine is not of equal consideration . realities are more valuable than types ; and as the apostle argues , the order of melchizedeck is greater than that of aaron . the author , ( i mean the immediate one , ) the authorities , the business , and the end , of the christian priest-hood , are more noble than those of the jewish . for is not christ greater than moses , heaven better than the land of canaan , and the eucharist to be prefer'd to all the sacrifices , and expiations of the law ? thus the right , and the reason of things stands . and as for fact , the christian world have not been backward in their acknowledgments . ever since the first conversion of princes , the priest-hood has had no small share of temporal advantage . the codes , novels , and church history , are sufficient evidence what sense constantine and his successors had of these matters . but i shall not detain the reader in remote instances . to proceed then to times and countries more generally known . the people of france are branched into three divisions , of these the clergy , are the first . and in consequence of this privilege , at the assembly of the states , they are first admitted to harangue before the king. in hungary the bishops are very considerable , and some of them great officers of state. in poland they are senators that is part of the upper nobless . in muscovy the bishops have an honourable station : and the present czar is descended from the patriarchal line . i suppose i need say nothing of italy . in spain the sees generally are better endow'd than elswhere , and wealth alwaies draws consideration . the bishops hold their lands by a military noble tenure , and are excused from personal attendance . and to come toward an end ; they are earls and dukes in france , and soveraign princes , in germany . in england the bishops are lords of parliament : and the law in plain words distinguishes the upper house into the spiritual and temporal nobility . and several statutes call the bishops nobles by direct implication . to mention nothing more , their heraldry is regulated by garter , and blazon'd by stones , which none under the nobility can pretend to . in this country of ours , persons of the first quality have been in orders : to give an instance of some few . odo brother to william the conquerour was bishop of baieux , and earl of kent . king stephens brother was bishop of winchester . nevill arch-bishop of york was brother to the great earl of warwick , and cardinal pool was of the royal family . to come a little lower , and to our own times . and here we may reckon not a few persons of noble descent in holy orders . witness the berklyes , comptons , montagues , crews , and norths ; the annesleys , finches , grayhams &c. and as for the gentry , there are not many good familes in england , but either have , or have had a clergy-man in them , in short ; the priest-hood is the profession of a gentleman . a parson notwithstanding the ignorant pride of some people , is a name of credit , and authority , both in religion , and law. the addition of clerk is at least equal to that of gentleman . were it otherwise the profession would in many cases be a kind of punishment . but the law is far from being so singular as to make orders a disadvantage to degree . no , the honour of the family continues , and the her aldry is every jot as safe in the church , as 't was in the state. and yet when the laity are taken leave of , not gentleman but clerk is usually written . this custom is an argument the change is not made for the worse , that the spiritual distinction is as valuable as the other ; and to speak modestly , that the first addition is not lost , but cover'd . did the subject require it , this point might be farther made good . for the stile of a higher secular honour is continued as well with priest-hood as without it . a church-man who is either baronet , or baron , writes himself so , notwithstanding his clerkship . indeed we can't well imagine the clergy degraded from paternal honour without a strange reflection on the country ; without supposing julian at the helm , the laws antichristian , and infidelity in the very constitution . to make the ministers of religion less upon the score of their function , would be a penalty on the gospel , and a contempt of the god of christianity . 't is our saviours reasoning ; he that despises you , despises me , and he that despises me , despises him that sent me . i hope what i have offer'd on this subject will not be misunderstood . there is no vanity in necessary defence . to wipe off aspersions , and rescue things from mistake , is but bare justice : besides , where the honour of god , and the publick interest are concern'd , a man is bound to speak . to argue from a resembling instance . he that has the kings commission ought to maintain it . to let it suffer under rudeness is to betray it . to be tame and silent in such cases , is not modesty but meanness , humility obliges no man to desert his trust ; to throw up his privilege , and prove false to his character . and is our saviours authority inferiour to that of princes ? are the kingdoms of this world more glorious than that of the next ? and can the concerns of time be greater than those of eternity ? if not , the reasoning above mention'd must hold in the application . and now by this time i conceive the ill manners of the stage may be in some measure apparent ; and that the clergy deserve none of that coarse usage which it puts upon them . i confess i know no profession that has made a more creditable figure , that has better customs for their privileges , and better reasons to maintain them . and here setting aside the point of conscience , where lies the decency of falling foul upon this order ? what propriety is there in misrepresentation ? in confounding respects , disguising features , and painting things out of all colour and complexion ? this crossing upon nature and reason , is great ignorance , and out of rule . and now what pleasure is there in misbehaviour and abuse ? is it such an entertainment to see religion worryed by atheism , and things the most solemn and significant tumbled and tost by buffoons ? a man may laugh at a puppy's tearing a wardrobe , but i think 't were altogether as discrect to beat him off . well! but the clergy mismanage sometimes , and they must be told of their faults . what then ? are the poets their ordinaries ? is the pulpit under the discipline of the stage ? and are those fit to correct the church , that are not fit to come into it ? besides , what makes them fly out upon the function ; and rail by wholesale ? is the priesthood a crime , and the service of god a disadvantage ? i grant persons and things are not always suited . a good post may be ill kept , but then the censure should keep close to the fault , and the office not suffer for the manager . the clergy may have their failings sometimes like others , but what then ? the character is still untarnish'd . the men may be little , but the priests are not so . and therefore like other people , they ought to be treated by their best distinction . if 't is objected that the clergy in plays are commonly chaplains , and that these belonging to persons of quality they were obliged to represent them servile and submissive . to this i answer st . in my former remark , that the stage often outrages the whole order , without regard to any particular office. but were it not so in the d. place , they quite overlook the character , and mistake the business of chaplains . they are no servants , neither do they belong to any body , but god almighty . this point i have fully proved in another , treatise , and thither . i refer the reader chap. iv. the stage-poets make their principal persons vitious , and reward them at the end of the play. the lines of virtue and vice are struck out by nature in very legible distinctions ; they tend to a different point , and in the greater instances the space between them is easily perceiv'd . nothing can be more unlike than the original forms of these qualities : the first has all the sweetness , charms , and graces imaginable ; the other has the air of a post ill carved into a monster , and looks both foolish and frightful together . these are the native appearances of good and evil : and they that endeavour to blot the distinctions , to rub out the colours , or change the marks , are extreamly to blame . 't is confessed as long as the mind is awake , and conscience goes true , there 's no fear of being imposed on . but when vice is varnish'd over with pleasure , and comes in the shape of convenience , the case grows somewhat dangerous ; for then the fancy may be gain'd , and the guards corrupted , and reason suborn'd against it self . and thus a disguise often passes when the person would otherwise be stopt . to put lewdness into a thriving condition , to give it an equipage of quality , and to treat it with ceremony and respect , is the way to confound the understanding , to fortifie the charm , and to make the mischief invincible . innocence is often owing to fear , and appetite is kept under by shame ; but when these restraints are once taken off , when profit and liberty lie on the same side , and a man can debauch himself into credit , what can be expected in such a case , but that pleasure should grow absolute , and madness carry all before it ? the stage seem eager to bring matters to this issue ; they have made a considerable progress , and are still pushing their point with all the vigour imaginable . if this be not their aim why is lewdness so much consider'd in character and success ? why are their favourites atheistical , and their fine gentleman debauched ? to what purpose is vice thus prefer'd , thus ornamented , and caress'd , unless for imitation ? that matter of fact stands thus , i shall make good by several instances : to begin then with their men of breeding and figure . wild-blood sets up for debauchery , ridicules marriage , and swears by mahomet . bellamy makes sport with the devil , and lorenzo is vitious and calls his father bawdy magistrate . horner is horridly smutty , and harcourt false to his friend who used him kindly . in the plain dealer freeman talks coarsely , cheats the widdow , debauches her son , and makes him undutiful . bellmour is lewd and profane , and mellefont puts careless in the best way he can to debauch lady plyant . these sparks generally marry up the top ladys , and those that do not , are brought to no pennance , but go off with the character of fine gentlemen : in don-sebastian , antonio an atheistical bully is rewarded with the lady moraima , and half the muffty's estate . valentine in love for love is ( if i may so call him ) the hero of the play ; this spark the poet would pass for a person of virtue , but he speaks to late . 't is true , he was hearty in his affection to angelica . now without question , to be in love with a fine lady of pounds is a great virtue ! but then abating this single commendation , valentine is altogether compounded of vice. he is a prodigal debauchee , unnatural , and profane , obscene , sawcy , and undutiful , and yet this libertine is crown'd for the man of merit , has his wishes thrown into his lap , and makes the happy exit . i perceive we should have a rare set of virtues if these poets had the making of them ! how they hug a vitious character , and how profuse are they in their liberalities to lewdness ? in the provok'd wife , constant swears at length , solicits lady brute , confesses himself lewd , and prefers debauchery to marriage . he handles the last sybject very notably and worth the hearing . there is ( says he ) a poor sordid slavery in marriage , that turns the flowing tide of honour , and sinks it to the lowest ebb of infamy . 't is a corrupted soil , ill nature , avarice , sloth , cowardize , and dirt , are all its product . — but then constancy ( alias whoring ) is a brave , free , haughty , generous , agent . this is admirable stuff both for the rhetorick and the reason ! the character of young fashion in the relapse is of the same staunchness , but this the reader may have in another place . to sum up the evidence . a fine gentleman , is a fine whoring , swearing , smutty , atheistical man. these qualifications it seems compleat the idea of honour . they are the top-improvements of fortune , and the distinguishing glories of birth and breeding ! this is the stage-test for quality , and those that can't stand it , ought to be disclaim'd . the restraints of conscience and the pedantry of virtue , are unbecoming a cavalier : future securities , and reaching beyond life , are vulgar provisions : if he falls a thinking at this rate , he forfeits his honour ; for his head was only made to run against a post ! here you have a man of breeding and figure that burlesques the bible , swears , and talks smut to ladies , speaks ill of his friend behind his back , and betraies his interest . a fine gentleman that has neither honesty , nor honour , conscience , nor manners , good nature , nor civil hypocricy . fine , only in the insignificancy of life , the abuse of religion and the scandals of conversation . these worshipful things are the poets favourites : they appear at the head of the fashion ; and shine in character , and equipage . if there is any sense stirring , they must have it , tho' the rest of the stage suffer never so much by the partiality . and what can be the meaning of this wretched distribution of honour ? is it not to give credit and countenance to vice , and to shame young people out of all pretences to conscience , and regularity ? they seem forc'd to turn lewd in their own defence : they can't otherwise justifie themselves to the fashion , nor keep up the character of gentlemen : thus people not well furnish'd with thought , and experience , are debauch'd both in practise and principle . and thus religion grows uncreditable , and passes for ill education . the stage seldom gives quarter to any thing that 's serviceable or significant , but persecutes worth , and goodness under every appearance . he that would be safe from their satir must take care to disguise himself in vice , and hang out the colours of debauchery . how often is learning , industry , and frugality , ridiculed in comedy ? the rich citizens are often misers , and cuckolds , and the universities , schools of pedantry upon this score . in short ; libertinism and profaness , dressing , idleness , and gallantry , are the only valuable qualities . as if people were not apt enough of themselves to be lazy , lewd , and extravagant , unless they were prick'd forward , and provok'd by glory , and reputation . thus the marks of honour , and infamy are misapplyed , and the idea's of virtue and vice confounded . thus monstrousness goes for proportion , and the blemishes of human nature , make up the beauties of it . the fine ladies are of the same cut with the gentlemen ; moraima is scandalously rude to her father , helps him to a beating , and runs away with antonio . angelica talks sawcily to her uncle , and belinda confesses her inclination for a gallant . and as i have observ'd already , the toping ladies in the mock astrologer , spanish fryar , country wife , old batchelour , orphan , double dealer , and love triumphant , are smutty , and sometimes profane . and was licentiousness and irreligion , alwaies a mark of honour ? no ; i don't perceive but that the old poets had an other notion of accomplishment , and bred their people of condition a different way . philolaches in plautus laments his being debauch'd ; and dilates upon the advantages of virtue , and regularity . lusiteles another young gentleman disputes handsomly by himself against lewdness . and the discourse between him and philto is moral , and well managed . and afterwards he lashes luxury and debauching with a great deal of warmth , and satir. chremes in terence is a modest young gentleman , he is afraid of being surpriz'd by thais , and seems careful not to sully his reputation . and pamphilus in hecyra resolves rather to be govern'd by duty , than inclination . plautus's pinacium tells her friend panegyric that they ought to acquit themselves fairly to their husbands , tho' these should fail in their regards towards them . for all good people will do justice tho' they don't receive it . lady brute in the provok'd wife is govern'd by different maxims . she is debauch'd with ill usage , says virtue is an ass , and a gallant 's worth forty on 't . pinacium goes on to another head of duty , and declares that a daughter can never respect her father too much , and that disobedience has a great deal of scandal , and lewdness in 't . the lady jacinta as i remember does not treat her father at this rate of decency . let us hear a little of her behaviour . the mock astrologer makes the men draw , and frights the ladys with the apprehension of a quarrel . upon this ; theodosia crys what will become of us ! jacinta answers , we 'll die for company : nothing vexes me but that i am not a man , to have one thrust at that malicious old father of mine , before i go . afterwards the old gentleman alonzo threatens his daughters with a nunnery . jacinta spars again and says , i would have thee to know thou graceless old man , that i defy a nunnery : name a nunnery once more and i disown thee for my father . i could carry on the comparison between the old and modern poets somewhat farther . but this may suffice . thus we see what a fine time lewd people have on the english stage . no censure , no mark of insamy , no mortification must touch them . they keep their honour untarnish'd , and carry off the advantage of their character . they are set up for the standard of behaviour , and the masters of ceremony and sense . and at last that the example may work the better , they generally make them rich , and happy , and reward them with their own desires . mr. dryden in the preface to his mock-astrologer , confesses himself blamed for this practise . for making debauch'd persons his protagonists , or chief persons of the drama ; and for making them happy in the conclusion of the play , against the law of comedy , which is to reward virtue , and punish vice. to this objection he makes a lame defence . and answers st . that he knows no such law constantly observ'd in comedy by the antient or modern poets . what then ? poets are not always exactly in rule . it may be a good law tho' 't is not constantly observ'd , some laws are constantly broken , and yet ne're the worse for all that . he goes on , and pleads the authorities of plautus , and terence . i grant there are instances of favour to vitious young people in those authors , but to this i reply st . that those poets had a greater compass of liberty in their religion . debauchery did not lie under those discouragements of scandal , and penalty , with them as it does with us . unless therefore he can prove heathenism , and christianity the same , his precedents will do him little service . ly . horace who was as good a judge of the stage , as either of those comedians , seems to be of another opinion . he condemns the obscenities of plautus , and tells you men of fortune and quality in his time ; would not endure immodest satir. he continues , that poets were formerly admired for the great services they did . for teaching matters relating to religion , and government ; for refining the manners , tempering the passions , and improving the understandings of mankind : for making them more useful in domestick relations , and the publick capacities of life . this is a demonstration that vice was not the inclination of the muses in those days ; and that horace beleiv'd the chief business of a poem was , to instruct the audience . he adds farther that the chorus ought to turn upon the argument of the drama , and support the design of the acts. that they ought to speak in defence of virtue , and frugality , and show a regard to religion . now from the rule of the chorus , we may conclude his judgment for the play. for as he observes , there must be a uniformity between the chorus and the acts : they must have the same view , and be all of a piece . from hence 't is plain that horace would have no immoral character have either countenance or good fortune , upon the stage . if 't is said the very mention of the chorus shews the directions were intended for tragedy . to this i answer , that the consequence is not good . for the use of a chorus is not inconsistent with comedy . the antient comedians had it . aristophanes is an instance . i know 't is said the chorus was left out in that they call the new comedy . but i can't see the conclusiveness of this assertion . for aristophanes his plutus is new comedy with a chorus in 't . and aristotle who lived after this revolution of the stage , mentions nothing of the omission of the chorus . he rather supposes its continuance by saying the chorus was added by the government long after the invention of comedy . 't is true plautus and terence have none , but those before them probably might . moliere has now reviv'd them ; and horace might be of his opinion , for ought wee know to the contrary . lastly . horace having expresly mentioned the beginning and progress of comedy , discovers himself more fully : he advises a poet to form his work upon the precepts of socrates and plato , and the models of moral philosophy . this was the way to preserve decency , and to assign a proper fate and behaviour to every character . now if horace would have his poet govern'd by the maxims of morality , he must oblige him to sobriety of conduct , and a just distribution of rewards , and punishments . mr. dryden makes homewards , and endeavours to fortifie himself in modern authority . he lets us know that ben johnson after whom he may be proud to err , gives him more than one example of this conduct ; that in the alchemist is notorius , where neither face nor his master are corrected according to their demerits . but how proud soever mr. dryden may be of an errour , he has not so much of ben jonson's company as he pretends . his instance of face &c. in the alchemist is rather notorious against his purpose then for it . for face did not council his master lovewit to debauch the widdow ; neither is it clear that the matter went thus far . he might gain her consent upon terms of honour for ought appears to the contrary . 't is true face who was one of the principal cheats is pardon'd and consider'd . but then his master confesses himself kind to a fault . he owns this indulgence was a breach of justice , and unbecoming the gravity of an old man. and then desires the audience to excuse him upon the score of the temptation . but face continued in the cousenage till the last without repentance . under favour i conceive this is a mistake . for does not face make an apology before he leaves the stage ? does he not set himself at the bar , arraign his own practise , and cast the cause upon the clemency of the company ? and are not all these signs of the dislike of what he had done ? thus careful the poet is to prevent the ill impressions of his play ! he brings both man and master to confession . he dismisses them like malefactours ; and moves for their pardon before he gives them their discharge . but the mock-astrologer has a gentler hand : wild-blood and jacinta are more generously used : there is no acknowledgment exacted ; no hardship put upon them : they are permitted to talk on in their libertine way to the last : and take leave without the least appearance of reformation . the mock-astrologer urges ben johnson's silent woman as an other precedent to his purpose . for there dauphine confesses himself in love with all the collegiate lady's . and yet this naughty dauphine is crowned in the end with the possession of his uncles estate , and with the hopes of all his mistresses . this charge , as i take it , is somewhat too severe . i grant dauphine professes himself in love with the collegiate ladies at first . but when they invited him to a private visit , he makes them no promise ; but rather appears tired , and willing to disengage . dauphine therefore is not altogether so naughty as this author represents him . ben johnson's fox is clearly against mr. dryden . and here i have his own confession for proof . he declares the poets end in this play was the punishment of vice , and the reward of virtue . ben was forced to strain for this piece of justice , and break through the unity of design . this mr. dryden remarks upon him : how ever he is pleased to commend the performance , and calls it an excellent fifth act. ben johnson shall speak for himself afterwards in the character of a critick ; in the mean time i shall take a testimony or two from shakespear . and here we may observe the admir'd falstaffe goes off in disappointment . he is thrown out of favour as being a rake , and dies like a rat behind the hangings . the pleasure he had given , would not excuse him . the poet was not so partial , as to let his humour compound for his lewdness . if 't is objected that this remark is wide of the point , because falstaffe is represented in tragedy , where the laws of justice are more strickly observ'd to this i answer , that you may call henry the fourth and fifth , tragedies if you please . but for all that , falstaffe wears no buskins , his character is perfectly comical from end to end . the next instance shall be in flowerdale the prodigal . this spark notwithstanding his extravagance , makes a lucky hand on 't at last , and marries up a rich lady . but then the poet qualifies him for his good fortune , and mends his manners with his circumstances . he makes him repent , and leave off his intemperance , swearing &c. and when his father warn'd him against a relapse , he answers very soberly , heaven helping me i 'le hate the course of hell. i could give some instances of this kind out of beaumount and fletcher , but there 's no need of any farther quotation ; for mr. dryden is not satisfied with his apology from authority : he does as good as own that this may be construed no better than defending one ill practise by another . to prevent this very reasonable objection he endeavours to vindicate his precedents from the reason of the thing . to this purpose he makes a wide difference between the rules of tragedy and comedy . that vice must be impartially prosecuted in the first , because the persons are great &c. it seems then executions are only for greatness , and quality . justice is not to strike much lower than a prince . private people may do what they please . they are too few for mischief , and too little for punishment ! this would be admirable doctrine for newgate , and give us a general goal-delivery without more ado . but in tragedy ( says the mock astrologer . ) the crimes are likewise horrid , so that there is a necessity for severity and example . and how stands the matter in comedy ? quite otherwise . there the faults are but the sallies of youth , and the frailties of human nature . for instance . there is nothing but a little whoring , pimping . gaming , profaness &c , and who could be so hard hearted to give a man any trouble for this ? such rigours would be strangely inhumane ! a poet is a better natur'd thing i can assure you . these little miscarrages move pity and commiseration , and are not such as must of necessity be punish'd . this is comfortable casuistry ! but to be serious . is dissolution of manners such a peccadillo ? does a profligate conscience deserve nothing but commiseration ? and are people damn'd only for humane frailties ? i perceive the laws of religion and those of the stage differ extreamly ! the strength of his defence lies in this choice maxim , that the cheif end of comedy is delight . he questions whether instruction has any thing to do in comedy ; if it has , he is sure 't is no more then its secondary end : for the business of the poet is to make you laugh . granting the truth of this principle , i somewhat question the serviceableness of it . for is there no diversion to be had unless vice appears prosperous , and rides at the head of success . one would think such a preposterous , distribution of rewards , should rather shock the reason , and raise the indignation of the audience . to laugh without reason is the pleasure of fools , and against it , of something worse . the exposing of knavery , and making lewdness ridiculous , is a much better occasion for laughter . and this with submission i take to be the end of comedy . and therefore it does not differ from tragedy in the end , but in the means . instruction is the principal design of both . the one works by terror , the other by insamy . 't is true , they don't move in the same line , but they meet in the same point at last . for this opinion i have good authority , besides what has been cited already . st . monsieur rapin affirms that delight is the end that poetry aims at , but not the principal one . for poetry being an art , ought to be profitable by the quality of it's own nature , and by the essential subordination that all arts should have to polity , whose end in general is the publick good. this is the judgment of aristotle and of horace his chief interpreter . ben johnson in his dedicatory epistle of his fox has somewhat considerable upon this argument ; and declaims with a great deal of zeal , spirit , and good sense , against the licentiousness of the stage . he lays it down for a principle , that 't is impossible to be a good poet without being a good man. that he ( a good poet ) is said to be able to inform young men to all good discipline , and enflame grown men to all great virtues &c. — that the general complaint was that the writers of those days had nothing remaining in them of the dignity of a poet , but the abused name . that now , especially in stage poetry , nothing but ribaldry , profanation , blasphemy , all licence of offence to god and man , is practised . he confesses a great part of this charge is over-true , and is sorry he dares not deny it . but then he hopes all are not embark'd in this bold adventure for hell. for my part ( says he ) i can , and from a most clear conscience affirm ; that i have ever trembled to think towards the least profaness , and loath'd the use of such foul , and unwash'd bawdry , as is now made the food of the scene . — the encrease of which lust in liberty , what learned or liberal soul does not abhor ? in whole enterludes nothing but the filth of the time is utter'd — with brothelry able to violate the ear of a pagan , and blasphemy , to turn the blood of a christian to water . he continues , that the insolence of these men had brought the muses into disgrace , and made poetry the lowest scorn of the age. he appeals to his patrons the universities , that his labour has been heretofore , and mostly in this his latest work , to reduce not only the antient forms , but manners of the scene , the innocence and the doctrine , which is the principal end of poesy , to inform men in the best reason of living . lastly he adds , that ' he has imitated the conduct of the antients in this play , the goings out ( or conclusions ) of whose comedies , were not always joyful but oft-times the bawds , the slaves , the rivals , ye and the masters are multed , and fitly , it being the office of a comick poet ( mark that ! ) to imitate justice , and instruct to life &c. say you so ! why then if ben johnson knew any thing of the matter , divertisment and laughing is not as mr. dryden affirms , the chief end of comedy . this testimony is so very full and clear , that it needs no explaining , nor any enforcement from reasoning , and consequence : and because laughing and pleasure has such an unlimited prerogative upon the stage , i shall add a citation or two from aristotle concerning this matter . now this great man calls those buffoons , and impertinents , who rally without any regard to persons or things , to decency , or good manners . that there is a great difference between ribaldry , and handsom rallying . he that would perform exactly , must keep within the character of virtue , and breeding . he goes on , and tells us that the old comedians entertain'd the audience with smut , but the modern ones avoided that liberty , and grew more reserv'd . this latter way he says was much more proper and gentile then the other . that in his opinion rallying , no less than railing , ought to be under the discipline of law ; that he who is ridden by his jests , and minds nothing but the business of laughing , is himself ridiculous . and that a man of education and sense , is so far from going these lengths that he wont so much as endure the hearing some sort of buffoonry . and as to the point of delight in general , the same author affirms , that scandalous satisfactions are not properly pleasures . 't is only distemper , and false appetite which makes them palatable . and a man that is sick , seldom has his tast true . besides , supposing we throw capacity out of the question , and make experiment and sensation the judge ; granting this , we ought not to chop at every bait , nor fly out at every thing that strikes the fancy . the meer agreableness must not overbear us , without distinguishing upon the quality , and the means . pleasure how charming soever , must not be fetched out of vice. an estate is a pretty thing , but if we purchase by falshood , and knavery , knavery , we pay too much for 't . some pleasures , are childish and others abominable ; and upon the whole , pleasure , absolutely speaking , is no good thing . and so much for the philosopher . and because ribaldry is used for sport , a passage or two from quintilian , may not be unseasonable . this orator does not only condemn the grosser instances , but cuts off all the double-entendre's at a blow . he comes up to the regularity of thought , and tells us that the meaning , as well as the words of discourse must be unsullied . and in the same chapter he adds that a man of probity has always a reserve in his freedoms , and converses within the rules of modesty , and character . and that mirth at the expence of virtue , is an over-purchase , nimium enim risus pretium est si probitatis impendio constat . thus we see how these great masters qualify diversion , and tie it up to provisoes , and conditions . indeed to make delight the main business of comedy is an unreasonable and dangerous principle . it opens the way to all licentiousness , and confounds the distinction between mirth , and madness . for if diversion is the chief end , it must be had at any price , no serviceable expedient must be refused , tho' never so scandalous . and thus the worst things are said , and the best abus'd ; religion is insulted , and the most serious matters turn'd into ridicule ! as if the blindside of an audience ought to be caress'd , and their folly and atheism entertain'd in the first place . yes , if the palate is pleas'd , no matter tho' the body is poyson'd ! for can one die of an easier disease than diversion ? but raillery apart , certainly mirth and laughing , without respect to the cause , are not such supreme satisfactions ! a man has sometimes pleasure in losing his wits . frensy , and possession , will shake the lungs , and brighten the face ; and yet i suppose they are not much to be coveted . however , now we know the reason of the profaness , and obscenity of the stage , of their hellish cursing , and swearing , and in short of their great industry to make god , and goodness contemptible : 't is all to satisfie the company , and make people laugh ! a most admirable justification ! what can be more engaging to an audience , then to see a poet thus atheistically brave ? to see him charge up to the canons mouth , and defy the vengeance of heaven to serve them ? besides , there may be somewhat of convenience in the case . to fetch diversion out of innocence is no such easy matter . there 's no succeeding it may be in this method , without sweat , and drudging . clean wit , inoffensive humour , and handsom contrivance , require time , and thought . and who would be at this expence , when the purchase is so cheap another way ? 't is possible a poet may not alwaies have sense enough by him for such an occasion . and since we are upon supposals , it may be the audience is not to be gain'd without straining a point , and giving a loose to conscience : and when people are sick , are they not to be humour'd ? in fine , we must make them laugh , right or wrong , for delight is the cheif end of comedy . delight ! he should have said debauchery : that 's the english of the word , and the consequence of the practise . but the original design of comedy was otherwise : and granting 't was not so , what then ? if the ends of things are naught , they must be mended . mischief is the chief end of malice , would it be then a blemish in ill nature to change temper , and relent into goodness ? the chief end of a madman it may be is to fire a house , must we not then bind him in his bed ? to conclude . if delight without restraint , or distinction , without conscience or shame , is the supream law of comedy , 't were well if we had less on 't . arbitrary pleasure , is more dangerous than arbitrary power . nothing is more brutal than to be abandon'd to appetite ; and nothing more wretched than to serve in such a design . the mock-astrologer to clear himself of this imputation , is glad to give up his principle at last . least any man should think ( says he ) that i write this to make libertinism amiable , or that i cared not to debase the end , and institution of comedy . ( it seems then delight is not the chief end . ) i must farther declare that we make not vitious persons happy , but only as heaven makes sinners so . &c. if this will hold , all 's well . but heaven does not forgive without repentance . let us see then what satisfaction he requires from his wild-blood , and what discipline he puts him under . why , he helps him to his mistress , he marries him to a lady of birth and fortune . and now do you think he has not made him an example , and punish'd him to some purpose ! these are frightful severities ! who would be vitious when such terrors hang over his head ? and does heaven make sinners happy upon these conditions ? sure some people have a good opinion of vice , or a very ill one of marriage , otherwise they would have charged the penance a little more . but i have nothing farther with the mock-astrologer . and now for the conclusion of a chapter , i shall give some instances of the manners of the stage , and that with respect to poetry , and ceremony . manners in the language of poetry , is a propriety of actions , and persons . to succeed in this business , there must always be a regard had to age , sex , and condition : and nothing put into the mouths of persons which disagrees with any of these circumstances . 't is not enough to say a witty thing , unless it be spoken by a likely person , and upon a proper occasion . but my design will lead me to this subject afterwards , and therefore i shall say no more of it at present , but proceed to apply the remark . one instance of impropriety in manners both poetical and moral , is their making women , and women of quality talk smuttily . this i have proved upon them already , and could cite many more places to the same purpose were it necessary . but i shall go on , and give the reader some other examples of decency , judgment , and probability . don-sebastian will help us in some measure . here the mufti makes a foolish speech to the rabble , and jests upon his own religion . he tells them , tho' your tyrant is a lawful emperour , yet your lawful emperour is but a tyrant , — that your emperour is a tyrant is most manifest , for you were born to be turks , out he has play'd the turk with you . and now is not this man sit to manage the alcoran , and to be set up for on oracle of state ? captain tom should have had this speech by right : but the poet had a farther design , and any thing is good enough for a mufti . sebastian after all the violence of his repentance , his grasping at self murther , and resolutions for the cell , is strangely pleased with the remembrance of his incest , and wishes the repetition of it : and almeida out of her princely modesty , and singular compunction , is of the same mind . this is somewhat surprising ! oedipus and jocasta in sophocles don't repent at this rate . no : the horror of the first discovery continues upon their spirits : they never relapse into any fits of intemperance , nor entertain themselves with a lewd memory . this sort of behaviour is not only more instructive but more natural too . it being very unlikely one should wish the repeating a crime , when he was almost distracted at the thoughts on 't , at the thoughts on 't , tho' 't was comitted under all the circumstances of excuse . now when ignorance and meer mistake are so very disquieting , 't is very strange if a man should plague his mind with the aggravations of knowledge ; to carry aversion , and desire , in their full strength upon the same object ; to fly and pursue with so much eagerness , is somewhat unusual . if we step to the spanish fryar he will afford us a flight worth the observing . 't is part of the addresses of torrismond to leonora . you are so beautiful so wondrous fair , you justifie rebellion ; as if that faultless face could make no sin , but heaven by looking on it must forgive . these are strange compliments ! torrismond calls his queen rebel to her head , when he was both her general and her lover . this is powerful rhetorick to court a queen with ! enough one would think to have made the affair desperate . but he has a remedy at hand . the poets nostrum of profaness cures all . he does as good as tell her , she may sin as much as she has a mind to . her face is a protection to her conscience . for heaven is under a necessity to forgive a handsom woman . to say all this ought to be pass'd over in torrismond on the score of his passion , is to make the excuse more scandalous than the fault , if possible . such raptures are fit only for bedlam , or a place which i shan't name . love triumphant will furnish another rant not altogether inconsiderable . here celadea a maiden lady when she was afraid her spark would be married to another , calls out presently for a chaos . she is for pulling the world about her ears , tumbling all the elements together , and expostulates with heaven for making humane nature otherwise than it should have been . great nature break thy chain that links together the fabrick of this globe , and make a chaos , like that within my soul. — now to my fancy , if she had call'd for a chair instead of a chaos , trip'd off , and kept her folly to her self , the woman had been much wiser . and since we have shown our skill in vaulting on the high ropes , a little tumbling on the stage , may not do amiss for variety . now then for a jest or two . don gomez shall begin : and here he 'le give us a gingle upon the double meaning of a word . i think , says dominick the fryar , it was my good angel that sent me hither so opportunely . gomez suspects him brib'd for no creditable business and answers . gom. ay , whose good angels sent you hither , that you know best father . these spaniards will entertain us with more of this fine raillery . colonel sancho in love triumphant has a great stroak at it . he says his bride dalinda is no more dalinda , but dalilah the philistine . this colonel as great a soldier as he is , is quite puzzled at a herald . he thinks they call him herod , or some such jewish name . here you have a good officer spoil'd for a miserable jest . and yet after all , this sancho tho' he can't pronounce herald , knows what 't is to be laconick , which is somewhat more out of his way . thraso in terence was a man of the same size in sense , but for all that he does not quibble . albanact captain of the guards , is much about as witty as sancho . it seems emmeline heiress to the duke of cornwal was blind . albanact takes the rise of his thought from hence ; and observes that as blind as she is , coswald would have no blind bargain of her . carlos tells sancho he is sure of his mistress , and has no more to do but to take out a license . sancho replies , indeed i have her license for it . carlos is somewhat angry at this gingle , and cries , what quibling too in your prosperity ? adversity it seems is the only time for punning . truly i think so too . for 't is a sign a man is much distress'd when he flies to such an expedient . however , carlos needed not to have been so touchy : for he can stoop as low himself upon occasion . we must know then that sancho had made himself a hunch'd back , to counterfeit the conde alonzo . the two colonels being in the same disguise , were just upon the edg of a quarrel . after some preliminaries in railing , sancho cries , don't provoke me ; i am mischeivously bent . carlos replies , nay , you are bent enough in conscience , but i have a bent fist for boxing . here you have a brace of quibbles started in a line and a half . and which is worst of all , they come from carlos , from a character of sense ; and therefore the poet , not the soldier , must answer for them . i shall now give the reader a few instances of the gourtship of the stage , and how decently they treat the women , and quality of both sexes . the women who are secured from affronts by custom , and have a privilege for respect , are sometimes but roughly saluted by these men of address . and to bar the defence , this coarseness does not alwaies come from clowns , and women-haters ; but from persons of figure , neither singular , nor ill bred. and which is still worse , the satir falls on blindly without distinction , and strikes at the whole sex. enter raymond a noble-man in the spanish fryar . o vertue ! vertue ! what art thou become ? that men should leave thee for that toy a woman , made from the dross and refuse of a man ; heaven took him sleeping when he made her too , had man been waking he had nee'r consented . i did not know before that a man's dross lay in his ribs ; i believe sometimes it lies higher . but the philosophy , the religion , and the ceremony of these lines , are too tender to be touched . creon a prince in oedipus , railes in general at the sex , and at the same time is violently in love with euridice . this upon the matter , is just as natural , as 't is civil . if any one would understand what the curse of all tender hearted women is , belmour will inform him . what is it then ? 't is the pox. if this be true , the women had need lay in a stock of ill nature betimes . it seems 't is their only preservative . it guards their virtue , and their health , and is all they have to trust to . sharper another man of sense in this play , talks much at the same rate . belinda would know of him where he got that excellent talent of railing ? sharp . madam the talent was born with me . — i confess i have taken care to improve it , to qualisie me for the society of ladies . horner , a topping character in the country wife , is advised to avoid women , and hate them as they do him . he answers . because i do hate them , and would hate them yet more , i 'll frequent e'm ; you may see by marriage , nothing makes a man hate a woman more than her constant conversation . there is still something more coarse upon the sex spoken by dorax but it is a privileged expression , and as such i must leave it . the relapse mends the contrivance of the satir , refines upon the manner , and to make the discourse the more probable , obliges the ladies to abuse themselves . and because i should be loath to tire the reader , berinthia shall close the argument . this lady having undertook the employment of a procuress , makes this remark upon it to her self . berinth . so here is fine work ! but there was no avoiding it . — besides , i begin to fancy there may be as much pleasure in carrying on another bodies intrigue , as ones own . this is at least certain , it exercises almost all the entertaining faculties of a woman . for there is employment for hypocrisie , invention , deceit , flattery , mischief , and lying . let us now see what quarter the stage gives to quality . and here we shall find them extreamly free , and familiar . they dress up the lords in nick names , and expose them in characters of contempt . lord froth is explain'd a solemn coxcomb ; and lord rake , and lord foplington give you their talent in their title . lord plausible in the plain dealer acts a ridiculous part , but is with all very civil . he tells manly he never attempted to abuse any person , the other answers ; what ? you were afraid ? manly goes on and declares he would call a rascal by no other title , tho' his father had left him a dukes . that is , he would call a duke a rascal . this i confess is very much plain dealing . such freedoms would appear but odly in life , especially without provocation . i must own the poet to be an author of good sense ; but under favour , these jests , if we may call them so , are somewhat high season'd , the humour seems over-strain'd , and the character push'd too far . to proceed . mustapha was selling don alvarez for a slave . the merchant asks what virtues he has . mustapha replies . virtues quoth ah ! he is of a great family and rich , what other virtues would'st thou have in a nobleman ? don carlos in love triumphant stands for a gentleman , and a man of sense , and out-throws mustapha a bars length . he tells us nature has given sancho an empty noddle , but fortune in revenge has fill'd his pockets : just a lords estate in land and wit. this is a handsom compliment to the nobility ! and my lord salisbury had no doubt of it a good bargain of the dedication . teresa's general description of a countess is considerable in its kind : but only 't is in no condition to appear . in the relapse , sir tunbelly who had mistaken young fashion for lord foplington , was afterwards undeceiv'd ; and before the surprize was quite over , puts the question , is it then possible that this should be the true lord foplington at last ? the nobleman removes the scruple with great civility and discretion ! lord fopl. why what do you see in his face to make you doubt of it ? sir without presuming to have an extraordinary opinion of my figure , give me leave to tell you , if you had seen as many lords as i have done , you would not think it impossible a person of a worse taille then mine might be a modern man of quality . i 'm sorry to hear modern quality degenerates so much . but by the way , these liberties are altogether new . they are unpractised by the latin comedians , and by the english too till very lately , as the plain dealer observes . and as for moliere in france , he pretends to fly his satir no higher than a marquis . and has our stage a particular privilege ? is their charter inlarg'd , and are they on the same foot of freedom with the slaves in the saturnalia ? must all men be handled alike ? must their roughness be needs play'd upon title ? and can't they lash the vice without pointing upon the quality ? if as mr. dryden rightly defines it , a play ought to be a just image of humane nature ; why are not the decencies of life , and the respects of conversation observ'd ? why must the customes of countries be cross'd upon , and the regards of honour overlook'd ? what necessity is there to kick the coronets about the stage , and to make a man a lord , only in order to make him a coxcomb . i hope the poets don't intend to revive the old project of levelling , and vote down the house of peers . in earnest , the play-house is an admirable school of behaviour ! this is their way of managing ceremony , distinguishing degree , and entertaining the boxes ! but i shall leave them at present to the enjoyment of their talent , and proceed to another argument . chap. v. remarks upon amphytrion , king arthur , don quixote , and the relapse . section i. the following plays , excepting the last , will fall under the same heads of commendation with the former . however , since the poets have here been prodigal in their expence , and dress'd themselves with more curiosity then ordinary , they deserve a proportionable regard . so much finery must not be crowded . i shall therefore make elbow-room for their figure , and allow them the compass of a distinct chapter . to begin with amphytrion . in this play mr. dryden represents jupiter with the attributes of the supream being : he furnishes him with omnipotence , makes him the creator of nature , and the arbiter of fate , puts all the functions of providence in his hand , and describes him with the majesty of the true god. and when he has put him in this glorious equipage , he brings him out for diversion . he makes him express himself in the most intemperate raptures : he is willing to renounce his heaven for his brutality , and employ a whole eternity in lewdness . he draws his debauch at its full length , with all the art , and heightings , and foulness of idea immaginable . this jupiter is not contented with his success against amphitrion , unless he brings alcmena into the confederacy , and makes her a party ex post facto . he would not have her think of her husband , but her lover , that is , her whoremaster . 't is not the success , but the manner of gaining it which is all in all . 't is the vice which is the charming circumstance . innocence and regularity , are dangerous companions ; they spoil satisfaction , and make every thing insipid ! unless people take care to discharge their virtue , and clear off their conscience , their senses will vanish immediately ! for jupiter , says he , would owe nothing to a name so dull as husband . and in the next page . that very name of wife and marriage , is poyson to the dearest sweets of love. i would give the reader some more of these fine sentences , but that they are too much out of order to appear . the truth is , our stage-poets seem to fence against censure by the excess of lewdness ; and to make the overgrown size of a crime , a ground for impunity . as if a malefactor should project his escape by appearing too scandalous for publick tryal . however , this is their armour of proof , this is the strength they retreat to . they are fortified in smut , and almost impregnable in stench , so that where they deserve most , there 's no coming at them . to proceed . i desire to know what authority mr. dryden has for this extraordinary representation ? his original plautus , is no president . indeed plautus is the only bold heathen that ever made jupiter tread the stage . but then he stops far short of the liberties of the english amphitrion . jupiter at rome , and london , have the same unaccountable design ; but the methods of pursuit are very different . the first , does not solicit in scandalous language , nor flourish upon his lewdness , nor endeavours to set it up for the fashion . plautus had some regard to the height of the character , and the opinion of his country , and the restraints of modesty . the sallies of aristophanes do not come up to the case ; and if they did , i have cut off the succours from that quarter already . terence's chaerea is the next bold man : however , here the fable of jupiter and danae are just glanced at , and the expression is clean ; and he that tells the story , a young libertine . these are all circumstances of extenuation , and give quite another complexion to the thing . as for the greek tragedians and seneca , there 's no prescription can be drawn from them . they mention jupiter in terms of magnificence and respect , and make his actions , and his nature of a piece . but it may be the celebrated homer , and virgil may give mr. dryden some countenance . not at all . virgil's jupiter is alwaies great , and solemn , and keeps up the port of a deity . 't is true , homer does not guard the idea with that exactness , but then he never sinks the character into obscenity . the most exceptionable passage is that where jupiter relates his love adventures to juno . here this pretended deity is charm'd with venus's girdle , is in the height of his courtship , and under the ascendant of his passion . this 't is confess'd was a slippery place , and yet the poet makes a shift to keep his feet . his jupiter is little , but not nauseous ; the story , tho' improper , will bear the telling , and look conversation in the face . however ; these freedoms of homer were counted intolerable : i shall not insist on the censures of justin martyr , or clemens alexandrinus : even the heathen could not endure them . the poets are lashed by plato upon this score ; for planting vice in heaven , and making their gods infectious ; if mr. dryden answers that jupiter can do us no harm . he is known to be an idol of lewd memory , and therefore his example can have no force : under favour this is a mistake : for won't pitch daub when a dirty hand throws it ; or can't a toad spit poyson because she 's ugly ? ribaldry is dangerous under any circumstances of representation . and as menander and st. paul express it , evil communications corrupt good manners . i mention them both , because if the apostle should be dislik'd , the comedian may pass . but after all , mr. dryden has not so much as a heathen president for his singularities . what then made him fall into them ? was it the decency of the thing , and the propriety of character , and behaviour ? by no means . for as i have observ'd before , nature and operations , ought to be proportion'd , and behaviour suited to the dignity of being . to draw a monkey in royal robes , and a prince in antick , would be farce upon colours , entertain like a monster , and please only upon the score of deformity . why then does mr. dryden cross upon nature and authority , and go off as he confesses , from the plan of plautus , and moliere ? tho' by the way , the english amphitryon has borrow'd most of the libertine thoughts of moliere , and improv'd them . but to the former question . why must the beaten road be left ? he tells us , that the difference of our stage from the roman and the french did so require it . that is , our stage must be much more licentious . for you are to observe that mr. dryden , and his fraternity , have help'd to debauch the town , and poyson their pleasures to an unusal degree : and therefore the diet must be dress'd to the palate of the company . and since they are made scepticks , they must be entertain'd as such . that the english amphitryon was contriv'd with this view is too plain to be better interpreted . to what purpose else does jupiter appear in the shape of jehovah ? why are the incommunicable attributes burlesqu'd , and omnipotence applyed to acts of infamy ? to what end can such horrible stuff as this serve , unless to expose the notion , and extinguish the belief of a deity ? the perfections of god , are himself . to ridicule his attributes and his being , are but two words for the same thing . these attributes are bestow'd on jupiter with great prodigality , and afterwards execrably outrag'd . the case being thus , the cover of an idol , is to thin a pretence to screen the blasphemy . nothing but mr. dryden's absolom and achitophel can out-do this. here i confess the motion of his pen is bolder , and the strokes more black'd . here we have blasphemy on the top of the letter , without any trouble of inference , or construction . this poem runs all upon scripture names , upon suppositions of the true religion , and the right object of worship . here profaness is shut out from defence , and lies open without colour or evasion . here are no pagan divinities in the scheme , so that all the atheistick raillery must point upon the true god. in the beginning we are told that absalom was david's natural son : so then there 's a blot in his scutchcon , and a blemish upon his birth . the poet will make admirable use of this remark presently ! this absalom it seems was very extraordinary in his person and performances . mr. dryden does not certainly know how this came about , and therefore enquires of himself in the first place , whether inspired with a diviner lust , his father got him — this is down right defiance of the living god! here you have the very essence and spirit of blasphemy , and the holy ghost brought in upon the most hideous occasion . i question whether the torments and despair of the damn'd , dare venture at such flights as these . they are beyond description , i pray god they may not be beyond pardon too . i can't forbear saying , that the next bad thing to the writing these impieties , is to suffer them . to return to amphitryon . phaebus and mercury have manners assign'd very disagreeable to their condition . the later abating propriety of language , talks more like a water-man than a deity . they rail against the gods , and call mars and vulcan the two fools of heaven . mercury is pert upon his father jupiter , makes jests upon his pleasures , and his greatness , and is horribly smutty and profane . and all this misbehaviour comes from him in his own shape , and in the sublimity of his character . had he run riot in the disguise of sosia , the discourse and the person had been better adjusted , and the extravagance more pardonable . but here the decorum is quite lost . to see the immortals play such gambols , and the biggest beings do the least actions , is strangely unnatural . an emperour in the grimaces of an ape , or the diversions of a kitten , would not be half so ridiculous . now as monsieur rapin observes , without decorum there can be no probability , nor without probability any true beauty . nature must be minded , otherwise things will look forced , tawdry , and chimerical . mr. dryden discourses very handsomly on this occasion in his preface to albion and albanius . he informs us , that wit has been truly defin'd a propriety of words and thoughts . — that propriety of thought is that fancy which arises naturally from the subject . why then without doubt , the quality , of characters should be taken care of , and great persons appear like themselves . yes , yes , all this is granted by implication , and mr. dryden comes still nearer to the present case . he tells us , that propriety is to be observed , even in machines ; and that the gods are all to manage their peculiar provinces . he instances in some of their respective employments ; but i don't find that any of them were to talk lewdly . no. he plainly supposes the contrary . for as he goes on , if they were to speak upon the stage it would follow of necessity , that the expressions should be lofty , figurative , and majestical . it seems then their behaviour should be agreeable to their greatness . why then are not these rules observ'd , in the machines of amphitrion ? and as i take it , obscenity has not the air of majesty , nor any alliance with the sublime . and as for the figurative part , 't is generally of the same cut with the lofty : the smut shines clear , and strong , through the metaphor , and is no better screen'd than the sun by a glass window . to use mercury thus ill , and make the god of eloquence speak so unlike himself , is somewhat strange ! but tho' the antients knew nothing of it , there are considerations above those of decency . and when this happens , a rule must rather be trespass'd on , than a beauty left out . 't is mr. dryden's opinion in his cleomenes , where he breaks the unity of time , to describe the beauty of a famine . now beauty is an arbitrary advantage , and depends upon custom and fancy . with some people the blackest complexions are the handsomest . 't is to these african criticks that mr. dryden seems to make his appeal . and without doubt he bespeaks their favour , and strikes their imagination luckily enough . for to lodge divinity and scandal together ; to make the gods throw stars , like snow-balls at one another , but especially to court in smut , and rally in blasphemy , is most admirably entertaining ! this is much better than all the niceties of decorum . 't is handsomly contriv'd to slur the notion of a superiour nature , to disarm the terrors of religion , and make the court above as romantick as that of the fairies . a libertine when his conscience is thus reliev'd , and atheism sits easie upon his spirits , can't help being grateful upon the occasion . meer interest will oblige him to cry up the performance , and solicit for the poets reputation ! before i take leave of these machines , it may not be amiss to enquire why the gods are brought into the spiritual court. now i suppose the creditableness of the business , and the poets kindness to those places , are the principal reasons of their coming . however , he might have a farther design in his head , and that is , to bring thebes to london , and to show the antiquity of doctors commons . for if you will believe mercury , this conference between him and phaebus was held three thousand years ago . thus shakespear makes hector talk about aristotles philosophy , and calls sr. john old castle , protestant . i had not mention'd this discovery in chronology , but that mr. dryden falls upon ben johnson , for making cataline give fire at the face of a cloud , before guns were invented . by the pattern of these pretended deities , we may guess what sort of mortals we are likely to meet with . neither are we mistaken . for phaedra is bad enough in all conscience , but bromia is a meer original . indeed when mr. dryden makes jupiter , and jupiter makes the women , little less can be expected . so much for amphitrion . i shall pass on to king arthur for a word or two . now here is a strange jumble and hotch potch of matters , if you mind it . here we have genii , and angels , cupids , syrens , and devils ; venus and st. george , pan and the parson , the hell of heathenism , and the hell of revelation ; a fit of smut , and then a jest about original sin. and why are truth and fiction , heathenism and christianity , the most serious and the most trifling things blended together , and thrown into one form of diversion ? why is all this done unless it be to ridicule the whole , and make one as incredible as the other ? his airy and earthy spirits discourse of the first state of devils , of their chief of their revolt , their punishment , and impostures . this mr. dryden very religiously calls a fairy way of writing , which depends only on the force of imagination . what then is the fall of the angels a romance ? has it no basis of truth , nothing to support it , but strength of fancy , and poetick invention ? after he had mention'd hell , devils , &c. and given us a sort of bible description of these formidable things ; i say after he had formed his poem in this manner , i am surprized to hear him call it a fairy kind of writing . is the history of tophet no better prov'd than that of styx ? is the lake of brimstone and that of phlegeton alike dreadful ? and have we as much reason to believe the torments of titius and prometheus , as those of the devils and damn'd ? these are lamentable consequences ! and yet i can't well see how the poet can avoid them . but setting aside this miserable gloss in the dedication , the representation it self is scandalously irreligious . to droll upon the vengeance of heaven , and the miseries of the damn'd , is a sad instance of christianity ! those that bring devils upon the stage , can hardly believe them any where else . besides , the effects of such an entertainment must needs be admirable ! to see hell thus play'd with is a mighty refreshment to a lewd conscience , and a byass'd understanding . it ' heartens the young libertine , and confirms the well-wishers to atheism , and makes vice bold , and enterprizing . such diversions serve to dispel the gloom , and guild the horrors of the shades below , and are a sort of ensurance against damnation . one would think these poets went upon absolute certainty , and could demonstrate a scheme of infidelity . if they could , they had much better keep the secret. the divulging it tends only to debauch mankind , and shake the securities of civil life . however , if they have been in the other world and find it empty , and uninhabited , and are acquainted with all the powers , and places , in being ; if they can show the impostures of religion , and the contradictions of common belief , they have something to say for themselves . have they then infallible proof and mathematick evidence for these discoveries ? no man had ever the confidence to say this : and if he should , he would be but laughed at for his folly. no conclusions can exceed the evidence of their principles ; you may as well build a castle in the air , as raise a demonstration upon a bottom of uncertainty . and is any man so vain as to pretend to know the extent of nature , and the stretch of possibility , and the force of the powers invisible ? so that notwithstanding the boldness of this opera , there may be such a place as hell ; and if so , a discourse about devils , will be no fairy way of writing . for a fairy way of writing , is nothing but a history of fiction ; a subject of imaginary beings ; such as never had any existence in time , or nature . and if as monsieur rapin observes , poetry requires a mixture of truth and fable ; mr. dryden may make his advantage , for his play is much better founded on reality than he was aware of . it may not be improper to consider in a word or two , what a frightfull idea the holy scriptures give us of hell. 't is describ'd by all the circumstance of terror , by every thing dreadful to sense , and amazing to thought . the place , the company , the duration , are all considerations of astonishment . and why has god given us this solemn warning ? is it not to awaken our fears , and guard our happiness ; to restrain the disorders of appetite , and to keep us within reason , and duty ? and as for the apostate angels , the scriptures inform us of their lost condition , of their malice and power , of their active industry and experience ; and all these qualities correspondent to the bulk of their nature , the antiquity of their being , and the misery of their state. in short , they are painted in all the formidable appearances imaginable , to alarm our caution , and put us upon the utmost defence . let us see now how mr. dryden represents these unhappy spirits , and their place of abode . why very entertainingly ! those that have a true tast for atheism were never better regaled . one would think by this play the devils were meer mormo's and bugbears , fit only to fright children and fools . they rally upon hell and damnation , with a great deal of air and pleasantry ; and appear like robin good-fellow , only to make the company laugh . philidel : is call'd a puling sprite . and why so ? for this pious reason , because he trembles at the yawning gulph of hell , nor dares approach the flames least he should singe his gaudy silken wings . he sighs when he should plunge a soul in sulphur , as with compassion touch'd of foolish man. the answer is , what a half devil 's he . you see how admirably it runs all upon the christian scheme ! sometimes they are half-devils , and sometimes hopeful-devils , and what you please to make sport with . grimbald is afraid of being whooped through hell at his return , for miscarrying in his business . it seems there is great leisure for diversion ! there 's whooping in hell , instead of weeping and wailing ! one would fancy mr. dryden had day-light and company , when these lines were written . i know his courage is extraordinary ; but sure such thoughts could never bear up against solitude and a candle ! and now since he has diverted himself with the terrors of christianity , i dont wonder he should treat those that preach them with so much civility ! enter poet in the habit of a peasant . we ha' cheated the parson we'el cheat him again , for why should a blockhead have one in ten ? for prating so long like a booklearned sot , till pudding , and dumpling burn to pot . these are fine comprehensive stroaks ! here you have the iliads in a nutshell ! two or three courtly words take in the whole clergy : and what is wanting in wit , is made up in abuse , and that 's as well . this is an admirable harvest catch , and the poor tith-stealers stand highly indebted . they might have been tired with cheating in prose , had not they not been thus seasonably releiv'd in doggrell ! but now there is musick in playing the knave . a countryman now may fill his barn , and humour his ill manners , and sing his conscience asleep , and all under one . i dont question but these four lines steal many a pound in the year . whether the muse stands indictable or not , the law must determine : but after all , i must say the design is notably laid . for place and person , for relish and convenience , nothing could have been better . the method is very short , clear , and practicable . 't is a fine portable infection , and costs no more carriage than the plague . well! the clergy must be contented : it might possibly have been worse for them if they had been in his favour : for he has sometimes a very unlucky way of showing his kindness . he commends the earl of leicester for considering the friend , more than the cause ; that is , for his partiality ; the marquess of halifax for quitting the helm , at the approach of a storm ; as if pilots were made only for fair weather . 't is presum'd these noble persons are unconcern'd in this character . however the poet has shown his skill in panegyrick , and 't is only for that i mention it . he commends atticus for his trimming , and tully for his cowardize , and speaks meanly of the bravery of cato . afterwards he professes his zeal for the publick welfare , and is pleas'd to see the nation so well secur'd from foreign attempts &c. however he is in some pain about the coming of the gauls ; 't is possible for fear they should invade the muses , and carry the opera's into captivity , and deprive us of the ornaments of peace . and now he has serv'd his friends , he comes in the last place like a modest man , to commend himself . he tells us there were a great many beauties in the original draught of this play. but it seems time has since tarnish'd their complexion . and he gives heroick reasons for their not appearing . to speak truth , ( all politicks apart , ) there are strange flights of honour , and consistencies of pretention in this dedication ! but i shall forbear the blazon of the atcheivment , for fear i should commend as unluckily as himself . sect . ii. remarks upon don quixot , &c. mr. durfey being somewhat particular in his genius and civilities , i shall consider him in a word or two by himself . this poet writes from the romance of an ingenious author : by this means his sense , and characters are cut out to his hand . he has wisely planted himself upon the shoulders of a giant ; but whether his discoveries answer the advantage of his standing , the reader must judge . what i have to object against mr. durfey shall most of it be ranged under these three heads . i. his profaness with respect to religion and the holy scriptures . ii. his abuse of the clergy . iii. his want of modesty and regard to the audience . i. his profaness , &c. and here my first instance shall be in a bold song against providence . providence that formed the fair in such a charming skin , their outside made his only care , and never look'd within . here the poet tells you providence makes mankind by halves , huddles up the soul , and takes the least care of the better moyety . this is direct blaspheming the creation , and a satir upon god almighty . his next advance is to droll upon the resurrection . sleep and indulge thy self with rest , nor dream thou e're shalt rise again . his third song makes a jest of the fall , rails upon adam and eve , and burlesques the conduct of god almighty for not making mankind over again . when the world first knew creation , a rogue was a top-profession , when there was no more in all nature but four , there were two of them in transgression . he that first to mend the matter , made laws to bind our nature , should have found a way , to make wills obey , and have modell'd new the creature : in this and the following page , the redemption of the world is treated with the same respect with the creation . the word redeemer , which among christians is appropriated to our blessed saviour , and like the jewish tetragrammaton peculiarly reserv'd to the deity ; this adorable name ( redeemer and dear redeemer , ) is applyed to the ridiculous don quixote . these insolencies are too big for the correction of a pen , and therefore i shall leave them . after this horrible abuse of the works , and attributes of god , he goes on to make sport with his vengeance . he makes the torments of hell a very comical entertainment : as if they were only flames in painting , and terrors in romance . the stygian frogs in aristophanes are not represented with more levity , and drolling . that the reader may see i do him no wrong , i shall quote the places which is the main reason why i have transcrib'd the rest of his profaness . appear ye fat feinds that in limbo do groan , that were when in flesh the same souls with his own : you that always in lucifers kitchin reside , 'mongst sea-coal and kettles , and grease newly try'd : that pamper'd each day with a garbidge of souls , broil rashers of fools for a breakfast on coals . in the epilogue you have the history of balaam's ass exposed , and the beast brought upon the stage to laugh at the miracle the better ; and as 't is said a parlous ass once spoke , when crab-tree cudgel did his rage provoke . so if you are not civil , — i fear he'el speak again . — in the second part the devil is brought upon the stage . he cries as he hopes to be saved . and sancho warrants him a good christian. truly i think he may have more of christianity in him than the poet. for he trembles at that god , with whom the other makes diversion . i shall omit the mention of several outrages of this kind , besides his deep mouth'd swearing , which is frequent , and pass on to the second head , which is his abuse of the clergy . and since reveal'd religion has been thus horribly treated , 't is no wonder if the ministers of it have the same usage . and here we are likely to meet with some passages extraordinary enough . for to give mr. durfey his due , when he meddles with church men he lays about him like a knight errant : here his wit and his malice , are generally in extreams , tho' not of the same kind . to begin . he makes the curate perez assist at the ridiculous ceremony of don quixots knighting . afterwards squire sancho confessing his mistake to quixote , tells him , ah consider dear sir no man is born wise . and what if he was born wise ? he may be bred a fool , if he has not a care . but how does he prove this memorable sentence ? because a bishop is no more than another man without grace und good breeding . i must needs say if the poet had any share of either of these qualities , he would be less bold with his superiors ; and not give his clowns the liberty to droll thus heavily upon a solemn character . this sancho mr. durfey takes care to inform us is a dry shrewd country fellow , the reason of this character is for the strength of it somewhat surprising . 't is because he blunders out proverbs upon all occasions , tho' never so far from the purpose . now if blundring and talking nothing to the purpose , is an argument of shrewdness ; some peoples plays are very shrewd performances . to proceed . sancho complains of his being married , because it hindred him from better offers . perez the curate is sorry for this misfortune . for as i remember says he 't was my luck to give teresa and you the blessing . to this sancho replies . a plague on your blessing ! i perceive i shall have reason to wish you hang'd for your blessing — good finisher of fornication , good conjunction copulative . for this irreverence and profaness perez threatens him with excommunication . sancho tells him , i care not , i shall lose nothing by it but a nap in the afternoon . in his second part , jodolet a priest is call'd a holy cormorant , and made to dispatch half a turkey , and a bottle of malaga for his breakfast . here one country girl chides another for her sawcyness . d' ee ( says she ) make a pimp of a priest ? sancho interposes with his usual shrewdness : a pimp of a priest , why is that such a miracle ? in the second scene the poet provides himself another priest to abuse . mannel the steward calls bernardo the chaplain mr. cuff-cushion , and tells him a whore is a pulpit he loves . — in settling the characters mannel is given out for a witty pleasant fellow . and now you see he comes up to expectation . to the blind all colours are alike , and rudeness , and raillery are the same thing ! afterwards , bernardo says grace upon the stage ; and i suppose prays to god to bless the entertainment of the devil . before they rise from table , the poet contrives a quarrel between don quixot and bernardo . the priest railes on the knight , and calls him don coxcomb &c. by this time you may imagine the knight heartily provok'd , ready to buckle on his bason , and draw out for the combat , let us hear his resentment . don quix. oh thou old black fox with a fire brand in thy tail , thou very priest : thou kindler of all mischeifs in all nations . de' e hear homily : did not the reverence i bear these nobles — i would so thrum your cassock you church vermin . at last he bids bernardo adieu in language too profane and scandalous to relate . in the fourth act his song calls the clergy black cattle , and says no body now minds what they say . i could alledge more of his courtship to the order , but the reader might possibly be tired , and therefore i shall proceed in the third , place to his want of modesty , and regard to the audience . as for smut sancho and teresa talk it broad , and single sens'd , for almost a page together . mary the buxsom has likewise her share of this accomplishment . the first epilogue is garnish'd with a couplet of it ; marcella the maiden shepherdess raves in raptures of indecency ; and sometimes you have it mixt up with profaness , to make the composition the stronger . but this entertainment being no novelty , i shall pass it over ; and the rather because there are some other rarities which are not to be met with else where . here he diverts the ladies with the charming rhetorick of snotty-nose , filthy vermin in the beard , nitty jerkin , and louse snapper , with the letter in the chamber-pot , and natural evacuation ; with an abusive description of a countess , and a rude story of a certain lady , and with some other varieties of this kind , too coarse to be named . this is rare stuff for ladies , and quality ! there is more of physick , than comedy in such sentences as these . crocus metallorum will scarse turn the stomack more effectually . 't is possible mr. durfey might design it for a receipt . and being conscious the play was too dear , threw a vomit into the bargain . i wonder mr. durfey should have no more regard to the boxes and pitt ! that a man who has studied the scenes of decency and good manners with so much zeal , should practise with so little address ! certainly indefatigable diligence , care and pains , was never more unfortunate ! in his third part , buxsome swears faster , and is more scandalous , and impertinent , than in the other two . at these liberties , and some in sancho , the ladies took check . this censure mr. durfey seems heartily sorry for . he is extreamly concern'd that the ladies , that essential part of the audience , should think his performance nauseous and undecent . that is , he is very sorry they brought their wits , or their modesty along with them . however mr. durfey is not so ceremonious as to submit : he is resolved to keep the field against the ladies ; and endeavours to defend himself by saying , i know no other way in nature to do the characters right , but to make a romp , speak like a romp , and a clownish boor blunder &c. by his favour , all imitations tho' never so well counterfeited are not proper for the stage . to present nature under every appearance would be an odd undertaking . a midnight cart , or a dunghil would be no ornamental scene . nastyness , and dirty conversation are of the same kind . for words are a picture to the ear , as colours and surface are to the eye . such discourses are like dilating upon ulcers , and leprosies : the more natural , the worse ; for the disgust always rises with the life of the description . offensive language like offensive smells , does but make a man's senses a burthen , and affords him nothing but loathing and aversion . beastliness in behaviour , gives a disparaging idea of humane nature , and almost makes us sorry we are of the same kind . for these reasons 't is a maxime in good breeding never to shock the senses , or imagination . this rule holds strongest before women , and especially when they come to be entertain'd . the diversion ought to be suited to the audience ; for nothing pleases which is disproportion'd to capacity , and gust . the rudenesses and broad jests of beggars , are just as acceptable to ladies as their rags , and cleanliness . to treat persons of condition like the mob , is to degrade their birth , and affront their breeding . it levells them with the lowest education . for the size of a man's sense , and improvement , is discovered by his pleasures , as much as by any thing else . but to remove from scenes of decency , to scenes of wit. and here mannel and sancho , two pleasant sharp fellows , will divert us extreamly . mannel in the disguise of a lady addresses the dutchess in this manner . illustrious beauty — i must desire to know whether the most purifidiferous don quixote of the manchissima , and his squireiferous panca , be in this company or no. this is the ladies speech ! now comes sancho . why look you forsooth , without any more flourishes , the governour panca is here , and don quixotissimo too ; therefore most afflictedissimous . matronissima , speak what you willissimus , for we are all ready to be your servilorissimus . i dare not go on , for fear of overlaying the reader . he may cloy himself at his leisure . the scene between the taylor and gardiner , lies much in the same latitude of understanding . the third part presents a set of poppets , which is a thought good enough ; for this play is only fit to move upon wires . 't is pity these little machines appear'd no sooner , for then the sense , and the actors had been well adjusted . in explaining the persons , he acquaints us that carasco is a witty man. i can't tell what the gentleman might be in other places , but i 'm satisfied he is a fool in his play. but some poets are as great judges of wit , as they are an instance ; and have the theory and the practise just alike . mr. durfeys epistles dedicatory are to the sull as diverting as his comedies . a little of them may not be amiss . in his first , he thus addresses the dutches of ormond . 't is madam from your graces prosperous influence that i date my good fortune . to date from time and place , is vulgar and ordinary , and many a letter has miscarried with it : but to do it from an influence , is astrological , and surprizing , and agrees extreamly with the hemisphere of the play-house . these flights one would easily imagine were the poor off-spring of mr. durfey's brain , as he very judiciously phrases it . one paragraph in his dedication to mr. montague is perfect quixotism ; one would almost think him enchanted . i 'll give the reader a tast. had your eyes shot the haughty austerity upon me of a right courtier , — your valued minutes had never been disturb'd with dilatory tristes of this nature , but my heart on dull consideration of your merit , had supinely wish'd you prosperity at a distance . i 'm afraid the poet was under some apprehensions of the temper he complains of . for to my thinking , there is a great deal of supiness , and dull consideration in these periods . he tells his patron his smiles have embolden'd him . i confess i can't see how he could forbear smiling at such entertainment . however mr. durfey takes things by the best handle , and is resolv'd to be happy in his interpretation . but to be serious . were i the author , i would discharge my muse unless she prov'd kinder . his way is rather to cultivate his lungs , and sing to other peoples sense ; for to finish him in a word , he is vox , & praeterea nihil . i speak this only on supposition that the rest of his performances are like these . which because i have not perused i can judge of no farther than by the rule of ex pede herculem . i shall conclude with monsieur boileau's art of poetry . this citation may possibly be of some service to mr. durfey ; for if not concern'd in the application , he may at least be precaution'd by the advice . the translation runs thus . i like an author that reforms the age ; and keeps the right decorum of the stage : that always pleases by just reasons rule : but for a tedious droll a quibbling fool , who with low nauseous baudry fills his plays ; let him be gone and on two tressells raise some smithfield stage , where he may act his pranks , and make jack-puddings speak to mountebanks . sect . iii. remarks upon the relapse . the relapse shall follow don quixot , upon the account of some alliance between them . and because this author swaggers so much in his preface , and seems to look big upon his performance , i shall spend a few more thoughts than ordinary upon his play , and examine it briefly in the fable , the moral , the characters , &c. the fable i take to be as follows . fashion a lewd , prodigal , younger brother , is reduced to extremity : upon his arrival from his travels , he meets with coupler , an old sharping match-maker ; this man puts him upon a project of cheating his elder brother lord foplington , of a rich fortune . young fashion being refused a summ of money by his brother , goes into couplers plot , bubbles sir tunbelly of his daughter , and makes himself master of a fair estate . from the form and constitution of the fable , i observe st . that there is a misnommer in the title . the play should not have been call'd the relapse , or virtue in danger : lovelace , and amanda , from whose characters these names are drawn , are persons of inferiour consideration . lovelace sinks in the middle of the fourth act , and we hear no more of him till towards the end of the fifth , where he enters once more , but then 't is as cato did the senate house , only to go out again . and as for amanda she has nothing to do but to stand a shock of courtship , and carry off her virtue . this i confess is a great task in the play-house , but no main matter in the play. the intrigue , and the discovery , the great revolution and success , turns upon young fashion . he without competition , is the principal person in the comedy . and therefore the younger brother , or the fortunate cheat , had been much a more proper name . now when a poet can't rig out a title page , 't is but a bad sign of his holding out to the epilogue . ly . i observe the moral is vitious : it points the wrong way , and puts the prize into the wrong hand . it seems to make lewdness the reason of desert , and gives young fashion a second fortune , only for debauching away his first . a short view of his character , will make good this reflection . to begin with him : he confesses himself a rake , swears , and blasphemes , curses , and challenges his elder brother , cheats him of his mistress , and gets him laid by the heels in a dog-kennel . and what was the ground of all this unnatural quarrelling and outrage ? why the main of it was only because lord foplington refused to supply his luxury , and make good his extravagance . this young fashion after all , is the poets man of merit . he provides , a plot and a fortune , on purpose for him . to speak freely , a lewd character seldom wants good luck in comedy . so that when ever you see a thorough libertine , you may almost swear he is in a rising way , and that the poet intends to make him a great man. in short ; this play perverts the end of comedy : which as monsieur rapin observes ought to regard reformation , and publick improvement . but the relapser had a more fashionable fancy in his head. his moral holds forth this notable instruction . st . that all younger brothers should be careful to run out their circumstances as fast , and as ill as they can . and when they have put their affairs in this posture of advantage , they may conclude themselves in the high road to wealth , and success . for as fashion blasphemously applies it , providence takes care of men of merit . ly . that when a man is press'd , his business is not to be govern'd by scruples , or formalize upon conscience and honesty . the quickest expedients are the best ; for in such cases the occasion justifies the means , and a knight of the post , is as good as one of the garter . in the d. place it may not be improper to look a little into the plot. here the poet ought to play the politician if ever . this part should have some stroaks , of conduct , and strains of invention more then ordinary . there should be something that is admirable , and unexpected to surprize the audience . and all this finess must work by gentle degrees , by a due preparation of incidents , and by instruments which are probable . 't is mr. rapins remark , that without probability every thing is lame and faulty . where there is no pretence to miracle and machine , matters must not exceed the force of beleif . to produce effects without proportion ; and likelyhood in the cause , is farce , and magick , and looks more like conjuring than conduct . let us examine the relapser by these rules . to discover his plot , we must lay open somewhat more of the fable . lord foplington a town beau , had agreed to marry the daughter of sir. tun-belly clumsey a country gentleman , who lived fifty miles from london . notwithstanding this small distance , the lord had never seen his mistress , nor the knight his son in law. both parties out of their great wisdom , leave the treating the match to coupler . when all the preliminaries of settlement were adjusted , and lord foplington expected by sir tun-belly in a few days , coupler betrays his trust to young fashion . he advises him to go down before his brother : to counterfeit his person , and pretend that the strength of his inclinations brought him thither before his time , and without his retinue . and to make him pass upon sir tun-belly , coupler gives him his letter , which was to be lord foplingtons credential . young fashion thus provided , posts down to sir tunbelly , is received for lord foplington , and by the help of a little folly and knavery in the family , marries the young lady without her fathers knowledge , and a week before the appointment . this is the main of the contrivance . the counterturn in lord foplingtons appearing afterwards , and the support of the main plot , by bulls , and nurses attesting the marriage , contain's little of moment . and here we may observe that lord foplington has an unlucky disagreement in his character ; this misfortune sits hard upon the credibility of the design . 't is true he was formal and fantastick , smitten with dress , and equipage , and it may be vapour'd by his perfumes ; but his behaviour is far from that of an ideot . this being granted , 't is very unlikely this lord with his five thousand pounds per annum , should leave the choise of his mistress to coupler , and take her person and fortune upon content . to court thus blindfold , and by proxy , does not agree with the method of an estate , nor the niceness of a beau. however the poet makes him engage hand over head , without so much as the sight of her picture . his going down to sir tunbelly was as extraordinary as his courtship . he had never seen this gentleman . he must know him to be beyond measure suspicious , and that there was no admittance without couplers letter . this letter which was , the key to the castle , he forgot to take with him , and tells you 't was stolen by his brother tam. and for his part he neither had the discretion to get another , nor yet to produce that written by him to sir tun-belly . had common sense been consulted upon this occasion , the plot had been at an end , and the play had sunk in the fourth act. the remainder subsists purely upon the strength of folly , and of folly altogether improbable , and out of character . the salvo of sir john friendly's appearing at last , and vouching for lord foplington , won't mend the matter . for as the story informs us , lord foplington never depended on this reserve : he knew nothing of this gentleman being in the country , nor where he lived . the truth is , sir john was left in town , and the lord had neither concerted his journey with him , nor engaged his assistance . let us now see how sir. tun-belly hangs together . this gentleman the poet makes a justice of peace , and a deputy lieutenant , and seats him fifty miles from london : but by his character you would take him for one of hercules's monsters , or some gyant in guy of warwick . his behaviour is altogether romance , and has nothing agreeable to time , or country . when fashion , and lory , went down , they find the bridge drawn up , the gates barr'd , and the blunderbuss cock'd at the first civil question . and when sir tun-belly had notice of this formidable appearance , he sallies out with the posse of the family , and marches against a couple of strangers with a life gaurd of halberds , sythes , and pitchforks . and to make sure work , young hoyden is lock'd up at the first approach of the enemy . here you have prudence and wariness to the excess of fable , and frensy . and yet this mighty man of suspition , trusts coupler with the disposal of his only daughter , and his estate into the bargain . and what was this coupler ? why , a sharper by character , and little better by profession . farther . lord foplington and the knight , are but a days journey asunder , and yet by their treating by proxy , and commission , one would fancy a dozen degrees of latitude betwixt them . and as for young fashion , excepting couplers letter , he has all imaginable marks of imposture upon him . he comes before his time , and without the retinue expected , and has nothing of the air of lord foplington's conversation . when sir tun-belly ask'd him , pray where are your coaches and servants my lord ? he makes a trifling excuse . sir , that i might give you and your fair daughter a proof how impatient i am to be nearer akin to you , i left my equipage to follow me , and came away post , with only one servant . to be in such a hurry of inclination for a person he never saw , is somewhat strange ! besides , 't is very unlikely lord foplington should hazard his complexion on horseback , out ride his figure , and appear a bridegroom in deshabille . you may as soon perswade a peacock out of his train , as a beau out of his equipage ; especially upon such an occasion . lord foplington would scarsely speak to his brother just come a shore , till the grand committee of taylors , seamtresses , &c. was dispatch'd . pomp , and curiosity were this lords inclination ; why then should he mortifie without necessity , make his first approaches thus out of form , and present himself to his mistress at such disadvantage ? and as this is the character of lord foplington , so 't is reasonable to suppose sir tunbelly acquainted with it . an enquiry into the humour and management of a son in law , is very natural and customary . so that we can't without violence to sense , suppose sir tunbelly a stranger to lord foplington's singularities . these reasons were enough in all conscience to make sir tunbelly suspect a juggle , and that fashion was no better then a counterfeit . why then was the credential swallow'd without chewing , why was not hoyden lock'd up , and a pause made for farther enquiry ? did this justice never hear of such a thing as knavery , or had he ever greater reason to guard against it ? more wary steps might well have been expected from sir tunbelly . to run from one extream of caution , to another of credulity , is highly improbable . in short , either lord foplington and sir tunbelly are fools , or they are not . if they are , where lies the cunning in over-reaching them ? what conquest can there be without opposition ? if they are not fools , why does the poet make them so ? why is their conduct so gross , so particolour'd , and inconsistent ? take them either way , and the plot miscarries . the first supposition makes it dull , and the later , incredible . so much for the plot. i shall now in the th . place touch briefly upon the manners . the manners in the language of the stage have a signification somewhat particular . aristotle and rapin call them the causes and principles of action . they are formed upon the diversities of age , and sex , of fortune , capacity , and education . the propriety of manners consists in a conformity of practise , and principle ; of nature , and behaviour . for the purpose . an old man must not appear with the profuseness and levity of youth ; a gentleman must not talk like a clown , nor a country girl like a town jilt . and when the characters are feign'd 't is horace's rule to keep them uniform , and consistent , and agreeable to their first setting out . the poet must be careful to hold his persons tight to their calling and pretentions . he must not shift , and shuffle their understandings ; let them skip from wits to blockheads , nor from courtiers to pedants . on the other hand . if their business is playing the fool , keep them strictly to their duty , and never indulge them in fine sentences . to manage otherwise , is to desert nature , and makes the play appear monstrous , and chimerical . so that instead of an image of life , 't is rather an image of impossibility . to apply some of these remarks to the relapser . the fine berinthia , one of the top-characters , is impudent and profane . lovelace would engage her secrecy , and bids her swear . she answers i do . lov. by what ? berinth . by woman . lov. that 's swearing by my deity , do it by your own , or i shan't believe you . berinth . by man then . this lady promises worthy her endeavours to corrupt amanda ; and then they make a profane jest upon the office. in the progress of the play after a great deal of lewd discourse with lovelace , berinthia is carried off into a closet , and lodged in a scene of debauch . here is decency , and reservedness , to a great exactness ! monsieur rapin blames ariosto , and tasso , for representing two of their women over free , and airy . these poets says he , rob women of their character , which is modesty . mr. rymer is of the same opinion : his words are these . nature knows nothing in the manners which so properly , and particularly distinguish a woman , as her modesty . — an impudent woman is fit only to be kicked , and expos'd in comedy . now berinthia appears in comedy 't is true ; but neither to be kick'd , nor expos'd . she makes a considerable figure , has good usage , keeps the best company , and goes off without censure , or disadvantage . let us now take a turn or two with sir tun-belly's heiress of pounds a year . this young lady swears , talks smut , and is upon the matter just as ragmanner'd as mary the buxsome . 't is plain the relapser copyed mr. durfey's original , which is a sign he was somewhat pinch'd . now this character was no great beauty in buxsome ; but it becomes the knights daughter much worse . buxsome was a poor pesant , which made her rudeness more natural , and expected . but deputy lieutenants children don't use to appear with the behaviour of beggars . to breed all people alike , and make no distinction between a seat , and a cottage , is not over artful , nor very ceremonious to the country gentlemen . the relapser gives miss a pretty soliloquy , i 'll transcribe it for the reader . she swears by her maker , 't is well i have a husband a coming , or i 'de marry the baker i would so . no body can knock at the gate , but presently i must be lock'd up , and here 's the young gray-hound — can run loose about the hoase all day long , she can , 't is very well ! afterwards her language is too lewd to be quoted . here is a compound of ill manners , and contradiction ! is this a good resemblance of quality , a description of a great heiress , and the effect of a cautious education ? by her coarsness you would think her bred upon a common , and by her confidence , in the nursery of the play-house . i suppose the relapser fancies the calling her miss hoyden is enough to justifie her ill manners . by his favour , this is a mistake . to represent her thus unhewn , he should have suited her condition to her name , a little better . for there is no charm in words as to matters of breeding , an unfashionable name won't make a man a clown . education is not form'd upon sounds , and syllables , but upon circumstances , and quality . so that if he was resolv'd to have shown her thus unpolish'd , he should have made her keep sheep , or brought her up at the wash-boul . sir tun-belly accosts young fashion much at the same rate of accomplishment . my lord , — i humbly crave leave to bid you welcome in cup of sack-wine . one would imagine the poet was overdozed before he gave the justice a glass . for sack-wine is too low for a petty constable . this peasantly expression agrees neither with the gentlemans figure , nor with the rest of his behaviour . i find we should have a creditable magistracy , if the relapser had the making them . here the characters are pinch'd in sense , and stinted to short allowance . at an other time they are over-indulged , and treated above expectation . for the purpose . vanity and formalizing is lord foplingtons part . to let him speak without aukwardness , and affectation , is to put him out of his element . there must be gumm and stiffening in his discourse to make it natural . however , the relapser has taken a fancy to his person , and given him some of the most gentile raillery in the whole play. to give an instance or two . this lord in discourse with fashion forgets his name , flies out into sense , and smooth expression , out talks his brother , and abating the starch'd similitude of a watch , discovers nothing of affectation , for almost a page together . he relapses into the same intemperance of good sense , in an other dialogue between him and his brother . i shall cite a little of it . y. fash. unless you are so kind to assist me in redeeming my annuity , i know no remedy , but to go take a purse . l. fopl. why faith tam — to give you my sense of the thing , i do think taking a purse the best remedy in the world , for if you succeed , you are releiv'd that way , if you are taken — you are reliev'd to'ther . fashion being disappointed of a supply quarrels his elder brother , and calls him the prince of coxcombs . l. fopl. sir i am proud of being at the head of so prevailing a party . y. fash. will nothing then provoke thee ? draw coward . l. fopl. look you tam , your poverty makes your life so burdensome to you , you would provoke me to a quarrel , in hopes either to slip through my lungs into my estate , or else to get your self run through the guts , to put an end to your pain . but i shall disappoint you in both . &c. this drolling has too much spirit , the air of it is too free , and too handsomly turn'd for lord foplingtons character . i' grant the relapser could not aford to lose these sentences . the scene would have suffer'd by the omission . but then he should have contriv'd the matter so , as that they might , have been spoken by young fashion in asides , or by some other more proper person . to go on . miss hoyden sparkles too much in conversation . the poet must needs give her a shining line or two , which serves only to make the rest of her dullness the more remarkable . sir. tun-belly falls into the same misfortune of a wit , and rallies above the force of his capacity . but the place having a mixture of profaness , i shall forbear to cite it . now to what purpose should a fools coat be embroider'd ? finery in the wrong place is but expensive ridiculousness . besides , i don't perceive the relapser was in any condition to be thus liberal . and when a poet is not overstock'd , to squander away his wit among his block-heads , is meer distraction . his men of sense will smart for this prodigality . lovelace in his discourse of friendship , shall be the first instance . friendship ( says he ) is said to be a plant of tedious growth , its root composed of tender fibers , nice in their tast , &c. by this description the palate of a fiber , should be somewhat more nice and distinguishing , then the poets judgment . let us examin some more of his witty people . young fashion fancies by misses forward behaviour , she would have a whole kennel of beaux after her at london . and then hey to the park , and the play , and the church , and the devil . here i conceive the ranging of the period is amiss . for if he had put the play , and the devil together , the order of nature , and the air of probability had been much better observ'd . afterwards coupler being out of breath in coming up stairs to fashion , asks him why the — canst thou not lodge upon the ground-floor ? y. fash. because i love to lye as near heaven as i can . one would think a spark just come off his travels , and had made the tour of italy and france , might have rallied with a better grace ! however if he lodg'd in a garret , 't is a good local jest . i had almost forgot one pretty remarkable sentence of fashion to lory . i shall shew thee ( says he ) the excess of my passion by being very calm . now since this gentleman was in a vein of talking philosophy to his man , i 'm sorry he broke of so quickly . had he gone on and shown him the excess of a storm and no wind stirring , the topick had been spent , and the thought improv'd to the utmost . let us now pass on to worthy , the relapsers fine gentleman . this spark sets up for sense , and address , and is to have nothing of affectation or conscience to spoil his character . however to say no more of him , he grows foppish in the last scene , and courts amanda in fustian , and pedantry . first , he gives his periods a turn of versification , and talks prose to her in meeter . now this is just as agreeable as it would be to ride with one leg , and walk with the other . but let him speak for himself . his first business is to bring amanda to an aversion for her husband ; and therefore he perswades her to rouse up that spirit women ought to bear ; and slight your god if he neglects his angel. he goes on with his orisons . with arms of ice receive his cold embraces and keep your fire for those that come in flames . fire and flames , is mettal upon mettal ; 't is false heraldry . extend the arms of mercy to his aid . his zeal may give him title to your pity , altho' his merit cannot claim your love. here you have arms brought in again by head and shoulders . i suppose the design was to keep up the situation of the allegory . but the latter part of the speech is very pithy . he would have her resign her vertue out of civility , and abuse her husband on principles of good nature . worthy pursues his point , and rises in his address . he falls into a fit of dissection , and hopes to gain his mistress by cutting his throat . he is for ripping up his faithful breast , to prove the reality of his passion . now when a man courts with his heart in his hand , it must be great cruelty to refuse him ! no butcher could have thought of a more moving expedient ! however , amanda continues obstinate , and is not in the usual humour of the stage . upon this , like a well bred lover he seizes her by force , and threatens to kill her . nay struggle not for all 's in vain , or death , or victory , i am determin'd . in this rencounter the lady proves too nimble , and slips through his fingers . upon this disappointment , he cries , there 's divinity about her , and she has dispenc'd some portion on 't to me . his passion is metamorphos'd in the turn of a band : he is refin'd into a platonick admirer , and goes off as like a town spark as you would wish . and so much for the poets fine gentleman . i should now examine the relapser's thoughts and expressions , which are two other things of consideration in a play the thoughts or sentiments are the expressions of the manners , as words are of the thoughts . but the view of the characters has in some measure prevented this enquiry . leaving this argument therefore , i shall consider his play with respect to the three unities of time , place , and action . and here the reader may please to take notice , that the design of these rules , is to conceal the fiction of the stage , to make the play appear natural , and to give it an air of reality , and conversation . the largest compass for the first unity is twenty four hours : but a lesser proportion is more regular . to be exact , the time of the history , or fable , should not exceed that of the representation : or in other words , the whole business of the play , should not be much longer than the time it takes up in playing . the second unity is that of place . to observe it , the scene must not wander from one town , or country to another . it must continue in the same house , street , or at farthest in the same city , where it was first laid . the reason of this rule depends upon the first . now the compass of time being strait , that of space must bear a correspondent proportion . long journeys in plays are impracticable . the distances of place must be suited to leisure , and possibility , otherwise the supposition will appear unnatural and absurd . the third unity is that of action ; it consists in contriving the chief business of the play single , and making the concerns of one person distinguishably great above the rest . all the forces of the stage must as it were serve under one general : and the lesser intrigues or underplots , have some relation to the main . the very oppositions must be useful , and appear only to be conquer'd , and countermin'd . to represent two considerable actions independent of each other , destroys the beauty of subordination , weakens the contrivance , and dilutes the pleasure . it splits the play , and makes the poem double . he that would see more upon this subject may consult corneille . to bring these remarks to the case in hand . and here we may observe how the relapser fails in all the rules above mention'd . st . his play by modest computation takes up a weeks work , but five days you must allow it at the lowest . one day must be spent in the first , second , and part of the third act , before lord foplington sets forward to sir tun-belly . now the length of the distance , the pomp of the retinue , and the niceness of the person being consider'd ; the journey down , and up again , cannot be laid under four days . to put this out of doubt , lord , foplington is particularly careful to tell coupler , how concern'd he was not to overdrive , for fear of disordering his coach-horses . the laws of place , are no better observ'd than those of time. in the third act the play is in town , in the fourth act 't is stroll'd fifty miles off , and in the fifth act in london again . here pegasus stretches it to purpose ! this poet is fit to ride a match with witches . juliana cox never switched a broom stock with more expedition ! this is exactly titus at walton town , and titus at islington . one would think by the probability of matters , the plot had been stolen from dr. o — s. the poet's success in the last vnity of action is much the same with the former . lovelace , amanda , and berinthia , have no share in the main business . these second rate characters are a detatched body : their interest is perfectly foreign , and they are neither friends , nor enemies to the plot. young fashion does not so much as see them till the close of the fifth act , and then they meet only to fill the stage : and yet these persons are in the poets account very considerable ; insomuch that he has misnamed his play from the figure of two of them . this strangness of persons , distinct company , and inconnexion of affairs , destroys the unity of the poem . the contrivance is just as wise as it would be to cut a diamond in two . there is a loss of lustre in the division . increasing the number , abates the value , and by making it more , you make it less . thus far i have examin'd the dramatick merits of the play. and upon enquiry , it appears a heap of irregularities . there is neither propriety in the name , nor contrivance in the plot , nor decorum in the characters . 't is a thorough contradition to nature , and impossible in time , and place . it s shining graces as the author calls them , are blasphemy and baudy , together with a mixture of oaths , and cursing . upon the whole ; the relapser's judgment , and his morals , are pretty well adjusted . the poet , is not much better than ' the man. as for the profane part , 't is hideous and superlative . but this i have consider'd elsewhere . all that i shall observe here is , that the author was sensible of this objection . his defence in his preface is most wretched : he pretends to know nothing of the matter , and that 't is all printed ; which only proves his confidence equal to the rest of his virtues . to out-face evidence in this manner , is next to the affirming there 's no such sin as blasphemy , which is the greatest blasphemy of all . his apology consists in railing at the clergy ; a certain sign of ill principles , and ill manners . this he does at an unusual rate of rudeness and spite . he calls them the saints with screw'd faces , and wry mouths . and after a great deal of scurrilous abuse too gross to be mention'd , he adds ; if any man happens to be offended at a story of a cock and a bull , and a priest and a bull-dog , i beg his pardon , &c. this is brave bear-garden language ! the relapser would do well to transport his muse to samourgan * there 't is likely he might find leisure to lick his abortive brat into shape ; and meet with proper business for his temper , and encouragement for his talent . chap. vi. the opinion of paganism , of the church , and state , concerning the stage . having in the foregoing chapters discover'd some part of the disorders of the english stage ; i shall in this last , present the reader with a short view of the sense of antiquity , to which i shall add some modern authorities ; from all which it will appear that plays have generally been look'd on as the nurseries of vice , the corrupters of youth , and the grievance of the country where they are suffer'd . this proof from testimony shall be ranged under these three heads . under the first , i shall cite some of the most celebrated heathen philosophers , orators , and historians ; men of the biggest consideration , for sense , learning , and figure . the second , shall consist of the laws and constitutions of princes , &c. the third , will be drawn from church - records , from fathers , and councils of unexceptionable authority , both as to persons , and time. i st . i shall produce some of the most celebrated heathen philosophers &c. to begin with plato . this philosopher tells us that plays raise the passions , and pervert the use of them , and by consequence are dangerous to morality . for this reason he banishes these diversions his common-wealth . xenophon who was both a man of letters and a great general , commends the persians for the discipline of their education . they won't ( says he ) so much as suffer their youth to hear any thing that 's amorous or tawdry . they were afraid want of ballast might make them miscarry , and that 't was dangerous to add weight to the byass of nature . aristotle lays it down for a rule that the law ought to forbid young people the seeing of comedies . such permissions not being safe till age and discipline had confirm'd them in sobriety , fortified their virtue , and made them as it were proof against debauchery . this philosopher who had look'd as far into humane nature as any man , observes farther . that the force of musick and action is very affecting . it commands the audience and changes the passions to a resemblance of the matter before them . so that where the representation is foul , the thoughts of the company must suffer . tully crys out upon licentious plays and poems , as the bane of sobriety , and wise thinking : that comedy subsists upon lewdness , and that pleasure is the root of all evil. livy , reports the original of plays among the romans . he tells us they were brought in upon the score of religion , to pacifie the gods , and remove a mortality . but then he adds that the motives are sometimes good , when the means are stark naught : that the remedy in this case was worse than the disease , and the atonement more infectious then the plague . valerius maximus , contemporary with livy , gives much the same account of the rise of theatres at rome . 't was devotion which built them . and as for the performances of those places , which mr. dryden calls the ornaments , this author censures as the blemishes of peace . and which is more , he affirms they were the occasions of civil distractions ; and that the state first blush'd , and then bled , for the entertainment . he concludes the consequences of plays intolerable ; and that the massilienses did well in clearing the country of them . seneca complains heartily of the extravagance and debauchery of the age : and how forward people were to improve in that which was naught . that scarce any body would apply themselves to the study of nature and morality , unless when the play-house was shut , or the weather foul . that there was no body to teach philosophy , because there was no body to learn it : but that the stage had nurseries , and company enough . this misapplication of time and fancy , made knowledge in so ill a condition . this was the cause the hints of antiquity were no better pursued ; that some inventions were sunk , and that humane reason grew downwards rather than otherwise . and elswhere he avers that there is nothing more destructive to good manners then to run idling to see sights . for there vice makes an insensible approach , and steals upon us in the disguise of pleasure . tacitus relating how nero hired decay'd gentlemen for the stage , complains of the mismanagement ; and lets us know 't was the part of a prince to releive their necessity , and not to tempt it . and that his bounty should rather have set them above an ill practise , than driven them apon't . and in another place , he informs us that the german women were guarded against danger , and kept their honour out of harms way , by having no play-houses amongst them . plays , in the opinion of the judicious plutark are dangerous to corrupt young people ; and therefore stage poetry when it grows too hardy , and licentious , ought to be checkt . this was the opinion of these celebrated authors with respect to theatres : they charge them with the corruption of principles , and manners , and lay in all imaginable caution against them . and yet these men had seldom any thing but this world in their scheme ; and form'd their judgments only upon natural light , and common experience . we see then to what sort of conduct we are oblig'd . the case is plain ; unless we are little enough to renounce our reason , and fall short of philosophy , and live under the pitch of heathenism . to these testimonies i shall add a couple of poets , who both seem good judges of the affair in hand . the first is ovid , who in his book de arte amandi , gives his reader to understand that the play-house was the most likely place for him to forage in : here would be choice of all sorts : nothing being more common than to see beauty surpriz'd , women debauch'd , and wenches pick'd up at these diversions . sed tu praecique curvis venare theatris , haec loca sunt voto fertiliora tuo . — ruit ad celebres cultissima faemina ludos ; copia judicium soepe morata meum est . spectatum veniunt , veniunt spectentur ut ipsae ; ille locus casti damna pudoris habet . and afterwards relating the imperfect beginning of plays at the rape of the sabine virgins , he adds , silicit exillo solennia more theatra nunc quoque formosis insidiosa manent . this author sometime after wrote the remedy of love. here he pretends to prescribe for prudence , if not for sobriety . and to this purpose , he forbids the seeing of plays , and the reading of poets , especially some of them . such recreations being apt to seed the distemper , and make the patient relapse . at tanti tibi sit non indulgere theatris dum bene de vacuo pectore cedat amor . enervant animos citharoe , cantusque , lyr aque et vox , & numeris brachia mota suis. illic assidue ficti saltantur amantes , quid caveas , actor , quid juvet , arte docet . in his de tristibus , he endeavours to make some amends for his scandalous poems , and gives augustus a sort of plan for a publick reformation . amongst other things , he advises the suppressing of plays , as being the promoters of lewdness , and dissolution of manners . vt tamen hoc fatear ludi quoque semina praebent nequitiae , tolli tota theatra jube . to the testimony of ovid , i could add plautus , propertius , and juvenal , but being not willing to overburthen the reader , i shall content my self with the plain-dealer as one better known at home . this poet in his dedication to lady b , some emiment procuress , pleads the merits of his function , and insists on being billeted upon free quarter . madam ( says he ) i think a poet ought to be as free of your 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 play-houses : since he contributes to the support of both , and is as necessary to such as you , as the ballad-singer to the pick-purse , in convening the cullies at the theatres to be pick'd up , and carried to a supper , and bed , at your houses . this is franck evidence , and ne're the less true , for the air of a jest. i shall now in the second place proceed to the censures of the state ; and show in a few words how much the stage stands discouraged by the laws of other countrys and our own . to begin with the athenians . this people tho' none of the worst friends to the play-house thought a comedy so unreputable a performance , that they made a law that no judge of the ariopagus should make one . the lacedemonians , who were remarkable for the wisdom of their laws , the sobriety of their manners , and their breeding of brave men. this government would not endure the stage in any form , nor under any regulation . to pass on to the romans . tully informs us that their predecessours counted all stage-plays uncreditable and scandalous . in so much that any roman who turn'd actor was not only to be degraded , but likewise as it were disincorporated , and unnaturalized by the order of the censors . st. augustine in the same book , commends the romans for refusing the jus civitatis to players , for seizing their freedoms , and making them perfectly foreign to their government . we read in livy that the young people in rome kept the fabulae attellanae to themselves . they would not suffer this diversion to be blemish'd by the stage . for this reason , as the historian observes , the actors of the fabulae atellanae were neither expell'd their tribe , nor refused to serve in arms ; both which penalties it appears the common players lay under . in the theodosian code , players are call'd personae inhonestae ; that is , to translate it softly , persons maim'd , and blemish'd in their reputation . their pictures might be seen at the play-house , but were not permitted to hang in any creditable place of the town , upon this text gothofred tells us the function of players was counted scandalous * by the civil law. l. . and that those who came upon the stage to divert the people , had a mark of infamy set upon them . famosi sunt ex edicto . i shall now come down to our own constitution . and i find by . eliz. cap. . . jae . cap. . that all bearwards , common players of enterludes , counterfeit egyptians &c. shall be taken , adjudged and deem'd rogues , uagabonds , and slurdy beggars , and shall sustain all pain and punishment , as by this act is in that behalf appointed . the penalties are infamous to the last degree , and capital too , unless they give over . 't is true , the first act excepts those players which belong to a baron or other personage of higher degree , and are authorized to play under the hand and seal of aimes of such baron , or personage . but by the later statute this privilege of licensing is taken away : and all of them are expresly brought under the penalty without distinction . about the year , there was a petition made to queen elizabeth for suppressing of play-houses . 't is somewhat remarkable , and therefore i shall transcribe some part of the relation . many godly citizens , and other well disposed gentlemen of london , considering that play-houses and dicing-houses , were traps for young gentlemen and others , and perceiving the many inconveniencies and great damage that would ensue upon the long suffering of the same , not only to particular persons but to the whole city ; and that it would also be a great disparagement to the governours , and a dishonour to the government of this honourable city , if they should any longer continue , acquainted some pious magistrates therewith , desiring them to take some course for the suppression of common play-houses , &c. within the city of london and liberties thereof ; who thereupon made humble suit to queen elizabeth and her privy council , and obtain'd leave of her majesty to thrust the players out of the city , and to pull down all play-houses , and dicing-houses within their liberties , which accordingly was effected . and the play-houses in grace-church-street &c. were quite put down and suppress'd . i shall give a modern instance or two from france , and so conclude these authorities . in the year . we are inform'd by a dutch print , m. l' archevéque appuyé &c. that the lord arch-bishop support'd by the interest of some religious persons at court , has done his utmost to suppress the publick theatres by degrees ; or at least to clear them of profaness . and last summer the gazetts in the paris article affirm . that the king has order'd the italian players to retire out of france because they did not observe his majesties orders , but represented immodest pieces , and did not correct their obscenities , and indecent gestures . the same intelligence the next week after , acquaints us that some persons of the first quality at court , who were the protectors of these comedians , had solicited the french king to recal his order against them , but their request had no success . and here to put an end to the modern authorities , i shall subjoyn a sort of pastoral letter publish'd about two years since by the bishop of arras in flanders . the reader shall have as much of it as concerns him in both languages . mandement de monseigneur l' illustrissime et reverendissime eve que d' arras contre la comedie . guy de seve de roche chouart par la grace de dieu & du saint siége apostolique evéque d' arras , a tous fideles dela ville d' arras salut & benediction . il faut ignorer sa religion pour ne pas connoître l'horreur qu'elle a marquée dans tous les temps des spectacles , & de la comedie en particulier . les saints peres la condamnent dans leurs écrits ; ils la regardent comme un reste du paganisme , & comme une école d' impureté . l' eglise l' a toûjours regardée avec abomination , & si elle n'a pas absolument rejetté de son sein ceux qui exercent ce mêtier infame & seandaleux , elle les prive publiquement des sacremens , & n' oublie rien pour marquer en toutes rencountres son aversion pour cet ètat & pour l' inspirer a ses enfans . des rituels de dioceses tres reglés les mettent au nombre des personnes que les curés sont obligés de traiter comme excommunies ; celui de paris les joint aux sorciers , & aux magiciens , & les regarde comme manifestement infames ; le eveques les plus saints leur font refuser publiquement , les sacremens ; nous avons veu un des premiers eveques de france ne vouloir pas par cette raison recevoir au mariage un homme de cet état ; un autre ne vouloir pas leur accorder la terre sainte ; et dans les statuts d' un prelat bien plus illustre per son merite , par sa piete , & par l' austeritē de sa vié que par la pourpre dont il est revestu , on les trouve avec les concubinaires , les usuriers , les blasphemateürs , les femmes debauchées , les excommuniés denoncés , les infames , les simoniaque's , & autres personnes scandaleuses mis au nombre de ceux a qui on doit resuser publiquement la communion . il est donc impossible de justifyer la comedie sans vouloir condamner l' eglise , les saints peres , les plus saint prelats , mais il ne l' est pas moins de justifiër ceux qui par leur assistance a ces spectacles non seulement prennent part au mal qui s'y fait , mais contribuent en même temps á retenir ces malheureux ministres de satan dans une profession , qui les separant des sâcremens de l' eglise les met dans un état perpetuel de peché & hors de salut s'ils ne l' abandonnent . — et á egard des comediens & commediennes , nous defendons trés expressement à nos pasteurs & á nos confesseurs des les recevoir aux sacremens si cé n'est qu' ils aient fait penitence de leur peché , donné des preuves d'amendment , renoncé á leur etat , & repare pat une satisfaction publique telle que nous jugerons à propos de leur ordonner , le scandale public qu'ils om donné . fait & ordonné á arras le quatriéme jour de decembre mil six cent quatre-vingt quinze . guy evéque d' arras et plus bas par monseigneur caron . in english thus , an order of the most illustrious and most reverend lord bishop of arras against plays . guy de seve de roche chouart by the grace of god , &c. bishop of arras . to all the faithful in the town of arras health and benediction . a man must be very ignorant of his religion , not to know the great disgust it has always declar'd , for publick sights , and for plays in particular . the holy fathers condemn them in their writings ; they look upon them as reliques of heathenism , and schools of debauchery . they have been always abominated by the church ; and notwithstanding those who are concern'd in this scandalous profession ; are not absolutely expell'd by a formal excommunication , yet she publickly refuses them the sacraments , and omits nothing upon all occasions , to show her aversion for this employment , and to transfuse the same sentiments into her children . the rituals of the best govern'd dioceses , have ranged the players among those whom the parish priests are oblig'd to treat as excommunicated persons . the ritual of paris joyns them with sorcerers , and magicians , and looks upon them as notoriously infamous ; the most eminent bishops for piety , have publickly denied them the sacraments : for this reason , we our selves have known one of the most considerable bishops in france ; turn back a player that came to be married ; and an other of the same order , refused to bury them in consecrated ground : and by the orders of a bishop , who is much more illustrious for his worth , for his piety , and the strictness of his life , than for the purple in his habit ; they are thrown amongst fornicators , usurers , blasphemers , lewd women , and declar'd excommunicates , amongst the infamous , and simoniacal , and other scandalous persons who are in the list of those who ought publickly to be barr'd communion . unless therfore we have a mind to condemn the church , the holy fathers , and the most holy bishops , 't is impossible to justifie plays ; neither is the defence of those less impracticable , who by their countenance of these diversions , not only have their share of the mischief there done , but contribute at the same time to fix these unhappy ministers of satan in a profession , which by depriving them of the sacraments of the church , leaves them under a constant necessity of sinning , and out of all hopes of being saved , unless they give it over . — from the general unlawfulness of plays , the bishop proceeds to argue more strongly against seeing them at times which are more particularly devoted to piety , and humiliation : and therefore he strickly forbids his diocess the play-house in advent , lent , or under any publick calamity . and at last concludes in this manner . as for the case of players both men , and women , we expresly forbid all our rectors , pastors , and confessours , to admit them to the sacraments , unless they shall repent them of their crime , make proof of their reformation , renounce their business , and retrieve the scandal they have given , by such publick satisfaction as we shall think proper to injoyn them . made and decreed at arras the fourth day of december . guy bishop of arras . &c. i shall now in the third place , give a short account of the sense of the primitive church concerning the stage : and first i shall instance in her councils . the council of illiberis , or collioure in spain , decrees , that it shall not be lawful for any woman who is either in full communion or a probationer for baptism , to marry , or entertain any comedians or actors ; whoever takes this liberty shall be excommunicated . the first council of arles , runs thus , concerning players , we have thought fit to excommunicate them as long as they continue to act. the second council of arles made their th canon to the same purpose , and almost in the same words . the third council of carthage , of which st. augustine was a member , ordains , that the sons of bishops , or other clergy-men should not be permitted to furnish out publick shews , or plays * or be prelent at them : such sort of pagan entertainments being forbidden all the laity . it being always unlawful for all christians to come amongst blasphemers . this last branch shews the canon was principally levell'd against the play-house : and the reason of the prohibition , holds every jot as strong against the english , as against the roman stage . by the th canon of this council 't is decreed , that actors or others belonging to the stage , who are either converts , or penitents upon a relapse , shall not be denied admission into the church . this is farther proof , that players as long as they kept to their employment were bar'd communion . another african council declares , that the testimony of people of ill reputation , of players , and others of such scandalous employments , shall not be admitted against any person . the second council of chaalon sets forth , that clergy men ought to abstain from all over-engaging entertainments in musick or show . ( oculorum auriumque illecebris . ) and as for the smutty , and licentious insolence of players , and buffoons , let them not only decline the hearing it themselves , but likewise conclude the laity oblig'd to the same conduct . i could cite many more authorities of this kind , but being conscious of the niceness of the age , i shall forbear , and proceed to the testimony of the fathers . to begin with theophilus bishop of antioch , who lived in the second century . t is not lawful ( says he ) for us to be present at the prizes of your gladiators least by this means we should be accessaries to the murthers there committed . neither dare we presume upon the liberty of your other shews , * least our senses should be tinctur'd , and disoblig'd , with indecency , and profaness . the tragical distractions of tereus and thyestes , are nonsense to us . we are for seeing no representations of lewdness . the stage-adulteries of the gods , and hero's , are unwarrantable entertainments : and so much the worse , because the mercenary players set them off with all the charms and advantages of speaking . god forbid that christians who are remarkable for modesty , and reserv'dness ; who are obliged to discipline , and train'd up in virtue , god forbid i say , that we should dishonour our thoughts , much less our practise , with such wickedness as this ! tertullian who liv'd at the latter end of this century is copious upon this subject ; i shall translate but some part of it . in his apologetick . he thus addresses the heathens . we keep off from your publick shews , because we can't understand the warrant of their original . there 's superstition and idolatry in the case : and we dislike the entertainment because we dislike the reason of its institution . besides , we have nothing to do with the frensies of the race-ground , the lewdness of the play-house , or the barbarities of the bear-garden . the epicureans had the liberty to state the notion , and determine the object of pleasure . why can't we have the same privilege ? what offence is it then if we differ from you in the idea of satisfaction ? if we won't understand to brighten our humour , and live pleasantly , where 's the harm ? if any body has the worst on 't , 't is only our selves . his book de spectaculis was wrote on purpose to diswade the christians , from the publick diversions of the heathens , of which the play-house was one . in his first chapter he gives them to understand , that the tenour of their faith , the reason of principle , and the order of discipline , had bar'd them the entertainments of the town . and therefore he exhorts them to refresh their memories , to run up to their baptism , and recollect their first engagements . for without care , pleasure is a strange bewitching thing . when it gets the ascendant , 't will keep on ignorance for an excuse of liberty , make a man's conscience wink , and suborn his reason against himself . but as he goes on , some peoples faith is either too full of scruples , or too barren of sense . nothing will serve to settle them but a plain text of scripture , they hover in uncertainty because 't is not said as expresly thou shalt not go to the play-house , as 't is thou shalt not kill . but this looks more like fencing than argument . for we have the meaning of the prohibition tho' not the sound , in the first psalm . blessed is the man that walks not in the council of the ungodly , nor stands in the way of sinners , nor sits in the seat of the scornful . the censors whose business 't was to take care of regularity and manners , look'd on these play-houses as no other than batteries upon virtue and sobriety , and for this reason often pull'd them down before they were well built so that here we can argue from the precedents of meer nature , and plead the heathens against themselves . upon this view pompey the great , when he built his dramatick bawdy-house , clapp'd a chappel a top on 't . he would not let it go under the name of a play-house , but conven'd the people to a solemn dedication , and called it venus's temple ; giving them to understand at the same time that there were benches under it for diversion . he was afraid if he had not gone this way to work , the censors might afterwards have razed the monument , and branded his memory . thus a scandalous pile of building was protected : the temple , cover'd the play-house , and discipline was baffled by superstition . but the design is notably suited to the patronage of bacchus * and venus . these two confederate devils of lust and intemperance , do well together . the very functions of the players resemble their protectors , and are instances of service and acknowledgment . their motion is effeminate , and their gestures vitious and significant : and thus they worship the luxury of one idoll , and the lewdness of the other . and granting the regards of quality , the advantages of age , or temper , may fortifie some people ; granting modesty secur'd , and the diversion as it were refin'd by this means : yet a man must not expect to stand by perfectly unmoved , and impregnable . no body can be pleas'd without sensible impressions . nor can such perceptions be received without a train of passions attending them . these consequences will be sure to work back upon their causes , solicite the fancy , and heighten the original pleasure . but if a man pretends to be a stoick at plays , he falls under another imputation . for where there is no impression , there can be no pleasure : and then the spectator is very much impertinent , in going where he gets nothing for his pains . and if this were all ; i suppose christians have something else to do than to ramble about to no purpose . even those very magistrates who abet the stage , discountenance the players . they stigmatize their character , and cramp their freedoms . the whole tribe of them is thrown out of all honour and privilege . they are neither suffer'd to be lords , nor gentlemen : to come within the senate , or harangue the people , or so much as to be members of a common-council . now what caprice and inconsistency is this ! to love what we punish , and lessen those whom we admire ! to cry up the mystery , and censure the practise ; for a man to be as it were eclips'd upon the score of merit is certainly an odd sort of justice ! true. but the inference lies stronger another way . what a confession then is this of an ill business ; when the very excellency of it is not without infamy ? since therefore humane prudence has thought fit to degrade the stage , notwithstanding the divertingness of it . since pleasure can't make them an interest here , nor shelter them from censure . how will they be able to stand the shock of divine justice , and what reckoning have they reason to expect hereafter ? all things consider'd 't is no wonder such people should fall under possession . god knows we have had a sad example of this already . a certain woman went to the play-house , and brought the devil home with her. and when the unclean spirit was press'd in the exorcism and ask'd how he durst attack a christian . i have done nothing ( says he ) but what i can justify . for i seiz'd her upon my own ground . indeed , how many instances have we of others who have apostatiz'd from god , by correspondence with the devil ? what communion has light with darkness ? no man can serve two masters , nor have life and death in him at the same time . will you not then avoid this seat of infection ? the very air suffers by their impurities ; and they almost pronounce the plague . what tho' the performance may be in some measure pretty and entertaining ? what tho' innocence , yes and virtue too , shines through some part of it ? 't is not the custom to prepare poyson unpalatable , nor make up ratzbane with rhubarb and sena . no. to have the mischief speed , they must oblige the sense , and make the dose pleasant . thus the devil throws in a cordial drop to make the draught go down ; and steals some few ingredients from the dispensatory of heaven . in short , look upon all the engaging sentences of the stage ; their flights of fortitude , and philosophy , the loftiness of their stile , the musick of the cadence , and the finess of the conduct ; look upon it only i say as honey dropping from the bowels of a toad , or the bag of a spider : let your health over-rule your pleasure , and don 't die of a little liquorishness . in earnest christian , our time for entertainment is not yet : you are two craving and ill managed if you are so violent for delight . and let me tell you , no wiser than you should be , if you count such things satisfaction . some philosophers placed their happiness in bare tranquillity . easiness of thought , and absence of pain , was all they aim'd at . but this it seems won't satisfie thee . thou liest sighing and hankering after the play-house . prethee recollect thy self : thou knowest death ought to be our pleasure , and therefore i hope life may be a little without it . are not our desires the same with the apostles , to be dissolv'd and to be with christ. let us act up to our pretentions , and let pleasure be true to inclination . but if you can't wait for delight ; if you must be put into present possession , wee 'l cast the cause upon that issue . now were you not unreasonable , you would perceive the liberalities of providence , and find your self almost in the midst of satisfaction . for what can be more transporting than the friendship of heaven , and the discovery of truth , than the sense of our mistakes , and the pardon of our sins ? what greater pleasure can there be , than to scorn being pleas'd ? to contemn the world ? and to be a slave to nothing ? 't is a mighty satisfaction i take it , to have a clear conscience ; to make life no burthen , nor death any terror ! to trample upon the pagan deities ; to batter principalities and powers , and force the devils to resign ! * these are the delights , these are the noble entertainments of christians : and besides the advantage of the quality , they are always at hand , and cost us nothing . clemens alexandrinus affirms that the circus and theatre may not improperly be call'd the chair of pestilence . — away then with these lewd , ungodly diversions , and which are but impertinence at the best . what part of impudence either in words or practise , is omitted by the stage ? don't the buffoons take almost all manner of liberties , and plunge through thick and thin , to make a jest ? now those who are affected with a vitious satisfaction , will be haunted with the idea , and spread the infection . but if a man is not entertain'd to what purpose should he go thither ? why should he be fond where he finds nothing , and court that which sleeps upon the sense ? if 't is said these diversions are taken only to unbend the mind , and refresh nature a little . to this i answer . that the spaces between business should not be fill'd up with such rubbish . a wise man has a guard upon his recreations , and always prefers , the profitable to the pleasant . minutius felix delivers his sense in these words : as for us , who rate our degree by our virtue , and value our selves more upon our lives , than our fortunes ; we decline your pompous shews , and publick entertainments . and good reason we have for our aversion . these things have their rise from idols , and are the train of a false religion . the pleasure is ill descended , and likewise vitious and ensnaring . for who can do less than abominate , the clamorous disorders of the race-ground , and the profession of murther at the prize . and for the stage , there you have more lewdness , tho' not a jot less of distraction . sometimes your mimicks , are so scandalous and expressing , that 't is almost hard to distinguish between the fact and the representation . sometimes a luscious actor shall whine you into love , and give the disease that he counterfeits . st. cyprian or the author de spectaculis , will furnish us farther . here this father argues against those who thought the play-house no unlawful diversion , because 't was not condemn'd by express scripture . let meer modesty ( says he ) supply the holy text : and let nature govern where revelation does not reach . some things are too black to lie upon paper , and are more strongly forbidden , because unmention'd . the divine wisdom must have had a low opinion of christians , had it descended to particulars in this case . silence is sometimes the best method for authority . to forbid often puts people in mind of what they should not do ; and thus the force of the precept is lost by naming the crime . besides , what need we any farther instruction ? discipline and general restraint makes up the meaning of the law ; and common reason will tell you what the scripture has left unsaid . i would have every one examine his own thoughts , and inquire at home into the duties of his profession . this is a good way to secure him from indecency . for those rules which a man has work'd out for himself , he commonly makes most use of . — and after having describ'd the infamous diversions of the play-house ; he expostulates in this manner . what business has a christian at such places as these ? a christian who has not the liberty so much as to think of an ill thing . why does he entertain himself with lewd representations ? has he a mind to discharge his modesty , and be flesh'd for the practise ? yes . this is the consequence . by using to see these things , hee 'l learn to do them . — what need i mention the levities , and impertinence in comedies , or the ranting distractions of tragedy ? were these things unconcern'd with idolatry , christians ought not to be at them . for were they not highly criminal , the foolery of them is egregious , and unbecoming the gravity of beleivers . — as i have often said these foppish , these pernicious diversions , must be avoided . we must set a guard upon our senses , and keep the sentinal always upon duty . to make vice familiar to the ear , is the way to recommend it . and since the mind of man has a natural bent to extravagance ; how is it likely to hold out under example , and invitation ? if you push that which totters already , whether will it tumble ? in earnest , we must draw off our inclinations from these vanities . a christian has much better sights than these to look at . he has solid satisfactions in his power , which will please , and improve him at the same time . would a christian be agreeably refresh'd ? let him read the scriptures : here the entertainment will suit his character , and be big enough for his quality . — beloved , how noble , how moving how profitable a pleasure is it to be thus employed ? to have our expectations always in prospect , and be intent on the glories of heaven ? he has a great deal more upon this subject in his epistles to donatus and eucratius , which are undoubtedly genuine . the later being somewhat remarkable , i shall translate part of it for the reader . dear brother , your usual kindness , together with your desire of releiving your own modesty and mine , has put you upon asking my thoughts concerning a certain player in your neighbourhood ; whether such a person ought to be allow'd the privilege of communion . this man it seems continues in his scandalous profession , and keeps a nursery under him . he teaches that which 't was a crime in him to learn , sets up for a master of debauch , and propagates the lewd mystery . the case standing thus , 't is my opinion that the admission of such a member would be a breach of the discipline of the gospel , and a presumption upon the divine majesty : neither do i think it fit the honour of the church should suffer by so infamous a correspondence . lactantius's testimony shall come next . this author in his divine institutions , which he dedicates to constantine the great , cautions the christians against the play-house , from the disorder , and danger of those places . for as he observes . the debauching of virgins , and the amours of strumpets , are the subject of comedy . and here the rule is , the more rhetorick the more mischeif , and the best poets are the worst common-wealths-men . for the harmony and ornament of the composition serves only to recommend the argument , to fortifie the charm , and engage the memory . at last he concludes with this advice . let us avoid therefore these diversions , least somewhat of the malignity should seize us . our minds should be quiet and compos'd , and not over-run with amusements . besides a habit of pleasure is an ensnaring circumstance . 't is apt to make us forget god , and grow cool in the offices of virtue . should a man have a stage at home , would not his reputation suffer extreamly , and all people count him a notorious libertine ? most undoubtedly . now the place does not alter the property . the practise at the play-house is the same thing , only there he has more company to keep him in countenance . a well work'd poem is a powerful piece of imposture : it masters the fancy , and hurries it no body knows whither . — if therefore we would be govern'd by reason let us stand off from the temptation , such pleasures can have no good meaning . like delicious morsels they subdue the palate , and flatter us only to cut our throats . let us prefer reality to appearance , service , to show ; and eternity to time. as god makes virtue the condition of glory , and trains men up to happiness by hardship and industry . so the devils road to destruction lies through sensuality and epicurism . and as pretended evils lead us on to uncounterfeited bliss ; so visionary satisfactions are the causes of real misery . in short , these inviting things are all stratagem . let us , take care the softness and importunity of the pleasure does not surprise us , nor the bait bring us within the snare . the senses are more than out-works , and should be defended accordingly . i shall pass over st. ambrose , and go on to st. chrisostome . this father is copious upon the subject , i could translate some sheets from him were it necessary . but length being not my business , a few lines may serve to discover his opinion . his homily ad populum antiochenum , runs thus . most people fancy the unlawfulness of going to plays is not clear . but by their favour , a world of disorders are the consequences of such a liberty . for frequenting the play-house has brought whoring and ribaldry into vogue , and finish'd all the parts of debauchery . afterwards he seems to make the supposition better than the fact , and argues upon a feign'd case . let us not only avoid downright sinning , but the tendencies to it . some indifferent things are fatal in the consequence , and strike us at the rebound . now who would chuse his standing within an inch of a fall ; or swim upon the verge of a whirlpool ? he that walks upon a precipice , shakes tho'he does not tumble . and commonly his concern brings him to the bottom . the case is much the same in reference to conscience , and morality . he that won't keep his distance from the gulph , is oftentimes suck'd in by the eddy ; and the least oversight is enough to undo him. in his homily upon the eleventh chapter of st. matthew he declaims more at large against the stage . smutty songs ( says he ) are much more abominable than stench and ordure . and which is most to be lamented , you are not at all uneasy at such licentiousness . you laugh when you should frown ; and commend what you ought to abhor . — heark you , you can keep the language of your own house in order : if your servants or your childrens tongues run riot , they presently smart for 't . and yet at the play-house you are quite another thing . these little buffoons have a strange ascendant ! a luscious sentence is hugely welcome from their mouth : and instead of censure , they have thanks and encouragement for their pains . now if a man would be so just as to wonder at himself , here 's madness , and contradiction in abundance . but i know you 'l say what 's this to me , i neither sing nor pronounce , any of this lewd stuff ? granting your plea , what do you get by 't ? if you don't repeat these scurrilities , you are very willing to hear them . now whether the ear , or the tongue is mismanaged , comes much to the same reckoning . the difference of the organ , does not alter the action so mightily , as you may imagine . but pray how do you prove you don 't repeat them ? they may be your discourse , or the entertainments of your closet for ought we know to the contrary . this is certain ; you hear them with pleasure in your face , and make it your business to run after them : and to my mind , these are strong arguments of your approbation . i desire to ask you a question . suppose you hear any wretches blaspheme , are you in any rapture about it ? and do your gestures appear airy , and obliged ? far from it . i doubt not but your blood grows chill , and your ears are stopt at the presumption . and what 's the reason of this aversion in your behaviour ? why 't is because you don't use to blaspheme , your self . pray clear your self the same way from the charge of obscenity . wee 'l then believe you don 't talk smut , when we percieve you careful not to hear it . lewd sonnets , and serenades are quite different from the prescriptions of virtue . this is strange nourishment for a christian to take in ! i don't wonder you should lose your health , when you feed thus foul. it may be chastity is no such easy task ! innocence moves upon an ascent , at least for sometime . now those who are always laughing can never strain up hill. if the best preparations of care will just do , what must become of those that are dissolv'd in pleasure , and lie under the instructions of debauchery ? — have you not heard how that st. paul exhorts us to rejoyce in the lord ? he said in the lord ; not in the devil . but alas ! what leisure have you to mind st. paul ? how should you be sensible of your faults , when your head is always kept hot , and as it were intoxicated with buffooning ? — he goes on , and lashes the impudence of the stage with a great deal of satir and severity ; and at last proposes this objection . you 'l say , i can give you many instances where the play-house has done no harm . don't mistake . throwing away of time and ill example , has a great deal of harm in 't ; and thus far you are guilty at the best . for granting your own virtue impenetrable , and out of reach , granting the protection of your temper has brought you off unhurt , are all . people thus fortified ? by no means . however , many a weak brother has ventur'd after you , and miscarried upon your precedent . and since you make others thus faulty , how can you be innocent your self ? all the people undone there , will lay their ruine at your door . the company are all accessary to the mischeif of the place . for were there no audience , we should have no acting . and therefore those who joyn in the crime , will ne're be parted in the punishment . granting your modesty has secur'd you , which by the way i believe nothing of ; yet since many have been debauch'd by the play-house , you must expect a severe reckning for giving them encouragement . tho' after all , as virtuous as you are , i doubt not , you wou'd have been much better , had you kept away . in fine , let us not dispute to no purpose ; the practise won't bear a defence ! where the cause is naught 't is in vain to rack our reason , and strain for pretences . the best excuse for what is past , is to stand clear from the danger , and do so no more . one citation more from st. chrysostom , and i take leave . in the preface of his commentary upon st. john's gospel speaking of plays and other publick shews , he has these words . but what need i branch out the lewdness of those spectacles , and be particular in description ? for what 's there to be met with but lewd laughing , but smut , railing , and buffoonry ? in a word . 't is all scandal and confusion . observe me , i speak to you all ; let none who partake of this holy-table , unqualifie himself with such mortal diversions . st. hierom on the st . verse psal. makes this exposition upon the text. some are delighted with the satisfactions of this world , some with the circus , and some with the theatre : but the psalmist commands every good man to delight himself in the lord. — for as isaiah speaks , woe to them that put bitter for sweet , and sweet for bitter . and in his epistles he cautions the ladies against having any thing to do with the play-house , against lewd songs , and ill conversation . because they set ill humours at work , caress the fancy , and make pleasure a conveyance for destruction . in the th . book of his comentary on ezechiel he lets us understand ; that when we depart out of aegypt we must refine our inclinations , and change our delights into aversion . and after some other instances , he tells us we must decline the theatres , and all other dangerous diversions , which stain the innocence of the soul , and slip into the will through the senses . st. augustine in his th . epistle to marcellinus will afford us something upon the same argument . the prosperity of sinners is their greatest unhappiness . if one may say so , they are most punish'd when they are overlook'd . by this means their bad temper is encourag'd , and they are more inclin'd to be false to themselves ; and we know an enemy within , is more dangerous than one without . but the perverse reasonings of the generality , make different conclusions . they fancy the world goes wonderfully well when people make a figure . when a man is a prince in his fortune , but a begger in his vertue ; has a great many fine things about him , but not so much as one good quality to deserve them . when the play-houses go up , and religion go's down . when prodigality is admir'd , and charity laugh'd at . when the players can revel with the rich man's purse , and the poor have scarse enough to keep life and soul together . — when god suffers these things to flourish , we may be fure he is most angry . present impunity , is the deepest revenge . but when he cuts off the supplies of luxury , and disables the powers of extravagance , then as one may say , he is mercifully severe . in his st . book de consensu evangelistarum , he answers an objection of the heathens , and comes up to the case in hand . their complaint as if the times were less happy since the appearance of christianity is very unreasonable . let them read their own philosophers : there they 'l find those very things censured , which they now are so uneasy to part with ; this remark must shut up their mouths , and convince them of the excellency of our religion . for pray what satisfactions have they lost ? nonethat i know of , excepting some licentious ones , which they abused to the dishonour of their creatour . but it may be the times are bad because the theatres are tumbling almost every where . the theaters those cages of uncleaness , and publick schools of debauchery . — and what 's the reason of their running to ruine ? why 't is the reformation of the age : 't is because those lewd practises are out of fashion , which first built and kept them in countenance . their own tully's commendation of the actor roscius is remarkable . he was so much a master ( says he ) that none but himself was worthy to tread the stage . and on the other hand , so good a man , that he was the most unfit person of the gang to come there . and is not this a plain confession of the lewdness of the play-house ; and that the better a man was , the more he was obliged to forbear it ? i could go on , much farther with st. augustine , but i love to be as brief as may be . i could likewise run through the succeeding centuries , and collect evidence all along . but i conceive the best ages , and the biggest authorities , may be sufficient : and these the reader has had already . however , one instance more from the moderns may not be amiss . didacus de tapia an eminent spaniard , shall close the evidence . this author in debating the question whether players might be admitted to the sacrament , amongst other things encounters an objection . some people it seems pretended there was some good to be learn'd at the play-house . to these , he makes this reply . granting your supposition , ( says he ) your inference is naught . do people use to send their daughters to the stews for discipline ? and yet it may be , they might meet some there lamenting their own debauchery . no man will breed his son upon the high-way , to harden his courage ; neither will any one go on board a leaky vessel , to learn the art of shifting in a wreck the better . my conclusion is , let no body go to the infamous play-house . a place of such staring contradiction to the strictness and sobriety of religion : a place hated by god , and haunted by the devil . let no man i say learn to relish any thing that 's said there ; for 't is all but poyson handsomly prepared . thus i have presented the reader with a short view of the sense of christianity . this was the opinion of the church for the first years . and thus she has censured the stage both in councils , and single authorities . and since the satir of the fathers comes full upon the modern poets , their caution must be applicable . the parity of the case makes their reasons take place , and their authority revive upon us . if we are christians , the canons of councils , and the sense of the primitive church must have a weight . the very time is a good argument of it self . then the apostolical traditions were fresh , and undisputed ; and the church much better agreed than she has been since . then , discipline was in force , and virtue flourish'd , and people lived up to their profession . and as for the persons , they are beyond all exception . their station , their learning , and sufficiency was very considerable ; their piety and resolution , extraordinary . they acted generously , and wrote freely , and were always above the little regards of interest or danger . to be short ; they were , as we may say the worthies of christendom , the flower of humane nature , and the top of their species . nothing can be better establish'd than the credit of these fathers : their affirmation goes a great way in a proof ; and we might argue upon the strength of their character . but supposing them contented to wave their privilege , and dispute upon the level . granting this , the stage would be undone by them . the force of their reasoning , and the bare intrinsick of the argument , would be abundantly sufficient to carry the cause . but it may be objected , is the resemblance exact between old rome and london , will the paralel hold out , and has the english stage any thing so bad as the dancing of the pantomimi ? i don't say that : the modern gestures tho' bold , and lewd too sometimes , are not altogether so scandalous as the roman . here then we can make them some little abatement . and to go as far in their excuse as we can , 't is probable their musick may not be altogether so exceptionable as that of the antients . i don't say this part of the entertainment is directly vitious , because i am not willing to censure at uncertainties . those who frequent the play-house are the most competent judges : but this i must say , the performances of this kind are much too fine for the place . 't were to be wish'd that either the plays were better , or the musick worse . i 'm sorry to see art so meanly prostituted : atheism ought to have nothing charming in its retinue . 't is great pity debauchery should have the assistance of a fine hand , to whet the appetite , and play it down . now granting the play-house-musick not vitious in the composition , yet the design of it is to refresh the idea's of the action , to keep time with the poem , and be true to the subject . for this reason among others the tunes are generally airy and gailsiardizing : they are contriv'd on purpose to excite a sportive humour , and spread a gaity upon the spirits . to banish all gravity and scruple , and lay thinking and reflection a sleep . this sort of musick warms the passions , and unlocks the fancy , and makes it open to pleasure like a flower to the sun. it helps a luscious sentence to slide , drowns the discords of atheisni , and keeps off the aversions of conscience . it throws a man off his guard , makes way for an ill impression , and is most commodiously planted to do mischief . a lewd play with good musick is like a loadstone arm'd , it draws much stronger than before . now why should it be in the power of a few mercenary hands to play people out of their senses , to run away with their understandings , and wind their passions about their fingers as they list ? musick is almost as dangerous as gunpowder ; and it may be requires looking after no less than the press , or the mint . 't is possible a publick regulation might not be amiss . no less a philosopher than plato seems to be of this opinion . he is clearly for keeping up the old grave , and solemn way of playing . he lays a mighty stress upon this observation : he does not stick to affirm , that to extend the science , and alter the notes , is the way to have the laws repeal'd and to unsettle the constitution . i suppose he imagined that if the power of sounds , the temper of constitutions , and the diversities of age , were well studied ; if this were done , and some general permissions formed upon the enquiry , the commonwealth might find their account in 't . tully does not carry the speculation thus high : however , he owns it has a weight in 't , and should not be overlook'd . he denies not but that when the musick is soft , exquisite , and airy , 't is dangerous and ensnaring . he commends the discipline of the antient greeks , for sencing against this inconvenience . he tells us the lacedemonians fixt the number of strings for the harp , by express law. and afterwards silenc'd timotheus , and seiz'd his harp , for having one string above publick allowance . to return . if the english stage is more reserv'd than the roman in the case above mention'd : if they have any advantage in their instrumental musick , they loose it in their vocal . their songs are often rampantly lewd , and irreligious to a flaming excess . here you have the very spirit and essence of vice drawn off strong scented , and thrown into a little compass . now the antients as we have seen already were inoffensive in this respect . to go on . as to rankness of language we have seen how deeply the moderns stand charged upon the comparison . and as for their caressing of libertines , their ridiculing of vertue , their horrible prosaness , and blasphemies , there 's nothing in antiquity can reach them . now were the stage in a condition to wipe off any of these imputations , which 〈◊〉 are not , there are two things be●●●● 〈◊〉 which would stick upon them , and 〈◊〉 an ill effect upon the audience . the first is their dilating so much upon the argument of love. this subject is generally treated home , and in the most tender and passionate manner imaginable . t is often the governing concern : the incidents make way , and the plot turns upon 't . as matters go , the company expect it : and it may be the poets can neither write , nor live without it . this is a cunning way enough of stealing upon the blind side , and practising upon the weakness of humane nature . people love to see their passions painted no less than their persons : and like narcissus are apt to dote on their own image . this bent of self admiration recommends the business of amours , and engages the inclination . and which is more , these love-representations oftentimes call up the spirits , and set them on work . the play is acted over again in the scene of fancy , and the first imitation becomes a model . love has generally a party within ; and when the wax is prepared , the impression is easily made . thus the disease of the stage grows catching : it throws its own amours among the company , and forms these passions when it does not find them . and when they are born before , they thrive extreamly in this nursery . here they seldom fail either of grouth , or complexion . they grow strong , and they grow charming too . this is the best place to recover a languishing amour , to rowse it from sleep , and retrieve it from indifference . and thus desire becomes absolute , and forces the oppositions of decency and shame . and if the misfortune does not go thus far , the consequences are none of the best . the passions are up in arms , and there 's a mighty contest between duty , and inclination . the mind is over-run with amusements , and commonly good for nothing sometime after . i don't say the stage fells all before them , and disables the whole audience : 't is a hard battle where none escapes . however , their triumphs and their tropheys are unspeakable . neither need we much wonder at the matter . they are dangerously prepar'd for conquest , and empire . there 's nature , and passion , and life , in all the circumstances of their action . their declamation , their mein their gestures , and their equipage , are very moving and significant . now when the subject is agreeable , a lively representation , and a passionate way of expression , make wild work , and have a strange force upon the blood , and temper . and then as for the general strains of courtship , there can be nothing more profane and extravagant . the hero's mistress is no less than his deity . she disposes of his reason , prescribes his motions , and commands his interest . what soveraign respect , what religious address , what idolizing raptures are we pester'd with ? shrines and offerings , and adorations , are nothing upon such solemn occasions . thus love and devotion , ceremony and worship are confounded ; and god , and his creatures treated both alike ! these shreds of distraction are often brought from the play-house into conversation : and thus the sparks are taught to court their mistresses , in the same language they say their prayers . a second thing which i have to object against the stage is their encouraging revenge . what is more common than duels and quarrelling in their characters of figure ? those practises which are infamous in reason , capital in law , and damnable in religion , are the credit of the stage . thus rage and resentment , blood and barbarity , are almost deified : pride goes for greatness , and fiends and hero's are made of the same mettal . to give instances were needless , nothing is more frequent . and in this respect the french dramatists have been to blame no less than the english. and thus the notion of honour is mistated , the maxims of christianity despised , and the peace of the world disturb'd . i grant this desperate custom is no original of the stage . but then why was not the growth of it check'd ? i thought the poets business had not been to back false reasoning and ill practise ; and to fix us in frensy and mistake ! yes . they have done their endeavour to cherish the malignity , and keep the disorder in countenance . they have made it both the mark , and the merit of a man of honour ; and set it off with quality , and commendation . but i have discours'd on this subject elswhere , and therefore shall pursue it no farther . to draw towards an end. and here i must observe that these two later exceptions are but petty mismanagements with respect to the former . and when the best are thus bad , what are the worst ? what must we say of the more soul representations , of all the impudence in language and gesture ? can this stuff be the inclination of ladies ? is a reading upon vice so entertaining , and do they love to see the stews dissected before them ? one would think the dishonour of their own sex , the discovery of so much lewdness , and the treating human nature so very coarsly , could have little satisfaction in 't . let us set conscience aside , and throw the other world out of the question : these interests are far the greatest , but not all . the ladies have other motives to confine them . the restraints of decency , and the considerations of honour , are sufficient to keep them at home . but hoping they will be just to themselves i shall wave this unacceptable argument . i shall only add , that a surprize ought not to be censured . accidents are no faults . the strictest virtue may sometimes stumble upon an ill sight . but choise , and frequency , and ill ground , conclude strongly for inclination . to be assured of the inoffensiveness of the play is no more than a necessary precaution . indeed the players should be generally discouraged . they have no relish of modesty , nor any scruples upon the quality of the treat . the grossest dish when 't will down is as ready as the best . to say money is their business and they must live , is the plea of pick pockets , and high way men . these later may as well pretend their vocation for a lewd practise as the other . but to give the charge its due compass : to comprehend the whole audience , and take in the motives of religon . and here i can't imagine how we can reconcile such liberties with our profession . these entertainments are as it were litterally renounc'd in baptism . they are the vanities of the wicked world , and the works of the devil , in the most open , and emphatical signification . what communion has light with darkness , and what concord has christ with belial . call you this diversion ? can profaness be such an irresistable delight ? does the crime of the performance make the spirit of the satisfaction , and is the scorn of christianity the entertainment of christians ? is it such a pleasure to hear the scriptures burlesqu'd ? is ribaldry so very obliging , and atheism so charming a quality ? are we indeed willing to quit the privilege of our nature ; to surrender our charter of immortality , and throw up the pretences to another life ? it may be so ! but then we should do well to remember that nothing is not in our power . our desires did not make us , neither can they unmake us . but i hope our wishes are not so mean , and that we have a better sense of the dignity of our being . and if so , how can we be pleas'd with those things which would degrade us into brutes , which ridicule our creed , and turn all our expectations into romance . and after all , the jest on 't is , these men would make us believe their design is virtue and reformation . in good time ! they are likely to combat vice with success , who destroy the principles of good and evil ! take them at the best , and they do no more than expose a little humour , and formality . but then , as the matter is manag'd , the correction is much worse than the fault . they laugh at pedantry , and teach atheism , cure a pimple , and give the plague . i heartily wish they would have let us alone . to exchange virtue for behaviour is a hard bargain . is not plain honesty much better than hypocrisy well dress'd ? what 's sight good for without substance ? what is a well bred libertine but a well bred knave ? one that can't prefer conscience to pleasure , without calling himself fool : and will sell his friend , or his father , if need be , for his convenience . in short : nothing can be more disserviceable to probity and religion , than the management of the stage . it cherishes those passions , and rewards those vices , which 't is the business of reason to discountenance . it strikes at the root of principle , draws off the inclinations from virtue , and spoils good education : 't is the most effectual means to baffle the force of discipline , to emasculate peoples spirits , and debauch their manners . how many of the unwary have these syrens devour'd ? and how often has the best blood been tainted , with this infection ? what disappointment of parents , what confusion in families , and what beggery in estates have been hence occasion'd ? and which is still worse , the mischief spreads dayly , and the malignity grows more envenom'd . the feavour works up towards madness , and will scarcely endure to be touch'd . and what hope is there of health when the patient strikes in with the disease , and flies in the face of the remedy ? can religion retrive us ? yes , when we don't despise it . but while our notions are naught , our lives will hardly be otherwise . what can the assistance of the church signify to those who are more ready to rally the preacher , than practise the sermon ? to those who are overgrown with pleasure , and hardned in ill custom ? who have neither patience to hear , nor conscience to take hold of ? you may almost as well feed a man without a mouth , as give advice where there 's no disposition to receive it . 't is true ; as long as there is life there 's hope . sometimes the force of argument , and the grace of god , and the anguish of affliction , may strike through the prejudice , and make their way into the soul. but these circumstances don 't always meet , and then the case is extreamly dangerous . for this miserable temper , we may thank the stage in a great measure : and therefore , if i mistake not , they have the least pretence to favour , and the most need of repentance , of all men living . the end . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e reflect upon aristot. &c. eurip. hippolit . hamlet . don quixot . relapse love for love. mock astrologer . old batchelour . mock astrologer . country wife . cleomenes . old batchelour . plant. cistellar . terent. eunuch . asinar . cistellar . bacchid . casin . mercat . act. . persa . trucul . persa . trinum . act. . . act. . . casin mil. glor. pers. trucul . cistellar . a. . ibid. a. . heauton eunuch . love triump . heauton . a. . . eunuch a. . . . adelph . a. . . eunuch . casaub. annot , in curcul plauti . de a te poet. var. apud . nonium . corn. nep. arist. lib. . de mor. cap. . vit. eurip . ed cantab. . love for love. love triump . &c. p. . ed scriv. hippol. a●●●●oph . ran. xonpop . . ed. steph. orest. . ed cantab . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . . p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . . don sebast. p. . oedip. tyran . ed steph. antig . . ibdi . , teach , . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ed cant. : . . ibid. . . androm . p. . jphig in aulid . p. . helen . , . mourning . bride . p. . spanish fiyar . ep. ded. troad . p. . plain dealer . p. . provok'd wife . p. . * remarks upon quixot . nub. act. . sc. . p. . ed. amstel . sat. . p. . nub. p. . act. . p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . nub. p. plut. a. . sc. . ram. p. . . . . . . ibid. . eiren. . p. . p. . . p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ranae p. . p. . p. . , . act . sc. . ranae p. . ranae a . sc. . concionat . ranae p. . p. . p. . . . . discov . p. . p. . p. . . beauments , &c. works . ibid. ibid. theodore . ed. roven . ep. ded. notes for div a -e gad for god. p. . p. . p. . hebr. . . . . . orph. p. . p. . lactan. p. . p. . p. . . p. . p. . id. . double dealer . . . . p. . sebast. p. . id. p. . p. . id. p. . exod , , . ibid. ibid. ded. p. . love triumph . p. . id. p. . id p. . p. . . p . ist. eliz. cap. . p. . p. . love for love. p. ● . . p. . p. . vid. person . dram. p. . p. . p. . prov. wife p. . id. p. . relapse . p. , . p. , . vid. i fra . p. . p. , . ibid. p. . don. sebastian . p. . double dealer . p. . p. . p. . double dealer . p. . gen. . st. math. . love , &c. p. . . provok'd wife . p. . p. . p. . relapse . p. . p. . eccles. . . gal. . eunuch . heautell . a. . . adelp . a. . . lyconides . aulu●●● . a. . . palaestra . rud. a. . . 〈◊〉 . obus . trucul . a. . . mil. glor. pseud. a. . . prom. vinct . . p. . p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . . . ajax . plagell . oedip. tyran . p. . p. . antig. p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . trach. p. . trach. p. . cleom. p. . id. p. . p. . de. act. poet. philoet . . . p. . act. . p. . agam. act. . notes for div a -e 〈◊〉 . p. . p. . country wife p. . p. . ibid. p. . p. . ibid. old batch . p. . . p. . p. . p. . absal . and achi. p. . p. . p. . oedip. p. . p. . ibid. ibid. provok'd wife . p. , , , . relapse . p. . p. . p. . p. . . p. . p. , . . hom. il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. . & dein . ed. screvel . il. b. p. . ibid. p. . il. e p. . . il. e. p. , . ibid. p. . odyss . i p. . . aenid . . ruaus . in loc. aeneid . ibid. aeneid . . ibid. aenead . st . aen. . ibid. aeneid . . lib. . aeneid . . aeneid . . aeneid . . . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . oedip. tyr. p. . ibid. . p. . ant●● . p. , , eurip. phaeniss . p. , . bacch . act. . act. . jon. act . iphig . in aulid . & in taur . oedip. troad . a. . p. . plut. ran. aves . baccl id . act. . . rud. a. . . a. . . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . . . rud. a. . s. . measure for measure . much a do about nothing . twelf-night . henry th pt . st hen , , pt . d. romeo and juliet . * merry wives of windfor . essay of dramat . &c. de bell. judaic . deut . . . chron. . . math. . act. . vid seldon de synedr . . cbron. . . joseph . diod. sici gen. . porph. de abstin . lib. . caesar de bell. gall. lib. lib. . sen , in controv. ●● prodom ad pontif. hebr. . davila filmers freeholders grand irq. miraeus de statu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fletchers embassy . puffenderf introduction . à l' histoire . heglint cogmogk . , hen. . cap. . , hen. cap. . . edw. . cap. , &c. preamb. s. luke . . moral essays . notes for div a -e moch astrol . p. . &c. mock astrol . p. , . spanish fryar . p. . country wife . p. . old batch . double dealer . p. . love for love. p. . love for love. p. , . . . . . p. . don sebist . love for love. p. provok'd wife . p. . chap. . & . mostel . a. . . trinum . a. . . a. . . 〈◊〉 . a. . . hecyr. a. . . stich. a. . . p. . stich. a. . . p. . ibid. de art. poet. ibid. 〈◊〉 . schol. libr. de poet. cap. . 〈◊〉 . ibid. fref mock-astrol . ibid. ibid. essay of dramatick poetry . p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ibid. ibid. ibid. rapin reflect . &c. p. . libr. . de . morib . cap. . de mor. lib. . cap. . institut ; lib. . c. . p. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. . p . spanish fryar . p. . p . p . enuch . king arth. p. . love trium . p. . p. . oedip. p. . old batch . p. . p. . p. . don sebast. p . double dealer . person . dram. relapse . provok'd wife . p. . p. . don sebast. p. . p. . don quix. part . . p. . relapse . p. . p. . l' ombre de moliere essaydram poet . p. . notes for div a -e amphit . p. , , , , . p. . . p. . . eunuch . euseb. praepar . evarg . ep. ded p. . p. . . &c. p. . pref. p. . . troil. and cressid . the hist. of sr. john old castle . king arthur . ep. ded. p. . ep. ded. 〈◊〉 ded. king arthur . sebast. k. arth. ibid. part st . p. . . p. . p. . part. . p. . person . dram. p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . part . ● . p. , . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. . pt . d . p. . pt . st . p. . pt . d . p. . pt . st . p. , . pt . d . p. . pt . d . p. . . pt . d . p. . . pref. pt . d. ibid. pref. ibid. person . dram pt . d . p. . p. . pref. pt . st . ibid. pt . d. p. . reflect , &c. p. . relapse . p. . reflect . p. . p. . p. . ibid. p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . reflect . p. . tragedies of the last age consider'd , &c. p. , . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . at top . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . ibid. p. . rapin reflect , &c. discourse des trois unitez . pt . d. p. . pref. see chap. d . pref. * an academy in lithuania , for the education of bears . pere auvill vorage en divers e'tats , &c. p , . notes for div a -e plat. de repub. lib. . euseb. praepar . evarg . cyropaed . p. . polit. lib. . cap. ● polit. lib. . tusc. quest. lib. . de leg. lib. . dec. . lib. . lib. : cap. . cap. . natural quest. lib. . cap. . epist. . a●●al . lib. . cap. . de mor. german ! cap. . symposiac . lib. . de audiend poet. p. . ed. par . lib. . remed . amor. lib. . ep. ded. plut. de glor. atheniens . plut. lacon institut . cic. de repub . lib. . cited by , st. augustine . libr. . de . ci● . dei . cap. . l● . cap. . dec. . libr. . ab ilistrionibus pollui . xv. cod. theod. tit. vii . p. . * in loco honesto . turpe munus . l. . §. . de his qui notantur infamia . gothofred . ibid. p. . rawlidge his monster , lately found out , &c. p. , , . gazett roterdam : dec. . paris . french amsterdam harlem gazetts . paris , may. . . notes for div a -e trois lettres pasterales de monseigneur l' eveque d' arras &c. a delf . . notes for div a -e ann. . can. . ann. . can. . ann. . ann. . can. . * secularia spectacula , which manifestly comprehends the stage . ann. . can. . concil . cabilon . ann. . can. . libr. . ad autol. * spectacula . chap. . chap. . ibid. cap. . * the play-houses were dedicated to baccbus . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . * by exorcisms lib. . paedag. ann. . cap. . ann. . ad euvcrat . lib. . cap. . ibid. cap. . ibid. cap. . in psal. . ep. . . advers . jovinian . lib. . cap , . chap. . cap. . didac , &c. in d. thom. p. . de repub. l. . cic. de leg. l. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ibid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vid. corneille cid . cinna & pompee . moral essays . cor. . . theatrum redivivum, or, the theatre vindicated by sir richard baker, in answer to mr. pryn's histrio-mastix ... theatrum redivivum baker, richard, sir, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing b estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) theatrum redivivum, or, the theatre vindicated by sir richard baker, in answer to mr. pryn's histrio-mastix ... theatrum redivivum baker, richard, sir, - . [ ], p. printed by t.r. for francis eglesfield ..., london : . reissued in , with title: theatrum triumphans, or, a discourse of plays. reproduction of original in british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng prynne, william, - . -- histrio-mastix. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion theatrum redivivum , or the theatre vindicated by sir richard baker in answer to mr. pryn's histrio-mastix : wherein his groundless assertions against stage-plays are discovered , his miss-taken allegations of the fathers manifested , as also what he calls his reasons , to be nothing but his passions . comici finis est humanos mores nôsse , atque describere , hierom. ad furiam . london , printed by t. r. for francis eglesfield at the marigold in st. paul's churchyard . ● . to the reader . courteous reader , at length thou art presented with a small piece , which for many years hath been bu●ied with its renowned authour . it appeared not till now , knowing very well , that this late world hath been fitter for bedlam , then for sober , and rational discourses . the authour wants not evidence for what he speaks , ( though speak what he would ; if he named a stage play , he was sure to meet with a momus in every corner ) but some things have the ill luck to be condemned , before they are heard . well ( reader ) seeing we are ( by the providence of heaven ) so happy , as to be allowed the use of our own eyes , and reason again ; be as thou oughtest to be , a reader , before a judge . for to condemn the innocent , is equally to be condemned , with acquitting the guilty . the noble authour of this book seems fairly to design nothing more , then truth , and especially in clearing the sense of those two great luminaries of the church , saint cyprian , and tertullian , his master , in his book de spectaculis , wherein his principal drift onely is , to cry out against , and sever●●y to condemn the mixtures of idolatry with their publick shews : some intentions there were of annexing the treaties of tertullian , and saint cyprian , both to this discourse ; that every man might see , what the authour of this book saw in them : but , for some reasons , that labour is respited . it is very well known what satyrical inv●ctives are thundred out against the ●heatre , but their just reasons are not yet produced ; it may be , they are reserved for the second volume of hi●trio mastix : ind●ed some may be s●en against the abuses of it , from which to reason against the thing it self would ingender a consequence of such large extent , that we must eat our words , or be weary of our ●ives . for if we sit down by such a conclusion , that things are unlawfull in their use , because unlawfully abused , we must neither eat , nor drink , nor sleep , nor wear cloaths , becau●● in all these , and many more , the bad●ness of mankinde is such , that it prompt them to unexcusable exorbitancies , an● deba●cheries . good men have found●ed much of their rhetorick , and th●●● loudest declamations against stage● plays , upon what others had formerl● said against them , rather out of a sequa●tious credulity corresponding with wha● others have magisterially determined● then a due attendency either to the pr●n●ciples of reason● or scrip●u●● authority , which ought to cast t●● scales , and put greater obligements upon the consciences of reasonable cr●atures , then the conj●ctures o● opinions of the gravest mortals . but ● must not forget my self , and enter up●on apologies for this learned au●●hours undertaking ( who hath sober●y , and judiciously acquitted hims●lf ) i ●ave taken upon me , onely to speak the ●rologue , and to tell you upon what ●cene he lays his discourse : he needs ●o epilogue to plead excuse for the ●cting of his part : and i make ●o doubt , reader , if thou wilt but vouchsafe him a patient perusal , but he shall a●so have thy plaudite . the theatre vindicated , or an answer to mr. prins histrio-mastix . who hath not heard of sr. francis walsingham , an eminent councellour in queen elizabeth's time , famous for his wisdom in matters of state ; and more for his piety in advancing the gospel ? yet this was the man , that procured the queen to entertain players for her servants ; and t● give them wages , as in a just vocati●on . and would he ever have don● this , being so religious a man , if he ha● thought plays to be prophane ; being s● great a states-man , if inconvenient to th● state ? and now , me thinks , i hav● said enough in defence of plays . but because not onely the wisest me● are sometimes mistaken , and the truth may be found amongst the meanest ( saepe etiam est olitor valde opportuna loquutus ) it will be fit to lay aside all consideration of the persons , that speak ; and onely to take into consideration , and weigh the reasons , that are delivered . it is true , mr. prin is plaintiff ; and it is a great advantage , that an accuser hath over a defender : not onely in that , he speaks first , which gets a possession , as it were , of the hearer's hearts ; but because he hath commonly the pretense of some notorious crime for his foundation , upon which every man naturally is apt to cast a stone : where the defender must himself alone not onely pull down the building , and rase the foundation ; but vindicate also both the natural , and the acquired inclination , and prejudice of the hearers . and especially , the accuser hath this advantage , when he meets with a common place of some vice to run upon : for then he goes away amain with it ; and bears down all before him , with o tempora ! o mores ! but most especially , if the pretended vice may seem to trench upon religion : for then the defender is scarce heard speak for the multitude of voices , that are crying out even in heathenish devotions ; great is diana of the ephesians : that whatsoever can be alledged , in defence , out of reason , is presently beaten back without reason . but , leaving these disadvantages to take their fortunes , and having a clear conscience , that i no way encroach upon the bounds of true religion , i am the bolder to enter the lists : yet not so m●ch taking upon me to be a champion of the cause ; as onely undertaking to be a wrestler with the writer . and this i willingly profess , that i wrestle not with him , as he is in his own person , for i know him not ; and he may be better , then he seems to me : but i wrestle with him , onely as he appears in his book ; which cannot be fuller of words , and emptier of reason , then it is . and i think it fit to tell , how far his book hath wrough● upon me ; that where , before the reading it , i took plays onely de bene esse , as being in use ; after the reading it , i found plays bene esse , and fit to be in use . for his arguments being taken all up upon trust ; and not so much as weighed , when he took them ; now that he comes to put them off again , are found not onely not to be weight , but not to be silver ; and so , where he intended , by his book , to bring into detestation the seeing of plays : he hath rather brought into estimation the acting of them . for when a man takes upon him to prove a matter ; and then eithe● cannot , or doth not prove it sufficiently it leaves not onely a vehement suspicion ; but a strong conceit in the hearers minds , that his cause is not good . and as the onely itch of vain-glory made many in old time go out of the church , and become hereticks in divinity : so the like itch of vain-glory makes other men go out of humane society , and become hereticks in morality . like erostratus , who burnt the temple of diana at ephesus , for no other cause , but to be talked-of in the world. his very beginning is very suspicious . for he begins not à iove ( as yet poets , whom he taxeth so much , use to do ) but à diabolo . he takes his first reason from the devil : ( fol. . ) he therefore thinks plays unlawfull ; because they were invented by the devil : wherein he shews himself to be better acquainted with the devil , then we are● for we know nothing of it , whether they were of his inventing , or no : and we may marvel how he comes to know it , unless the devil himself have told him so ; and then it is the more unlikely to be so , seeing the devil is a liar , and the father of lies . he will say , perhaps , he had it from tertullian ; who tells also , tha● the angels were cast out of heaven for inventing astrologie : as true in the one as in the other . it seems , tertullian had no true inventory of the devil's inventions : yet this man would make us as very fools , as himself , to take all for current , that he hears him say . but what , if we should say , that many things have been discovered , and made known to men , even by the devil ; which yet are profitable to be known , and lawful to be used ? doth not lodovicus vives affirm , that the devil invented logick ? yet will any man , that hath reason , affirm logick to be unlawful ? the devil confessed christ to be the son of god ; when the iews knew it not , or would not know it : and is this man so very a iew , to think it therefore unlawful to confess christ ? and why is it any better argum●nt to say , the devil invented it ; therefore it is impious : then to say , god invented it ; therefore it is pious ? and yet who knows not of things invented by god , which , for their abuse , have been rejected ? which he cannot be so forgetful , as to deny , if he do but remember the brazen serpent . if then a thing invented , and instituted by god , might , being abused , be rejected ; why may not a thing invented , and instituted by the devil , the evil being removed , be retained ? for it is not the inventour , that makes a thing to be good , or evil ; but it is the conformity , or opposition to the rule , and will of god. indeed by the paw of this first argument we may see what a kind of lyon we are like to finde in the sequel of his discourse . for where tertullian , and other fathers , prove the plays of the heathen to be all naught , and execrable ; because idolatrous , and full of superstition : and thereupon infers , that they were inventa diabolorum , invention of devils , as from whom all evil originally doth flow : this man , like a crab , goes backward with their reason , and saith , plays were invented by the devil ; therefore are execrable , and unlawful : so making that the medius terminus , or proof of his argument , which the spake onely by way of exaggeration and making that his foundation , whic● they laid on as onely a superstructur● and even for the guiltiness of this , yo● shall see in his next argument , with wha● a trick he seeks to put it off again ; an● yet is willing to hold it still . for [ fol. . ] though he cannot per●haps punctually say , that plays were imm●●diately invented by the devil ; yet he ma● truly say , they were invented by idolatrou● heathen people , as the devil●s instrument● which comes much to one. but see th● judgment of this man ; that sees no● what a fall he hath taken by raising th● argument ; to fall from the devil to hea●then people : but well , quod dat accipimu● we take what he lays down . plays wer● not invented by the devil , but by hea●then people : so his first argument is cas● out of doors by himself ; and will hi● second be served with any better sawce● for can nothing be lawfully used , tha● hath been invented by people● let him look in polydore virgil , and see ●ow many things of our daily use have ●een invented by them ; even the let●ers he writes his book withall . then ●e were best go quickly , and blot out all his book ; lest being written with letters , invented by the heathen , the devil should come , and challenge it to be of his inventing . here he thinks to mend the matter with saying ; that [ fol. . ] good things , invented by the heathen , may lawfully be used , but not bad things , as plays are : but must he not first prove plays to be bad , before this reason will do him any good ? and if he can prove them to be bad ; they shall then be unlawful as bad , but not as invented by the heathen : and so this reason would do him no good , though he could make it good . but though he can fetch no argument against plays from the devil●s ●s invention ; yet he hath an invention to fetch an argument from him ; and this it is : [ fol. . ] plays were at first ordained , and destinated to the immediate worship , and gratification of devil-gods : therefore unlawful ; but he hath no sooner made this argument , but he finds fault with it himself ; for [ fol. . ] so were many of our churches , which now are converted to christian uses . upon this he replyes , and then again rejoyns , and plays at fast and loose , goes in and out so often in it , that it were but to run a wilde-goose chase , to offer to follow him . yet i cannot let pass one subtile part , he plays at parting ; where he saith , [ fol. ] that he for his part thinks it impossible , that ever plays should be r●formed ; for who should do it ? good men will not ; they rather wish their ruine , then their useless welfare : bad men will not , because they delight in their pleasing corruptions . and so he concludes them to be desperate , and past all hope of reformation . but may we not better apply his argument to himself ; and say , we , for our parts , think it impossible , that this man's malice should ever be reformed ; for who should do it ? god's holy spirit will not , so long as he is resolved to ●ontinue in his malice ; the devil will not , who would have him be more malicious then ●e is , if possibly it might be effected by ●im : and so conclude his case to be ●esperate , and that he must be fain to ●o on in the rage of his malice still , ●or want of one to mend him . but his fourth reason comes in most ●tately : where he makes [ fol. . ] plays the pomps of the devil , and vanities of this wicked world ; which every chri●tian man hath renounced in his baptism . but this reason comes not more vaunt●ngly in , then we shall see it go sneakingly out ; as having no credit for want of being known . for who ever took the pomps of the devil to be meant of plays , and not rather of pride , vain-glory , luxury , idolatry especially , and such like ? for , if one man go to a play , and another , in the mean time , be luxurious , arrogant , and proud ; in which of these two shall the devil be said to be in his pomps ? certainly , not in him , that is at a play ; for he may be there , and ( the rather perhaps for being there ) have thoughts , and meditations full of humility ; whilest in t●● other , wheresoever he be found , we a●●sure , there cannot be found an humb●● or a sober thought : and where humili●● and sobriety are wanting , there is t●● devil properly in his pomps , and iolli●● this argument indeed is used by te●●tullian , and some of the fathers ; wh●● speaking of the plays of the heathen , 〈◊〉 them the pomps of the devil , by reaso● of their idolatries , and superstition● which justly get the name of pom●● of the devil from all other vices ; as b● which the devil is most of all magnified and exalted . and , it seems , this ma● coming to spy it in their books , takes th● argument as he finds it ; and , withou● ever examining the matter , claps it 〈◊〉 here , as fitly as the painter in the poet who put a horse's neek to a man head ; humano capiti cervicem pictor equinam . for what is this to our plays ? not unlike what cicero spake of piso ; ( who , ou● of opinion of his ancestour's virtues , was by the people of rome made edile : ) ●●so was made edile ; not this piso : ●uid enim simile habet , praeter nomen ? for ●hat likeness , but in the name ? so ●e may say ; ( though in a contrary ●ay ) plays are the pomps of the devil ; ●ot our plays : quid ●nim simile habent , ●●aeter nomen ? and one would think , ●ertullian had taught him plainly e●ough , that the pomps of the devil are ●herefore onely affirmed of plays , be●ause of their idolatries ; where he saith : si igitur ex idololatria universam specta●ulorum paraturam constare constiterit ; ind●bitatè praejudicatum erit , etiam ad spe●tacula pertinere renuntiationis nostrae testimenium in lavacro quae diabolo , & pompae , & angelis ejus sunt mancipata , scilicet per idololatriam : ●i quid aut●m ex his non ad idolum pertinuerit ; id neque ad idololatriam , neque ad nostram ejerationem pertinebit . thus in english. if therefore it shall be made manifest , that all the materials , and furniture of plays be meerly idolatrous : it will be an undoubted prejudice , that the renouncing we make in baptism belongs , and reacheth unto plays ; which are dedicated to the devil , his pomp● and angels , by re●son of their idolatries but , if there be any thing in a play , tha● belongs not to an idol ; neither shall 〈◊〉 belong to idolatry , nor yet reach to th● renouncing we make in baptism . wha● could have been spoken more plainly● to have made him understand , if hi● zeal had not blinded his vnderstanding ? or to have made him go right , if he had not been wilfully bent to go astray ? if he would now at last but take this distinction along with him , in surveying his book once again ; and apply it where there is occasion : it might do him no small ease in disburthening the body of his book of many peccant , and gross humours , which make it swell into this huge bulk . it seems he can do no good against plays with his arguments from the devil ; and therefore now he means to give the devil over : and it is time ; for we may marvel , what pleasure he could take , to keep him company so long . yet he cannot leave the devil so quite , but he must have a trick from him still , ●nd be tearing mens cloaths from off ●ir backs ; as the devil did , luke viii . ● . for his dislike of plays now ( though ●ith interposition of some extravagant ●onceits , which he calls reasons ; and will ●●tter take their places afterward ) is because of their cloaths ( fol. . ) he thinks it not lawfull for men to wear womens cloaths , or for women to wear mens ; and , b●cause this is often done in plays , and masques , he utterly condemns them . yet this is well ; there is some moderation in this : for this reason puts not plays to death ; but onely confines them . for , notwithstanding this reason , they may be lawfull enough amongst the indians , who go naked ; and , not to go so far , they may be lawfull enough too amongst the irish , where one kinde of garment serves men , and women . but , though we can be content to cross the water to the bank's - side ; yet we should be loth to cross the irish-seas to see a play : and can we not see one here , because of their cloaths ? indeed , he cites a text of scripture for 〈◊〉 deut. xxii . . the woman shall not we●● that , which pertaineth to the man ; neithe● shall a man put on womens rayment . ● pregnant place indeed : but where finde he this precept ? even in the same place where he findes also , that we must no● wear cloaths of linsey-woolsey : and see●ing we lawfully now wear cloaths of l●●●s●y-woolsey ; why may it not be as lawfu●● for men to put on womens garments● but , if he will have this precept to stan● in force , though it be no part of th● moral law , yet because it may have 〈◊〉 moral construction ; how will he then de●●fend his own eating of black-puddin● against the precept for blood● for this precept against eating of bloo● hath a stronger tie , then that for wearin● of garments . for that , as given onel● by moses , may , with just probability , b● thought to end with moses : but this against eating of blood is continued afte● moses time by the apostles themselves● and why then should it trouble mr. prin's conscience to see a boy wear womens garments , against the precept of moses ; ●hen it troubles not his conscience to ●●t black-puddings against the precept 〈◊〉 the apostles ? but , howsoever it ●●ouble his conscience , it need not trou●●e any bodies else ; seeing his reason●●oves ●●oves it no more unlawfull to see a play , ●●en to eat a pudding , and so , upon the ●atter , is not worth a pudding . but , if 〈◊〉 be so great a sin for men to put on wo●ens garments ; what is it for men to put ●n womens conditions ? which is perhaps ●●deed the very moral of this precept : as clemens alexandrinus , and st. cyril , of old , and of late , amongst others , macchabaeus alpinas ( a vvriter , whom melancthon exceedingly commends ) ex●ound it . and if it be so , then is this man the true breaker of the precept ; and ●ot players : at least , if we may call it womens conditions , to do nothing else , but scould , and rail : for what is all his book , but a bundle of scoulding invectives , and railing , instead of reasoning ? but , to give a full answer to this argument , do but hear what eminent divines conceive of this precept . and , th●● i may not do , as this man useth to do 〈◊〉 shew a bee , bring in the whole swarm● will name you one of many , yet 〈◊〉 unum è multis , martin luther : who●● words upon this place are these ; 〈◊〉 non prohibetur , quin ad vitandum peri●●● lum , aut ludendum joco , vel ad sallend●● hostes , mu●ier possit gerere arma viri , 〈◊〉 vir uti veste muliebri : sed ut seriò , & usit●● habitu talia non fiant ; ut decora utriq●● sexui servetur dignitas . it is not ( saith he● man's apparel , and a man a woman●● but that it be not done in earnest , and as th●●● usual habit ; that so a decent comelin●●● in both sexes may be observed . and wh● knows not , that luther , when time wa●● did greater matters in the world , the●● making good the exposition of a sing●●●● text. but , lest you should think it 〈◊〉 lutheran opinion , or that luther herei● were singular by himself , i will joy● one with him , that had as lieve die , as b●● ●●yned with him , if he could otherwise ●●oose , the learned iesuite , lorinuse ; who , ●eciting great variety of interpretations●pon ●pon this text , makes choice of this , as ●he soundest ; that man's woman's . thus these men allow that in plays , for which this man allows not plays . and is it not strange , that mr. prin , with all his great reading , should never meet with any of these ? for [ folio . ] he professeth , he never met with any , that was of this opinion : that either his knowledge must be very little , if not knowing it ; or his profession very naught , if , knowing it , he dissemble it . but , that this precept is not intended literally , as any part of the moral law , is not onely the opinion of most writers ; but appeareth also by the thirteenth canon of the councel at gang●● ( which this man cites to the contrary● for , upon that canon , the old interpret●● balsamon delivers it , not onely as toler●●ble , but , in some cases , as very com●mendable , for women to go in mens ap●parel ; as st. melane , and st. eugenia and other holy women , are there said to have done . there is here offered us a●● answer ; that , though it may be tolerate● being done to honest intents : yet it cann●● be tolerated , being done to lewd purposes as players do it . but this answer , lik● mephibosheth , is feet● for neither do players use it to le●● purposes ; neither , if it were a branch o● the moral law , ought it to be done for any purpose . but ( fol. ) hypocrisie is a notoriou● s●n ; and players are in this notorious hypocrites ; and ther●fore the greeks have but one word for an hypocrite , and a player ; as if they took them both for one . a very goodly argument ! as though , because the latines have but one word for an host , and a guest : ( non hospes ab hospite tutus ) therefore an host , and a ●uest should be all one : which if he ●●ould go about to prove , i doubt he ●ould be found to reckon without his host. howsoever , by this reason , we may claim as much difference between an hypocrite , and a player ; as is between an host , and a guest : and tha●'s difference enough . but what is it , wherein players are such hypocrites ? forsooth ! because men wear womens apparel , and counterfeit the gestures , and behaviours of women ; and so appear to be women , when they are men : and to appear other then they are , is plain hypocrisie . it is plain hypocrisie , no doubt ; but it is not plain , that it is unlawfull hypocrisie . is it not said , that some zeal is not good , if it be without knowledg ? and may we not as truly say ; that some hypocrisie is no evil , if it be without deceit ? for the evil of hypocrisie is not in the act , but in the end : and though players may be guilty of the act ; yet certainly of the end they are not . for , seeing that , which they do , is not done to circumvent , but to represent ; not to deceive others , bu● to make others conceive : though it may without question be called hypocrisie , ye● it is not hypocrisie , that can be called in question . it is not hypocrisie in malam partem . was it hypocrisie in the thre● angels , that appeared to abraham ? ye● they appeared other , then they were● they seemed men ; they were angels● they put on bodies ; they were but spirits . and is there not as much hypocrisie in putting on other's bodies , as in putting on others garments ? did no● the angel raphael , when he conducte● young tobias in his iourney , both take upon him the name , and person , and counterfeit the speech , and behaviour of azarias ? and will he say , that this also was no hypocrisie ? if then angels might be such hypocrites , and yet not sin ; why may not players be such hypocrites , yet come to be as angels ? i had thought i should have gotten them leave to play , if they would but go handsomely , and wear good cloaths : but this makes worse for them then before . for ( fol. . ) he dislikes plays now , ●ecause players wear such costly cloaths : and represent kings , and queens in such sumptuous ●obes . he thinks , perhaps , that kings , and queens should wear no cloaths , but made of leather ; because it was of that stuff , that god made cloaths for adam , and eve ; who being the greatest princes , that ever were in the world , it were presumption for any to wear better cloaths , then they did . but i think it best to let alone the answering of this argument untill we meet a● amsterdam : onely i may have leave to say this ; that he should do players as great wrong , to hinder them from wearing of rich cloaths , as he should do a goldsmith , to restrain him from selling of rich plate : for what do players , but sell their cloaths , as often as they shew them ? all , that hitherto hath been said , hath been but accidental , and i may say his outside arguments : he never came to the substance till now ; but now he comes , and therefore now we may look for very substantial matter ; and thu● he begins . ( fol. . ) the subject , ma●●ter , and style of plays is lascivious , sc●●●rilous , and filthy : therefore plays are u●●lawfull . but not so unlawfull as this argument : for mark the faults of it . if he mean it thus ; the subject , matter , an● stile of some plays is scurrilous , and filthy ; therefore all plays are unlawfull● who sees not the unlawfulness of thi● kinde of reasoning , from a particular to conclude a general ? but , if he mean i● thus ; the subject , matter , and style of all plays is scurrilous , and filthy : this is more unlawfull , then the other ; seeing it is directly false : for who knows not , that tragedies are not capable of scurrility ? although therefore tragedies cannot get his leave ; yet , it seems , they have his argument's leave , to hold up their heads , and live . but how then will the title of his book hold up his head , to be called histrio-mastix ? have a general name , if it be not general ? will he say , that tragedi be not histriones ; actours of tragedies no players ? he should , if he were ●ell served , be made eith●r to abridge●is ●is title , or to enlarge his argument . but perhaps , because tragedies are the gentry , i may say , of plays , he is so ge●erous as to spare them for their gen●ry's sake ; but then comedies , which are ●ut the commonalty of plays , ar● like to pay for it . but i doubt , he hath not so much generosity in him , but rather , that for tragedies he hath o●her tragical arguments in store , oth●r rods in piss for them ; and that this argument is wholly imployed upon the defeat of comedies : and therefo●e onely upon them it beats . but is th●re no means to save them from beating ? are there not wards to keep of his blow even from these also ? may we not , first , flatly deny it , and say , that in plays no such scurrility can be found ? or , may we not , next , divert it , and say ; that , if any such scurrility be , it is the poet's fault , and not the players ? or , may we not , thirdly , excuse it , and say ; if any such be , it is an abuse , at least done in such mannerly manner , that it is not offensive to modest ears ? or , may we not , lastly , justifie it , and say ; that some scurrility ma● be , and sometimes must be in plays , yet serving always to pious vses ? i● any of these sayings he hath his answer● and may take home his argument with him again , to teach it manners● then to slander plays . but let us examine these wards , to see if we can make them good , that we take no● more upon us , then we are able to perform . for this argument , though he make it but one , yet is , in truth , his flood-gate , which lets in th● most , or the most substantial of all his arguments : that , if this be once well stop'd , he will not have ● drop of water , either of the spring-wate● of reasons , or of the pond-water of authorities , to turn his mill. but in doing this there is no necessity of using method ; for why should i be tied to keep order in answering , when he tak●● a liberty to keep none in objecting ? he is none of the methodicals himself , and therefore cannot look , that others should be . to speak then , prou● 〈◊〉 buccam venerit , as matters come to hand : is there in plays such scurrility , and obscenity , as he pretends ? let him then blame the poets , whose fault it is ; for players do but act that , which poets in●ent ? and what is he the nearer now for condemning of plays ? is it not a proper argument to say ; choerilus makes naughty verses : therefore there must no more verses be made ? poets make scurrilous plays ; therefore tolli tota theatra jube , throw down all theatres . if all things must be cast away , that may be , and oftentimes are abused , why doth not this man pull out his eyes with democritus ? or geld hims●lf with origen ? or wish with nero , vtinam nescirem literas ! would i had been an ignoramus ! but this sophistry , ab abusu ad usum , is so well known now , even lippis , & tonsoribus , to the meanest sort ; that one would wonder , how he could stumble upon it , but much more , how he could stumble at it . but we are , perhaps , more provident , then we need : we blame poets , when , perhaps , there is no cause . for can he charge plays directly wi●● any such obscenity ? he urgeth indeed cer●tain general invectives , and dolus versat●● in generalibus , deceit lies in generals , but h● instanceth in none : and we doubt not● but , if he could , he would ; but , since h● does not , we believe he cannot . th● stoicks , a sect of philosophers , the nearest of any to christianity , were yet o● this opinion ; that nothing is unhonest , o● obscene to be spoken , which is honest , o● lawfull to be done ; and therefore they called all parts of the body , and all actions of life ( which modesty in us suppresseth ) in their common talk , by the proper names , in the broadest terms ; that we may truly say of stoicks , non● were more severe in the rules of virtuous life , yet none more obscene in the usage of filthy talk. if then obscenity of speech was no disparagement in a stoick to the reputation of his virtue ; why should it be accompted so great a disparagement to the reputation of a player ? and yet i will allow him this : if any such stoical obscenity can be found in plays ; ●●t him speak as bitterly against them , as ●e can , i will never call it rayling ; but ●ill take his part my self : and such , it ●●ems , was the obscenity of plays in old ●●me , as appears by salvianus , tanta ●●cum , ac verborum obscoenitates , ut vel re●●tionem sui interdicant ; that is , so obscene ●ere their words , and speeches , as not to ●e named . and this is the obscenity , ●hich the antient fathers so much cry ●ut against in plays , as pudicis auribus ●on ferenda , not to be heard by modest ears , ●hich i would have this man to note , ●hat he may be brought to lay the saddle ●n the right horse : for in the plays of our ●imes he shall never be able to shew any ●uch obscenity . there are sometimes perhaps , when necessity compells it , for representing of some scurrilous person , some secret strains , in ambiguous terms , like the voices of oracles , as it were an obscenity under covert : ( the obscenity , to make appear the condition of the person ; the covert , to express the modesty of the player ) and this is so far from offending the ears , that it is not sensible , till it have passed the sence , as not unde● stood , till examined by the understan●●ing : and being once there , it com● to be but obscenity in abstracto , whic● was in the world before ever plays wer● and would be still , though plays shoul● be no more . and in this they do b●● imitate nature her self , quae partes e● quae aspectum essent deformem habiturae , co● texit , & abdidit : who covers the part● which would have no pleasing aspect ; no● took them clean away , ( as this m●● would have it ) but placed them so , th●● as they offend not , being seen , th● eyes ; no more do these speeches , bein● heard , the ears : and would he ha●● more modesty in players , then there ●● in nature ? to expect therefore , tha● plays should be altogether withou● obscene passages , were it not to expect that nature should make bodies altogether without privy parts ? and the hearing of those ought no more to offend the ears of any , then the seeing of these offended the eys of adam , and eve : of which , though naked , they were not a whit ashamed . obscene sights did never ●rouble them , till they had made them selves obscene hearts . for as long as all is clean , that should be clean , the foulness of that , which should be foul , will never offend . have not the neatest cities their sinks , and chanels ? yet who takes offence to look upon them ? they are necessary for our use , but not necessary for us to use . they are therefore made foul , that we may walk clean . indeed , it is not so much the player , that makes the obscenity , as the spectatour himself : as it is not so much the juyce of the herb , that makes the honey , or poyson , as the bee , or spider , that sucks the juyce . let this man therefore bring a modest heart to a play , and he shall never take hurt by immodest speeches : but , if he come as a spider to it , what marvel , if he suck poyson , though the herbs be never so sovereign . how many questions of aristotle's problemes ? how many chapters in books of physick may be found more guilty of such obscenity , then any plays ? and if such passages in the books be still suffered , and not to● out ; why may not the like passages b● suffered in plays , and yet be born ou● for as there is good use of such treat●●ses in the schole of nature , so there 〈◊〉 good use of such speeches in the schol● of manners : and as in those it is th● reader 's fault , and not the writer's ; 〈◊〉 in these it is the spectatour's fault , an● not the player's , if any evil , or corrupt●●on be contracted by them . and he that should forbear to go see a play ; be●cause , perchance , he might hear som● scurrilous speeches , may he not perhap● tarry away , and hear worse at home● for indeed this whole world is a● a common stage , where men an● beasts do play their parts , and where men many times play the parts of beasts and i would know of this man , wha● day he ever lived , that he did not both hear , and see as great enormities really committed upon this great stage , as are heard , or seen , but feignedly represented , on these lesser stages ? and 〈◊〉 there not as great danger in seeing ●●ces really acted , as in seeing them onely ●●ignedly represented ? in seeing them done 〈◊〉 ●arnest , as in seeing them but done in ●●●●st ? when vices are really acted , they 〈◊〉 and as copi●s , and examples , which men ●●e apt to follow ; but when they are on●● feigned on a stage , they stand as rocks , ●ewed onely to be shunned . when sins ●re actually committed , they are as pitch●hich ●hich toucheth us , and must needs de●le us ; but when they are onely repre●ented , they are but as pitch seen in a ●lass , which cannot defile us , because ●ot touch us . where vices are really ●cted , there men may be said to stand in ●he way of sinners ; but where they are onely feignedly shewed , there , men may be rather said , to sit , and hear their arraignment , and condemnation . but ( fol. . and . ) he would make us believe ; that all the attractive power in plays , to draw beholders , is meerly from scurrility : as if it were no play ; at least no pleasing pla● , without it . wherein , besides his prejudice , he may be made to confess his ignorance : for l●● him try it when he will , and com him●self upon the stage , with all the scurrili●● of the wife of bath , with all the ribald●● of poggius , or boccace , yet i dare affirm● he shall never give that contentment t● beholders , as honest tarlton did , thoug● he said never a word . and what scurrility was ever heard to come from the mouths of the best actours of our time● allen , and bourbidge ? yet , what plays were ever so pleasing , as where their parts had the greatest part ? for , it is not the scurrility , and ribaldry , that gives the contentmunt , as he foolishly imagines , and falsly suggests ; but it is the ingeniousness of the speech , when it is fitted to the person ; and the gracefulness of the action , when it is fitted to the speech ; and therefore , a ●lay read , hath not half the pleasure of a play acted : for though it have the pleasure of ingenious speeches ; yet it wants the pleasure of action● and we may well acknowledg● that gracefulness of action , is the greatest pleasure of a play , s●eing it ●s the greatest pleasure of ( the art of pleasure ) rhetorick : in which we may ●e bold to say ; there never had been so good oratours , if there had not first been players : seeing the best oratours that ever were , account it no shame , to have learned the gracefulness of their action , even from players : demosthenes from satyrus ; and cicero from roscius . let him therefore keep his scurrility to himself , and send his proselytes to sit with his hostess at oxford ; whose apophthegm was , no mirth without bawdrie : as for us , we are contented , to see plays in their best garments , and not in their foul cloaths , in their graces , and not in their faults . but who are they in plays , that use such scurrilous , and obscene speeches ? hath not a poet said well ; tristia maestum vultum verba decent , iratū plena minarum , ludentem , lasciva ; feverum , seria dictu . indeed , if they were put into the mouths of princes , or persons of gravity , there were just cause of dislike● but to be put into the mouths of scurrilous , and base persons , what hurt ca● they do ? none to the actours ; fo● the decorum takes away their fault , and makes that faultless , which is decen● , and less to the spectatours : for how can 〈◊〉 infect them , to imitate the scurrility , whe●● they see it , comely for none , but scurrilous persons ? it rather teacheth the● to avoid and loath such speeches , seeing they cannot but loath to be such persons . for doth this man think , tha● goers to plays are such simple ideots● that when they see a beastly , or prophane part acted before them , they take it to be done for imitation ? the● were the lacedaemonians very fools ; who to make their children abhor drunkenness , would make their slaves drunk of purpose ; and act the vice before them ; that seeing in others a deformity so hatefull , they might learn , in themselves to hate the deformity . sic teneros animos aliena opprobria saepe absterrent vitiis : the man had an itch to be writing a book ; and because he had not matter to make it good , he was desirous at least to make it great ; he would have a great club , ●hough never so hollow . greatness , he knew makes a shew , and shews carry all in the eye of the world ; substance is but seldom understood , and therefore not often much stood upon . and it may be some pleasure , to observe , with what winds he blows up the bladder of his book ; and what pretty tricks he useth , to furnish his table of vain-glory with variety of dishes . he hath one trick , which he useth in his text ; and seems to have learned it from egge-saturday in oxford , to make diversity of meats , with diversity of dressing : as for example ; take the word effeminate , this one word shall furnish him with four , or five severall dishes of arguments against plays : as first , ( fol. . ) plays effeminate mens minds and bodies , therefore plays are unlawfull . this is one of his dishes . ( fol. . ) the very action of plays is effeminate ; therefore plays are unlawfull . this you must take for another dish● ( fol. . ) plays are ever attended with effeminate , and amorous dancing ; therefore plays are unlawfull . this is another ; and i should cloy your stomacks too much , if i should serve in all his dishes of this kinde . he hath another trick , which he useth in his citing of authours ; and seems to have learned it from ●●atho in terrence , where he counselleth , vbi nominabit phaedriam , tu continuo pamphilam ; for where his argument calls for ludos in theatro ; he thereupon brings in , ludos in circo ; l●dos in foro , ludos in septis , where the matter requires testimonies , against tragedies , and comedies , he presently brings in places of fathers , and others , against spectacles of fencing , against bear-baiting , against horse-races , and such other games ; as like to plays , as chalk is to cheese ; and by these , and such like means , he hath made a great bellied book , as if there were some goodly childe within it ; when being ript up , and look'd into , there is nothing to be ●ound , but a very timpany of wind , and ●ater . for , after all his bustling , and ●tir ; after all the crambees of his ( fol. ● . ) four and fourty tautological ar●uments , it comes all but to this ; that ●n plays are often used speeches , and other circumstances , effeminate , idle , scur●ilous , obscene , prophane , and heathenish ; ●nd therefore ( fol. . ) corrupt mens manners , infect their affections , debauch ●heir dispositions ; and ( fol. . ) generally indispose them to all goodness ; which is all nothing , but either his miss-taking through ignorance , or his enforcing through malice ; for though such speeches are sometimes , perhaps used ; yet the decorum in the speaker , the intent of the speech , the nature of the example , make them all warrantable ; and are so far from working the effects he speaks of , that they rather rectifie the iudgment , qualifie the affections , moderate the passions , and generally dispose them to all virtue : that where we meant but onely to defend plays , he hath brought us now , that we are forced to praise them ; and where we thought but one●ly to keep them from taking wrongfu● disgrace ; we cannot keep our selve● now , from giving them deserved com●mendations . for , what can be mo●● worthy our embracing , then that , whic● both intends our good , and worketh ●● us , the good it intends ? and what d● players intend , by bringing in a tyran● with words of death , and hands imbrue in blood , but to shew the deformity o● tyranny , to make us detest it ? and d● they intend this good to us ; and d● they not as well work it in us ? certain●ly , even this as forcibly , as that , apparently ; for seeing there are two principall motives to virtue , praise , and r●●ward ; and two things likewise that deterr from vice , shame , and punishment● what can be more forcible , either to draw us to goodness , or to withdraw us from vitiousness , then where the examples of all these are most lively shewed , and represented to us ? certainly , unless men be stark fools ; rather wilfully to run into pudles , and quagmires , then 〈◊〉 take a fair way when it is shewed ●●em ; they cannot choose by such ex●mples , but be drawn to walk in the ●●aths of virtue . and let him not say , as ●ome have said ; that scurrilous● and pro●hane speeches are very dangerous for ●●fecting the hearers ; because assuescen●o audire , discunt facere , by en●ring them●elves , they learn to practise ; for this were ●ikely to be true , if they onely heard ●uch speeches , and ended there , which ●s the fashion indeed of the common ●ctions in our life ; but here , where we no sooner hear the words spoken , but presently withall , we see the shame , and punishment that attends them ; certainly , it would be very strange , that by often hearing such speeches , we should get a custom of following them ; and not rather , by often seeing their disgraces , get a custom of avoiding them . and to this purpose , there is in seneca , a pretty tale of the poet euripides , who , in one of his plays , having made a speech of a high strain , in magnifying of riches , the people grew so tumultuously angrie at it , ( fearing least suc● speeches , should make men in love wit● riches , and prone to covetousness ) that that they were ready to run upon th● stage , and tear the actour in pieces● that had spoken it ; till euripides was faine himself , to come out amongst them , and intreat them , to have patience , and see the end : for they should presently see , the riches he so exacted , to have such a down-fall in the miseries of his rich man bel●erophon ; that it should leave but little list in any man , ever after to desire their company . for the speech ( saith he ) was but to shew the spectatours their own errour ; but the event in fact , was to shew them , the truth it self . when an actour presents himself upon the stage , untill he speak , he is but a picture , and when he speaks , he is but a storie ; ( and therefore perhaps a player is called histrio , quasi historio ) for as one sayd well , that a judg is lex loquens , a speaking law : so we may say as truly , that a player , is a speaking picture : or ● historie in person ; and seeing we ●ow no hurt , by a picture ; and cannot 〈◊〉 commend historie : why should plays 〈◊〉 condemned , which are but a compo●●on made of these two ? a historie is ●t condemned , if recording the life of ●●lian ; it set down , his cruelty against ●●ristians , and his blasphemies against ●●rist . and if an historian may law●●lly write it , may not we as lawfully ●●d it ? and if we may lawfully read it ; ●ay not a player as lawfully pronounce 〈◊〉 and what doth a player else , but ●●ely say that without book , which we ●ay read within book ? a player acts ●●e part of solomon ; but is never the ●iser for acting his part : why should he ●e thought the wickeder for acting the ●art of nero , or the more blasphemous ●or acting the part of porphyrie ? can ●here be a greater blasphemy , then to ●urse god ? yet iobe's wife perswaded ●im to do so ; and this is written , where ●t may be read : shall we therefore think ●t unlawfull , to read the story of iob ? can there be a more blasphemous speech , then that which the iews spa●● of christ ; that he had a devil , 〈◊〉 wrought his miracles , by belzebub pri●●● of the devils ? yet the holy evangel●●● have recorded this speech : shall 〈◊〉 therefore think it unlawfull , to re●●● their gospells ? can there be a mo●● prophane speech , then that of the po●● ede , lude , bibe : post mortem nulla v●●●●ptas ? yet solomon in his ecclesias●●● hath some such speeches ; shall 〈◊〉 therefore think it unlawfull , to read 〈◊〉 book of the preacher ? and w●●● then ( if we may parvis componere mag●●● shall players be thought , either bla●●phemous , or prophane : if sometime● they utter such speeches under the pe●●son of another ? and indeed to spea● it plainly , they cannot avoid the using and uttering such speeches , if they wi●● be players● for as he , who would live●● pourtray a devil , or a deformed monster must needs draw some gastly lines , and us● some sordid colours ; so he , who will deliniate to the life , the notorious lewdness of people in the world , is necessarily enforce● 〈◊〉 s●ch immodest phrases , as may present it ●●●ts native uglyness ; else he should but con●●●le , or masque their horrid wickedness , that ●●●e may behold it : not rip it open , that all ●●y abhor it : and this is the onely reason , of ●●●se more uncivil , or seemingly immodest ●●ssages , that are here , and there , scattered 〈◊〉 this discourse . but in what discourse ●●ink ye ? even in this very discourse 〈◊〉 histrio-mastix . for these last eight 〈◊〉 nine lines , are his own very words , 〈◊〉 his preface to the reader ; to justify ●●e obscenity , of his own very speech●● , which he useth in his book . but 〈◊〉 this possible ? hath he then , a mono●olie of obscene phrases ; and immo●est speeches , that none may lawfully ●se any , but only himself ? may not ●layers claime the priviledg of subjects , ●o the english tongue , and use them ●pon occasion , as well as he ? no , he ●seth them onely upon necessity , to ex●ress the obscenity of players , and do ●ot players use them onely upon neces●ity , to express the obscenity of people ? but what necessity have players to meddle with the obscenity of people ? t●● same necessity which he hath , to med●●● with the obscenity of players . but 〈◊〉 could not otherwise diswade men , fro● seeing s●ch obscene plays ; and pla●●ers cannot otherwise disswade me● from being such obs●ene persons . 〈◊〉 may thus go on , as far as he will , 〈◊〉 when all is said ; it will ever be foun● either a voluntary obscenity in hi● self , or a necessary in players : th● every schole-boy , that hath but learne● his cato , will be upon his jacket wi●● this . turpe est doctori quum culpa redarg●● ipsu●● but ( fol. . ) he seemes here , t● please himself with a reason ; that i● plays were good scholes of virtue , ho● should it happen , that ( fol. . ) players● and the ( fol. . ) frequenters of plays● are commonly the worst , and most vitious men ? as though there were not many as honest , and wise as himself , that go to see plays ? i may justly say as honest , seeing no dishonestie is greater , the● ●o condemne men , whom he doth not ●now ; and i may as justly say as wise , ●eeing no follie , is greater , then to be ●o busie , where he hath nothing to do ; ●nd to be so censorious , where he hath ●o authority . but is he so foolish as ●e makes himself , to think that good ●choles must always produce good ●cholers ? were there ever better ●chole-masters in humane scholes , ●hen those which the emperour nero , ●nd commodus had ? yet they both pro●ed monsters of men , the one in lasci●iousness and cruelty : the other in cruel●y , and lasciviousness . were there ●ver better schole-masters in divine ●choles , then those which gebezi , and ●udas had ? yet they both proved no●orious examples to all posterity ; the one of incredulous bribery , the other of bribing incredulity . but though we keep no register , of such men , as have profited in virtue by this schole of plays : yet we are not altogether destitute of examples . for hath not lucian recorded one lesbonax , an honest man of mytilene , who being a gre●● frequenter of plays , was wont to say 〈◊〉 himself ; that he never saw a play , but 〈◊〉 returned home , a better man then he 〈◊〉 out ? and what hath cicero recorded 〈◊〉 roscius ; who was a famous play● himself ; and yet no less a famous h●●nest man ; vt cum dignissimus esset sc●● propter artificium ; ●tiam dignissimus e●●●● curia propter abstinentiam . that his ●●●ry adversary durst not speak of him● the barr , without this addition , qu● honoris causa nomino . and lest 〈◊〉 should say , that the schole of play● degenerated , and grown worse , sin●● that time ; have we not seen in our o●● time , a famous scholer come out of th● schole : edward allen a player himsel● famous as well for his honesty , as for 〈◊〉 acting : and who hath left behind hi● a worthy testimony of his christian ch●●rity , to all posterity ? and who doubt● but amongst the spectatours of play● we may finde many , like to lesbonax● and amongst players themselves , some like to ros●ius ? and even to go no fur●●●er then his own authours , whom he ●rings in for witnesses against going to ●ays ; ( and we doubt not but he takes ●●em for honest men ; as cicero , seneca , ●linie , and a number of such besides ) ●et were they all frequenters of plays , 〈◊〉 their own confession in their wri●ings : and how then , is he not ashamed ●o say , that none but infamous , vnchast , ●rophane , and graceless persons are fre●uenters of plays : when all his worthy ●rite●s , who he cites for his witnesses , ●ere themselves frequenters of them ? ●f their honesties were sufficient , to make them sufficient witnesses , against ●he lawfullness of going to plays ; why are not their honesties as sufficient , to make their examples sufficient warrants for going to plays ? and so , i may say in their defence , as cicero said in defence of roscius ; nisi ●osdem , & adversarios , & testes habeant , nolo vincant : that there never was poor book made ●he instrument of so impudenta●ly ; so n●torious a scandal , as this histrio-●astix . but ( fol. . ) will you know , how it happens , that man's 〈◊〉 count , ●re most excessively vitious , un●ha●● prophane , and dissolute men ? marry , ●●●cause most of them ( as he is credibly infor●●ed ) are professed papists . a very necessa●● consequence : as though to be a profess●● papi●t , were to be a professed atheist for what but atheism could bring for●● all such excessively vitious men as 〈◊〉 would make them ? yet this makes we● for plays , though it makes ill for player● for players , though the most excessive●ly vitious men , yet are not so , becaus● players , but because papists . let hi● take heed , he pull not an old house upon his head ; for though papists diffe● from protestants , in some points of moral , and theological doctrine , yet they differ not from them in the necessity of moral , and theological virtues . although therefore we do not question his credible information , yet we justly question his incredible consequence : as being indeed a very inconsequent incredibility . if he had onely said , some papists are excessively vitious men ; though ●●is had been a busie impertinent asser●●●● y●t i presume , no papists them●●●v●s ●●uld much have gain-said it : for 〈◊〉 religion was ever known , that had 〈◊〉 some professors of it excessively vi●ous ? but , when he saith , players must ●eeds be excessively vitious , because ●●ey are papists , this lays a taint upon 〈◊〉 generality ; and makes a papist , and 〈◊〉 honest man , to be disparata , and in●●●●●●ible ; as never possible to meet to●●●her in one person . in which opini●n ( what puritans may do , i know not , ●ut ) i verily think , scarce one protestant●ill ●ill ●e found to take his part . but we may leave papists to defend their ho●●sties , as they can themselves : and ●his man , as he can , to oppugn it ; we meddle no further with them , on either side ; but , ipsi viderint , ips● viderit . sufficient hath been spoken in behalf of players obscene speeches ; but these are scarce one half of their obscenity : for besides these , ( fol. . ) there are in plays wanton gestures , amorous kisses , and 〈◊〉 ; and these are the obscene sights , and the great provocations to lust , for whi●● he specially condemns plays . grave crime● caie caesar : kisses , and amorous kisse● very obscene sights , and great provoc●●tions to lust : but why more being do●● upon the stage , then done in his ow● house ? why more done in fiction , the● in reality ? why more used in iests , the● used in earnest ? why more seen seldom● then seen continually ? for who sees no● every stranger that comes to his hous● to kiss both his own , and other me●● wives before their faces ? yet all don● with vestal modesty ; and no man eve● heard to complain , but onely this man● as born , it should seem , under some very lustfull , and jealous constellation . and will not even nature her self , by this reason , be found guilty of immodesty ? for making pigeons to bill openly , and cocks to tread their hens before mens faces ? a sight , it seems , a brother cannot see , but it presently sets his teeth a water , to be doing the like . but must we not think his inclination then a very dry tinder , and very apt to take fire ; ●●at can be enflamed to lust with so cold ●●rovocations ? however it be , this equi●● cannot justly be denied to players ; ●●at , either this man may not be allowed 〈◊〉 kiss , and use amorous complements , ●hen he goes a wooing ; or they may ●e allowed to do as much , when they ●epresent him a wooing . but there is yet in plays a worse mat●er then all these ; for , ( fol. ) they ●re the very places of meetings , where lasci●ious matches are oftentimes made , and ●●metimes acted . but should not lascivi●us persons have very ill harbours , if ●hey had not better ports to arrive ●t , then to meet at a play-house ? and why plays more then fairs , and markets ? why plays , more then confluence at marriages , and other festivals ? why plays more , then frequenting of one another's houses ? and what saith a poët ; why pla●s more , then even goings to church it self ? q●i● locus est templis augustior ? hoec quoque vitet , in culpam si qua est ingeniosa suam . and , it seems indeed , where play-houses were so bad , that temples wer● no better ; as minutius felix saith : v●●magìs à sacerdotibus , quàm inter aras , 〈◊〉 del●bra , condicuntur stupra ? tractantur 〈◊〉 nocinia ? adulteria meditantur ? frequ●●●tiùs denique in aedituorum cellulis , quàm i● ipsis lupanaribus , flagrans libido defung●●tur . and what marvel , if the heath●● used in plays such obscenities , who accounted such obscenities to be but plays● as little caring in such things to see● honest , as to be ; but this is not the case of christians , who , though never so irregular , will yet observe this rule ; si 〈◊〉 castè , tamen cautè , if not chastly , yet charily . and what caution were in this , to offer lascivious speeches , where all mens ears ; or lascivious acts , where all mens eyes are continually upon them ? as if a thief should steal in the open street , where all men see him ? ( fol. . ) he tells of heliogabalus , that he commanded stage-players , to commit adulteries , really , and openly upon the stage : he tells of tiberius , that he caused others to defile themselves before his face . and 〈◊〉 tells ●e these filthy tales , but onely 〈◊〉 the pleasure he takes in telling them ? or else , how far are they from the mat●er , in speaking of our plays ? when he ●ees any such acts committed upon our ●tages , let him not spare to tell us of it : ●ill then , he may leave his gabling of heli●gabalus , and keep his filthy stories ●n store for the private delight of his own meditation . he hath hitherto maintai●ed himself with the obscenity of plays ; but now , that the patrimony of that argument is spent , and gone , you shall presently see how bare , and beggarly he will grow , and for very necessity fall a pilfering . for , his very next argument is directly stolen , where he makes ( fol. . ) plays unlawfull , because they are bloody , and ty●●n●ical , breathing nothing but malice , anger , and revenge ; for this belongs properly to the spectacles of gladiato●s , and fencers , and not to plays ; unless perhaps , to heathen plays , where men , and sometimes christian men , were cast in amongst wilde beasts to be devoured ; but , what is this to our play● where never any wilde beast was see● upon the stage , unless perhaps suc● wilde beasts as david speaks of , wh●● are like to horse , and mule , that hav● no vnderstanding . he hath another very thrifty reason ; by which he would make us think him a good husband for us ; ( fol. ● . and . ) where he condemns plays , because they make their spectatours spend s● much money , and time in seeing them . but what will french-men say in defence of their recreation ? who spend more mony , and time in one day at tennis ; then these spectatours do in many weeks at plays ? and how comes it , that seeing he aimes onely at cheap recreations , he forgets the emperour domitian's recreations ; who made it his sport , to spend an hour in the afternoon , in catching of flies ? for as for those , which he allowes of , fishing , and fowling ; hunting , and hawking : the very fable of actaeon would make him see his errour , if he had the will 〈◊〉 understand the moral . but how ●an we think him a good husband for ●s : who is so bad a husband for him●elf ? for what a deal of mony , and ●ime hath he spent in transcribing of authours , and printing his book : which , if ● man should say , had been better spent ●t plays , though he perhaps would be ●ngry : yet as wise men as himself , i verily think , would be of that opinion . he hath another argument , which he seems to have borrowed from the heathens bacchanalia : where ( fol. . ) he makes plays unlawfull ; because they are an immediate oc●asion of drunkenness , and excess . it was indeed usual at those feasts , to surfet , and be drunk ; or rather surfeting , and drunkenness were the feast it self : but who ever saw a man surfet , or be drunk at a play ? and how can that be an occasion of drunkenness , which neither ministers example , nor means of drinking ? no example ; unless perhaps in fiction : and then not so much , to represent men drunk with wine , as this man with errour . he hath an other argument , which he seems to have been looking in a glas● when he made it : it reflects so directly upon himself : ( fol. : ) where h● makes plays vnlawfull : because they ar● the constant cause of much sloth , and idl●ness . for what greater idleness , then to sit all day , transcribing of authours ; which is but actum agere ? but should he not by this argument have concluded rather the gowt to be unlawfull ? of which● when one was asked , what idleness was the wor●t , he answered : podagrici pedes , the gout in the feet ? indeed to see a play as he ( it seems , reads books , to look onely in their tables ) it might not be much better ; but to see a play , with that due observation , which the true use of plays requires , he will finde it , as farr from idleness to be at a play , as to be at schole : and scholers would take it in great dudgeon , if he should say , they were idle , when they are at their books . but what saith attilius in pliny : praestat otiosum esse quàm nihil agere : as much as to say , it were ●●tt●r to be 〈◊〉 a play , and be idle : then to sit ●cribling out of authours , and do nothing . he hath another argument , with ●hich , it seems , he seeks to cheat us ; ●here ( fol. . ) he makes plays unlaw●ull ; because play-houses are the scholes , ●nd plays the lectures , to teach men , how to ●heat , and steal . for , who knows not , ●hat theevs , and cheatours , can have their scholing for nothing ; and need not to pay for it , by going to plays ! indeed , ● farr cunninger schole-master they have to teach them the craft , then players ; one that is in earnest ; and would take it ill at their hands , that they should take any ill in hand , which they had not from him . but doth not this reason , through the sides of plays , give greater wounds , to assizes , and sessions ? for there indeed , the plots , and practizes of theevery , the tricks , and conveyances of cheatours , are openly laid open , and publikly made known : that if he call it a schole , certainly they are free-scholes : or rather academies in comparison of plays , but who knows not , that both plays , and sessions , disco●ver thefts , and cheatings indeed , bu● not as this man would cheat us ; and make us think , to the end , they may be used , but as logick teaches fallacies , to the end to avoid them . we may justly therefore for this reason , binde him over to the sessions , both for the implicite aspersion he lays upon them , and for the explicite cheating , he seeks to put upon us . he hath another argument , which we may call his rain-bow , seeing there are as many vices in it , as there are colours in the rain-bow ; ( fol. . ) where he makes plays unlawfull ; because they occasion an apparent breach of all the ten commandments , of which we may say , decem mundi facti sunt ; sed ubi sunt illi novem ? for some sins are incompatible ; that where one is familiar , the other will always be a stranger , unless he mean it as st. iames speaks ; that he which is guilty of one sin , is guilty of all : and in that sense , we may say as much of him , when he doth but onely tell a lie. this man , with a little help , would bring it about , ●hat the very sin of our first parent eve●as ●as nothing else , but her being a player , where she and the serpent were the actours , and adam the spectatour ; and not onely that all players are damned , ●ut that none else are damned but they . for , if players break all god's commandments , then he , who is no player , breaks none of the commandments : as when aesop's fellow , being asked what he co●ld do , answered , he could do all things ; then faith aesop , if he can do all things , there is nothing left for me to do . you will say , this is not to answer , but to trifle ; and hath not solomon advised us , answer not a fool in his folly , lest thou be like unto him ? yet , seeing we have● answered his arguments before , where he charged plays with the vices in particular , it may well enough serve for an answer to this argument , where he chargeth them in general : and so we observe also the other precept of solomon , ( fellow to the former ) answer a fool in his folly , lest he be wise in his own con●●i● you have heard many grave argument●● you shall hear one now , to make you laugh , ( fol. . ) where he makes plays unlawfull , because they provoke oftentimes profuse laughter , as though he knew not , that to be risible is onely proper to men● and no excess in this can tain● them with aspersion of any beastlike quality , or make them , as all vices do , and this should , if it were a vice , to be like a beast . and especially he is not well advised in this , in his own behalf ; for if it were not for this risible , we should hardly , perhaps , finde any thing in himself , to know him to be a man. but why should he blame plays for provoking of laughter , when he makes an argument here himself , that provokes more laughter then ever any play did ? that we may truly say , omnes qui audiunt risi● emori . for what was ever heard more ridiculous , then to make it an argument against plays , ( f. . ) because noah , melchisedech , abraham , and the patriarchs are never read in scripture , to hav● approved plays ? or , as his elegancy ●●p●esseth it , t● have been experimentally ●equai●ted with them ? as absurdly , as if ●ne would prove , that guns are no good weapons in the wars , because ioshua , gi●eon , david , and the antient warriours are never read in scripture , to have used guns , or to have been experimentally acquainted with them ; much like the ●oolishness , which livie notes in a roman tribune , who threatned the people , he would hinder their levying of souldiers , when there was no war toward ; and , is there not in this , as just cause to set m●rous crassus a laughing , as when he saw an asseat thistles ? he hath another reason , as vain , and ridiculous as this ; ( fol. . ) where he makes it a reason to condemn plays , because they are at the best , but vain , and ridiculous . as though any thing of this world , even the best things that are , when they are at the best , were any other , then vain , and ridiculous ; and let him not distinguish of things , and say , that some are s●rious ; for the more serious , the more ri●i●●lous : for what is this , but the very argument , at which democritus could no● forbear laughing , all his life time . but these are but the small fry of h●● great pool ; he hath three reason● which , like the great pikes , may be sai● to contain in their bellies all his othe● gudgin-reasons : and in the taking o● them consists , in effect , the taking awa● of all the other . and may we not ad●mit them all to be true , and yet , as o●● case is , take no disparagement , by ad●mitting them ? seeing , as he urge●● them against plays : so we may urg●● them as well against no worse a thin● then riches . for his first reason ma● be this ; ( fol. . ) that plays are a pr●vocation unto lust : and is it not said 〈◊〉 riches , that they are irritamenta mal●●rum ? his second : that plays ( fol. . ● indispose men to all religious duties : and is it not said of riches ; that we cann●● serve god , and mammon ? his third : tha● ( fol. . ) they bring damnation , upo● mens souls , and bodies ; and , is it not said of a rich man , that he cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven ? and why ●●en should he think to fright us with ●●s thundring phrases , from seeing of ●lays , and is not himself frighted with ●●em , from seeking of riches ? cer●●inly , seeing all his reasons are as ●●rong against riches , as against plays , ●nd yet riches we doubt not , may be ●ad , and held by good men ; why may ●ot plays also be acted , and be beheld ●y good men , notwithstanding his reasons ? for , as there may be bonus usus divitiarum , which makes void all the reasons against riches ; so there may be bonus usus ludorum , which may avoid all his reasons against plays : that unless he can prove it is not lawful to be rich , we shall never admit his proofs , that it is not lawfull to see a play ; let him therefore , either allow men to see a play , as well ●s to be rich : or , if he will perswade men not to see plays ; let him then write another book , and perswade all men to be beggars . plutarch writ a ●ook de vtilitate ab inimicis capienda , and if this man had the good meaning of plutarch , and had written his book , de vtilitate à spectac●●lis capienda ; we might then perhap● have thought him , as charitable , as no● we think him malicious . but if he be not a manichee , he is , at least , very like one ; who seems he could finde in his heart , to blame god for creating of vipers , and such other venemous beasts ; because his gross head is not able to conceive , how the soveraign antidote of treacle should be extracted from them . and now , to make a recapitulation of his arguments , to see , how he hath laboured all this while , de lana caprina ; about a matter of nothing , and how easily his main blows may be avoided with one ward , he saith , plays are bloody and tyrannical . it may be true of heathen plays , it is false of ours : he saith they are a provocation to lust ; it may be true of heathen plays , it is false of ours : he saith they are ordained , and dedicated to the worship of devil-gods ; it is true of heathen plays , it is false of ours . he saith , they are the pomps of the devil , renounced by christians in their baptism : it may be true of heathen plays , it is false of ours . he saith , they are fraught with bitter scoffings at religion , and religious men ; it may be true of heathen plays , it is false of ours . he saith , they cause a prodigal expence of time , and mony ; it may be true of heathen plays ( which lasted many times , many daies together , and were set forth at infinite charges ) it is false of ours . he saith , they are an immediate occasion of much actual adultery ; it may be true of heathen plays , it is false of ours . he saith , they occasion much drunkenness , and excess ; it may be true of heathen plays , it is fal●● of ours . and thus , to his diversis nodis , vnus cune●s , many arguments , as he calls them , one answer , as a wedg , may serve sufficiently , to cleave them all asunder . yet he hath one passage , that stands barking in a corner , but dares not come out in the likeness of an argument , where he calls ( fol. . ) playhouses , the seminaries of vices ; the temples of venery ; the scholes of bawdery ; the dens of lewdness ; and all the vile names he could get together , by raking hel , and billings-gate . but will it not be a sop to stop cerberus his mouth : if we do but examine the common-wealths , in which plays have been most usual ; whether , after plays admitted , they have grown in their manners , either not worse , or perhaps better ; for so it may appear , that plays have been no such corruptions , no such corrupters of the times , as he would make them . examine the roman state ; and , not to wander about , take the times under the emperour augustus , in which , plays where in their heighth : he reigned six and fifty years ; a reasonable time to make a tryal : and were not his times , more quiet , more civil , and more virtuous , then ever they had been before ? so quiet , that all the world was quiet , and the temple of ianus shut up twice in his time ? so civil , and virtuous , that as himself was call augustus ; so his times were called augustum saeculum . come to our own co●ntry , which is better known to us ; take the time from the beginning of our late famous queen elizabeth , to the present , almost fourscore years , a large time likewise for probation ; and were ever any times known in this state more civil , or more virtuous ? so civil , that no civil arms ; so virtuous , that iustice , never more duly administred ; se●mons never more preached , more frequented ; virtues in princes never more transcendent , loyaltie , and love in subjects never more eminent ; that if virgil might say it of augustus times ; certainly , we much more justly may say it of these of ours ; iam redit , & virgo ; redeunt saturnia regna , as if the golden-age , of which the poets talk such wonders , were come into the world again . and how then are plays such seminaries of vices , as he talks of ? he must find better seminaries then plays , or he is like to have but a slender crop . that we may know these phrases of his , to be nothing but the fictions of the devil's poetry , or the flowers of his rhetorick . he will say , they are the very words of tertullian , and other of the fathers ; but will he never learn this one lesson so often taught him ; they may be true of heathen plays , they are false of ours . he will lastly say , that we have spoken indeed of general , and publike virtues , but they are the vices of private men , that he complains of ; as though the publick were any thing , but the uniting of the private ; or the generall any thing , but the meeting of particulars : and who doubts , but there will be a cham in the ark ; though noah the preacher of righteousness be continually in presence ? there will be a iudas amongst the apostles , though christ himself be doing his miracles continually before them ? but should not this man consider rather , from whence these men took their infection ( which from plays , we are sure they did not ) then to stand baiting at plays , which is at most , but cum capiti medendum est , reduviam curare ; for , to think to mend ●ens vices by taking away plays , is as ●dle , as that one should think to mend 〈◊〉 faces , by taking away glasses . he hath yet one argument behinde ; ●hich is , i may say , his palmarium ; and ●hich he hath kept for a final argu●ent , because it must serve to give a final ●low to beat down plays : namely , ● fol. . ) the fearfull judgments of god , ●hich have been shewed upon them . a final argument indeed , able to beat down , not onely plays , but all mens hearts from seeing of plays . but where is his commission , to make the application ? it is , no doubt , good counsel , when any extraordinary fearfull accident happens , to call our selves to account , and to enter into a due consideration of all our miss-doings ; acknowledging , that such things are oftentimes sent of god , as gracious warnings to draw us to repentance ; but yet , when such things happen , to censure them presently , as judgments of god upon any particular sin● and to determine upon what particular sin , or sinner they are sent ; this is more then this man hath warrant for , either from scripture , or fathers , or from discretion● when god reveals the reason of his doing , we may safely then take notice of it , and rest our selves upon it ; as when the earth opened , and swallowed up korah , and dathan ; there was manifestly known , both the particular sin , and the particular sinners : likewise when fire fell down from heaven upon s●dom , and gomorrha . but when the tower of shilo fell , and with the fall , slew eighteen men , who could make the application ? seeing christ saith● they were not the worst men , upon whom the tower of shilo fell . when a childe was born dumb , and blinde , this man would presently , it seems , have censured it , as a judgment of god , upon the childe , or parent ; yet christ told his disciples , it neither came for any sin of the childe , nor of the parents . for the iudgments of god , are as secret , as fearfull ; they are an abyss , till he give them a bottom ; and where god keeps silence , ther● men ●an have no science . for , what man is he , ●hat can know the counsel of god ; or , who can think what his will is ? he ●ells us of play-houses , both publick , and private ; some suddenly fallen down , some burnt up with fire , without any apparent cause preceding ? and what great wonder is this ; if in so many hundred years , in so many thousand places , some few such accidents have sometimes happened ? have not the like happened even to churches , and chappels ; and private places of religious meetings ? will he therefore say , they were iudgments of god against the use of churches , and chappels ? he tells us of some players , and some spectatours of plays , that have died at the very play , both suddenly , and strangely ; and what great wonder is this , if in so many hundred years , in so many thousand places , amongst so many millions of people , some few such chances have sometimes fallen out ? have not the like happened to some preachers in the pulpit ; and to some devout persons , even at their prayers ? will he therefore say , they were judgments of god , against the use of preaching , and praying ? how much better , is that censure in minutius foelix : fulmina passim cadunt ; sine delectu tangunt loca sacra , & prophana : homines noxios feriunt , saepe & religiosos : thunder-bolts fall down indifferently ; they light upon places prophane , and sacred , without any choice ; they strike good men , and bad , both alike . his inference therefore of these iudgments , shews he hath no iudgment , being as idle as busie , and proceeding rather , from a malice to the cause , then from any understanding of these effects , and as little from any charitie at all to the reader . thus this final argument , which should h●ve made a final end of plays , hath made a final end of all his reasons , and of all his reason : and yet he hath one argument more , though not one reason more , but a kind of prognostication rather , for he tells , before hand , ( fol. . ) what entertainment , both players , and spectatours of plays , are like to finde in another world , even without repentance , eternal damnation . and this 〈◊〉 calls an argument , with a witness : and 〈◊〉 is so indeed , for it is a witness to us 〈◊〉 his rashness , and irreligion . for , he ●efies being a papist , and he denies ●eing a puritan ; and now this argu●ent , is a witness against him , that he 〈◊〉 no protestant . for by aggravating ●e sin ( as he accompts it ) of seeing a ●lay , being not repented , with eternal ●amnation : he shews himself to think , ●●at every sin not repented , deserves ●ot so much : for if he thought eternal ●amnation , the common punishment , ●f every sin , why should he lay it , as an ●ggravating punishment upon this ●n ? and if he think , some sin not re●ented , not to be mortal , we think him , ●or so thinking , not to be a protestant . ●f then , neither protestant , nor puritan , ●or papist : what religion should he be of , ●hat we may not justly leave the damna●ion of this argument , upon himself ? and thus it befalls men , transported with malice , that whilest they make , their own threatning , the measure of others suffering ; they fall them selves to ●●●fer that , which they threatned to oth●●● thus you have seen his fore-pa●● which are his reasons ; you may now 〈◊〉 pleased to see his back-parts , which 〈◊〉 his testimonies , and authorities ; and y●● shall finde him no better to follow th●● he was to meet ; yet it makes a bett●● shew ; for he began his reasons fro● the devil , but he begins his authorit●●● from god : for ( fol. ) he begi● with the scriptures , the word of god : 〈◊〉 doubt , a most powerfull evidence , not 〈◊〉 be spoken of without honour ; not 〈◊〉 be thought of , without reverence : an● indeed , if he could alledg but onely th● name of plays , or players , as spoken o● in the scriptures , we should have a wonderfull respect , and be wouderfull ci●cumspect how we medled with them● but seeing he cannot do this , we ma● justy suspect him to be no better a ma● in his authorities , then he was in his reasons , great pretences , but no proofs , fair colours , but no substance ; all he can say , is but onely to say , he hath nothing bu● ●ords , and words are but winde , and ●ay well enough be blown over . for , 〈◊〉 for his inferences , and collections , and ●eductions , we may demur upon them at ●asure , and take time to consider . but ●●st any man should think we waved his ●estimonies of scripture , as being con●●ncing , and such as cannot be answer●d ; let us , for the reverence we bear ●●em , hear him at large , and see what he ●ath to say out of these sacred records . ●nd he seems to bewray the weakness ●f his cause at the very first : for , ( fol. ● . ) he grants that scripture speaks no●hing against plays in precise terms ; and ●hy then will he condemn them in pre●ise terms , if the scripture do not ? is ●ot this to incur the reprehension of s●●omon , noli esse nimium justus ? be not ●oo precise ; for to condemn a thing ●n precise terms , which the scriptures do not , what is this , but to be nimium justus ; more precise then needs ? but if the scriptures condemn them not in precise terms , in what terms then ? indeed onely in hilary t●rm ; for it would make a man merrie ; or rather it woul● make a h●rse break his halter to see th● strange antick faces of applications h● makes , to wring out a condemnatio● of plays from places of scripture ; an● when he hath all done , we might mak● as good an argument and say ; this ma● speaks scarce a wise word in all his book ; therefore plays are unlawfull : for wheresoever he findes any place against idolatry , and altars , against adultery , or murther , aganst wantonness , or prophanene●● , he presently applies them as spoken against plays , & never considers how idle , and simple he is , to stand picking , and culling out some certain texts of scripture ; when if these applications , would serve , he might have said it in a word , that all the whole scripture is nothing else , but a very arraignment , & condemnation of plays . but thus he fetches it abou● ; he confesseth that no scripture condemns plays , in precise terms ; but that ( fol. . ) they positively prohibit , and censure them , under the names of idolatry , of things consecrated to idols , of the c●p , and table of devils ; of the customs , rites , and delights of idolaters ; of the way and fashi●n of the heathen ; of the will of the gen●iles , and such like ; under which , plays are ●s really , and absolutely comprised , as any ●art is under the whole , or any species under its proper genus . a very fine device , ●o make quidlibet , ex quolibet . he seems one of that mans scholers , who deduceth , and findes comprised , all natural , and moral philosophie in the first chapter of genesis ; but will any man be●ieve him ? the fathers said this of hea●hen plays , and he , good man , thinks he may say it of ours ; will not therefore his device suit better with himself , and give us leave to say ; no scripture indeed condemns this man in precise terms ; but they condemn , and censure him under the names of a false prophet , of a perverter of scriptures ; of one , zealous without knowledge ; of a syco●hant , a busie-body , a slanderer , and such like ; under which names , this man is as really and absolutely comprised , as any part is under the whole , or any individuum under its proper species . and whe● we say this , can any man say , but tha● our application of these to him , is fa● more just , then his to plays ? certainly the heathen , have more colour of reason , to worship the sun , out of the te●●● et domino soli servies ; then this man hath to condemne plays , out of any text , against the idolatrie of the h●●then . for they at least , have the ambiguity of the word soli , to stand upon ; but this man hath nothing intus or 〈◊〉 cute , neither ambiguitie nor perspicuity of word , neither letter nor tittle of letter , to countenance his exposition . there are indeed some rules , by which , one vice may be comprised under the name of another ; as when lesser vices are forbidden , it shews the greater are forbidden also : so incest , and sodomitry under the name of adultery , so atheism , under the name of heathenism : or whe● a general vice is prohibited , it shews the particular kinds are prohibited also so poisoning under the name of murther● so bribery , and fraud , under the name 〈◊〉 stealing ; but can he shew , that plays 〈◊〉 by any such rules comprised under ●●e names of the vices he alledgeth ? no●●ing less : if he had done , or could do ●●is , he had spoken to some purpose , ●●d with some reason ; but since he ●ath not , nor cannot do this , what can ●e say of him , but that he hath shewed ●ore malice then wit , more zeal then knowledg , more boldness , or imprudence , ●hen either iudgment , or vnderstanding . ●e had read perhaps in some authours ●ome strange applications of places of ●cripture ; and he , like a true pythagore●n , takes all upon the credit of ipse ●ixit : and thereupon grows confi●ent at last to be a coyner of applica●ions himself : he thinks he hath as much zeal as they ; and knows , he ●ath less knowledg : and these two joyned together , much zeal , and little know●edg , are the true parents of all these false ●himerical applications . would any man ●hink , that these words of david ; blessed is the man , that hath not walked in the council of the ungodly : and hath not stood in the way of sinners : and hath not sate in the chair of sc●n●ers , were spoken by him , as against goin● to plays ? yet tertullian fetcheth it abou● and takes advantages of some circumst●●●ces , to make it seem probable . but ma● not tertullian be as well mistaken in ap●plying places of scripture against plays as he was in applying them to maintain th● errour of the millenaries : or the corporeit● of the soul ? although for this place perhaps we may excuse him ; seeing he seem● to apply it , by way of allusion , and exageration onely , and not by way of argumentation : in which sence , while this man mistakes it ; it is one of the seeds he takes to set in the wilderness of his brains : and from this , and such other mistaken seeds is grown at last this huge forest of confusion , which he presents you with in this his voluminous rhapsodie : voluminous indeed , if you look on the bulk ; but a very pamphlet , if on the substance . but is it not strange to see , how confidently he goes to moses to fetch texts , as it were warrants against plays ; as i● ●e were sure , that plays were then in use , ●n mos●s his time ? for if they were not , ●e would make moses a very hastie iudg , to condemn them before they were born . and indeed unless where ●e learned , that the devil invented them , ●e can learn also , at what time he invent●d them ; i will never believe , but ●e is much mistaken in the time of their nativity . especially seeing his rabbi tertullian fetcheth the greatest antiquity of plays but from the coming of tyr●henus , and the lydians , into italie : ( for when they were called ludi ● lydis ) and tyrrhenus came into italie some distance of time , after the trojane war ; and the trojane war was four hundred years , and more , after moses death . now , seeing the places , which this man citeth out of moses , were exhortations to the people , to avoid the idolatries , and customes of the heathen , that were at that time ; how can they be taken as intended against plays , which had no being in the world till many hundred years after ? but this may pass among , his venial faults : he thinks , perhaps , that god will never charge him with errours in chr●nologie ; so they exceed not a thousand years : because a thousand years with him are but as one day . yet it were not enough neither to say , that plays were then in use ; but he must prove also , they were then in use , in such manner as now they are ; for , if since that time they have mended their manners , it were no reason , that , having lived so long , they should now be put to death in their age for faults committed so long since in their infancie . but if they be of so great antiquity , it is very probable they are of as great innocency ; for having had many accusations , they have pass'd many trials : and though often arraigned , yet never convicted : and they should have very hard fortune , if , having stood the blows of so many axes , they should now be felled with the cut of a pen-knife . but , seeing he will needs be going to moses for proofs , let him go , and let us see what he can make of them ; and that every reader may be a iudge , i will cite you some of his places , which he takes to be positively spoken of plays ; and i will cite them , as he quotes them , lest you should think i take advantage ; the rest i will quote onely , that you may read them at leisure ; and laugh , if you can , for anger , or be angry , if you can , for laughing . ( fol . ) levit. xviii . . therefore ye shall keep mine ordinances ( namely , against incests , and sodomitries ) that ye do not any of the abominable customs , which have been done before you , and that ye defile not your selves therein . this is the first of his places , which he alledgeth as positively condemning plays . would any man think he were in earnest ? but hear another , deut. vii . . and the lord thy god shall give the nations before thee , then thou shalt smite them ; thou shalt make no covenant with them , nor take compassion on them . this is another of his places , that positively condemns plays . and about some ten ( deut. xii . . & xx . . iosh. vii . . & xi . . iudg. ii . . numbers xxxii . . psal. xvi . . ierem. x. . ) more he hath of like scantling ; and come no n●arer to touch plays , o● players , then these do . but these are out of the old testament : no doubt , he hath better out of the new● hear therefore some of them too . acts xvi . . but that we write unto them , that they abstain from filthiness of idols , and fornication , and from things strangled , and from blood . and i● not this still worse , and worse ? yet hear another , rom. xii . . and fashion not your selves like unto the world ; but be ye changed by the renewing of your mindes , that ye may prove what is the good will of god : and about some twenty places more of like pregnancie against plays . would any man think he were well in his wits , to alledge these places as spoken against plays ? but what should he do ? he must either take these , or none ; that we may justly say , the devil certainly owed him a shame , that put into his head , to take upon him the handling of this argument ; and it is indeed , as a most learn'd man , and most reverend divine of our time writes , that this man , and such ●s ●e , make the scripture speak what ●hey please ; deriving strange positions , ●nd p●radoxes thence ; when they , and th●ir bibles are alone in corners . but it is ●lain enough to see his crafty dealing ; ●or he quotes indeed these places , but ●e cites not one of them : for he well knew , if he had brought them to the bar as witnsses against plays , they must have stood mute ; for not one of them could have spoken a word in disparagement of plays . but you may hear him crying out , that he alledgeth these places , but as others have alledged them before ; and have we not heard cicero long since crying out , that no opinion is so absurd , which hath ●n some philosopher for a patron ? but he hath consent , as though there were not as well fratres in errore , as fratres in mal● . but he hath consent of times , as though the stream of invectives set once a running , upon just cause , may not continue running a long time after the cause removed ? and that which reacheth to them all , as though places o● scripture may not by way of allusion , and exaggeration , be applied to many purposes ; to which yet , by way of direct argumentation , they cannot be applied ? well , he hath now done with scripture , but he had done better , if he had never begun : for is it not a shame , he should make them a stale , and bring them in for witnesses , when they have nothing to say ; or rather indeed should suborn them to become false witnesses ; and make them say that they never intended ? but though you take his bible from him , yet he hath other very strong records , that are able of themselves to carry it . ( fol. . ) he hath fifty four councels , whereof every one hath divers canons , all to be discharged in the very faces of plays , and cannot choose , but shiver them all in pieces . no doubt , the engines are strong ; but doth he not miss-take the mark ? for , if we mark it , we shall finde them not levelled at our kinde of plays , but at pagan idolatrous plays , ( wherein , as balsamon saith , ●here were maledicta , & blasphemiae , be●ides many superstitions ) and addressed chiefly to restraint of : them upon sundays , for the time ; ( so the sixty fourth canon of the council of carthage ) in churches , for the place ; ( so concilium trecense ) to church-men , for the persons ; ( so the five and twentieth canon of the apostles ) but here he would take upon him to be an interpreter by himself ; and ( fol. . ) make us believe ; that , though the canon speak onely of church-men ; yet the equity of the canon reacheth to all other men . but what saith the old interpreter balsamon ? by forbiding them to church-men , it shews , they allowed them to lay-men . by forbidding them in churches , it shews , they allowed them in convenient places . by forbidding them on sundaies , it shews , they allowed them on working-daies : and so he hath made a fair hand with himself : charged canons , to be all discharged , and shot in his own face but is this a wise , or a wise man's argument ? plays were forbidden by councils heretofore ; ther●●fore they ought to be forbidden by the church now ? for how many things have been decreed by councils , which now are clean left off , and abrogated ? did not the council of antisiodore decree it unlawfull to give new-years gifts at christmas ? yet who sees it not now an a●nual custome ; and without offence ? did not the same council decree it unlawfull to deck houses with lawrel , or green boughs ? yet who sees it not now an usual fashion , and counted a decency ? did not the synod in trullo decree it unlawfull for gossips at a christening to marry together ever after ? yet what marriages now more lawfull , more frequent ? did not the same council in trullo decree all eating of blood to be unlawfull , and subject to excommunication ? yet who eats it not now familiarly , and without scandal ? infinite the like . for indeed the constitutions of the church have ever had regard to the time : and the time to the circumstances of occasion ; which not being ●nown , no man can judg of the great ●●tness of decrees , as they might be ●●en ; and yet of the great unfitness of ●he same decrees , if they should be ●ow . and therefore , though this man ●eem to produce councels , yet , in truth , ●e produceth them not , he delivers the ●ords as a parrat , that pronounceth the ●yllables , but not as a man , that under●tands the meaning ; and not to deliver ●hem in their full sense , is in true sense , ●ot to deliver them at all ; as cicero saith , the● shall a man be said to say the same ●hing , when he saith it in the same sens● , and with the same intent . but how can this man do this , when he knows not the intent , nor the circumstances of it ? or , if he do , yet he dissembles it , and will not know it , which is a worse ignorance , then the other . and if we should allow him the levelling of his canons , as he pretends , though we are not willing to lay any taint upon such reverend assemblies , yet this we may be bold to say , that oftentimes major pars meliorem vicit ; and that sometimes one paph●ntius hath been more worth , then all th● council besides . and ( fol. . ) as for his squadro● of seventy one fathers , and his one hundred and fifty other writers , whom he brags to have gotten on his side , though it make a great shew , yet it is no great matter , if we consider he hath been fifteen hundred years in getting them ; and especially , if we consider , that all those , whom he cannot get on his side , we may justly challenge to be on our side , and will make a greater troop , then his can make an army . but , lest it should be thought that all these trumpets , which he pretends to be for him , be so for him , that they be against us , let us a little hearken to their sounding , whether it hath been always upon a true alarm , or no ; for if it have not , we may justly except against them , and bar their voices from our scrutiny . some therefore of his trumpets , and those of the best , and ancientest , are such as sound onely at pagan plays , whereas our plays are no more like ●hem , then helene the mother of con●●antine was like helene the wife of ●enelaus ; and are as different from ●hem , as we our selves are differing from ●agans : and of this , both tertullian , and ●t . cyprian , ( the two most earnest of all ●he fathers against plays ) may be wit●esses ; and indeed witnesses instar omni●m : and whereupon do they ground ●heir condemnation of plays ? do they not both onely upon idolatry ? hear tertullian first , if there be no idol in the play , that idolatrie be not committed in it , ●hen i charge it not with any renouncing , which we have made in baptism . next ●ear st. cyprian , quod spectaculum sine ido●o ? quis ludus sine sacrificio ? if there●ore this man can finde in our plays , ei●her idols , or sacrifice , he may justly require our voices in crying down of plays ; but , if they be as clean from ●eprosies , as naaman was from his , having washed in iordan , then hath this man need to be down on his knees , and to ask these fathers , and us forgiveness , them for miss-reporting , and miss-enforcing them ; us , for miss-enforming and miss-perswading su . because miri●● was excluded from the camp , when sh● was leprous ; shall we therefore not admit her into the camp , when she i● cleansed ? indeed , when this man before brought poor , and simple reason● to prove his cause , we could not much blame him , ( for you can have no more of a man then his talent ) but now , that he wrests scriptures , traduceth councils , falsifieth fathers , miss-interprets all ; this most needs have some thing voluntary in it , and hath therefore no mean in the evil , because a meaning to be evil . the onely excuse is to say ; that he seems onely s●pere ex indice , to have all his learning from the tables of books : for they be these indeed , that make so many mountebanks of scholars , as swarm in the world . for , when a theme is propounded , they run presenty to the tables , and pick authours pockets of what serves their turns , but never once offer to look the authours in the face● and so , not knowing the antecedents , and su●seq●●●ts , they neither understand what they read , nor this man , what he writes . and that you may know him to be such an one , you shall find it by this one cast of his scholar-ship , ( fol. . ) where he saith , that cyprian was seconded by tertullian , in his opinion against plays : as though tertullian had lived after cyprian : for that a man , who goes before , and begins an opinion , may be seconded by him that follows , there is reason ; but to say , that a man , which follows , and continues an opinion , is seconded by him that went before , and began it , was never heard of , till he hath brought it into being . and may we not here say , that this one answer alone , is it self a full discharge to his whole book , without any more ado ; seeing all the arguments he brings in his book , either drawn from reason , or from authorities , either of councels , or fathers , or other writers ; they are true enough against the plays of the heathen ; but , as plays are now in use amongst christians , not a true word in any of them ; and therefore where he hath entituled his book , a tragedie of actours ; he should , if he had done right , have entituled it , a comedie of errours . it is true indeed , tertullian condemneth plays by places of scripture , not onely against idolatry , and superstition , but against sensuality also , and concupiscence ; but doth he not by the same places condemn also second marriages ; when either a man marrieth a second wife , or a woman a second husband ? yet he is condemned for applying the places against these ; and why not then as well , for applying them against plays ? for who doubts , but there is more concupiscence , and sensuality in marrying a second wife , or husband , then in seeing a play ? there is yet another sense , in which these holy fathers do sometimes speak of plays , though neither idolatrous , nor superstitious , as things unworthy of a christian man : but is it not in the sense , that christ spake of the providence for earthly things , of caring for food , and ●●yment ; after all which , saith he , the ●●ntil●s s●ek ? and doth not saint paul 〈◊〉 the same sense , though in another ●egree , vi●ifie also the best works , that ●e can do , even the good works ●f the law ; accounting them to be ●o better then very dung : then which ●e could not have used a more con●emptible , and disgracefull term. but who knows not , that these things are ●poken by way of comparison ? if there●ore that , which is comparatively spoken , ● man shall take as spoken positively , shall ●e not shew himself a superlative false expositour ? for , setting aside idolatry , and open obscenity , which our plays de●est as much as this man , neither ter●ullian , nor any of the fathers , did ever any otherwise condemn plays , but as they condemned all artificial delights of the world , aspiring onely to that perfection , of which st. iohn speaks ; love not the world , neither the things of the world : ●f any man love the world , the love of god is not in him . i speak this the rather for pr●vention ; lest the man , vouchsafing perhaps to read this discourse , shoul● think he had found here a just ground for a reply , and vex us again with transscribing of authours , and heaping up mountains of authorities , like pelion upon ossa , to this purpose : which now , he may hereby know , will serve him to no purpose ; for we seek to justifie plays , as fit recreations for an honest natural , or moral man , but no ways to be matched with the high mysterious contemplations of a christian in divinity . and , i doubt not , but all the sentences of the fathers , spoken against plays in this kinde , will take this for an answer ; and this may be sufficient to shew , that these mens sounding is insufficient , & nihil ad rhombum . others there are , of whom we may be bold to say , seeing the proverb saith it , that the greatest clerks are not always the wisest men . bring them to a matter , that is not meerly logical , and you shall finde them oftentimes to be meerly irrational . plays therefore being practical , and their chief use consisting in action ; these mens soundings will prove no other , then as the barking of dogs at mo●nshine in the water . others there are , that sound out of zeal , but their zeal being without knowledge , though we may commend their zeal , yet we cannot commend their ignorance ; and we may truly apply another proverb to these , that with too much haste they outrun the constable : for though they had the alarm in their ears , yet they have lost it by the way ; and have so fast fixed their eyes upon the abuse of plays , that they never cast a look upon the right use , but are like one gobryas , whom plutarch speaks of , who fallen down , and strugling with magus , bid darius thrust his sword though through them both . but these are no fit men to make iudges of , who ought rather to spare the guilty , then to condemn the innocent ; and rather to venture a doubtfull danger , then to destroy a manifest benefit : for the hurt of plays , though seen , may be avoided ; the benefit of plays , if not seen , cannot be obtained . and thus , by that time these mens soundings are all supprest , there will be as few left to sound their trumpets against plays , as were left to cast stones at the adulteress in the gospel . and lastly , when the fathers , and other devout writers , inveigh so bitterly against plays , and apply to them such heavie styles , may they not be understood to do it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , by way of exaggeration , in majorem cautelam : that there be not so much as the appearance of evil amongst christians , as st. paul acknowledgeth ? and when players use speeches sometimes , and actions , a little swerving from the strict rules of puritie , may they not be understood to do it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , by way of illustration , in majorem suadelam ; as a player in terence professeth his intent to be , vt , cùm cognûrint , perpetuò oderint ? although therefore there may seem to be between them a diametrical opposition ; yet , seeing they agree in the principal intent , that is , in moral erudition , why may they not be brought to some indifferent reconcilement , and not continue in the deadly fewd , which this man professeth : if a spirit of charity , which covereth faults , and not a spirit of malice , which maketh faults where none is , were the vmpire between them , and had the hearing , and handling of the matter ? after his canons of fifty four councils , and his seventy one pieces of ordinance of the fathers , and his hundred and fifty musket-shot of other writers , he comes at last ( fol. . ) with his squibs of fourty heathen writers , and philosophers ; but hath he not utterly disgraced his whole army , by having such scare-crows to march in the rear ? hath he not extremely overshot himself , to bring his cause before heathenish moral writers ? whilest he kept himself in foro divino , and foro ecclesiastico , though he had not much to say against plays , yet plays had not much to say for themselves ; ( for we must not look , that the scriptures will perswade us to go to plays , no more then they perswade us to seek to be rich ) if he had kept himself within his compass , and gone no further then his name professeth , to be onely histri●m●stix , which is , in his own interpretation , a beadle of beggars , he might with some indifferency have been tolerated ; but , having once gotten the whip into his hand , he lays about him like a bedlam-man , and strikes at every man he meets , not onely his professed duellists , the players , that act the plays , but the poets , that make them , the spectatours , that see them , the magistrates , that allow them , the musick , that abets them , the dancing , that graces them ; nay , he spares not sovereign majesty , even kings , and princes : that we must needs now take his whip from him , and if he shew not himself more reasonable with his tongue , then he hath done with his pen , even send him to b●dlam for a mad man. but for musick , and dancing , we will talk with him hereafter : now we will onely question him about the other , and begin with poets , because they are the beginners of plays● and what can he say , why he should offer to whip ●hem ? were they not highly esteemed , when they lived ? are they not highly valued● now they are dead ? is there any library , where their books are wanting ? is there any learned man , that cites not their sentences ? nay● so much did plato esteem of sophron's books , who was , as quintilian saith , but mimorum s●riptor , as it were a writer of ballads , that he was found to have them under his pillow when he died . if then he cannot for very shame condemn poets , how can he with any face condemn players ? as if he should allow a song to be set in musick , and not allow it to be sung ? or an oration to be penned , and not to be pronounced ? but which are the players he would whip ? if onely the bad actours , we are contented ; let him not spare them : for to be a bad actour is no more the part of a player , then his book is the work of a scholar . but will ●e therefore whip roscius too ? he were best take heed what he does : for , if roscius bring him once upon the stage , he will make him more ridiculous by playing the beadle , then once he made chaerea , ( whom cicero speaks of ) by playing the bawd. brutus , that glorious tyrannicide , was not only a great favourer , and furtherer of plays , but he writ to cicero , that he should not intermit to see them , even presently after caesar's death ; and will he whip cicero too , if he take him at a play ? he were best take heed what he doeth ; for cicero can write orationes prinnianas , as well as philippicas , that will live to his disgrace , as long as letters shall live in grace● pompey the great built a theatre on purpose for seeing of plays ; and will he whip brutus , and pompey too , for dissolute magistrates in allowing of plays ? he were best take heed what he doeth ; for brutus hath a penknife died in blood , and pompey can lead him as a slave in his triumphs : and it is not for a simple gown-man to meddle with them , who were the princes of the gens togata . augustus caesar thought so modestly of plays , that he allowed vestal virgins to go unto them , assigning them a place in the theatre , where they should sit , and see them ; and will he whip vestal virgins too , if he catch them at a play ? he were best take heed what he doeth ; for they sit there by the emperour's allowance ; and non est tutam in eum scribere , qui potest proscribere , it is not safe writing against him , who hath power to banish you . if plays then have roscius for an actour , cicero for a spectatour , brutus for an abettour , pompey for a benefactour , and augustus for a patron , where is he , that scandals plays , as if they durst not shew their faces in any good company ? let him bring me five such men in foro morali , in disgrace of plays , as i have brought him five here in their commendation , and i will confess the game lost ; if he cannot , let him then leave his facing , and his bragging , which do but set him aloft , to make him a spectacle ; and though with the credulous they get him credit , yet with the iudicious they shew he hath no iudgment . but where are ( fol. . ) his fourty heathenish moral writers , and philosophers all this while ? socrates , plato , aristotle , cicero , seneca , tacitus , pliny , maerobius , marcus aurelius , and the rest ? indeed he hath made them his executours , but they refuse to administer ; and we may say of them , as augustus said of his ajax , ( a tragedie he had written ) in spongiam incubuit , they are shrunk in the wetting . and he makes me think of a mad man of athens , who , in all other points a sensible man , onely in this one point distracted , that , standing by the sea-side , what ships soever he saw pass by , he presently thought them to be his own , and would exceedingly rejoyce , as if they were his ships , newly come home with rich prizes : so this man , in other matters , for any thing i know , well enough in his wits , seems yet to have one corner of his brains possessed with this madness ; that standing in his library amongst his books , what good authours soever he sees there , he presently thinks them to be of his opinion , against plays , when , good man● there is no more to ●e found of his opinion in any of their ●ooks , then was found of this mad athe●ian's , goods in any of the ships . it were ●edious to examine them all ; if i shew ●ou his faults in some , you may believe ●e in the rest : but what need i require ●ou to believe me , when you may turn ●o the places , and take him tripping ●our selves . for in the places he cites ●ither ye shall finde nothing at all of that ●e spe●ks , or nothing at all to the purpose he speaks of . try him in seneca , because he is likeliest to be next at hand . he cites his one hundred and twenty second , and one hundred and twenty third epistles : but in these two long epistles there is not a word to be found concerning plays . he cites his seventh epistle , and there indeed he speaks of spectacula ; but what ? not plays , but earnest ; of which he saith , manè , leonibus , & vrsis homines ; meridie , spectatoribus suis objiciuntur . he cites his proeme to his controversies : there he hath a line , or two , of the effeminateness of young men in his time ; but concerning plays nè verbum quidem . he cites his twelfth chapter de brevitate vitae , a place ra●ther against himself ; for seneca , having there spoken of the luxury of his tim● , concludeth thu● ; i nunc , & mimes mult● mentiri ad exprobrandam luxuriam put● : plura mehercule praetereunt , quàm fingunt . he cites the one and thirtieth , and two and thirtieth chapters of the seventh book of his natural questions , wherein is not a word , that makes against plays , onely he complains , that plays were then in more request , then the study of philosophy . he cites the twelfth , thirteenth , and fourteenth chapters de vita beata , but in all them , of plays , altum silentium . and is not this man now the very mad man of athens ? i might say here , et crimine ab uno disce omnes . but try another ; take macrobius . he cites his first , and seventh chapters of his saturnalia : but in the first not a word of plays ; in the other he shews how wonderfully augustus caesar graced certain players of his time , laberius , and publius , pylades , and hylas , as if he should quote us a place on purpose , to give himself the ●ie . he cites valerius maximus , who tells ●ndeed of sempronius sophus , that he put ●way his wife for going to plays with●ut his privitie : but this was not for ●oing to plays , but for going without ●is privitie , and is thus far rather for the ●eputation of plays , that it was not un●ommendable for women to go to plays , so they went with their husbands , or in other good company , with their ●rivitie . and is not this man still the mad man of athens ? he cites the two and twentieth epistle of the fourth book of plinie , but there a judgment only ●s passed against an agon gymnicus , an exercise of naked wrestlers , and what is this to plays ? he cites socrates , and thinks he hath wisdome on his side , because he was judged the wisest man by the delphian oracle : but was socrates a fit man to condemn plays for obscenity ; who ( as salvianus relates ) would have no man to have any wife of his own , but all women to be in common : and what were this , but to betray the city , whilst he defends the suburbs ? for , where this opinion is held lawfull● what obscenity can be held unlawfull● he must therefore either renounce salvianus his testimony ; and so he shall lose the blessing of one of his fathers , or else renounce socrates his iudgment , and so he shall lose the ring-leader of one of his squadrons . he cites plato , but he is taken from him by one , that will hold him in spight of his great words , the thrice● worthy sidney , who proves plainly , that plato banish'd not players out of his common-wealth for any of the reasons by this man alledged ; but because the poet● of his time filled the world with a wrong opinion of the gods , and he would not have the youth depraved with such opinions , whereof now , without further law , christianity hath taken away all the hurtfull belief . and so he can have no help from any of these , but he must be the mad man of athens still . and as for cicero , and the learned emperour , marcus aurelius , you shall hea● them presently speak so much to hi● face ; that , if none else would prove him to be the mad man of athens , yet they themselves will be the men shall do it . but these are but single , and private men , ( fol. . ) he can shew whole cities , and nations , that banished players . and did they not physicians also , and philosophers , and mathematicians ? yet in many cities they were kindly entertained ; they were civitate donati , enfranchised , and made free citizens : and some of them grew to that wealth , that is incredible ; as it is recorded of one aesop , an actour of tragedies , that he left his son so rich , that he fed upon pearl , and was served at his table in silver dishes . but mark how this man can play the ambidexter . at first , it was a good argument against plays , because they were the customs , and delights of heathen people : now it must serve for an argument against them , because they were rejected , and banished by heathen people , that we need not wonder , how his book comes to be so vast , and voluminous , seeing with the same breath he can bo●h kindle , and blow out the fire ; the same thing , both affimed , and denied , he can equally make to serve his turn . and where he tells us of great princes , and mighty emperours , both heathen , and christian , that are on his side ; what should we speak of any heathen emperours after him , who had none before him , the great augustus , as worthy to shut up the leaves of this contentious discourse , as he was to shut up the doors of the temple of peace . and him we have already shewed , by places of the man 's own directing , to be directly against him : but , to leave no place of doubt , how firmly augustus is on our side , hear what suetonius tranquillus saith of him , spectaculorum & assiduit●te , & varietate , & magnificentiâ omnes antecessit ; in the daily frequenting , and in the variety , and magnificence of setting forth plays , he exceeded all men . indeed the man ( fol. . ) labours much to get augustus from us , and we cannot blame him : yet in this we blame him , that he seeks to get him from us by a trick ; he would make us believe , that augustus ●id not favour plays , or players , because ●e punished two excellent players , hylas , ●nd pilades , the one with whipping , the ●ther with banishment . as though any man thought augustus so far to favour plays , as to grant players an immunity of committing faults without controllment ? for he punished them not meer●y for playing , but for playing the knaves , and for their misdemeanours . and now , that i may coronidem imponere , conclude all with one , that wore a christian crown , and wore it so worthily , that he was called pater patriae ; did not lewis the twelfth , king of france , command plays to be used , and to be used after the old maner , with liberty to tax mens vices , and not to spare even scoffing at himself , if he deserved it ? and how can we forget a queen of our own , ( of late famous memory ) whose virtues we shall remember longer , then our own names : who would never have given allowance to plays , all the time of her reign , and been her self oftentimes a spectatrix of them● if she had either been informed by her confessours , or had conceived in her own excellent judgment , that they could be any either scandal to religion , or disparagement to modestie . and it may be a president of no small moment for the countenancing of plays , that a great prelate of our time , eminent as well for his piety , as his learning , yet seldome passed a christmass , that he had not plays acted at his house before him . but what cares this man for either princes , or prelates ? for what ( fol. . ) saith he : too many great ones ( he knows not out of what respects ) have vouchsafed to honour plays , ( or rather dishonour themselves ) with their presence : and ( fol. . ) were degenerating princes : this is , that he stands ( fol. . ) upon , and will maintain , that not one , either heathen , or christian writer of any note , can be alledged in defence of plays . a bold challenge , but , if there be no fallacie in his writers of note , a challenge , that is presently like to fall to the ground● for what thinks he of marcus tullius cicero ? was not he a writer of note ? who , though he have not written a book on purpose , yet hath inserted in his books many notable sentences in behalf of plays ; which if we should collect , would make a just volum . but what need we , when he hath one sentence , that seems as a verdict on their side , where he saith , comoedia est imitatio vitae ; speculum consu●tudinis , & imago veritatis : ( a short , but a full description of the nature of plays : ) a comedy is the resemblance of life , the mirrour of custome , the image of truth : in which not a word , that speaks not , if not in their praise , at least in their commendation . and not to stand piling up of authours ; what thinks he of one , that may be instar multorum , the emperour , and philosopher , marcus aurelius ? was not he a writer of note ? who in his excellent book of morality ( for which we are beholding to our engraffed country-man , a learned issue of a most learned parent ) hath so briefly , and yet so fully expressed the profit of plays , that you must not think it tedious , if i set down his own words . tragedies ( saith he ) were at first brought in , and instituted , to put men in minde of worldly chances , and casualties , that these things in the ordinary course of nature did so happen , that men , that were much pleased , and delighted by such accidents upon this stage , would not by the same things , in a greater stage , be grieved , and afflicted . after the tragedie , the comoedia vetus , or antient comedie was brought in ; which had the liberty to inveigh against personal vices ; being therefore , through this their freedom , and liberty of speech , of very good use , and effect , to restrain men from pride , and arrogancie . after these , what were either the media , or nova comaedia admitted for , but meerly , or for the most part , for the delight , and pleasure of curious , and excellent imitation ? thus writes marcus aurelius : and what could he have spoken in so few words to a greater praise of plays ? and this he writes in his book , i may say , of mortified moralitie ; that one may be sure , he speaks as he thinks : and cannot be suspected to flatter sensuality . and what will the man say now to heathen writers ? what ? but that , which we may say for him ; that sure their books had no tables , and so he could not come to see what they said of plays . or perhaps for all his saying , he cares not much whether heathen writers be of his side , or no : but for christian writers , he is sure enough of them , to make his challenge good . but is not this impudence past all patience , when ( fol. . ) he hath named himself two writers of note , molanus , and lindanus ; the one a professour● the other a reverend bishop , who have both of them written in ●ustification of plays ? but you must allow him to except these , he meant so when he made his challenge . well , be it so : what thinks he then of the glory of our nation , the incomparable sir philip sidney ? was not he a christian , and a writer of note ? who in his general defence of poetry hath inserted also a particular defence of plays , and you may well hear his words without altering , because they are not capaable of bettering . comedie ( saith he ) is an imitation of the common errours of our life , which the comedian representeth in the most ridiculous , and scornfull sort , that may be , so as it is impossible , that any beholder can be content to be such an one . now , as , in geometrie , the oblique must be known as well as the right ; and , in arithmetick , the odd as well as the even : so , in the actions of our life , who seeth not the filthyness of evil wanteth a great foil to perceive the beauty of virtue . this doth the comedie handle so , in our private , and domestical matters , that with hearing it we get as it were an experience : what is to be looked for of a niggardly demea , of a crafty davus , of a flattering gnatho , of a vain-glorious thraso , and not onely to know what effects are to be expected , but to know , who be such , by the signifying badg given them by the comedian . and little reason hath any man to say , that men learn the evil , by seeing it so set out ; since ( as i said before ) there is no man living , but by the force truth hath in nature no sooner seeth these men play their parts , but he wisheth them in pistrinum . although perchance , the sack of his own faults lie so behinde his back , that he seeth not himself to dance the same measure : whereto nothing ●an more open his eies , then to see his own actions contemptibly set forth . so that , the right use of comedie will , i think , by no body be blamed : and much less of the high , and excellent tragedie , that openeth the greatest wounds , and sheweth forth the vlcers , that are covered with tissue ; that maketh kings fear to be tyrants , and tyrants to manifest their tyrannical humours ; that , with stirring the effects of admiration , and commiseration , teacheth the uncertainty of this world , and upon how weak foundations gilden roofs are builded . it were therefore too absurd to cast out so excellent a representation of whatsoever is worthy to be learned . thus the excellent sidney : and what more could he have said , if he would have sought to flatter plays ? yet there is an exception against him to , because ( fol. . ) he hath written an arcadia , one of the books in this man's index expurgatorius . but perhaps he will admit of no english testimonies : take one then in france , and what thinks he of the ing●nious , and learned michael de montaigne ; was not he a christian , and a writer of note ? and hear what he writes in the five and twentieth chapter of his first book of essaies : i have ever ( saith he ) accused them of impertinencie , that condemn , and disallow such kinde of recreation , and blamed those of in-justice , that refuse good , and honest comedians , or ( as we call them ) players , to enter our good towns , and grudg the common people such publique sports , politick , and well-ordered common wealths endeavour rather carefully to unite , and assemble their citizens together , as in serious offices of devotion ; so in honest exercises of recreation . common society , and loving friend-ship is thereby cherished , and encreased : and besides , they cannot have more formal , and regular pastimes allowed them , then such , as are acted , and represented in open view of all , and in the presence of the magistrates themselves . and , if i might 〈◊〉 sway , i would think it reasonable , that in populous cities there should be theatres appointed for such spectacles . thus montaigne : and where is the man's challenge now , as though there were none , that either did , or durst oppose him ? certainly we may truly say ; the saying is verified of him , scientia non habet inimicum praeter ignorant●m : verecundia non habet inimicum praeter impudentem . but when all is said , that can be : this is his murus aheneus , that he saith no more , then what tertullian , and saint cyprian , and many other most zealous , and learned men , have said before . it is true indeed , tertullian , and saint cyprian , two shining ligh●s in the church of god , have both of them written treatises de spectaculis , concerning shews , and plays ; and i could wish they were in english , that the world might see a strange thing to wonder at : which is , that this man saith almost nothing material of plays , which he hath not from them , and yet , where they write most learnedly , he saith the same thing , and yet writes most ignorantly : where they write exceeding devoutly , he saith the same thing , and yet writes exceeding malitiously : where they shew in their writing great judgment , and discretion● he saith the same thing , and yet shews nothing but vanity , and gross simplicity . one would wonder how this should happen , but this is the matter : circumstances in matters moral enter common often times with the substance it self , or rather indeed become very parts of the substance ; which these fathers have most duly observed : but this man goes away with the substance , as sampson with the gates of azzah , and leaves the circumstances all behinde him : and so , whilst he thinks he hath the substance of the matter ; he hath not indeed the matter of the substance . a few words will make it plain . tertullian lived in the time of septimius severus emperour of rome : under whom was the fifth , or sixth persecution against christians : in the twelfth year of his empire were proclaimed secular plays ( so called , because they were solemnized but semel in saeculo , once in an hundred years ) and were dedicated to the honour of some of their heathen gods. tertullian ( conceiving it might breed great scandal to the christian religion , if christians should resort unto them : and the heathen being apt to insult , as though christians had no pleasures in their own religion , but were fain to come for pleasures to them ) writes a treatise , exhorting all christians to forbear these plays ; and useth indeed many excellent , and weighty reasons , that these plays were full of idolatrie , and superstition , and therefore they could not go to see them , but they must become as accessaries , and partakers with them in their idolatrie : that they were full of licentious beastliness , as wherein men , and women were brought in , naked upon the stage , using many libidinous , and immodest gestures ; that themselves were now in persecution , fitter to mourn , then to be merry , fitter to wring their hands with compunction , then to clap their hands at a plaudite ; that they might bethink themselves of greater pleasures in their own religion , their reconcilemeut with god , their redemption by christ , their hope of heaven , and such like . now , what man of our ministers , if he had been in tertullian's place would not have written of these plays , as tertullian did : yet what man of our ministers , as our plays are now , would once have offered to open his mouth against them ? they were idolatrous ; ours , meerly moral : they , dedicated to heathen gods ; ours , dedicated only to honest recreation : they , full of impious , and prophane obscenity ; ours , full only of civil mirth : they , full of cruelty , and blood ; ours , friendly , and quiet , lovingly maintaining mutual society : they , in time of persecution ; ours , in time ( for which we have cause to praise god ) of peace , and iubile : they , acted by heathen , and amongst heathen ; ours , acted by christians , and amongst christians . and now , let the world judg , whether there be no just cause to commend this father for wri●ing as he did , and yet to condemn this man for writing as he doth ? for he duly observed all due circumstances , but this man observes none ; but is meerly a confused lump , as if he were a man made out of the first chaos , and were never descended from adam , made of the earth , when it was a distinct element . although therefore he could say , that he saith nothing , but what others have said before , yet would this be no apologie for him ; s●eing he saith it not in the same times , nor amongst the same persons , nor upon the same occasions , nor with regard of any due circumstance . and yet , this is not all ; for is not his book full of severe censurings ? of uncharitable invectives ? of far-fetch'd applications ? of opprobrious language ? of blemishing imputations ? but , suppose it were not , is it nothing to gather the errours of former times , and to cast them upon the reformation of the present time ? is it nothing to suck the vlcers of diseased persons , and then spit them all in the face of his countrey ? is it nothing to obtrude his own mistakings for truths ; and that to the scandal of the whole nation ? is it nothing to perswade the world , that ( fol. , & . ) we profess to be christians , but are none , as maintaining heathenish , and idolatrous customes ? is it nothing ( fol. . ) to sow seeds of suspicion , and iealousies in the peoples hearts , as if all were out of order , both in church , and common-wealth ? is it nothing for a private man , to take upon him to be censor morum , in matters both civil , and ecclesiastical ? if these things should be suffered , every korah , and dathan would be controlling of moses , and aaron ; every iack straw would be giving ●aws to his prince ; every dreamer would be an enthusiast , as if another montanus were come amongst us : but i forbear to aggravate faults already censured , quas meruit poenas , jam dedit illud opus . onely add this as a corollary to all , that hath been said , if plays be neither guilty of idolatry , nor obscenity , then is his book guilty both of malice , and slander ; but they are neither idolatrous in any sort , as all men will acknowledge , nor obscene in the sort he would make them , as no man can deny ; and therefore what is his book but a very unmannerly surmise for the maner , and a very filthy impostume for the matter . and now , that you have heard this negative argument to absolve plays ; you may be pleased to hear one affirmative argument , to make them absolute , and it shall be cut after his own fashion , if that will please him . that exercise is most worthy to be frequented , in which both profit , and pleasure may be had together : but such are plays , therefore most worthy to be frequented . the major is proved thus , omne tulit punctum , qui miscuit ●tile dulci. the minor thus , et prodesse volunt , & delectare poëtae . there remains onely a short paraphrase upon this argument , and then dixi. for should we not wrong plays , if we did onely defend them , and did not commend them ? to leave them non laudatos , were to leave them illaudatos : and they deserve not onely an apologie , but an encomium . as therefore it is said of images , that they are the books of such as cannot read ; so we may say of plays , that they are the scholes of such as cannot studie , and teach that with ease and delight , which in other courses cannot be attained without much pain , and labour . and let not the name abuse you , as if you were at play , when you are at a play ; for though the name be but a iest , yet is there in good earnest much earnest good to be learned from thence by due observation . certainly , the very scope of plays in christian times , hath ever been addressed to the magnifying of virtue ; or to make notorious the foulness , and deformity of vice ; wherein indeed they have an ability , then any other course far more enforcing . for whereas the common man is drawn to love virtue , not so much by the love of virtue , as by the love of happiness , which grows out of virtue ; and to hate vice , not so much for the hate of vice , as for the hate of miseries , that flow out of vice : it must necessarily follow , that what doth most manifest such happiness , or such miseries , must needs , to virtue , or from vice , be most enforcing ; but this effect is far better wrought by plays , the representation of life , then by the life it self : seeing life , being casual , and tedious , doth neither always answer to desert ; nor yet is ea●ie to be observed , where the play no sooner shews you the vice , but it inflicts the punishment ; no sooner the virtue , but it bestoweth the reward . besides , where laws suppress faults , by making the faulty , punishable : plays reclaim the faulty , by making the faults , if small , ridiculous● if great , odious . indeed , the passages of the world are excellent glasses , if they be had within reasonable distance , which , as it is the purpose of histories to do by relation ; so it is the purpose of plays to do it by representation , as cicero saith , haec consicta arbitror à poetis esse , ut effictos mores nostros , expressámque imaginem nostrae quotidianae vitae videamus : plays , i conceive , were devised by poets for this purpose ; that in them , as in a glass , we might see the maners , and very image of our daily life . plays indeed are glasses of the passages , and actions of the world : and it is unhappy for glasses , when they fall into the hands of ill-favoured faces ; for they may chance to lay the ill favouredness of their faces upon the glasses : and just so it is with this man ; for he lays all the blame of the world 's bad actions upon plays , where he ought rather to lay all the blame of plays bad actions upon the world : for , if the world were good , plays would be good ; but , if the world be bad , plays are but the glasses , they do but their kinde to represent it as it is ; and therefore no fault of theirs , if they be bad too . but he cannot abide to hear talk of representations , he finds no difference between real committing a sin , and representing it . but have we not even in scripture some examples , ( which we may apply with reverence ) that things which cannot without indecency be done , may yet without indecency be represented ? can there be a more beastly , a more shamefull act , then to shew one's self stark naked before all people ? yet the prophet esay did so ; and did so three years together : and though in it self it were a shamefull act● yet in him it was not so ; because he did it for representation . can there be a more foul , or foolish act , then for a man purposely to marry a whoor , and to have children of fornications ? yet the prophet hosea did so : and , though in it self it were a most foolish act ; yet in him it was not so , because he did it for representation . and may we not then draw from hence not only an apologie for plays , by reason of their lawfulness , but an encomium also , by reason of their forcibleness ? and for this cause the great schole-man , thomas aquinas , saith , and saith it in this very case . poeticae fabulae idcirco inventae sunt , ut mortales adducerent ad virtutis adeptionem , ac vitii fugam , ad quoe simplices homines meliùs repraesentationibus , quàm rationibus inducuntur . plays were invented to this purpose , that men might the better be drawn to embrace virtue , and to flie vice ; to which they are much better drawn by representations , then by reasons . but he would be thought very devout ; he stands upon it , that we have other , far better , more crystalline glasses then plays , even scriptures , the word of god , and preachers , the ministers of the word of god , &c. as though , because the sun is a glorious light of god's making , we might not use a torch of our own making , when the sun is down ? the scriptures indeed are divine rules , god's word is a lanth●rn to our feet , and a light to our paths , and preachers are sublime schole-masters , who sit in moses chair to instruct us ; and i could wish with this man , that prayers , & sermons were more frequented , and plays less ; but yet not with this man's minde , as though every one , that goes to a play , were damned : but because plays are but of humane invention , and may miscarry in that they intend ; sermons are of divine institution , and have a promise of grace annexed ; and of which it is said , that faith comes by hearing . we see plays but to refresh our spirits ; but we hear sermons to sanctifie our spirits : we see plays but as a bodily recreation ; but we hear sermons as a spiritual edification ; which yet i speak not to make comparison , but to shew there is no comparison to be made . they are non eod●m nominanda die . but yet they are no ●lasses ; he can never make a glass of a pulpit , as we may do of a stage ; that may teach us to know our selves , but it cannot shew us to see our selves : this is onely done by representation , which is the proper office , and work of plays . if therefore we could make true use of plays , as plays do their parts to offer it unto us , we should not onely in them see our faults , but by them learn to amend our faults ; and though we attribute not unto them a power of working spiritual grace , which is proper to the pulpit ; yet we may attribute to them a means of working moral virtue , which may be common to the stage . here he falls to exclaiming , ( for he is excellent at loud exclamations ) [ fol. . ] oh , let it never be heard of in gath , nor published in askelon ; [ fol. . ] for who can be so ●rossly stupid , to think to learn any grace , or virtue from a play-house ? who ever sought for pearls in dirt ; or for a crystal spring in filthy mire ? with many such , no less impertinent , then pathetical interrogatories ; which he would use , if he were but speaking of a goose's going bare-foot . indeed he bears himself very h●gh ; as if he were the onely atlas to bear up the firmament of virtue ; and that we are all children of the giants , that fight against god , and all goodness : but we let him know , ( if at least he will learn ) that we honour virtue as much sincerely , as he would seem to do , and we seek to advance virtue by more ways , then he directs how to do . we acknowledge prayer the most sovereign means ; then reading of scriptures ; then hearing of sermons ; then conferring with learned ministers ; then conversing with religious persons : but yet we exclude not inferiour helps ; for seeing all the means we can use is little enough , why should we neglect any means , though never so mean ? and indeed , as seneca said of epicurus , malè audit , infamis est , sed immeritó : he hath an ill report , and is infamous , yet undeservedly : ( for though he made pleasure the summum bonum , yet he meant a pleasure flowing out of virtue ) so we may say of plays ; malè audiunt , infames sunt , sed immeritó : they have an ill name , and are infamous , but undeservedly : for though they be in shew but pleasures , yet they bring a profit with them , and conduce to virtue . and seeing heathen men might have , and oftentimes had in great eminency moral virtues , to what may we impute it more , then to their seeing of plays ? for , though philosophy gave them the rules , and histories told them the tales , yet plays onely shewed them the examples , which gave the life to both the other . for rules of philosophy are but dead lessons , and tales of histories make but light impression ; the viva vox , and action of the player , is as a les●on in musick , played unto us by the master ; and as a seal upon both sense , and understanding , the print whereof is reciprocally carried from one to the other with infinite repercussions . rules of philosophy , though they be good directions , yet they want one to lead us by the hand ; they bring us onely to video meliora , probóque , and then leave us to deteriora sequor : where plays do not onely shew us the right , but lead us in it ; not onely tell us the way , but tread it out before us . reading of histories , though it be pleasing to the understanding , yet it is wearisome to the sense ; neither is the understanding it self so much wrought upon by that we read , as by what we hear , and see ; and this makes plays to be of far more use , and profit then histories ; because in them we have absolutely the help of one sense more , and the help of the other sense with far more force , and greater contentment . and as for the understanding , it is not onely sooner , and better informed , but is dilated also , and made both more capable , and more capacious , by seeing of plays , then by reading of histories : seeing in these the phantasie , receiving it onely from the dead book , and doing it all , it self alone , can be but faint in delivering it to the understanding : where , in plays , the seeing prompts the hearing , and the hearing prompts the seeing , and they both joyn together , to present it to the fantasie , which , receiving it with vigour , with vigour transmits it to the understanding . i might quickly here grow tedious , if i should follow the matter , and not observe form , but seeing too long walk● , though never so pleasant , may be wearisome , i will make a stand here ; onely shewing , what an hill is behinde to be ascended , if , after private profi●s , i should proceed to speak of publick benefits : proving how necessary it is , that the multitude , who live by their labours should have recreations allowed them to sweeten their pains : and that of all recreations , hitherto invented , there is not any , for many considerations , so worthy the embracing , as this of plays : it is a general delight , general to sex , to age , to quality ; it is an innocent delight , innocent in deed , and in occasion ; it is a cheap delight , it ventures nothing , and spends but little ; it is a sociable delight , many do at once enjoy it , and all equally ; it is a ready delight , without wast of time , or trouble of waiting ; it is a refreshing delight , it becalms the spirits , where most other delights make the pulses beat ; it is a delight both to sense , and reason : and , of the senses , more then one more then one way do at once partake it : and as for the reasons , we may truly say of plays , that they enlarge it by discourses , quicken it by conceits , and direct it by examples . these are some reasons of many , to shew there is just cause , why plays should , and may delight us : but to shew , that they do indeed delight us , what can be alledged better then that , which cicero saith , quid ego dicam populum , ac vulgus imperitorum ludis magnoper● delectari ? quanquam id huic causae satis est ; sunt enim populi , ac multitudinis comitia : what should i speak of the delight , which common people take in plays ? of which we need seek no further reason then this , that they are the marts of the people . and lest you should think it a base delight , as delighting onely the base multitude : hear what he saith further , and saith it not onely as a witness , but as a party , making it a delight even of states-men : et nosmetipsi , qui ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur ; & in ipsa occupatione delectationes alias multas habere possumus , ludis tamen oblectamur , & ducimur : even we our selves , who by reason of imployments are hindred from taking of any delight , and in the imployments themselves may have many other delights ; yet are we also affected , and taken with the delight of plays . and what will you say , if this man himself , who hath spoken so reproachfully all this while of plays , and would make us believe ( fol. . ) that none but lewd people are delighted with them , even he also can be proved to delight in plays ? you would think it strange : yet hear what cicero saith to this point too , and that upon his credit : delectant homines , mihi crede , ludi , non eos solùm , qui fatentur , sed illos etiam , qui dissimulant : plays , believe me , delight all ; not them onely that confess it , but even them that would deny it , and do dissemble it . and who doubts , but that we shall finde this man amongst the oratour's dissemblers ? but to make an end with him , that never makes an end ; seeing scriptures in no kinde , antient fathers , and councils , not in our kinde , have ever condemned plays ; seeing no reasons of any force can be brought against them , and many may be alledged for them ; seeing they rather deserve commendation , then need defence , i hope to finde none either in iudgment so weak , or so strong in passion , as to set his hand ●o this man's pen , or to lend his voyce ●o this man's throat , in making outcrys against plays ; but that he will be con●ent , as to see the wide world drawn ●n a map , and a large history in an abridgment ; so to see , and favour plays , which are nothing , but epitomes of the world's behaviour . finis . the stage condemn'd, and the encouragement given to the immoralities and profaneness of the theatre, by the english schools, universities and pulpits, censur'd king charles i sundays mask and declaration for sports and pastimes on the sabbath, largely related and animadverted upon : the arguments of all the authors that have writ in defence of the stage against mr. collier, consider'd, and the sense of the fathers, councils, antient philosophers and poets, and of the greek and roman states, and of the first christian emperours concerning drama, faithfully deliver'd : together with the censure of the english state and of the several antient and modern divines of the church of england upon the stage, and remarks on diverse late plays : as also on those presented by the two universities to king charles i. ridpath, george, d. . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing r estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the stage condemn'd, and the encouragement given to the immoralities and profaneness of the theatre, by the english schools, universities and pulpits, censur'd king charles i sundays mask and declaration for sports and pastimes on the sabbath, largely related and animadverted upon : the arguments of all the authors that have writ in defence of the stage against mr. collier, consider'd, and the sense of the fathers, councils, antient philosophers and poets, and of the greek and roman states, and of the first christian emperours concerning drama, faithfully deliver'd : together with the censure of the english state and of the several antient and modern divines of the church of england upon the stage, and remarks on diverse late plays : as also on those presented by the two universities to king charles i. ridpath, george, d. . [ ], p. printed for john salusbury ..., london : . errata: prelim. p. [ ]. advertisement: prelim. p. [ ]. attributed to george ridpath by wing, halkett & laing ( d ed.), dnb. "... in support of jeremy collier's 'short view of the immorality and profaneness of the englsh stage'." cf. dnb xvi . reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng collier, jeremy, - . -- short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. theater -- religious aspects. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the stage condemn'd , and the encouragement given to the immoralities and profaneness of the theatre , by the english schools , universities and pulpits , censur'd . king charles i. sundays mask and declaration for sports and pastimes on the sabbath , largely related and animadverted upon . the arguments of all the authors that have writ in defence of the stage against mr. collier , consider'd . and the sense of the fathers , councils , antient philosophers and poets , and of the greek and roman states , and of the first christian emperours concerning the drama , faithfully deliver'd . together with the censure of the english state and of several antient and modern divines of the church of england upon the stage . and remarks on diverse late plays , as also on those presented by the two universities to king charles i. london : printed for iohn salusbury , at the angel in st. paul's church-yard . . to the right honourable the lords and commons of england , in parliament assembled . the corruption of our stage , most noble senators , is so very palpable and notorious , that the authors themselves who live by it , and have lately writ in defence of it , are forc'd to acknowledge it wants a reformation . * but when they come to particulars , every one stand● upon his own defence , and refuses to acknowledge , that the plays of his writing contain any thing culpable or blame●worthy . all of them write in defence of the stage , and some of them plead , the usefulness and absolute necessity of it , at the expence of the honour and credit of the nation , whom they charge as the most splenetick and rebellious people in europe † ; and that they stand in need of the drama , as a sovereign preservative against the mischievous effects of that distemper . at your feet therefore , most noble senators , the following sheets are humbly laid , as containing , ( amongst other things ) a vindication of the brave and generous people whom you represent , from that foul slander : and charging the guilt upon the true criminals , who endeavour'd to tear our constitution in pieces , by setting our kings and parliaments at variance , and endeavouring to have liberty and property swallowed up by prerogative , to which wicked design , the stage hath not a little contributed . the bleeding morals of this gallant nation , are past the cure of all quack-pretenders ; it is his majesty and your honours alone , who are capable of applying the sovereign remedy , by obliging magistrates and ministers to perform their duty , or enabling them to do it by new laws , if those we have already be not sufficient . our gracious sovereign hath not only rescued us from popery and tyranny , but out of his fatherly care , to prevent our future danger , hath again and again recommended it to his people to take effectual methods for the suppressing of prophaneness and immorality , which the enemies of our religion and liberty made use of , as the most successful engines to ruine both . the author of this treatise has endeavour'd to prove , that the corruption of the stage is in a great measure owing to the method of educating our youth in schools ; from whence the infection spreads into the universities and pulpits : and having been encouraged by the late reigns and part of the clergy , hath at last prov'd so fatal to the manners of 〈◊〉 ●●●ople , that the stage is become a general 〈◊〉 , and hath been complained of as such , 〈◊〉 by puritans and those who oppos'd king charles i. as the advocates of the theatre do falsly pretend , but by antient and modern church of england divines , and hath been sometimes restrained , and at other times entirely banished , by the states of england in parliament assembled . whether the merits of the present stage , be such as may deserve a more favourable censure at your hands , is submitted ( as is fit it should ) to your great wisdom . in the following treatise , there 's the opinion of the jewish and christian church , of the greatest of the heathen philosophers and poets , of the heathen , greek and roman state , of the first christian emperours , &c. and of our english state , against the theatre fairly exhibited : but seeing the defenders of the play-house argue the usefulness of it to the english nation in general , and to the present govenment in particular , it is reasonable the appeal should be to our honourable representatives , and that the arguments pro and con should be laid before them , not doubting ( if they think fit at all to take it into consideration ) but they will give a true and righteous judgment in the matter . it is not in england alone , where the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the stage , and the immorality and profaneness of it , is the present subject of controversie . but in france and italy , nay at rome it self , where as well as at paris , the stage has of late , as all the publick intelligences inform us , receiv'd a check , tho' the prefa●●r to the play call'd , beauty in distress , says , the french stage is so reform'd as not to fall under the censure of the antient fathers . the honour of our nation and religion would therefore seem to require , that our theatres should come under examination , as well as theirs ; but the time whe● , and the method how , must be left to the wisdom of the king and parliament to determine . in the mean time it were to be wished that our english ladies and gentlewomen , whose encouragement and presence is the most powerful argument ( after all ) for the defence of the stage ( and by whose absenting themselves it must fall in course without law or statute ) would be pleased to consider , that the wise roman senate approv'd the divorce which sempronius sophus gave to his wife for no other reason , but that she resorted to the cirques and play-houses without his consent ; the very sight of which might make her an adultress , and cause her to defile his bed * . and the christian emperor justinian made the following constitution , that a man might lawfully put away his wife , if she resort to cirques , to play-houses or stage-plays without his privity and consent , because her chastity might thereby be endangered † . if our stage then be so much corrupted as its advocates themselves are forc'd to confess , its influence upon the morals of the audience must needs be dangerous , and therefore it s hop'd our english senators will be as careful of the chastity of the english ladies , as the antient roman senators were of theirs , and that our english women , whose beauty is every where admir'd , will readily consent to any thing that may preserve their modesty too from being so much as questioned . advertisement to the reader . the heads treated on in this book don't follow in the same order as they are set down in the title page , because the author was oblig'd to take them as they occur'd in the books , that he answers ; but all of them may easily be found out by the running titles . the reader is also desir'd to take notice , that the author designed at first , only to have writ against teaching the heathen poets in schools , without e●punging those passages that have a tendency to promote uncleanness , and that is the reason why nothing but the schools is mentioned in the introduction . errata . page . line . dele the ( . ) and put , after versails , p. . l. , dele the ( , ) after journey . p. . l. . r. ●●vitus . p. . l. . r. epimantus . p. . l. . r. adjur'd instead of abjur'd . p. . l. . genselarics . p. . l. . r. personae instead of personal . p. . l. . r. were instead of there . p. . l. . r. moses instead of samuel . some may perhaps object against what is said p. ▪ that oliver made richlieu to tremble , whereas richlieu died soon after 〈◊〉 began to appear , the author owns that this slipt his observation till the sheet was printed off , but the argument holds good as to the french nation , and his successor mazarin . books printed for j. salusbury , at the angel in st. paul's church-yard . . a compleat french master for ladies and gentlemen , or a most exact new grammar , to learn with ease and delight the french tongue , as it is now spoken in the court of france ; wherein is to be seen an extraordinary and methodical order for the acquisition of that tongue . inriched with new words , and the most modish pronounciation , and all the advantages and improvements of that famous language . written for the use of his highness the duke of glocester . price s. a most compleat compen●um of geography , general and special , describing all the empires , kingdoms and dominions in the whole world , shewing their bounds , scituation , dimensions , history , government , religions , languages , commodities , cities , rivers , mountains , lakes , archbishopricks , bishopricks , and universities , in a most plain and easie method , &c. the fourth edition , corrected and much improved . by laurence echard , m. a. of christ's college in cambridge . price s. d. eachard's gazetteer , or newsman's interpreter : being a geographical index , of all cities , towns , &c. in europe ; with their distances from each other , and to what prince they are now subject ; very necessary for the right understanding of all foreign and domestick news-letters , and gazettes , ● . price s. the changeableness of this world ; with respect to nations , families , and particular persons ; with a practical application thereof , to the various conditions of this mortal life . by t. rogers , m. a. p. s. mr. oughtred's key of the mathematicks newly translated , with notes , rendring it easie and intelligible ▪ absolutely necessary for all gagers , surveyors , gunners , military officers , and mariners , &c. recommended by mr. e. halley , fellow of the royal society . the happiness of a quiet mind , both in youth and old age ; with the way to attain it . in a discourse occasioned by the death of mrs. martha hasselbor● . by t. rogers . pr. s. a dialogue between two young ladies lately maried , concerning the management of husbands ; shewing how to make that honourable state more easie and comfortable . the third edition , revised and co●rected , by the said young ladies . price d. where the second part may be had . price d. finis . introduction . we have had lately a curious and learned survey of the immorality and profaness of the stage ; but , tho' that author hath done excellently well , there may still be some gleanings left for another . mr. collier strikes directly at the miscarriages of the stage , because they were most obvious and nearest to view ; but this ought not supersede the endeavours of others , nor to put a stop to their inquiry into the root of the mischief . if the foundation be sapp'd , the superstructures must ●umble of course ; and it signifies little to patch the roof , or to tell us that it rains in at the sky-lights , when an inundation comes in at doors and windows . there 's none can be fit to write for the stage , that hath not first been at school ; and if we be instructed there in plays and romances , it s but natural we should think our selves good proficients , and that we have in a great measure answered the end of our education , when we can oblige the world with those of our own composure . — if the amorous passages of ovid , terence , plautus , &c. be thought commendable patterns , fit to be put into the hands of youth , and by them imbib'd as proper nourishment , why should not the harvest answer the seed-time ▪ or why should the scholar be blam'd to vi● with his masters copy ? or when time and opportunity serves , to sett up for a master himself ? cap. i. the stage encouraged by the clergy . if our shepherds have no better morals than to feed their lambs with the milk of goats , why should they not expect that their flocks in time should come to smell p●nk , and where 's the justice to bait and worry them when they do so ? if the pulpits be so grosly negligent , as not to tell us with tertullian † , that stage-plays are the chief of those pomps that we abjure at baptism ; or if they will needs canonize one as a martyr and saint , who by royal authority introduc'd the use of masks and plays into his court and dominions on sundays , and never testified his repentance for it to the world ; why should not they who write and frequent plays think they are in the path road to heaven as well as he ? and why may not they who distinguish themselves from others by such like performances , hope some time or other to bear him company in the calendar ? if the head and fathers of the church did prosecute mr. prin for his histriomastrix , and condemn those for schismaticks who would not comply with laud's book of sports and pastimes on sundays , whereof masks and opera's at court led the van , why should not the writing and haunting of plays be reckon'd genuine marks of a true son of the church , and the contrary the badge of one that is no true church-man ? as a certain clergy-man thought fit to express it in relation to k. william because of his not frequenting the play-house . let the clergy , if they seriously design a reform in this particular , strike st. ch — s out of their calender , or declare their opposition to st. chrysostom * , tertullian † , and many others that might be named , who thought the writing and frequenting of plays to be damnable without repentance , and much more the commanding and patron●●ing them . it cannot be denied but mr. collier has writ ingeniously , and has taken a great deal of pains to hew and lop off the branches ; and considering how much the play-house was favoured in the reign of charles i. by some of the highest dignity in the church , we have more reason to wonder that he hath said so much , than that he hath said any thing too little , because that part of the sense of antiquity , which he hath repeated to us in this matter , does obliquely condemn that prince whom so many ecclesiasticks of great note , have always accounted a martyr : besides , his writing against plays at present , and some of the principal authors of them , is not like to be accounted an extraordinary piece of service to the courts of st. germains and versails . if we consider that the restoring and incouraging of play-houses , was one of the chief expedients of those who were resolved to put cardinal mazarins advice in execution , which was to debauch the nation , in order to the better introducing of po●ory and slavery ; and therefore those who reflect upon mr. collier * for his nonjurancy , for his book , called , a perswasive to consideration : and for his absolving sir william perkins and sir iohn friend at tyburn , ought not to be angry with him for writing against the stage . if all our church-men had done their duty as well as mr. collier has done his , in this matter , stage-plays had never b●en suffered in the nation , nor had there been the least pretence for their usefulness : but in k. charles i. time , they were necessary to ridicule the puritans , and run down the patrons of liberty and property . and in k. char. ii. reign , they were no less wanted to lash the dissenters and whiggs that oppos'd tyranny , and needful to promote the glorious design of debauching the nation , and to baffle the evidence of the popish plots . and now , by the just judgment of god , the clergy , who did but too much countenance the proceedings of those reigns , are lash'd and expos'd in the play-houses themselves , which mr. collier complains of ▪ this it 's hop'd will cure their itch of adorning or rather disguising the doctrines of the gospel , with the phrase of the stage , and their fondness of reading plays for refining their stile . no clergy-man can propose to himself any justifiable end in reading plays , but that which mr. collier has excellently perform'd , to wit , the exposing their immorality and profaneness , and to discover their failure in their pretended designs . it is altogether unsufferable to hear a sort of young divines , regale our ears from the pulpit , with the rhetorick of a play , while at the same time they treat the phrase of the scripture , and the language of antient and learned divines as unintelligible cant ; and yet that this hath been , and is still too common amongst some of our clergy-men , cannot be denied : so long as those writings of parkers and others , which call the new birth a fantastical iargon , or those sermons which treat the doctrine of st. austin , calvin and beza , nay , and of the articles of the church of england too , as stuff and cant , have an existence . mr. collier and others may write volumes against the stage as long as they please , but they will find it to little purpose , whilst the plays are so much read and incourag'd by the clergy , and by 'em retail'd again to the people . if the language of the play-house be thought fit to be made use of , as an ornament to a sermon , the hearers will be apt to conclude that the stage is not so criminal a thing as some men would have it accounted . and seeing mr. collier has been so much approv'd for lashing the poets and the stage , there 's no reason to think that it should be taken amiss in another , to censure the vanity of such of the clergy as write plays or preach in that dialect , and have neglected to inform their people of the danger of the play-house . had they taken due care to instruct their auditors in this matter at church , the audiences would never have been so numerous at the stage : for why should i think there 's any hurt in the theatre , when i see that its ordinary for our gallants on a saturday to prepare themselves by a play for hea●ing a sermon on sunday : nay , sometimes it may be for the sacrament . and yet the parson hath not the courage or honesty to reprove it ; but perhaps chuses it as the most proper way to recommend himself to the applause of his hearers , to deliver his preachment in the stile of a comedy . our wits indeed , when passing their judgment on a sermon , think they give the preacher a large encomium , when they say he has read abundance of play-books . which let our youngsters in divinity value as they please , i should think it the most picquant satyr that could be put upon me , were i worthy of bearing the indelible character . but that those flanting preachers may have no occasion to say that i am alone in this matter , i shall pray them to consider the following authorities . prosper says to such † , whilst they would seem nice and elegant , they grow perfectly mad with fulsom expressions . st. ierom writing to nepotianus , advises him when he is preaching in the church , to labour for the groans and not for the applause of his hearers . — not to behave himself like a declaimer of feigned orations , or a pretended advocate , and to talk without measure . the sermon of a minister ought to be seasoned with quotations from scripture * . prosper aquitanicus says , that a preacher ought not to value himself upon the accuracy of his stile , except he have more mind to shew his own learning , than to edifie the church of god. that his sermon ought to be so plain , that the most ignorant persons may understand it ; the business of declaimers or makers of orations being one thing , and that of preachers another : the former endeavour to set off the ●omp of an elaborate speech , with the utmost strength of their eloquence : the latter seek after the glory of god , in a sober and plain discourse † . of the same opinion are st. ●erom , ambrose , theodoret , theophylact , and others ; as appears by their commentaries on cor. . . &c. isidorus pelusiot a taxes some monks of his time for their affected stile in preaching . who can abstain from satyrs against you ( says he ) when they hear your sermons cram'd with heathen historians and poets ? pray what is there in them preferable to our religion ? — therefore either let your sermons be grave , and prefer a modest stile to big swelling words and pompous rhetorick , or give me leave to say , that you are fitter for the stage than the pulpit † . the bishop of chemnis in his onus ecclesiae * , has very remarkable sa●ings to this purpose ; and amongst others those that follow . in these last days — the doctrine of the holy scriptures is utterly lost ; the preachers being puffed up with knowledge , teach their own notions . they extol the learning of the heathen philosophers , and thereby darken the sun-shine of christian wisdom : and now most of the schools , where divinity was formerly taught , are filled with poetical ●ictions , empty trifles and monstrous fables . the preachers hunt after their own applause , and study to gratifie the ears of their auditors with ornat and polite discourses ; but true sermons are better than those that are elegant . and let those eloquent doctors know , that our saviour says of them , in vain do ye worship me , teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. to conclude this point with the authority of the apostle st. paul † ; he commends his own sermons because his speech and his preaching was not with enticing words of mans wisdom , but in demonstration of the spirit and of power ; yet this great apostle of the gentiles was brought up at the feet of gamaliel , and had more humane learning than of our fluttering doctors . it is not my design to cry down eloquence in a preacher , nor to commend a rough way of expression from the pulpit . eloquence is the gift of god , and commended in the preacher apollos ; but at the same time we are told , that he was mighty in the scriptures and taught diligently the things of the lord † . it 's reckoned highly prophane ( and mr. collier has smartly reproved it ) for poets to apply the phrase of the scripture to the use of the stage ; and i see no reason why vice versa , it should not be liable to that same censure , to adopt the phrase of the stage , for the language of the pulpit , not that it 's absolutely unlawful for a preache● to quote an apposite sentence or verse , either from greek , latine or other poets . the apostle himself hath taught us the contrary by his own example , when he tells the cretians that one of their own poets says , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * . but it is an intolerable affectation of novelty , when a new word or a quaint phrase is no sooner published in a play or gazzette , but we shall the next sunday after hear it out of the pulpit . this is so far from holding fast the form of sound words , as st. paul enjoyned timothy * , that it is rather the prophane and vain babbling , he commanded him to avoid ; and which † calvin upon the place , says is , inanis tinnitus & profanus — simulatque doctores it a inflant suas tibias ad suam eloquentiam venditandam : a prophane and empty jingle which the doctors make use of to set off their eloquence . it were an easie matter to quote as many sermons , guilty of these vanities , as mr. collier has quoted plays guilty of abusing scripture ; but for obvious reasons i forbear it . the only cause why i mention it , is to shew that it is not the poets alone , that support the credit of the stage , and that what is criminal in a poet , is ten times worse in a priest ; and therefore they ought not to pass without a reproof . it 's known , there are many godly persons amongst our clergy , who bewail those things , and oppose them as much as they can ; but there is a mighty neglect somewhere , and the world will hardly be perswaded that our church of england is unanimous in this matter , else it were easie for them , who shook king james out of his throne , to overturn the stage . it is not to be supposed that the king and parliament would deny the clergy such a request , if it were duly presented ; and considering how much the nation hath ▪ suffered in its morals and religion , by the licentiousness of the stage , it 's high time that some effectual course should be taken to suppress it . but there 's reason to fear that the faction begun by arch-bishop laud , has still too great an interest amongst our clergy ; for scarcely can any other reason be imagined , why , after so many years experience of the mischief of the stage , the church should be so silent in this matter . that there is something in this , i am very apt to think , because of the deference many of the clergy men pay to the memory of that prelate , and of his master king charles i. whom he help'd to mislead . in those times , as mr. prin acquaints us in his histriomastix , none were accounted enemies to the play-house but puritans and precisians , and in opposition to them it probably was that laud and his clergy became its patrons ; and it is not unlike that many of the less-thinking church-men continue still to favour it on that account , as being unwilling to condemn that , for which king charles i. and arch-bishop laud testified so much passion ; but these gentlemen would do well to remember , that the defence of the stage was never so much the characteristick of their church , as was the doctrine of passive obedience ; and seeing the majority of them have relinquished that , they are infinitely the more to blame for still adhering to this . if a petition of the londoners had so much influence on queen elizabeth , as to get the play-houses suppress'd , and if the stage was expresly condemned by a statute of king iames i. we have no reason to despair of obtaining the same now upon the like application . and methinks the clergy are more concerned to stir in it than ever , seeing it would appear by mr. collier's third chapter , of the clergy abused by the stage , that the theatre is now become a nusano● to themselves . it is apparent enough from what has been said already , that the clergy are chargeable with the mischief of the stage , by the omitting of what their character obliges them to do against it , and that many of them are also culpable by seeming to hallow its phrase in the pulpit ; but this is not all , as will appear by what follows . we have heard that the stage was condemned by act of parliament in king iames i. time , but reviv'd again in the reign of k. charles , contrary to law ; and that operas were practised in his own court , by his royal authority on sundays . now considering how much that prince was devoted to the interest of the clergy , it 's highly improbable that he would have atttempted any such thing , had the then governing part of the church given him faithful warning against it , but laud and the other topping church-men of that time , were so far from opposing it , that they concur'd with him , & imposed a book of sports and pastimes , upon all their clergy , to be read to the people on sundays , which was a fair step towards converting all the churches of the nation into play-houses . this great example did so much incourage the stage , that mr. prin tells us in his book before-mentioned , in two years time there were above play-books printed : they became more vendible than the choicest sermons : grew up from quarto's to folio's ; were printed on far better paper than most of the octavo or quarto bibles , and were more saleable than they . and shackspeers plays in particular were printed in the best● paper . — the two old play-houses were rebuilt and enlarged , and a new theatre erected ; so that there were then six play-houses in london , twice the number of those in rome in nero's time , which though a much more spacious city , seneca complains of as being too many . that faction of the clergy became at last so enamour'd of the stage , that the same author informs us * , he had heard some preachers call their text a land-skip or picture , and others a play or spectacle , dividing their texts into actors , spectators , scenes , &c. as if they had been acting a play. upon which he complains of their using play-house phrases , clinches and strong lines , as they called them ; and that it was to to frequent to have sermons in respect of their divisions , language , action , stile and subject matter , fitter for the stage from whence they were borrowed , than for the pulpit . he tells us † further , that one atkinson a minister in bedford , did the christtide before , act a private interlude in the commissaries house there , where he made a prayer on the stage ; chose the words , acts . . i have never eaten any thing that is common or unclean , for his text ; preached prophanely upon it , and jested to the shame and grief of most that heard him . in that same place he complains that in private as well as in popular stage-plays , they represented ministers preaching and praying , and brought the sacred bible and the stories of it on the stage , contrary to the statute of . iac. cap. . the same author tells us likewise * , that one giles widdowes in a sermon at carfolkes in oxford , on psalm . verse . did avowedly justifie the lawfulness of mix'd dancing at church-ales and maypoles upon the lords day , and confirm'd his doctrine by his own practise . and page . he informs us of three doctors of divinity , viz. dr. gager , dr. gentiles and dr. case , who writ in defence of stage-plays . and page . he insinuates , that diverse of the clergy had acted and danced on publick and private stages . the theatre having thus made so large a conquest , as to get the court and the governing part of the church on its side , grew rampant , and as if it disdained to have any less adversary than god himself , did boldly usurp on the sabbath afternoons . and thus in the year . masks were set up at court on sundays , by his majesties authority , while at the same time laud and his faction forbad preaching any oftner than once a day , and that the common people who could not bear the expence , nor have the opportunities of stage-plays , might not want one however to prophane the sabbath , the book of sports and pastimes was enjoyned by the bishops to be read in the churches by their inferior clergy on pain of deprivation . cap. ii. the stage encouraged by king charles i. sundays masks . that the world may see what a noble exchange we had for our afternoon sermons and evening lectures , i shall here give an account of the mask that was presented by the kings majesty at whitehall , in . on the sunday after twelfth-night , entituled , britannia triumphans , by inigo iones surveyer of his majesties works , and william davenant her majesties servant . we are told in the introduction , that for these three years their majecties had intermitted those masques and shews , because the room where they were formerly presented , having the seeling richly adorn'd since , with painting of great value , figuring the acts of k. iames of blessed memory , they were afraid it might suffer by the smoke of the lights , but his majesty having now ordered a new room to be made on purpose , which was performed in two months , the scenes for this mask were prepared . now who can say but these were reasons becoming a martyr ? and that this was a frugal way of spending his treasure , when at the same time he extorted money from his subjects in a tyrannical manner by ship-money , loans , &c. we come now to the subject of the mask . britanocles , the glory of the western world , hath by his wisdom , valour and piety , not only vindicated his own , but far distant seas infested with pyrates , and reduc'd the land by his example to a real knowledge of all good arts and sciences . these eminent acts bellerophon in a wise pity , willingly would preserve from devouring time , and therefore to make them last to our posterity , gives a command to fame , who hath already spread them abroad ) that she should now at home ( if there can be any maliciously insensible ) awake them from theif pretended sleep , that even they , with the large , yet still increasing number of the good and loyal , may mutually admire and rejoyce in our happiness . this makes it evident enough , that the subject was k. charles himself , who had gained some advantage against the pirates of barbary , the praise of which there was none would have envied him ▪ but this was a new way of singing te deum ; no great argument of religion , and far less any presage that he should become a martyr for it , to order a masque for his own praise , upon that day , which by divine institution was set apart for the praise of our redeemer . the next thing we have an account of is , that the queen being sat under the state , and the room fill'd with spectators of quality , a stage was raised at the lower end with an oval stair down into the room . the first thing which presented it self to the eye , was the ornament that inclosed the scene . in the under part of which were two pedestals of a solid order , whereon the captives lay bound ; above sat two figures in neeches ; on the right hand a woman in a watchet drapery , heightened with silver ; on her head a corona rostrata , with one hand holding the rudder of a ship , and in the other a little winged figure , with a branch of palm and a garland . this woman was to represent naval victory . in the other neech on the left , sat the figure of a man , bearing a scepter , with a hand and an eye in the palm , and in the other hand a book ; on his head a garland of amaranthus his curace was of gold with a palludamentum of blue , and ▪ antick bases of crimson ; his foot treading on the head of a serpent . this figure was to represent right government : above these were ornaments cut out like cloath of silver , tied up in knots , with scarsings all touch'd with gold. ; these pillasters bore up a large freese , with a sea-triumph of naked children riding on sea-horses , and fishes , and young trito●● with writhen trumpets , and other maritime fancies . in the midst was placed a great compartiment of gold , with branches of palm coming out of the scrols ; and within that a lesser of silver , with this inscription , virtutis opus , proper to the subject of this mask , and alluding to that of virgil , sed famam extendere fuctis from this came a drapery of crimson , which being tied up with great knots in the corners , hung down in foulds on the sides of the pillasters . ; a curtain flying up discovered the first scene , wherein were english houses of the old and newer forms , intermixt with trees , and a far off , a prospect of london and the river of thames . so much for the pomp of this sunday's theatre . and let any man who has the least sense of religion judge , whether it does not smell strong of that pomp and vanity of the world , which christians abjure at baptism , and was by consequence the most unbecoming exercise for a sabbath that could be invented , as having an unavoidable tendency to take up the thoughts of the actors and spectators throughout the whole day , and to wear off the impressions of any sermons , they might have heard in the former part of it . but we come now to the opera it self . from different parts of the scene came action and imposture . action a young man in a rich habit down to his knees , with a large guard of purple about the skirt , wherein was written with silver letters medio tutissima on his head a garland of lawrel , and in one hand a branch of willow . imposture came in a coat of hanging-sleeves and great skirts , little breeches , an high crown'd hat one side pin'd up , ● little ruff , and a formal beard ; an angling-ro● in his hand , with a fish at the hook , and a bag and horn at his girdle . ; it is easie to discern , that the design of this was to represent the graver sort of people in those times , as impostors and cheats , and that they only pretended to gravity and religion the better to hide their covetousness and other lusts ; but methinks the high-crown'd hat turn'd up on one side , the little ruff and the formal beard , might have been forborn out of respect to the king and his father ; the latter in most of his pictures is represented to us in such a hat and ruff , and a beard formal to the utmost ; and the son is always drawn with his collar-band , and a beard so formal , that were it not for his armour and battoon of command , we should take him sooner for a bishop than a king. but we must remember it was a mask ! the court made haste enough to pull off the vizard afterwards . action enters first , and i suppose this name was given him , because he must be thought to practise what the other only pretended to . he rants at imposture , not with an oath ! that was not king charles's crime ; for to give him his due , they say he abhor'd swearing ; and therefore action , like one that would keep the middle , betwixt the dammee ruffian , and the precise puritan , falls upon imposture , with an adjuration ; as follows , my variable sir ; i th' name of heav'n what makes your falshood here where fame intends her triumphs all of truth ? — — thou art so useless to the world that thou art impudent when thou dost share what is most cheap , and common unto all the air , and light ; i do beseech thee my fine , false artificer , hide both thy faces ( for thou art double every where ) steal hence and i 'll take care , thou shalt no more be miss'd than shadows are at night . considering how our poets dress'd . imposture , as before observ'd , the scope of this is plain enough , to perswade the spectators of quality , that such persons as blamed and opposed those sund●y-revels ( and that was the best of the bishops , benefie'd clergy , and people , as well as the professed dissenters , who were then but few ) did not deserve to live in the nation ; and that those who would not comply with the book of sports , and other innovations then on foot , were justly prosecuted as hypocrites and impostors . imposture answers at first , with disdain and contempt of this rant ; — and then says , — i hide my self ? the reason shall be strong that must perswade me under ground : the badger loves his hole , yet is not so bashful , but dares look out and shew himself , when there is prey abroad . i smile at thee ( the graver way of scorn ) fo● should i laugh , i fear 't wold make thee think thy impudence had somewhat in 't of wit. then a little lower , wisely the jealous scepticks did suspect reality in every thing , for every thing but seems and borrows the existence it appears to have : imposture governs all , even from the guilded ethnick mitre , to the painted staff : o th' christian constable , all but pretend th' resemblance of that power , which inwardly they but deride , and whisper merry questions to themselves which way it comes . and after . that universally shall take which most doth please — . — is it not fit and almost safest to cousen all , when all delight still to be cousen'd . here the poet explains whom he meant by imposture , when he brings him in attacking the episcopal dignity , and would persuade the audience , that he was for anarchy too ; so that the constable shall not escape his lash , though he moves in the very lowest orb of civil authority . this was calculated for the then meridian of lambeth , to represent those that were against arch-bishop laud's prid● and innovations in the church , as enemies likewise to the state. but , by the poets leave , he makes his imposture speak quite out of character , when he brings him to an open profession of his design to cheat mankind . impostors are more cunning than to do so ; they put on sheeps cloathing , though they be inwardly ravening wolves : so that he should rather have called him a professed atheist , than an imposter , when he appears thus in his proper colours , and that to his professed enemy too . action replys , these lectures would subdue a numerous sect , wert thou to preach to young soft courtisans , unpractis'd heirs of over-practis'd usurers — but fate takes not so little care of those for whom it doth preserve the elements : that what is chief within us should be quite deprav'd , as if we were only born to aim at trifles here , like children in their first estate of using legs , to run at sight of bubbles , and to leap at noise of bells . here 's a jerk at the citizens whom the court characterized thus in those times , and a flout at original sin , denying our depravation by nature ; a practise very becoming the head of the church , to run down her doctrine : but more of this anon. imposture answers , even to believ 't , and in their chiefest growth they follow but my grandsire mahomets divinity , who doth allow the good a handsom girl or earth , the valiant two in paradise . here again imposture talks out of character , when he owns his lascivious principles , but a little amour must be pull'd in by head and shoulders , the better to edifie the young gallants after sermon . action upbraids imposture in his reply , thus , thou art so read in humane appetites , that were the devil licenc'd to assume a body , thou might'st be his cook , yet know — there are some few amongst men that as our making is erect , look up to face the stars , and fancy nobler hopes than you allow , not down-ward hang their heads like beasts to meditate on earth , on abject things beneath their feet . here action becomes a stout champion for vertue to insinuate to the spectators , that it was lodg'd at court , and not amongst its opposers . imposture answers , with a severe scoff upon the clergy . 't is a thin number sure and much dispers'd , for they will hardly meet in councils and in synods to enact their doctrine by consent ; that the next age may say rhey parted friends . to which action answers . 't is possible less you steal in amongst them to disturb their peace , disguis'd in a canonick weed , nor are these such , that by their reasons strict and rigid discipline , must fright nice court philosophers from their belief , such as impute a tyrannous intent to heav'nly powers and that their tyranny alone did point at men , as if the faun and kid were made to frisk and caper out their time , and it were sin in us to dance , the nightingale to sing her tragick tales of love , and we to rec●eate our selves with groans , as if all persumes for the tyger were ordain'd cause he excels in scent : colours and gawdy tinctures for the eastern birds , whilst all our ornament are russet robes , like melancholy monks . now action has got his rant out ; here 's whole peals of ordnance and chain-shot , against those that adher'd to the doctrine of the church of england , against laud's arminianism : the charge is no less , than that they are enemies to the church , and accuse god of tyranny towards men. whilst birds and beasts frisk and flutter about in their gawdy furs and feathers , we poor mortals are called to mourning , repentance and humiliation ; a sort of doctrine the stage will have nothing to do with , except it be to ridicule it . but here 's not one word all this while , that man hath sinn'd , and therefore must sorrow before he can lay any solid claim to be a sharer in joy. that was none of the poets business ; he was to preach up mirth and jollity , and to perswade to it by an unanswerable argument . the beas●s and birds are so , and therefore we should be so too . then at the conclusion , comes the old false charge against seriousness in religion . it deprives us of all the comforts of life ; and condemns us to rags and melancholy ; enough to make the gallants of the audience out of love with it for all their days , and to ridicule clergy-men of all sorts ; a proper work for the evening of the sabbath . the next entertainment is merlin the prophetick magician , brought upon the stage by impostures means , to conjure up from hell the great seducers of the nation , and upon merlins striking the air with his rod. the whole scene , says our poet , was transformed into an horrid hell , from the suburbs of which , enter the several antimasks . i. entry . of mock-musick of persons . one with a viol , the rest with taber and pipe , knackers and bells , tongs and key , gridiron and shooing-horn . ii. entry . a ballad-singer his companion with their auditory . a porter laden a vintner's boy a kitchin-maid with a hand-basket a saylor . iii. entry . a crier of mouse-traps a seller of tinder-boxes bearing the engines belonging to their trades . a master of two baboons and an ape . iv. entry . a mountebank in the habit of a grave doctor a zany a harlequin their men an old lame chair-woman two pale wenches presenting their urinals , and he distributing his printed receipts out of a budget . v. entry . four old fashion'd parasitical courtiers . vi. entry . of rebellious leaders in war cade kett jack straw and their soldiers . one can hardly imagine what was the design of this piece of foolery , except it were to turn hell into ridicule , by such a representation of its inhabitants , or to be a pattern for the sports and pastimes that were enjoyn'd upon the country for sundays , by his majesties declaration : but let any man judge , whether such a paltry opera as this , was becoming the majesty of a court on any day , or let king charles i. his admirers , give us an instance if they can , that ever any martyr imployed themselves thus before on a sunday . after this , hell ( says our poet ) suddenly vanishes , and there appears a vast forrest , in which stood part of an old castle , kept by a giant : who by his character , one of those in guild-hall , was not big enough to be his page . he is described thus , this day ( a day as fair as heart could wish ) this giant stood on shore of sea to fish ; for angling-rod he took a sturdy oak , for line a cable that in storm ne're broke . his hook was such as heads the end of pole to pluck down house ere fire consumes it whole his hook was baited with a dragons tail , and then on rock he stood to bob for whale : which straight he caught and nimbly home did pack with ten cart-load of dinner on his back . had i been worthy to have advised the poet , he should have sav'd himself the labour of this witty composure . the story of gara gantua or don quixot , would have been as diverting sure as this , and equally fit for a digestion after sermon on sunday . the rest i 'll venture briefly to tell in prose , for the verse is not ( in my opinion ) very charming . — the giant in his way home spied a knight and a lady under a hedge , within his purlieus , and laying down his whale goes toward them in great fury spurning up trees by the roots as he went ; asks the knight how he and his damsel durst com● thither ? demands the lady to be his cook to dress his whale , and threatens to beat out the knights brains with an oaken tree , if he refused her . the lady made an apology , that they came thither only to gather sloes and bullies — . the knight takes him up sharply for offering such a disgrace to his lady ; and at last by merlin's art , the scuffle was turned into fantastick musick , and a dance . i pass over the rest of this impertinent stuff , and leave merlin to retire to his stygian shade a while ; tho' i think he could scarcely be entertained there with greater works of darkness , than those that were then acted at whitehall . [ merlin and imposture being gone of ] in the further part of the scene , the earth open'd , and there rose up a richly adorned pallace ; seeming all of goldsmiths-work , with portic●s vaulted , on pillasters of rustick work ; their bases and capitels of gold , in the midst was the principal entrance , and a gate ; the doors leaves with figures of basse releeve , with jambs and frontispiece all of gold ; above these ran an architrave freese , and coronis of the sarne ; the freese enrich'd with jewels : this bore up a ballestrata , in the midst of which , upon an high tower with many windows , stood fame , in a carnation-garment trim'd with gold , with white wings and flaxen hair ; in one hand a golden trumpet , and in the other an olive garland . in the lower part , leaning on the rail of the ballasters were two persons ; that on the right hand personating arms with a curace and plum'd helm , and a broken lance in his hand . on the left hand a woman in a watchet robe trim'd with silver , on her head a bend , with little wings like those of mercury , and a scroul of parchment in her hand , representing science . when this pallace was arriv'd to the hight , the whole scene was chang'd into a peristilium of two orders , dorick and ionick , with their several ornaments seeming of white marble , the bases and capitels of gold. this joining with the former , having so many returns , openings and windows , might well be known for the glorious pallace of fame . a very odd medley to assign one part of the lord's day to his own worship , and another for the representation of an heathen goddess ! this was not the practise of the primitive martyrs . but now we come to the chief design of thi● mask ; which was to celebrate the praises 〈◊〉 k. charles i. britanocles , as bell●rophon expresses it this happy hour is call'd to celebrate britanocles , and those that in this isle the old with modern vertues reconcile . the chorus of poets , entred in rich habi●● of several colours , with lawrels on thei● heads gilt . fame sings . i. break forth thou treasure of our sight , that art the hopeful morn of every day ▪ whose fair example makes the light , by which heroick vertue finds her way . ii. o thou our chearful morning rise , and strait those misty clouds of error clear , which long have overcast our eyes ; and else will darken all this hemisphere . iii. what to thy power is hard or strange , since not alone confin'd unto the land , thy scepter to a trident change ; and strait unruly seas thou canst command ! iv. how hath thy wisdom rais'd this isle , or thee by what new title shall we call since it were lessning of thy stile ; if we should name thee natures admiral . v. thou universal wonder , know we all in darkness mourn till thou appear , and by thy absence dull'd may grow ; to make a doubt if day were ever here . was not this religiously done to convert any part of t●e sabbath , wherein we ought to cele●rate the praises of our great redeemer , to be ●mispent in such fulsom praises of any mortal man ? and was it not just from god ( whatever may be said as to the instruments ) that he whose power they so blasphemously extol over sea and land , should afterwards find himself too weak for a party of his own subjects , that he should receive his first discomsiture from them on the sabbath , which he had so horribly profan'd , and be brought to his fatal exit , in that very pallace where he suffered god to be so much dishonoured . fame having ended her song : the masquers came forth of the peristilium , and stood on each side , and at that instant the gate of the pallace opened , and britanocles appeared . the habit of the masquers was close bodies of carnation , embroidered with silver , their arming sleeves of the same , about their waste two rows of several fashioned leaves , and under this their bases of white reaching to the middle of their thigh ; on this was an under basis , with labels of carnation embroidered with silver , and betwixt every pain were pufts of silver fastned in knots to the labels : the trimming of the shoulders was as that of the basis ; their long stockings set up , were carnation , with white shoes , and roses ; their bands and cuffs made of purles of cu●-work , upon the heads little carnation caps embroidered as t●● rest , with a slit turn'd up before , out of t●● midst came several falls of white feathers dim●nishing upwards in a pyramidical form. th●● habit they chose as beautiful , rich , and light 〈◊〉 dancing , and proper for the subject of this mas● the pallace being sunk , fame remained h●vering in the air , rose on her wings singing a●● was hidden in the clouds ; then the chor●● sung another song in praise of britanocles . — after which the masquers descended into th● room and danced ; which being ended a ne● chorus of modern poets raised by merlin 〈◊〉 rich habits make their address to the queen thus , i. our eyes ( long since dissolv'd to air , ) to thee for day must now repair ; though rais'd to life by merlin's might thy stock of beauty will supply enough of sun from either eye , to fill the organs of our sight . ii. yet first thy pitty should have drawn , a cloud of cipress or of laune ; to come between thy radiant beams , our eyes ( long darkned in a shade ) when first they so much light invade ; must ake and sicken with extreams . iii. yet wiser reason hath prevail'd , to wish thy beauties still unvail'd ; 't is better that it blind should make us , than we should want such heavenly fire that is so useful to inspire , those raptures which would else forsake us . if modesty would not blush at such entertainment on any day , yet certainly religion would have abhor'd it on a sunday ; and though the church of rome would admit of it , it ill became the head of the church of england to approve it . after this the scene was changed , and in the farthest part the sea was seen terminating the sight with the horizon ; on the one side was a haven with a cittadel , and on the other broken ground and rocks , from whence the sea nymph galatea came waving forth , riding on the back of a dolphin , in a loose snow-white garment ; above her neck chains of pearl , and her arms adorn'd with bracelets of the same ; her fair hair disheveled and mix'd with silver , and in some part covered with a veil , which she with one hand graciously held up , being arriv'd to the midst of the sea , the dolphin staid , and she sung with a chorus of musick . galatea's song . i. so well britanocles o're seas doth reign , reducing what was wild before , that fairest sea nymphs leave the troubled main ; and haste to visit him on shore . ii. what are they less than nymphs , since each make shew of wondrous immortality , and each those sparkling treasures wears that grew where breathless divers cannot pry , &c. the valediction or farewell was as follows . i. wise nature that the dew of sleep prepares , to intermit our joys and ease our cares , invites you from these triumphs to your rest , may every whisper that is made be chaste , each lady slowly yield , yet yield at last , her heart a prisoner to her lovers breast ! ii. to wish unto our royal lover more , of youthful blessings than he had before , were but to tempt old nature 'bove her might since all the odor , musick beauteous fire we in the spring , the spheres , the stars admire , is his renew'd , and better'd every night ! iii. to bed to bed may every lady dream , from that chief beauty she hath stoln a beam , which will amaze her lovers eyes ! each lawful lover to advance his youth , dream he hath stoln , his vigor love , and trut● then all will haste to bed , but none to rise ▪ thus i have brought this mask to a conclusion . if the reader think i have inserted too much of it , he may be pleased to consider that it is very rare and sarcely to be had , and being extraordinary , because of its having been acted on a sabbath day , i thought it the more necessary to give a large account of it ; that he might see what sort of religion or evening sermons , it was that the court and laud's faction of the church then aimed at . let any man that has but the least impression of religion upon his mind , consider the valediction , and declare his opinion , whether it answer that character of piety and chastity which some men will have k. charles the first to have been endowed with . there 's no man can deny but it has an amorous ▪ tendency , and must of necessity leave quite another impression upon the minds of the hearers , than the blessing which they heard pronounced at church after sermon ought to have done , and that the whole interlude could serve for nothing else but to divert their meditations from whatever was serious ; and therefore the setting up of masks , and sports and pastimes upon sundays and holydays , was one of the most effectual methods that the enemies of piety could have invented , to hinder the effect of those ordinances , which the church of england looks upon as necessary to promote the salvation of her people . cap. iii. the s●age encouraged by the king , and arch-bishop laud's book of sports . yet this was not all that the then head of the church , king charles the first , and laud , the metropolitan of all england , did to run down the practice of piety and religion . they were not satisfied to corrupt the people only by bad example , but enjoin'd also the book of sports and pastimes to be read by the bishops and their clergy , and took off the restraint that was laid upon the people from following such practices by the laws then in being ▪ particularly the st of car. cap. . and d car. cap. . forbiding all sports or pastimes whatsoever on the lord's day : in the first it is complained of ▪ that the holy keeping of the lord's day , in very many places of this realm , hath been and now 〈◊〉 prosaned and neglected by a disorderly sort of people , in exercising and frequenting bearbaiting , bullbaiting , interludes , common-plays , and other unlawful exercises and pastimes . yet the king contrary to his own law , sets up interludes and masks in his pallace on sundays ; and by his declaration for sports and pastimes on sundays , does perfectly dispense with the said law , and reflects severely upon those that would hinder the people in the exercise of such sports and pastimes as puritans and precisians ; and arch-bishop laud , and the governing part of the church join'd with him in prosecuting mr. prin for his histriomastix , wherein he writ against those plays and interludes , ( especially such as were acted on sundays ) and were so embittered against him that on feb. . . laud procured him to be sent close prisoner to the tower , where he lay till the st of iune , . when an information without mentioning any particular passages in his book , was exhibited against him in the star-chamber , for publishing a book concerning interludes , entituled , histriomastix , which was licensed by a chaplain of dr. abbots , arch-bishop of canterbury . notwithstanding which license he had this heavy sentence pass'd upon him , viz. to be imprisoned during life , pay l. fine , be expell'd lincolns-inn , disabled to exercise the profession of a barrister , degraded by the university of oxford of his degrees taken there ; and that done to be set in the pillory at westminster , and have one of his ears cut off ; and at another time to be se● in the pillory in cheapside , and there to have his other ear cut off , which was accordingly executed on the th and th of may ; and he remained s●ndry years in the tower upon this censure , though the queen is said to have interceded earnestly for the remission of this sentence , which was tyrannical to the highest degree , considering ●he laws before-mentioned against stage-plays , declaring the actors to be rogues , &c. as is evident from the th of eliz. and the th of king iames the first . having been so successful against mr. prin ▪ laud and his faction took courage and prevailed with his majesty to publish his declaration concerning recreations on the lord's day after evening prayer , dated octob. . in the ninth year of his reign , which was . it is observable , that he founds this declaration on one of his father king iames , in anno . wherein it is said , that when that prince returned from scotland he found his subjects , but chiefly those in lancashire , debarred from lawful recreations on sundays after evening prayer , for which he rebuked the puritans , and published his declaration , that none should thereafter prohibit his good subjects from using their lawful recreations on that day . — he adds in another part of it , that his county of lancashire to his great regret , had more popish recusants than any other county in england but being informed by his judges and the bishop of the diocess , that they were beginning to amend , he was very sorry to hear the general complaint of his people , that they were debarr'd from all lawful recreations and exercises on sunday , after the ending of all divine service : which could not but produce two evils , viz. the hindering the conversion of many , whom their priests will persuade , that there is no honest mirth or recreation allowed in our religion , and the setting up of filthy tippling and drinking and breeds a number of idle and discontented speeches on those days . his express pleasure therefore was , that no lawfull recreation should be barr'd to his good people , and that the bishops should take strict order with all puritans and precisians , and either constrain 'em to conform themselves or to leave the country . — and that his pleasure was , that his good people should not be hindered after the end of divine service on sundays , from their lawful recreations , such as dancing either men or women , archery , leaping , vaulting , nor from having of maygames , whitson-ales , morrice-dances , and setting up of maypoles , or other sports therewith used , and he barr'd from those sports , all recusants that abstain'd from coming to church and divine service , and those that , though they conformed in religion did not come to church . ; were the place proper for it , this declaration affords a large field for reflections . here 's the platonick king ! [ the head of the church ! ] the ●irst ( as some say ) to whom they gave the title of most sacred majesty ! who , to convert the papists , as he pretends , orders the lord's day to be profaned with such sports and pasti●es as tended to debauch the morals of the people , and yet will not shew the least favour to the stricter sort of protestants , but brands them with the nick-names of puritans and precisians , and orders his bishops to bring them to conformity , or to expel them the country . but the pleasantest jest is this , that he invites them to come to churh , by the tempting reward of having liberty to profane the sabbath , which they perfectly abhorr'd . his son king charles i. corroborates this declaration by his of the th of oct. . which he begins thus , now out of the like pious care for the service of god , and suppressing any humours that oppose truth , and for the ease , comfort and recreation of our well-deserving people , we do ratifie and publish this our blessed fathers declaration . this declaration did but too much verifie what an old reverend divine of the church of scotland said to king iames i. when he asked his blessing on his journey , to take upon him the crown of england , viz. pray god bless you sir , and make you a good man , but he has ill stuff to make it of . the declaration adds , — we command that no man do trouble or molest any of our loyal people , in or ●rom their lawful recreations ▪ and we further will , that publication of this our command , be made by order of the bishops through all the parish-churches of their several diocesses respectively . here was a great difference betwixt the exercise of the episcopal function in the reigns of the father and the son : or by this declaration ch. i. made the bishops trumpeters to the stage , and king iames ii , said , that in his time they were trumpeters of rebellion , because they petitioned against reading the declaration for liberty of conscience . this declaration for sports was read by most of them ; and such of the ministers as would not conform , were turned out till the controversies betwixt the king and parliament , and the civil war that ensued put a stop to it . thus i have made it plain , that the governing part of the church patroniz'd the stage in the reign of charles i. and by the book call'd centuries of scandalous ministers , we find , that many of them were turned out for frequenting the stage in the parliament times , and the theatre being then overturned , there was so great a reform of manners , that notwithstanding the libertinism which usually accompanies war , one might have walk'd through the city and suburbs without hearing an oath ; but when king charles ii. was restored , the play-houses were speedily re-opened , and without any publick check or control from the church , went on to that height of immorality , which mr. c. complains of . nay , they were thought very subservient to support the church by jerking at the whigs and dissenters in their prologues and plays , and to infuse ●rightful ideas of them into the heads of the spectators , whilst at the same time they run down the belief of the popish plot , vindicated the traitors that had been executed for it , and dress'd the true patriots of our religion and liberty in the skins of beasts of prey , that they might be devoured with the better appetite . it were easie to cram a volume with instances of this sort , but they are so well known , that 't is needless . there being no body who ●requented the play-house or read the plays in the two last reigns , but know , that the stage was attempered to the lascivious and arbitrary ●umoe●s of those princes , and to blacken all those that opposed their tyrannical designs . having thus made it appear that the church hath ●avoured the stage , by their not warning the people against it , by seeming to hallow the phrase of it in their pulpits , by approving or at least conniving at the practise of it on the sabbath in king charles i. by prosecuting those who writ against it , writing plays themselves , by some of them practising it in their own persons , and writing in defence of it , by enjoining the book of sports ▪ by not opposing it in the reigns of charles ii. and iames ii. and ( to which i shall add ) by their not opposing it in this reign , when they might have hopes of better success , seeing both king and parliament have declared themselves so highly against immorality and profaneness : i come now in the next place to see how far the schools are chargeable with the same crime . cap. iv. the stage encouraged by the schools . this subject hath not been so much ●reated on as the former , and by consequence is a sign that the danger of it , hath not ●een so much perceived , yet it hath not been altogether over-look'd , for authors both antient and modern have taken notice of it : a clemens romanus , b nazianzen , c tertullian , d ambrose , e ierom , f lactantius , g augustine , and others of the antients : the th council of carthage h and divers other councils . bishop babington , bishop hooper , perkins , do●nham , williams , and all other commentators on the th commandment have condemned and forbid the writing , printing , selling or teaching any amorous wanton play-books , histories or heathen authors , especially ovids wanton epistles and books of love , catullus , tib●●lus , propertius , martial , plautus , and teren●● as may be seen in the places quoted in the ma●●gin . the reasons why they should not be read 〈◊〉 youth are giv'n us by osorius , * ) thus : 〈◊〉 poets are obscene , petulant , effeminate , and 〈◊〉 their lascivious and impure verses , divert th● mind from shamfastness and industry to lust an● sloth ; and so much the smoother they are , 〈◊〉 much the more noxious , and like so man● syrens ruine all those that give ear to them the more ingeniously any of them write 〈◊〉 amorous subjects , they are so much the mo●● criminal ; for we willingly read and easil● learn by heart a fine and elegant poem ; an● therefore the poison of lascivious verse mak●● a quick and speedy impression upon the mind and by the smoothness and elegancy of th● language kills , before an antidote can be a●●plied . therefore all such poets ought not only 〈◊〉 be banished the c●urt but also the country . nay , aeneas silvius , afterwards pope pius 〈◊〉 in his treatise of education , dedicated to ladisl●●● king of hungary and bohemia , discoursing wh●● authors and poets are to be read to children , r●solves it thus : ovid writes many times in a melancholl● strain , and as often sweetly ; but is in mo●● places too lascivious , horace , though an a●thor of admirable eloquence , yet has man● things i would neither have read nor expou●●ded to you , martial is a pernicious , tho' flori● and ornat poet , but so full of prickles , that hi● roses are not to be gathered without dange● ▪ those who write elegies are altogether to 〈◊〉 kept up from the boys ; for they are too sof● and effeminate , tibullus , propertius , catulli●● and sappho , which we have now translated , abound with amorous subjects , and are full of complaints of unfortunate amours . your preceptor ought to take special care , that whilst he reads the comical and tragical poets to you , he does not seem to instruct you in something that 's vitious . it is still more remarkeable , that ignatius loyola , the founder of the order of the jesuites , who are as little recommendable to the world for their chastity , as for their other vertues , forbad the reading of terence in schools to children and youth , before his obscenities were expunged , lest he should more corrupt their manners by his wantonness , than help their wits by his * latin. the jews , a people noted enough for their uncleanness , yet did not permit their children and youth , in antient times , to read the canticles , till they arrived at years of age , for fear they should draw those spiritual passages of the love betwixt christ and his church , to a carnal sence , and make them instruments of inflaming their own lusts : and upon the same account origen advi●eth such as are of an amorous temper , to forbear reading it † . how much more reason is there to forbid the reading of the lascivious heathen poets , and plays , seeing it is found to be true by experience , as agrippa in his discourse of uncleanness , hath excellently expressed it , that there is no more powerful engine to attaque and vanquish the chastity of any matron , girl or widow , or of any male or female whatever , than the reading of lascivious stories or poems . there 's none of them , let their disposition be never so good , but are in danger of being corrupted by this method , and i should look on it as next akin to a miracle , if there were any virgin or matron so religiously chast , as not to have their lusts inflamed almost to madness by reading such kind of books and poems . * in this case even the heathen lecher ovid , who is much more ingenuous than our pretended christian poets , gives judgment against his own amorous poems , and those of tibullus , &c. eloquar in vitus , teneros ne tange poetas , summon●o dot●s impias esse meas , callimachum ●ugito , non est inimicus amori et cum callimacho tu quoque coe noces . carmina quis potuit tuto legisse tibulli , vel tita cujus opus cynthea sola suit , quis potuit lecto durus discedere gallo et mea nescio quid carmina tale sonant . de remedio amoris . lib. . p. . it will appear plain from the very nature and design of christian schools , that such things ought not to be taught in them . the end of all such schools is to teach wisdom and vertue , that we may know god and our selves ; and how to worship god aright ; whereas the quite contrary is taught by those authors . homer , hesiod , pindar , aristophanes , virgil , horace , and the rest of those heathen authors , arriv'd to that height of impiety and madness , that they feign'd such lewd things to be acted by their gods , as a modest man cannot but be ashamed to reh●arse before youth ; for they represent their gods and goddesses to be such , as no honest or well-governed common-wealth , would have admitted them for citizens , so that palingenius writes truly of them . in c●elo est meretrix , in coelo est turpis adulter . lib. i. there 's no doubt but the heathen poets were influenced by satan , to feign such monstrous and horrid things concerning their deities , that they might thereby promote and authorize whoredom and uncleanness among men , and add fewel to the flames of corrupt nature . certainly those fables in ovid's metamorphosis , concerning the amous , nay , rapes of the gods and others , cannot leave any chast impressions upon the minds of youth . what a fulsom expression is that of virgil , aneid . . mista deo mulier . the danger of teaching such things to youth was seen by the very heathen philosophers : and therefore plato says , that those fabulous stories of the poets , were not to be receiv'd into a city , as if the gods wag'd war , and form'd ambushes against one another , &c. whether they be taken in an allegorical sense or not ; for children ( says he ) cannot distinguish betwixt what is spoke figuratively or otherwise , and such opinions as they drink in when they are young , they can hardly ever lay aside . to feign that god , who is altogether good , is the cause of evil , is an error that ought to be refuted ; and therefore the poets should be compelled to write and speak things that are honest * . tha● same author says in theage , i know not what any man in his right wits , ought to be more solicitous about , than how to have his son made as good as possible ; and therefore he advises , that care be taken that nurses don't entertain them with old wives fables , lest they be corrupted with madness and folly from their very infancy . seeing those poor heathens who had nothin● but the light of nature to direct them , coul● give such excellent precepts , what a shame 〈◊〉 it for christian schoolmasters to spend more tim● in teaching their youth who iupiter , vulca● ▪ neptune and saturn were , than who iesus chris● is , and to teach them those lascivious heathe● po●ts in direct opposition to the seventh co●●mand . st. augustine in his book of con●ession * , 〈◊〉 out , oh that when i was a young man , i ha●● been instructed in profitable books ! whilst i w●● a youth at school i heard them talk of iupit●● darting thunder and committing adultery at t●● same time . the jews were commanded to teach the la●● of god to their children diligently , to talk 〈◊〉 them when they sat in their houses , when th●● walked by the way , when they lay down an● when they rose up , to write them upon the pos● of their houses and on their gates , deut. . , ▪ ● the roy●l prophet david taught them , th● young men were to purifie their way , by takin● heed thereunto according to the word of go● psal. . . and the wise king solomon co●●manded children to be trained up in the way t●● they should go , and when they were old they wo●● not depart from it , prov. . . the apostle 〈◊〉 joyns , that our children should be brought up 〈◊〉 the nurture and admonition of the lord , eph. ▪ and commands timothy to avoid profane and 〈◊〉 wives fables , tim. . . the only objection of any weight that can 〈◊〉 raised against this , is , that in those heathen poe● there are abundance of excellent moral sentenc● and that youth learn the purity of the lati●● tongue from them . to which it may be answer● that put them all together , they come infinite● short of those moral instructions that are to be found in the proverbs of solomon , and the ecclesiastes , that its evident what moral sayings of worth , any of those heathen authors have , they borrow'd them from moses and others of the divinely inspired writers , and we may with more safety and purity drink from the same founta●ns , than from their polluted streams ; and as for the purity of the latine tongue , it may as well be learnt from others , as from the poets . the roman histories are excellent for that end ; and if their poets were purg'd from their obscenities , &c. and so put into the hands of youth , there could be nothing to object against ' em . nor are there wanting excellent latine poems by christian authors , which might be equally serviceable for instructing our youth in the purity of the latine tongue , and inspring them also with true christian sentiments , such as the famous antient poems of tertullian , arator , apollinaris , nazianzen , prudentius , prosper and other christian worthies , and the later ones of du bartas , beza , scaliger , buchanan , heinsius , &c. that a reform of the schools in this point hath been so long neglected , reflects shame upon the church who ought to have chiefly concerned themselves in it , and is one main reason why so many persons of good parts have applied themselves to write for the stage , and that too with more wantonness and latitude than most of the hea●hen poets ever dar'd to allow themselves : and the corruption hath spread so far as to in●ect our universities , who tho' formerly they condemned the stage , are now become its admirers , and to the scandal of the nation , obscene poems are writ at their publick acts. cap. v. an answer to m. motteuxes defence of the stage . i come next to consider what is offer'd in defence of the stage , by a divine of the church of england , from the authority of a divine of the church of rome , viz. by father ca●●aro , divinity professor at paris , as i find it annex'd to mr. motteuxes play call'd , beauty in distress . before i come directly to the point , it may not be improper to observe , that considering the palpable influence , which the stage hath had upon the corruption of manners , so much complained of . it seems no very suitable imployment for one divine of the church of england to espouse the defence of the stage against another . nor is it very much for the defendants honour to make use of arrows from a popish quiver ; for we have no reason to think that a popish divine will be a cordial enemy to the stage ; when the worship of ▪ their church does so much resemble the pomp of the theatre . the doctors first argument is , that the scripture has no express and particular precept against plays , [ page . ] which admitted to be true , is an argument of no weight ; for consequences naturally deduc'd from scripture , have the same authority with the text , otherwise it could never be a rule of faith and manners , there being many thousands of things for which it serves as a rule , that it doth not particularly express : so that the doctors argument would be equally servic●able to the great turk : there 's no express nor particular precept against receiving mohome● , as a prophet ergo . but it is naturally and plainly infer'd from the scriptures , that because we are not to receive any other doctrine than is there taught us , therefore we are not to receive mahomet as a prophet . by consequences of like force , and every whit as plain , we shall find stage-plays condemned in scripture ; i mean not only those that are guilty of immorality , profaneness , blasphemy , &c. which the greatest patrons of the stage , will not offer to defend , but even stage-plays in general , whose business they will have it to be , to recommend vertue and discountenance vice , which i think will be very plain by the following argument . that which god hath appointed sufficient means to accomplish : it is unlawful for men to appoint other means to accomplish : but go● hath appointed sufficient means for recommending vertue , and discountenancing vice without the stage : ergo , it is unlawful for men to appoint the stage for recommending vertue and discountenancing vice. all t●e controversie will lie about the first proposition ; but i think there 's no man who has a serious impression of the infinite wisdom , power and goodness of god upon his mind , that will call it in question , seeing he must necessarily by so doing , cast a reflection upon all those attributes , and prefer the wisdom , power and goodness of man , to the wisdom , power and goodness of god. the second proposition is clear from express texts of scripture . the apostle tells us , that magistracy is the ordinance of god : that rulers are ordained by him to be a terror to evil works , and to praise those that do good : and that they are the ministers of god , continually attending upon this very thing , rom. . , , , , . whence it is evident , that the original end and design of magistracy , is to encourage vertue and to punish vice. and hence it is equally clear , that seeing commending is a species of reward , and lashing and exposing a sort of punishment , the pretended service of the stage , for those ends is wholly needless ; god having sufficiently provided for that , by appointing magistrates . this being so , the patrons of the stage have no other pretences left them , but such as mr. collier enumerates briefly in his introduction , viz. that the stage is useful to shew the uncertainty of humane greatness ; the sudden turns of fate , and the unhappy conclusions of violence and injustice ; to expose the singularities of pride and fancy ; to make folly and falshhood contemptible ; and to bring every thing that is ill , under infamy and neglect . but we are infinitely better provided for those ends , by the word of god , and the ordinance of the ministry . we are taught , that the former is able to make us wise unto salvation : i● given us by inspiration of god , for doctrine , reproof , correction and instruction in righteousness ; that we may be perfect , and throughly furnished unto all good works , timoth. . so that we have no need of the instruction of the stage , for any of the ends above● mentioned . are any of our authors for the theatre , able to give such a description of the uncertainty of humane greatness and the vanity of all sublunary things , as solomon hath given in his ecclesiastes ? can any of them give us more surprizing instances of the sudden turns of fate and revolutions of providence , than the destruction of sodom and gomorrah , of pharaoh and his host , sennacherib and his army , and many others related in the scriptures , with reference not only to the publick , but to particular persons ? nay , are we not i●finitely better accommodated with real instance● of that nature , ev'n from profane history , than we possibly can be from their forged ones on the stage ? can our poets shew us more unhappy conclusions of violence and injustice , than those that attended pharaoh and the other tyrants that persecuted the people of god ? are they able to give us instances of the singularity of pride and tyranny , equal to those of that same pharaoh , who said , who is the lord that i should obey him ? of nebuchad●nezzer , who ●or his pride was turn'd a grazing with the beasts of the field ? or of herod , who for his fantastical apparel and pride was eat up of worms ? are they able to expose folly and falshhood to more contempt , than the sacred scripture does , which tells us , that a poor and a wise child , is better than an old and a foolish king , eccl. . . and that tho' the bread of deceit and falshood be sweet to a man , yet afterward his mouth shall be fill'd with gravel , prov. . . hath not god appointed the ministry , to teach all nations to observe whatsoever he hath command●d , matth. . . to distinguish betwixt the precious and the vile , jer. . . to use sharpness according to the power that god hath given them , corinth . . , , . to be instant in season and out of season ; to reprove , reb●ke , exhort ; to teach us to deny ungodliness and worldly lusts ; and to live soberly , righteously and godly in this present evil world , tit. . . thus the second proposition is plainly proved , that god hath provided sufficient means for recommending vertue and discountenancing vice without the stage : ergo it is unlawful to appoint the stage for recommending vertue and discountenancing vice. it may perhaps be objected , that by this argument the exhortations and reproofs of parents , masters and neighbours , are also prov'd to be needless : to which the answer is ready , that those duties are enjoyn'd by the scriptures on parents , masters and neighbours ; therefore 't is the ministers duty to urge them , and the magistrates duty to see them perform'd ; but no such thing can be said of the stage . it may perhaps be further objected , that the magistrate being left at liberty , as to the means of recommending virtue and discountenancing vice , he may appoint the stage for that end. to which i answer ; the magistrate is infinitely better provided of means already : he hath the ministers to preach the gospel from the pulpit ; and judges to explain his laws from the bench ▪ and is provided with a sword to protect vertue and punish vice. and therefore to spend time and money in that which is needless , would be not only contrary to scripture rule , but to common-sense . nor can the patrons of the stage , give us an instance , that ever any magistrate appointed the stage for those ends they mention . we are told in the introduction to britania triumphens , acted on a sunday at whitehall in . as before●mentioned , that princes of sweet and humane natures have ever , both amo●gst the antients and moderns in the best times presented spectacles and personal representation to recreate their spirits , wasted in grave affairs of state , and for the entertainment of their nobility , ladies and courts . that was the only end , according to the then poets ▪ that the stage pretended to ; but now it seems that they would usurp , both upon the bench and the pulpit . cap. vi. the fathers against the stage ; and mistaker● by aquinas . the next argument is * from thomas a. quinas , who in his question of sports and diversions says , that 't is the part of a wise man sometimes to unbend his mind by diverting words or actions : whence the dr. concludes , that st. thomas approv'd the drama . this man may perhaps be a professor of divinity , but it would seem he was never a professor of logick , else he would not put more into the conclusion than is found in the premises , as here he has done , except he can prove that there are no diverting words or actions but in plays ; and the straining of this conclusion is so much the more needless , that he brings in aquinas afterwards , expresly giving his opinion for plays , provided the players and spectators he not guilty of excess , or speak and act nothing that is unlawful , &c. ( pag. . ) but as the dr. brings in aquinas to reconcile the fathers with the school-men in this point ; or indeed rather to contradict the fathers by the school-men ; what if we bring in aquinas contradicting the dr. himself . if either the paris doctor , or the doctor of the church of england , who applauds his performance , please to look into aquinas his secunda , secund● quaest. . art. . ad m . it will appear , that they make the angelical dr. speak otherwise than he really does : aquinas 's words are , si qui autem super●luē sua in tales consumunt veletiam sustentant illos histriones qui illicitis ludis utuntur , peccant , quali ●os in peccato foventes , unde augustinus dicit super iohannem , quod donare res suas histrionibus , vitium est immane , non virtus , nisi forte aliquis histrio esset in extrema necessitate , in qua esset ei subveniendum , dicit enim ambrosius in libro de o●●iciis , pasce same morientem . quisquis enim pascendo hominem servare poteris si non paveris occidi●ti . it 's plain , that the paris dr. or his translator make aquinas say what he never intended . the angelical dr. says , it is a crime to give super●luously ●r lavishly to stage players . but it seems nothing is criminal with the parisian dr. or his englisher , except they give them their whole estates . besides , they injure st. austin mightily . they would make the world believe , that the african father was only against giving whole estates to players too ; when the honest man says expresly , that to give any thing to a stage-player except at the point of starving , is a monstrous crime or first●rate sin , immane vitium , and the reason of the exception he brings from st. ambrose , that whosoever is in a condition to give a man bread , and yet lets him starve , kills him . and how well aquinas reconciles the school-men with the fathers , in this point of the stage , may be seen by the very following article , where he quote● st. augustine in his book of true and false repentance ; charging those that would obtain forgiveness , to abstain from the plays and shows of the age ; which being compared with his former advice , not to give any thing to the stage-player , except he were at the point of starving , shews plainly for all the angelical doctors nice distinction ( of st. augustine's only forbidding plays to men under pennance ) that he wrests his words . the truth of which will be prov'd by st. austin himself , who says , that had there been none but honest men in rome , they would never have admitted stage●plays † . and elsewhere he says , the roman vertue knew nothing of those theatrical acts for almost years ; and when they were introduc'd for the recreation of sensualists , and admitted by the dissolute morals of the time , the heathen idols de●ued they might be dedicated to them * . he likewise takes notice , that being brought into rome to asswage the plague which afflicted thei● bodies ; the crafty devils who knew that the disease would in its proper time come to a period , did thence take occasion to infect their morals , with a far greater contagion . and adds , that their pontif scip● dreaded that plague and infection upon their minds , when he forbad the building of theatres , well knowing that the re-publick could not be preserved by the standing of their walls , if their ●orals failed ; but they were more prevailed on by the allurements of impious devils , than by the precautions of provident statemen * . nor is there any of the fathers more pathetical and pressing in their exhortations to christians to avoid the stage , than this excellent person , as may be seen in his homilies , and other writings . then as to the whim of the revelation to paphnutius , that a certain player should be his partner in glory , by which aquinas would prove that players are not in a state of sin. however it may relish with the paris doctor , it sounds but ill to be quoted by a divine of the church of england ; but admitting the revelation to be true , it will not prove what they would have it , for the player mentioned , might have abandoned the stage , and become a true penitent ; otherwise by this way of arguing , thieves may conclude , that they are not in a state of sin , because our saviour said to one on the cross , this day shalt thou be with me in paradise . besides , aquinas's words are , quod quidam iocu●ator ●uturus erat sibi consors in vita fu●ura . now the doctor knows , that ioculator and histrio , are not convertible terms . there are many jocose men , that would think the stage below them ; or if ioculator must needs be a stage-player , let it be translated the merry andrew , or fool in the play ; there 's no reason why such should be denied the benefit of pap●●utius's evidence for heaven , it being but seldom , that their part of the play is the most criminal . in the next place , it ought to be observed what sort of plays they are , which st. thomas approves ; he says , o●●icium histrionum quod ordinatur ad solatium hominibus exhibendum non est secundum se illicitum . ibid. ad m . i. e. that stage-plays which are directed to recreat or solace men , are not unlawful in themselves . this is quite another work than our stage now assumes to it self , as mr. collier mentions in his introduction ; and had the stage held there , and been regular and moderate in its practice , it would not have been so culpable as now it is , but all this is meerly a covering its nakedness with fig-leaves : that was not the original design of the stage . it was invented by the devil , if we may believe tertullian * , and therefore hath all along been true to its founder in pursuing its primary design of debauching instead of diverting mankind . before i go further , i must observe two things ; the first is , that st. thomas however , condemns the present practice of the english stage , in jesting with scripture , using obscene words or actions , and men and womens putting on apparel of the contrary sex † . and the next is , that it looks somewhat odd that a dr. of the church of rome , and a divine of th● church of england , should offer to shake the authority of the fathers for the sake of the play-house , seeing they are the principal quivers , whence the former draws her arrows against the protestants , and whence the latter pulls darts to hurl against the pu●itaus . in the next place they bring us st. thomas's answer to chrysostom , which they will have to be sufficient to all the passages of the fathers , viz. that they declaim only against the excess in plays * ; because the excess of the drama in their time , was criminal and immoderate . to this let st. chrysostom answer for himself ; and we shall soon see whether he had any reason ●o peep down from heaven , and tell aquinas , ben● scripsisti de me thoma , as they foolishly tell us our saviour did to that same agelical doctor . st. chrysostom against the stage . he calls stage-plays , the devils solemnities or pomps ; satanical fables , diabolical mysteries , the impure food of devils , hellish conventicles * . and tells his hearers , that if they continue to go to plays , he will never give over , but use a sharper stile , and wound them deeper , till he had pull'd in pieces the devilish theatre , that the assemblies of the church might be puri●ied and cleansed . in another place he says , every thing acted on the stage is most filthy and obscene , the words , the apparel , the tonsure , the gestures , the musick , the glancings of the eyes , nay , the very subject of the plays † . whence they infuse so much lascivousness into the minds of the audience , as if ▪ they conspired together to root all modesty out of their hearts , and to drench them in pernicious sensuality . in his homily of saul and david , he writes thus , that it is dangerous to go to stage-plays , because it makes them compleat adulterers ; wishes he knew who they were that left the church yesterday , and went to those spectacles of iniquity , that he might excommunicate them , they having impudently defil'd themselves with adultery . and if so be ( says he ) you desire to know the kind of adultery , i will not rehearse my own words , but the words of him who is to be our judge * : that man ( saith he ) who looks upon a woman to lust after her , hath committed adultery in his heart . if then a woman accidentally passing the street , and but carelessly dress'd doth frequently insnare a man , with one single look , with what confidence can those that purposely run to the play-house , and sit there a whole day together , with their eyes fix'd on the faces of women , say they have not looked upon them , so as to lust after them ? where there are the enticements of lafcivious words , whorish songs , painted faces , and enticing dresses to allure the beholders . — if here where there are psalms and the preaching of god's word , concupiscence doth frequently creep in like a crafty thief , how can those who sit idle in play-houses , where they neither see nor hear any thing that is good , and where their eyes and ears are beset on every side , overcome their lus● ? and if they cannot conquer it , how can they be acquitted from the charge of adultery ? — then how can those who are chargeable with this crime , come to these sacred assemblies , without repenrance . — if a servant should put his nas●y and lousy apparel , amongst his masters rich and costly robes , would you bear with it patiently ? if he should throw dung into a vessel of gold wher● your precious ointments are kept , would you not cudgel him for it ? shall we then be so careful of our cloaths and our vessels , and put so low a value upon our souls : tell me , how you thi●k god can endure this , when there is not so much difference between ointment and dirt , nor the cloaths of master and servant , as betwixt the grace of the spirit and this perverse action ? dost thou not tremble whilst thou beholdest this holy table , where dreadful mysteries are administred , with the self same eyes that thou didst behold the bed on the stage ; where the detestable fables of adultery are acted , whilst with the same ears thou hearest an adulterer speaking obscenely , and a prophet and an apostle leading thee into the mysteries of the scripture , whilst with the same heart thou receivedst deadly poison , and this holy and blessed sacrament ? are not these plays the subversion of life , the corruption of manners , the destruction of marriage , the cause of wars , of fightings and brawls in houses ? when thou returnest from the stage more dissolute , wanton and effeminate , the sight of thy wife will be less pleasing to thee , let her be what she will. what do i speak of a wife or family , when as afterward thou wilt be less willing to come to church , and wilt hear a sermon of modesty and chas●ity with irksomness . wherefore i intreat you all to avoid the wicked remembrances in stage-plays , and to draw back others from them , who have been led unto them ; for whatever is there done , is not delight or recreation , but destruction . in his first homily on psalm . speaking of david , he saw bathsheba ( saith he ) was wounded in his eye , and struck with a dart. let them take notice of this who are mad upon stage-plays , where they may contemplate the beauties . let them observe this , who say they can look upon them without hurt . david was wounded , and are you like to escape ? he was overcome , and can i trust to your strength ? he that had so much grace was struck through , and dost thou deny that thou are wounded ? in his seventeenth homily on matthew . if thy right eye offend thee ; he writes thus , let them take notice of this , who frequent the playhouse so much , and de●ile themselves almost daily with adultery : how can they be defended who by their stay at playhouses , contract acquaintance with lewd persons , that they knew not before ? upon psalm . v. . he says , we cannot serve two masters , but he serves two , who goes to church one day , and to stage-plays another . on psalm . . why do you love vanity in stage-plays , and seek after leasing in stage-players ? on psalm . . nothing brings the oracles of god into so great contempt , as those stage-plays and the spectacles there shewed ; wherefore i have often exhorted you , that none of those who enjoy the divine doctrine , and partake of the dreadful sacrament , go to those stage-plays . yet some are become so mad , that though they profess religion , and are grown white with old-age , they run to them notwithstanding ; and say , they reap much profit from 'em , by seeing examples of the victory and crowns which shall be in the world to come . but this is a rotten and deceitful saying : whence canst thou reap profit there , from contentions , from rash oaths , from the abuses , reviling and scoffs which the spectators throw upon one another ? in his sixth homily on matthew , he says , god never taught men to play , but the devil ; who hath formed jests and plays into an art ; that by these he might draw the souldiers of christ to himself : he hath erected theatres in cities ; and proposed those incentives of laughter and filthy pleasure . it is not the part of those who are called to an everlasting kingdom , to effeminate themselves with delight , and let loose the r●ins to loud laughter and derision , for those who applaud the writers of blasphemous and filthy things , perswade them to act them ; he that personates those things , doth not s●n so much as thou that commandest them to be done . but thou sayest , this is only feigning not committing a crime , but certainly those men deserve a thousand deaths , who are not afraid to imitate that which all laws do most strictly for●bid . if adultery be evil in it self , the imitation of it must certainly be unlawful . i say nothing how many adulterers they may make , who personate adulteries upon the stage nor how they render spectators impudent ; fo● there is nothing more filthy nor lascivious , than that eye that can patiently behold such things . in his thirty eighth homily on matthew , he answers the question : what then shall we shut up the playhouse ? thus , yea verily : these stage-plays being overturned , you shall not overthrow the law ; but iniquity , and extinguish all the plagues and mischiefs of the city ? t●ou wilt say , shall we then pull down the playhouses ? would to god they were pulled down ; yet i command you not to pull them down ; the magnifccence of the houses may stand , and the plays and dancing cease . take at least example from the barbarians , who have none of those stage-plays . what excuse can you bring for your selves , who are registred in heaven , to be the companions and co-heirs with angels if you be found worse than the barbarians in this , especially when thou mayst procure to thy self better comfort elsewhere ? for when thou wouldst refresh thy mind , thou mayest go into gardens , behold runing rivers , contemplate great lakes , look upon pleasant places , &c. thou hast a wife and children , thou aboundest in friends , all which may afford thee honest delight and profit . the barbarians themselves when they heard of these stage-plays , uttered expressions worthy of the greatest philosophers ; what say they , have the romans no wives nor children ? but thou wilt say , these playhouses do no hurt . yes , verily they do , in that thou spendest thy time there idlely and to no purpose , and givest cause of scandal to others . for though thou by fortitude and sublimeness of mind hast escaped the infection , yet by giving example to others who are weaker , thou hast occasioned their committing of evil. in his seventy fourth homily on matthew , he says , many come to church to behold the beauties of men and women ; do ye not therefore wonder , that thunderbolts are not darted forth on every side ? but these things ye have learned from the unchast theatre , that most contagious plague , that unavoidable snare of idle persons . such is the accursed fruits of stage-plays , not only to make the playhouse , but the very church of god a brothel . in his sixty ninth homily on that same evange●ist , he expresses himself thus , where are those who sit daily in the playhouse to hear pernicious songs , and to see the dances of the devil . i must say unto you as st. paul said , as you have hitherto given up your members to serve uncleanness , even so now give up your members as servants of rightcousness unto holiness . let 's compa●e the lives of the harlo●s , and corrupt young men who sit together in the pits and boxes , with t●e life of those blessed ones , even as to the point of pleasure . we shall find the difference to be as great betwixt the one and the other , ●s betwixt the songs of angels and the grunting of swine wallowing in the mire . christ speaks out of the one , but the devil speaks out of the other . from the songs of harlots , a flame of lust doth presently set the hearers on fire ; and as if the sight and face of a woman were not sufficient to inflame the mind , they have found out the plague of voice too ; but by the divine prai●es of holy m●● if any such disease doth vex the mind , it soon extinguished . in his th homily to the people of anti●● where the emperor theodosius had shut up 〈◊〉 play-house , he says , would to god it may ne● be opened again ! hence the works of d●●ness flow'd out into the city ! hence came th● who were criminal in their manners ! but n●● our city looks like a beautiful , fair and m●●dest woman . let us not then lament with 〈◊〉 feminate sorrow , as i have heard many do . 〈◊〉 unto thee antioch ! what hath befallen thee● and how art thou depriv'd of honour ? 〈◊〉 when thou shalt see dancers , players , drinke● blasphemers , swearers , liars , then make 〈◊〉 of those expressions , wo unto thee , o antioc● in his d homily to that people , he sa●● prisons are better than play-houses ; because 〈◊〉 the former there is sorrow , fear , humility , & ● but in the latter , there is laughter , wantonne●● diabolical pride , prodigality , expence of tim● the plotting of adultery , the school of fo●● cation , the examples of lewdness , &c. there are abundance of other excellent thin● to this purpose , in this eloquent fathers homil●● directly against the stage in general ; but this 〈◊〉 enough and more than enough to convict 〈◊〉 parisian doctor , and church of england divi●● of misrepresenting st. chrysostom , when they sa● he is only against the [ excess ] of the stage ▪ and i have been the larger upon him , not only 〈◊〉 confute that groundless assertion , but because 〈◊〉 declamations against the stage in those days , loo● as if they were adapted to the stage in ours . 〈◊〉 shall only add one observation , that he no whe● speaks of [ resorming ] the stage , but of 〈◊〉 down and over-turning it , as the inventio● of the devil , whice he would never have done , had he only thought the excess of it culpable . tertullian against the stage . the parisian doctor will likewise have it , that tertullian is only against the [ excess ] of plays * , but how truly will quickly be seen f●om the following quotations of that father . in his book of spectacles † , he tells us , that stage-plays are the pomps of the devil , which we renounce at baptism , because their original and the materials of which they are composed , is wholly patch'd up of idolatry . he calls play-houses , the devils church and temple * , and says † , we are commanded to put far from us all manner of uncleanness or wantonness ; and by consequence are forbid the theatre , which is a private conventicle of lewdness , where nothing is approv'd , but what is disapproved every where else , whose chief beauty or grace consists for the most part in obscenity , which the stage-player acts , and is represented by females ▪ who have abandoned the modesty of their sex. nay , the very stews themselves the sacrifices of publick lust , are brought forth on the s●age , and that which is yet worse , in the presence of women , and persons of all ages and degrees , where the place , the hire , and the incentives to them are represented to those that have no need of such tentations . let the senate be ashamed ! let all ranks of people blush at this ! — if all uncleanness ought to be held in execration by us , can it be lawful for us to hear those things , which it is unlawful to speak , and seeing we know that all scurrilous language and vain words , are condemned by god , how can it be lawful ●or us to hear thos● things , which it is unlawful to act ? thos● things which pollute a man when uttered by his mouth , must they not pollute him , whe● they enter into his soul , with his own consent by his eyes and ears ? thou art therefore commanded to abstain from the stage when tho● art forbid to be unclean . this passage is so full , and contains suc● weighty arguments against the theatre , deduc'd from scripture consequences , that we may justly wonder at the height of those clergy-mens assurance , who assert that this father is only agains● the excess of the stage , and that it is not for● bidden by scripture because not expressed by name . in another place , he says , that tragedies and comedies are the augmenters of villany and lust , bloody , lascivious , impious and wasteful * , they de●ile the eye and ear with uncleanness † , and blow up the sparkles of lust ‖ : upon which account he calls playhouses , the chappels of venus ; the houses of leachery , and conven●icles of incontinence * , and informs us , that all the christians in the primitive church had utterly le●t off frequenting the theatre † . he tells us likewise * , that stage-plays make the souls of the spectators to appear polluted in the sight of god , that none of those things deputed unto stage-plays , are pleasing unto god , or becoming the servants of god ; because they were all instituted for the devil , and furnished out of his treasury , for every thing that is not of god , or displeasing unto him , is of th● devil . — stage-plays are the pomp of the devil , against which we have protested at baptism . that therefore which we renounce , we ought not to partake of neither in deed , word nor sight ; and do we not then renounce and tear off the seal of baptism , when we cut off the attestation of it ? shall we ask the very heathens themselves , whether it be lawful for christians to frequent stage-plays ? they will tell you , that they chiefly know a man to be a christian , by his renouncing the stage . he therefore manifestly denies himself to be a christian , who throws off the badge by which he should be known . what hope then is there of such a man ? there 's no man runs over to the enemies camp , but he first throws away his arms , forsakes his colours , and the allegiance of his prince , and resolves to run the same fate with his enemies . will he think earnestly of god there , where there is nothing at all of god to be heard ? will ●e thoroughly learn chastity who admires the stage-players ? will he remember the exhortations of the prophets , amidst the exclamations of the tragedians ? will he think upon psalms in the middlle of effeminate songs ? — can he be of a compassionate nature , who delights in the baiting of bears ? d●st thou doubt but at that very moment when thou art in the church of the devil , all the angels look down from heaven , and take special notice of every one there present , observing who he is that speaks blasphemy , who it is that hears it , and who they are that lend their ears and tongues to the devil ? wilt thou not therefore flie those seats of the enemies of christ , that pestilential chair ; nay and the very air over the place , which is defiled with filthy speeches . * . he tells us yet more expresly , that the scripture hath forbidden all plays and interlude● , under the prohibition of lewdness and lasciviousness ; and that those texts which condemn worldy concupiscence , idle words , foolish , filthy talking and jesting , all standing in t●● way of sinners , and sitting in the seat of t●● scornful , together with hypocrisy and diss●●●●mulation , and the putting on of womens apparel by men , do expresly condemn both plays themselves , resort to playhouses , and the acting and beholding all theatrical interludes . † . this i hope is sufficient to demonstrate to the reader , that tertullian was against all stage-plays and interludes , not only upon the account of the excess or abuse of them , but also because he looked upon them to be the inventions of the devil , and contrary to scripture● so falsly have the p●●isian and english doctors represented him , in their preface to beauty in distress . st. cyprian against the stage . the next that they quote ; is st. cyprian , who they say doth not absolutely condemn opera's and comedies ; but only those shows , that represent fables ; after the manner of the greeks . * . how truly this is asserted by the popish and protestant doctors ; let st. cyprian inform you himself . that father in his epistles † , writes thus concerning the stage : the stage-player who still goes on amongst you in his disgraceful art , is not an instructor but destroyer of youth ; that which he hath wickedly learned himself he teaches others ; and therefore he writes to eucratius , that he ought not to be received into communion ; saying , that it was neither consistent with the majesty of god , nor the dis●ipline of the gospel , that the chastity and honour of the church should be defiled with such an infamous and filthy contagion . had st. cyprian approved the stage as lawful , he would have advised the reforming of it , and not to excom●nunicate a man because he was a stage-player . in another place he tells us , that theatres are the seats of uncleanness , the mastership of obscenity ; which teach those sins in publick , that men may more easily commit them in private : what then hath a christian to do there ? says he , to whom it is not so much as lawful to think upon any vice , should he delight himself in those representations of lust , that laying a●ide his modesty , he may be the more bold to commit the crimes themselves : he learns to act those crimes , who accustoms himself to see them . those common strumpets , whose misfortunes have prostituted them to the slavery of the publick stews , conceal the place ; and comfort themselves with this , that their disgrace is acted in private , and those who have exposed their chastity to sale , are ashamed to be seen in publick ; but thisopen wickedness of the stage , is acted in the view of all men , where the impudence of common prostitutes is surpassed . therefore it is utterly unlawful for good christians to be present at those plays , because we s●on accustom our selves to the practice of that wickedness which we hear and see : for since the minds of men are easily induc'd to those vices of their own accord : what will they not do , when they have unchast examples both of body and nature ? then as to tragedy . he tell us , that it is a tragedians part to relate to us in verse , the wickedness of the antients : the horror of antient parricides and incests are by them represented to the life , lest those wickednesses that were committed in former age● , should grow obsolet in the pr●sent times , fo● by this the present age is admonished , that whatever villany was committed in former times , may be committed still . thus is adultery learned whilst it is beheld ; and she who at first came perchance a chast matron to the play , returns unchast from the playhouse : what a foul corruption of manners , what a nourishment is it to reproachful actions ? and what ● fuel of vice is it , to be polluted with histrionical gestures , and to see filthy incest elaborately acted , against the very law and right of nature ? † . that same author in another of his works , says , that many virgins by frequenting play-houses blas●ed the flower of their virginity , made shipwrack of their chastity , and degenerated into common strumpets ; being widows before they were wives , and mothers before they had husbands ; whose miserable falls the church did much lament . * . he tells us further , that the scripture hath forbid , that to be beheld , which it hath forbid to be acted , and hath condemned all those ki●ds of spectacles ; when it condemneth idolatry the mother of all plays , and which gave birth to those monsters of lightness and vanity ; and that it might allure christians to be idolaters , flatters them with the pleasures of the eyes and ears . romulus at first did consecrate stage-plays to consus , as the god of counsel , for the sabine women that were to be ravished ; and whatever else there is in stage-plays , which either affects the eyes or pleases the ears ; if its original be enquired into , hath either an idol or a devil for its founder . * . thus we see that cyprian agrees with tertul●●● , that stage-plays were invented by the devil , and are forbid by the scriptures . lactantius against the stage . our doctors in the next place quote lactantius and salvian , as being of opinion , that 't was only the excess and abuse of the stage that was criminal . * . but with how little reason , we shall see immediately . lact●ntius falls upon stage-players in general , without exception ; and accuses them of teaching and provoking lust , by their unchast gestures and actions , and that they resemble unchast women by enervating their bodies , and in their effemina●e pace and habit. † . they teach adulteries whilst they feign them , and by counterfeit representations instruct men how to commit real uncleanness . what is it that young-men and virgins may not be tempted to do ? when they see those things acted without a blush , and willingly beheld by all sorts of people ? they are thereby taught what they may do themselves , and have their lusts inflam'd ; which are ●●ost readily set on fire by beholding such things : they approve them whilst they laugh at them , and return more corrupt to their chambers by those vices , which adhere to them . therefore all shows and stage-plays are wholly to be avoided , lest vice should take possession of our hearts , which ought to be calm and quiet , and ●est our accustoming our selves to pleasures should render us effeminate , and turn us away from god and good works . those enterludes and plays , because they are the greatest provocatives to vice , and have a mighty influence to debauch the minds of men , ought to be abolished , seeing they are not only useless towards the happiness of life , but likewise do a world of mischief . the same authors says elsewhere , what is the playhouse ? † is it any thing holier than those sword-plays ; when a comedy treats of rapes and amours , and tragedy of incests and murders — . is not then a player the corruption of discipline , should those youngmen see those things , whose slippery youth , which ought to be restrained and govern'd , is instructed to commit sin and wickedness by those representations — . therefore we ought to fly from all plays , that we may enjoy serenity of mind : those destructive pleasures ought to be renounced , lest being delighted with their pestilential sweetness , we should thereby fall into the snares of death . salvian against the stage . then as to salvian bishop of marcelles , his opinion of plays is thus delivered by himself † . in stage-plays there 's a certain apostacy from the faith ; for at baptism we renounce the devil , his pomps , his spectacles and works — . how is it then o christian ! that thou dost follow stage-plays after baptism ? thou hast once renounced the devil , and by this thou must needs know , that thou dost return to the devil , when thou returnest to the stage . he tells us in another place , * . such things are acted at plays and theatres , as cannot be thought of , and much less uttered without defilement : for other vices challenge their several parts in us , as filthy thoughts seize the mind , unchast sights posses the eyes , and wicked speeches lay hold on the ear , so that when one of those doth offend , the other may be without blame : but at the stage they all become guilty , for the mind is polluted with lust , the ●●ars with hearing , and the eyes with seeing . who without breaking the rules of modesty , can utter those imitations of lewd things , those obs●●ne motions and lustful gestures that are there used , the extraordinary sinfulness of which , may be inferr'd from this , that they cannot lawfully be named — . all other crimes pollute the doers only , and not the spectators and hea●ers : for a man may hear a blasphemer , and not partake of his sacriledge , because he dissents in his mind : a man may see a robbery and not be guilty , because he abhors the fact : but the pollution of the theatre and stage-plays are such , as make the actors and spectators equally guilty ; for whilst they willingly look on , and by that means approve them , they become actors themselves by sight and assent , so that this saying of the apostle , may be properly applied to them , that not only thos● who commit such things are worthy of death , but they also that take pleasure in those that do them . he further tells the antient romans , that stage-plays polluted their souls , depraved their manners , provoked god and offended their saviour , dishonoured their christian profession , and drew down gods judgments on their state , then miserably wasted by the goths and vandals ; therefore he advises them eternally to abandon theatres , which would bring their souls , their bodies , their church & their state to utter ruine . this is so full a proof of his being against stag●-plays in general , and those too not polluted with heathen idolatries , but when church and state were both christian ; that certainly our doctors can never quote salvian any more for their purpose . i pass over their other popish saints and schoolmen , that they quote for their opinion , which i suppose will have as little weight with any true protestant , as if they had quoted st. garnet or st. coleman , but shall take notice of an argument ( page xxi . ) that the canons of counc●ls brought against the stage , relate only to scandalous plays or immodest actors ; — and here also the councils shall speak fo● themselves . cap. vii . councils against the stage . the council of eliberis in spain , held anno dom. . ordered those who lent their garments to adorn plays , to be excommunicated for three years . that no stage-player should be received into the church , unless they renounce their art ; and if they returned to it again , they should be cast out . that no believer should marry a stage-player , on pain of excommunication . the council of arles , held at narbon in france , about the year of our lord . in the time of constantine the great , ordered , that all stage-players should be excommunicated , so long as they continued to act . the council of arles in that same kingdom , held anno . enacted the like . the council of laodicea in phrygia pacatiania , held about . where most of the bis●ops of asia were present , enacted , that no clergy-man should be present at any stage-play . the council of hippo , held an. . and the council of carthage in africa , held an. . whereof st. ●ustin was a member , forbad the clergy and laity the use of stage-plays ; but ordered them to be re-admit●ed into the church upon repentance . the council of carthage , held an. . enacted , that those who were newly baptized or converted , should abstain from stage-plays , and that those who upon any solemn festival omitted the ass●mbly of the church , and resorted to stage plays should be excommunicated . the council of africa held an. . decreed , that reconciliation with the church , should not be denied to stage-players and common-actors , in case of repentance , and abandoning their professions . that stage-plays are against the comm●ndments of god . and that stage-players should not be admitted as evidences against any person , but in their proper causes . the council of carthage , held an. . declared all stage-players to be infamous persons , and uncapable of bearing evidence . the council of constantinople , held an. . and reputed both by protestants and papists to ●e o●cumenical , ordered clergymen that frequented stage-plays , to be depriv'd , and laymen to be excommunicated . the ●d council of nice , held about . and commonly reputed the th oecumenical council , forbids stage-plays , as being accursed by the prophet isaiah , cap. . v. , . and forbid by the apostle , cor. . . the synod of tours , held in the time of char●emain , an. . forbad to frequent stage-plays , and ordered them to teach others to avoid them . the second synod of cabilon , held in the sa●● year , forbad them in like manner . the council of mentz and rheimns , held under that same emperor , did in the same manner fo●bid stage-plays to the clergy . the council of cologn , held an. . forbids comedies to be acted in nunneries , for though they consisted of sacred and pious subjects , they can notwithstanding leave little good , but much hurt in the minds of holy virgins , who behold and admire the external gestures , therefore they forbad the acting of comedies in monastries , or that virgins should be spectators of them . the council of milan held , an. . in the chapter concerning the stage and the dice , admonishes princes , to banish out of their teritories all stage-players , tumblers , jugglers and jesters , and to punish such publick houses as entertain them . thus we find synods , antient and modern , and some of them , during the very darkness of popery , expresly condemning the stage , and that of the council of cologn is very remarkable , which forbids virgins the seeing of comedies , tho' the subject be sacred and pious , because of the bad impressions which the external gesture might leave upon their minds . nay , the very council of trent declared so far against stage-plays , as to forbid them to the clergy * . then what a shame is it that the church of england , should not only be so remiss in declaring against the stage , but that any of her clergy should appear to defend it , as that dr. does , who sent the letter to m. motteux , to prefix to his beauty in distress . and much more that any of them should be authors to write plays for the stage , as iasper main , and others of a latter date , as the author of the innocent impostors , &c. whom out of respect i forbear to name . to these antient and modern councils , i shall add , that of the protestant church of france , held at rochel , an. . where this canon was unanimously agreed upon , viz. all congregations shall be admonished by their ministers seriously to reprehend and suppress all dances , mummeries and enterludes ; and it shall not be lawful for any christians to act or be present at any comedies , tragedies , plays , enterludes , or any other such sports , either in publick or private ; considering that they have always been opposed , condemned and suppresse● in and by the church , as bringing along with them the corruption of good manners . this methinks ought to have more weight with m. motteu● , and his church of england divine ; than the letter of a popish doctor of paris . i shall insist no further on the defence of the stage , by the prefacer to beauty in distress ; those i have already touch'd being his principal arguments . as for his hints of other things , being condemned by those fathers and councils , which are now generally held to be innocent , they are me●r trifles : no protestant ever held , that either men or councils were infallible : but the arguments here adduced , by those fathers and councils against the stage , being founded upon general scripture rules , ought to direct us in our faith and practice , as to this matter yet seeing our parisian doctor thinks it a mighty argument for the stage , that bishops , cardinals and nuncios make no scruple to be present at plays * , though the same hath been forbid by so many councils . mr. motteux or his church of england divine , may acquaint him if they please ; that the council of lateran , held by the authority of pope innocent the third , in the year . consisting of two patriarchs , seventy arch-bishops , four hundred twelve bishops , and eight hundred abbots and priors , did forbid clergymen to be present at stage-plays , or to encourage tumblers or jesters . † so that if neither the authority of councils alone , nor that of ● pope and council together , be sufficient to 〈◊〉 the paris doctor of the unlawfulness of clergymens frequenting the stage ; then i mus● make bold to tell him , that he has made a sacrifice of the infallibility of the church of rome , to the chapel of the devil , the playhouse ; * as mr. mot●●ux ●as sacrificed the authority of the protestant church of france , to the pleasure and profit he reaps from the theatre and drama . what a horrid shame is it , that iuli●n the apostate , should have had more regard to the honour of his pagan priests , than our present patrons of the stage , have either to the credit of popish or protestant divines ; when as zozamen tell us , he ordered the priests to be exhorted , not to be seen in the theatre on pain of disgrace . an answer to the defence of dramatick poetry . cap. viii . church of england divines against the stage . i come next to consider the arguments of that book , call'd , a defence of dramatick poetry : or , review of mr. collier ; and must in the threshold declare my agreement with the ingenious author , in his preface , that if the sufferance of the theatre , be so fatally destructive to morality , vertue and religion as mr. collier has endeavoured to render it , he has more satyriz'd the pulpit than the stage ; and that this universal silence of the whole clergy must conclude their neglect of their christian duty : but i 〈◊〉 beg leave to inform him , that he is mistaken 〈◊〉 he says , mr. collier is the first pulpit or 〈◊〉 sermon upon that text : for tho' it be true , 〈◊〉 the church of england clergy in general , 〈◊〉 been guilty of a culpable silence , as to 〈◊〉 head , since the restoration of king charl●● yet others have not . nor is mr. collier the 〈◊〉 church of england divine , who since that 〈◊〉 hath attack'd the stage from the pulpit . 〈◊〉 wesley in a reformation-sermon , preached in 〈◊〉 iames's church westminster , feb. . and 〈◊〉 wards at st. brides , must be allowed to have 〈◊〉 the start of him . wherein he expresses himsel●● [ page , &c. ] thus : our infamous cheatres seem to have do● more mischief than hobbs himself , or our 〈◊〉 atheistical clubs , to the faith and morals 〈◊〉 the nation . moral representations are own●● to be in their own nature , not only innocent but ev'n useful as well as pleasant ; but what 〈◊〉 this to those which have no morals or morali●● at all in them , and which are the most immora● things in the world , which the more any good man is acquainted with them , the less he mus● still like them , and at which modest heathen● would blush to be present . if we ever hope for an entire reformation of manners , even our iails and our theatres must have their shares with as much reason may we exclaim against our modern plays and interludes , as did the ol● zealous fathers against the pagan spectacles , and as justly rank these , as they did the others among those pomps and vanities of this wicked world , which our baptism obliges us to ●●nounce and to abhor . what communion hath the temple of god with idols , with those abominable mysteries of iniquity , which out do the old fescennina of the heathens , the lewd 〈◊〉 of baccus , and the impious feasts of 〈◊〉 and priapus ? i know not how any persons can profitably or indeed decently present themselves here before god's holy oracle , who are ●●equently present at those schools of vice , and nurseries of profaneness and lewdness , to unlearn there , what they are here taught out of god's holy word . — would you suffer your friend or your child to resort every day to a pesthous , or a place infected with any contagious or deadly disease , whence you had seen many persons carried out dead before you . if 〈◊〉 would do this , who pretended to be in his right senses . what excuse can be made for those who do worse , and are themselves frequently present , as well as suffer others to be so , at that place which is so nearly allied to hers , which solomon describes , whose house is the way to hell , and her gates lead down to the chambers of death ? — how can such persons pray every day , lead us not into temptation , when they themselves wilfully rush into the very mouth of it ? 't is true the stage pretends to reform manners , but let them tell us how many converts they can name by their means to vertue and religion , during these last thirty or forty years , and we can give numerous and sad instances to the contrary , even of a brave and virtuous nation too generally deprav'd and corrupted , to which there cannot perhaps be any one thing assigned , which has more highly contributed than these unsufferable and abominable representations , the authors of which , though the publick should continue to take notice of them , would either be forc'd so far to alter them ▪ that they would hardly be known , or else they would fall of themselves . if men would but withdraw their company from the●● as their presence there does actually encoura●● and support them . to close the head whereo●●am sorry there 's so much cause of insisting , 〈◊〉 there are too many of whom we may witho●● breach of charity , believe that they 'd rath●● forsake the church than the theatre , by 〈◊〉 being so much more frequently and delightfull● present at the latter , than they are at the fo● mer. if oaths , if blasphemy , if perpetual profa● tion of the glorious name of god and our blesed redeemer , if making a scoff and a laught●● at his holy word and institutions , and i know not why i should not add , his ministers too which is the very salt and almost imprimatur to most of the comedies of the present age. if filthiness and foolish talking , and profan● or immodest iesting , and insulting over the miseries , and excusing , and representing , and reco●mending the vices of mankind , either by not p●nishing them at all , or slightly punishing them , or even making them prosperous and happy , and teaching others , first how to be wicked , and then to defend or hide their wickedness , or at least to think vertue ridiculous and unfashionable , and religion and piety sit for none but old people ▪ fools and lunaticks . if contempt of superiors , if false notions of honour , if height of lewdness and pride , and revenge , and even murder , be those lessons which are daily taught at these publick playhouses , to the disgrace of our age , corruption of our m●rals , and scandal and odium of our nation ; for the truth of which , we may appeal to all the unprejudic'd , and virtuous part of mankind ▪ then we may further ask , whether these are ●it place ▪ for the education of youth ? the diversion of those of riper-age , or indeed so much as ●●llerabl● , as they now are ; and without a great and unexpected reformation under any christian government . if they are so , they may then continue in their present state , and we may still frequent them ; but in the mean time , how can we presume to come hither unto gods house , and his holy table ? unless we could answer that pathetick expostulation of god to his own people , who liv'd not answerable to their profession . what hast thou to do to tread in my courts , or take my name into thy lips ; seeing thou hatest to be reformed , and hast cast my words behind thy back , and wer't partaker with the a●ulterer ? thus mr. wesley , who our author knows is none of the most contemptible of our poets himself , and is no enemy to the stage , but only aims at its reformation . yet its plain , his charge is as heavy against the english stage , as that of mr. collier ; though he is for making use of the pruning-hook and not of the ax. dr. horneck against the stage . dr. horneck , whose remembrance is still savory , because of his eminent piety , did several years before mr. wesley , in his book , entituled the sirenes : or delight and iudgment . edit . . printed in . bring as heavy a charge against the stage , as can well be drawn up : which is so much the more remarkable ; that he does not cry down all representations of history , or of mens actions in the world as unlawful ; but would seem to allow of such at are restrain'd altogether to vertue and goodness , and such accomplishments of the soul , which the wisest and holiest men in all ages , have been desirous and ambitious of — . and say● though vertue cannot be well either disco●sed of , or represented without its opposite vice , yet such is the nature of vice , such the unhappy consequencies of it ; that if either the pleasure , or ease , or prosperity and success of it be shewn and acted , though but for a few minutes , whatever fate it ends in , it s so agreeable to the corrupted tempers of men , that it leaves a pleasing impression behind it , nor is the after clap or doleful exit of it , strong enough to prevent ● liking or satisfaction , especially in the younger sort , who are generally more taken with its present content and titillations , than frighted with its dull and muddy conclusion : for while its present success and sweetness is acting , the c●pid strikes the heart , and lays such a foundation there , as mocks all the death and ruine , it after some time doth end in . therefore he says a little lower , nothing of the present amiableness of vice ought to be mingled with the scenes ; for though vice must almost necessarily be named in these living landskips ; yet it should be only named , and never named but with horror , and the generosity and grandure of vertue acted to the life . vice should never appear but in its ugly shape , for if you dress it in its shining robes , though it be but for a quarter of an hour , such is the venom of this basilisk , it breaths a poisonous vapor both on the actor and spectator . this is the scheme of the reformation dr. horneck proposes for the drama , which if it took effect , the playhouses would be little esteemed by those who now frequent them most , for according to this proposal , the plays would be perfect historical lectures upon the virtues and vices of mankind , without any thing of those amorous representations and intreagues , which 〈◊〉 recommend them so much to our gallants . but to come to the doctors opinion of the modern plays , we find it thus , that they are sitted for vani●y and luxury ; for though they represent the punishment of vice , and the reward of ver●● to the life , yet it is done rather with advantage to the former , than to raise the credit of the latter ; and the effect shews it , viz. the corruption and debauchery of youth , and persons of all sorts and sizes . they are suited says he , to the loose humour of the age , which seems to hate all things that are ser●ous , as much as ratshane , and delights in nothing so much as in jests and fooleries , and seeing the most venerable things turn'd into ridicule . here no play relishes but what is stuff'd with love tricks , and that which makes people laugh most , is the best written comedy . wantonness is set out in its glittering garb , and the melting expressions that drop from its lips , are so charming to a carnal appetite , that the young lad wishes himself almost in the same passion and intreague of love , he sees acted on the stage ; it looks so pleasant and ravishing . here religion is too often traduc'd , and thorough the sides of men that differ from our church , the very foundation of christianity is shaken and undermin'd — . here few sacred things are spared , if they serve to make up the decorum of the act. here the supreme creator is too often revil'd , thro' the ill language giv'n to the heathen numens , and things that savor of real piety rendred flat , insipid and impertiment , here all that may ●aise the flesh into action and desire is advanced . — here all those wanton looks and ●estures , and postures that be in the mode are practis'd according to art , and you may remember you have seen people when 〈◊〉 from a play , strive to get that grace and 〈◊〉 they saw in the mimiek on the stage . here men swear and curse ; and actually imprecate themselves ; and though they do it under the name of the person they act , yet then own tongue speaks their sin , and their body is the agent that commits it ; and thus they dam● themselves for a man in imagination . and are these things fit for a christian to be hold ? is this a sight agreeable to the strait-way , and the narrow gate which leads to life ? 〈◊〉 there any thing in the gospel more plainly forbid , than conforming to the world , and what 〈◊〉 that prohibition import , if conformity to the world in beholding those dangerous sights , 〈◊〉 not in a great measure meant by it . we ma● put forc'd glosses upon the words , but doth no● this look like the natural sense of them . holiness , for without it no man shall see 〈◊〉 lord , is the very character of men who name the name of christ , if they bear not that nam● in vain ; and will any man of sense be so bo●● as to say , that shows which have so much 〈◊〉 in them , are suitable to that holiness . we know who said , turn away mine eyes from beholdi●● vanity , and who sees not that he who delights 〈◊〉 such shews , neither dares pray that prayer , no● can have any desire to imitate david in his holiness , for he is pleased with vanity , fixes his eye upon it , makes it the pleasing object of his sig● and consequently instead of turning his eyes aw●● from it , turns them to it . if thy right eye offend thee pluck it out , and 〈◊〉 it from thee , &c. said our saviour . * if there any sense in this passage , the meaning must 〈◊〉 cessarily be , that if the eye or beholding an 〈◊〉 prove an occasion of evil ; the eye must be so carefully and so totally withdrawn from the object as if it were actually pluck'd out , or were of no use in the body . what an occasion of evil the beholding of such scurrilous shews is , none can judge so well as he who takes notice , ●ow by these sights the horror which attended some sius is taken off , and men are tempted to entertain a more favourable opinion of them , how apt upon these occasions they are to laugh at those s●ns , which require rivers of tears , and to smile at the jest they hear , which deserves their most rigid censures . god would not suffer the israelites to take the name of the heathen gods in their mouth † for fear their frequ●nt naming of them should lessen their awful apprehensions of the supream deity , or be tempted through that familiarity to think there was no great harm in worshipping of them . the substance of this precept is moral and consequently cannot be supposed to be abolished by the dea●h of christ , and since god would not permit i● to the jews , how should he be supposed ●o give leave to christians , of whom he requires greater strictness . — how in our modern plays in most addresses , wishes and imprecations , the heathen deities are brought in , i need not tell you . the actors swear by god in the singular number , but in their entire harangues or witty sentences , which they intend shall move most , the gods are call'd in , and that 's the grace of their part . — the truth is , such men seek to turn religion again into paganism , and the s●ile they use in their respective speeches about things a●ove , is fitted for that purpose . flatter not your self sir , with a fancy that 〈◊〉 plays are no where forbid in the bible , and 〈◊〉 therefore it may be lawful to see them , for the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , revelling , to which the apostle threatens exclusion out of the kingdom of he●●ven , gal. . . and from which the word comedy is in all probability deriv'd ; though i know others fetch it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a village : because in antient times they did sing songs about country towns : i say this word includes all such vain , lascivious , ludicrous and jocular representations , not only dancing and luxurious feasting , but wanton , light and amorous interludes . * the word is very comprehensive , and be●●● so , one would think should fright every serio●● person , from coming within the guilt of that which hath so fevere a threatning annex'd there● let us but consider the nature , scope 〈◊〉 drift of our religion ; it commands us de●● cy , modesty , sobriety , vigilancy or watch●●ness over our thoughts , and words and acti●● simplicity in the inward and outward man , 〈◊〉 deeming the time , employing the hours 〈◊〉 hath lent us , in profitable discourses , and thi●● useful and tending to edification . it hids us ● stain from fleshly lusts , which war against 〈◊〉 soul , it condemns all rioting , chambering , w● tonness , and making provision for the flesh , fulfil the lusts thereof . it commands us to 〈◊〉 after the spirit , to be heavenly minded , to 〈◊〉 the same mind and temper in us , which w●● so in christ jesus , to grow in grace , to adv●● in goodness , to grow strong in the lord , and the power of his might . it bids us to stand for the glory of our god , and to be conc●● when his name or religion , or things sacred abused . it bids us avoid scandal , and take we do not by our example , either draw p● into errors , or confirm them in their sins bids us take heed of discouraging our neigh● from goodness , and of laying a stumbling● in the way of weaker christians . it bids us exhort one another daily , and beware lest any of us be ha●dened through the deceitfulness of sin. these are some of the principal rules , — but how they can be observed , by persons that delight in those shews , i cannot apprehend . is it modesty to hear that ribaldry and filthy communication , which some plays are stuffed with , or to be a spectator of so many undecent and wanton gestures , postures and actions , which in some comedies make up the greatest part of the shew ? is this sobriety to stand by and hear men curse and swear , and talk of things which should not be so much as named , among christians ? is this decency to afford your presence in a place , where the most debauched perso●s assemble them●elves , for ill ends and purposes ? is this your fear of god , to go and hear the most solemn ordinances of god railled and undervalu'd ; such as marriage and living up to the strict rules of reason and conscience ? is this your watchfulness over your thoughts , and words and actions , to go and expose your selves to temptation , to run into the devils arms , and give him an opportunity to incline your heart , to sinful delights , and being pleased with things that god abhors ? is this that godly simplicity ? the gospel presses , to pay , for your being affected with the vain shews of this sinful world , and to take liberty , to hear and see what men of little o● no religion , shall think fit to represent unto you ? is this redeeming of your time , to throw away so many hours upon fooling , and seeing men● ridiculous postures , gestures and behaviours ? is this the way to grow in grace , and to advance in goodness , and to abound more and more in the love of god , which your christianity obliges you to ? is not this to clog your soul & throw impediments in her way to felicity ? is not this the way to make her enamour'd with the world ; from which a christian is to run away , as much as he can ? by your saviours rule , tho' you are in the world , yetyou are not to be of the world. these shews alienate other mens affections from the best of objects , and what security have you , that they will not alienate yours . — as you are a christian , you are to bring your flesh into subjection , and to keep under your body ; and do not these shews signally help towards is power , and dominion over the nobler part . — who sees not that those sights are meer incentives to lust , and fewel to feed the impurer fire in our breasts ? and is this to walk after the spirit ? if they that walk after the flesh cannot please god , how can you hope to please him , while you allow yourself in this work of the flesh ? is the stage likely to produce vigorous apprehensions of gods grace and favour ; you know it damps and obscures them ? is this to have the same mind in you , which was also in christ jesus : can you imagine that in frequenting the stage , you imitate his example , did he ever incourage such empty things ? is there any thing in all the history of his life , that may be said to countenance such doings , could he applaud those follies , do you think , whose life was a perfect pattern of holiness , nay are not all his precepts levell'd against these scurrilities . he who preach'd up the doctrine of the cross , could he have any liking to to that which is directly contrary to that doctrine ? would any man that looks upon the jolly assembly in a play-house , think that these are disciples of the crucified god ? do they not look liker mahomets votaries , or epicurus his followers . would not one think that they are ●ather disciples of some heathen iupiter , or venus or flora , or some such wanton minion ; than of the grave , the austere , and the serious jesus , for such he would have his followers to be ; these he would have known by actions and a behaviour like his own ; and is a play likely to plant this noble temper in you . as a christian you are to shun the very appearances of evil , and is this your obedience , to del●ght in that which is evil , to applaud it with your smiles , to commend it with your tongue , and to encourage it by your presence . as a christian you are the salt of the earth * and consequently are to preserve your neighbour from corruption , and is this the way to preserve him from infection , by your presence in such places , and being as vain as he , to incourage not only the actors in their unlawful professio● , but the spectators too in their disobedience to the gospel . wo to that man by whom the offence cometh , it had been better for him that a mill-stone were hanged about his neck , and he drowned in the midst of the sea , † saith our great master , what is your going to a play-house , but giving offence ? what is it but hardning other men in their sins ? is not this tempting young people , to those extravagancies they should detest ? is not this justifying the players profession , and to make them think , that you approve of t●eir ludicrous vocations . did christ come down from heaven and die , and spill his blood for you , that you might securely indulge your carnal genius ? did he sacrifice himself for you , that you might please your self with such fooleries . — to delight in such vanities is a disparagement to his love , a blemish to his charity , a disgrace to his condescension , and an undervaluing of so great a mercy . have you not observ'd it , have you not taken notice , how men and women , who have had some zeal for religion , and very pious inclinations ; how that zeal hath decreased upon their frequenting those houses , how their goodness hath decayed , how flat they are grown in devotion , how weak in their holy performances . — may be they have kept up some outward shews , some external formality , some earnestness for the fringes of religion , or for the ceremonial part of christianity : but have you not seen , how they are become strangers to that life which must adorn it . with what face dare you approach the table of your lord , who have been a spectator of such shews but a little before ? if you come to the lords table one day , and run to a play-house another , do not you destroy all you built the day before . in this sacrament you profess to imitate your lord in despising the world , and is this imitation to go one day into the house of the lord , and the next into a den of thieves ? for so the stage may justly be called , where men are robb'd of their relish of spiritual objects . whence hath come that atheism , that loosness , that indifferency in things divine , that low esteem of the tremendous mysteries of christianity , which of late like a land-flood , hath overcome us ? have they not deriv'd their boldness from these places , have not the vices represented there in jest , been practis'd by the forward youth at home in good earnest ? and can a christian have a good opinion of those houses , where so many have lost their vertue ? can any man of reason think that after all this mischief , they may be safely hugg'd and applauded . those many notorious fornications and adulteries , we have heard and know of , those barefac'd cheats , mens boasting of their sins , and glorying in their shame , their impudence , their courage to do evil , their daring to do things which sober heathens have detested ; whence have they come in a great measure , but from those poisoned fountains ? if wanton , lustful and obscene jests , are expressly forbid by the great apostle , eph. . . nay , are not so much as to be nam'd among christians , how can a man that makes profession of that religion hear them , or be taken with them when god's name is profan'd in such houses , when religion is mock'd , when vertue is rendred odious . do but take a view of the writings of the primit●ve fathers , and you 'll find them unanimous in this assertion , that in our baptism when we renounce the devil and his works , and the pomp and glory of the world , we do particularly renounce stage-plays , and such ludicrous representations . they that liv'd nearest to the apostolical times , in all probability knew what was meant by this renunciation ; and this they profess to be the sense of it ; this they assure us is meant by those pomps and glories : and why should we presume to put a new sense upon that vow ? they receiv'd this interpretation from the apostles , and propagated it to posterity ; and in this sense we make the abjurations . of the same opinion is dr. bray , in his discourse on the baptismal covenant , [ printed in . and dedicated to his highness the d. of glocester ; ] where he comments thus on the pomps abjur'd in baptism * . thereby were antiently meant those pompo●s spectacles , plays and scenical representations exhibited in the roman theatres ; which because they were so lewd , cruel and impious , the primitive churches strictly enjoyn'd all christians at their baptism , not to frequent , or so much as to be once present , or ever-seen at them . — and answerable to those , are our modern plays acted in the play-houses , which are no thing inferior to the antient ones , in impiety and lewdness , and having such a malignant influence upon faith and manners , as is own'd by almost all persons , and is generally complained that they have , they ought never to be frequented by christians , and it may very well be look'd upon as a breach of your baptismal vow and covenant , for any of you to be hereafter present at them . nor is it unworthy our observation that those commendable religions societies of youngmen and others of the communion of the church so much countenaced by the late queen mary of blessed memory , and the best of the bishops , have laid it down as part of their ninth order that all of their societies should wholly avoid le●d play-houses * . sir richard blackmore against the stage . another late author i shall produce against them is sir richard blackmore , in his preface to his excellent poem , call'd prince arthur ; whose testimony is so much the less to be excepted against , because he seems to be for a reformation , and not for the abolition of the stage : his words are as followeth , ou● poets ( saith he ) seem ingag'd in a geneneral confederacy to ruine the end of their own art , to expose religion and vertue , and bring vice and corruption of manners into esteem and reputation . the poets that write for the stage ( at least a great part of them ) seem deeply concerned in this conspiracy . these are the champions that charge religion with such desperate resolution , and have given it so many deep and ghastly wounds . the stage was an out-work or fort rais'd for the protection and security of the temple , but the poets that kept it , have revolted and basely betray'd it ; ●nd what is worse , have turn'd all their force and discharg'd all their artillery against the place their duty was to defend . if any man thinks this an unjust charge , i desire him to read any of our modern comedies , and i believe he will soon be convinced of the truth of what i have said . the man of sense , and the ●ine gentleman in the comedy , who as the chiefest person propos'd to the esteem and imitation of the audience , is enrich'd with all the sense and wit the poet can bestow . this extraordinary person you will find to be a derider of religion , a grea● admirer of lucretius , not so much for his le●●ning as irreligion ; a person wholly idle , dissolv'd in luxury , abandon'd to his pleasure , ● great debaucher of women , profuse and extravagant in his expences . and in short , this furnished gentleman will appear a finished libertine . the young lady that must support the character of a vertuous well-manner'd sensible woman , the most perfect creature that can be , and the very flower of her sex , this accomplish'd person entertains the audience with confident discourses immodest repartees , and prophane railery . she is throughly instructed in intreagues and assignations , a great scoffe● at the prudent reservedness and modesty of the best of her sex , she despises the wise instructions of her parents or guardians , is disobedient to their authority , and at last without their knowledge or consent , marries her self to the gentleman above ment●oned : and can any one imagine , but that our young ladies and gentlewomen , are admirably instructed by such patterns of sense and virtue . if a clergyman be introduc'd , as he often is , t is seldom for any other purpose , but to abuse him , to expose his very character and profession ; he must needs be a pimp , a blockhead , a hypocrite , some wretched figure he must make , and almost ever , be so manag'd as to bring his order into contempt . this indeed is a very common , but yet so gross an abuse of wit , as was never endured on a pagan theatre , at least in the antient primitive times of poetry , before its purity and simplicity became corrupted , with the inventions of after ages . poets then taught men to reverence their gods , and those who ●erv'd them , none had so little regard for his religion as to expose it publickly , or if any had , their governments were too wise to suffer the wors●ip of their gods , to be treated on the stage with contempt . in our comedies , the wives of our citizens are highly encouraged , to despise their husbands , and to make great friendship with some such virtuous gentleman , and man of sense , above described : this is their way of recommending chastity and fidelity ; and that diligence and frugality may be sufficiently expos'd , though the two virtues , that chiefly support the being of any state ; to deter men from being industrious , and wealthy , the diligent and thriving citizen is made the most wretched , contemptible thing in ●he world : and as the alderman that makes the best figure in the city , makes the worst on the stage ; so under the character of a justice of peace , you have all the prudence and virtues of the country , most unmercifully insulted over . and as these characters are set up on purpose to ruin all opinion and esteem of virtue ; so the conduct throughout , the language , the fable and contrivance seem evidently design'd for the same noble end . there are few fine conceits few strains of wit , or extraordinary pieces of railery ; but are either immodest or irreligious and very few scenes but have some spiteful and envious stroke at sobriety and good manners . whence the youth of the nation , have apparently received very bad impressions . the universal corruption of manners and irreligious disposition of mind that infects the kingdom , seems to have been in a great measure , deriv'd from the stage , or has at least been highly promoted by it ; and 't is great pitty that those 〈◊〉 whose power it is , have not restrained the 〈◊〉 centiousness of it , and obliged the writers to observe more decorum . it were to be wished that poets , as preachers are in some countries , were paid and licensed by the state , and that none were suffered to write in prejudice of religion and the government ; but that all such offenders , as publick enemies of mankind should be silenc'd and duly punished . sure some effectual care should be taken that these men might not be suffered by debauching our youth , to help on the destruction of a brave nation . but seeing the author of the defence , says without any limitation , that mr. collier is the first who appear'd from the pulpit or press upon this subject . i must put him in mind of others that have writ and preached against the stage long before those i have already mentioned : and i think mr. prin , author of the histriomastix , deserves the honour of being nam'd with the first . his treatise being perhaps the largest , learnedst and most elaborate of any that ever was writ upon the subject , and to which mr. collier has been very much oblig'd for many things in his ingenious book , as i own here once for all , i am highly oblig'd my self for not a few , though i have made use of them in a different method . i have already agreed with the author of the defence , that the general silence of the clergy of late against the stage , is a neglect of their christian duty ; but shall now make it appear , that it has not always been thus with the clergy , which will be a further confutation of our authors proposition , that mr. collier is the first that broke silence in this matter , and serve as a reproof to the generality of the church of england divines of the present times , that they come so much short of those of the former , in their zeal against the stage . antient church of england divines against the stage . it may perhaps be reckon'd needless to go so far back as the famous bradwardin , arch-bishop of canterbury , who wrote against the * stage in . or wickliff the morning-star of our reformation , who wrote against † plays in . and therefore we shall descend to those times , when the reformation was arriv'd to a good hight : and thus we find in . dr. matthew parker , arch-bishop of canterbury , in his book de antiquitate ecclesiae britannicae , [ page . ] asserts . that stage-plays are not to be suffer'd in any christian or well govern'd commonwealth . dr. george alley bishop of exeter , and divinity lecturer at st. pauls in . the second year of queen elizabeth , declaims against , play-books and stage-plays , as the fomenters and fewel ef lust , the occasion of adultery and other intollerable evils . † and in that same book , * which its sit to observe by the way , was printed by her majesties authority , he inveighs against wanton and impure books , as being then too frequent , and wishes the authors of of them the same punishment , that the emper or severus inflicted upon vetromus turinus his fa●iliar , viz. that they might perish by smoak who liv'd by it . a little further he says , that many of these who profess christianity , are in respect of reading lascivious books , worse by far than the heathens : the people called massilienses , before they knew christ , were of such pure and uncorrupt morals , that their manners were accout the best ; and amongst other good laws in their city this was one ; that there should be no comedy acted there , because their arguments were for the most part of wanton and dissolute love , but alas , all places in our days are fill'd with juglers ; scoffers , jesters , players , who may s●● and do what they list , be it never so fleshly and filthy , and yet are applauded with laughing and clapping of hands . epicharmus was punished by hiero of syracuse , for rehearsing some wanton verses in the presence of his wife : sophocles rebuk'd pericles for launching out in the commendation of the beauty of a boy that passed by him ; and was told , that not only the hand of a pretor ought to be free from bribes , but their eyes clear from wanton looks ; that the athenians would suffer none of their judges to write any comedy or play : but i speak it with sorrow , our vicious balladmakers , and composers of lewd songs and plays , go not only unpunished but are largely rewarded . there was no adulterer in sparta , because the citizens were not suffered to be present at any comedy or other play , lest they should hear and see those things that were contrary to their laws . the next we shall mention , is bishop bahingto● , who in his exposition on the seventh commandment says , those prophane , wanton stage plays and enterludes ; what an occasion th●● are of adultery and uncleanness , by gesture , speech , conveyance , and devices to attain ungodly desires , the world knoweth by long experience , vanities they are if we make the best of them ' and the prophet prayeth to have his eyes turn'd away from beholding vanity , evil communication corrupts good manners , and they abound with it . they are always full of dangerous sights , and we must abstain from all appearance of evil : they corrupt the eyes with alluring gestures , the eyes corrupt the heart , and the heart corrupts the body till all be horrible before the lord : all things are polluted by histrionical gestures , saith chrysostome : and plays says he , are the feasts of satan , the inventions of the devil . councils have decreed very sharply against them , those who have been desil'd by them , have on their death beds confessed the danger of them , and warned others for ever to avoid them . — the bishop adds , that play haunters , carry away with them the ideas and similitudes of the lewd representations they behold in stage-plays , which sink deep into their minds ; that they suck in the poison of stage-plays with great delight , and practise the speeches and conveyances of love , which there they see a●d learn , and having once polluted their speech with the language of the theatre ( for i will never call it polishing ) they are never well but when they have company , to whom they may impart the stories and salutations , they have learned at the stage . bishop andrews in his exposition of the seventh commandment . bishop baily in his preface to the practise of piety , and bishop hall in in his epistles , agree with the former in condemning stage-plays : of the same mind is doctor reynolds in his overthrow of stage-plays , doctor griffit● , doctor williams , doctor el●on and mr. dod on the seventh commandment . doctor sparks in his rehearsal sermon , at paul's cross , april . . doctor whites sermon there , march . . dr. bond of the sab●ath in . and as many more doctors , as would serve to make up a convocation ; whence it is evident , that the divines of the church in those days , were far from being silent against the stage nay we are told , in the preface to the second and third blast of retreat , from plays and theatres , printed in . that many godly ministers did from day to day , in all places of greatest resort , denounce the vengeance of god against all such be they high or low , that favoured players , theatres , or plays . mr. northbrook a learned divine , in his treatise against vain plays and enterludes : printed by authority in . says , that to speak his mind and conscience plainly , and in the fear of god ; players and plays are not tollerable , not to be suffered in any commonwealth ; because they are the occasion of much sin and wickedness , corrupting both the minds and the manners of the spectators . there 's one book more , writ in those times against the stage , that i cannot omit , because of the singularity of its title , viz. the church of evil men and women , whereof lucifer is the head , and players and play-haunters , the members . and in . a treatise against stage . plays was dedicated to the parliament , from all which it will appear , that the author of the defence of dramatick poetry , spoke without book ▪ when he said , mr. collier , was the first that appeared from the press or the pulpit , against ou● stage , and that the present divines of the church , who have betraid the cause by their silence , or encouraged the stage by their pens and practice , come not only short of their ancestors , but are directly opposite to them . nor was it the divines alone , who in those days attack'd the theatre : but poets of their own , who being touch'd with remorse for writing to the stage , turn'd their pens against it , and made such discoveries of its lewdness , as no other persons were able to do . cap. ix . the stage condemned and anatomized by play-poets . the first we shall name is mr. stephen gosson , formerly a stage-poet , for which he says himself , in the epistle to his school of abuse : printed by authority , and dedicated to sir philip sidney , in . that his eyes had shed many tears of sorrow , and his heart had sweat many drops of blood , when he remembred stage-plays , to which he was once so much addicted . this penitent stage-poet in the book just now men●ioned , and in another called , his plays confuted : printed in . and dedicated to sir francis walsingham , writes to this effect ; i will shew you says he what i saw , and inform you what i read of plays . ovid said , that romulus built his theatre as a horse-fair for whores , made triumphs , and set up plays to gather fair women together , that every one of his souldiers might take where he lik'd , a snatch for his share . it would seem that the abuse of such pl●ces was so great , that for any chast liver to haunt them was a black swan , and a white crow . dion so straitly forbideth the antient families of rome , and gentlewomen that tender their name and honour to come to theatres , and rebukes them so sharply when he takes them napping , that if they be but once seen there , he judgeth it sufficient cause to speak ill of them , and to think worse . the shadow of a knave hurts an honest man , the scent of a stews an honest matron , and the shew of theatres a meer spectator . cooks don't shew more art in their junkets to vanquish the taste , nor painters in shaddow to allare the eye , than poets in theatres to wound the conscience ? there set they abroach strange consorts of melody to tickle the ear ; costly apparel to flatter the sight , effeminate gestures to ravish the sense , and wanton speech to whet inordinate lust ; these by the privy entries of the ear slip down into the heart , and with gunshot of affection gall the mind . domitian suffered playing and dancing so long in theatres , that paris debauched his domitia , and menster did the like by messalina . ovid in his arte amandi , chargeth his pilgrims to keep close to the saints whom they serve , and to shew their double diligence , to list the gentlewomens robes from the ground , to prevent their soyling in the dust , to sweep moats from their ki●tles , to keep their fingers in ure , to lay their hands at their backs for an easie stay , to praise that which they commend , to present them pomegranates to pick as they sit , and when all is over to wait on them mannerly to their houses . in our playhouses at london , you shall see such heaving and shoving , such itching and shouldring to sit by women , such care for their garments , that they be not trod on , such eying their laps that no chipslight in them , such pillows to their backs that they take no hurt , such whispering in their ears , i don't know what , such giving them pippins to pass the time , such playing at foot-saunt without cards , such ticking , such toying , such smiling , such winking , and such manning them home when the sports are ended , that it is a perfect comedy to mark their behaviour , and is as good as a course at the game it self to dogg them a little , or to follow aloof by the print of their feet , and so discover by slot where the deer taketh soil . if this were as well noted as it is ill seen , or as openly punished as secretly practised , i have no doubt but the cause would be seared to drie up the effect , and those pretty rabbets ferreted from their burrows . for they that lack customers all the w●● either because their haunt is unknown , or the co●stables and officers watch them so narrowly , that they dare not queatch , to celebrate the sabbath , ●lock to theatres and there keep a general market of baudry . not that any ●ilthiness indeed is committed within the compass of that ground , as was done in rome ; but that every wanton and his paramour , every man & his mistriss , every iack and his ioan , every knave and his quean , are there first acquainted , and cheapen the merchandise in that place , which they pay for elsewhere , as they can agree . i design not to shew you all that i saw , nor half that i have heard of those abuses , lest you should judge me more willing to teach than to forbid them . the next is the author of , the third blast of retreat from plays and theatres , who had formerly been a stage-poet , but tells us he renounc'd that wicked profession , as being incompatible with the christian religion , or his own salvation . he gives his opinion of plays thus * , that they are not to be suffered in a christian common-wealth , because they are enemies to nature and religion , allurements unto sin , corrupters of good manners , the cause of security and carelesness in religion , and meer brothel-houses of bawdry : they bring a scandal upon the gospel , the sabbath into contempt , mens souls into danger , and the whole commonwealth into disorder . — these are bitter and hainous expressions you will say , no doubt ; yet they are nothing so bitter as the cause requireth . it were ill to paint the devil like an angel , he must be drawn as he is , that he may be the better known — therefore that others should not be deceived with that wherewith i have been deceived my self , i thought it my duty to expose the abuse of the plays and actors both , that every man might refrain from their wickedness , and that the magistrate being informed of it , might take effectual methods utterly to suppress them ; for if they still be permitted to make sale of sin , we shall pull the vengeance of god upon our heads , and bring the nation to confusion . — what i speak of plays from my own knowledge , may be affirmed by hundreds more , who know those matters as well as my self . — some citizens wives , upon whom god hath laid his hand for an example to others , have confessed on their death-bed with tears , that at those spectacles they have receiv'd such infection , as of honest women made them light huswifes : by them they have dishonoured the vessels of holiness , brought their husbands into contempt , their children in question , their bodies into sickness , and their souls into danger . it must be own'd , that this is an heavy charge upon the stage , nor can the truth of it be questioned , seeing it comes from the hand of a penitent stage-poet , who delivers it as his own certain knowledge , but if his testimony and that of mr. gosson before exhibited be not enough ; the patrons of the stage may be pleased to consider , that their evidence is confirmed by bishop babington on the vii . commandment and dr. layton , in his speculum belli sacri . but to return to our author , he goes on thus , the repair of such as are honest to those places of evil resort , makes their own good life to be called in question ; for that place bree●s suspicion as well of the good as the bad ; for who can see a man or a woman resort to an house that is notoriously wicked , but will judge them to be of the crew of the ungodly . the honestest woman is the soonest assaulted , and hath such snares laid to entrap her , as if god assist her not , she must needs be taken . when i gave my self first to observe the abuse of common-plays , i found my heart sore smitten with sorrow ; sin did there so much abound , and was so openly committed , that i looked when god in his justice and wrath would have presently confounded the beholders . the theatre i found to be an appointed place of baudry : mine own ears have heard honest women allur'd with abominable speeches . sometimes i have seen two knaves at once importuning one light huswife , whence a quarrel hath ensued to the disquieting of many . there are intrigues carried on to debauch married women from their husbands , and places appointed for meeting and conference . when i took notice of those abuses , and saw that the theatre was become satan's council-house , i resolved never to imploy my pen to so vile a purpose , nor to be an instrument of gathering the wicked together . — it may perhaps be said , i am too lavish of my discourse , and that what i have now said might have been forborn ; but he that dissembles ungodliness is a traitor to god , and as guilty of the offence as the offenders themselves . since therefore the cause is gods , i dare put my self forth to be an advocate against satan to the rooting out of sin. are not our eyes at plays carried away with pride and vanity , our ears abus'd with amorous and filthy discourse , our tongues imployed in blaspheming god or commending that which is wicked ? are not our hearts through the pleasure of the flesh , the delight of the eye , and the fond motions of the mind , withdrawn from the service of god , and the meditation of his goodness . — there 's no zealous heart but must needs bleed to see how many christian souls are there swallow'd up in the whirlpool of devilish impudence . whosoever shall visit the chappel of satan [ i mean the theatre ] shall find there no want of young russians , nor lack of harlots , utterly void of shame ; who by their wanton gestures and shameless behaviour discover what they are , — let magistrates assure themselves that without speedy redress all things will grow so much out of order that they will be past remedy . our young men are thereby made shameless , stubborn and impudent . tell them of scripture , they will turn it into ridicule : rebuke them for breaking the sabbath , they will call you a precisian . — he that is virtuously disposed , shall find lewd persons enough in the play-house to withdraw him from vertue by promises of pleasure and pastime . the play-house is the school of satan , the chapple of ill council , where he shall see so much of iniquity and loosness ; so great outrage and scope of sin , that it is a wonder if he return not either wounded in conscience or changed in life . i would wish therefore all masters to withdraw themselves and their servants from such assemblies . youth needs not seek after schoolmasters , they can learn evil too fast of themselves . many young men of honest natures and tractable dispositions , have been chang'd by those shews and spectacles , and become monsters . it is wonderful to consider , of what force the gestures of a player ( which tully calls the eloquence of the body ) are to move and prepare a man for that which is evil . — nothing entre●h more effectually into the memory than that which cometh by seeing ; things heard do lightly pass away , but the ideas of what we have seen , says petrarch , stick fast in us whether we will or not . those enchantments have vanquish'd the chastity of many women , some by taking pity of the deceitful tears of the lover on the stage , have been mov'd by their complaint , to compassionate their secret friends , whom they thought to have felt the like torment . some having observ'd the examples , how young women being restrain'd from the marriage of those their friends have mislik'd , have there learn'd the art to steal them away ; others observing by the example of the stage , how another mans wife hath been assaulted and overcome , have not failed to practise those tricks in earrest , that were shewn before them in jest : yet the cunning craft of the stage , is surpassed by that of the scaffolds without , for they which are evil disposed , no sooner hear any thing spoken that may serve their turns , but they apply it : alas ! say they to the gentlewomen by them , is it not pity this passionate lover should be so martyr'd ? and if they find them inclin'd to foolish pi●y , then they apply the matter to themselves , and pray that they would extend the same compassion towards them , as they seemed to shew to the afflicted lover on the stage . those running headed lovers , are grown such perfect scholars , by long continuance at this school , that there is not almost one word spoken , but they can make use of it to serve their own turn . believe me , there can be no stronger engine found , to batter the honesty of married and unmarried women ; than the hearing of common plays . there wanton fables , and pastoral songs of love , which they use in their comical discourses , and are all taken out of the secret armory of venus , overturn chastity , and corrupt the manners of youth , insomuch , that it is a miracle if there be found any woman or maid , which with those spectacles of strange lust , is not frequently inflam'd to down right fury . don't we use in those discourses to counterfeit witchcraft , charming draughts and amorous potions , to stir up men to lust , by which examples the ignorant multitude are provoked to seek after the unlawful love of others . the device of carrying letters by laundresses , and practising with pedlars to carry their tokens under colour of selling their merchandise , and other kinds of intreagues to bereave fathers of their children , husbands of their wives , guardians of their wards , and mistresses of their servants , are aptly taught in those schools of abuse [ ●he stage ] therefore i am sorry they are not plucked down , and the school masters banished the city . thus much i will tell them , if they suffer those brothel-houses to continue : the lord will say unto them , as the psalmist saith , if thou sa●vest a thief thou consentedst with him , and hast been partaker with adulterers . * this i hope is more than enough to convince the author of the defence of dramatick poe●ry , that mr. collier ' s was neither the first pulpit nor press-sermon against the stage ; and tha● though the silence of the clergy against the play-house , has been but too universal of late ; it hath not been always so from the beginning . by this that author may likewise perceive , that men of a different kidney and principle from those of the calves-head-feasts , or that acted the tragedy at whitehall , and accounted regicide and rebellion , religion and sanc●ity * , strain as much at the gnat of the stage as others . i would also desire him to consider , whether the opinion of those reverend bishops and divines i have quoted at large , and the evidence of two repenting stage-poets , as to the danger of the stage , be not more than enough to outweigh his banter and flouts , in denying that the passions represented on the stage imprints the same passion into the audience , because a man when he sees a hercules furens , d●es not grow so mad and pull up'oaks as fast as he ; that our gallants don 't presently fall a ravishing like a lustful tarq●in , upon the representation of that lascivious prince ; and that our ladies don't immediately take taint and play the wanton upon the sight of lewd thais . * the instances of the play-poet , just now quoted , fall but little short of this ; and mr. gosson● paris and domitia , and menster and messalin formerly mentioned * , are enough to confirm i● but , because i hate to be nigardly , he sha●● have another from xenophon * . that author gives us an account of the acting of bacchus 〈◊〉 ariadne by a syracusian boy and a girls , thus , the syracusian entred like bacchus , with pipe before him , playing a rioting tune . the● entred ariadne gorgeously apparrel'd like a brid● and sat down before the company ; she 〈◊〉 not go to meet bacchus as a dancing , nor ro●● from her seat , but made such signs as discover'd he might have an easie conquest . whe● bacchus beheld her , he expressed his passion as much as possible in his dance , and drawing near her fell down on his knees , embraced an● kissed her ; she tho' with some faint resemblance of coyness and modesty embraced him again . at this the spectators gave shouts of applause . then bacchus rose up , and taking ariadne with him , there was nothing to be seen but hugging and kissing . the spectators perceiving that both of them were handsom , and that they kissed and embraced in good earnest , they be held them with great attention ; and hearing bacchus ask her , if she lov'd him ; and she affirming with an oath that she did ; the whole audience swore , that the boy and the girl lov'd one another in reality ; for they did not act like those who had been taught only to persona●● those gestures , but like such as had a mind to perform that which they had of a long time earnestly desir'd . at last when the company perceived that they were clasped in one anothers arms. those that had no wives swore they would marry , and those that were married , took horse and went home to their wives immediately . cap. x. the english state against the stage . the author of the defence of dramamatick poetry , endeavours in the next place to ward of the blow given to the stage by english statutes ; and alledges that the 〈◊〉 of ia●● was but a temporary act to hold in ●orce but that sessions of parliament * which by 〈◊〉 leave is a mistake , the words being , that it ●●ould continue to the end of the next parliament . and it was afterwards continued again by the d of car. cap. . to the end of the st session of the ●ext parliament . and i must also here take leave to tell him , that mr. prin , who it 's suppos'd understood the ●aw as well as he , was of opinion that the stage-players might have been punished in the year . by vertue of that act , which was many years after the st of iames. but be that how it will , thus much we have ●●n'd at least ; that stage-players were declared , ●o be rogues and vagabonds , by the three estates of england met in parliament ; and ordered to be ●ent to the house of correction , to be imprisoned , 〈◊〉 on the stocks and whip'd , and if they continued 〈◊〉 play notwithstanding , that they should be burnt 〈◊〉 an hot iron , of the breadth of an english s●●lling , with a great roman r in the le●t shoul●er , which should there remain as a perpetual mark of a rogue : if they still continued obstinate , they were to be banished , and if they return'd ag●● and continued incorrigible , they were to be exe●●ted as felons . this is the more remarkable , that by this act the licenses allowed to be giv'n by peers , 〈◊〉 players of interludes by the th of eliz. were taken away , and no reserve made for any play●●● whatever , and the occasion of the making this act was , the doubts that arose upon the th . 〈◊〉 eliz. and that former statutes were not so e●●●●tual for suppressing those plays and interludes , ●s was expected . our author in the next place , seems to call 〈◊〉 question the truth , of that petition of the lo●doners to q. elizabeth , about for suppressing the playhouses . makes some raileries upo● mr. collier , for rawlidge his author , because 〈◊〉 known to the booksellers in st. paul's church yard , or little-brittain ; makes himself spo●● with the godly citizens that were the petitioners quotes stow , to prove that queen elizabeth , e●couraged the darlings of the stage , allowed the● liveries and wages , as grooms of the chamber and insinuates , that the playhouses mentioned i● the petition , were only gaming-houses * . i answer , that mr. prin , from whom i suppose mr. collier had the account of this petition quotes as his author , mr. richard rawlidge , 〈◊〉 monster lately found out : printed in london . p. , , . * which , though it may perhaps 〈◊〉 hard to be met with ; it does not therefore arg●● that there never was any such author , — an● because mr. collier has been somewhat desecti●● in his quotation here ; our author may be ple●sed to know , that rawlidge says in the same place , that all the play-houses within the city we●e pull'd down , by order of her majesty and co●●cil upon this petition , viz. one in grace-churc● street , one in bishops-gate-street , one near pauls , one on ludgate-hill , and one in white-friers . as to the favour shew'd afterwards to some of the stage players by queen elizabeth , it argues only a change at court , but says nothing for the lawful●ess of the stage . k. charles ● . who there 's no doubt , our author reckons nothing inferiour to queen elizabeth in piety , made a law in the first year of his reign , condemning stage-plays , and yet afte●wards set up enterludes at whitehall , on the sabbath day , which i suppose there 's very few will commend him for . if queen elizabeth design'd to reform the stage as she had done the church , as our author would seem to insinuate p. . the event hath prov'd , that the success was not alike . there 's few that read plays or frequent the play-house , but must own if they will speak truth , that the reformation there goes retrograde , which verifies an observation of them that i have heard often ; that when you have reformed the stage all you can , it will be good for nothing : but as one says of cucumbers , after you have added oil , vinegar and pepper , they are fitter to be thrown to the dunghill , than taken into the body . upon the whole , however our author may please himself with his raileries , this will appear uncontrovertibly true ; that the laws of england have many times restrained , and some times totally discharged the stage , whereas he cannot bring one statute that ever commanded or commended it . by the th of hen. . cap. . — all players , minstrels and vagabonds , were banished out of wales , because they had occasioned mischiefs there ; they were forbid by the th of richard . c. , . by the th of edward . c. . by the th and th of hen . cap. . and by the d . of hen. . c. . together with dicing houses , and other unlawful games , hecause of seditions , conspiracies , robberies and other misdemeanours that had ensued upon them . by the d of henry . c. . all mummers , or persons disguising themselves with visors or otherwise , should be seiz'd and punished as vagabonds , upon which polydor virgil , who wrote about years after , says , that the english who in this are wiser than other nations , have made it capital for any person to put on a visor , or a players habit. it is evident likewise , that the stage was restrained by the th and th of eliz. that it was more severely restricted , if not totally discharged by the first and third of iames , and first of charles . — and that the stage was culpable in those times , as well as now : for jesting with scripture , and prophanely using the name of god and the trinity : from all which it will appear to any unprejudic'd person , that whatever opinion might have been sometimes entertained of it by the court , the opinion of the english state , which includes the court and parliament too , hath not at any time been very favourable to it . cap. xi . sediti●ns and tumults occasioned by the●● stage . our author [ page . ] upbraids mr. collier , for not quoting a more modern national opinion against the stage , when it lay under a more universal abdication , viz. in the reign of those later powers at the helm ; who with no little activity leaped over the block , and the whole whitehall-stage it stood upon , and yet stumbled at the straw , &c. a prosane comedy and tragedy , were all heathen and antichristian ; but pious regicide and rebellion were religion and sanctity with them . the camel would go down , but the gnat stuck in their throats . — he ought by all means to have quoted this national opinion of the stage in pure gratitude to the patrons of his book , the gentlemen of the calves-head-feast , who have made it their particular bosom favorite , &c. here 's a great deal more of ill nature than wit , whether we take it with respect to the nation , to mr. collier , or to the particular party he reflects upon . it 's a malicious , false and unmannerly reflection upon the nation , to insinuate that king charles i. was cut off by their authority , when the world knows , that it was the act of a prevailing head-strong faction , contrary to the sense of the nation , and of that very parliamen● , who began the opposition to king charles for his tyranny and oppression : if levying of money without consent of parliament , and forcing the citizens of london , and others , that would not lend him the summs he demanded , to serve as soldiers in his fleet and army , and a hundred other such things may be call'd by that name . it is malicious upon mr. collier to the highest degree , who is known to the world to be for passive obedience , the opposite extreme : it is as full of spite , against those who are enemies to the stage , many of whom abhor the memory of that fact , and are zealous sons of the church of england ; though at the same time they detest tyranny be it in prince or prelate . but to repay our author in his own coin , we have had a later instance of friends to the stage , as goodman and others engaged in a design of as black a nature ; if the assassination of the bravest prince in the universe may be so accounted . but lest they object , that this is but one instance we shall bring antiquity in for further evidence ; and in the first place st. chrysostom , who * tells us , that the players and play haunte●s of his time were most notorious adulterers , the authors of many tumults and seditions , setting people together by the ears with idle rumors , filling cities with commotions , and were more savage than the most cruel beasts . tertullian * , cyprian † , and clemens alexanandrinus ‖ , declaim against tragedies and comedies , as bloody , impious and prodigal pastimes , which occasion tumults and seditions . gregory nazianzen informes us , that plays and interludes disturbed cities , raised sedition among the people , taught men how to quarrel , sharpned ill tongues , destroyed the mutual love of citizens , and set families at variance * cornelius tacitus acquaints us in his annals , that the stage-players in rome grew so seditious that after many renew'd complaints against them by the pretors , tiberius and the senate ba●ished them out of italy * . marcus aurelius testifies , that because of the adulteries , rapes , murthers , tumults , and other outrages , occasion'd and committed by stage-players , he was forc'd to banish them out of italy into hellespont , where he commanded lambert his deputy to keep them hard at work * . suetonius tells us † that in nero's time there were so many seditions , quarrels , com. motions and misdemeanours in the roman theatre , that nero himself , though he took great delight in them , suppressed all plays by a solenan edict . caesar bulengerus informs us , that under hypatius and belisarius there were at least men slain in a commotion and tumult raised at a cirque play * . in the time of theodorick king of italy we are im●ormed by cassiodorus † , that there were so many tumults , quarrels and commotions raised at stage . plays , that he was forced upon the complaint of the people to write to the senate to punish the mutineers and suppress their insolencies : but there being no reforming of them , he gave orders wholly to suppress them . we have heard already that the statute of the th of henry . cap. . restrained them in wales , because of the commotions , murthers , and rebellions they occasioned there . the statute of the d of henry . cap. . against mummers proceeded from the like cause . — and we are informed , that kets rebellion in the d of edward vi. was concerted at , and partly occasioned by a meeting at a stage-play at wimonham to which the country - people resorting , were by the instigation of one iohn flowerdew , first incouraged to pull down the inclosures , and then to rebel * . nay i refer our author to his own stow in his survey of london † , where he shall find an account of diverse tumults and riots occasion'd by stage-plays . those tumults , seditions and rebellions being by the fore-mentioned authors charged upon the stage , let the defender of dramatick poetry wipe off the imputation if he can , or give us as good authorities to prove that enmity to the stage did ever produce such effects . cap. xii . the grecian and roman state , against the stage . the defender [ page . ] triumphs over mr. collier for telling us , that the athenians thought comedy so unreputable a performance , that they made a law , that no judge of the areopagus should write one , beca●se that only prohibited a judge from writing a co●●edy , an argument ( says our author ) enough to set heraclitus himself a smiling . but i would pray the reviewer not to insult , lest the athenians themselves should give him a rebuke , and speak their mind more freely than mr. collier has done for them : for if we may believe plutarch * ; though the athenians put great honout upon actors and play-poets at first , yet growing wiser by dear bought experience at last , when they found that the stage had effeminated their spirits , exhausted their treasures , and brought sundry mischiefs upon them ; they abandoned the same , and enacted a publick law against it , that no man should thenceforth presume to pen or act a comedy , and declared all common actors infamous from that time forward . the defender owns † , that the lacedemonians passed a positive bill of exclusion against the stage , and i shall make hold to add their reasons from plutarch * , which mr. collier and he have both omitted , viz. lest their youth should be corrupted , and their laws derided , and brought into contempt . in the next page he ●louts at mr. collier , for relating from tully , that the antient romans counted stage-plays uncreditable and scandalous ; insomuch that any roman who turn'd actor was not only degraded , but likewise as it were disincorporated and unnaturaliz'd , by the order of the censors . — this says he , is almost as doughty a quotation , as his athenians are ; and adds , that their kinder successors were of a contrary opinion ; for the uncreditable player was afterwards set rectus in curia . if our author will be pleased to look a little back , add consider the instances there giv'n him , of the stages being banished from rome , by tiberius , nero , and marcus aurelius ; he will find that the stage-player was not then very rectus in curia ; but in the hight of disgrace , for reasons of the greatest weight . but to let him see , that there may be more state memoirs furnish'd against the stage , than mr. collier has done , though our author seems to question the possibility of it * . he may consult livy , who will tell him that scipio nasica , that great roman general , did by a publick decree of the senate , demolish the roman theatres , and forbid their stage-plays ; as the bane of their morals and valour , the seminaries of lewdness , effeminacy , idleness , vice and wickedness , and inconsistent with the welfare of the common-wealth ; for which he is very much applauded by livy , tully , st. augustine , and others * . the emperor augustus , though once very much delighted with plays himself , banished all the players and jesters out of rome , for those intollerable mischiefs they did occasion † . it is also very remarkable , that this great emperor , ordered stephanio an eminent player , to be thrice whipt for coming to his pallace on a holy day , in hopes of a great reward ; first in the attire of a page , and next in that of a roman matron , and personated both of them with so much art , that he seemed to ●e the very person he represented . the actor complaining , that he order'd him to be whipt three times , whereas he commanded vagabonds to be whiped but once ; he replied , thou shalt be whipt the first time , for the injury done to the roman matron , whom thou didst represent . the second time , for thy presumption in doing it in my presence , and the third time , for the loss of times which thou hast occasioned , to those that heard and saw thee † . the saying of this mighty prince is yet more remarkable : when great intercession was made , for pilas or pilades the player , whom he had ordered ●irst to be whip'd , and then banish'd out of the country , viz. that rome had been powerful enough to make her enemies stoop , and now she is not able to banish jesters and fools , and that which is worst of all , they have the presumption to vey us , and yet we have not the courage to reprove 〈◊〉 . the emperor trajan , when intreated by his courtiers to hear a noted player , replied thus , it did not become the majesty of a prince , that any such vain thing should be acted in his pre●ence , — that those who move princes to behold such enterludes , deserve as great punishment as those that act them ; seeing none ought to present before princes , such things as may move them to vice , b●t rather those that may influence them to amendment . and afterwards this worthy emperor , partly out of his own disposition and partly at the peoples desire , abolish'd stage-plays , as effeminate arts and exercises , which dishonoured and corrupted the roman state , for which , pliny the second commends him highly , in his panygerick † . we are likewise informed by tacitus * , that when pompey erected his theatre at rome , he was blamed for it by the senators ; because it would be a means to make the people spend their time in beholding plays , and utterly overthrow their hereditary manners and discipline , by new acquired lasciviousness . this i hope is enough to satisfy our author , as to the opinion of the roman state concerning the stage ; but if he still object , that it was at other times set rectum in curia . i shall answer him in the words of guevara , that such roman princes as were good , did always overturn the stage ; but those that were otherwise maintained it ; so that one of the ways , to know which of those princes were vertuous or vicious , was to observe whether they maintained players , jesters and jugglers among the people , or not † . cap. xiii . christian roman emperors against the stage . the author of the defence says further , † , that as scandalous as the civil law had rendred players , their scandal was so little a publick nusance , that the christian government even in its primitive lustre , always suffered them amongst them . this is so far from being true , that constanline the great , who is own'd by all , to have been the first christian emperor withdrew himself from the stage plays , made in the third year of his consulship , to drive away the pestilence and other diseases , and contemn'd and rejected those enterludes , which grieved the pagans exceedingly — and when he was established in the empire , he abolish'd the plays and enterludes , as intollerable and pernicious * . theodosius the great , banished all players by a publick edict , as the plagues of those places where they were permitted , and shut up the cirques and theatres at antioch as the fountains of all . wickedness , and the nurseries of all mischief † . the emperors valentinian and gratian , and valens , enacted ; that stage-players should be debarr'd from the sacrament , as long as they continued their playing , and that it should not be administred unto them in their extremity ; when on their death-beds , though they desir'd it , unless they first renounced their lew'd profession , and protested solemnly , that they would not return to it again in case of recovery * . iustinian the emperor published an edict , † that all christians should retrain from acting and beholding of stage-plays , because they were not the least of those pomps of the devil , which christians solemnly renounce at baptism . cap. xiv . the antient philosophers against the stage . the author of the defence goes on to ridicule mr. collier for his quotations , from aristotle , plato , plutarch livy , valerius maximus , seneca and tacitus * . aristotle ( he says ) did not carry matters so high as to a total exculsion , but allows them as an innocent diversion to persons of mature age and discretion . in answer to which i shall , ( as i have already in other cases ) supply the defect of mr. collier's quotations , and bring aristotle to answer for himself , who in his rhetorick * speaks of comedians thus , viz. that their whole employment is to survey and deride the vices of other men , which they proclaim upon the stage , and therefore they are to be numbred amongst traducers and evil-speakers . in his politicks he says , that those who behold the g●stures and actions of stage-players , tho' they be neither accompanied with . musick nor poems , are notwithstanding moved and affected according to the nature of the things they see acted ; and though he allows those of riper years to be admitted to offer sacrifice at such plays , where lasciviousness was allowed to the gods by the laws ; yet he says , magistrates must take care that nothing filthy or obscene be allowed either in shows or pictures * ; and excludes those stage-plays out of his republick , as being apt to debauch the minds and manners of youth , with their scurrility and lasciviousness . the reviewer * is angry with plato , as quoted by mr. collier , for telling us in a line and an half , that plays raise the passions and pervert the use of them , and by consequence are dangerous to morality : he thinks that plato ow'd that justice to the world a●round him and posterity after him to read a little longer esculapian lecture upon so epidemick a disease * . to gr●tifie our author , and again to supply mr. collier's defect , i 'll make bold to acquaint him with some of plato's sermon● work upon that text , as he is pleased to call it in the page before quoted . this great philosopher in his book de republica , says , that comical and tragical poets and poems . render men effeminate , corrupt their judgments , treat of leacherous subjects , noutish those lusts that ought to be dried up , and give them a commanding-power over men , wherea● they ought to be kept in subjection ; and for those reasons , and because he knew they would corrupt mens manners , and bring the gods into contempt , he banished them out of his commonwealth . i am mistaken if our author don't think this sermon sharp enough , though it be but short ; and whereas he objects , that we have only the bare word of those philosophers , for the heavy charge they bring against the stage ; the reply is easy , that their charge is verified by the concurring testimonies , and experience of all ages , and i wish in my heart , that we could give them the lie from our own . then as to tully and plutarch : the desender will have ' ●m to ●e only for checking of stage-plays , when too licentious ; as the bane of sobri●ty , and an excitation to lewdness * . but if tully and plutarch may be heard speak for themselves , it will appear otherwise : the former de officiis * , calls them prodigals , who lay out their money upon the stage ; in other pla●●s , he condemnes all amorous plays and poets , as infecting mens minds and manners ; and therefore adviseth the romans to abandon ( not to reform ) them , lest they should effeminate and corrup : them , as they had done the grecians , and so subvert the empire † . and in his oration for quintius * , speaking of the skill of roscius the actor , he says , that he was only fit to appear on the stage ; but when he considered his other qualities ; he says , it was pity he should ever come there : which , as st austin descants on it , was a plain declaration , that a good man ought not to come to the stage ▪ and that stage-players were accounted infamous amongst the very pagans † : and with him tertullian agrees , in his book , de corona militis * . as to plutarch , that famous moralist and historian , he disapproves all stage-plays , not only as lascivious vanities , occasioning much prodigal and fruitless expence , to the great damage of the commonwealth , but as contagious mischiefs which blast the vertues , mar the i●genious education , and corrupt the lives and manners of all those that frequent them † . this champion of the drama , makes himself merry in the next place , with mr. collier's quotations , from livy and valerius maximus † . but whether he mistake mr. collier or not , i am sure he mistakes his authors : for livy says in express terms , that the plays though instituted to appease the gods , did neither deliver the peoples minds from their superstitious fears , nor their bodies from their infectious diseases ; but on th● contrary , the tiber overflowed the cirque in the midst of their sport ; whence the people concluded , that the gods were displeased with the attonement † ; so that our author has lost all his sine raillery , on his taking it for granted , that the plays made peace in heaven , though valerius maximus says , they raised wars on earth . the next scost is on s●n●ca , for quarrelling with the stage , because it gain'd ground on the philosophy school , and berest him of his scholars * . but the gentleman might have seen from mr. colliers quotation , that seneca had other causes of quarrel , viz. that the stage occasion'd a mispending of time , the decrease of knowledge , the sinking of reason , and the destruction of good manners ; because there vice made a sensible approach , and stole upon the audience in the disguise of a pleasure , or words to that effect * . but if we will hear seneca speak for himself , he is yet more plain , and tells us expresly , that when men and women have tipp'd their foreheads with brass by long ●requenting the stage ; the next news we hear of them is , that they take up their lodging in a bawdy-house ; or ( because i would do him no wrong ) take it in his own words . in hoc mares , in hoc feminae tripudiant , deinde sub persona cum diu trita ●rons est , transitur ad ganeam * . and th●refore he advises lucilliu●s to avoid the play-house , and the company that haunted it , because they were able to corrupt a socrates , a cato , or a laelius . he adds , there is nothing so destructive to good manners , as to sit idling in the play-house ; and hence takes occasion to bewail the great concourse of the roman youth to the theatre , as a fatal symptom of a declining state † . the defender of the drama , would vindicate nero against tacitus * , for hiring decay'd gentlemen to play on the stage , because he thought it no degradation to his imperial dignity , personally to ac● : plays himself ; and seems to think it a mighty honour to the stage , that nero was pleased to be an actor in person : but takes no notice , of what tacitus tells us , that flavius and other noble romans , conspired the death of that monster , and effected it too for that very reason , lest the commonwealth should be utterly ruin'd , by the peoples addicting themselves any longer to the theatre † . to these i shall add the testimony of some other antient philosophers , because our author upbraids mr. collier with the smallness of the number he has quoted , and the first shall be solon . who being accounted the wisest of the antient greek legislators , his opinion must reasonably be accounted valuable ; and what that was we are informed by plutarch , viz. that he rejected stage-plays as lying and deceitful fictions , which would quickly teach the people , to cheat and to steal , to play the hypocrite and dissemble , to circumvent men in their dealings , to the prejudice of the publick , therefore were not to be tolerated in a commonwealth * . his dialogue with thespis the tragedian is remarkable , when solon blam'd him ( after having seen him act his tragedy ) for lying and cheating so egregiously before a multitude . thespis thought it a good excuse when he told him it was but a play : at which the philosopher struck his staff upon the ground with great indignation , and replied to him smartly , if we approve this play of yours , we shall quickly find the effects of it in our bargains : and therefore forbad him to act any further ; telling him his tragedies were a parcel of unprofitable lies . the next is lycurgus the famous spartan law-giver , who ( we are informed by the same author ) excluded all stage-plays out of the commonwealth , lest they should corrupt their youth and bring their laws into contempt — the answer of a lacedemonian to the ambassador of rhodes , who ask'd the occasion of this severe law ? is no less observable , viz. that lycurgus foresaw the great damage that players and jesters might do in a common-wealth : but however that was , this i know , ( says he ) that it is better for us greeks to weep with our philosophers , than for the romans to laugh with their fools * . to these we may add the opinion of socrates , so famous for his wisdom among the greeks , who ( by the express resolution of the oracle of delphos , ) condemned all comedies , as pernicious , lascivious , scurrillous and unseemly diversions ; and of the great orator isocrates , who declaims against all plays and actors , as hurtful , scurrilous , fabulous , ridiculous , invective and expensive pastimes , and therefore not ●it to be tolerated in a city * . these being men of the greatest repute for wisdom , learning and moral instructions in all the heathen antiquity . it must needs be allowed , that tho' they be few in number , yet their opinion in this matter is of more weight , because agreeable to the dictates of resin'd reason than those of others that approve the stage , and other licentious practices , which always issue in the ruine of their followers . the reasons they have exhib●ted for their aversion to the stage are not to be answer'd by our authors scoff* , that the particular opinions of not half a score of these dissenting ethnick doctors , out of at least half as many hundred of that fraternity , especially too at their rate of talking , or mr. collier for them , is no more a conclusive argument , in my simple judgment , against the stage , than a diogenes in his tub and his rags , or an epimantus at his roots and his water , should perswade any rational man from a clean shirt upon his back and a good house over his head , or a good dish of meat and a bottle of wine for his dinner , viz. if he be able to purchase it . if our author can produce for his opinion , but an equal number of ethnick doctors of the like authority with those we have quoted against it , he will oblige the learned world , more than any man has hitherto been able to pretend to ; but much more if he can bring us half a score hundreds , i must also desire him to consider , that most of the authors here mentioned , bear a gre●ter character than that of particular persons , plato , aristotle and seneca , were the great lights of the gentile world in thier time , and their moral dictates were received as laws . lycurgus and solon were legislators , and their doctrine embraced as the laws of famous commonwealths : add to these , the laws of the roman emperors and senators , and of the several republicks of greece against the stage ; and we shall find , that the theatre was not condemned by a few dissenting ethnick doctors : but by the greatest men of the world , in their time , and the w●sest and most polite nations upon the face of the earth . as to diogenes's rags and tub , and epiamantus's roots and water ; our author very well knows , they cannot infer the prohibition of a moderate use of houses and raiment , or of good meat and drink ; because those things are allowed by the laws of god , nature and nations ; which cannot be said of the stage , though at the same time , i must crave leave to tell him , that the mortified lives of such heathen philosophers , will rise up in judgment against the debauches and riots , of most of those who frequent and patronize the play-house . cap. xv. the antient poets against the stage . our author falls next on mr. collier's quotations from the poets , and in the first place charges him with quoting ovid's following lines impertinently , sed tu praecipue curvis venare theatris haec loca sunt votis fertiliora tuis ; — ruit ad celebres cultissima femina ludos : copia iudicium saepe morata meum est ; spect●tum veniunt , veniunt spectenter ut ipsae ille locus casti damna pudoris habet . ovid. de arte amandi . lib. . the reviewer is in the right , that ovid does not here design to reflect upon the stage , because then it was his darling recreation , but he must at the same time own its a fair confession that the play-house was the properest place for a lecher to forage in , which fully answers mr. collier's design , and had our author but turn'd his eye to the very next page , he might have found a quotation from ovid for pulling down the theatre , as a nursery of villany . ut t●men hoc fatear : ludi quoque semina praebent nequitie , tolli tota theatra jube , peccand● ca●sam quam multis saepe dederunt : marria cum durum sternit arena solum ? tollatur circus non tua licentia circi est hic sedet ignoto jun●ta puella viro cum quaedam spatientur in hac ut amator eodem conveniat : quare 〈◊〉 ulla patet ? trist. lib. . such was the difference betwixt ovid when he was carried head-long by the impetuous 〈◊〉 of his lust , and when he was an exile and 〈◊〉 time to reflect upon his former lewd way of living . being willing to attone for the mischief 〈◊〉 had done by his lascivious poem [ de 〈◊〉 amandi ] he composed another [ de remedi● amoris ] wherein as one of the chief receipts , he prescribes abstinence from the stage , and from reading the amorous versos writ by himself and others , thus , at tanti tibi sit non indulgere theatris , dum bene de vacuo pectore ●●dat amor : enervant animos cytharae cantusque lyr 〈◊〉 et vox & numer is brachia mota suis illic assidue ●icti saltantur amantes quid cavens , actor , quid iuvet arte docet . eloquar invitus teneros ne tange po●tas summoneo dotes impias csse me as , &c. nor is ovid the only roman poet that hath thus censur'd the frequenters of the theatre . any man that peruses iuvenal and horace , will find they had no honourable opinion of it neither . the former gives an elegant description how the prodigal dames in his time consumed their husbands estates , by frequenting the play-house , as followeth , ut 〈◊〉 ludos conducit ogulnia vestem conduc● comites cellam , cervical amicas , nutricem & flavam cui det mandata puellam haec ta●ten argenti superest quodcunque paterni : levibu● athletis ac vasa novissima donat , &c. prodiga non sentit pereuntem faemina censum , &c. non unquam reputant quantum sibi gaudiae constant . satyr vi. nor had he any better opinion of the chas●●ty than of the good huswifry of those play-haunting ladies , as appears by the following lines , — cuneis an habent spectacula totis quod securus ames , quodque inde expetere possis , &c. where he describes their lewdness in such a manner as would offend chast ears to hear it . horace expresses himself much at the same rate , as to the practice of the stage , and its frequenters . ut quondam marsaeus amator origenis illi qui patriam mimae donat fundumque laremque nil ●uit mi inquit cum uxoribus unquam alienis verum est cum mimis & cum meretricibus unde fama malum gravius , &c. sermo . lib. i. sat. ii. so that both of them put the haunters of the theatre , and of the bawdy-house in the same category . the reviewer's reflection , that lewd persons do also frequent the church * , is no apology for the stage . we have a positive command to meet for the worship of god , but none to frequent the play-house : and if a carrion-crow may be catch'd in a flock of doves , as he is pleased to express it , it will not thence follow that the ●geons must flock to the rendevouze of the crows , but the quite contrary , and i must take leave to tell him , that so long as our stage is kept up , it will be impossible to keep our publick assemblies pure . they learn such lewd practices , and wanton behaviour at the play-house , that they smell strong of the infection , when they come to church . this was the complaint of eloquent chrysostom , against those that frequented the play-house in his time * . and we find ovid of the same mind , that there 's no reforming the uncleanness of the town , so long as the theatres are suffered to stand : quid faciet custos ? cum 〈◊〉 tot in urbe theatra , cum spectet junctos illa libenter equos . de arte amandi . lib. . if our author object , that this satyr is not directed against the stage , but level'd at the pits , the boxes and galleries . i reply , that the company discovers the entertainment , the carrio● crows will scarcely resort to a banquet of sweet-meats , but the scent of a dead carcase will tempt them hugely . the poets already quoted , say nothing in vindication of the theatre , and ovid in express terms enjoyns the pulling it down . the reviewer it seems , has a great mind to fasten all the guilt upon the audience ; and therefore it must be allowed as a just reprisal , to charge the poets and actors with their sha●e of the crimes . we have already heard the opinion of the fathers and councils , of the grecian , roman and english states , and of the chief of the heathen philosophers and poets , by which it is evident . that they charge the guilt upon the theatre it self , as well as on the actors and spectators ; and i have likewise brought in the evidence of foreign and domestick historians , to prove that those concerned in the stage , have frequently broke the peace , by tumults , seditions , and other villanous disorders ; by all which it appears , that the play-house ever since its first institution , has been a common nusance , and shall now take the liberty , to give a brief character of their writers and actors , from authors of unquestionable credit , and the two repenting poets , that have already oblig'd us with an anatomy of the stage . cap. xv. the character of the stage-poets and players . the antient romans held players in somuch disgrace and contempt , because of their vicious and dissolute lives , that they dis-franchis'd and removed them from their tribes , as being a dishonour to the roman blood , and the noble parentage from whence they derived their original , and totally banish'd them at last * . the grecians drove them out of their country , upon the same account , as we have already heard from plutarch and others . the primitive church threw them out of her communion , and the first christian emperors threw them out of the commonwealth , as has been proved before . gregory nazianzen said of the players in his time , that they were ashamed of nothing but honesty and modesty ; promoted lewdness , and boasted of their skill to act and suffer , all manner of brutal villanies , even in the face of the sun * . st. chrysostome says , they are infamous pe●sons and deserve a thousand deaths , because they personate those villanies which the laws of all nations command men to avoid † , — cyprian calls them , masters of wickedness , wishes that eucratius could see their secrets , and their chamber doors open : he accuses them of sodomy , and all manner of villanies , and of condemning that abroad , which they commit at home * . st. augustine calls them , most villanous fellows , and commends the prudence of the romans , for dis-franchising them † . — nicolaus cabasila says , there can be nothing more wicked or villanous than a stage-player * . — bodin writes , that their profession is nothing else but an apprentiship of sin , and a trade of wickedness , which leads to hell † . ludovicus vives says , that the roman stage-players must needs have been dissolute villains , given up to all manner of wickedness , when they could not be suffered to live in that city , where there were so many thousands of profligate citizens * . the author of the third blast of retre●t , 〈◊〉 of our penit●nt poets , characterizes the stage-players thus ; that their conversation is like their profession ; they are as skilful in the practise of uncleanness , as in acting it ; that their talk on the stage , declares the inward disposition of their minds , and that every one of them chuses that part , which is most agreeable to his own inclination ; that he could not but lament to see them bring up youth in filthy discourses , unnatural and unseemly gestures , and in ba●dry and idleness ; that he wondered how any father could delight , to see his son hereft of modesty and train'd up in impudence . — he calls the actors , the school-masters of sin in the school of abuse . — they are ●otoriously known to be the same in their life , as they are on the stage , that is roisters , brawlers , ill-dealers , boasters , stallions , ruffians , &c. and love nothing that is vertuous . mr. gosson , the other repenting stage prodigal , gives the players the character following † , viz. that they are uncircumcifed philistines , who nourish a canker in their own souls ; ungodly masters , whose example doth rather poison than instruct , and therefore advises people , if not for religion , yet for shame , lest the gentiles should judge them at the last ; to withdraw from the theatres with noble marius to appoint a punishment for players , with the roman censors , and to shew themselves to be christians , not to be drawn by wicked spectators , from vertue to vice , from god to mammon ; and that so they should fill up the gulph , that the devil by plays had digged to swallow them up . ; this i think is sufficient evidence to prove , that the crime is not altogether chargeable on the pits , galleries and boxes , but that the poets and actors , have the principal share of the wickedness ; and i hope the frequenters of the play-house , will take notice of this gentlemans ingratitude , and avoid frequenting the stage , seeing the very patrons of the theatre , charge the wickedness of it upon them . cap. xvi . the fathers defended , against the defender of the drama . he falls next upon mr. collier's quotations from the fathers , the defects of which i shall not now offer to supply , having quoted the fathers , whose meaning the advocates of the stage would pervert , at large already ; i shall only therefore take notice of the reviewers assertion ; that tertullians arguments are chiefly upon these two heads , viz , that pleasure was a bewitching thing , and that the magistrates discountenanced the players , and crampt their freedoms . the falshood of this assertion will be obvious to every one , that reads what i have quoted from tertullian , under the head , of the fathers against the stage ; but as a further answer , i shall give him dr. hornecks excellent abridgment of tertullians arguments , † in his book of delight and judgment , as follows . i know what is commonly objected , that the reasons why the fathers , are so much against the christians seeing of a play , was because the heathenish idolatries were acted to the life , upon the stage , and that proselites might not be in danger of being entic'd to idolatry , was a great motive why they inveighed so much against sights of that nature : but those that use this plea , must certainly not have read the fathers , or if they have read them , have not considered all their arguments ; for to go no farther than tertullian ; after he had condemned those sights , for the idolatries committed on the stage ; he produces other reasons , for which they are utterly unlawful † . as , i. because the spirit of the gospel is a spirit of gentleness ; but the actors are forc'd to put themselves into a posture of wrath , and anger , and fury , and the spectators themselves cannot behold them , without being put into a passion . ii. because vanity , which is proper to the stage , is altogether forreign to christianity . iii. because we are not to consent to peoples sins . * iv. because men are abus'd in these places , and neither princes nor people spared , and this bieng unlawful else where , must be unlawful too upon the stage . † v. because all immodesty and scurrillity is forbid , by the law of the gospel , and not only acting it , but seeing and hearing it acted . vi. because all players are hypocrites † , seem to be what they are not , and all hypocrisy is condemned by the gospel . vii . because the actors very often belie their sex , and put on womens apparel ; which is forbid by the law of god. viii . because these plays dull and damp devotion and seriousness , which is and ought to be the indelible character of christians * . ix . because it is a disparagement to god , to lift up those hands to applaud a player , which we use to lift up to the throne of grace . x. because experience shews , how the devil hath sometimes possessed christians in a play-house , and being afterwards cast out , confessed that he had reason to enter into them , because he found them in his own place † . xi . because no man can serve two masters , god and the world , as those christians pretend to do , that frequent both the church and stage . xii . because though some speeches in a play are witty and ingenious , yet there is poison at the bottom , and vice is only coloured and gilded with fine language and curious emblems ; that it may go down more glib , and ruine the soul more artificially . the reviewer comes next † to play all the artillery of his wit and banter against ●ertullian's instance of the devil 's having given it as a reason of his possessing a christian woman , that he found her on his own ground , [ viz. the play-house ] — such a discovery , he thinks the devil would be the last that would make . but had he considered those several passages of the gospel , where the devil was forc'd to own our saviour to be the son of god ; tho' he came into the world to destroy his kingdom , and to subvert his tyrannical empire over the children of men , this confession of satan would have been no such matter of wonder to him . i hope our author is not a manichee , to believe that the devil has an infinite power , or derives his existence from himself . if scripture authority have any weight with him , there he may find it reveal'd , that the devil can neither do all the mischief he would , nor yet resist the commission of the almighty , tho' rebellion be the very essence of the diabolical nature . he could not so much as destroy one of iob's cows or sheep without a permission , tho' he would willingly have ruined that holy person , and all that belong'd to him * . nor could he forbear to destroy ahab by his lies when the almighty commanded it * , tho' it had been more his interest to have had that monster of wickedness continued on the throne , and therefore i must take the liberty t● acquaint the reviewer , that his banter is propnane , and occa●ioned meerly by want of thought , when he says , that if the sworn enemy of man , have any such generous principle in him ; dives had no occasion to supplicate abraham to send a messenger to caution his friends on earth , but might e'ne have beg'd the civil favour of that kind errant , from one of his own tormentors † . the almighty never commissioned the devil , nor yet his chaplains of the stage to preach , repentance unto the world , that work he reserved for more hallowed instruments . — i shall hasten to absolve this point , when i have told our author , that it ill becomes any man who calls himself a christian , to question tertullian's veracity in a matter of fact like this , that the enemies of our holy religion could 〈◊〉 have disprov'd , had it been false , and that the credit of that learned father , for the great service he did to the christian cause , has set him above the snarls and banter of the play-house , or its advocates : as for his scost that this is the only instance of seizure of that kind , amongst all the millions of christians , who since that day have frequented the play-house ; it s of a piece with the rest . i have prov'd that the devil , though he be the god of this world , is far from being absolute , his reign is consm'd to the children of disobedience , and those he leads captive a● his own will ; so that his seizures of this kind , consists of infinite numbers , though his seizures of the other sort be restrain'd to a few : and by the concurring testimonies of the fathers , councils , and best of christians in all ages , as has been already made out : he triumphs no where more visibly , than upon the stage ; this i have prov'd by the confession of the two penitent play-poets above mentioned , but that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every thing may be establish'd : i shall add that of an actor , who dying at the bath about . sent for his son , whom he had bred up to that same way of living . and abjured him with his last breath , and floods of tears , that as he tendred the eternal happiness of his soul , he should abjure and for sake 〈◊〉 ungodly profession , which would enthral him to the devils vassalage for the present , and plunge hi● for ever into hell at last * . if our author consider it , he will soon be convinced , that the seizure of the soul is incomparably more dreadful , than that of the body ; and of this , i shall put him in mind of one instance that was frightful enough , as it is recorded by mr. braithwait , who was present and saw it † . an english gentlewoman of good note , who daily spent the best of her time upon the stage , falling into a dangerous sickness , her friends sent for a minister to prepare her for her end ; but whilst he exhorted her to repent , and to call upon god for mercy , instead of listning to his wholsome instructions , she redoubled her cries , to let her see hieronimo acted , and as she had liv'd so she died . now i would refer it to our authors own conscience , whether he would be willing to make such an exit . and if this was not a more dreadful possession , than those mentioned in the gospel , when the devil threw the bodies of those he had made a scizure of , into the fire or water . but to conclude this point , i must crave leave to inform him , that the devil hath renewed his claim to the stage , oftner than once since the days of tertullian , and particularly in queen elizabeths reign ; when he visibly appeared on it , in the bell-savage play-house , as they were prophanely acting , the story of faustus , to the terror and amazement of all the spectators , and the seizing of some of them with a distraction † . the reviewer's argument * , that 't was the general opinion of christians that plays were a lawful diversion , because st. cyprian , tertullian , st. augustine , &c. made it their business to refute that opinion , is just as consequential as if he should say , that 't is the general opinion of the people of england , that immorality and profanness is lawful , because their preachers labour to prove the contrary , as to every individual species of it in all their sermons and books on that subject : — and no less false is his assertion , that the appearance of that general innocence in those entertainments , gave them that reception among christians that they could not believe them criminal without some express divine precept against them ; for nothing could be more odious than those practices , and postures , &c. which the fathers every where charge upon the stage , as i have already prov'd ; and herein also the reviewer contradicts m. motteux , and his parisian and church of england divine , who tell us the father ; were against the stage , because of the idolatry , blasphemy , and other infamous practices there * , which were very far from innocence . — thus these champions of a bad cause , like troops in disorder , fall foul upon one another . cap. xvii . the scripture not silent against the stage . i come next to the mighty counter-b●●● , which the reviewer has rais'd for the defence of the stage , and that is his more ●●rious speculations ( as he calls them ) upon the scriptural silence in that case , than any that the fathers have been pleased to make * . first then ( says he ) as our blessed sav●our was born in the days of augustus , 't is known by all historians , that the shutting up of ia●● temple doors in his reign , universally opened those of the play-houses ; — and so they continued throughout the empire many reigns after him . if any man should say , that when our saviour was born , the devil and the world kept holy day for joy , he would be foully mistaken , and yet according to this author , it would seem they did so ; for at our saviours birth ( says he ) play-houses were open'd throughout the whole empire . but what if i should tell him , that the devil , finding himself disarm'd by our saviours birth , and bereft of the sword which he had influenced men to sheath in one anothers bowels for a long time , betook himself to another weapon , and that was the lusts of the flesh , to make war upon their souls . this speculation may not perhaps be so curlous as that of our author ; but i am of opinion it may be every whit as solid ; seeing not only the antient fathers , but even the heathen roman historians , charge the play-houses with all manner of lewdness , and augustus himself ( as i have already said ) banished the stage-players out of rome because of the mischiefs they occasioned . the reviewor must not pretend that the opening of the theatre was an effect of our saviour's birth , or a suitable way of rojoycing for it ; his foretur●ner iohn the baptist , taught a contrary doctrine , and prepared the jews to receive him by repentance and mortification . when our saviour came himself at the fulness of time the way of his entrance into the world , was the severest reproof that ever was giv'n to the p●mps and vanities of it . his childhood and youth , were wholly estrang'd from all those ●●othy diversions , and when he entred on the ministry , he taught a subli●e and refined purity , that was absolutely inconsistent with the practice of the stage . he instructed his followers in the full extent of the law , that it did not so much as allow a wanton glance or a lewd thought , than which there cannot be a more effectual condemnation of the theatre , which by the testimony of all historians and ages , has ever been a nursery of impurity , and chiefly supported by persons of a dissolute life . but to return to our author . now it may raise a little wonder ( says he ) why the apostles that went forth by a special command of the almighty , to convertall nations , preaching repentance and the kingdom of heaven , they that so exactly performed that great commission as to arraign and censure vice and impiety from the highest to the lowest , in all its several branches , not only pronounced their louder anathema's against the more crying sins , but read divinity lectures ev'n upon the wardrobe and dressing box , correcting the very indecencies of the hair , the apparel , and each uncomly gesture , that these missioners of salvation should travel through so many heathen nations ( the gentiles they were sent to call ) and meet at every turn the theatre , and the stage . players staring them in the very face , and not make one reprimand against them , is a ma●● of very serious reflection . had the play-house been as st. cyprian calls it , the seat of infection ; or as clemens alexandrinus , much to the same sense calls it , the chair of pestilence ; and to join the authority of the unclean spirit along with them , the devil 's own ground : i am of opinion in this case , that those divine monitors the apostles that set bars to the eye , the ear , the tongue , to every smallest avenue that might let in the tempter , would hardly have left the broad gates to the play-house so open , without one warning to the unwary christian in so direct a road to perdition . such a discovery i believe would have been rather the earlier cautionary favour of some of our kind evangelical guardians , than the extorted confession of our greatest infernal enemy years after . to answer the reviever in his own way of argument . had the stage been so useful to the happiness of mankind , to government and to religion , as mr. dennis pretends to prove it in his late book , or had it been such an excellent mean for recommending vertue and discountenancing vice , as others of its advocates would ●●ve it to be , then certainly it may raise a little wonder , that those kind evangelical guardians should not have somewhere or other dropp'd one expression at least in its favour , as well as they 〈◊〉 made use of the pertinent expressions of ●me of the poets ; and therefore their profound evangelical silence upon this head , gives us just cause to suspect that they had a far other opinion of the design and nature of the theatre . but to come closer to our author ; had he but seriously reflected upon his own matter of serious reflection , it would soon have abated the height of his wonder ; for if the apostles preached re●●ntance , censur'd vice and impiety from the highest to the lowest , read divinity lectures upon the ward-robe and dressing-box , corrected the indecencies of the hair and apparel , and each uncomly gesture , they must by necessary consequence have preached against the stage , which is charg'd with the height of impiety and vice , ●uperfluous prodigality of apparel , unlawful disguising of the sex , and obscene and uncomly postures , not only by the fathers of the church , but even by ovid , iuvenal , horace , and other heathen poets and historians of those times , as i have proved before ; so that our reviewers battery is fairly dismounted , and his cannon pointed against himself : for by a conclusion lawfully deduced from his own premises , it infallibly appears that the apostles did not only give one , but many reprimands to the theatre , tho' they did not express it by name . and i will make bold to tell him further , that the apostles in those very injunctions by which they set bars to the eye , the ear , and the tongue , did as infallibly shut up all the avenues of the theatre , as they barricado'd those that might let in the tempter , if beholding vanity , hearing blasphemy , and speaking lies in hypocrisie come within the reach of their inspir'd prohibitions . and therefore well might st. cyprian say , that the divine wisdom would have had a low opinion of christians , had it descended to be more particular in this case ; when the stage was known to abound with idolatry , profanity , cruelty , blasphemy , sodomy , and such other impur●ties , as were not so much as once to be named amongst christians . i pass over his remarks on the inconsistency betwixt mr. colliers defence of the modesty and chastity of the antient heathen poets and stage , and his quotations of the fathers that imply the contrary . mr. collier is able to defend himself , and an over-match for him on this subject . there 's no doubt , but the stage at its first institution , was chaster than ours , and if we may give credit to livy ; the plays at first , were plain country-dances , where the youth jok'd upon one another in artless verse , and their gestures were as plain and simple as the rest of the performance . the poets that mr. collier quoted are modester than ours , and yet it will not follow that the horrid impieties charg'd upon the stage by the christian fathers and roman historians , is all slander ; or that the innocence of the primitive stage was the cause of the scriptural silence against plays . the theatre was opposed by the jews before the coming of christ ; tho' no where condemned by name in the old testament : yet that people to whom the oracles of god were committed , understood it to be contrary to the law of moses , and the discipline of their nation ; and therefore they conspir'd to cut off herod the great in the theatre which he had built at ierusalem , whilst he was beholding his stage-plays * , which they had certainly effected , had not the plot been discovered , whereof herod taking the advantage he brought in his theatrical enterludes , which at first were pleasing to none but the heathens that sojourned there , and were at last attended with an apostacy from the laws of their ancesto●s , a corruption of discipline , and dissolution of manners . and a remarkable judgment followed on herod agrippa , who appearing on the stage in a silver robe of admirable workmanship , and being receiv'd by the acclamations of the people as a god , because of the beams which darted from his apparel by the reflexion of the sun , was immediately smitten with a grievous disease by something that appeared in the shape of an owl hovering over his head ; and being tormented for five days with an intollerable pain in his bowels , was at last miserably devoured by worms . from this opposition of the jews to the stage , we may reasonably infer , that 〈◊〉 such method of pastime or diversion , or of recommending virtue , and discouraging vice , was allowed by the church of god under the old testament , and that therefore there 's much less reason to think that any such thing was allowed or approved by the christian church under the new testament , whose worship has less of external pomp , but much more of the spirit and truth than that of the jews had . from hence likewise we gain another argument , that if the jews thought the stage discharg'd under the general prohibition , to take the names of the heathen gods in their mouths , and the article of their law which forbad men and women the promiscuous use of one anothers apparel , the primitive church had much greater reason to conclude that the theatre was forbid to them under the general terms of idolatry , sacrifices of idols , vanities of the gentiles , rudiments and customs of the world , corrupt communication , bitterness and evil speaking , keeping company with fornicators , fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness , filthiness , foolish talking and iesting which was not convenient , being partakers with the children of disobedience , rioting , chambering and wantonness , &c. all which the stage was infected with , as hath been prov'd already . so that the advocates of the play-house may with as much reason infer , that apostacy , atheism , incest and other crimes are not forbidden by the scriptures , because not expresly nam'd there , as argue that the play-house is not discharg'd because it is not particularly mention'd in sacred writ . if it be objected , that all those arguments are against the corruption of the stage , but not against the original innocent constitution of plays * . i answer , that there never was a time , when the stage was free from all or part of those corruptions , that it was of an heathenish and diabolical institution , as has been already proved — that at the very first , if we may credit livy in the place before quoted , the diversion of the stage consisted in revelling , dancing and foolish jesting , and gradually grew worse and worse , and tho' the romans had censors to restrain its abuses , and the greeks admired and promoted it at first , yet both those wise nations found themselves under a necessity of overturning it at last : and i have already shew'd that the ends for which the best of its patrons pretend it was erected , are better provided for by the almighty ; and therefore we cannot pretend any necessity for it , except we reflect on his wisdom and power . the reviewer comes next to argue , that the dram● was not censur'd by the gospel , because st. paul quotes a saying of the comick poet menander , viz. evil communication corrupts good manners , and likewise those of other poets , in the acts of the apostle , and epistle to titus , viz. in him we live , and move , and have our being , as certain of your own poets have said , for we are also his off-spring . — and ev'n a prophet of their own , said the cretians , are always liars , evil beasts , slow bellies , &c. † but i must beg leave to tell him , that the premises will not bear his conclusion , and that he might with as much strength of reason argue , that the apostle did not censure the idolatry of the ephesians , because he quoted the inscription on one of their altars to the unknown god , and thence took occasion to instruct them in the knowledge of the true god , who alone was incomprehensible . can any man , tho' but of a t● rate sense , allow this to be a good argument , the apostle from their own poets convicts them of their epidemical wickedness , the mischief of bad company , and that they owe their being and preservation to the almighty : — therefore he did not censure the s●age . certainly such a logician would be hissed out of the schools . our author by the same sort of argument may prove , that i approve his book , because i have quoted his arguments , and turn'd them against himself , as the apostle turn'd the conces●ions of the heathen poets , against those that follow'd and admir'd them . of the same nature is his inference , that because the holy ghost himself has spoke in the words of a menander and epimenides : it 's surely a little vindication of the innocence of the pro●ession † . if he mean the art of poesie , there 's no man of sense disputes its being innocent and useful ; but if he means a stage-poet , it 's just such another argument as this , maro pick'd gold out of ennius 's dunghill , therefore ennius 's dunghill was an excellent gold●mine . — does not our author know , that it is the light of the holy ghost , which enlighteneth every man that cometh into the world * , and that gifts as well as graces proceed from him ? must the holy ghost therefore , because he again makes use of some of those divine beams , which he had graciously darted into the minds of the heathen philosophers and poets , give his imprimatur to their pagan fancies and lewd theology ? out author's argument will conclude as strongly for this , as for the defence of the stage . he comes next to enquire into the reason of this over-violent zeal of the primitive fathers against the stage , which he finds to be the unseasonableness of it , because it was then a time of persecution , and that by frequenting the stage , they herded with their persecutors and murderers † . the falshood of this will appear from the quotations of the fathers themselves under that head : these are some of their reasons , but not all , they laid the stage under a perpetual interdict by arguments naturally deduc'd from the scriptures . the christian councils condemn'd them for the same cause , and the first christian emperors condemn'd them by their imperial laws , upon that same account , as has been already said ; so that our author discovers his want of reading or something that 's better , when he asserts the contrary * . i shall conclude this head with the opinion of the reverend , learned and pious mr. richard baxter , as to the stage and reading of plays and romances , as i find it in his christian directory : thus , i think i never knew or heard of a lawful-stage play , comedy or tragedy in the age that i have liv'd in , and that those now commonly used are not only sins , but heinous aggravated sins ; for these reasons , i. they personate odious vices commonly vitiously , that is , . without need reciting sinful words , and representing sinful actions , which as they were evil in the first committing , so they are in the needless repetition , eph. . , . but fornication and all uncleanness or covetousness ( or lust ) let it not be once named among you , as becometh saints ; neither filthiness nor foolish talking nor iesting , which are not convenient , but rather giving of thanks . — for it is a shame even to speak of those things which are done of them in secret. . because they are spoken and acted commonly without that shame , and hatred , and grief which should rightly affect the hearers with an abhorrence of them , and therefore tend to reco●cile men to sin , and to tempt them to take it but for a matter of sport. ii. there are usually so many words materially false ( tho' not proper lies ) used in such actings of good and evil , as is unsavoury , and tendeth to tempt men to fiction and false speaking . iii. there are ▪ usually such multitudes of vain words pour'd out on the circumstantials as are a sin themselves , and tempt the hearers to the like . iv. they usually mix such amorous or other such ensnaring expressions or actions as are fitted to kindle men's sinful lusts , and to be temptations to the evils which they pretend to cure . v. a great deal of precious time is wasted in them , which might have been much better spent , to all the lawful ends which they can intend . vi. it is the preferring of an unmeet and dangerous recreation , before many fitter ; god having allowed us so great a choice of better , it cannot be lawful to choose a worse . the body which most needeth exercise with most of the spectators , hath no exercise at all , and the mind might be much more fruitfully recreated many ways by variety of books or converse , by contemplating god and his works , by the fore-thoughts of the heavenly glory , &c. so that it is unlawful as unfitted to its pretended ends. vii . it 's usually best suited with the most carnal minds and more corrupteth the affections and passions , as full experience proveth . those that most love and use them , are not reformed by them ; but commonly are the most loose , ungodly , sensual people . viii . the best and wisest persons least relish them , and are commonly most against them ; and they are best able to make experiment , what doth most help or hurt the soul. therefore when the sensual say , we profit by them as much as by sermons , they do but speak according to their sense and lust : as one that hath the green-sickness may say coals , and clay , and ashes do me more good than meat , because they are not so sit to judge as those that have a healthful state and appetite . and it seldom ple●sed the conscience of a dying man , to remember the time he had spent at stage-plays . ix . usually there is much cost bestowed on them , which might be better employed , and therefore is unlawful . x. god hath appointed a stated means of instructing souls by parents , ministers , &c. which is much more fit and powerful . therefore that time were better spent ; and it is doubtful whether play-houses be not a stated means of man's institution ▪ set up to the same pretended use as the church and ministry of christ , and so be not agains● the second commandment . for my part i cannot defend them , if any shall say that the devil hath apishly made these his churches in competition with the churches of christ. xi . it seemeth to me a heinous sin for players to live upon this as a trade and function , and to be educated for it , and maintained in it ; that which might be used as a recreation , may not always be made a trade of . xii . there is no mention that ever such plays were used in scripture-times , by any godly persons . xiii . the primitive christians and churches were commonly against them : many canons are yet to be seen by which they did condemn them . [ read but dr. io. reinolds against albericus gentilis , and you shall see unanswerable testimonies from councils , fathers , emperors , kings and all sober antiquity against them . xiv . thousands of young people in our time have been undone . by them ; some at the gallows , and many servants ▪ who run out in their accounts , neglect their masters business and turn to drunkenness and ●hordom and debauchery , do confess that stage-plays were not the last or least of the temptations , which did over-throw them . xv. the best that can be said of these plays is , that they are controverted and of doubtful lawfulness ; but there are other means enough of undoubtful and uncontroverted lawfulness , for the same honest ends ; and therefore it is a sin to do that which is doubtful without need . upon all these reasons , i advise all that love their time , their souls , their god and happiness , ●o turn away from these nurseries of vice , and to delight themselves in the law and ordinances of their saviour , ps. . , . as for play-books , and romances , and idle tales , i have already shewed in my book of self-denial , how pernicious they are , especially to youth , and to frothy empty idle wits , that know not what a man is , not what he hath to do in the world ; they are powerful baits of the devil , to keep more necessary things out of their minds , and better books out of their hands , and to poison the mind so much the more dangerously , as they are read with more delight and pleasure , and to fill the minds of sensual people with such idle fumes and intoxicating fancies , as may divert them from the serious thoughts of their salvation , and ( which is no small loss ) to rob them of abundance of that precious time which was given them for more important business , and which they will wish and wish again at last , that they had spent more wisely . i know the fantastick will say , that these things are innocent , and may teach men much good ( like him that must go to a whore-house to learn to hate uncleanness , and him that would go out with robbers to learn to hate thievery . ) but i shall now only ask them , as in the presence of god , . whether they could spend that time no better ? . whether better books and practices would not edisie them more ? . whether the greatest lovers of romances and plays he the greatest lovers of the book of god , and of a holy life ? . whether they feel in themselves that the love of these vanities doth increase their love to the word of god , and kill their sin , and prepare them for the life to come , or clean contrary ? and i would desire men not to prate against their own experience and reason , nor to dispute themselves into damnable impe●tinency , nor to befool their souls by a few silly words , which any but a sensualist may perceive to be meer dece●t and falshood : if this will not serve , they shall be shortly convinced and answered in another manner . cap. xviii . reflections on some late plays . first on beauty in distress . i come next to make some remarks on m. motteux's play call'd , beauty in distress , which it seems he and his friend mr. dryden , propose as a pattern of reformation . it were e●sie in the first place to observe from mr. dryden's poetical epistle to the author , that it contains an unmannerly and malicious reflection upon the clergy in general . rebellion worse than witch●raft they pursu'd the pulpit preach'd the crime , the people ru'd the stage was silenc'd , for the saints would see in fields perform'd their plotted tragedy . mr. dryden's wit and extraordinary talent of poetry are uncontrovertible ; but his turning renegado from the protestant religion , which abhors the doctrine of killing kings , and running over to the church of rome , which hath advanc'd that practice to the dignity of merit , render● him as unfit as any man alive to charge his neighbours with rebellion , and is no convincing proof of his extraordinary judgment , either as to divinity or politicks . if his charge had been levell'd against sibthorp and manwaring , and their disciples on the one side , or against hugh peters and the tub●preachers of those times on the other side , there 's few men of sense would have thought themselves concern'd in the reflection ; but as it is levell'd against all the clergy without distinction , he must give me leave to tell him that it may easily be prov'd , that sibthorp , and manwaring , and the rest of their passive obedience-doctors , who taught , that the king was above law , and might dispose of our estates lives and liberties , without consent of parliament , were the chief fire-brands of the rebellion , and set the two constituent parts of our government [ the king and parliament ] together by the ears : and were by consequence chargeable with the reveries of hugh peters and the rest of the enthusiastical tribe , who carried things to the other extream , when the people were render'd mad by oppression . but as for the body of the english clergy , either episcopal or presbyterian , the charge is malicious and injurious . the best of the church of england clergy opposed the stage in those times , as well as the presbyterians , yet it 's known that both of them oppos'd the carrying on of things to that height which they afterwards came to . and i must beg leave to tell him that his brethren of the stage by usurping upon the sabbath , and ridiculing the pretensions of the people to their liberty and property had no small share in bringing on the calamities he speaks of . or if he be for a later instance , i can oblige him with one that is still fresh in memory , viz. that the nonjurant clergy in this reign , the pupils or followers of sibthorp and manwaring in that of king charles , were so zealous for the lately intended french invasion , that no less than a troop of them did offer their service to hallow the rebellion , and some of them did so little abhor the assassinating of crown'd-heads , that they absolv'd the assassiens at tyburn , without any declaration of their repentance for that horrid crime . but to come to the play it self . i leave it to the consideration of the author , whether the following lines of the prologue , don't co●e under the apostolical prohibition of f●● thy talking and foolish jesting , which is not convenient : — 't was studied to be paid in lent , a time when some of you so nice were grown ●'u abst●in'd from every kind of flesh but one . and a little lower . you know a reformation's coming on , then bear these moral scenes with resignation , t●inure you to be wean'd from darling fornication . the wisest of princes and men hath branded them with the character of fools , that make a mock at sin * , and whether these lines be adapted for any thing else , but to make the audience laugh instead of being sorrowful for sin , let any man judge . nor is the jerk at the reformation very becoming , especially considering how much it has been recommended of late both by king a●d parliament . then as to the epilogue spoken by mrs. bracegirdle . poys'ning and stabbing you have seen me'scape and ▪ what you think no mighty thing , a rape : but can poor poet scape — — what shall he do ? h 'as sent me a petition here for you , that 's it — cry mercy ! that 's a bille● 〈◊〉 before i go any further , i must beg leave to make some remarks . here 's one great difference , i perceive betwixt the church of christ and the play-house , which tertullian and others 〈◊〉 the church of the devil . in the former women are by apostolical prohibition forbid to speak , and commanded to lea● in silence † but in the latter their discourses songs and parts are the principal entertainm●● which is certainly inconsistent with the natural modesty of the sex , especially when they are not asham'd to speak openly of those things which the apostle says , it is a shame even to mention † let any modest person judge if this look like a scheme of a reformed play , to bring a woma● upon the stage to charge the audience with accounting a rape but a small thing , which th● law of nations makes capital , and then impudently to produce a billet doux , or in plain english , an appointment to meet some cullie . then he goes on with the petition thus . to you great wits , dread criticks , nicest beaux , gay sparks with borrow'd wit , and masks with ( borrow'd clothes , you who to chat or ogle fill yond benches , or tempt with love our modest orange wenches ▪ rakes , cuckolds , citts , squires , cullies great & smal ▪ i think sirs this petition 's to you all . it cannot be denied but here 's a great deal of truth spoken in jest , and that this is a just enough description of most of those that constantly haunt the stage , and of their end of coming thither , a plain confession , that most of them are carrion crows , as the reviewer words it , and frequent the theatre , as the ordinary where they can best ●nit their appetite , but it must at the same time be own'd that this sort of reproof is more accommodated to inflame than to quench their lusts , which is demonstrable by this , that if the crows did not find carrion there , they would soon grow weary of the haunt . i pass over the other scoff at the reformation , and come to her description of the devotion of the poet. but ' twe●e in vain to mention every head ; i guess a poet's prayers are quickly said ; he seldom prays but to avoid his curse ; ●n empty play house , and an empty purse . a great deal of truth again , and a confirmation of the character given of the stage-authors , by mr. goss●n , and the other repenting poets for●erly mentioned . but is this horrid neglect of devotion , and especially making sport with it , suitable ●o the character of one who pretends by his poems to reform others ? and does it look any thing like deference to that apostolical command of praying without ceasing ? which imports at least a constant aptitude , for that necessary duty , and a co●scienceious frequency in it . and does not the experience of all ages testifie that the stage is so far from being a proper motive to that or any other christian duty , that it does rather make its frequenters negligent in all duties . but now to come to the play it self . it may , if compared with many others , deserv● to be call'd chast and modest ; yet i do not see what edification could redound to the audience from the pattern set them by the fond laura , who courts don richardo with so much importunity , that it must needs make the females blush , and the young widdows , if there were any there , asham'd of their representative , and serve as a lesson to teach the young necessitous sparks of the town to entrap rich widdows in the like manner . her expression to richardo , that they would live like gods , smells too rank of the libertine , and can leave but a sorry impression upon the audience . richardo's cunning , dissembling expressions and tricks in his courtship , are no very proper lessons to be taught our young men , who are but too much deprav'd already ; nor has the last line of his dialogue with laura , when the monks diverted them , so much of a chast tendency as becomes a play that 's propos'd as a pattern of reformation . then as to the maiden ladies , morella and melinda , in the second act , their conference about fabiano and placentia , savours not of so much innocence as becomes persons of their character , but is plainly accommodated to please the amorous gusto of those that frequent the stage . neither does placentia behave her self with such extraordinary modesty as to deserve the name , of a pattern of virtue or prudence . nor does her lover fabiano act the part of an obedient and prudent son ; such examples cannot be very edify●ng to the spectators , but on the contrary , teach young gentlemen the way how to gratifie their passions , to the ruine of themselves , and the grief of their parents . richardo's attempt to ravish placentia in the fifth act , with so many circumstances , sometimes ●ving mad with anger , and at other times burnt up with raging lust , which flames out into bru●●sh expressions and actions , is so very gross , that such a representation cannot be defended , but must expresly fall under the condemnation of ●●thy talking , the appearance of evil and corrupt communication , which could have no tendency to the edification of the hearers , but rather to inflame inordinate lust. if there be such things done in secrer , whereof it is a shame for christians to speak , certainly a rape with its odious circumstances must be of the number . the very name of such kinds of vice is infectious to corrupt nature , but much more must such a representation of it be i know our author will have recourse to the common apology , that he brings the vicious person ●o a tragical exit , and displays his crime only to expose it ; but that is a poor pretence ; we must not do evil that good may come of it , especially when the fatal experience of our own and former ages is enough to convince us that those theatrical representations nourish vice instead of curbing it . the holy ghost , who knows the ●●ailty of humane nature , hath forbid that for●ication or uncleanness should be nam'd amongst saints , without abhorrence , and much more such representations of it as may any way tend to corrupt the mind . many other remarks might be made upon this tragedy , but these are enough to shew , that whatsoever our author may pretend , his reformation comes short of the scripture rule , and is liable to the exceptions of those very fathers whom he and his church of england divine would reconcile to the stage , and particularly st. chysostom , who as i have mentioned already , says , that stage-players deserve a thousand deaths , because they personate those villanies , obscenities and adulteries which the laws of all nations command men to avoid . remarks on the rape , or innocent impostors . in the next place i shall take notice of a play , intituled , the rape , or innocent impostor , printed in . and whereof i understand the author is a clergy-man , of good reputation , and therefore am bound in charity to think that he designed to correct , and not to incourage vice by his play ; but as the pulpit , and not the stage was his business , he was out of his road when he meddled with plays ; and tho' it be more modest and chast than that call'd beauty in distress , yet i dare refer it to his own serious thoughts , whether genselarius premediated rape upon eurione , his glorying in it after the commission of the foul crime , and insisting so much upon the satisfaction he had in it , even to the last moment when he was to die for it , be agreeable to the strict rules of modesty ; or whether it has not rather a tendency to incourage lustful youth to dangerous attempts . nor is euriones practice , who kill'd her self after the rape , to be propos'd as a pattern in such cases . our author knows that the fathers disallowed of all such representations , that they looked upon them to be contrary to the scriptures , which methinks should have hindred him from employing himself that way , and so much the more , that he knows the mischief that hath been done to our morals and religion by the theatre , and that others might be influenc'd to take a greater liberty by his example . we need go no further for an instance than mr. durfey , in his comedy call'd , the campaigners , who values himself so much upon his conversation with several eminent men of the church , and the assurance of their good word to prove his good behaviour , that he thinks it sufficient to ward off the heavy charge mr. collier has brought against his comical history of don quixo● † nay , a page or two further , he triumphs , and thinks he has sufficiently answer'd mr. collier , when he tells him , that mr. thomas randolph , a gown-man of wit and learning , makes it his whole moral , in his piece call'd , the muses looking-glass , to vindicate the stage * . of such mischievous consequences is it for clergy-men to give countenance to the play-house either by writing for the stage themselves , keeping company with play-poets , or defending the drama . i shall not any further urge the sense of antiquity against their practice in that matter , but would humbly propose to their consideration , whether it be suitable to their character thus to countenance such men as have by our statute-law been declar'd rogues ; whose profession the best of the church of england divines since the reformation have writ agains● as unlawful , and which repenting , nay heathen po●ts themselves have condemn'd and abhor'd , as has heen already prov'd . though they may please themselves with the lashes which that sort of men have given to dissenters , from the stage , which mr. dur●●y argues as a piece of merit in his collins's walk thro' london and westminster * , and by which he confirms my conjecture , as to the reason of the general silence of the clergy against the theatre ; yet they will find at last , that they themselves shall not escape , but must partake of the chastisement , thro' the backs and sides of clergy-men of other denominations . — the opprobrious terms of say grace , cuff●cushion , &c. in the play call'd , the relapse , are as applicable to those of the church of england as to others , and can serve to no other end , but to render the ministry ridiculous ; and therefore it 's but just that such of the clergy as have been pleased with injurious reflections upon their brethren [ the dissenters ] should come in their turn to feel the lash . it is not to be denied but the clergy have their faults as well as others ; and so had the blessed apostles , who own that the treasure of the gospel is committed to earthen vessels † . and that they had their humane frailties like other men ; but it would scarcely be allowed in any christian state , that the theatre should make sport with peter's swearing and denying his master , paul ' s thorn in the flesh , or barnabas ' s dissention . nor by parity of reason ought it to be allow'd , that the ministers of the gospel , should be so treated now , for tho' they have not the same power with the apostles , nor their pretensions to infallibility in doctrine , yet their ofsice is stamped with the same authority ; and they are commissioned by one and the same master . reflections on the campaigners . i come next to view the campaigners , a comedy writ by mr. dursey , who , it would seem , thinks himself above reformation . i am no way concern'd to take notice of his preface upon mr. collier , because i find nothing of argument in it , but meerly recrimination , which is nothing at all to the purpose . but this i am sure of , that mr. dursey's comedy could have as little good influence upon the morals of his audience , as mr. collier's books can have upon the principles of his readers . but to come to his play. the dialogue betwixt van scopen and mas●arillo in his first act , can have no other tendency , but to harden such fellows in their impiety and to teach them the art of drunkenness , filching and playing the pimp . his conference betwixt dorange and kinglove is adapted to nothing else but to nourish vice , and to teach the method of debauching ladies ; and how they on the other hand , may carry on their intreagues with their gallants . there 's no doubt but mr. durfey blesses himself for the happiness of his invention in making kinglove say , that an hundred pistols was enough for an hundred princesses , a price sit for none but a goddess ; and that jove himself who was the first whoremaster we read of , that ever gave money , gave his mistress danne not a farthing more . this is enough to confirm what i have said before , that the amorous poems of ovid , and other heathen authors , are no● sit to be put into the hands of youth , till they be reformed and purg'd from their lascivious impurities ; for till that be done , we can expect no other improvement of them , than such a profane one as mr. durfey has here presented us with . in the mean time here 's very civil treatment for princesses and ladies of quality , that p●stoles a-piece is purchase enough for their honours . his letter too , is a noble exemplar for his ladies to copy ; when they have a mind to treat with a cully , and his delicate oaths of gad and i gad , gadzooks and gadzoons , and swearing by heaven , are mighty ornaments for the discourse of his gallants ; so that they may save themselves the trouble of learning any other rhetorick . his banter upon the french marquis's broken english is a copy for the gallican stage to bring in english gentlemen speaking barbarous french , with your heumble servityour monseer . his dutch burgomaster and english merchant are admirably fitted to make trade and commerce ridiculous ; though england and holland have by that means risen to their present grandure . his dialogue betwixt those merchants representing the souldiery , as rogues with long chines , full calves , varlets , poltroons , cuckold-making rascals that huff and strut about with our money , that they should all be hang'd when the wars are done , is very civil to the gentlemen of the sword , and calculated no doubt to give them a good impression of our merchants and tradesmen , and to create a good understanding betwixt them . his ragg-carrier of a regiment is an honourable title for ensigns and cornets ; robbing of hen-roosts is as noble an employment he has found out for the soldiers , and his jerk at the government for letting their pay fall into arrears , considering the difficulties the nation hath labour'd under for want of money , is of admirable use too . i come now to his second act. where we have miin heer tomas and aniky his wife exposed to our view , as a choice instance no doubt of the happiness of a married state. this must needs have been very charming to the ladies , especially such of them as are inclinable to be fat , to hear this modest reflection upon aniky , that she importuned her husband so much for his benevolence , yet so fat was she , and so incapable of childing , that an irishman may assoon get a bantling out of a bagg . but by mr. durfey's leave , harlem meer , or the marishes about dort , had been nearer at hand for a dutchman ; tho' by the way i must tell him , that all national reflections are unmanly , as well as unmar●nerly , and were never attended with good consequences . annikys accusing her husband of frigidity , and swearing as she was a calvinist , if she lived a month longer she would have one to connive with her too , is mr. durfey's civility to the ladies of the audience , and a genteel complement to the reformation beyond sea. miin heer thomas's reply , that as the government gave toleration of conscience for their souls , he would give her one for her body too , is a handsom allusion , a neat raillery on the liberty granted to the dissenters here in england , and an admirable pattern of a good natur'd wittal . well , let 's go on to the conclusion of thomas's supersine answer gadsbores ( says he ) i fancy we lie always like two udders in a dish without ere a tongue . this is an admirable proof of the modesty of the english stage ; and enough to choak mr. collier with a lie for accusing it of immorality and profaness . aniky replies ; queazy fellows that have no appetites , can't relish the finest haunch of verison , when a strong healthy stomach would feed heartily and be glad of it . and thomas answers ; but if he were to feed upon 't ten and twenty years , as 't is the case of us miserable husbands , he would be glad to change it for the haunch of a horse . this is admirable encouragement for married persons to frequent the theatre , where they may have such excellent lessons of conjugal affection and chastity . these are the curious representations that edifie our beaus more than the best sermons , and contribute so much to the happiness of mankind . but to conclude this noble lecture of chastity , thomas tells her , that she 's a gross barren hen , that is so rank fed , she 's uncapable of breed , and yet so greedy on 't , that she 's eternally cackling , that he would lock her up over the stable , where she should have heirs , and the great gib catt there should father them ; and she tells him , that she roosts among cravens that have got the pip : if cocks were good , hens would have chickens . now i leave it to the reader that has any sense of religion to judge , whether the evil spirit of uncleanness himself could express things in a more fulsom and undecent manner ; yet these are the men , and those are their methods that are to recommend virtue and discourage vice. i am come next to his nurses song , scene ii , which with his scotch song , and his reformation song , will help to compose a psalter for the devil's church , as the fathers call the play-house . the first song is an admirable lesson of chastity , fit to be sung to mr. durfy's lyre , and may vye for modesty with any that's to be found in ovid or martial . it 's a delicate sonnet for nurses to sing to their young ones , that they may suck in virtue like mother's milk , and must needs tend highly to the edification of the sisters and brothers in their teens , when they take a step into the nursery to see and divert themselves with their infant brothers or sisters . it must needs leave a chast impression upon them to hear nurse tune out these modest lines . and when in due season my billy shall wed , and lead a young lady from church to her bed ; ah! welfare the losing of her — when billy comes near her to kiss , kiss , kiss . they that would have their nurses taught to sing vertuous songs , had best send them to mr. durfey , who can furnish them with admirable samplars . but to proceed ; that our author may make his comedy all of a piece . his fable of doranges getting into angelica's bed in a woman's dress , includes a very good lesson for instructing a wild extravagant beau , how to debauch and steal a fortune . such a representation as this cannot fail of raising very chast passions among the audience ; and the other part of the fable endeavouring to match her with bondevelt under the notion of a pure virgin , contains an excellent pattern of moral honesty , and teaches an intrigue of special use for imitation . then again in the third scene we have a commendable character of the english gentry , that their right business is nothing but pleasure , and that i suppose is frequenting the stage ; for there , says mr. dennis , is the greatest pleasure . but if this be the true character of the english gentry , how comes it to pass , that so many of them have rais'd vast fortunes by application to law , physick , divinity and merchandice ? i shall meddle no further with this lewd comedy , nor can what i have done already , be justified by any other argument ; but that it 's sit the world should see what an useful thing the stage is for reformation of manners . cap. xix . answer to mr. dennis's usefulness of the stage . i come next to consider mr. dennis's arguments in his book entituled , the usefulness of the stage to the happiness of mankind , to government and to religion . the title is sufficient to discover , that i am to combate a man of assurance , who like another goliah bids defiance to the armies of fathers , councils , scriptures , &c. & all that have bra●ndished their swords against the theatre . his first argument is , that the stage is instrumental to the happiness of mankind in general , because it pleases them , and happiness consists in pleasure * . the gentleman not having oblig'd us so far , as to draw his argument into form , he must pardon my presumption if i do it for him , and then i think it will stand thus , whatsoever pleases men makes them happy ; but the stage pleases men , ergo. the falshood of the first proposition is so manifest from the experience of all men , that i cannot but wonder at our author's confidence to advance it . the libertine is pleased with his paramour , and yet is so far from being happy in his pleasure that it wastes his conscience , consumes his body and ruines his estate . the drunkard is pleased with his bottle , yet is so far from being happy in it , that it has the same dismal effects upon him , as uncleaness has upon the wanton . — the glutton is pleased with his costly cates and riotous banquets , but is so far from being happy in his pleasure , that he entails diseases upon himself and diggs his grave with his own teeth . — the miser is pleased with his baggs , yet is so far from being happy in them , that he is eat up with carking cares how to preserve them , or to lay them out to the best advantage . to prove this argument mr. dennis says , that by happiness he could never understand any thing but pleasure , and that he could never possibly conceive how any one can be happy without being pleased , or pleased without being happy . let him but take a turn to bedlam , and there he may have convincing instances of poor wretches being extreamly pleased with their foolish conceits , that are far from being happy ; or let him visit some of his friends in a raging feaver , and perhaps he may hear them express a great deal of pleasure and delight in many things , and yet poor creatures fall much short of being hapy . his own assertion [ p. . ] that a man cannot be happy without or against reason , perfectly destroys his proposition , for in all the cases above-mentioned , those persons are pleased both without and against reason , which plainly proves that it is not pleasure , but a rational pleasure or none at all that makes a man happy , otherwise the brute-beasts , are more happy than the happiest of men. so that if this be granted , which no reasonable man or good christian can deny , that our pleasures ought to be ruled by reason , his argument will prove but a feeble support to the stage it being highly unreasonable to take pleasure in that which is not only needless , to the ends for which it is pretended , there being other meansap pointed for that , as i have prov'd already , but comes so far short of them , that by the concurring testimony of all ages , it is condemned for producing the contrary effects . to set this matter in a clearer light , let us take a view of those pleasures which are to b● reap'd from the stage ; spiritual pleasures they are not , for divinity and religion are seldom or never mentioned there , but in order to be ridicul'd : rational pleasures they cannot be , seeing it is contrary to reason for mankind to please themselves with the representations of rapes , murders , and all manner of villanies , which is the principal part of the entertainment ; the punishments allotted them take up the least part of the time , for most of that is spent in representing the intrigues that the personal dramatis carry on for obtaining their lwed ends , and the pleasure they take in the enjoyment of their desires , and the impression of the tragical catastrophe is generally defac'd by some comical conclusion at last . so that upon the whole the pleasures that are reap'd from the stage must needs be sensual ; and if wallowing in them conduce any thing to the happiness of mankind , then reason and religion too have put a horrid cheat upon us , ought to be banished out of the world , and the only deity we are to invoke is some circe or other to transform us into dogs and swine , that we may be compleatly happy . for mr. dennis says ( page and . ) the philosophers were fools to ascribe their happiness to reason , for that may often afflict us , & make us miserable , is an impediment to our pleasure , and nothing but passion can please us . the natural consequence of which must be that none but beasts , fools and mad-men are happy in this world. he tell us , page . that it 's plain that the happiness both of this life and the other , is owing to passion , and not to reason ; so that he must be the only happy man here that wallows in his pleasures , and indulges his passions . and in the other world he informs us , we shall be delivered from those mortal organs , and reason shall then be no more : we shall lead the glorious life of angels , a life exalted above all reason , a life consisting of extasie and intelligence . if this be not a rhapsody of downright contradictions , there can be no such thing as a contradictions , there can be no such thing as a contradiction in nature ; a rational soul without reason ; understanding without reason ; and reason dying with mortal organs . nay , there 's another position in the bottom of the th page as extraordinary as any of those , and that is , that the very height and fulness of pleasure which we are promised in another life , must , we are told , proceed from passion , or somthing that resembles passion ; at least no man 〈◊〉 so much as pretended that it will be the result of reason . who it is that has told our author thus , he would do well to inform us ; for i believe this revelation is peculiar to himself . the scriptures do indeed say , that in the presence of the lord there is fulness of ioy , and at his right hand there are pleasures for evermore † ; but are so far from hinting at any thing like joy without reason , that the works of creation , redemption and providence and the beatifical vision of god in his perfections , seem to be plainly reveal'd , to be the reason of all the hallelujahs and raptures of praise and joy which the saints shall eccho forth in heaven to all eternity . abr●●ham is represented to us in heaven with the use of his reason , and arguing with dives . we are told that there is joy in heaven , by reason of the conversion of sinners ; there 's no doubt that those extasies of joy are above what our reason is now able to comprehend , but that reason and reflexion should there cease , there 's not the least ground to imagine . our author owns , that we shall lead the glorious life of angels , as to whom it is plain from the scriptures , that they are reasonable beings , they make use of their reason to pry into the mystery of redemption , and sung songs of praise at our saviour's birth ; for this very reason , that god had manifested peace upon the earth and good-will towards men ; from all which it 's plain , that our happiness in heaven will not proceed from passion , but from our uninterrupted enjoyment of god , the reflection upon which with our reason will occasion eternal and unspeakable joy . this i conceive will appear yet more plain from the following consideration , viz. that a man cannot be happy except he know himself to be so , and if we have not the use of our reason and reflection , we can never know that we are happy , nor be sensible of the dangers we have escaped ; so that for mr. dennis's heaven we had as good be reduced to our first nothing as to enjoy it , seeing , according to his notion , we must there be depriv'd of the faculty of reflecting upon our past dangers and present enjoyments , which cannot afford a rational soul so much delight , as it may have in a pleasant dream . i shall only add , that to conceive a humane soul without reason after death , is to suppose the very essence of it annihilated , which is a fair step towards denying the resurrection and the eternity of punishment and reward ; a doctrine fitted to the pallate of the libertines of the age , the principal rule of whose faith and manners is , ede , bibe , dormi , post mortem nulla volupta● ; or as the scripture expresses it , let us eat and drink , for to morrow we must die * . if we have not the exercise of reason in heaven we cannot act faith upon the promise of god for the eternity of our happiness there , which our reason will tell us we may ●●st assur'd of , because he is the god of truth that cannot lie , and with whom there is no variableness nor shaddow of turning . nor can our service , which is songs of praise and everlasting delight in the enjoyment of his presence be reasonable there , which will make i● less perfect than the service that we are called to here on earth , which the apostle tells us is a reasonable service * , nor without it can we contemplate god the author and fountain of our happiness with delight ; for according to mr. dennis's notion , there can be no dif●erence betwixt those unconceiveable transports of joy which the blessed have in heaven , and the raptures of a mad-man , who can give no reason for what he does or what he says ; and how this can be acceptable service to god , let any man , that has but the least impression of religion judge . — our saviour tells us , that mary lov'd much because much was forgiven her ; is it then consistent with reason , that we shall be fill'd with raptures of love and joy in heaven , and not know the reason of it there , as well as we know the reason of our love to the almighty here on earth ; which is his pardoning grace , thro' our blessed redeemer , but to return to mr. d's argument , that 't is pleasure only that makes a man happy : he is guilty of a great omission in not explaining his terms , and telling us what sort of pleasure he means ; tho' to do him justice there seems to be no great need of it , when we consider that the stage is the subject he treats of , whence those pleasures are to be reap'd ; so that we cannot expect to reap any other pleasures but those of sin from such an unhallowed soil . but allowing him , that a moderate pleasure in our lawful enjoyments here is a happiness , and a gracious gift of god , as without doubt it is , that will not prove that we ought to create our selves feigned objects of pleasure , as all those theatrical representations are , seeing god allows us those that are real . much less will it prove that we ought to hunt after pleasure , by having our passions rai'd ; when there 's no occasion o● proper object for them , for that in plain terms is a perverting the use of 'em , and forcing them beyond the intent of nature . god has endowed us with love , and hatred , and inspired reasonable creatures with a desire to propagate their own kind in pursuance of that primitive command , that they should increase and multiply ; but at the same time he has confin'd that desire to certain limits , that every man should have his own wife , and every woman her own husband ; whence 't is evident , that it 's unlawful for us to frequent the stage to have that passion rais'd toward we know not who , or to endanger its being diverted from the right object . and as for young persons who are unmarried , the theatre is the most improper place in the world to seek a suitable match in , and i believe seldom frequented on that account . i am afraid iuvenal's observation holds too true of the modern theatre . — cuneis an habent spectacula totis ; quod securus ames quodque inde expetere possis . and if they frequent them upon any other a●count , the raising of their passions endangers their chastity . the like may be said of the other passions , to have our anger and indignation excited against we know not who in a tragedy , is far from the divine precept , of being angry and sin not . it was never the end for which god endowed us with that passion , to be angry at wickedness in shew , but at wickedness in reality . the same rule serves for pity and compassion ; we are to extend that towards men in real distress , and not to have our compassion excited towards a chimerical object in a theatre that needs it not . it will hold the same as to mirth and delight ; we are not to make sport , or to take pleasure either in the sin or misery of others ; from all which it is apparent , that we ought not to frequent the stage for ●●citing our passions : but admitting that the raising of the passions makes a man happy ; by mr. dennis's own concession , p. . the frequenting of the stage is a very improper mean for it , for there he owns , that the longer any man frequents plays , the harder he is to be mov'd ; and therefore we may very well conclude from his own premises , that the seeing of so many unchast and bloody representations , is the ready way to take off and dull that horror which all men ought to ●ntertain against the real practice of uncleanness , cruelty , and the other vices there represeated . this may be likewise prov'd by a very familiar instance : butchers , tho' but accustomed to the killing of beasts , have less horror generally for murder than other men ; and soldiers , who are accustomed to behold slaughter and blood-shed , are not generally so compassionate and tender-hearted as those who never were in a field . i must observe one thing by the way before i go any further , viz. that mr. dennis and the author of the review contradict one another in this matter . the reviewer maintains against mr. collier , that the representations of the stage , don't impress the same passions upon the audience † , whereas mr. dennis asserts it , and thinks it the glory of the theatre that it does so , seeing raising the passions is the only way to make a man happy . i must declare my agreement with mr. dennis as to the influence of those representations upon the spectators , but at the same time must tell him , that the iniquites there represented , especially irregular amours , have so strong a party in every man's corrupt nature , that those lascivious representations , intrigues of courtship , and amorous speeches , have ten to one odds against our virtue , which taking in religion to its assistance , is often found too weak , and many times foil'd by corrupt nature , as appears by the instances of david and solomon , the holiest and wisest of men , and therefore it is that the reproofs and punishments allotted to vice by the stage , have never been able to obtain those ends which its patrons pretend to , viz. the incouragement of virtue , and discountenancing of vice , but hath always produc'd the contrary effect . but to take a further view of mr. dennis's notion , that we are made happy by pleasures , let 's examine it a little by sacred writ . there we find solomon , who had made the largest experiment of it , declaring , that all the pleasures this world can afford ( even those refined ones of wisdom and knowledge not excepted ) to be nothing but vanity and vexation of spirit * . if we take in the suffrage of the new testament , there we find our saviour and his apostles , condemning this passion for worldly pleasures , as the lust of the eye , the lust of the flesh and the pride of life , they expresly forbid us to make any provision for the flesh to fulfil the lusts thereof , command us to set our assections on things above , and not on things below , and to mortifi● inordinate affections , tells us , that those that are christs crucifie the flesh with its lusts and affections , condemn those that are lovers of pleasure● , more than lovers of god , number those who serve their lusts and pleasures among fools and rebels to heaven , tell us , that our prayers are denied because we ask things to consume upon our lusts , or pleasures , as it 's read in the margin ▪ , and inform us , that the word of god is choa●ed by the pleasures of the world . so much as to pleasure in general ; and then if we come to particulars , — inordinate pleasure in riches or covetousness , is condem● . as iaolatry , a lustful look after a woman is censur'd as adultery . if we consider our apparel , there we are commanded to be modest . if we look to our dyet , the scripture informs us , that a glatton shall come to poverty , and strictly forbids us , rioting and drunkenness . if we consider our discourse , there 's no corrupt communication to proo●●d out of our mouth , but our speech ought always to be with grace , and s●asoned with salt , foolish iesting and filthy talking is also discharged . and in the whole , the apostle tells us expresly , that those who live in pleas●res , are dead while they live : ( which tho' spoken particularly of widows , does by parity of reason extend to all christians . ) we are commanded to rejoyce , as if we rejoyced not , to use this world , as not abusing it * , to behave our selves as strangers and pilgrims in the world † , and to avoid all bitterness , malice and evil-speaking . * then seeing it is so , how can any christian indulge themselves in passion , or transports of pleasure in any sublunary thing ? how can they allow themselves in those foolish jests , filthy discourses , and immoderate laughters that are occasioned by comedies ; or in that wrath , clamour , malice and revenge which breath forth every where in tragedies ? how can they that are call'● to mourn over their own sins , and those of others , laugh at the follies and lewdness of whoremongers represented on the stage , or how can they in conscience take pleasure in the representations of those things to the eye in publick , that they ought to be ashamed to hear spoken of , as committed in secret ? how dare they that are commanded to work out their salvation with fear and trembling , delight in such wantonness , jollity and revelling ? with what conscience can they that are commanded to redeem their time , mispend it so unconscionably in the lew'd theatre , or with what peace of conscience can they lavish out money in such needless pleasures , when so many of the poor saints and servants of god are starving for want of necessaries . mr. dennis in the latter part of his first chapter seems to recant his epicurean lecture in the rest of it , and tells us † , the passions must be rais'd in such manner as to take reason along with them , which how he will reconcile to his former positions , that reason often afflicts and makes us miserable , hinders our pleasures , and combates our passions † , and that nothing but passion in effect can please us , and nothing but pleasure can make us happy † . let him see to it . perhaps he was exalted to his own heaven , and wrote those contradictions when he was deliver'd from his mortal organs , and his reason had left him † . and if it was so , he had as good have conceal'd his ex●atical raptures , for any great feats , they are like to do in the world , they may perhaps make quakers ; but sure i am they can never make christians : aud thus i leave it to the judicious reader to consider , whether he hath prov'd that the stage is useful to the happiness of mankind . in his second chapter he attempts to prove , that the stage is more particularly instrumental to the happiness of englishmen , — and the argument he makes use of is , that the english are the most splenetick people in europe , of a gloomy sullen temper , uneasie to themselves and dangerous to the government . this is enough in all conscience to give them a fit of the spleen , were they never so good natur'd ; but to alleviate our anger , he tells us , it 's the fault of heaven , the reigning distemper of our clime ; and to oblige us further , he directs us to the drama , as our remedy . i am afraid our author is neither a traveller , historian nor polititian , else he would scarcely have v●ntur'd on such a reflection : let him but waft himself over for a month into spain , and take a ●urn through france into the empire of germany , don't let him forget to take holland in his way home ; and then let him spend some weeks in turning over the histories of those several countries , and i am much mistaken if he don't find himself convinc'd by experience and authority , that our neighbours are as sullen and morose as we , have been as uneasie to one another , and endanger'd their governments as oft●● , and yet all of them have had the enjoyment of the drama . i must likewise beg leave to tell him , that the good nature of englishmen has been for a long time taken notice of , and that i have read it as an observation from as good an author as himself , that there 's no other language has a word to express it . i must likewise desire him to give a reason , why the splenetick temper of the nation should not make the government as dangerous to the people , as it renders the people dangerous to the government , seeing the administration must always be in the hands of englishmen ; and i would pray him if he can to give me an instance where he has read of a better understanding betwixt prince and people than there was betwixt queen elizabeth and her english subjects ; or if he can parallel the instance of the present government , that any monarch did ever venture to leave his dominions so frequently , and with ●o much confidence and security , as his present majesty has done , notwithstanding the faction of a dethron'd prince in the midst of us , and a powerful enemy at war with us abroad , at all times ready to encourage them to rebel : and then ● shall yield him the point , that the english are more splenetick than their neighbours . but now as to his remedy [ the drama . ] he tells us , that the passions are seldom any where so pleasing , and no where so safe as in tragedy * . but seeing the representations there are generally contriv'd to represent the sudden t●rns of fate , the unhappy result of violence & injustice , and 〈◊〉 intrigues carried on for the suppressing of tyrants , i am afraid it will scarce be proper for a splenetick people : and thus we see how well he has prov'd , that the stage is more particularly instrumental to the happiness of english-men . in his third chapter he pretends to answer the objections from reason , and denies that the more the passions in any man are mov'd , the more obnoxious they are to be mov'd , and the more unruly they grow † . this he says is contrary to common experience , because-the more any person frequents plays , the harder he is to be pleas'd and mov'd . but by mr. dennis's favour , his answer is nothing to the purpose , or just no more than this , that the longer a man eats beef , the less he cares for it : he knows the old saying , iucundissima voluptas quam rarior usus commendat , a man may be cloy'd with the greatest dainties . but can he deny that the more a cholerick man's passion is mov'd , the more peevish and outragious he grows ; and the more the letcher's passion is mov'd , the more lustful and brutish he grows , so long as nature will keep pace ; or the more the miser's avarice is mov'd , the more covetous he grows , till his mouth is fill'd with dust . if he can deny this , he is fit for his own heaven , where his reason shall be no more † . in the next place he denies that corruption of manners proceeded from the establishment of the drama upon the restoration of k. charles the d . ●st . says he , because we never heard any complaint of the like corruption of manners before the restoration of k. charles the ii. tho' the drama flourish'd in the reign of k. james i. as mr. collier tells us , with the like licentiousness † . by mr. dennis's leave here 's a contradiction in terms , a stage as licentious as ours at present , whose abuses he owns in the same page to be palpable , and yet no complaint of corruption of manners . but because i will give him a better authority than his own , let him read mr. prin's histriomastix , and there he will find complaint enough before the restoration of k. charles ii. and sufficient cause for it too . the ●d argument , that the corruption of manners is greater in france , tho' their theatres are less licentious than ours , will stand him in little stead ; for supposing it true that the manners of the french are more corrupted than ours , which i am afraid will scarcely be granted : tho' their theatres be less licentious , their religion is more , which allows them to be as wicked as the devil can make them , provided they have but money enough to pay for a pardon , or fury enough to persecute the protestants . that the germans are greater drinkers , and the italians more inclinable to unnatural lust , tho' they have less of the drama than we : perhaps they will charge the cause upon heaven as he does , and impute it to their clime ; but can he say that if they had more of the drama , they would not be more addicted to those crimes than at present they are . if he will give himself the trouble of reading the authorities i have formerly quoted , he will find both those crimes , and particularly the latter charg'd upon the stage : nor can mr. dennis assign any reason why going from the theatre to the tavern with a miss , or other lewd company , as is but too too common , should not occasion drunkenness and sodomy both . his d argument is † , that the corruption of manners upon the restoration appeared with all the fury of libertinism before the play-house was re-established . and that the cause of that corruption could be nothing but that beastly reformation , which in the time of the late civil wars , begun at the tail instead of the head and heart , and which oppressed and persecuted men's inclinations , instead of correcting and converting them , which afterwards broke out with the same violence that a raging fire does upon its first getting vent : and that which gave it so liscentious a vent , was not only the permission but the example of the court. which having sojourn'd for a considerable time both at paris and in the low-countries , united the spirit of the french whoring to the fury of the dutch drinking . here 's civil treatment to the parliament of england , a parcel of beastly reforming fellows , aad a reforming tail too . but by mr. dennis's leave , whoever's the head , the parliament is the brains ; they have all the trouble of contriving , and one half , nay some say two thirds of the authority of enacting laws , and no small share in putting them in execution ; so that for them to attempt a reformation when the court would not , proves them to have been the men , and some body else the beast . but to pass that , i must intreat mr. dennis to be merciful to his own arguments , and not always to cut their throats with his own hands . for first , he tells us , that the cause of that libertinism , was nothing but that beastly reformation . and then he informs us , that it was permitted & encouraged by the example of the court , who had united the spirit of the french whoring to the fury of the dutch drinking ; so that he is resolv'd the court and parliament shall have it betwixt them , and not a farthing matter which , so the stage be but clear on 't . and he hath also oblig'd the world with a very important discovery , that persecuting and oppressing of libertinism , was the cause of corruption of manners . but alas ! the poor man in one of his heavenly extasies , when he was delivered from the mortal organs of his reason , turns cat in pan , plays sir martin marr-all , and falls foul upon his friends of the stage ; for in the very next words he tells us , that the poets who writ imm●diately after the restoration , were obliged to humour the deprav'd tastes of their audience . for if the poets of those times had writ without any mixture of lewdness , the appeties of the audience were so debauch'd , that they would have judged the entertainment insipid . so that here 's a fair confession , that the stage promoted and encourag'd the corruption of manners . but then being sorry that he has done his friends this diskindness , he makes them amends , and concludes this paragraph thus , that 't is evident that the corruption of the nation is so far from proceeding from the play-house , that it partly proceeds from having no plays at all . — risum teneatis amici . his fourth argument is , ●that the stage cannot possibly encourage or encline men to drunkenness , gaming and unnatural sins , and that the love of women is fomented by the corruption , and not by the genuine art of the stage † . to prove this argument , he alledges , that drunkards are always rendred odious and ridiculous by the stage , gamsters are never shewn there , but either as fools or rascals , and that of those four reigning vices , the stage only encourages love to women , which is the least , th● least contagious , and least universal , and is a check upon the other three ; and particularly upon unnatural lust , which is the most destructive to the happiness of mankind * . i answer in the first place , that mr. dennis's argument and his topicks to prove it , are founded meerly on his own authority : and in the next place , that here , as elsewhere he is guilty of contradictions . — the stage ( he says ) does not incourage the corruption of manners ; and yet owns 〈◊〉 incourages the love of women . — then again , ●hat the love of women is least contagious ; — and yet owns [ pag. . ] that it has more of nature , and consequently more tentation . — so that his arguments like cadmus's earthborn-men [ in ovid ] fall foul upon and destroy one another . but for a further answer , i must tell him , that those sins have generally a dependance , and are mutually productive of one another ; and the theatre being the common rendevouz of lew'd company , the contagion spreads , and they are frequently infected with one anothers crimes . our author hath own'd that the theatre incourages the love of women ; and ovid who was a very good judge in the matter , tells us , that venus inclines men to idleness , gaming and quaffing , or at least that those vices are usually compa●ions . quam platanus rivo gaudet , quam populus unda , er quam limosa canna palustris humo tam venus otia amat , qui finem quaeris amoris , c●dat amor rebus , res age tutus eris , languor & immodici sub nullo vindice somni , aleaque & multo tempora quassa mero eripiant omnes animo sine vulnere vires , a●●luit incautis desidiosus amor. de remedio amoris . lib. i. if we may believe historians , stage-plays were first devised by a parcel of drunken grecians in honour of bacchus * , to whom they were consecrated † , and hence tertullian calls the theatre , the temple of bacchus * . salvian joyns the roman stage , their epicurism and their drunkenness together , as mutually producing one another † . — the roman emperors , caligula , heliogabalus , nero , commodus , galienus , and others who delighted most in the stage , were the most debauch'd , luxurious and drunken of all others , as may be seen in suetonius . it was usual for the heathen greeks and romans to have stage-plays at all their drunken riotous feasts , on purpose to draw men on to more intemperance and drunkenness * . thus we see that drunkenness was both the parent and off-spring of the antient stage ; nor can our author give us an instance , that our modern theatres have reformed those that frequent them , from gaming and drunkenness . the author of the third blast of retreat from plays , complains , that in his time , the actors and play-haunters were the greatest frequenters of taverns , ale-houses , brandy-shops , &c. and mighty quaffers , health-drinkers and epicurers , that 't was their usual practice to haunt the play-house , the bawdy-house and publick-houses by turns , and to go from the one to the other , and that the play-house was the common place where their riotous meetings at taverns were appointed , and the reason he gives of it is this , because drunkenness , epicurism , luxury and profuseness were rhetorically applauded on the stage , and set off with the highest encomiums ; and those who spent their estates this way , were dignified by the poets , with the title of brave , generous , liberal and jovial sparks ; as iuvenal expresses it : — haec tamen illi omnia cum faciant hilares nitidique vocantur . satyr ii. as to mr. dennis's seeming to think uncleanness a less sin than gaming , and that the love of w●men encouraged by the stage is a good preservative against sodomy , it 's ridiculous . to allow one sin to prevent another , is play-house divinity , and to advance that the inflaming of lust is a proper way to prevent it's exerting it self upon unnatural objects is an odd kind of philosophy . if the play-house have this effect now , it s more than it had formerly , when we find that the profligate custom of men , and womens putting one anothers apparel promiscuously on the stage , was a mighty incentive to that sort of villany . sophocles the famous greek tragedian , whom mr. dennis calls divine , is accused by athaeneus † ; plutarch * and many other authors for this impiety . st. cyprian charges the same upon the pantomimes and players of his time in his d epistle to donatus , where he expresses it thus , libidinibus insanis in viros , viri prorunt , &c. st. chrysostom brings the same accusation against the stage in his time in his th homily on the ●st epistle to the corinthians , where he says , the theatres gather together troops of harlots , and boys turn'd ganymeds , who offer violence to nature it self . and that our english stage has not been free of this horrid crime , we are inform'd by mr. stubbs , in his anatomy of abuses , where he affirms , that players , and those that frequented the stage , play'd the sodomite in their secret conclaves . mr. dennis in his th chapter pretends to answer mr. collier's objections from authority . his exceptions as to most of 'em i have already take● notice of in my answer to the reviewer , and therefore shall only answer what mr. dennis has advanc'd that is new ; and the first is , that the stage is of admirable advantage to learning , and that the theatre is certainly the best school in the world for history , poetry and eloquence † . enough has been said already to prove that it can be of no solid advantage to learning ; for when mens minds are infected with vice , they are not fit for any profitable or generous study , as appears by seneca's complaint , that the stage diverted the people from attending on his philosophical lectures . as to history , the falshood of the assertion is plain ; for we may learn more of that by reading the greek , roman , and other historians , than by all the plays that have ever been writ , which for a mangled scrap now and then of true history , have ten times more of fable . then as to the point of eloquence : we have quintilian the famous orator against him , who in his directions , how an orator should frame his speech , voice and gesture , enjoins frequent declaiming , and the often repeating of eloquent orations , but expresly forbids him , to imitate players or the custom of the stage , or 〈◊〉 express or act the slaves , the drunkards , lovers or any such play-house part , because they were no ways necessary for an orator , but would rather corrupt his mind and manners than any way help his elocution or action * . and i would very fain know of mr. dennis , which of all the admirers of the stage can be compar'd for eloquence to st. chrysostom , tertullian , st. ierom , and the rest of the fathers that never frequented the stage but wrote against it . but granting it to be true , that the theatre promoted eloquence , we may very well say with st. ierom , melius est aliquid nescire , quam cum periculo discere * . better never learn it , than run such a risk for it . besides , an orator ought to be grave and serious , whereas the stage is light , wanton and lewd . if cicero that great master of eloquence had thought the stage necessary for promoting that desirable attainment , or had he ow'd his formation to it , in so great a measure , as mr. dennis says he did * , certainly he would never have been so much an enemy to eloq●ence or so ungrateful to the school , whence he learn'd it himself , as to advise the romans to abandon it , lest it should render them effeminate and corrupt , and so overturn their empire , as it had done that of the greeks * , he would rather have advis'd the reforming of it , as mr. dennis does , but that he saw 't was impracticable , and would turn to as little account as plowing the sand : nor can he ever prove , that demoshenes acquir'd his oratry by frequenting the stage . plutarch tells us he repeated his speeches before a large looking●glass to regulate his gestures . but admitting once for all , that there 's a great deal of eloquence , wit , invention , history and other parts of learning in stage-plays , there 's so much obscenity , scurrility and lewdness mix'd with it , that it only serves as a tincture of sugar or a glass of cordial to convey a venemous potion , and the stronger the wine , or the better the conserves that are temper'd with the poison , the more ▪ effectually and indiscernibly it kills . — for ( as tertullian says on this very subject , ) no man mixes poison with gall and hellebore , but with the sweetest , most savory and best relishing ingredients . — therefore ( says he ) look upon those strong lines , those moral sentenc●s those pompous expressions , and witty sayings as honey distilling from a poisnous limb●ck , and don't let the pleasure of your palate betray you to the endangering your lives † . i shall conclude this point with the pertinent expression of salvian on the same subject . — stage-poets ( says he ) have rather damned than illustrated their wits and parts . mr. dennis alledges [ pag. . ] that before thespis appeared in attica , and reduc'd the drama to some sort of form , they had neither author nor knowledge among them that could be esteemed by posterity , which is notoriously false ; for thales who is reckond the first of the wisemen of greece was before him ; and solon another of them , who is justly accounted the wisest of the antient greek legislators , after having seen one of his tragedies , oppos'd him to his face , forbad him acting any more , upbraided him for the lies utter'd in his play ; and told him if his drama were approv'd , they should quickly find lying and cheating in their contracts and bargains , as has been noted already ; so that her● the stage was nipp'd in the bud , and yet i must tell our author , that it was not then manag'd in so lew'd a manner as it is now ( tho' bad enough it seems to be censur'd by solon ) for diogenes laertius informs us , that tragedy was then carried on by a set of musicians , who sung hymns in the praise of bacchus ( which confirms what i have already said , that the stage had a drunken original ) and then betwixt those hymns thespis introduc'd an actor , who repeated some discourse on a tragical subject , and afterwards brought in satyrs in open charets , having their faces daub'd with the dreggs of wine to resemble the high colour'd visage of the satyrs . mr. dennis had as good have forborn mentioning those philosopers and historians socrates , plato , xe●ophon , aristotle , &c. whom he calls the wonders of all posterity , for it will appear from what ●as been said of them already under the head of philosophers against the stage that most of them disproved it , ev'n socrates himself who he says , first began to form their manners out of the theatre . as to his objection of some of them having writ tragedies , it s nothing to his purpose ; it 's very well known , that tragedies were then repeated for the instruction of the audience , but not acted with profane and villanous gestures to corrupt the morals of the spectators ; and thus the comedies and tragedies of the antients , such as soph●●les , euripides , ●eschylus , menander , seneca , and others were read by the poets themselves , or some that they appointed , it being accounted a disgrace for the authors to have them acted in stage plays , as appears plainly by that of horac● , — an tua demens vilibus in ludis dictari carmina malis ? serm. l. i. § . d●odorus siculus * , quintillian † , and others testifie the same , which is quite another thing than acting of plays , there being no body against writing a poem in nature of a tragedy or poetical dialogue , with several acts and parts to add life and lustre to it . — thus apolinaris the elder , when he was forbid preaching by iulian the apostate , or to educate chrisitian youth in learning and poetry , compos'd diverse tragedies in imitation of euripides , and comedies in imitatio● of menander and pindarus , consis●ing only of divine arguments and scripture stories , by which he instructed those to whom he could not have liberty to preach . — thus about the time of the reformation here in england several good christians , propagated the protestant doctrine under the veil of dialogues by way of comedy and tragedy , insomuch that the popish clergy got them forbidden by the and of henry . c. i. the famous du plessis mornay , writ a tragedy of ieptha's daughter : the great poet buchanan did the like ; he wrote also another call'd baptistes , and translated into latin the medea and alcestis of euripides , but it will not therefore follow that those great men approv'd the stage . buchanan in his dedication of alcestis to margaret of france sister of henry ii. recommends that tragedy to her , because there is no mention in it of parricid , witchraft or other crimes with which tragedians , commonly abound ; so that by this he rather censures than approves the theatre . our author's assertion , that the stage was established in queen elizabeths time , and flourished in that of k. iames , upon which spencer , bacon and raleigh , three prodigies of wit , appear'd all at once , and that we had no first-rate writer till henry viii . is like the rest of his learning and confidence . it was so far from being established in queen elizabeths time , tho' it had then but too much incouragement , that all the play-houses in london were suppressed upon a petition to that queen in . — the stage was restrained by the th and th of her reign , and books against it , there dedicated to her secretary walsingham , and it was so far from flourishing in king iames i. time , that in the st year of his reign , stage-players were by act of parliament declared rogues and vagabonds , &c. as has been already said under the head of the english state against the stage . as to the learning of bacon and raleigh , it surpasses mr. dennis's skill to prove that it was any way owing to the stage , and indeed according to his solid way of writing , he owns as much himself , when he says , immediately upon the establishment of the drama , those three prodigies of wit appear'd . and i must likewise observe , that bacon and raleigh ( as he calls them ) employed themselves in more generous and manly studies , than any the stage can boast of , as appears by the learned works they have left behind them . as to the other part of his assertion , that we had no first-rate writer on any subject before henry viii . it 's an injury to the nation , and a proof of his own assurance and ignorance . to name but a few . what does he say to rog. bacon who liv'd in the th centry , and for his skill in the mathematicks , was esteemed a conjurer , and summoned to appear at rome on that account , where he cleared himself and was sent back again . to go a little higher . what does he think of the venerable bede , who liv'd in the beginning of the th century , from the birth of christ , to whose time bale reckons but british writers ? did he never hear of sir thomas littleton , the oracle of the law , who liv'd in the reign of henry vi. of bracton or fortescue ? but because i will trouble my reader with no more , i would advise mr. dennis to turn over bale's centuries of english writers , and there he will find his bold assertion to be shamefully false : for in the th century ; that author reckons more writers besides bede , in the th , in the th , in the th , in the th , amongst whom were of the decem. angliae scriptores ; in the th , in the th , in the th ; and from thence to the year . but more . not that these were all first rate writers , but it is sufficient to shew , that the state of learning was not so low in england as mr. dennis would represent it to have been : and that the increase and decrease of learning , has no dependency on the stage ; all that our plays can pretend to teach , being only some scraps of rheto●ick and history , which may be much better learn'd elsewhere . the reflections which he casts on the parliament times when the stage was abolish'd , are full of malice and ignorance . no man can expect that learning should flourish during an intestine war , yet those times were not without eminent scholars in all faculties ; and upon enquiry it will be found , that most of the great men england can boast of , laid the foundation of their studies , and formed their thoughts before the stage was restored by king charles ii. the world cannot deny , but selden and milton were famous for learning , tho' they were of the parliaments side , & ow'd nothing of their education to the stage . nor can our author pretend , that the lord chief justice halcs , or the beginners of the royal society , the doctors , ward , wilkins , wallis , &c. or the famous mr. boyle , were any thing indebted to the theatre for their great learning . the slovenly reflection he casts on the divines of those times , sufficiently discovers , that he 's but sorrily read in divinity . the doctors , calamy , case and manton ( whom he mentions with so much contempt , ) are approv'd by better judges than any that writes for the theatre , the good acceptance which the latter's volumes of sermons have met with from the publick , have sufficiently proclaimed their value ; and if our author had a little bethought himself , — the great archbishop usher flourished in those times , who was no friend to the stage ; the most learned bishop of worcester , whom he forgets to mention , was well advanc'd in his studies , and had given sufficient proof of his extraordinary abilities , before the revival of the stage ; and i dare boldly aver , that the theatre afforded him none of those learned arguments , by which of late he hath baffled the deist● and socinians . the bishop of salisbury , whose learning has made him famous , owes his education to a country where the stage never took root . — the late arch-bishop tillotson ow'd nothing of his great endowments to the theatre : and i question whether mr. lock and mr. newton , whose learning he mentions wi●h deserved applause , will give it under their hands , that they have had any benefit by it . — this venemous reflection , that none were encourag'd in the parliament times , but hypocritical fools , whose abominable canting was christned gift , and their dulness grace * , is no scandal from the pen of an ignorant libertine . it 's very well known , that some of them that are yet alive , such as dr. bates , mr. how , mr. also● , &c. are in general esteem by the learned men of all sides ; the two former were particularly resp●cted by the late arch-bishop tillotson for their great learning and worth ; and the latter is sufficiently known to the world for the accuteness of his pen , his admirable talent of preaching and universal learning . it 's need●ess to mention dr. owen , mr. baxter , mr. c●arnock and mr. pool deceased ; and i had almost forgot to mention the poly-glot , a laborious and learned work , the birth of which is owing to those times . in a word : the reflection is so malicious and ill grounded , that nothing can justifie my insisting so much upon it , but that it was necessary to answer a fool according to his folly , lest he should be wise in his own conceit . i come now to his second part. where in the first chapter he asserts with his usual confidence , that the stage is useful to the government ; which if true , the antient greeks and romans , who understood government the best of any people in the gentile world , were very much in the wrong when they banished the stage by the decree of the state ( as has been already mentioned ) and the government of england were mightily out in their measures in the time of king iames and charles i. when by act of parliament stage●players were declared rogues and vagabonds . if the stage be such a sovereign remedy against ambition and the immoderate love of pleasure , as mr. dennis would have it † , what unlucky stars were they that marr'd its influence , and prevented its curing of iulius caesar , nero and others of old , and three of our own successive kings of late ; who encouraged and frequented it more than any of their predecessors ? how came the jews to be so foully mistaken , as to think that the stage would over-turn their constitution , as i have already prov'd from iosephus , or did old samuel's spirit of prophecy forsake him when he recommended the perusal of the law of god to the kings of israel , as the properest method to keep them steady in their administration † : had there been such poets amongst them in those days , who ( as mr. dennis has it ) are sometimes by a spirit , not their own , exalted to divinity * . they would have prescribed tragedy , as the best remedy against their inconsiderate ambition and immoderate love of pleasure † . nothing , says mr. dennis , is more capable than tragedy , of raising the soul , and giving it that greatness , that courage , that force , and that constancy , which are the qualifications that make men deserve to command others ; which is evident from experience . for they who in all countries , and in all ages , have appeared most to feel the power of tragedy , have been the most deserving , and the greatest of men. aeschylus among the athenians was a great captain and tragick poet. sophocles an able states . man , and a victorious general . the very greatest among the romans were so far touch'd with the drama , as either to write their plays themselves , or to build their theatres ; witness scipio , lelius , lucullus , mecenas , iulius and augustus . none among the french has shew'd so much greatness of mind as richlieu ; and none so much passion for the drama , which was so great , that he writ several plays with that very hand which at the same time was laying the plan of the french universal monarchy . this is one of mr. dennis's raptures , when exalted to divinity , which inspir'd his pen with irresistible arguments : but i am afraid his divinity is not of the right stamp ; for had he look'd into the divine records , he would have found that moses , ioshua , iepthah , samson , david and others have far out-done all that he has nam'd , for greatness of courage , and qualifications for government , and yet never one of them saw a tragedy . hunniades , scanderbeg , tamerlan , zisca , gustavus adolphus , were equal for valour to any of his great samplars , and yet not one of 'em were inspir'd by the stage . then for the mighty richlieu , he was so far over-match'd by his own contemporary , oliver the stage-hater , that for all the courage of his tragical pen , he could not save himself nor his country from trembling , when the usurper roar'd . nor was the theatre able to cure his own ambition : but notwithstanding mr. dennis's probatum est , with the same hand that he wrote his plays , he laid the foundation of the hatefullest tyranny that europe hath known for several ages . i must also make bold to tell mr. dennis , that the countenance given to the stage by iulius caesar , pompey , and other aspiring romans , seems rather to have been the effect of their ambition , than propos'd as a cure for it , that by immersing the people in debanchery and pleasures , they should be render'd the less careful of their expiring liberties , which the senate being aware of , thought fit whilst they had any power left them , to cashier the stage ; and this being the opinion of the state , is more to be regarded than that of any particular person how great soever . it 's likewise worthy of our observation , that augustus himself , and severall other emperours who favour'd the stage , were sore'd to discharge it at last as a nursery of lewdness and villany . scipio nascica a great general , who by vote of the senate was declar'd the best man of the common-wealth , because of his extraordinary valour , prudence and morality , suppress'd the stage as destructive to the morals of the people . trajan , who if pliny may be credited , was one of the best roman emperours , did the like : and the emperour alexander severus , who was none of the worlt of them , withdrew the pensions of the players ; so that all that were great among the romans , were far from favouring the stage . the influence which mr. dennis ascribes to the stage , in preventing rebellions amongst the people † , is equally ridiculous with his other propositions . it 's but a few of the people at best , who have either time , opportunity or money to frequent the theatre ; so that by necessary consequence its influence can never be universal ; but besides , he is contradicted by matter of fact , the incouragement given to the stage here in england , could neither prevent the opposition made by the parliament and people to charles the i st , nor the plots of the papists against charles the iid . nor the revolt of the nation from the last k. iames. the stage in france could not prevent the rebellion against lewis xiv during his minority ; and it 's remarkable , that the protestants of that kingdom , who have declar'd against the theatre in a national council , as before mentioned , were his firmest friends . it 's pleasant to read how this stage panegyrist will in spite of history and common sense ascribe all the great things done by the greeks and romans to the influence of the stage † , when the states of both condemned them , as occasioning a dissolution of manners , which render'd them unfit either to defend themselves , or to conquer others . and themistocles in particular , who is one of the generals he mentions , had so low an opinion of the theatre , that he made a law against magistrates frequenting it , lest the common wealth should seem to play and loiter in the stage † . pericles , another of them , who was joint pretor with sophocles , rebuk'd his companion for beholding and commending a beautiful boy , telling him that wanton looks did not become a pretor * ; what would he have said then of the modern stage ? our author has forgot to mention alexander the great , the discipline and apparel , of whose army smelt nothing at all of the gawdy and lascivious theatre , and yet his conquests exceeded all those of the other greek captains he hath nam'd . then as to his roman instances , scipio africanus was so far from approving the follies of the stage , that he pitied the common-wealth , as drawing near its ruine , when he saw the children of the nobility bred up to dancing , and singing to the praise of stage-players , which their ancestors reckon'd disgraceful † ; and therefore his building , or rather advising a sort of reform as to the seats of the theatre , to distinguish the senators from the people , seems rather to have proceeded from a compliance with custom , and a design to humour the times , than from his approbation of stage-plays . besides , there 's no man acquainted with roman history , but must needs know that their theatres were applied to other uses , as publick orations , and the execution of malefactors ; so that the erecting of a theatre , will not always infer the approbation of the drama . pompey indeed built a theatre of stone after the former had been destroyed by scipio nasica , and to prevent its being demolish'd by the censors in time to come , erected a temple of venus on the top of it , which was no great proof that it was designed for a reformation of manners ; and this the senate was so sensible of , that they blam'd pompey for building his theatre , as i have said already . mr. dennis in the same ridiculous manner ascribes the union of the french , and their conquests to the influence of the drama , and the loss of their conquests to the ceasing of the spirit of dramatick poetry among 'em before the beginning of the last war † . but if he would be pleased to look back to the time of charlemaigne , who was a mortal enemy to the stage , he will find that france extended her conquests a great deal further then , under his conduct , than she has done by the influence of the drama under lewis xiv . and kept them longer too : and i would pray him to observe , that our own glorious sovereign king william , who hath oblig'd the french to resign their conquests , is no great admirer of the stage ; so that it 's something else than the drama that hath given him the ascendant over france . and the world must own that his courage and conduct , and qualifications for government are equal to any of those whom mr. dennis has mentioned , as the great patrons of the theatre . in his second chapter * , he would perswade the world , that the stage is particularly useful to the english and especially the present government , because the english are more prone to rebellion than any people upon the face of the earth ; and that we have been longer at quiet since the flourishing of the drama , than at any time before since the conquest ; and that the civil war was begun by those that were enemies to the stage . — so much for its usefulness to the english in general . then he proves its usefulness to this government in particular , because some of its friends would prove averse to it , if the stage were either suppress'd or very much discouraged , and that it diverts the enemies of the government , hinders their plotting , and frequenting iacobite conventicles . here 's another piece of civility to the nation again ; they are the greatest rebels on earth according to him ; but this i have answer'd already . that we have had more peace since the flourishing of the drama , than at any time since the conquest is false . it cannot be said to have flourished but since the restoration of charles ii. for it was restrained in queen elizabeths time , by act of parliament , and banished the city of london , ( as has been already said ) yet her 's was a long and a peaceable reign . stage-players were condemned as rogues in that of king iames , yet we had peace all his time . — but the unanswerable argument is this , those that rebell'd against charles i. were enemies to the stage : but if mr. dennis will be pleased to look back , he will find i have proved , that the incendiaries and fomenters of the civil war , were the friends of the stage , who taught rebellion against our constitution , set the king above all laws , and would have trod parliaments under foot , who are two thirds of our government , if the two states of lords and commons may be allowed that name . but if this will not do , what will mr. dennis reply , if i tell him , that those very men who were enemies to the stage , or at least their successors in principle and practice , who abhor the tyranny of , as much as mr. dennis abhors the rebellion on 't , are the firmest friends this government has : and here i 'll venture to say once for all , that it 's very dangerous to our present establishment to have the theatre manag'd by such kind of persons as our author and others , who exclaim with so much malice and ignora●●● against those very maxims , which contrib●●● 〈◊〉 the happy revolution ; for if resisting or dethroning a prince be in no case lawful , which is the common theme and known principle of most of the libellers against , it will by necessary consequence , condemn the revolution of . so very useful are some of the late advocates and authors for the stage to the present government ( i will not say all that have writ plays ) for i know that mr. tate , and some others , whose parts deserve a better imployment , are persons of generous english principles . our authors insinuation , that the suppression or discouraging of the stage , would create an aversion in any of the friends of the government to the present constitution , is so very silly , that certainly he must be ashamed of it himself upon second thoughts . — does he think that a prince of such courage and bravery as ours , puts any value upon the friendship or enmity of a parcel of men , who have been declared rogues and vagabonds by the statute , or that the nation would any way resent the overturning of the stage , which never had any continued footing nor settled incouragement among us , but under the reign of a luxurious prince , especially considering how instrumental it has been to the debauching of our youth ? does he think that the people , who have look'd on with satisfaction to see several of those non-jurant bishops turn'd out of their sees , though once they ador'd them , when petitioners against king iames's declaration , would bestow one sigh on the lew'd stage , though it were first pull'd down , and then built up again , to make its own funeral pile . the contrary would be so true that thousands of husbands , parents and masters , who have had their wives , children and servants debauched by it , would gladly throw up their hatts at such a bonfire , and lay such a curse upon those that should ever attempt to erect another stage , as ioshua laid upon the re-builder of iericho . the nation is brought to a delicate pass indeed , when we must not talk of overturning the stage , but a parcel of debauched wits will threaten the government . if the thing were worthy of his majesties notice , he might well answer in the words of augustus , formerly mentioned in the like case , that he had been powerful enough to make his enemies stoop , and is he not able now to banish iesters and fools . his next insinuation , that it diverts the iacobites , and prevents their plots and conventicles , is equally absur'd : let him but cast an eye up to westminster-hall , or the city gates , and there the heads and limbs of charnock , perkins and friend , &c. will tell him to his face that he 's mistaken . his answers to the objections from authority , in the third chapter , i shall pass over , as having said enough on that head already , in answer to others . and as for his pretence in the rest of his book , to shew the usefulness of the stage to the advancement of religion , it 's only a further proof of his vanity and intollerable confidence , seeing fathers , councils , and the best of divines in all ages have demonstrated the contrary ; to their arguments that i have quoted already , i refer him , and so bid him farewel . if he think that i have not used him with that smoothness that he might have expected , let him remember how he treated the whole nation as splenetick rebels , the parliament of england in . as traitors , and all the divines of those times as blockheads and hypocrites . cap. xx. the stage encouraged by the universities . i come next to consider the encouragement given to the stage by our universities ; which may also bear date from the reign of king charles i. for before that time , i find both of them had declared themselves against the theatre . dr. reynolds , in his book entituled , the overthrow of stage-plays † affirms , that the best and gravest divines in the university of oxford , condemned stage-plays by an express statute in a full convocation of the whole university in . whereby the use of all common-plays was expresly prohibited in the university , lest the younger sort who are prone to imitate all kinds of vice , being spectators of so many lewd and evil sports , as in them are practised , should be corrupted by them . and mr. prin informs us , † that the university of cambridge , enacted the like , that no common actors should be suffered to play within the jurisdiction of the university , for fear they should deprave the manners of the scholars . and whereas it was objected , that the universities approved of private stage-plays acted by scholars in private colledges ; dr. reynolds answe●s in the book above-mentioned , that tho' they conniv'd at them , yet they gave no publick approbation to them , that they were not receiv'd into all colledges , but only practised in some private houses ( perchance once in three or four years ) and that by the particular statutes of those houses made in times of popery , which require some latin comedies for learning sake , only to be acted now and then ; and those plays too were for t●e most part compos'd by idle persons , who d●● not affect better studies ; and they were acted 〈◊〉 such as preferr'd vain-glory , ostentation , and strutting on the stage before learning ; ● by such who were sent to the university , not so much to obtain knowledge , as to keep t●●m from the common riotous way of living ; ●s parents send little children to school to kee● them out of harms way ; and their spectators ● the most part were of the same sort , but the raver , better and more studious persons , especially divines , condemn'd them , censur'd them , and came not at them . thus we see that our universities formerly condemn'd the stage , and that they came afterwards to countenance them , must without doubt be ascribed to the influence of k. charles , i. and a. bishop laud ; for i find on aug. the th . . the students of christ-church in oxford presented a tragi-comedy call'd , the royal slave , to the k. and queen , which was afterwards presented again to their majesties at hampton-court ; and the d . edition printed at oxford , by william turner in . the gentlemen of trinity-colledge in cambridge did before that , viz. in . present a comedy to the king , call'd albumazar , printed at london by nicholas okes ; upon both which i shall make some remarks ; and first upon albumazar . remarks upon the universities plays before king charles i. the poet values himself in the prologue upon the dignity of his audience , but chiefly addresses himself to the ladies , whose beauties , he says , made the whole assembly glad . whether the play was altogether so pure and chast as became his majesties presence , the gravity of the university , and the modesty of the ladies we shall see afterwards ; but this very hint of the beauty of the ladies cheering the hearts of the assembly , will fall under our saviours reproof , of not looking upon a woman to lust after her , and is the very thing for which st. chrysostom declaims against plays , as we have heard already . nor can it be reconcileable to the purity of the christian religion , which hath set a bar upon our very looks , for men and women to haunt play-houses in order to ogle one another , as the stage-poets themselves now express it . then for the play it self . the dialogue betwixt albumazar , harpax and ronca where they applaud theft and robbery , as that which made the spartans valiant and arabia happy , and charge it on all trades and callings , tho' guilt with the smooth title of merchant , lawyer or the like , could have no natural tendency to teach moral honesty . whether it might have any design to justifie the after practices of levying money without consent of parliament , ex●orting loan money from merchants and tradesmen , as being only a better sort of thieves ; or to justifie plundering the country , as the histories of those times say was very usual amongst the king's soldiers afterwards , i know not , but the fable seems to carry some such moral , and the authority of an university would go a great way among libertines ; so that it could but be collected by the least innuendo , tho' never so much wrested . albumazar's insisting upon great necessity , as the cardinal virtue , and it being printed too in italick , would seem to strengthen the conjecture , especially seeing he goes on to represent all mankind as thieves ; and that the very members of man's body are fram'd by nature , so as to steal from one another , which is good enough authority for the head to steal from all the rest . the d scene , containing a discourse betwixt pandolfo , an old fellow of , in love with flavia , a girl of , and cricca his servant , is far from being chast. — i cannot imagine what edification it could afford to the audience to hear an old man insist upon his vigor and fitness for a young girl , and his servant on the other hand telling him , that one nights lodging would so much enfeeble him , as flavia would make him a cuckold . this seems more adapted to expose to laughter the dotage that old age is now and then subject to , and to justifie the disloyalty of a young wife so wedded , than to bewail or reprove such folly on both sides . it had been more becoming a supream magistrate to provide against such unsuitable matches by wholsom laws , than to have had them represented as the subject of mirth on a stage ; as it would have been more decent for an university to have given him such counsel , than to divert him with such ridiculous entertainment . the dialogue betwixt albumazar , pandolfo and cricca , [ about astrology ] is a meer rhapsody of studied nonsence , which looks very unlike the practice of christians , whose great law-giver tells them , they must be accountable for every idle word . the courtship betwixt trincalo a farmer , and armellina , pandolfo's maid ; — wherein trincalo compares himself to a lusty strong ass , and her to a wanton young filly , and that they should have a race of mules if she were willing ; is so very coarse and throws so much contempt upon the country farmers , who are so useful to the nation , that it can neither be reconciled to the maxims of christianity nor common policy . in short , the whole comedy is far from having any thing of a tendency to vertue in it , except reflections upon the city , as not affording a dozen of chast virgins , and the like on sheriffs and justices of peace as cheating and hectoring their neighbours , and representing country gentlemen , as minding nothing but wenching and drinking , and young gentlewomen talking smuttily of their amours , be vert●ous representations . if it be said as usual , that those vices are represented in order to make them be abhorr'd , and the guilty persons ashamed of them , it is easie to answer , that a supream magistrate is authoriz'd by god and the laws of his country , to punish those vices by the sword of justice , which will be ten times more effectual , than making them the subject of diversion on a stage . i come next to the royal slave , a tragi comedy , presented to the king and queen by the students of christ-church in oxford . the prologue to the king and queen is on the representation of one of the person magi , discovered in a temple worshipping the sun , and at the sight of a new majesty , he leaves the altar and addresseth himself to the throne . what moral this can include , is hard to determine , except it were that they had a mind to insinuate that it was no crime to sacrifice religion to the court , as too many of them attempted to do in reality , when they embrac'd doctrines , contrary to those of the church of england , for which some of them ( as laud , montague and others ) were censur'd by the parliament afterwards . in the prologue to the university , there 's a jerk at some that they call late damned books , and wich they hoped would inspire none of the university with a harsh opinion of the play , which they alledge was so innocent , that the ●ittle ruff or careless might be present at it , without fear , and they valued themselves highly upon the presence of their majesties , as giving life to the performance , and the king's servants spoke much in the same manner , when they presented it before them at hampton court. the first act represents a parcel of drunken ephesian captives , revelling in their chains , and calling for vvhere 's , but bidding their goaler and his wife be sure that they did not suffer any of the young students of the law to forestal the market . the goaler too has a jerk at the custom of singing psalms at the gallows . all which i humbly conceive was an entertainment no way suited to the royal majesty of a king , nor to the modesty of a queen : nor was it any thing for the credit of the nation , that the reins of publick discipline should be so far let loose as to suffer such practices amongst the young students of the law , if that was the moral of the fable . the rape attempted afterwards upon the persian queen and her ladies by those ephesian captives , and their lewd discourses from time to time , was no very good lesson , nor meet entertainment for a queen . and their bringing in the persian courtiers , yielding compleat obedience to cratander , a mock-king for three days , because arsamnes their prince commanded it , and at the same time divested himself of his authority for that space , seems to teach the slavish doctrine● so much then contended for by the court , that i● was unlawful to resist the king or any , having his commission under any pretence whatsoever , tho' he should ev'n overturn the foundations of their constitution , as here their counterfeit arsamnes did by making a captive king of persia. nay , and this play too which they pretend was so fram'd as it could give no offence to the gravity of the university or clergy , represents atossa the queen a little inclining to the taint of an unlawful amour with cratander the three-days●king , and him entertaining it also , tho' at the same time he is their chief pattern of vertue . indeed there 's praxaspis's saying in the second scene , that seemed to be a sa●yrical hint , ( tho' i cannot think , co●sidering the temper of the stage , that 't was so design'd ) viz. that when one of the ladies wondred that they had not chosen cratander a queen for company , to impe his reign . praxaspis answer'd , that the female sex was too imperious to rule , and would do as much harm in a kingdom , as a monkey in a glass-shop , move and remove till they had broken all . had her then majesty taken the hint and forborn medling with affairs of state , it 's probable that matters had not come to that fatal exit they did , which is one instance more to convince our advocates of the st●ge , that those who frequent and admire it most , are never reform'd by it . i shall forbear any further remarks upon those plays , these being enough to make good the charge , that our universities have encouraged the stage , which is so much the more criminal in ●hem , because they ought to instruct the nation by their example as well as their learning methinks the reverence they ow'd to the antient philosophers , fathers and councils , besides what our first reformers , the acts of parliament and those of their own convocations requir'd from them , should have restrained them . — but to the great misfortune of the nation , neither th●se nor any consideration whatever , were able to prevail with them ; so that the universities became infected with the contagion of the stage , and they being the nurseries of officers for the church and state it was no wonder , if the infection spread from them , all over the kingdom , especially being patroniz'd by the court and a. b. laud , and his faction of the church . this encourag'd particular students afterwards , such a ; barton holyd●y and gaspar main ( both of christ-church , oxford ) to write plays : the latter in his comedy , call'd , the amorous vvar , is so very foul and smutty that it may well deserve the name of down-right lewdness ; but it 's supposed he thought it attonement sufficient to jerk at the city and parliament , which he does there with abundance of more malice than wit. neither time nor room will now allow me to enquire into later instances of the theatres being encou●ag'd by the universities , but 't is to be fear'd there 's no great reform amongst them , as to this matter , which i am the more inclin'd to believe by the following prologue , which was spoke at a musick-act in the university of cambridge , about two years ago . prologue . the doctors being always much inclin'd to favor and instruct the female kind , out of their wonted goodness thought it meet , the ladies we in mother-tongue shou'd greet : for surely cambridge wou'd be much to blame , to let 'em go no wiser than they came : whom nature in so fine a mould hath wrought , so pliant and so yielding to be taught ; that in one minute any man may show , and teach 'em all their aged mothers know . yet do whate'er you can , they 'll have an itching for further knowledge , and some deeper teaching : pity such pregnant parts were not remov'd to colleges , and by some helps improv'd . bless us ! the age would be extream discerning , if all the females too were big with learning . i 'm sure our cambridge ladies know the art , can all the learned mystery impart ; when an old book-learn'd sybil , dry and lean , with hollow eyes , long phiz , and wither'd skin ; whose every tooth , but that of colt , is gone , can be caress'd by vig'rous twenty one ; and joy to her blest consort , married be , anno aetatis suae . and then — w'have a new trim'd lady posted down , to front the country , and oblige the town , who , tho' a love to learning she pretends , yet i susupect , since here i lately saw some of her well-dress'd am'rous temple-friends , she follows not the gospel but the law. bless'd cambridge ! where 't is hard to find a maid , except in some old reveren'd doctors bed ; for they , good men , to study much inclin'd , among the stars their nightily-pleasures find , whilst they on virgo all their hours bestow , the wife continues virgin still b — w. yet our professors — ( what pity 't is such follies shou'd miscarry ? wou'd got an act of parliament to marry . how wou'd you like a lover , who shou'd speak , and kiss , and sigh and compliment in greek ? from whose strong loins shou'd spring great tau's ( and sigma's , black princes , and a noble race of pigmies . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e * pref. to beauty in distress . defence of dramatick poetry . usefulness of the stage , &c. † mr. dennis in his usefulness of the stage . * valer. max. l. . c. . § . † iustin. cod. l. . tit. . de repud . & novella . . & . notes for div a -e † de spe●lac . c. . * hom. . in matt. † tertul. de spectaculis * defence of dramatick poetry . p. , . † de vita contemp. lib. . cap. . fol. . * epist. . c. . † de vita contemp. lib. . c. , , . † epist. l. . epist. , * cap. . † cor. . . † acts . , . * tit. . . * tim. . . † tim. . . * pag. . † pag. . * pag. . notes for div a -e a cons●itu . apost . l. . c. . b de recta edu . ad selucum . p. . c de i●ololat . c. ● . d in luc. lib. . v. . e epist. . cap. . and epist. . ad da●as . f de falsa relig. c. . . g de civit. dei. l. . c , . . h can. . * de regum institut . l. . p. . * mas●aus in vit. ignat. l. . ● . . † homil in ●ant . proem in ezech. * de vanit . scienti . cap. . * lib. de re●pub . . * cap. . notes for div a -e * page . † de civi● . dei. l. . c. . * ib. l. . c. . * ibid. l. . c. , * d● spe●●ac . cap. . to . † ib. art. . ad ●● ▪ art resp. prim● secundae , q. . art . . ad sextum secunda secundae , q. . art . , * beauty in distress , page . * hom. de david & saul . tom. . col. . de verbis isaiae , vidi d●m . h●m . . col. orat. . tom. . col. . † hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . * m●tth . . . * beauty in distress , p. xv. † cap. , , . and . * cap. . † cap. . * de spec●ac . c. . † ib. cap. . ‖ ibid. cap. . * ibid. cap. . † apol. adv . gent. c. . * de spect . c. . & . * ib. cap. , , . † ib. c. . * beauty in distress . pag. xvi . † epist. l. . epist. . eucratio . † lib. de spectac . ep. l. . ep. . donato . * de habitu virgin. pag. . * de spect . p. , * beauty in distress p. . † de ver● cultu . cap. . lib. . † div●n●rum instit. epitome , cap. . † de gubernati●ne dei , lib. . p. , . * ib. p. , . notes for div a -e can. . can. . can. . can. . can. . can. . can. , and . can. , and . can. , and . can. . can. . can. . can. . can. . can. . can. . * sess. . surius tom. . p. . * beauty in distress pag. . † can. . . surius , tom. . p. . * tertulli●n de spectaculis . eccles. hi●● l. . c. . notes for div a -e * mat. . . † exodus . . * vid. gerh. ioh. voss. de idol . l. . c. . * mat. . . † matthew . . * page . * rise and progress of religious societies . p. . * de causa dei l. . c. . coroll . . † dialog . l. . cap. . † poor mans library part . fol. , . * part . miscel. . prelect . . fol. , &c. notes for div a -e * p. , ▪ * psalm , . * page . defence of dramatick poetry . * page . * school of abuse . * convivium apud xenophon . oper. graec. lat. francofurti p. , &c. notes for div a -e * pag. . * defence of dramatick poetry pag. , , , , . * hist. mastix . p. . notes for div a -e * hom. . in mat. tom. . * de spect. ● , . † de spect. l. . ep. . ‖ paedagogi . l. . c. . * de rect● educatione ad seleucum p. . * annal. lib. . c. . * marcus aurelius . lib. . cap. . and lib . ●p . ●d lamber● † sueton in vit . nero. sect. , . * de circo . romano . c. . † variarum l. . epist. , . l. . ep. . and lib. . epist. . * holinshead . p. . n● . , & . ● . nevils hist. of ket's stirs . † cap. . notes for div a -e * de gloria atheniensium . † pag. . * lacon . institut . * pag. . * liv. l. . aug. de civit . dei l. c. , &c. and lib. . c. , & c.. † marcus aur. c. . † dien . cas●●● rom. 〈◊〉 . l , ● . † dia in vit . traja●● . * a●nal . li● . c. . † guevara his dial of princes . notes for div a -e † pag. . * zos●n . l. baron . spondan . a●no . §. . euseb. de vit . constan. lib. . cap. , . † eutrop. rer. rom. hist. l. . page . baron . spondan . an . sect. . chrysost. hom. . ad pop . antioch . * codex theodos●i . lib. . tit. . 〈◊〉 spect . lex . , . tit. . de scenici . lex . . spondan . epit. baron . an. . sect. . † iustin. cod. l. . tit. . de episc. lex . , . notes for div a -e * p. , &c. * lib. . c. . * polit. lib. . c. . n● . . and . lib. . c. . * page . * dial●g . ● , . * page . * lib. . about the middle . † tusculan . quest. lib near the end . de leg. lib. . the like . * pag. . † de consensu evangelistar . c. . * cap. . p. . † plutarchi solon . lacon ins●ituta . † page . † liv. dec . . l. . § . * p. , . * short view . p. . * natural quest. l. . † epist. . * pag. . † annal. lib. . § , . * plutarchi solon . pag. . * pluta●ohl apotheg . * plato , socrates , apolog . page . and diog. laert. l. . notes for div a -e * pag. ● * . hom. on mat. notes for div a -e * valerius maximus lib. . c. . §. . suet. in triberius * ad seleuc. de recta educatione . † hom. in matth. . * epist. l. epist. . donato . † de civit. dei l. . c. * de vit . in christol . . † de repub lib. . c. . * notae in aug. de civ . dei , l. . c. † plays confuted , and school of abuse . notes for div a -e † pag. . † tertul. de spec. c. . * ●ap . . † cap. . † cap. . * cap. . † cap. . † pag. . * iob c. . . * k. . † page . * hi●●r . mastix † his eng. gentlewoman printed in p. , &c. † pag. . * histr . mastix pag. . * preface to beauty in distress p. , , &c. notes for div a -e * pag. . * iosephus antiq. iud lib. . c. . * defence of dramatick poetry . p. . † pag. , . † pag. . * iohn . ● . † p. , . * from page , to . notes for div a -e * prov. . ver . . † tim. . ver . , . † eph. . . thes. . . † preface to campaigners , p. . * ibid. p. . * ibid. p. . † cor. . ver . . notes for div a -e * pag. , . † psa. . ● . * cor. . . * rom. . . † p. . , &c. * ecclesiastes ●hroughout joh. . . ro. . . col. . , ● gal. . . tim. . tit. . . jam. . . luk. . . col. . ● . mat. . . tim. . . pro. . . ro. . . col. . . col. . . eph. . . tim. . . * cor. . , . † heb. . verse . eph. . . † page . † page . † page . † page . * page . † p. . † p. . † page . † p. . † p. , . * page , , . * athenaeus , dipnosoph . lib. . c. . † plutarch . roman . quaest. quest. . * de spectae . † hon. . ad pop. antioche●um . * plutarch . de gloria ●theniensium & sympos . 〈◊〉 . . † athaeneus dipnos . l. . * plutarch . amar. pag. . † p. , . * instit. orat. ● . . c. , * epist. ● . c. . * page . * tusculan quaest. l. . † despectac c. . * bib. hist. l. . § ● . † de orator . dia. , , 〈◊〉 . * page . † page . † deu. . . * pag. . † * pag. . † page . † p. , &c. † plutarch in vita themist . * io. sarisb . nug. cunal . lib. . cap. . † salust 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"> <teiheader> <filedesc> <titlestmt> <title>love's kingdom a pastoral trage-comedy : not as it was acted at the theatre near lincolns-inn, but as it was written, and since corrected / by richard flecknoe ; with a short treatise of the english stage, &amp;c. by the same author.</title> <author>flecknoe, richard, d. ?</author> </titlestmt> <editionstmt> <edition>this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the <ref target="http;//estc.bl.uk">english short title catalog</ref> (wing f ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with <ref target="http://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/">morphadorner</ref>. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.</edition><respstmt><resp>this text has not been fully proofread</resp><name/></respstmt></editionstmt> <extent>approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images.</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>earlyprint project</publisher> <pubplace>evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo</pubplace> <date> </date> <idno type="dlps">a </idno> <idno type="stc">wing f </idno> <idno type="stc">estc r </idno> <idno type="eebo-citation"> </idno> <idno type="oclc">ocm </idno> <idno type="vid"> </idno> <availability> <p> this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of <ref target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/ . /">creative commons . universal</ref> . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. </p> </availability> </publicationstmt> <seriesstmt> <title>early english books online.</title> </seriesstmt> <notesstmt> <note>(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a )</note> <note>transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set )</note> <note>images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : )</note> </notesstmt> <sourcedesc> <biblfull> <titlestmt> <title>love's kingdom a pastoral trage-comedy : not as it was acted at the theatre near lincolns-inn, but as it was written, and since corrected / by richard flecknoe ; with a short treatise of the english stage, &amp;c. by the same author.</title> <author>flecknoe, richard, d. ?</author> </titlestmt> <extent>[ ], , [ ] p.</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>printed by r. wood for the author,</publisher> <pubplace>london :</pubplace> <date> .</date> </publicationstmt> <notesstmt> <note>reproduction of original in huntington library.</note> <note>an alteration of the author's love's dominion.</note> <note>"a short discourse of the english stage": p. 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-a- ">,</pc> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="filena" pos="n g-nn" reg="filena's" xml:id="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">filena's</w> <w lemma="dead" pos="j" reg="dead" xml:id="a - -a- ">dead</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pal." pos="n-ab" reg="pal." xml:id="a - -a- ">pal.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="soft" pos="j" reg="soft" xml:id="a - -a- ">soft</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="soft" pos="j" reg="soft" xml:id="a - -a- ">soft</w> <w lemma="filena" pos="n -nn" reg="filena" xml:id="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">filena</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'de</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - -a- ">know</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - -a- ">th'</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - -a- ">thing</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvd" reg="called" xml:id="a - -a- ">call'd</w> <w lemma="die" pos="vvg" reg="dying" xml:id="a - -a- ">dying</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvz" reg="goes" xml:id="a - -a- ">goes</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - -a- ">so</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="every" pos="d" reg="every" xml:id="a - -a- ">every</w> <w lemma="coward" pos="n " reg="coward" xml:id="a - -a- ">coward</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="valiant" pos="j" reg="valiant" xml:id="a - -a- ">valiant</w> <w lemma="enough" pos="av_d" reg="enough" xml:id="a - -a- ">enough</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="talk" pos="vvi" reg="talk" xml:id="a - -a- ">talk</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - -a- ">death</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvz" reg="comes" xml:id="a - -a- ">comes</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - -a- ">th'</w> <w lemma="proof" pos="n " reg="proof" xml:id="a - -a- ">proof</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="hearts" xml:id="a - -a- ">hearts</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="fail" pos="vvi" reg="fail" xml:id="a - -a- ">fail</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="you" pos="png" reg="yours" xml:id="a - -a- ">yours</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="doubt" pos="n " reg="doubt" xml:id="a - -a- ">doubt</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - -a- ">too</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="wherefore" pos="crq-cs" reg="wherefore" xml:id="a - -a- ">wherefore</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j" reg="dear" xml:id="a - -a- ">dear</w> <w lemma="filena" pos="n -nn" reg="filena" xml:id="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">filena</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'le</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - -a- ">gone</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="fear" pos="vvi" reg="fear" xml:id="a - -a- ">fear</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - -a- ">here</w> <w lemma="alone" pos="av_j" reg="alone" xml:id="a - -a- ">alone</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvn" reg="spoken" xml:id="a - -a- ">spoken</w> <w lemma="scornful" pos="av_j" reg="scornfully" xml:id="a - -a- ">scornfully</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="�xit" pos="fw-la" reg="�xit" xml:id="a - -a- ">�xit</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fi." pos="n-ab" reg="fi." xml:id="a - -a- ">fi.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="cruel" pos="j" reg="cruel" xml:id="a - -a- ">cruel</w> <w lemma="palemon" pos="n -nn" reg="palemon" xml:id="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">palemon</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">is</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="enough" pos="av_d" reg="enough" xml:id="a - -a- ">enough</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - -a- ">thou</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="refuse" pos="vv " reg="refusest" xml:id="a - -a- ">refusest</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="scorn" pos="vvi" reg="scorn" xml:id="a - -a- ">scorn</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - -a- ">too</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="endure" pos="vvn" reg="endured" xml:id="a - -a- ">endur'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - -a- ">one</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="av_j" reg="nobly" xml:id="a - -a- ">nobly</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvn" reg="born" xml:id="a - -a- ">born</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="better" pos="av_j" reg="better" xml:id="a - -a- ">better</w> <w lemma="suffer" pos="vvi" reg="suffer" xml:id="a - -a- ">suffer</w> <w lemma="injury" pos="n " reg="injury" xml:id="a - -a- ">injury</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="scorn" pos="n " reg="scorn" xml:id="a - -a- ">scorn</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - -a- ">say</w> <w lemma="wretch" pos="n " reg="wretch" xml:id="a - -a- ">wretch</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - -a- ">am</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-q" reg="how" xml:id="a - -a- ">how</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - -a- ">com</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - -a- ">these</w> <w lemma="high" pos="j" reg="high" xml:id="a - -a- ">high</w> <w lemma="thought" pos="n " reg="thoughts" xml:id="a - -a- ">thoughts</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - -a- ">one</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvn" reg="fallen" xml:id="a - -a- ">faln</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="low" pos="av_j" reg="low" xml:id="a - -a- ">low</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'me</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="engage" pos="vvn" reg="engaged" xml:id="a - -a- ">engag'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - -a- ">ever</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - -a- ">does</w> <w lemma="befall" pos="vvi" reg="befall" xml:id="a - -a- ">befall</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="slave" pos="n " reg="slaves" xml:id="a - -a- ">slaves</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="suffer" pos="vvi" reg="suffer" xml:id="a - -a- ">suffer</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - -a- ">all</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - -a- ">exit</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - -b- ">enter</w> <w lemma="pamphilus" pos="n -nn" reg="pamphilus" xml:id="a - -b- ">pamphilus</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="look" pos="vvg" reg="looking" xml:id="a - -b- ">looking</w> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - -b- ">after</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - -b- ">her</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pam." pos="n-ab" reg="pam." xml:id="a - -b- ">pam.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">then</w> <w lemma="credit" pos="vvb" reg="credit" xml:id="a - -b- ">credit</w> <w lemma="gain" pos="vvi" reg="gain" xml:id="a - -b- ">gain</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exeunt" pos="fw-la" reg="exeunt" xml:id="a - -b- ">exeunt</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - -b- ">enter</w> <w lemma="palemon" pos="n -nn" reg="palemon" xml:id="a - -b- ">palemon</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pal." pos="n-ab" reg="pal." xml:id="a - -b- ">pal.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - -b- ">way</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="fair" pos="j" reg="fair" xml:id="a - -b- ">fair</w> <w lemma="bellinda" pos="n -nn" reg="bellinda" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">enter</w> <w lemma="bellinda" pos="n -nn" reg="bellinda" xml:id="a - -b- ">bellinda</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="filena" pos="n -nn" reg="filena" xml:id="a - -b- ">filena</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="polydor." pos="n -nn" reg="polydor." xml:id="a - -b- ">polydor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- "/> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - -b- ">where</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - -b- ">she</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvz" reg="comes" xml:id="a - -b- ">comes</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="fare" pos="vvz" reg="fares" xml:id="a - -b- ">fares</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">pam.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="stand" pos="vvi" reg="stand" xml:id="a - -b- ">stand</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - -b- ">here</w> <w lemma="conceal" pos="vvn" reg="concealed" xml:id="a - -b- ">conceal'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="observe" pos="vvb" reg="observe" xml:id="a - -b- ">observe</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - -b- ">them</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - -b- ">say</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="women" xml:id="a - -b- ">women</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - -b- ">when</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="alone" pos="av_j" reg="alone" xml:id="a - -b- ">alone</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="put" pos="vvd" reg="put" xml:id="a - -b- ">put</w> <w lemma="off" pos="acp-av" reg="off" xml:id="a - -b- ">off</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="modesty" pos="n " reg="modesties" xml:id="a - -b- ">modesties</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - -b- ">shu'd</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="glad" pos="j" reg="glad" xml:id="a - -b- ">glad</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - 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-a- ">to</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="despair" pos="vvi" reg="despair" xml:id="a - -a- ">despair</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - -a- ">dye</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="am." pos="n-ab" reg="am." xml:id="a - -a- ">am.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="whither" pos="crq-q" reg="whither" xml:id="a - -a- ">whither</w> <w lemma="tend" pos="vvz" reg="tends" xml:id="a - -a- ">tends</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="discourse" pos="n " reg="discourse" xml:id="a - -a- ">discourse</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="wonder" pos="vvb" reg="wonder" xml:id="a - -a- ">wonder</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">?</pc> </p> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fi." pos="n-ab" reg="fi." xml:id="a - 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-a- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - -a- ">can</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="j-c" reg="worse" xml:id="a - -a- ">worse</w> <w lemma="condition" pos="n " reg="condition" xml:id="a - -a- ">condition</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - -a- ">am</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="cast" pos="vvb" reg="cast" xml:id="a - -a- ">cast</w> <w lemma="down" pos="acp-av" reg="down" xml:id="a - -a- ">down</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="low" pos="j" reg="low" xml:id="a - -a- ">low</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="power" pos="n " reg="power" xml:id="a - -a- ">power</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - -a- ">fortune</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - -a- ">e're</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="cast" pos="vvi" reg="cast" xml:id="a - -a- ">cast</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="low" pos="av-c_j" reg="lower" xml:id="a - -a- ">lower</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="polydor." pos="n -nn" reg="polydor." xml:id="a - -a- ">polydor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- "/> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pol." pos="n-ab" reg="pol." xml:id="a - -a- ">pol.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">what</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - -a- ">here</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">?</pc> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="quarrel" pos="n " reg="quarrel" xml:id="a - -a- ">quarrel</w> <w lemma="towards" pos="acp-p" reg="towards" xml:id="a - -a- ">tow'rds</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="peace" pos="n " reg="peace" xml:id="a - -a- ">peace</w> <w lemma="disturb" pos="vvn" reg="disturbed" xml:id="a - -a- ">disturb'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="offensive" pos="j" reg="offensive" xml:id="a - -a- ">offensive</w> <w lemma="sword" pos="n " reg="swords" xml:id="a - -a- ">swords</w> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - -b- ">th'</w> <w lemma="uncivil" pos="j" reg="uncivil" xml:id="a - -b- ">uncivil</w> <w lemma="arbitrer" pos="n " reg="arbitrers" xml:id="a - -b- ">arbitrers</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="civil" pos="j" reg="civil" xml:id="a - -b- ">civil</w> <w lemma="strife" pos="n " reg="strife" xml:id="a - -b- ">strife</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="already" pos="av" reg="already" xml:id="a - -b- ">already</w> <w lemma="draw" pos="vvn" reg="drawn" xml:id="a - -b- ">drawn</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="threaten" pos="vvg" reg="threatening" xml:id="a - -b- ">threatning</w> <w lemma="each" pos="d" reg="each" xml:id="a - -b- ">each</w> <w lemma="other" pos="pig_d" reg="others" xml:id="a - -b- ">others</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - -b- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="guard" pos="n " reg="guards" xml:id="a - -b- ">guards</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-q" reg="where" xml:id="a - -b- ">where</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - -b- ">there</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - -b- ">exit</w> <w lemma="hasty" pos="av_j" reg="hastily" xml:id="a - -b- ">hastily</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="phi." pos="n-ab" reg="phi." xml:id="a - -b- ">phi.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="descry" pos="vvn" reg="descried" xml:id="a - -b- ">discry'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-cs" reg="before" xml:id="a - -b- ">before</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - -b- ">come</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="quarrel" pos="n " reg="quarrel" xml:id="a - -b- ">quarrel</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - -b- " type="contract ">let</w> <w xml:id="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="decide" pos="vvi" reg="decide" xml:id="a - -b- ">decide</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pal." pos="n-ab" reg="pal." xml:id="a - -b- ">pal.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - -b- ">do</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - -b- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'l</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - -b- ">how</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="blunt" pos="av_j" reg="bluntly" xml:id="a - -b- ">bluntly</w> <w lemma="fight" pos="vvi" reg="fight" xml:id="a - -b- ">fight</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - -b- ">first</w> <w lemma="consider" pos="vvb" reg="consider" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">their</w> <w lemma="courage" pos="n " reg="courages" xml:id="a - -b- ">courages</w> <w lemma="whet" pos="vvn" reg="whetted" xml:id="a - -b- ">whetted</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - -b- " type="contract ">by</w> <w xml:id="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - -b- ">more</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="phi." pos="n-ab" reg="phi." xml:id="a - -b- ">phi.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="unto" pos="acp-p" reg="unto" xml:id="a - -b- ">unto</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="consider" pos="vvg" reg="considering" xml:id="a - -b- ">considering</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - -b- ">like</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="weak" pos="j" reg="weak" xml:id="a - -b- ">weak</w> <w lemma="oppose" pos="vvg" reg="opposing" xml:id="a - -b- ">opposing</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="bank" pos="n " reg="bank" xml:id="a - -b- ">bank</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="dike" pos="j" reg="dike" xml:id="a - -b- ">dike</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="unto" pos="acp-p" reg="unto" xml:id="a - -b- ">unto</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="torrent" pos="n " reg="torrents" xml:id="a - -b- ">torrents</w> <w lemma="rage" pos="n " reg="rage" xml:id="a - -b- ">rage</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="y'oppose" pos="vvb" reg="y'oppose" xml:id="a - -b- ">y'oppose</w> <pc xml:id="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="rage" pos="j_vg" reg="raging" xml:id="a - -b- ">raging</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="impetuous" pos="j" reg="impetuous" xml:id="a - -b- ">impetuous</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="grow" pos="vvz" reg="grows" xml:id="a - -b- ">grows</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="fight" pos="zz" reg="fight" xml:id="a - -b- ">fight</w> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="zz" reg="enter" xml:id="a - -b- ">enter</w> <w lemma="polydor" pos="zz" reg="polydor" xml:id="a - -b- ">polydor</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="guards" pos="zz" reg="guards" xml:id="a - 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-a- ">woman</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">they</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'l</w> <w lemma="lie" pos="vvi" reg="lie" xml:id="a - -a- ">lie</w> <w lemma="quiet" pos="av_j" reg="quietly" xml:id="a - -a- ">quietly</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - -a- ">yet</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="methinks" pos="vvb" reg="methinks" xml:id="a - -a- ">methinks</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - -a- ">shud</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvi" reg="know" xml:id="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="lydia" pos="n -nn" reg="lydia" xml:id="a - -a- ">lydia</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lyd." pos="n -nn" reg="lyd." xml:id="a - -a- ">lyd.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="news" pos="n " reg="news" xml:id="a - -a- ">news</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - -a- ">yet</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="strange" pos="j" reg="strange" xml:id="a - -a- ">strange</w> <pc xml:id="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">to</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvi" reg="say" xml:id="a - -b- ">say</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - -b- ">more</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </p> <trailer xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="finis" pos="fw-la" reg="finis" xml:id="a - -b- ">finis</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -b- ">.</pc> </trailer> </div> </body> <back xml:id="a -t-b"/> </text> </tei> whereas complaint hath often been made to us that divers persons do rudely press and with evil language and blows force their way into our theatres ... at the time of their public representations and actings, without paying the price established ... england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) whereas complaint hath often been made to us that divers persons do rudely press and with evil language and blows force their way into our theatres ... at the time of their public representations and actings, without paying the price established ... england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . broadside. printed by the assigns of john bill and christopher barker ..., london : . at head of page: charles r. "given at our court at whitehall the second day of february in the twenty sixth year of our reign." reproduction of original in the cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng theater audiences -- england. great britain -- history -- charles ii, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion c r diev et mon droit honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms charles r. whereas complaint hath often been made unto vs , that divers persons do rudely press , and with evil language and blows force their way into our theatres , ( called the theatre royal in bridges-street , and the dukes theatre in dorset-garden ) at the time of their publick representations and actings , without paying the price established at both the said theatres , to the great disturbance of our servants , licenced by our authority , as well as others , and to the danger of the publick peace : our will and pleasure therefore is , and we do hereby straightly charge and command , that no person of what quality soever , do presume to come into either of the said theatres before and during the time of acting , and until the plays are quite finished , without paying the price established for the respective places . and our further command is , that the money which shall be so paid by any persons for their respective places , shall not be return'd again , after it is once paid , notwithstanding that such persons shall go out at any time before or during the play ; and ( to avoid future fraud ) that none hereafter shall enter the pit , first , or upper gallery , without delivering to the respective door-keeper the ticket or tickets which they received for their money paid at the first door . and forasmuch as 't is impossible to command those vast engines ( which move the scenes and machines ) and to order such a number of persons as must be employed in works of that nature , if any but such as belong thereunto , be suffer'd to press in amongst them ; our will and command is , that no person of what quality soever , presume to stand or sit on the stage , or to come within any part of the scenes , before the play begins , while 't is acting , or after 't is ended ; and we strictly hereby command our officers and guard of souldiers which attend the respective theatres , to see this order exactly observ'd . and if any person whatsoever shall disobey this our known pleasure and command , we shall proceed against them as contemners of our royal authority , and disturbers of the publick peace . given at our court at whitehall the second day of february in the twenty sixth year of our reign . london , printed by the assigns of john bill and christopher barker , printers to the kings most excellent majesty . . maxims and reflections upon plays (in answer to a discourse, of the lawfullness and vnlawfullness of plays. printed before a late play entituled, beauty in distress.) written in french by the bp. of meaux. and now made english. the preface by another hand. maximes et réflexions sur la comédie. english. bossuet, jacques bénigne, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing b estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) maxims and reflections upon plays (in answer to a discourse, of the lawfullness and vnlawfullness of plays. printed before a late play entituled, beauty in distress.) written in french by the bp. of meaux. and now made english. the preface by another hand. maximes et réflexions sur la comédie. english. bossuet, jacques bénigne, - . collier, jeremy, - . [ ], , - , [ ] p. printed for r. sare, at grays-inn gate, in holborne, london : . text and register are continuous despite pagination. a translation of: bossuet, jacques bénigne. maximes et réflexions sur la comédie. occasioned by lettre d'un théologien consulté par l'auteur pour savoir si la comédie puet être permise, which has been attributed to francesco caffaro. with a table of contents and a final advertisement leaf. reproduction of the original in the british library. augustan reprint society: preface only. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng caffaro, francesco, ca. - . -- lettre d'un théologien consulté par l'auteur pour savoir si la comédie puet être permise. theater -- religious aspects -- early works to . theator -- moral and ethical aspects -- early works to . theater -- france -- history -- th century -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - rina kor sampled and proofread - rina kor text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion maxims and reflections upon plays . ( in answer to a discourse , of the lawfullness and unlawfullness of plays . printed before a late play entituled , beauty in distress . ) written in french by the bp. of meaux . and now made english . the preface by another hand . london , printed for r. sare , at grays-inn gate , in holborne . . the preface the charge drawn up by mr. collier , against the english stage hath obliged the persons concerned in it , to use all possible methods for their own vindication . but their endeavours of this kind have been such as seem to have done no great service to their cause . the natural reflection , arising upon the present state of the controversy , is , that , when persons so nearly concerned and so well qualified , to say all that the case will bear , have yet been able to say so little to the main points of the accusation brought . against them , the only effectual reply would be either to write no more for the stage , or to write for it after quite another manner , than of late hath been done . they that have attempted to answer the view are in good hands already . but sin●…e other succours are called in from abroad , 't is fit the world should know , that this reserve too hath been already defeated in it's own countrey . and that we ought not to be imposed upon here in england , with an adversary , whose arguments have been not only confuted and scorned by others , but also retracted by him●…elf , at home . that moroseness of humour , which some in great good manners have of late been pleased to fix upon the english as their peculiar character , might possiby be thought to dispose us to a blameable extreme of rigor in these matters . and therefore a forreign authority was artificially enough brought in , to reproach our pretended niceness and austerity . but when the arguments of this reply are observed to carry the point as high , as even the so much upbraided view it self ; all but the willfully blind must see , that even the gayeties of france could not endure the corruptions of the modern theatres . and that the complaints against such detestable abuses are not due to any quality of the climate , or particular turn o●… temper ; but to the common and uniform principles of christianity and virtue , which are the same in every nation , professing to be governed by them . to give that discourse a better face , it is introduced by way of letter from a worthy divine ▪ of the church of england ; and published before a late play called beauty in distress . t is said to be approved , and recommended by that reverend person , for the satisfying some scruples , whether a man may lawfully write for the stage . for a full resolution whereof the doubting poet is referred to this discourse , as that which is presumed to come fully up to his purpose . but we are not told , whether the divine or the poet , or who else was the translator of this discourse : or whether that worthy friend perused it in french , or in english only . which yet in the present case are material circumstances , and such as ought not to have been concealed , for two reasons particularly , which i hold my self obliged to give the reader intimation of . the first is , that the following reply produces and answers some passages of the french discourse , not to be found in the english. and these not only expressions or single sentences , but entire arguments . such is that of plays being a diversion suitable to the design of instituting the sabbath . such again that which justufies the acting them the whole lent throughout . now this manner of dealing is not exactly agreable with that impartiality and freedom promised in the beginning of the worthy divines letter . and therefore i can very hardly be perswaded , that one of that character and function , had the forming of the discourse , in the manner it now appears before mr. m`s . play. the other reason , why i suspect the discourse not to be translated , or indeed so throughly approved , by a divine of the church of england , is , that , even in what does appear there , he speaks very favourably of acting plays upon sundays . now admitting , that all the profession are not such sowr criticks as mr. collier , yet this is a liberty , which i do not remember to have heard , that any modern divines of that church allow . and whatever the poet's friend may be in his esteem , i shrewdly suspect , that ▪ he would hardly pass for a very worthy divine , who should so far countenance these diversions , as to let them into a share of that holyday , dedicated to the worship and more immediate service of almighty god. one would not hastily question testimonies in matters of fact , where there appears any probable arguments to support them . and therefore i am far from objecting against the knowledge and integrity of the booksellers called in to vouch for that letter , but withall i must beg leave to think it strange , that a person of learning and character should so incautiously espouse a discourse , and recommend it for the direction of a gentleman's conscience , who consulted him for advice ; the reasoning whereof is not only so weak and superficiall , but grounded upon misconstruction in some , and misrepresentation in other authorities cited by it . methinks these ought to have been well examined , before a man had so perfectly gone in to the consequences drawn from them : such of them at least as are exceeding obvious , and might have been detected by recurring to books , which almost every divine hath ready at hand . in this translated reply the reader will not have cause to complain of such neglect . the passages out of thom : aquinas , st. jerom , and some others , have been diligently compared , and the originals faithfully inserted in most material points . and i cannot but wish , that this book , extant at paris ever since , had fallen into the hands of this doubting gentleman , instead of that discourse , which it was intended to confute : that neither the translator , nor his friend the worthy divine , might have given themselves the trouble of a vindication of plays ; so reproachfully treated , and so substantially answered , that one would wonder it should have the confidence to appear in english afterwards , to tempt the same scorn here , when followed cross the seas by the bishop of meaux . by some expressions , i confess one might be apt to think , that the author of the discourse was not perfecty known . but of that no reasonable doubt can remain , when we find the replyer to bave retracted : and submitted to the censure of the church , why the author expresses himself in terms so soft and general i undertake not to determine . he might in tenderness forbear his adversarys name ; he might be content to look upon him as an unwary publisher , rather than the writer ; and , after submission made , might charitably desire , as far as might be , to cover his reproach . it suffices , that the opinions in the book be confuted , and exposed to shame ; and when this is done in the punishment of the reputed author , the matter is not great , if the name from thenceforth be forgotten . if mons'r . caffaro had the hardiness to assert a tract so unworthy his character , his answerer would not add perhaps to the scandall , when that shame had been taken to himself , with a remorse becoming the fact. but be this how it will , censures , we know , are not inslicted upon indefinite some-bodies ; that such were inflicted , and a retractation made , the very first period is peremptory : and i hope the bp. of meaux , and his manner of writing , are at least as credible an evidence of this , as the booksellers can be allowed to be , of that letter being genuine , which refers mr. m's conscience to the discourse for satisfaction . i am heartily glad , if the plays written by that ingenious gentleman are so chast and inoffensive , as he declares them to be . the rather , because the success he mentions overthrows that frivolous pretence , of the poets lying under a necessity of writing lewdly in order to please the town . and if this gentleman do yet retain the same tenderness of doing nothing for gain or glory , which does not strictly become him : if he be still as desirous to be satisfied what does , or does not , become him to do , with regard to the matter in hand , as i ought to presume he was , when he consulted his friend , i would make it my request , that this reply may be seriously and impartially considered . and i cannot but hope , that it may disabuse him of the errours the discourse might lead him into , and i am much mistaken , if , upon these terms , he ever writes for the stage any more . prejudice and passion , vain glory and profit , not reason , and virtue , and the common good , seem but too plainly to support this practice , and the defence of it , as the matter is at present managed among us . and a person of mr. m's parts and attainments cannot be at a loss , for much nobler subjects to employ them upon . a popular one perhaps it may be , but sure a wilder suggestion , never was offered to men of common sense , than , that if the stage be damned , the art used by moses , and david , and solomon , must be no more . are we fallen into an age so incapable of distinguishing , that there should be no visible difference left between the excellencies and the abuse of any art ? no. mr : ●…ryden himself hath taught us better . we will have all due regard for the author of absalom and achitophel , and several other pieces of just renown , and should admire him for a rich vein of poetry , though he had never written a play in his whole life . nor shall we think our selves obliged to burn the translation of virgil by vertue of that sentence , which seems here to be pronounced upon that of the fourth book of lucretius the world , i suppose , are not all agreed , that there is but one sort of poetry ; and as far from allowing , that the dramatick , is that one. they who write after those divine , patterns of moses &c : will be no whit the less poets , though there were not a theatre left upon the face of the earth ; their honours will be more deserved , their laurells more verdant and lasting , when blemished . with none of those reproaches from others , or their own breasts , which are due to the corrupters of mankind , and such are all they , who soften men's abhorrence of vice , and cherish their dangerous passions . to tell us then , that all , even divine , poetry must be silenced and for ever lost , when the play-houses are once shut up , is to impose too grossely upon our understandings . and their sophistry bears hard , methinks , upon profaneness , which insinuates the hymns dictated by the holy spirit , of god , to be so nearly related to the modern compositions for the stage , that both must of necessity stand and fall together . if poetry have of late sunk in its credit , that misfortune is owing to the degenerate and mercenary pens , of some who have set up for the great masters of it . no man i presume , is for exterminating that noble art , no not even in the dramatick part ; provided it can be effectually reformed . but if the reformation of the stage be no longer practicable , reason good that the incurable evil should be cut off : if it be practicable , let the persons concerned give evidence of it to the world , by tempering their wit so , as to render it serviceable to virtuous purposes , without giving just offence to wise , and good men . for it is not the pretence of a good design which can free the undertakers from blame , unless the goodness of the end and intention be seconded with a ●…rudent management of the means . and if matters once should come to that extremity , better and much more becoming of the two , no doubt it were , that our maker's praises should be sunk into prose ( as this ingenious person phrases it ) than that in the midst of a christian city , that maker should be six days in seven publickly insulted and blasphemed in poetry . a table of the chapters . chap. i. the occasion and design of this little tract ; written in reference to a discourse , concerning the lawfullness and unlawfullness of plays . . chap. ii. the true state of this question what . . chap. iii. whether our modern plays be really so blameless , as the author of the discourse would make us believe . . chap. iv. whether it be true , that the representation of the pleasing passions excite the like in us , no otherwise than by accident only . . chap. v. whether the modern plays purify sen suall love , by making it at last conclude in , and tend to marriage , . chap. vi. what we ought to think of those play-house marriages . . chap. vii . the authors own words cited , and the advantage he makes of confessions . . chap. viii . the publick and private faults in plays . dangerous and imperceptible dispositions to vice. ; concupiscence cherished and diffused through all the senses . . chap. ix . that those who frequent plays ought to be afraid not only of the evil they do themselve , but the scandal which they give to others by this means . . chap. x. a difference to be made between the dangers we seek and run into and those which we cannot avoid . . chap. xi . whether the laws which tolerate plays are a good argument to be brought in vindication of them . . chap. xii . concerning the authority of the fathers . . chap. xiii . whether the laity can be excused in frequenting plays , upon this pretence , that the canons which prohibit it make mention of the clergy only . a memorable canon of the third council of tours . . chap. xiv . an answer to that objection , that some diversions are necessary for mankind . that such diversions , as proceed from a representation of the agreable passions , are disallowed by the philosophers themselves . the noble principles of plato . . chap. xv. the tragedy of the antients , though much more grave and serious than ours , condemned by the principles of that philosopher . . chap. xvi . comicall and ridiculing compositions disallowed by the principles of the same plato . . chap. xvii . that women were not suffered to appear upon the stage of the antients . . chap. xviii . aristotles opinion in this matter . . chap. xix . another principle of plato upon the same subject . . chap. xx. the scriptures silent in the matter of publick shews , and why , no such in use among the iews . . how they are condemned in the holy scripture . two passages of st. john and st. paul. chap. xxi . a reflexion upon the book of canticles and musick in churches . . chap. xxii . st. thomas aquinas his doctrine upon this occasion examined and explained . . chap. xxiii . the first and second reflection upon st. thomas his doctrine . . chap. xxiv . the third reflection upon st. thomas his doctrine . some passages out of this holy and eminent casuist concerning buffoonery . . chap. xxv . the fourth and fifth and sixth reflections . an express passage out of st. thomas in another part of his works ; and his opinions here reconciled with that formerly cited . . chap. xxvi . the opinion of st. antonine arch : bp. of florence examined . . chap. xxvii . the profanation of festivals and fasts , introduced by the author of the discourse , and his own words upon fastingdays produced against him . . chap. xxviii . the doctrin of the scriptures , and of the church , upon the subject of fasting . . chap. xxix . a fresh abuse of st. thomas his doctrine . : chap. xxx . the profanation of the lords day . a strange explication of the precept for sanctifying days set apart for divine worship . . chap. xxxi . reflections upon that virtue , which aristotle and after him st. thomas , have termed eutrapelia , aristotle opposed by st. chrysostome , in a passage of his commentaries upon st. paul. . chap. xxxii . some passages taken from s. ambrose and st. jerom , upon discourses which provoke laughter . . chap. xxxiii . some passages of st , basil , upon the seriousness required in a christians conversation . . chap. xxxiv . the consequence of the foregoing doctrin . . chap. xxxv . the conclusion of this whole treatise . . maxims and reflections upon plays . i. that father , who is supposed to be the author of a late letter , or discourse in defence of plays , hath given publick satisfaction to the world ; by a recantation , as submissive as it was solemn . the authority of the church hath exerted it self upon this occasion . and , by her pious care , truth hath had right done it , sound doctrine is asserted and preserved ; and all that now remains necessary to be done , is to disabuse and inform the world , upon a subject which great pains have been taken to darken and perplex . the arguments made use of to this purpose are indeed in their own nature but weak and frivolous ; such as would deserve only to be despised ; if we might be allowed to despise any thing , which brings unwary and injudicious souls into hazard ; and such are these , because in their consequences apt to confound men of worldly minds , who are always disposed to be led easily into errour , by any thing that cherishes and flatters their inclinations . the authority of the holy fathers is here very laboriously eluded , and that of the schoolmen and casuists set up in opposition against it : and some crafty accommodations have been found out to bring these two seemingly contending parties upon amicable terms with one another ; as if plays in process of time were become more innocent , pure and inoffensive in our days , in comparison of what they were in theirs , who inveighed against them with such holy vehemence heretofore . the sacred names of st. thomas and other eminent lights in the church are produced in their vindication ; and even the confessions of penitents made to give testimony to the lawfullness and harmless effects of these diversions . the person concerned in this apology is a priest and a confessor , and he gives us his solemn word , that he is utterly ignorant of all those vices and evil consequences , which are charged upon plays , by some over-rigorous and morose divines . the force of publick censures , and the authority of rituals , are weakned and disparaged : and no artifice in short is omitted in this little tract , which so narrow a compass could be capable of . for as it's brevity would render it more generally read , so the composition is of that contrivance , which will qualify it admirably for imposing upon the reader , by putting a good face upon a bad cause . nothing farther could be requisite , to abuse the weak and ignorant ; and to give countenance to that infirmity of humane nature , which , without such advocates , is but too prone to indulge it self . upon these accounts some persons eminent for their piety and learning , and their station in the church , who are throughly acquainted with the dispositions of mankind , and well aware of the mischiefs , which may grow from thus patronizing them , have thought it may be a usefull and seasonable prevention , to return an answer to this discourse , by some short reflections , which besides the same advantage of brevity to recommend them to the readers perusall , may in all points be agreable to the great principles of religion . by the advice of these persons it is , that i suffer this little tract to come abroad , and make a small addition to the several discourses already published upon this subject . ii. the true stat of the question . to remove those powerfull prepoffessions , which so considerable an authority as that of thomas aquinas might infect mens minds withal , it may possibly be thought the properest course to begin this tract with discussing the severall passages produced in favour of plays from so eminent a casuist . but i rather choose to lead my reader to the truth by a shorter cut ; and , before i engage him in this examination , to lay down some plain principles , which will require neither niceness of judgment , nor laborious reading . for thus much is agreed on all hands , and no man indeed can pretend to deny it , that if st. thomas , and other holy persons have tolerated or allowed plays , it was no part of their intention , that such among these as are destructive of good manners should lay claime to any privilege or benefit , by such toleration , or be thought in any degree to be approved or protected by them . this is the point , to which we must keep our adversaries close , and i desire no fairer advantage to joyn issue upon , not doubting but upon this single concession i shall be able to overthrow all the pretensions of this apology . iii. now the first thing , which i find fault with upon this occasion , is , that one who calls himself a priest should have the confidence to affirm , that plays , such as are now acted , are such as he can see no fault in , nay that * they are at present so pure upon the french threatre , that there is nothing in them which can offend the chastest far. it seems then at this rate , that either all those impious and scandalous passages , in which the compositions of moliere abound , must be allowed for innocent and unblameable ; or else that these plays are not to be reckoned among the modern compositions . and all this , though he were an author , that dyed in a manner but the other day in publick view ; and who still continues to fill the stage , with the grossest and most nausious double-entendres that ever in any age poysoned the ears of christians . but by your leave , sir , priest or monk , or christian at least if you be , you cannot certainly be ignorant , that such infamous expressions as his , are included among those filthy things , which ought not so much as to be once named among the saints . and therefore you must not oblige me to repeat such passages , as cannot be spoken or heard without a breach of modesty . consider therefore , if you dare presume openly to avow , and espouse the cause of such compositions , as make it their constant practice and business to expose virtue and religion to scorn and contempt ; to excuse debauchery and make it pass for gallantry and humour ; where modesty is eternally o●… ended , and chastity in danger of being violated , by the boldest and most shame less attempts upon it . for what other construction can i reasonably put upon those impudent expressions , over which a vail perhaps is drawn , but such as is much too thin to cover their nakedness ? think again if you can reconcile it with the character of a priest , or in truth of any common christian , to vindicate and approve that vice and dissolutness , which the operas of quinault do even teach by rule , and advance as doctrine , by all those false softnesses and treacherous invitations to make use of time and youth , of which his poems are full . for my own part i must tell you , that i my self have seen that author very seriously lament those extravagances a hundred times . but now we are come to that pass , as even to countenance and defend what he thought just cause of repentance and deep remorse , when he came to a better sense of things , and began to think of his salvation in good earnest . and if the french theatre be so little liable to censure , as this discourse would perswade us , we must go farther yet , and think it allowable , that those sentiments which the corruption of our nature finds , so manifest and great danger from being flattered and upheld in , should receive yet more advantage of impressing themselves upon our souls , by that life and moving efficacy conveyed into them , from the musical airs and measures , which inspire nothing but effeminacy . if lully was a master in his art , he must have shewed it , as indeed he hath , by suting the airs and voices of his men and women singers to the words and genius of the poems they recite . and his compositions so much esteemed and sung in the world serve only to insinuate the most deceitfull passions , and render them as pleasing and as lively , as it is possible for all the witchcraft of musick to do . and these things , it is plain , would not enter so easily , nor stick so fast upon the memory , had they not first gained the outworks , and by taking possession of the ear made their way into the heart . it is to little or no purpose to reply upon this occasion , that the minds of the spectators are wholly intent upon the song and the show , without entring so far as the sense of the words , or being affected with the passions expressed by them . for this is the very point in which the danger lyes , that while men are charmed by the sweetness of the musick , or confounded by the surprising gayety of the scenes and action , these sentiments get within us before we are aware , and force a delight upon us , which we are not provided to withstand . now there is no need , god knows , of arming those inclinations with musick and voices , which by their own proper strength are but too well qualified , to make a conquest of our vertue . and if you will maintain , that the bare representation of the most agreable passions in the tragedies written by a corneille and a racine , brings modesty into no hazard ; i must be bold to say , that in so doing you take upon you to give the latter of these authors the lye. who now having betaken himself to noble studies and subjects more worthy his character , does not stick to renounce his berenice . and i have no other reason for mentioning this rather than the rest of his plays , but that it offered it self first to my thoughts . but while the poet is content to blush for his performances , and think them liable to censure ; you , sir , who pretend to the character of a priest , are labouring his relapse , and would fain reconcile him to his former errours . iv. whether the repre●…ntation of the passions move ●…em only by accident . you tell us farther that such representations of the passions that are agreable to us , and the words by which those passions are expressed in plays , do not excite them in us , except only by an indirect and very remote operation , casually and by accident ( as you are pleased to phrase it ) and not in reality and in the nature of the thing . but the matter is quite otherwise . for certainly nothing can be more direct , nothing is more essential , more natural to these composititions , than that which is the very end , and express design of the composers , the actors , and the audience . what , i beseech you , was the intention of corneille in his cid but to make the whole house in love with his chimene , that every man there should joyn with roderique in the adoration he pays her , that they should tremble , and sympathise with him when in fear of losing her ; and look upon themselves as happy as he did , when in hopes of enjoying his mistriss ? the very first and fundamentall principle of the drama , whether for tragedy or comedy , is to infuse into the audience the present dispositions of the stage ; to make each spectator a party in what is doing . and if either the poet or the player have not the skill to move and transport us with the passion he is labouring to express pray what becomes of him ? does he not presently grow flat and cold upon your hands , tedious and ridiculous ? this i am sure is the judgment of the great masters in this art ; so says horace . si. curat cor spectantis tetigisse querela , — — aut dormit abo aut ridebo , art poet. he that would have spectatators share his grief , must write not only well but movingly , and raise men's passions to what height he will , he only makes me sad who shows the way and first is sad himself : then ( telephus , ) i feel the weight of your calamities , and fancy all your miseries my own ; but if you act them ill , i sleep or laugh . ld. roscom . this and a great deal more you will find there to the same purpose . it is plain therefore , that , if the poet does not do this , he does nothing . that all his contrivance tends this way , and the very form and design of his great pains is , that we should be fashioned upon the modell he sets us in his hero ; that , like him , we should be smitten and charmed with beautifull faces , and adore them as if they were divinities upon earth ; in a word , that we should even be proud to sacrifice every thing to their pleasure and service , every thing except glory and fame , which hath sometimes the privilege of being reserved . but even this honour , as they have managed the matter , is at least as dangerous an object of our love , as even beauty it self . to talk then at the rate of this author , and pretend , with his discourse , that the stage excites those passions indirectly , and by accident only , which it is it 's main end and proper business to raise ; and in the succesfull moving whereof all the commendation of the poets and players skill consists , is to overthrow the first principles of the drama and to contradict all the rules of this art , and the unanimous voice of those masters , that have pretended to excell or give directions in it . it is yet farther all edged , and our author makes use of the same objection , in this matter , that even history it self , which is so grave and serious a method of instruction , makes use of such words , as express the passions ( even the bible it self not excepted ; ) and that this labours to represent things in its way , as lively and movingly as plays do , and endeavours that the reader should be affected , and think himself concerned in the good and evil actions described there : but what a gross mistake ( if not what perversness and sophistry rather ) is this , to set these two upon the same foot ; to make no difference between the art of representing ill actions so as to fill men with just horror and detestation of them ; and that of giving us such images of the agreable passions , as may recommend them to our tast and create a sensible delight in , and liking for them ? and , if even among histories , any of them have so far degenerated from the dignity of their character , as to pursue the same vile design with plays , in moving the dangerous and deceitfull passions ; who is so blind , or so partiall , as not to see and own , that these ought to be degraded from the title of histories , and reckoned among romances and such other trompery , as have been the great corruptors of mens morals and conversation ? if the thing plays aim at be not to cherish those , which men are pleased to call the soft and delicate passions , though the bottom of them be exceeding gross and foul ; i would be glad to know , what is the reason , that men find in themselves a greater disposition to be moved , and a more sensible pleasure from such expressions of them , at that age , when these passions naturally ride highest . for whence springs this delight if it be not ( as st. augustine observes ) from hence , that then , and there you see you even feel the exact resemblance , the incentives , the growth of your own passions , the matter they feed upon , and all the secret springs by which they are moved ? and what is all this , says the same good man , but a most deplorable disease of the mind , and an evidence how wretchedly our affections are depraved ? the actors , who appears to us transported upon such occasion are a glass in which we see our own faces ; each spectator presently turns an actor in the tragedy , and plays over his own passions , though insensible , and unseen : t is manifest he does , from hence ; because all the fiction and perso nating upon the stage is of it self cold and insipid , and never entertains us delightfully , till it have found within our selves some reality , which answers to that outward resemblance . this is the true account , why these pleasures are more languid and feeble as men grow farther into years , and betake themselves to a life of gravity and serious thoughts . we do not then receive the same impressions , except we take pains to transport our selves into these passions , by awakening remembrances of what we were in youth : that season of life , which is the most addicted to sense . and therefore , when old men are thus affected , it is because they industriously blow up the dormant sparks of that fire , which is very much abated and damped by time , though it be not quite gone out . if immodest paintings do naturally convey into the mind the filthy ideas of what they express , and for that reason are condemned , because no beholder can relish all that a masterly hand designed to express , without sharing in the temper and disposition of the painter , and imagining himself ( as it were ) in the postures he sees so drawn ; how much more vigorous must those impressions be , which the stage makes upon us , where every thing hath reall life and action ; where we have not to do with a dead pencill and dry colours , but with living persons , with reall eyes burning with love , or soft glances sunk and overwhelmed with passions ; with real tears in the actors which likewise draw tears from the spectators . in short , with such true motions and gestures , as kindle and scatter the same sentiments all around , and set the pit and boxes on fire . and yet after all this you have the confidence to tell us , that the theatre , which dayly produces such effects , does not move the passions naturally and industriously , but indirecty only and by chance . why do you not proceed farther yet ? for by the same reason you may pretend , that all those discourses , which have a direct tendency to kindle these flames ; that stir up young people to love , ( as if that age were not of it self sufficiently disposed to folly ) that make them envy the condition of birds and beasts , which have nothing to check or interrupt them in the pursuit and indulgence of their passions ; and bewail very sadly the importunate and troublesome restaints , which reason and shame put upon these gratifications of the sensual appetite ; why do you not i say , pretend that these and a hundred other things of the like nature , with which the stage rings loudly every day , excite the passions , by accident only ? when yet there is the most evident demonstration . that these things are purposely contrived and managed to move them ; that if they be defeated and miss of this end , the rules of art are broken and disappointed ; and both poet and the player have lost their labour . what , i beseech you , does an actor in effect , when he takes pains to play a passion naturally , but use his utmost endeavours to revive and reinforce those sentiments which he hath formerly felt , and from his own experience , found to be naturall ; such as , if he were truly a christian , he would long since have drowned in the tears of repentance , past the power of ever rising any more : or if they made any fresh attempt , they should not be remembred , but with horrour ? whereas now in order to the giving them a lively representation , , he must of necessity receive them with all their treacherous graces , and envenomed charms , and with great diligence work them up to such a pitch , as may scatter their poyson , and render them contagious to all the company . but to this it is answered , that though all this be allowed to appear upon the stage , yet it is all represented as a weakness . i allow the plea ; but desire him that urges it to answer me again , what sort of weakness it is there represented to be . is it not a weakness , which the theatres labour to dignify and recommend as something great and noble ? is it not such , as makes a part of their character of heroes and heroines ? is it not a weakness so nicely wrought , as even to be transformed into a virtue , such as is admired , and applauded ; such as is esteemed so essentiall to giving the world diversion , that no publick entertainment will go down without it ? but why do i say without it , when mens palates are so vitiated , as to tast nothing , not only where this is wanting , but where it does not govern in chief , and animate the whole action ? you may proceed in your own method , and tell us if you please , that all this pomp and preparation does not directly and in it's own nature feed the flames of sensuall desires ; or , that lust is not evil , and all that industry to cherish and inflame it hath nothing repugnant to decency and morality ; or , that the fire warms us indirectly and by chance only ; that while the softest and most moving expressions are nicely chosen , to represent the passions of a furious lover , all the warmth conveyed into the audience by his wicked desires is purely casuall ; you may tell us , that the modesty of a young virgin is offended and violated by accident ; by all those passages , wherein one of her own sex speaks of the conflicts she hath with inclination , where she confesses her virtue vanquished , and owns her defeat to the lover , whom she submits to as her conquerour . that which no where appears in common conversation , that which even those , who yield in reality to this weakness , take all imaginable pains to conceal , a young lady , shall even learn , and be taught to glory in , in plays . she shall see it practis'd , not only in persons to whom the world make allowances , and expect no better from , but in persons of topping character ; in those who are represented modest , and chast , and virtuous , in heroines , who are proposed for patterns to others ; and those confessions of frailty , which people blush at in private , are thought fit to be proclaimed to all the world ; and , as if they were some surprising excellence , carry the general applause of the theatre before them . v. whether the modern plays have refined sensual love , by making it end in marriage ▪ i may reasonably presume ▪ , that what went before hath sufficiently demonstrated that natural tendency to vices , which the representation of the agreeable passions hath in it ; though nothing more were contained in this argument , than only a proof , that this cherishes and feeds , and designes and contrives with premeditated industry to strengthen and countenance , that concupiscence , which is the principle and cause of vice in us . to all this it is reply'd , that in order to prevent this affection from becoming sinful , the theatre purifies and refines the passion of love. that , as the stage is now-a-days reform'd , it hath consulted the rules of decency , and taken off all the gross , and filthy , and unlawful part of this passion ; and that it goes no farther , than an innocent liking and inclination to beauty , which concludes at last in honourable marriage . thus much then is granted us however ; that , upon these terms , all those infamous prostitutions of women , so frequent even in the modern italian comedies , ought to be utterly banish'd from among christians ; and all those rank unlawful amours in the compositions of moliere , will fall under the same condemnation . they who argue thus , will find themselves obliged , by their own principles , to disallow all those discourses , in which this rigorous censurer of the great canons , this grave reformer of the airs and expressions of our ●…elles , does yet openly avow the principles of a scandalous toleration in the easie husbands , and sollicites the wives to take a shameful revenge upon their jealous husbands . he hath let the world see , what benefit they are to expect from the morals of the stage , who only falls foul upon the follies , and exposes the ridiculous fopperies of mankind , and suffers in the mean while all their vice and debaucheries to pass without any contempt or reproach . posterity , 't is probable , will hear what end this comick poet made , who was seiz'd with his last fit of sickness , as he was acting his own malade imaginaire , or medecin malgre luy , and died in the space of few hours after . thus this unhappy man passed from the diversions and bufsooneries of a theatre , where he drew almost his last breath ; to the dreadful judgment seat , of him who hath pronounced , wo unto you that laugh now , for ye shall mourn and weep . they that have left the noblest monuments of wit behind them , shall not be able to escape or shelter themselves from the justice of god : neither the most ingenious poems , nor the most charming musick will be regarded by him ; nor will he spare such , as have , by these or any other methods , promoted sensuality and vice. nor will it be a sufficient plea in bar to his righteous judgment , for you , sir , whoever you be , who undertake to vindicate plays upon so frivolous a pretence as this , that they commonly end in marriage . for however you may , in outward appearance , take off that filthy and unlawful part , which would provoke shame in the representations of prophane love ; yet is it not possible really to be separated from it upon the stage . manage it never so dextrously gild it over as artificially as can be , and call it by what name you please , still at the bottom 't is neither better nor worse , than that lust of the flesh ; which , when st. iohn forbids men to love , he does , by parity of reason , forbid men to recommend it studiously to the love of others . that gross part which you boast of removing , we are not at all beholding to you for ; it is what would provoke abhorrence , if you suffer'd it to appear ; and therefore , even the cunning of keeping it out of sight is but the more mischievous still : the covering you put upon it does but engage mens wills with greater address ; and the more refined the passion is , the more dangerous and subtle is the infection . you do not , i am confident , believe in good earnest , that the contagion of a mortal disease cannot be spread without a gross object ; or that the secret flames of a heart , too much dispos'd to love in any way , or upon any provocation whatsoever , are at all corrected or abated by the idea of such marriages as you present us with , in the persons of your amorous fine gentlemen and ladies . if this be your opinion , you are extreamly mistaken . you should not indeed , upon this occasion , bring me under an unavoidable necessity of enlarging in the explanation of such things , as it were much better never to have thrown away one single thought upon ; and well for the world if they never entred into mens heads at all . but , since you fancy , that all is made up by this decency of marriage at last , i must be free to tell you , that this stratagem does you little or no service in the present case . passion can fix upon none but it 's proper object ; and therefore when amours are represented , the provoking of sensuality must needs be the result of them . marriage admits of many things in private , without the least reproach , which nothing but the most hardned impudence would bear to have made publick . and if that sacred name had been sufficient to protect all the instances even of conjugal affection , isaac and r●…becca needed not have taken such pains to conceal their innocent pleasures , and the mutual testimonies of their chast and virtuous fondness . my meaning is , that even things , which in themselves are lawful , are yet sometimes so far from preventing their contrary , as even to excite and produce it . in a word , whatever comes by reflection does not extinguish that which proceeds from instinct ; and a man may venture to affirm , that some secret attempts are ●…ade upon modesty and chastity by all ●…ose passages , which move our sensual affections , even in those plays which are least liable to reproach . it matters not whether this attack be made in close fight , or at a distance ; whether the place be bomb'd , or the walls scal'd ; the taking of the town is the end of both . that natural byass , which draws mens hearts to corruption , begins presently to surrender to the first impressions of sensual love ; the remedy , which reflection or marriage administer , comes too late : the breach is made , and the feeble side of the heart assaulted , if not already absolutely vanquish'd : and that tying the marriage-knot , 't is plain , is a matter too grave and serious , to work an audience up into any delightful passion . people come thither for pleasure , and , since the poet cannot propose to give it them by so solemn a matter as this , 't is plain , that marriage is brought into plays , not as any part of the main design of writing or acting them , but purely for form and fashion's sake , and to give their amours a little better colour to the world. i will go farther yet ; and venture to say , that when moving the passions is the thing aimed at , that which is lawful is ●…at and distastful , and the unlawful only hath charms , and a grateful relis●… if te●…ence's eunuchus had begun with a fai●… and regular demand of pamphila ( or whatsoever else the idol of his affections had been ) for his wife ; would the house , think you , have been transported to that degree , the author intended and labour'd that they should ? by no means . the share of that young man's happiness , which fell to the spectators , would have been much less , if it had not been unexpected , surprising , nay forbidden , and carried by force . and , if the modern comedies do not introduce such rapes as that was , yet they raise imagination of other things no less dangerous in their consequences . and these are the violences they commit upon the heart , when they endeavour to draw it over , and get it into their power , without considering , whether they have any right to dispose of it , or whether the desire thus excited be not carried beyond their just bounds . so that , upon the whole matter , the spectator cannot be entertained to his mind , who comes thither merely for pleasure and delight , unless in some part or other of the representation , the true rules and measures of virtue be despised and set aside . that which is lawfull and regular , without a mixture of something else , would pall his appetite , and prove insipid . in short , the main design of all plays , according to the modell of the present age , is to inspire the pleasure of love. you look upon the characters ▪ not as persons that marry , but as persons courting , and addressing , and fond of one another ; and the quality the spectators covet to be in , is not that of husband or wife , but that of lover or mistress , and , without considering what becomes of them in the conclusion , they attend only to the raptures and pleasing passions they see them in at present . vi. what the marriages of the stage re●…ly are . but i have yet in reserve another reason , more weighty and more peculiarly christian , why the passion of love ought not to be thus exposed to publick view , and set off with all its allurements , no not even then , when it hath no prospect or relation to any end , but such as is lawfull . and that ( as a modern author in his treatise upon plays , hath ingeniously observed ) is this , that all mariage presupposes concupiscence , and such inclinations , as according to the precepts of the gospell it is our duty to resist , and , by consequence , such as we should use our best endeavours to arm every christian against . this is an evil , which ( according to st. augustin ) vice and debauchery make an ill use of , marriage converts to a good use , and a state of virginity and continence excell in forbearing to use at all . now he , that publickly exposes and recommends that sensible impression of beauty which compells and provokes men to love , though this be done in order to marriage , yet , at the same time that he labours to render such impression agreable , he does also render concupiscence agreable , and supports sense in its rebellion against reason and religion . for what can be a more evident instance of this , than to take away both the power and the disposition to oppose that ascendent of the affection , to which plays constantly enslave even the greatest and most noble minds ? these soft and invincible byasses of the inclination , as they are represented upon the stage , are the very things , which the poets labour to make men sensible and fond of . which is , in plain terms , to make them in love with a slavery , that both is the effect of sin , and leads directly to sin ; and thus they cherish and strengthen a passion , which can never be subdued but by painfull conflicts ; which costs good men many a bitter sigh and tear , even in the midst of all those remedies they are furnished with , and carefully employ , against it . let us not then expatiate upon this subject , the consequences of it are full of horrour : i shall only add , that those marriages , which are either broken or made up in plays , are very distant things from that of tobias and sarah , we are the children of the saints , and ought not to come together like the heathen . and now i take not this my sister for lust , but uprightly . how cold and dull would such a marriage as this , where sense does not govern , appear upon the stage ! how entirely sensuall are all the matches made up there ! how scandalous to true and sober christians ! the evil and unclean part is what they drive at , what they call noble passions are the reproach of our reasonable nature . the absolute sovereignty of a false and frail beauty , that usurpation and tyranny , which they set off and trick up in it's best colours , flatters the vanity of one sex , disparages and degrades the dignity of the other , and brings both into subjection to the dominion of appetite and sense . vii . the authors words , and the advantage he makes of confessions . but the most dangerous passage in this discourse is that , where the author endeavours to prove the harmlessness of the stage by arguments drawn from experience . there are , ( he tells us ) three very easy ways , of knowing what is done at the theatres , and i ( says he ) acknowledge , that i have made use of all three . the first is , to inform ones self of it by men of parts and probity , who out of that horrour they have to sin , would not allow themselves to be present at those sort of shows , if sinfull . the next is , to judge , by the confessions of those who go thither , of ▪ the evil effects which plays produce upon their minds . and this is a surer method than the former , becouse there could be no greater accusation of them , than that which comes out of the mouth of persons guilty and selfcondemned . the third is the reading of the plays , which is not forbidden , as the representation of them may have been . and i protest ( proceeds he ) that i have not , by any of these ways , been able to discover the least appearance of the excesses , which the fathers with so much iustice condemned in plays . here you have a man urging matter of fact , and appealing , not to his own experience alone , but to that of the most and best men , nay to almost all mankind . a world of people , he tells us , of eminent virtue and of a very nice , not to say scrupulous , conscience , have been forced to own , that plays on the french theatre are at present so pure , that there is nothing in them , which can offend the chastest ear. viii . the open and secret faults in plays . dangerous and unseen dispositions . concupisc●…nce s●…attered through all the senses . at this rate , if we may credit this author , even confession , which discloses all sins , can discover no fault in the playhouse , and he assures us , with a confidence and solemnity that would even make a good man tremble , that he hath never been able to discern any footsteps of that pretended malignity , nor of those vices which are charged upon plays , as their proper source and cause . it seems those of the female singers and actors , and their keepers and gallants did not at present recur to his thoughts : and he quite forgot that precept left us by solomon , to avoid those women , who wear the attire of harlots , and are subtle in heart , who lye in wait to destroy souls , who cause men to yield with much fair speech , and force them with the flattering of their lips , such as their discourses , their songs , their rehearsals . so that men throw themselves into their snares , as a bird hasteth to the net. and is there no fault in arming women that profess christianity , against feeble and unwary souls ? to put into their hands those darts , which strike through the heart ? to devote and sacrifice them to publick lewdness , after a more dangerous manner , than is done even in those places , which decency will not suffer us to mention ? what mother , ( i do not say who hath a due regard to chrstianity , but ) who is not utterly lost to all sense of decency and reputation , would not rather choose to see a daughter in her grave , than upon the stage ? what! hath she been at the expence of so much trouble and tenderness in her education , to see her , after all that care , engage in a livelihood of so much scandal ? hath she kept her night and day under her wings , as it were , to shelter her from temptation , and is the fruit of all her pains come to this at last , to have her made common , and set up for a snare to youth ? who does not look upon these wretched christians , ( if they may be allowed that title still , who live in such barefaced contradiction to their baptismall vows ) who i say looks upon them under any other character than that of slaves , and prostitutes , and such as have utterly extinguished all remains of modesty and shame ? for such we must esteem them , though they were guilty of nothing else but industriously drawing so many eyes upon them . for even this is monstrous and unnaturall , in persons , whose very sex had consecrated them to modesty and reserve ; and whose naturall weakness requires the safe retreat of a well ordered family . and yet even these expose themselves in a full play-house with all the pomp of vanity ; like those sirens , which isaiah says , take , up their dwelling in the temples of pleasure ; whose looks are armed with death , and who take back again the poyson scattered by their ▪ voices , returned in the applauses which the company give their performances . and is there no blame due , no concern requisite to the spectators ; who reward these wretches luxury , and make it a gain to them ; who support them in their corruption of manners ; who expose their own hearts as a prey to them ; and go to be taught by such precious instructors , things which they ought to continue for ever ignorant of ? if there be nothing in all this , which breaks in upon the measures of decency , and good report ; if nothing which is fit to be brought with men to confession , i cannot but lament , that such stupidity and blindness should prevail among christians : but especially , what an amazement is it , that a man should use the title of priest , that he might with the more authority , and certain effect , deliver christians from those poor remains of remorse , which the world hath not yet utterly lost for such extravagancies ? you tell us , you do not find by confession , that the rich who frequent the theatres are the greatest sinners , and that the guilt of their lives is pretty equal with the poor who never saw a play. why do you not compleat the argument , by adding farther , that luxury , and esseminacy , and idleness , and the excess and exquisite delicacy of high feeding , and the anxious pursuit of pleasures in every thing they do , are not at all injurious to the rich , because the poor , whose condition sets them at a distance from these temptations , are equally depraved with love of pleasures ? are not you sensible , sir. that there are some things , which , thought they do not visibly produce the ill effects mentioned here , do yet infuse some secret dispositions of very mischievous consequence , though these dispositions do not always break out into act , nor betray all their malignity presently ? whatever feeds and inflames the passions is of this kind . and a man , who made due enquiry into the state of his soul , and examined all the lurking causes of evil there , would find abundant matter for confession , in things of this nature , he that can find , what that is in man , that gives birth to sensual pleasure , and that restless and wandering disposition , which is more easily felt than described , which flyes at every thing and fixes no where , would discover there the secret source of the greatest sins . this st. augustin was sensible of in the beginning of his youthfull passions , when he said of himself , i was not yet in love , but i was inclined , and thought it a fine thing , to be so . he sought out , as he goes on , some snare , in which he might both take , and be taken ! he found that sort of life , where there were none of these snares , troublesom and insupportable to him . now every thing in this world is thick set with these nets ; he was caught according to his hearts desire : and then it was , that he felt himself intoxicated with the pleasure of plays , because in them he found the representation of his own misery , and fresh fewell for his flames . his example and doctrine instructs us , what ends plays are serviceable to ; how natural a tendency there is in them to cherish these secret dispositions in mens minds : whether this brat of sensuall love be already brought to maturity , or whether it be in embryo only , and not yet come to the birth . st. iames hath explained to us these two different conditions of our hearts , in those very remarkable and significant words . ch : . , . every man is tempted , when he is drawn away of his own lust , and enticed . then , when lust hath conceived it bringeth forth sin , and sin , when it is is finished , bringeth forth death . thus the apostle hath been carefull to distinguish , between the conceiving of sin and the bringing it forth . he makes a difference between the disposition to sin , and the compleat formation of it by a full consent of the will. when it arrives to this last estate , then according to st iames his notion , it bringeth forth death , and becomes perfectly mortall . but the consequence of this distinction is by no means , that even the first beginnings of sin are innocent ; from the instant that a man adheres never so little to the first complacencies of sensuall motions , he begins to open his heart and engage his affections , to the creature ; when once those motions are indulged and cherished by agreable representations , there is a helping hand lent to bring this unlawful issue forward to the birth ; and a prudent confessor , who hath the skill to make a christian sensible of the first wounds given to his conscience , and of the wretched consequences of a danger which he is fond of , would by such timely care and wise conduct prevent a world of sin and misery . according to st. augustine's sense of the matter , this fatal concupiscence spreads it self over the whole man. it runs , if i may so say , through every vein , and sinks in as deep as the marrow in his bones . it is a poysonous root , which stretches it self to every organ of sense , his ears , his eyes , his every part that is capable of letting in pleasure , feels the effect of it . his senses upon this occasion lend a mutual assistance ; the delight of the one draws on and cherishes that of the other ; and this union , or conspiracy rather , makes up a chain , that draws him down into the bottomless pit of sin. we must , as this good man directs , take good heed in considering the operation of our senses , to distinguish between the necessity , the usefulness , the quickness and lively impression of the sensation , and the engaging our affections in the pleasures of sense . of these four qualities observable in the senses , the three former are the work of god that made us . the necessity of sensation proves it self by external objects striking upon our senses every moment . the usefulness of them ( continues the same father ) we feel particularly in the taste , which is serviceable to us in the choice of food , and makes provision for our digesting it . the lively impression , or quickness of our senses consists in their readiness to act , or be acted upon , and in the subtle contexture of their proper organs . these three qualities we owe to god , as their true and only cause . but it is in the midst of this divine frame , that the forcible inclination to pleasures of sense , and it 's unruly byass , ( that is that evil concupiscence brought upon us by sin ) erects it's throne . and this it is , ( says st. augustin ) which is an enemy to wisdom , the source and spring of corruption and vice , and the bane of our virtues . the five senses are five avenues , by which it goes out and ranges over their several objects ; and through which it receives impressions from without . but this father hath shewed , that it is the same throughout , because in every organ , there is the same bewitching charm of pleasure , the same intractableness of the senses , the same captivity of the heart , the same fondness for sensible objects . so that at what part soever the impression is made , the effect is communicated to the whole frame . shews sieze the eyes ; soft moving language , and passionate airs of musick pierce the heart through the ears : sometimes the corruption flows in like a full tide , and at other times it instills it self gently , and by drops ; but either way the man is effectually drowned at last . the disease is in the blood , and lurks within in the bowels , before it flames out , and betrays any symptoms of a fever outwardly . by losing strength gradually , a man is in danger of falling , before he is actually down ; and this weakening of the parts that should enable him to stand , is in effect the beginning of his fall. he is but a very indifferent physician , who knows no indispositions in men , but such as are actually felt , and plainly discover themselves . the case of our souls is thus far the same with our bodies ; there are many distempers , which we are not presently sensible of , because they are not grown to such a heighth as to discover themselves : and others there are , of which we are never sensible at all ; because length of time and custom have made them habitual to us ; or else they are grown to such an extremity , as even stupifies us ; and is the beginning of death , which destroys all sensation in us . and this detects the fallacy of that argument so usual in behalf of plays . when we blame these as dangerous , the men of the world presently take sanctuary ( with the author of the discourse ) in solemn protestations , that they have never found any danger in them . urge them a little farther , and they will not scruple to say as much of nudities , and that , not only in pictures , but even in living men and women . they fall foul upon those divines , who preach against these things , and reprove women for them . they pretend these zealots have a stronger genius this way than their neighbours ; and that , by this extraordinary niceness , they betray either too great weakness , or too quick a sense of such matters . for their own parts , they profess that they have no such idea's , nor feel any indecent impressions . and to avoid wrangling , i am content for once to take their word . but how comes all this to pass ? even from hence , that they are not careful to observe , or are gone so far as not to be sensible of , their ruine . 't is like a drowning man under water , who feels ●…o weight in the water any longer when once he is out of his depth . and to continue this meraphor , and apply it to beginners ; 't is certain , that men do not perceive the strength of the stream , but when they strive against it . if they suffer themselves to drive down with the current , they feel nothing but a smooth pleasing motion perhaps at first , which carries them easily along ; but the danger and mischief is concealed , till within a little while after , they sink and perish . let us not then be govern'd in these cases by the opinions of such men , by taking things thus upon trust ; nor measure evils and dangers by their sense of them : since there are many and fatal mischiefs , which long custom , and a corrupt conversation , and the error of a sick imagination , and partiality to themselves and their pleasures , keep them ignorant and insensible of . ix . that they who go to plays ought to apprehend not only the danger , but the scandal of it . as to those persons of parts and probity , who ( the author of this discourse assures us ) do , without the least scruple , frequent plays ; i vehemently suspect , that their probity is of no better a stamp , than that of the wise men of this world , who scarce know , and do not much trouble themselves to consider , whether they be christians in good earnest or no ; such as think they have discharged their duty in every point , when they live like what they call men of honour ; when they wrong and cheat no body else , though at the same time they most grosly injure and deceive themselves , by giving a loose to their passions and their pleasures . these are of the same kind with those wise and prudent , from whom our blessed saviour declares , that the mysteries of his kingdom were hid , when they were revealed only to the humble and babes , such as tremble and start at the least passages , which tend to kindle or to feed impure desires . yet these , the author passes his word , are persons of eminent virtue ; and he counts them by hundreds and thousands . how happy a man is he , to have had so many excellent people come under his care , and to find the strait way so mightily thronged ! a world of people ( he affirms ) of eminent virtue , and of a very nice , not to say scrupulous , conscience , approve our plays , and frequent them without any trouble or check . these are , it seems , invulnerable souls , that can spend whole days in the midst of moving songs and poetry ; and hear a thousand tender and passionate things , without being in the least affected with them : but the persons of so eminent virtue , do not hear , or do not regard , that advice of st. paul , let him that thinketh he standeth , take heed lest he fall . they do not know , it seems , that allowing their strength to be so great , as to make them proof against any danger , which might happen to themselves , yet they may , and ought to , be exceedingly afraid for the scandal they give to others . for this is another very grave and solemn expostulation of the same apostle ; wherefore dost thou set at nought , and offend thy weak brother ? destroy not him by thy example for whom christ dyed . they do not observe what the same st. paul hath declared , that the guilt of them who take pleasure in , and consent to wicked things , is equal with theirs who do them . these so exceeding nice and scrupulous persons , do not find themselves at all concerned in these rules of conscience . which , to confess a truth , increases my suspicion , that they are such sort of scrupulous consciences , as those , who strained hard at a gnat , and swallowed a camel. or else , that our author hath made up a new fashioned convenient sort of virtues ; and cut these eminent persons after some pattern of his own contriving , such as think matters may be accommodated between the world and jesus christ , and that they may very well serve and belong to both at the same time . x. the dangers men court distinguished from those they cannot avoid . the dangers men run themselves into by frequenting plays , he compares to such , as * we must even fly to desarts to avoid , ( he proceeds ) for we cannot walk a step , read a book , enter a church , or live in the world , without meeting with a thousand things capable of exciting the passions . the consequence of this argument is admirable . every place is full of unavoidable dangers , therefore we shall do well to add to the number . there is not any creature but is a snare and temptation to man ; therefore he is allowed to employ his wit and pains to invent new temptations , and set new traps to catch souls . s. paul hath told us there are some vices and dangers in conversation , which , wholly to keep ourselves from associating with , a man must abandon all company , and even go out of the world ; consequently there is no sin in chusing , and industriously seeking out such companions : and this apostle was mistaken , or put us into a very groundless fear , when he told us , that evil communications corrupt good manners . this is the natural , the notable conclusion from our worthy author's premises . all objects whatsoever , which present themselves to our sight , have a power of exciting the passions , therefore we should add our indeavours to put our ruine past a doubt , by making this power effectual , and strengthening it's operation : we should set our wits on work to provide objects more exquisitely fitted for this purpose than nature hath done ; and disguise our passions to excite them the more vehemently , and render them more taking : and plays , which abound with more and greater dangers , in proportion as they are more artificially composed and acted , ought by no means to be reckoned among those evil communications which corrupt good manners . methinks you should rather infer the contrary way ; and any man of common ingenuity , would argue thus . there are many dangers in the world , which even by our utmost care and caution we cannot avoid , therefore we should keep the stricter guard upon our selves ; we should avoid as many of them as possibly we can , and by no means create new dangers , nor perish by those of our own seeking . god will give us his assistance in all those difficulties and hazards , which necessity brings upon us ; but those who chuse and court them , he easily forsakes , and abandons them to their own perverse choice . he that loveth danger , says the wise son of sirach , he does not say , he that falls into it , and cannot help it , but he that loves , and casts himself voluntarily into it , shall perish therein . xi . whether the laws ought to be alledged in favour of plays . this author , that he might leave no stone unturn'd , alledges also the * laws in favour of his argument , and pretends , that plays , if they were evil , would not be suffer'd to be acted ; nor would men , who have any regard or conscience for the laws , frequent them . but here again he forgets , that the great † casuist , whose authority he hath abused , hath delivered his judgment , that humane laws are not obliged to suppress all sorts of evils , but such only as tend directly to the detriment of humane society . nay , even the church it self , saint augustine * acquaints us , exercises the severity of her censures , not upon all sinners , but only ▪ upon a few , whose offences are the most enormous and scandalous : upon this very account she condemns them who act plays , and in so doing , thinks the plays acted by them sufficiently condemned . this point is positively determined in * the rituals , and the practice of it is constantly observed . those that make playing their business , are debarred the sacraments , and not admitted to communicate , either in their life-time , or at the point of death , except they solemnly renounce and forsake their trade . we pass them by at the holy table , and look upon them as men in a state of notorious and mortal sin. we exclude them from holy orders , as infamous persons ; and , by necessary consequence , deny them the offices of the church , and christian burial when they dye . as for those , who frequent plays , in regard their guilt admits of different degrees , and some among them are more innocent than others ; ( many perhaps being such as rather need bett●…r instruction than deserve censure and reproof ) they do not come up to the same pitch of wickedness , and consequently ought not all to be treated with the same severity . but it does not by any means follow from hence , that publick dangers ought to be countenanced and authorized . if men are not duly sensible how dangerous these things are , it is the priest's duty to inform them better , but not to cherish and support them in their ignorance , and insensibility . the vindicators of shews , as long since as st. chrysostoms time , have made a mighty clamour , as if the putting these things down , were in effect to overthrow the laws : but for all that , this holy father peremptorily declared , that the spirit and temper of the law was perfectly opposite to that of the theatres . but we , in our days have a great deal more to urge against them : since there are so many publick decrees against plays , which others have made particular mention of in their writings upon this subject . if custom bear those laws down , and the abuse prevail still , notwithstanding such care taken to correct and suppress it , the only inference arising from hence is , that plays ought to be reckoned amongst those obstinate evils , which , a famous historian observes , are always prohibited , and yet always practised . but after all , suppose that the civil constitution did countenance , and even authorise plays ; allowing , that , instead of casting a blemish , and setting a mark of reproach upon players , which yet hath been ever done , they were favourable to them ; yet sure the whole order of the priesthood should think it becoming every one of them , to imitate the example of the chrysostoms , and the augustines . the laws of civil sanction have not been able to root out utterly the sin and mischief of usury and divorce , and yet those great men constantly and boldly maintained , that , what allowance soever the world gave to these crimes , they ought nevertheless to be avoided , and were condemned by another superiour law , even that of the gospel , which no countenance of the civil power to the contrary could dispense with . they declared , that even that usury , which was esteemed lawful , because authorised by the roman laws , was yet unlawful because not agreeable to the laws of jesus christ : and , that the constitution of the holy city , and that of the world and secular power , were very different things . xii . of the authority of the fathers . i have no design here to enter particularly into the several passages of the fathers upon this occasion , nor lengthen out my discourse beyond it's intended compass , by enlarging upon so copious a subject . i shall only say , that it argues that man to have read them very negligently and fuperficially , whoever he be , that shall ( with this * author ) take upon him to affirm , that the only thing they find fault with , in the shews and publick entertainments of their times , is the idolatry and scandalous impurities of them . a man must have stopped his ears very hard against the voice of truth , not to be convinced , that their arguments reach a great way farther . they are levelled against the unprofitableness of sports and play-houses , they blame them for the prodigious extravagance , the hurry , the commotion , and unsettled state of mind they create , so very disagreeable to the character of a christian , whose calm breast ought to be the very seat and sanctuary of peace it self . they reprove the vehement raising of the passions , the vanity , the dressing , the garish ornaments , which they reckon among the pomps abjured in baptism : they condemn that desire of seeing and being seen , which draws both sexes thither ; the unhappy meeting of those eyes which look out for one another ; the too great thought and time thrown away upon trifle and vanity ; the loud peals of laughter , and disorderly mirth , which make men forget the presence of god , the dreadful account to be given even for one's least , and seemingly insignificant , words and actions ; and in short , that all the gravity and composedness requisite in the life of a christian , is ruffled and scattered by such entertainments . proceed sir , as you have begun , and tell us , that the fathers do not condemn all these things , nor all that vile collection of evils and temptations , which all meet together in the theatres , as their common rendesvouz . perswade us , that they do not pass any censure even on things blameless in their own nature , when they have evil couched under them , and serve to introduce it . affirm with your wonted grace , that st. augustine hath not lamented that revelling of the passions , and that contagious manner of expressing the diseases of the soul , those tears which so lively a representation drawes from our eyes , those corruptions in us , and all that other delusion in plays , which he stigmatizes with the name of miserable folly. and now i would be glad to know , who is able to lift up his heart to god , in the midst of all that hurry and discomposure of the affections , in which the pleasure of plays intirely consists ? who can have the forehead to say , that he comes thither for god's sake , or to do him service ? who would not be afraid , in the midst of so many foolish joys and griefs , to lose and stifle quite the spirit of prayer ; and indispose one's mind by such dangerous interruptions for that exercise , which jesus christ hath told us ought to be our continual employment ? for when he says , we should pray always , * he certainly means thus much at least , that we preserve a constant disposition for it , and have our hearts duly prepared , and do that in desire and habitual inclination , which we cannot do in outward act. all these reasons , and a great many more which i forbear to mention , my reader may be assured are to be found in the fathers . and if we would follow them farther , and search into the principles and ground of their moral exhortations , what condemnation can be so severe , which we do not there find passed upon that spirit and temper of mind , which disposes men to publick shews ? since ( not to instance at present in all the other mischiefs they are attended with ) miserable men repair hither , for no other purpose so much , as to stupify their consciences , to cease from serious thinking , and to forget themselves ; to break loose from , or to quiet the persecution of that inexorable uneasiness of heart , which lyes at the bottom of all they do and feel , and imbitters their lives , from the time that they have once lost all true relish for , and delight in , god. the being present at publick shews , and processions , musical entertainments and other rejoycings is frequently forbidden to the clergy ; and the regulations in this point are infinite , such as we need not trouble ourselves , or the reader , with a collection of . but if we would make a right judgment , whether the mischiefs and dangers which the laws take notice of , be such as extend only to church-men , or whether all the people in general are not equally concerned to beware of them ; we shall do well closely to consider those reasons , upon which such prohibitions to the clergy proceed . let us , for example , observe that canon of the council of tours , from whence it hath been transferred into the capitularies of our kings . ab omnibus quaecunque ad aurium et oculorum pertinent illecebras , unde vigor animi emolliri posse credatur quod de aliquibus generibus musicorum , alijsque nonnullis rebus sentiri potest , dei sacerdotes abstinere debent . quia per aurium oculorumque illecebras turba vitiorum ad animum ingredi solet . that is ; the ministers of god ought to abstain from all those things , which are contrived to charm the ears and eyes by such allurements to pleasure , as may reasonably be supposed apt to soften and break the vigour of the mind . ( which is manifestly the effect of some sorts of musical compositions , and several other things made for diversion and delight ) because through these allurements of the ears and eyes a multitude of vices are wont to make their way into the soul. this canon does not suppose any such thing as obscene talk , wanton behaviour , or notorious incontinence , or licentiousness in the shews it blames ; but thinks it sufficient to fix upon the evil consequence , and the natural effect , of such delightful entertainments , whereby the eyes and ears are charmed . and this it says , in loose musick , is a certain softness and effeminacy , and in the objects of sight , something for which i want a name ; by means whereof , the masculine vigour of the soul is insensibly blunted and enervated . and the ill effect of indulging these gayeties could not have been better expressed , than by saying , that they open a passage for , and let in a numerous rabble of vices . here are no particulars specified , and perhaps it would not be easy sometimes to instance upon what determinate thing , or part of such entertainments the evil is chargeable . it is enough , that the whole taken together , and in general , is full of danger ; that a man may find from these things , weak and vicious thoughts insinuated into his mind by subtle and imperceptible ways ; that these feed , and feast , and strengthen that inward disposition , which emasculates the soul , and opens the heart to all sensible objects . a man in such cases does not very well know what he would be at , but he knows thus much , that he could be glad always to live a life of sense , and to pass his time in entertainments , whither people come purely for pleasure ; where the actor's business is to give , and the spectator's to receive , all the delight they can . and if this be the condition of other publick shews , what shall we think , what censure ought we to pass upon those , where long conversations are made up of all the tender , engaging expressions , set off with verse and numbers , voices and gestures , melting airs , and in a word , all that can be capable of inflaming the passions , and enf●…eble the powers of the reasonable mind ? this disposition is evil in any sort of men whatsoever ; and therefore the care to sence against , and keep one's self clear of it , does not concern church-men only ; but the church , in mentioning these particularly , intends by them to teach all christians in general their duty , and to warn them of a danger common to all mankind . i expect it will be objected , that this is carrying matters to an unreasonable height , and , that in consequence of such principles , a very great part of those publick and private diversions both , which are commonly called innocent , ought to be suppressed . i shall not engage in any disquisitions of this kind , which cannot be satisfied without considering a great number of circumstances peculiar to each case . it is sufficient to have taken notice , what a particular malignity there is in such publick meetings , where the great design of them , whose work it is to entertain the company , is to give them satisfaction by any manner of means they can ; and , in pursuance of this design , they constantly aim at flattering and soothing up their sensual inclinations in some respect or other . and whither , on the other hand , men resort in expectation of being thus received . the whole house claps loudly , when they find this done ; they look upon it as a mark of good sense and breeding , to shew themselves very sensible , and very discerning , in these matters : it is a point of honour to exercise their passion and pleasure at every thing designed to affect and debauch them ; and a man , who refuses to shew himself as mad , and as much bewitched , as the rest of the company , is lookt upon as morose and ill-humoured . thus , besides the other inconveniences of these publick meetings for pleasure ; the persons present spur up , and as it were , warrant and give credit to one another's extravagancies , by joining in full consort with the general applauses and acclamations ; and even the air it self is tainted with this universal infection . i need not , after this , trouble my self to disprove those consequences , which are drawn in favour of the people , from these prohibitions in certaiu cases , wherein the clergy only are mentioned . this is a fallacy like that of certain doctors , who put such a construction upon the canons which forbid usury to all church-men , as if this particular exception implyed the thing to be allowable in all other christians , who are not churchmen . now , to overthrow this error , we need only consider the just importance of those arguments , upon which these prohibitions to clergy-men in particular are founded . you will find , for instance , in the canons of * nice , in the decretals of l●…o , and other decrees of the church , that the passages of scripture , upon which the forbidding of usury to persons in holy orders is grounded , are such as equally concern and oblige all christians of what quality soever . and the natural and necessary consequence arising from hence is , that what the general precepts of the gospel had before ordained for all , the church by her subsequent orders intended to enforce , and bind yet more , upon the clergy in particular . and the true way of arguing the like case will be , to make the fame inference from these canons , which forbid all ecclesiastical persons to be present at publick shews . this is the true state of the question now before us , and that canon of the council of tours transcribed into this paragraph , may prove a very safe and excellent guide to our reasonings in such matters . xiv . an answer to that 〈◊〉 , tak●… from the necess●… o●… divers●… we are told indeed , * that it is necessary to find out some diversion for the minds of men , and some thing which may be an amusement to courts and common people . but to this st. chrysostom replyes , that there is no need of flocking to theatres , for we may find abundance of entertainment elsewhere . all nature is richly furnished with delightful spectacles , and not only so , but the exercises of religion , and our own private affairs , are capable of furnishing us with such variety of imployment , in which the mind may recreate it self , that a man need be at no trouble to seek out more : in short , that a christian hath no such urgent occasions for pleasure , as should oblige him to procure it , by such frequent repetitions , and such solemn and industrious pains to render it agreeable . but if our vitiated palat can no longer take up with such delights as are plain , and natural , and wholsome ; and diseased minds must be awakened and quickened up to pleasure , by motions that are extraordinary and irregular ; ( leaving to others the determining of particular cases , which does not fall within the compass of my present design ) i shall make no difficulty to declare in general , that the most modest and moderate refreshments ought to be applyed , and such diversions as are least apt to stir our passions , and discompose the settled sedate temper of our minds . and what those are , i shall not need to take the judgment of the fathers , since even the philosophers themselves have left us sufficient information . we do not ( says plato ) admit either comedies or tragedies into our city . that very art , which qualifies a player to act so many several parts , and put on such different disguises , was thought by plato to taint humane conversation with a character of levity , unsuitable to the dignity of a man , and directly opposite to that sincerity required in all our manners and behaviour . when he proceeded farther to consider , that the characters represented upon the stage , were for the most part , either mean and low , or vicious and debauched ; he saw that there was a great deal of mischief and danger in this practice , which threatned the players themselves ; and found cause to fear , lest they , by degrees , should be brought to be really , and in good earnest , the very thing they used to personate . this argument undermines the very foundations of the theatre , and does not only leave no reason for idle spectators , but leaves none for the very actors , to support themselves with . the argument of this philosopher hath it's peculiar force upon that observation , that imitation by degrees turns into nature , and by counterfeiting other men's qualities and vices , men at last come to make them their own . they degenerate into the spirit and temper they put on , become slaves by affecting to appear such , and vicious by committing vice in effigie ; but especially , when the vehemence of any passion is to be represented , there is a necessity of forming and blowing up those passions in their own minds , which must be expressed and conveyed to the audience by outward gestures . the spectator likewise , who is pleased with this , must partake of the same temper ; he commends and admires the player , because he raised these emotions in him ; and all this , as he goes on there , is just the watering and cherishing those ill weeds , which ought by all means to have their growth checked , and be suffered to wither away , and dye in us . thus all the pomp and preparation of plays tends only to make men passionate ; to strengthen that brutal and unreasonable part of our souls , which is the spring of all our weakness and folly. and from hence he determined utterly to reject and exclude from his constitution , that voluptuous and sensual kind of poetry ; which ( he says ) is so dangerous a temptation , that this alone is capable of corrupting the most , and the best of men . xv. the tragedy of the antients , tho more grave than that of the moderns , con●…ned by 〈◊〉 principles of 〈◊〉 philosopher by this means he pushes his argument on to the very first principles , and carries it so high as to strip plays of all that is pleasurable and entertaining in them ; which is , the diversion they give by representing and exciting the passions . the invectives of the fathers are partly levelled at the too large freedoms , and the indecencies , of the theatres of the antients , which yet were intended against all scenical 〈◊〉 and representations in general . it is the greatest mistake in the world , to think that their tragedy was the only thing blamed ; for whatever pieces of this kind are transmitted to us from the old pagans , ( i blush to think what a reproach this observation is to christians ) do so very far excel ours in gravity , and wisdom ; that the modern theatres will not bear the same seriousness and natural simplicity . our poets do so far exceed all measures in this point , that even the english , i hear , insult over some of them for their intemperate itch of gallantry ; and making their heroes carry their soft passions to the utmost heighth , in season and out of season . the antients were very far from this indecency , and prudently confined that passion to comedy , which had not the spirit and sublime air fit for the grandeur proper to tragedy . and yet even this most exalted and serious part , which is truly tragical , could not obtain the approbation of their philosophers . plato would not endure the solemn i amentations of the theatre ; because , as he said , ●…y gave too much countenance to that weakness of m●…d and querulous temper , which utters it ●…elf 〈◊〉 sighs , and tears , and dol●…ful compla●…s . and the argument he brings against 〈◊〉 , is very substantial ; viz. that no ●…tunes , which happen to men in this 〈◊〉 , are worth so deep resentment , and so many tears . nor is he less displeased with the cherishing those other furious transports of the soul , where indignation and anger are the governing passions ; for these betray too violent disorders upon too slight provocations . so that even tragedy it self is highly to blame , and sets the world a very ill example , when it introduces , not only common men , but even the bravest heroes , disturbed with grief or anger , for good or evil accidents , which are in truth of so mean consideration , as all the events of this life are , when duly weighed . for these , ( as he goes on ) have nothing in them , which ought tenderly to affect an immortal soul. nothing is of consequence great enough to justify that concern , which does not extend to all the conditions in which this soul subsists ; that is , which does not regard it 's future state. such were the noble sentiments of this great man , who yet had never been instructed in the promises of another life ; and knew no more of eternal happiness , than what some confused ideas and dark conjectures led him to . and yet he thought it a disparagement to humane nature , that men should be represented as happy , or miserable , upon the account of any present or sensible good or evil , which could possibly befall them here . all this he says , is no better than a corruption of our minds . and if plato could think and argue at this rate , shall not christians be able to comprehend , how contrary to virtue these emotions are ? xvi . comecal and ridiculous characters condemned by the same principles ▪ nor does comedy escape better with plato than tragedy . if this philosopher accuse the lamentations and discontents , which tragedy inspires , of so much weakness ; he is not more favourably disposed towards that blind and impetuous inclination to laughter and mirth , which comedy aims at raising in the spectators . so that comedy and tragedy both , the gayety of the one , and the gravity of the other , are equally banished his common-wealth , because both are capable of upholding and strengthening those aflections of our soul , which are sensual and irrational . but , beside this , there lyes another objection against comedy , peculiar to it self ; which is , that , being taken up in the representation of youthful passions and follies , it is apt to engage men in mean and vulgar love : that is , ( as he explains himself ) in a fondness for people's persons and bodily excellencies , which he constantly sets in opposition to the love of truth and virtue . in a word , no sort of theatrical representations would go down with this philosopher , because there was not any of them clear of this common vice , that it excited love , or anger , or some other sort of passion , which it is the design and business of virtue to master and compose . xvii . women not allowed upon the theatres of the ancients . farther yet . those dramatick representations of the antients , which the vindicators of modern plays take such pains to make us believe were far more licentious than ours ; and which indeed in the comical part were extravagant to the last degree ; must however be acquitted of one great indecency now in use ; which is , the admitting female players upon the publick stage . the very heathens saw the absurdity of exposing thus , and giving up to common use , a sex , which nature seems to have devoted to modesty and strict reserve ; and look'd upon this as a sort of prostitution . and from hence also plato fetched another argument for condemning the theatre in general . because custom and the rules then in force , not allowing women to play upon the stage , there was a necessity of having their parts acted by men. and consequently men were obliged , not only to appear in female habit and form , but to counterfeit their tears , and shrieks ; the impotence and fury of their passions , and to put on all the weakness of their sex. all which , in the judgment of this philosopher , was so much beneath their character , so extreamly unsuitable and absurd ; that this single reason , had there been no other , had been sufficient to give him an irreconcileable prejudice against plays in general . xviii . aristotle's opinion in this matter poet. . now though his scholar aristotle affected to contradict him , and his more complying and debonnair philosophy thought fit to attribute to tragedy a certain manner , ( which yet he hath left us in the dark about , and would not , or knew not how to explain ) of purifying and improving the passions it excites , ( at least in the case of fear and compassion ) yet did he nevertheless discover and acknowledge something so dangerous in the stage , that he does not find it convenient to admit young people to see either comedies , or so much as tragedies ; though in that age so very grave and serious as i have already observed . for which he assigns this excellent reason ▪ that we ought to be very jealous and fearful of the first impressions made upon young and tender minds ; which the fable and management of tragedies would be apt to move too strongly . not that the passions of young people were then represented so exorbitant , as now men suffer and even require them to be ; it hath been already observed what measures they were then confined to : but because ( generally speaking ) those artful compositions struck the passions too sensibly . they represented murder and revenge , treachery , conspiracies , and other black and horrid crimes , such as this philosopher thought it safer and more adviseable for men in heat of youth , not so much as to hear once mentioned . so far was he from permitting such persons to see them represented with all the life and force , which the stage gives ; when it labours to possess the audience by all possible industry and artifice , that the thing then in agitation is no longer fiction and fable , but the very substance and reality of what it so exquisitely personates . i confess , i do not understand , why aristotle , after advancing thus far , should not have extended this pre-caution somewhat farther . not only youth , but even childhood , is of very long continuance among men ; or , to speak more properly , the generality of people never entirely cease to be children . and after all , what account can a man promise himself from those dispositions to fear or compassion , which he finds the stage inspire for the sufferings and disasters of heroes , except that of making the heart more tender , and more sensibly affected with the objects of these passions ? but let us , if you please , leave aristotle to that mysterious manner of purifying them , which neither himself , nor his interpreters have been able as yet to give either any intelligible account of , or any substantial reasons for : thus much at least he hath taught us most expresly , that it is a very dangerous attempt to raise the passions that te●…d to pleasures . for indeed to this very matter we may very truly apply that maxim of the philosopher , which he hath delivered upon a different occasion ; that the doing of the thing follows the discourse of it close a●… the h●…ls , and a man suffers himself without any 〈◊〉 to be brought over to the practice of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he loves , and takes delight to hea●… 〈◊〉 of . a maxim this is of very gre●…●…icance and use in matters relating to ●…ane conversation ; and such as , once allowed , will leave no room for those agreeable and insnaring sentiments , which are now the ground-work , and darling subject , of all our modern compositions for the stage . xix . another prin ciple of plato upon this matter plato , by a principle still more general , was convinced , that those arts and trades , which minister only to pleasure , and have this for their object , are all of them dangerous to morality and humane life . because they make it their business to pick it up any where from good or bad causes ; even at the expence of all that is truly valuable . nay , they sacrifice even virtue and conscience , and decency , and every thing ; so little are they given to proceed with any distinction , whose end it is to furnish pleasure , if the most scandalous means happen at any time to be necessary for compassing that end . and hence this philosopher fetches a fresh argument , for banishing utterly out of his re-publick , not only comick , and tragick , but even epick poets too . nor could he be prevailed upon to extend his mercy to the divine homer himself , as he was then styled , though his writings in those days were thought the effect of inspiration . but all this notwithstanding , the inexorable plato sent them all packing together , because , all agreeing in the same common design of pleasure , they do all put true or false , good or bad instructions upon the world ; and without any regard to the simplicity and unity of truth , and that it ought always to be the same , they vary and shift as occasion serves ; and aim at nothing but pleasing the palates , and cherishing the passions , of men. which being the most complicated and changeable things in nature , they must shuffle and change accordingly . this he tells us is the very reason , why there is an old antipathy between the philosophers and the poets . the former conforming themselves to reason , the latter accomodating their studies to pleasure . he therefore frames such laws , as dismiss these latter with an appearance of respect , and crown them with a sort of imaginary lawrel ; but at the same time with an inflexible severity , accosting them thus ; we cannot away with the exclamations of your theatres , nor bear that any body in our cities should speak louder , or be more heard than ourselves . and if these civil institutions were so rigorous , shall the christian suffer any to drown the voice of the gospel among us ? shall men most zealously applaud , and labour with all their might to recommend to the world , ambition , and fame , and revenge , and those fantastical notions of honour , which jesus christ hath banished from among them , whom he hath commanded to renounce the world ? shall we support and cherish those passions which he hath directed us to subdue and stifile ? st , iohn calls loudly to all believers , and all ages and conditions of men : i have written unto you fathers ; i have written unto you old men ; i have written unto you young men ; i have written unto you children : that is , to all you that are christians of what quality soever : love not the world , neither the things that are in the world , for all that is in the world , is the lust of the elesh , the lust of the eyes , and the pride of 〈◊〉 . in these words , both the world it self , and the stage , which is the image and picture of it , are equally reproved . for it is the world with it's pomps , and vanities , and wicked charms , which our plays represent and recommend to us . as therefore in the world , which is the original , all things are full of sensuality , and curiosity , ostentation , and vanity and pride ; so in the stage , which is the copy , these things abound and reign . and the effect of the theatre must needs be to make us fond of these things , because the only end it pursues is to promote pleasure , and render the representation of these things entertaining and delightful to us . xx. the scriptures silent upon this ●…sion . and why . but after all , if plays be so very dangerous , we are urged to give an account , how it comes to pass , that jesus christ and his apostles have never given us warning of so exceeding perillous a diversion ; nay , that they have not expresly forbidden so great an evil. this remark hath likewise been thought worthy a place in the discourse . if you read the scriptures over and over , you will never meet ( says he ) with any express , and particular precept against plays . now the writers that pretend to argue at this rate , and would draw any advantageous inferences from this silence of scripture , may proceed , and would do like themselves , by parity of reason , to justify the gladiators , and all the horror and brutality of the heathen spectacles : since the scriptures , it must be confess'd , have no more express precepts against these , than they have against plays . that is , in truth , they never so much as mention either . but the holy fathers , who were pressed with the like difficulties by the apologists for those spectacles heretofore , have led us the way in this argument . and from them we may learn , that the true and solid answer to such objections is this ; that the scriptures , which forbid and banish vicious inclinations , as unlawful ; do by necessary consequence , forbid all such representations , which , by delighting the senses , do naturally and industriously intangle and uphold men in those vicious inclinations . thus immodest pictures are condemned in all those passages of holy writ , where all immodest and uncomely things are forbidden in general terms . and the case is exactly the same in the representations upon the stage . st. iohn hath included all , and nothing can be more full than that of his first epistle love not the world , neither the things that are in the world ; if any man love the world , the love of the father is not in him . for all that is in the world , the lust of the flesh , the lust of the eyes , and the pride ●… life , is not of the father , but is of the world. now if this lust be not of god , that delightful representation , which tricks it up , and sets it off in all its alluring charms , is not of him neither ; and if this be of the world as well as the other , then christians are as much forbidden to love , or partake in this , as the other . st. paul hath likewise comprehended all such matters in that solemn and very remarkable precept . finally , brethren , whatsoever things are true , whatsoever things are honest ; whatsoever things are just , whatsoever things are pure , ( or chast ) whatsoever things are of good report , if there be any virtue , and if there be any praise , think on these things . consequently , whatever takes our thoughts and affections off from these things , and inspires thoughts and affections of a contrary quality , ought by no means to delight us , nay , ought by all means to be suspected and shunned by us . in this collection of objects for our thoughts , which st. paul here propounds to every christian , let our vindicators try , if they can find any place for our modern plays , how loudly and boldly soever the men of this world ma●… boast of , or undertake to defend , then . but farther yet . it is no hard matter to assign a sufficient reason for the profound silence of our lord jesus christ , and the holy scriptures upon this subject of plays ; which is , that there was no occasion to make any mention of them to those iews , to whom they principally addressed themselves ▪ because these sorts of diversion had never been received , or in common practice among them . they had no spectacles to make a part of their solemn rejoyings . their festivals , their sacrifices , and their religious ceremonies , supplyed this office abundantly . they were by their primitive institution , a plain and natural sort of livers . they had none of the gayeties and corrupt inventions of greece ; and after that encomium of balaam there is no idol * in iacob , neither is there any divination in israel , a man might add , there are no theatres , neither are there any corrupt and dangerous representations among them . this innocent people found pleasure and entertainment enough in their own families , and with their own children : here they chose to recreate their minds after the example set them by their ancestors , the patriarchs , when they had laboured and satigued themselves in cultivating their ground , or attending their flocks , and those other domestick cares , which succeeded into the place of these employments . and indeed we much mistake the matter , if , as we find they had not , so we vainly suppose that any other men have , need of so profuse expence so much contrivance and such exquisite vanity , to divert and refresh themselves . such is the character of those iews ; and this in all probability was one main reason , why the apostles were silent in this matter . they who had all along been accustomed to that simplicity of behaviour in use among that race , and in that countrey , were not concerned to reprove , or take notice in their writings of such practices , as the nation , with whom they conversed , and to whom they wrote , were perfectly strangers to . it was sufficient for their purpose to lay down such general principles of virtue , as would be sure to create a dislike of these things , if ever they should be afterwards introduced . the christians knew well enough , that their religion was a superstructure upon the iewish ; and that the church ought not to admit what the synagogue had banished before . but however that be , the iews reserve and strictness in this matter is a great example to christians . and a horrible reproach it is to a spiritual people , to indulge the sensual appetites and affections , by those delights , which a carnal people never knew any thing of . xxi . reflections upon the book of canticles and church-musick . there was but one dramatick poem ever among the iews , and that is the book of canticles . but this breathes only heavenly and divine love : and yet , because this refined and exalted affection is represented in characters of human love , young people were forbidden to read that book . whereas now no scruple is made of inviting men to see lovers sighing and dying , only for the meer pleasure of loving , and to give the spectators a relish for the amorous * folly . st. augustin makes some question , whether musick and singing should be allowed in churches , and if the severe discipline of st. athanasius and the church of alexandria should not rather be stuck to , which was so grave and rigorous , as scarcely to allow the gentlest turns of the voice in singing , or rather in repeating , the psalms . so very jealous were some good men in the church , that the sweetness of singing might make the mind too light and airy . i do not instance in this example , with any design of censuring the contrary methods since in use ; by which , though somewhat late , grave and solemn musick was introduced into divine worship , to raise the minds of men when they sink and flag ; and sensibly to express the magnificence of this worship , when their cold and languid devotions stand in need of these helps . i would not therefore be thought to condemn this practice , either by the simplicity of the ancient , or the gravity of the modern , singing . i only complain , that the scrupulous nicety of those holy fathers is so far forgotten , that instead of being tender and jealous of admitting the delights of musick to set off the songs of sion , the world takes pains to apply them to vice and ribaldry , and such as profane atheistcal babylon would inspire her abominations with . the same st. augustine reproves those writers , who made an ostentation of their wit , in giving pretty turns to matters of no great moment ; and begs them , that they would not take pains to make that pleasing , which is not profitable . ne faciant delectabilia quae sunt inutilia . but now men labour to make that please , which is sure to hurt them whom it pleases . and no less pernicious a design than this hath gained the author of the discourse a great many friends and favourites in the world . xxii . st. thomas aquinas his doctrine upon this occasion explained . it is now a proper time to divest this discourse of the authority and warrant , which plays are here intitled to , from the great names of st. thomas , and other holy and learned casuists . as to st. thomas , two articles are alledged out of him , part of the question concerning modesty in outward actions and bodily gestures . and nothing , we are told , can be more particular , more full to the purpose , than what he delivers there is , in vindication of plays . now first of all i must observe to my reader , that the business of plays is not the main subject , which he there designed to treat of , but that it comes in occasionally only . the question propounded in that second article , is , whether there be such things as we call ●…udicrous and diverting , which may be allowed of in human conversation , as well in actions , as in words ; dictis seu factis . in plain terms , whether there be such things as sports , and diversions , and innocent recreations , which may come under the head of bodily gestures . and he affirms that such there are ; and that the using them well and p●…dently is not only allowable , but even a virtue ; which is not by any means the matter now in dispute . throughout this whole article he says not one word of plays : but he speaks in general terms concerning diversions necessary for unbending and refreshing the mind , which he reduces to that virtue styled by aristotle , eutrapelia , as their proper topick in morality . a term , which i shall have occasion to explain by and by . from hence he proceeds to the third article , and here the point to be discussed is , vvhether men may be guilty of any vitious excess in such merriments and diversions : and he shews evidently , that they may . but still not a syllable concerning plays in the main substance , or body of the article . so that thus far we are under no difficulty at all in the matter . that then , from whence this difficulty grows , is this . that st. thomas in the same article forms to himself an objection , ( which is the third there ) to this purpose . he instances in the trade of mimicks , buffoons , stage-players , ( histriones ) the histrionick art. i term it so , because it is not certain , that our modern players are only , or properly , meant by it . but however that be , the force of the objection lyes here . in this art , whatever it be , the professors of it are guilty of excesses in play or diversion , for they pass their whole time in it , and make it their livelihood ; and yet this profession is not censured as vitious ; therefore there is no such thing as a vitious excess in these matters . to this he replies , that the trade indeed is not to be condemned , provided they , who exercise it , do diligently and duly observe the rules and measures , which he prescribes them there . which are , that , for the sake of entertainment and diversion , they neither speak nor do any thing unlawful , tbat they do not prejudice weightier business , nor act at unseasonable times . and this is all the inference , that can fairly be drawn from this eminent casuist in favour of plays . xxiii . the first and second reflections upon aquinas his doctrine . but that the conclusion from hence may be sound and good , we must in the first place be well assured , that st. thomas under the title of histriones meant such players as ours . and this is so far from being certain , that it is absolutely false . for under this title he manifestly comprehends a certain player , ioculator , which paphnutius was told by revelation was equal to himself in virtue . and this was evidently no such person as we commonly understand by the name of a player , but an honest piper that got his living by his flute in a neighbouring village ; and thus much is plain from that passage , which st. thomas cites out of the life of paphnutius . consequently then , no advantage can be made of this in favour of modern players . but on the contrary we are to observe , that god designing to shew an eminent saint , that he knew how to train up very obscure people to admirable piety and virtue , even in the meanest and most despised imployments , did not instance in players , who were at that time very numerous , but he chose to make use of another kind of example : a poor man , who got an honest livelihood , by playing upon an innocent sort of musick ; one who excelled in the virtue of humility , and esteemed himself the chief of sinners , because from the conversation of thieves and robbers , he had betaken himself to this despicable and ignominious way of living , faedum artificium as he terms it ; not that there was any thing strictly vicious in this trade , but because the pipe among the ancients was an instrument very much despised . to which we must add further , that he quitted this infamous profession , as soon as he was better taught by paphnutius . and this is the very point , upon which that determination , and the whole argument turns , which our author pretends to draw from the doctrin of aquinus , in behalf of plays . secondly , when he mentions upon this occasion the delightful entertainment , which these histriones gave to the people by their words and actions , he confines himself to the notion of facetious discourse , attended and set off with pleasant gestures . which is likewise an idea very distant from that of plays . there were indeed but few entertainments of this kind , if any at all to be met with , in the age when this casuist lived . in his book upon the ●… sentences , he speaks of plays in theatres , as things which had been in request formerly : ludi qui in theatris agebantur . and neither in this place before us , nor in any other passage where he treats of the diversions in use in his time , is there the least mention made of theatres . nor do i find them once named in st. bonaventure , who was his cotemporary . the many peremptory decrees of the church , and the common cry of the fathers , who had inveighed so sharply against them , had brought them into general disrepute , and probably into a total disuse , before that time . they did indeed get up again some time after , but then they appeared in a form very different , from that which we are at present treating of them under . but in regard we see , that st. thomas takes no notice of them ; we have reason to believe , that they did not prevail to any great degree in his time . for then we meet with little else , but rediculous relations of some pious stories ; or the legerdemain of iugglers , ioculatores ; who amused the common people with their tricks and little tales . and whom st. lewis is said at last to have put down quite ; finding the difficulty , that there always is , to contain such sort of fellows within the bounds of decency . xxiv . the third reflection and a passage of st. thomas against buffoonery . but be that as it will , yet i observe in the third place , that st. thomas cannot in any reason be supposed to approve of buffoonery in the mouths of christians ; since among the several conditions and limitations , which he makes diversions subject to , he requires among the rest , that the grave and serious temper of the mind be not wholly broken and dissolved , ne gravitas animae totaliter resolvatur . from whence it is plain , that he who pretends to bring in this casuist for an advocate on his side , ought first to prove , that this condition , so peremptorily required by him , is agreeable to the extravagances of our modern theatres ; and to shew us some remains at least of gravity preserved in the midst of those excessive buffooneries now in use among us . but aquinas is very far from any such absurd doctrin as he is produced for . for , quite contrary , in his commentary upon those words of st. paul to the ephesians , * neither filthiness , nor foolish talking , nor jesting , which are not convenient . ( scurrility ) he explains these three words after the following manner . the apostle , ( says he ) does here exclude three vices from a christian's conversation ; filthiness , which consists in unclean touches , unlawful embraces , and lascivious kisses . foolish talking , that is , vvords that provoke to sin ; and inconvenient iesting ; ribaldry , and terms of merriment , by which men make it their business to set people a laughing . and against these , he alledges that solemn warning of our saviour christ in st. mathew , that men shall give an account for every idle word in the day of iudgment , and these idle words , he tells us , are such , as propose no good to themselves , nor are spoken for any other end , but only to jest for the diversion of other people . verbum ioculatorium per quod volunt inde placere alijs . 't is manifest therefore , that he ranks these three things under the head of vices : and acknowledges a particular malignity in those words , which have regard only to the mirth of others , and the making them laugh , distinct from that , which attends such words , as provoke men to sin. and this plainly banishes buffoonery , or to speak more positively , ridiculing , and jesting from among christians : as an action light , indecent , and , in his opinion , within the compass of those idle words mentioned by christ ; not only unprofitable , nay sometimes very mischievous , but unsuitable to the gravity required in the temper and carriage of christians . xxv . the fourth fifth and sixth reflection st. thomas reconciled with himself . in the fourth place , admitting it were true , which yet it is not , that the passage produced out of aquinas his summe were intended of plays ; or that these were , or were not , in use and request at the time when he lived ; yet even thus it is manifest , that the diversion he approves of , must have three qualifications to bear it out . the first and chief is , that it do not aim at giving delight by any actions or vvords that are indecent or hurtful . quód delectatio non quaeratur in aliquibus operationibus vel verbis turpibus aut nocivis . the second is , that the seriousness of the mind be not wholly relaxed and lost ; while we profess to unbend it a little by recreations . ne gravitas animae totaliter resolvatur . the third , that it be suitable to the person , the time , the place , and , in all other circumstances , so regulated , as to be free from indecency . ut congruat personae , et tempori , et loco ; et secundum alias circumstantias debité ordinetur . now to give any force to the argument taken from this authority , and to do right to the first of these conditions , our author will be obliged in the first place , to demonstrate , that there is no hurt in exciting the most dangerous passions ; which is manifestly absurd ; or else , that such passions are not excited by those delightful representations , which plays give us of them ; which is manifestly repugnant both to common experience and to the very end and design of those representations , as i have already shewed at large : or lastly , that this famous casuist was yet so weak a man , and so unskilled in humane nature , as not to be sensible , that there is nothing which conveys a quicker infection , and blows up those passions more violently , than passionate discourses , particularly soft and tender things , and long dialogues and descriptions of love. and this would be the very extremity of all absurdity , and such as , would the thing admit of the least doubt , were most easily confuted , from the words of this very casuist himself . thus much , i think , is sufficient with regard to the first qualification . the second hath been already spoken to , for that is plainly violated by buffoonery , and scurrility , and farce . and the third will come under our consideration , when we speak to the circumstances of time and seasons , particularly with relation to holidays and lent. upon these things thus premised , i proceed to make a fifth reflection upon those words of st. thomas in the third objection of the third article . if these histriones ( says he ) carried their diversions up to excess , they then would all live in a state of sin ; and not they only , but all such as make use of them , and encourage their sin , and give them pay and profit for it , would likewise be guilty of sin . si qui autem sustentant illos histriones qui illicitis ludis utuntur , peccant ; quasi eos in pecca●…o foventes . st. thomas lays down these propositions , which in are truth not to be contested , and he does not excuse these histriones , what sort of people soever that name may belong to , any farther than by supposing , and allowing , that their action have nothing in it that is evil or criminal , either in it self , secundum se , or in its excess beyond the rules of modesty . but be this profession what it will , yet though never so innocent in it self , if experience plainly demonstrate , that , as now exercised among us , it be attended with very dangerous and hurtful circumstances : in such a case this very divine hath left us a rule to guide our judgments by ; which is , that even the spectators , ( what vain boasts soever they may make of not feeling their passions kindled , and perhaps indeed they may not be so far inflamed as to be sensible of it themselves ) do yet partake in the guilt of all the wickedness and destruction wrought there ; since it is manifest they contribute to these people's profit , and encourage and support them in their sinful and mischievous practices . sixthly and lastly . allowing that st. thomas , when speaking of this art of players , or mimicks , ( or whatsoever you will call the histriones ) speculatively considered , and in general , do reckon it among the allowable and innocent professions ; yet in another place , where he regards the ordinary use of it , and speaks of it , practically considered , he ranks it with the infamous ways of living , and accounts the gains arising from it , to be scandalous and unlawful . for such , says he , is the profit brought in by persons prostituting their bodies , and the histrionick trade , and some others of the like sort . quaedam dicuntur male ●…quisita , quia acquiruntur ex turpi causa , s●… de meretricio , et histrionatu , et alijs hujusmodi . he does not here interpose any limitation to moderate the severity of his expression , or abate of the horrour and odium which we draw upon this scandalous trade . you see what company he places it in , and to what filthy abominable practices he compares it here , notwithstanding any favour or excuse for it , which he is pretended to have exprest for it elsewhere . the only way to reconcile which passages , and make this great divine consistent with himself , is this . to conclude , that when he excuses or ( if they will have it so ) approves this profession , and the encouragement of those that exercise it , by frequenting those diversions , and paying them for their pains ▪ he looks upon this art in its most generall , abstracted , and metaphysical sense ; what it is in its own self , stripped of all those circumstances , that may vitiate and alter the nature of it ; but when he considers it as it really is in common use , and attended with all those circumstances in which we see it upon the stage ; then there is no censure , no infamous terms , that he thinks too bad for it . and thus you see at last what a zealous and mighty patronizer of plays st. thomas is . the two passages in his snmme , which those ●…o vindicate plays thought themselves so strongly entrenched in , are beaten down about their own ears ; since first , it hath not been clearly made out , that he speaks of plays and players ( as we now take the terms ) in that passage ; nay , secondly , sufficient testimony hath been produced that he never intended such sort of people there : and thirdly , it is even demonstrated , that whatever allowance he might be content to give to plays ( in themselves ) considered by way of speculation , in their general and abstracted sense , such as it is barely possible they may be , yet our plays in particular , considered practically , and as they really are , he does not only utterly exclude , according to his principles laid down in that very passage ; but in another part of his book expresses the greatest detestation , and passes a peremptory sentence against them . and now after ▪ this let ignorant and superficial writers oppose , if they think fit , st. thomas his authority against us , and bring him upon their stage as a favourer and champion of plays . xxvi . st. antonin's opinion examined . next after st. thomas , the other great champion produced in their defence ▪ is st. antoninus , arch-bishop of florence . but the worst of it is , that they begin this argument with a false citation , and make him speak these words in his second part . comedy is a mixture of pleasant speeches and actions , for the diversion of a man's self , or for that of another . now , in this quotation , there is a small liberty taken of accomodating the testimony of this great man to their present occasion . the reader will judge of the ingenuity of it , when i have told him , that this author hath only added the word comedy , of which there is no footstep in the text. st. antonin , in the place referred to , speaks in general of diverting words and actions , such as are used for mirth and refreshment . these are the things he treats of , which by no means include any idea of plays , but only that of pleasant conversation , or however , of innocent sports , such as he instances in particularly , as tops for children , playing at ball and quoits , and racing for young people ; and chess for grown men ; and so of the rest , without one single word of comedy . it is confessed , in this place of his second part , after a long discourse , in which he severely condemns playing at dice , he descends to other matters , and instances in several professions , and at last in that of the historiones ; which he approves in the same sense , and with the same limitations that st. thomas had done ; whose authority he alledges without declaring himself more particularly in the case : so that there is no other reply needful to this testimony , than only that , which hath been made to that of st. thomas already . in his third part indeed , he speaks expresly of the representations in vogue in his time . representationes quae fiunt hodie . which addition is a sufficient hint , that they were of no long standing then ; and yet this was about a hundred and fifty years after aquinas . these he declares unlawful and forbidden in some cases , and under certain circumstances taken notice of there ; one of which is , if they represent things immoral and indecent , turpia . and all that certainly ought to fall under this condemnation , which flatters and promotes carnal concupiscence . and if st. antoninus did not provide against the condition of our modern plays , nor the sentiments of that impious love , which is the constant ground-work of such entertainments ; the reason undoubtedly is , that he had his eye upon the representations then in use ; which , as the compositions of that age still remaining do evidently demonstrate , were of a nature very different from ours . the spirit and judgment of this great man , with regard to these dangerous tendernesses of the present stage is however sufficiently discovered , by his reducing musick to the singing forth the praises of god , singing the stories of knights errant , and other inoffensive things in due time and place . so holy a person would never have called our amorous songs inoffensive , since his niceness ran so high , as to forbid men the liberty of hearing women sing ; because it is a freedom of dangerous consequence , and as he terms it , an incentive to lasciviousness . incitati●…um ad lasciviam . by this it is easy to know , what judgment he would have passed upon our opera , and whether he would have thought it less hazardous to see our women play their love parts with so much moving art and passion , and all the advantages of temptation , which their sex can possibly furnish them with . and , if to these declarations of antoninus his opinion , we add those conditions , which he requires in all sorts of diversions such as that they be utterly laid aside in lent and other penitential seasons , and that they do not occasion the worship of god to be neglected ; and ( which is more strict , and considerable still ) that the returns of them be so seldom , as , in the affairs of human life and conversation , to bear proportion to the quantity of salt which men use in their ordinary food ; i think upon these terms the discourser will not only find no support from hence to the argument he maintains , but will be expresly condemned in every branch of it , even by the judgment of this pretended friend to his cause . xxvii . the author 's encouraging the profanation of feasts and fasts , censured . i will here observe two very considerable points , in which this discourse commits an open outrage upon the holy usages of the church . the first is that passage , where the author declares himself very well pleased , that plays should divide god's own day with him ; and , though sunday be set apart for religious duties , yet plays may come in for a share too , provided they content themselves with that modesty of not beginning till divine service is over and sermon ended , when the church doors are shut , and people have had time enough for devotion . the other is that , wherein he gives up the season of lent to this sort of divertisement ; and that too , notwithstanding it be , ( as he expresses himself farther ) a time consecrated to repentance and humiliation for sin ; ●… time of tears and bitter sorrow to serious and devout christians ; a time , in which ( as the scripture observes , ) musick should be a torment , and sights and plays may seem improper , and perhaps some may think it were more convenient to have them then absolutely forbidden . and yet , in despight of all these reasons , which he seems to have produced for no other end , than only to let the world see , how little scruple he would make of setting them aside ; in defiance of that text of scripture urged in confirmation of them ; he stands up in vindication of that horrible abuse , of acting plays , even in this season of mortification and devotion . xxviii . the doctrine of the scripture and the church concerning fasting . now this is in effect to confound and utterly overthrow all those ideas of fasting , which scripture and tradition both have given us in this matter . the days set apart for this purpose are so properly and naturally times of sorrow and affliction , that the scripture frequently makes use of no other term to express and explain them by : you shall afflict your souls , that is , ye shall keep a fast. and indeed the withdrawing and abstaining from the ordinary supports and refreshments of nature is designed for that very purpose , that this painfull denyall of our selves may dispose us the better for a sorrowfull temper of mind . while men were eager and allowed themselves a free use of necessaries , they were not mighty cautious of sliding into superfluities ▪ but upon pretence of necessity fell in to excess . and therefore it was thought fit in the chastising and humbling of our selves to take the contrary method ▪ to cut off first the common supplyes , and not only so ; but to this abstinence to joyn every thing that could be mortifying and afflicting , sackcloth upon the body , ashes upon the head , tears and groans and lamentations . and all this , because this was a day of atonement , a time to propitiate and seek pardon for their sins ; and therefore they were to feel , and to bear all the marks of deep sorrow and affliction , and to find no rest , no comfort to their souls . fasting hath yet one character more , peculiar to it under the new testament , as it is an expression of that grief the church lyes under , during the time of her spouse's absence . and this agrees with that saying of christ himself : can the children of the bridechamber mourn , as long as the bridegroom is with them ? but the days will come , when the bridegroom shall be taken from them ; and then shall they fast . here you see mourning and fasting put together again , and both the one and the other are , in our saviours judgment , the distinguishing marks of that time , when the church laments the death and absence of jesus christ. the holy fathers in like manner tell us , that upon this very account , the most solemn fast of all , which is the season of lent , is celebrated upon the approuch of , and as a proper preparation for , that of our lord's passion . during this time so devoted to repentance , and mortification , and the remembrance of our blessed redeemer's death , all publick rejoycings and diversions are forbidden . in this whole intervall of sorrow the canons of the church order men to abstain from the celebration of marriage ; and they , who are at all versed in the discipline and usages of the church , cannot but understand the reasons for it . it cannot then seem strange , that shews , and publick entertainments , have been in a particular manner forbidden during this season . for , allowing them to be altogether innocent , yet it is obvious they are indecent ; as a testimony of gayety and joy , which is by no means suitable to the then sorrowful state of the church in general . but if even innocent diversions are not then allowed , much less are the infamous and the prosane . the church forbears even holy rejoycings , and the very festivals of the saints were not suffered to be kept , because these could not be solemnized without some demonstration 〈◊〉 ●…blick joy. this temper and spirit is still preserved in the church , as they , who are learned in the rites of it , know and teach . it is upon the same principle , that no fasts were kept on sundays , nor between easter and whitsuntide ; because these are times set apart for holy rejoycing ; when we sing hallelujah's and hymns of praise , the figure of that song of the lamb , and never ceasing joy , in the next world . now , if fasting be inconsistent with a season dedicated to holy joy , ought common mirth and profane revellings to be mingled with it ? ought even those publick diversions which at other times are not allowable ? is this a time to hear the jests of buffoons , whose whole discourse utterly stifles the spirit of compunction ? are plays then proper , which , taken in the most favourable character their champions contend for , will at least fill your heads with vain and idle thoughts , with sensitive and worldly , admitting them to be innocent and otherwise unblameable , pleasures ? xxix . a fresh abuse of st. thomas aquin. his 〈◊〉 . in despight of these holy traditions , and in direct contradiction to that passage of the wise * man produced by our author , against the use of musick in time of mourning , he still persists in allowing plays to be acted the whole season of lent throughout . he would not indeed de●…e from us the meer favour of giving him the hearing upon this occasion , were it not for the respect due to a greater authority than his own , which he hath the hardiness once more to summon in , as a voucher for his errors . for , after propounding all the objections he knew against acting plays in lent , he adds , to all this i answer in st. thomas his own words ; and then he cites an article of this holy doctor upon the sentences , which is the very same , that we had occasion to produce and examine already upon another occasion . now first of all , it is most certain , that the casuist hath nothing to do with lent in that place , nor does he say one single syllable concerning it . but though a man would , ( as i cannot but acknowledge he might reasonably enough ) apply in some degree to the season of lent , the rules and measures , which this great oracle lays down with regard to the state of penitents in general ; yet even thus there is not any thing there , which will not make against the pretension of our author . st. thomas does in that place take three questions into consideration , the two former whereof relate to sports or diversions ; in the first he speaks of these in general ; in the second he descends to shews in particular . while he is treating of diversions in general , and before he comes to instance in or consider shews or publick sights , he forbids penitents the indulging , though never so privately , such diversions , as are apt to rejoyce and very agreeably entertain the mind ; which prohibition he grounds upon this , that a state of penitence requires tears and not mirth , and therefore the utmost he allows them is , with great moderation to use some certain recreations , so far as may refresh themselves , and keep up good society with the persons they dwell and converse among . and all this , it is plain , is nothing to the point before us , for such permissions will not reach very many cases . but now , under the second question , where he comes to consider shews in particular , there he positively determines the point against penitents , and declares such are bound to avoid them , spectacula vitanda penitenti . nay that they are bound , not only to decline such as are evil in their own nature , from which , says he , these persons lye under a stronger obligation to abstain , than common men ; but , even from such diversions as are useful and necessary to mankind , among which he instances particularly in hunting . how strict the discipline of the antient church was upon this occasion , as it is pretty well known , so it deserves to be constantly remembred . by this , all sorts of exercises were interdicted to penitents , which unsettle the mind , and dispose to levity . and this rule was so well fixed , that you see there was no relaxation of it , granted by st. thomas , who lived in the thirteenth century . we find among the sermons printed in st. ambrose , one of st , coesarius archbishop of arles , where he tells us three or four times over ; that , whoever hunts any part of lent , ( horum quadraginta dierum curriculo ) does not really fast ; no ( says he ) not though he abstain from food longer than ordinary and do not eat till the evening , ( which was the constant usage of that age ) it is true , he does not refresh himself at common hours , but , notwithstanding that , he hath not fasted unto the lord , for fasting implyes a great deal more then eating later than is usuall - potes videri tardius te refecisse , non tamen domino jejunasse . this author lived about the end of the sixth century . in the ninth age , pope nicolas , imposes the same observance upon the bulgarians , who consulted him for direction , and grounds it upon the tradition of the former ages of the church . this severity was derived from the primitive discipline in the case of penitents ; and what was then thought expedient for particular persons and cases , was afterwards judged a proper course for the observance of lent ; this being a season , when the whole church , and every member of it , put themselves into the condition of penitents . and , lest any should imagine , that this discipline of penitents was unreasonable and beyond all measure rigorous , st. thomas justifies it with this argument , that such publick shews and exercises , take off from the seriousness of the mind , and are a great hindrance to recollection ; that the state of penitents is a state of uneasiness and trouble and therefore the church hath a right , and does well in such circumstances to use her right , of debarring such from the use and enjoyment of such things , which though usefull in their own nature , are yet by no means proper for these persons present condition . and , that nothing less than a case of necessity , is a good exception to this rule , ubi necessitas exposcit ; as for instance , if a man had no other way of getting his living but by hunting . all which is agreeable to the canons , to the doctrine of the saints , and to the master of the sentences . and , having by all these authorities moderated the diversions , which a private penitent may allow himself in , for the refreshment of his own mind , and the keeping up a good correspondence with his neighbours and acquantance ; he forbids such , the use of all publick shews , and all those exercises , which discompose the mind , and render it unfit for serious thought . notwithstanding all which , the discourser , in the passage now before us , hath declared it allowable to see and hear plays , all lent long , ( for these are his very words ) he discovers in this no manner of inconsistence with that spirit of mortification and deep sorrow , which the church at that time makes publick profession of ; and he hath the confidence to call this answering all objections to the contrary , in th. aquinas his own words . the same author declares himself yet farther upon this subject , in that question already quoted out of his summes where in the fourth article , he inquires , whether there can be any sin in the defect , or too rigid forbearance of diversion . that is , in refusing and denying a mans self every thing , that may contribute to the recreating his mind . for that is the meaning of lud●…s or play mentioned there . and the first objection he raises is this , that in all appedrance , there can be no sin in the defect of these diversions , because no sin is prescribed to penitents , and yet all diversions are prohibited so such . for this agrees with a passage in a book attributed to st. augustin , where he says , that if a penitent desire to obtain the grace of a full and perfect pardon , it is necessary for him to forbear diversions , and the shews of the world , during his state of humiliation for his sins . this passage was in the text of the master of the sentences , and the doctrine contained in it received as uncontestable , because agreeing exactly with all the ancient canons . st. thomas likewise replyes , that lamentation and grief for sin are commanded the penitents , and therefore diversion is not allowed to such ; because reason requires the abatement of such things to persons under circumstances of sorrow . paenitentibus luctus indicitur pro peccatis , ideo inter dicitur eis ludus . nec hoc pertinet ad vitium defectus quia hoc ipsum est secundum rationem , quod in eis ludus diminuatur . this is the only restriction produced there , which yet does not in any degree affect the publick diversions because it does not take off the prohibition of shews : but it leaves that in full force , as we find it expressly laid in all those canons that concern a penitentiall state. and this the same author himself acknowledges , in the passage lately cited out of his book upon the sentences . let not men therefore injure the doctrine , and misrepresent the judgment , of so pious and great a man , by pretending his authority for so manifest a relaxation of ecclesiasticall discipline . it is enough , and too much , to introduce him as a vindicator of plays , which yet he never intended . but , it is too great , too shameless an abuse , to make him justify acting in lent , though he have not in the whole compass of his works , one single passage , which , either directly , or by remote consequence can bear this construction nay , when on the contrary , he hath so expresly declared , that the publick shews are so perfectly inconsistent with that spirit of mortification and repen tance , which the church , at the season of lent particularly , labours so earnestly to revive and cherish in the mind of every christian. xxx . the profanation of the lord●… day . the command of keeping festivals holy explained . as to the lord's day , and the observation of it , our author begins with this remark , * that the holy-days are given us , not only to sanctify them , and that we may have then more leisure then at other times we have , for attending the service of god ; but also , that we may rest after the example of god himself . and from hence he infers , that since pleasure is the proper rest of man , according to st. thomas , he may even upon sundays allow himself the pleasure of plays , provided this be not done , till the publick offices of the day be over . and here again he endeavours to draw st. thomas over to his party . who yet first of all , says not one word of what he makes him say ; and secondly though he had said what he is produced for , yet no conclusion can be drawn from thence , in favour of plays , which are the subject of the present discourse . i should be much to blame , to spend time in a formall confutation of one , who does not understand what he reads . but yet his profanations of scripture , and the rest of almighty god , are the less to be endured , because of their direct tendency to overthrow the command of keeping holy the sabbath-day . now it is tru●… , that in exodus we find that command delivered and enforced after the following manner . six days thou shalt do thy work , and on the seventh day thou shalt rest , that thine oxe and thine ass , and all whom those beasts represent , all whose life is imployed continually in labour , may rest , and the son of thy handmaid , and the stranger may be refreshed . now upon this occasion we may justly make st. pauls reflection , doth god take care for oxen ? no! without all controversy his concern that they might rest was not so great , as to produce an express command for that purpose . but that fatherly care and compassion , which , as david observes , hath a tender regard to the safety both of man and beast , provided for the refreshment even of brutes themselves , that men might learn , by this example , not to harass and oppress those that are like themselves , with never ceasing drudgery and toil. or else the reason of that command may be , to show that the goodness of god extends to the preservation of our bodies , and would have some convenient intermission for their comfort , from that labour and fatigue , which is common to us with creatures of an inferiour degree . so that this rest of mankind is a second and less principall motive for the institution of the sabbath . but to infer from thence , that sports , nay even that publick sports were allowed to that ancient and peculiar people of god , betrays so gross ignorance of their constitution and customes , as deserves no other answer than disdain , and contempt of the wretched consequences deduced from this law. the rest of the jewish nation consisted in an intermission of bodily labour , by which they might have leisure to employ their thoughts in meditations upon god , and his law , and to dedicate that time to his more immediate service . but to seek their own pleasure , and especially so unthinking a pleasure as that of plays , ( supposing that age to have been addicted to such sort of diversions ) had doubtless been a manifest profanation and crying abuse of that holy day . isaiah is express in this matter . for there god rebukes the iews severely and upbraids them over and over for doing their own will , and seeking their own pleasure , upon the day he had sanctisied , and set apart to his own use : for looking upon the sabbath as a day of delight , or as a day of ostentation and vainglory ! he shews them what sort of pleasure it was intended they should persue upon this day , thou shalt delight thy self in the lord , says he . some luterpreters indeed put another sense upon these passages , but it is such as comes all to one at the last , since all agree , that the proper delight and pleasure of the sabbath , is to take pleasure in god , and good things . and yet now men go so far , as to propose the pleasure of plays , which is a delight so immediately and entirely sensuall , for an imitation of god's spiritual and divine rest , and a part of that refreshment which he hath directed and ordained for mankind . but let us leave these reasonings to their authour , which indeed are so extravagant and odd , that it is hard to say , whether they be more despicable for the weakness , or detestable for the profaneness of them . he that shall undertake to defend acting plays upon sundays , either upon the principles of this discourse , or upon any others of his own , would do well in the first place , to make out the priviledge this trade can pretend to above all the rest : that this should lay claim to the day which is god's peculiar , and presume to appropriate any part of it to it self . is the profession of a player more liberal , more to be respected and encouraged , than that of painting and sculpture , not to mention any of those arts which are usefull for the necessary supplyes of humane life ? do not players subsist upon this odious art ? and can we with any colour of reason excuse those , who oblige them to the exercise of their usual labours , by paying them for working upon a day , when others are forbidden to exercise more honest callings ? this certainly is carrying licentiousness to much too high a pitch . the commands of god , and that in particular which regards the sanctification of holy days , will be too much disrespected and forgotten ; and upon these terms god's own day will in a little time be less his , than any of the other six . such wicked and forced expositions do men study to find out , to abandon this day to vanity , and pleasure . after this i should scarce think that frivolous excuse for plays upon festivalls and holydays worth an answer ; which grounds it self upon a pretence , that the theatres are not opened , till the publick worship is ended , and the church doors are shut . for why should not all other labours and trades be indulged by the same reason , most of which without dispute are much more profitable and necessary , and have a better title to be allowed ? who is it i beseech you , that first reserved this day , and cut it off from common use ; and why should not he have the whole , as well as any part of it ? what reason can be alledged why all the four and twenty hours of this day should not be his , as entirely as those of all the rest of the days are ours ? i own there are some diversions , which the church it self does not absolutely prohibit out of the time of divine service ; but plays were never any of that number . the discipline of the church hath ever been uniform and consistent with it self in this point . and the council of reims , toward the close of the last age , in the title of feastdays , after having in the third chapter instanced in some sports , which ought not to be permitted , or at least not till service was over ; does afterwards in the sixth chapter , put in a rank by themselves , the diversions of the theatres as things that cast a blemish upon morality and decency , and the holiness of the church , and therefore absolutely forbidden upon holydays . st. charles had made the same declaration against them : and all the ancient and modern canons speak the same language , without any limitation or reserve in their favour . st. thomas , whom they so confidently and groundlesly top upon us at every turn , for a warranter of licentiousness , does , among other necessary conditions for , even innocent , diversions , require this as an indispensable one , that they be indulged only at convenient seasons , and what is the meaning of this precaution , but to inform us , that there are some among them , which , however allowable they be at other times , yet ought not by any means to be suffered upon holy days ; but indeed it is not reasonable to require from us particular passages out of this , or any other divines , condemning this abominable division men are now content to make of times set apart for religion , between that and the world , ( not to say the devil ) they were not concerned to reprove an abuse as yet unheard of , when they lived and wrote . they could not foresee a profanation of the lord's day , which our immediate ancestors saw the first breaking out of . to what purpose is it then to alledge a vicious practice , against which all the canons cry out so loudly : and to urge corruption in bar to law ? we must not imagine all to be lawfull , which , through the wickedness of the times , and the hardness of our hearts , we are under an unhappy necessity of tolerating : or that every thing which the civil government cannot effectually redress or punish , will escape the judgment of god , as easily as it does that of man. and after all , what ▪ does it signify to the players or to the spectators , that these entertainments do not interrupt the publick worship , but leave the time appointed for that , entirely free to be better employed ? do these men attend upon that worship ever the more for not being just then in the play house ? do the generality of those persons that frequent the playhouse ever trouble themselves with considering whether there be any publick worship or not ? do they understand the nature of it duly , who zealously attend upon the sermon and parochiall service , and immediately upon hearing these , go streight to the play , and there , in a loose of worldly delight , lose all that spirit of seriousness , and recollection , and contrition for their sins , which the word of god , and his praises had excited in their hearts ? so that , upon the whole matter , we must of necessity confess , that plays are by no means made or fitted to the temper of those persons , who know how to celebrate festivals with a true becoming frame of mind ; those that are christians in disposition and in very deed , and attend the offices of the church , with that gravity and considerate attention , which these duties suppose and require . xxxi . reflections upon the virtue ●…alled by aristotle 〈◊〉 . a●…nas eutrapelia . after having cleared st. thomas from those aspersions cast upon his doctrin , which charge it with all those vicious and extravag●…t practices already mentioned ; i think my self obliged , with all the respect due ●…o so great a man , to confess ingenuously , that he seems to have swerved a little , if not from the judgment and real opinion , yet at least from the manner , in which the antient fathers used to express themselves , upon this subject of diversions . and the entring into this disquisition will be of some service to us , because it will furnish us with rules and principles , whereby to pass a right judgment upon comical compositions , and , in general , of all sorts of conversation and discourse , which provoke laughter . now in the first place i must be bold to affirm , that i do not know any one of the antients , but who is so far from esteeming drollery in conversation an excellence , or ●…anging it under any species of virtue , as even to look upon it as a species of vice rather , though not in all cases actually and directly sinful , nor such a crime as renders the person using it liable to damnation . the least accusation they bring against it , is it's unprofitableness ; which in their opinion lays it within the compass of those idle words , which , our blessed saviour hath declared , must be accounted for in the day of iudgment . now how severe soever the doctors and casuists may appear , yet all their censures fall short of christ's , who hath made , not only evil , but even useless and idle words , subject to so rigorous a scrutiny in the great day of account . and therefore we cannot wonder much , if the fathers , who understood that text in so strict a sense , agree unanimously in their condemnation of this sort of conversation . as for that virtue termed eutrapelia , which st. thomas took his notion of from aristotle , they must be acknowledged not to have been acquainted with it . the translators have rendred the greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , by urbanity , politeness , good breeding ; a man would come nearer aristotle's sense , who should term it raillery , facetiousness . or , to take in the whole notion of it , an agreeable way of wit , gayety of humour , and sprightlyness in conversation , attended with pleasant discourse . which , i think , answers the character intended for it by the philosopher . this being the very best , that can possibly be said of such talk as makes the company laugh . and to this purpose he explains himself , when treating of that virtue in his ethicks . but this is so nice and airy a virtue , that the very same term is applyed by st. paul to a vice , which we render iesting but the vulgar s●…urrility ; though indeed it do not include abusive language as scurrility does , but may , according to the fathers , be rendred in a more general term , such as tartness of wit , the art of moving laughter , or , if you please , buffoonery . st. paul calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and places it in very bad company , such as filthiness and foolish talking . so that , in the judgment of this apostle , the three blameable qualities of discourse are the being indecent or filthy , the being light , inconsiderate , or foolish ; or the being smart , ridiculing , or iesting , or ( if you allow that rendring ) savouring of buffoonery ; for all these words have significations , which it is very difficult to express in strict propriety of terms . now i desire it may be observed , that st. paul gives this sort of talk the very best and most creditable name , that is ever pretended to belong to it ; for he might , one would have thought , have called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is that scandalous title fixed by the greeks upon the vice in this kind on the exceeding side ; and that which aristotle hath distinguished the impertinence and ill manners of prating buffoons by . and yet st. paul , after having taken this merry and jocular way of conversation , under the best figure it is capable of making , and given it it 's most favourable name , does not scruple to rank it among the vices . not that we are from hence to conclude our selves absolutely forbidden to be sometimes pleasant and diverting in company , but because to be always upon the merry pin , and make it one 's constant business and trade , as it were , to promote laughing , is exceeding faulty and altogether unsuitable to the dignity of men or christians . st. thomas , who attended but little to the propriety of the greek text , could not make this reflection upon st. paul's manner of expressing himself . but it did not escape st. chrysostome , who had the skill to observe , that the word eutrapelos , does properly signify a man of art and address , one who can with great ease turn himself into different forms and humours , ( which agrees with aristotles account and etymology of the word ) only the father and the philosopher differ in this , that aristotle takes it in a good sense , as it implyes agreeableness of conversation , readiness of wit , and gayety of humour , and is opposed to the blunt rudeness and ribaldry of fools and clowns ; whereas st. chrysostome keeps his eye chiefly upon that part of the signification , which implyes the levity and inconstancy of the person , the meanness of turning mimick , and affecting to make the company laugh . all which he looks upon , as qualities much too trifling and airy for the gravity of a christian , who hath such important concerns upon his hands ; and beneath whose character it is to descend to such little and despicable artifices and designs . this is what he very frequently inculcates , and urges in proof of it those words of st. paul immediately following , that these things are not convenient . for , whereas the vulgar hath translated it , scurrilitas quae ad rem non pertinet : so referring this last clause to iesting only : the greek plainly intimates , that all those things mentioned before by the apostle are not convenient . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and thus the vulgar likewise heretofore understood the passage , as may be gathered from st. ierome , who reads it non pertinent . but , whatever become of these criticisms and various readings , st. chrysostome is express and positive , that these three sorts of discourse , the filthy , the foolish , and the iesting or ridiculing , are not convenient for a christian. and he explains that term convenient , by saying , they do not belong to us , we have nothing to do with them . that is , they do not suit our condition , nor are of a piece with our christian calling and duty . under these sorts of discourse thus unbecoming and unworthy of christians , he comprehends even those , which the greek and latin writers stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , urbana , by which they meant the most witty and inoffensive sort of railery , such as spoke a man ingenious and well bred , as well as facetious and good humoured . of what use , says he , are even these railleries ? they only serve to make you laugh . and a little after . all these things which turn to no profit , and such as we have nothing to do with , are no part of our christian profession , ( which consists of and recommends such methods and practices only , as are profitable and pertinent to it 's main design . ) therefore let there be no idle word among you , plainly alluding to that sentence of our blessed saviour , where he forbids and threatens such words with a severe reckoning to be required for them . this father proceeds to represent the mischievous consequences of such light and frothy wit , and at every turn puts us in mind again , that such discourses as aim at provoking laughter , however they may be lookt upon as marks of parts , and polished conversation , are yet unworthy of a christian ; and he at once laments and professes himself amazed , that any such wretched thing as a knack of this kind should pass upon the world for an accomplishment , and be ranked under any head of virtue . this , it is evident , was intended for a gird at aristotle , who is the only person , with whom this passes for a virtue , which st. chrysostome can by no means admit to be such . i have already shewed , that he took his notion and etymology of eutrapelia from aristotle . thus it is obvious to discern he treats of it , throughout that so often cited homily ; and those readers , who are at all acquainted with the spirit and manner of st. chrysostome , whose discourses are full of learned and secret allusions to the doctrin of the old philosophers , which it is his way frequently to reprove , without any express mention of the authors who maintained it , will make no doubt , that my present observation is just . and thus you have st. chrysostome's opinion of that pretended virtue stiled eutrapelia , which the primitive and purer christians knew little of . theophylact , and oecumenius , do here , as is usual with them in other places ; they are only an abridgment of what st. chrysostome had delivered more at large ; and do not go about at all to mollify the seeming austere principles of their master . xxxii . some passages out of st. ambrose and st. jerom upon the same subject . nor are the latin fathers less severe upon this occasion . st. thomas quotes a passage out of st. ambrose , which he finds himself hard put to it to reconcile with aristotle . it is taken out of his book of offices , wherein that father handles much the same subjects , which cicero had done in that tract we have of his under the same title . and here , after having taken notice of the rules given by that orator , and some other philosophers , who were the wise men of this world , seculares viri , upon the matter of iesting and raillery , ioca , he begins with this remark , that he for his part hath nothing to say upon this branch of the precepts and doctrin of the moral philosophers , de jocandè disciplina , this , says he , is a topick fit for us to pass over in silence , nobis proetereunda ; such as christians are not concerned in ; because , as he goes on there , although there be some railleries in conversation , which are sometimes agreeable and decent , licet interdum ioca honesta sint ac suavia , yet are they contrary to the rules and discipline of the church , ab ecclefiasticâ abhorrent regulà , for , says he , we cannot prescribe the practice of those things which the scriptures have not thought fit to give any directions for . quae in scripturis sanctis non reperimus ea quemadmodum usurpare possumus ? and this is most manifest , that in those holy books we no where meet with any approbation or warrant for such sort of talk as aims and labours to make men laugh , so far from that , that st. ambrose , after having instanced in those words of our blessed saviour , wo unto you that laugh now , expresses his astonishment , that christians should so industrously seek occasions , and contrive matter for laughter ; et nos rid●…ndi materiam quaerimus ut hîc ridentes illîc fleamus ? where we shall do well to observe , that he rather forbids seeking these occasions industriously , than suffering our selves to be diverted with them , when they offer of their own accord , and fall in without our seeking . but this distinction notwithstanding , he infers , that we ought to decline , not only studied and excessive raillery , but indeed all sorts of it , non solum profusos sed omnes etiam jocos declinandos arbitror . and this explains what went before , by giving us to understand , that the decency , there mentioned and allowed , was such only , as regards the sense of the world , and the measures of common conversation ; not that it hath any express allowance or approbation from scripture ; or is not , if nicely considered , an offence against the rule of a christian temper and behaviour and the discipline of the church . aquinas , that he might mollify this passage , so irreconcileable with aristotle's virtue of eutrapelia , tells us , that st. ambrose did not design utterly to banish iesting out of common conversation , but only to shew that it was not allowable in the christian doctrin , non excludit universaliter jocum a conversatione humana , sed a doctrina sacra . now by doctrina sacra , he constantly means , either the scriptures , or preaching and practical precepts , or the science of theology . as if st. ambrose meant no more , than that iesting was forbidden , when men were engaged in the most sacred and important matters , and that divines should not use it , when they expound the word of god , and are teaching the people their duty . but it is obvious to every reader , that this is not the case st. ambrose is upon ; but altogether forreign to the design of that place . and besides , it is evident from some other reasons , which are no diminution to the acute parts and profound learning of this eminent casuist , that we are not always to expect from him an exact interpretation of the fathers ; especially , when he thinks himself concerned to reconcile them with aristotle , whose notions , it is past all dispute , they did in many cases take the liberty of differing from ; and were by no means governed by . there is somewhat more of colour for that other solution of this difficulty , which proceeds upon a conjecture , that st. ambrose in the passage now before us , address'd to such persons only , as were in holy orders . and this conjecture is strengthened by that title to his book , with which the benedictins edition hath published and restored it to us , de officijs ministrorum . but yet the terms in which he expresses himself are too general to admit of this restriction . the arguments he brings for his opinion are such as reach persons of all capacities equally ; and the method and intention of that treatise is to explain the duties of all christians in common . 't is true indeed , now and then , and upon two or three occasions , he observes , that priests stand in a more strict and peculiar manner obliged to the practice of those virtues , which he proposes and recommends to the generality of men. but this is so far from releasing other christians , that it rather binds them the faster , by making such virtues a pattern of perfection . and it is plain , as well from st. ambrose his own words , as from the analogy and general agreement of the doctrin of the fathers , that they disallow the ridiculing way of wit in conversation , without any exception or reserve . if these passages of the fathers seem too much ●…lining to the extream of rigour and morosness , st. ierom hath given them their due temperament , in his comment upon the epistle to the ephesians ; where , explaining the two faults censured by st. paul under the terms of foolish talking and iesting , he tells us , that the former , foolish talking is a sort of rash senseless unthinking discourse , which hath nothing in it worthy a man of parts and understanding . but iesting is the effect of premeditation and design , which affects to divert the hearers , and make them laugh , by saying smart and witty , or blunt and course , or unbecoming , or pleasant things , which is what we commonly call jocular entertainment . and this he tells us should by no means be admitted into the conversation of saints , that is , of christians , because it becomes such much rather to weep than to laugh . inter stultiloquium autem et scurrilitatem hoc interest , quod stultiloquium nihil in se sapiens , et eorde dignum hominis habet . scurrilitas vero de prudenti mente descendit , et consultó appetit quaedam , vel urbana verba , vel rustica , vel turpia , vel faceta ; quam nos iocularitatem alio verbo possumus appellare : ut risum moveat audientibus . verùm et haec à sanctis viris penitus propellenda ; quibus magis convenit flere atque lugere . but yet in the process of his discourse he forms this objection to himself . that this opinion may possibly be thought not only severe but cruel , in making no allowance for human frailty , and damning men for words spoken in iest only , videretur sententia esse crudelis , non ignoscere imbecillitati fragilitatis humanae ; cum etiam per jocum dicta nos damnarent . to which he returns this answer , that , supposing men not to go to hell for such liberties , yet they will have a less glorious place in heaven . neque vero locum stultiloquio et scurrilitati damus , dum non excluduntur a regno ; sed quomodo apud patrem diversae sunt mansiones , et stella a stellâ differt in gloriâ , si●… et resurrectio mortuorum . quamvis aliquis a fornicatione immundiciâ et lascivi alienus sit , tamen si stultiloquus et scurra fueri , non tenebit eum locum , quem possessurus erat , si haec vitia non haberet . it seems then , upon this most favourable concession , that these are vices , and at least venial sins still . so far are they from deserving to be reckoned among virtues , or capable of that honour aristotle hath done them . for he accounts the not knowing how to make the company laugh , or blaming those who have this knack , among the vices , and attributes this to a certain ferity , and rustick roughness of temper . plato quite contrary laid it down for a maxim , that a wise man would blush and be ashamed to make people laugh . but aristotle , who all along pretends to refine upon his master , labours to accommodate virtues to the humour of the world , and bend them to common opinion and custome : as if it were the business of philosophers not so much to regard what is strictly true , as what is practicable and modish . notwithstanding the fathers did not approve this industrious promoting of laughter , yet did they readily admit of such an agreeable sweetness in conversation , as should render it entertaining and graceful : and a certain salt of wisdom , such as st. paul recommends for the seasoning of our speech , and giving it a grateful relish with those that hear us . and even st. thomas , though in deference to his great master , ( whose authority was in that age so sacred , that scarce any person then living had the hardiness to depart from aristotle's sense of the matter ) he seems to have ca●…ried this liberty of iesting too far , where he treats of these matters in his summe ; yet even there he reduces these delights to a very scanty proportion . he requires , that the returns of diversion should be but seldom , and that such pleasure should be to common conversation the same that salt is to our common food ; not that a meal should be made of it , but that , by a very sparing mixture , other discourse may be quickned and made palatable by it . he absolutely forbids all those measures , which quite let loose the mind , and , instead of refreshing , destroy its grave and serious composure , and render it regardless of , or unfit for , more important business . this i have already shown to be his sense , both in his summe , and his commentary upon st. paul ; for there he comes a great deal closer up to the expressions and judgment of the fathers , and does , in agreement with them , reckon iesting among the vices reproved by this apostle . xxxiii . st. basils remarks upon the gravity of a christian conversation . it was a very common thing with the fathers to understand that passage of our blessed lord , wo unto you that laugh now , for ye shall mourn and weep , in the utmost rigour , and literal sense . st. basil , who from thence inferred , that it was not lawful to laugh at all , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; though it were merely upon the account of the mighty number of those wicked and profane wretches , who openly affront god and treat his laws with despight and contempt , ( this single consideration being sad enough to damp and quash all disposition to mirth in a zealous and good man ) moderates the severity of this sentence , by that in ecclesiasticus . a fool lifteth up his voice with laughter , but a wise man doth scarce smile a little : i. e. he seems to check himself for it , when he does it . agreeably to this sentence , he allows us with the preacher , to sweeten our countenance now and then with a modest smile : but as for those loud peals of noisey mirth , those rattlings and shakings of the lungs and sides , which are rather violent convulsions than any real delight , these , according to him , are by no means the practice of a man of virtue , and one who is a master of himself ; and this extravagance of mirth is what he often inveighs against , and presses the preventing and suppressing it , as duties to which the christian religion obliges all that profess it . now , whether the maxims and precepts here mentioned ought to be carried to the utmost point of rigour , and held for obligatory in all cases ; or , whether there may not in some instances be some abatements allowed ; and what again that equitable relaxation is , or where to take place , are questions , which no man should undertake to determine , and every wise and good man would be very tender of determining , by the judgment of his own private spirit ; but especially where himself is a party . things may seem very hard and impracticable to us , which yet almighty god both sees highly reasonable , and knows very possible to be performed . god , i say , who perfectly understands the nature and excellence of that happiness and reward promised to our obedience , and the power of that assistance he affords us in the discharge of it , knows how much these advantages ought in equity to cost us . and though the infirmities of humane nature may seem to require these diversions , and render our condition pityable ; yet no tenderness for our own frailty should make us partial interpreters of gods laws : nor prevail with us to depart from the grave and serious deportment befitting the virtue and quality of christians . these things , however severe , must not either fright , or blind us in the search after truth ; but we must take the whole scheme of it together as it lyes ; that , by contemplating it's perfection , we may be made duly sensible , both how deeply we ought to humble our souls before god , for a conversation so very defective and short of its just perfection ; and likewise how high a pitch it is , that we are bound to aim at . the engagements of a christian in the point before us cannot be extended further , than st. basil hath set them , upon that saying of our blessed lord , for every idle word men shall give an account in the day of iudgment . where to that enquiry , what that word is , which , the son of god hath declared , men shall be called to so severe a reckoning for , he returns this answer , it is every word , which hath no regard to , nor does contribute or aim at , that usefulness , and benefit , which our lord and his religion have enjoyned us to seek and follow after . and the danger , adds he , of speaking these words is so great , that a discourse , otherwise and in its own nature good , if it have no manner of reference to edification , promoting faith and virtue , is not free from this danger , upon pretence of the good it contains . but having no tendency to edify our neighbour , it afflicts and grieves the holy spirit . this he afterwards illustrates by a passage in the epistle to the ephesians ; and then at last concludes , and what need is there for me to say , how wicked and dangerous a thing it is to grieve the holy spirit ? the same doctrin is likewise to be met with , and many arguments brought in confirmation of it , in several other parts of his works . and we must not think to evade the severity of these rules , by a fond imagination , that they were intended only for a monastick life . for , quite contrary , his expressions , the reasons by which he supports them , and the whole strain and temper of his discourse manifestly prove , that he makes it his business to lay down the obligations , which christianity hath laid upon all in common ; though he do indeed urge them upon the monks , as persons under peculiar and stricter engagements to observe them . in regard a monk pretends to be nothing else , but a christian , who hath withdrawn from the world , that he may more vigorously and without interruption fulfill the duties of the christian religion : which though others have the same engagements , yet have they not the same opportunities , to perform . and if it be farther pleaded , in mitigation of this rigour , that the failings st. basil reprehends , are however but venial sins , and for that reason reputed and called small : that father , i must tell you , will not endure , that any christians should argue at this rate . there is no such thing , says he , as a small sin. that which we commit is always the great sin , because it is so great as to overcome us , and that is the little sin , which , when we are tempted to , we refuse and overcome . and , though it be true , that , in a comparative sense , some sins be small ; yet a christian can never be able to make a certain judgment , how very highly some such sins are aggravated , by the violent inclination of the heart that yields it self up to them . and every christian hath cause enough and too much to tremble at that warning given him by the wise man , he that contemneth small things shall fall by little and little . xxxiv . the consequence of the foregoing doctrine . and now there is no occasion for undertaking so difficult and laborious a task , as the determining precisely , what degrees of wickedness and mischief plays may be justly charged with . this were a nice enquiry , and must depend upon the careful consideration of a great many particular cases and circumstances . it is sufficient for my present purpose , that , by the principles and concurrent testimony of the fathers , they undoubtedly deserve to be reckoned among the most dangerous diversions in the world. and thus much at least my reader is by this time qualified to judge , whether the fathers , and holy doctors , who followed after them , and particularly , whether st. thomas among the rest , who have all expressed themselves so severely , and left such strict rules of behaviour behind them , would ever have endured the buffooneries of the modern theatres , or allowed a christian in personating the many vile ridiculous characters , which the stage presents us with every day . and much less yet can we believe , that any wise and good man should be found , who does not readily agree , that the making buffoonery a constant practice , and trade , can never consist with the character of a grave and serious person , such as every disciple of iesus christ , it is evident , is supposed and required to be . but when once i have brought you thus far , st. chrysostom then will fall upon you might and main . he will tell you , that it is upon your account that a christian makes himself a publick iest , that you are answerable for his betraying the dignity of , and becoming a scandal to , the glorious name he bears . for do but you says he , take care there shall be no audience , and the actors will cease of course . and if it be such a commendable , such a fine thing , to turn mimick and break jests upon a stage , why do you not enter men of birth and quality in this noble profession ? to men of sense and honour we may alledge , what beauty , what commendation can there be in an art which no man can excell in , without shame and scandal ? and a great deal more to the same purpose . st. themas , as i have shewn at large , treads in his steps . and , if he have a little deviated into the notions , or rather into the language and expressions , of aristotle , yet when nicely examined we find him stanch at the bottom ; and not at all differing from the strictness and regularity of the fathers who led the way before him . xxxv . the conclusion of this whole discourse . and now , after what hath been already said , it will be of very little consequence to enquire into the opinions of other divines about this matter . i shall make no difficulty to own , that after having set themselves for a long while against all publick shews , and in a particular manner against those of the theatre , there was a certain period in the church , when men began to entertain some hopes , that the stage might be reduced to such measures , as , if observed , would render it harmless and decent , or at least not altogether insupportable ; this put them upon regulations , and remedies , for preventing the mischiefs , which must necessarily grow from the people's furious and unconquerable inclination to those dangerous amusements . but experience quickly convinced them that humorsom drollery and studied diversion bear too hard upon licentiousness , ever to be entirely separated from it . not that these things , when considered abstractedly and in there own nature , have any such necessary connexion and mutuall dependence , as should render such a separation absolutely impossible ; or , as the schools speak , that it implyes any contradiction . so far from that , that i will veuture to say , the thing is not utterly impracticable ; for there have been in fact some innocent representations of this kind . it were an unreasonable stretch of rigour to condemn some of those used in colleges ; which the masters impose upon the youth under their charge , as exercises which contribute to the forming their style , their gestures , their elocution , their behaviour , o●… however for a refreshment and harmless diversion to them at the close of the year , when they have gone through the painfull course of their studies . and yet those rules are worth our observation , which a very learned society have made upon this accasion , who with extraordinary zeal and marvellous success have devoted themselves to the instructing of young persons . they order , that the tragedies and comedies should never be allowed in any language but latin ; that they should be acted but very seldom ; that the subject of such plays should not be grave only , but holy and pious ; that the interlndes between the acts should likewise be all in latin , and contain nothing , which in the least breaks in upon the rules of decency ; and that no female character , nor so much as the habit of that sex , should be admitted to appear upon the stage . a man in his reading may discover infinite touches of this wisdom , in the regulations of this venerable institution : and particularly we find , that with regard to plays , notwithstanding all their precautions to preserve those collegiate recreations , from all the abuses with which other representation of this kind are tainted , the best course they can take is , after all , to be sure , that the returns of them be but very seldom . and if it be so exceeding difficult to bring the theatre to any tolerable decorum , under the jealous observation and severe discipline of prudent and pious masters , what a wretched thing is it like to be , when left to the mercy of dissolute and impudent players ; men that have no principle which they go upon , nor any other end to serve , but the bringing in as much profit to themselves , and the giving the spectators as much pleasure , as possibly they can . the female characters , which those regulators refuse upon any terms to admit upon the stage , for several very good reasons , and particularly to decline those disguises , which even the philosophers highly condemned , these , if thrown out would reduce plays to so little choice of subjects , and those too so infinitely distant from the spirit and temper of modern plays , that to confine them within this compass were in effect to make them fall of themselves . how manifest is it then to every one , who will but take the pains to consider it , that plays cannot be supported without we allow them to mingle evil with good ? nay not only so , but the alloy of evil must be in much the greater quantity , to enable the play-house to stand ; because they live and thrive by recommending themselves to the tast and humour of the people , and this tast to be sure is vitiated , and thinks it self best regaled with the worst objects . upon this account also it is that among all the solemn and bitter invectives against the theatre , to be met with in the fathers , we never find them laying any project , or making any attempts to reform it . they were very senfible , how vain and fruitless all such expedients must needs prove , when brought to tryall . they saw these mens business was to please , and that whoever makes that his end , will stick at no means of compassing it . virtue and conscience are then set aside , and pleased the audience must be at any rate . of the two kinds of dramatick poetry , the one is grave and serious but full of passion ; the other more resembling common conversation , but all upon the repartie , and the iest , and the buffoonery ; so that they could not , in either kind , find any thing fit for christians ; and therefore they thought the safest , as well as shortest , way would be utterly to discard all . for why should they give themselves the endless trouble of reducing them to the rules of virtue , since this was in effect fighting against the nature of the thing ? for plays must cease to be what they are , and proceed upon quite different views and ends , before they can ever be brought within the compass of severe morallity . the very genius of comedy consists in furnishing subjects for laughter . caesar himself was of opinion that terence was defective in this point . people naturally covet to have the ridiculous part carried to a greater height ; and the good acceptance , which aristophanes and plautus found in the world , is an evident proof to what an excess of licentiousness mirth and jesting naturally degnerate , when men give a loose to them . terence , who , in imitation of menander , checkt himself in the ridiculeing part of comedy , yet is not one whit the chaster for all that . and we shall ever find it an incredible difficulty to keep the pleasant part uninfected with the unlawfull and lientious . upon this account you so often find in the canons these four words put together , ludicra , iocularia , turpia , obscaena , diverting , iocular , scandalous , and obscen●… . not that these things always go together , but because they border so near , and slide into one another so naturally ; that it is past any man's skill to keep them asunder , by indulging one sort , and not being insensibly overtaken by some of the rest . this cuts off all reasonable hopes of makeing plays truly regular , because the very design and foundation is naught and rotten . for tragedy , which undertakes to represent the great and potent passions , labours to move those that are most dangerous to be stirred , because the affecting of these is likewise most agreable ; and comedy , whose design is to divert and make you laugh , ( which one would think upon this account might be so managed , as to be the less vicious and dangerous of the two ) besides the indecency of that character in a christian , does too easily and naturally engage men in licentiousness . and thus it must do , to recommend it self to the world . for however moderate and reserved the men of the world may pretend to be , yet , generally speaking , they are much better pleased , that vice should be covered up , and veiled over a little , than that it should be entirely suppressed , and not suffered to come abroad at all . our own experience hath taught us , what all the reformation of plays is come to , which hath been so zealously endeavoured in the present age. our farces are still full of gross , and nauseous , and barefaced filthiness . and even the comedies , which pretend to a higher character and more correct strain , are abominably sullied with it too . the deepest and gravest tragedies will not take without a world of love and tender passion . and all the effect , which hath followed upon the caution of a great minister of france , for purging the stage is come at last to this : that men are a little more modest and artfull in their expressions ; the same things are still said in somewhat cleaner , but not less moving language ; and the same baits are laid for weak and unwary souls , which are but the more dangerous and more likely to take their prey , for being laid more out of sight . these things duly considered will make our wonder cease , that the church should declare her dislike of , and censure all these sorts of pleasure in generall . for , although she commonly restrain the canonicall punishments designed to suppress them , to some particular persons , as for instance the clergy ; and to some certain places , as the churches for example ; and to some certain times as holy-days ; because in the usuall methods of process , her goodness and prudence does ( as we observed before ) think fit to spare the generality of people in the publick censures ; yet , among these prohibitions , thus expressly limited , there are many severe girds scattered against all sorts of such publick entertainments , and many arguments aimed at disswading christians from encourageing and frequenting them . st. charles , whose authority is produced as one of those , who in charitable condescension did for some time submit to attempt the regulation of plays , soon found himself beaten off from all hope of succeeding in that design . and in the kind care he took to cover the corruption of the theatre , in lent and upon holidays at least , he does not forbear to imspire an universall dislike of them . he calls plays a rag or rem nant of paganisme , not that there were really any remains of paganisme in the publick representations of his time ; but because those passions , which formed the heathen gods , reign in plays still , and are respected and adored by christians . somtimes , after the pattern of the antient canons , the spirit of which he hath entirely transfused into his writings , he contents himself with calling them trifling and unprofitable diversions , ludicra et inania spectacula . accounting , that christians , who have such important affairs upon their hands , and must be shortly judged before so terrible a tribunall for their management of them , could not find vacant space enough in life , for amusements , so vain , and which take up so many of their pretious hours . this appeared , in his esteem , objection sufficient against them , though they had been liable to no other . though they had not been so full of temptations , whether such as are gross and open , and upon that account more detestable ; or whether such as are nicely wrought , and upon that account more dangerous . nor does he think it reconcileable with a christians character , to receive such tender and violent impressions , or be so eagerly concerned for matters of little or no consequence . upon the whole matter he brands these unhappy diversions with the infamous title , of allurements and nurseries of vice. illecebras et seminaria vitiorum . and , though he do not formally thunder out the censures of the church , against all who frequent and delight in them , yet he delivers such up to the zeal and reproofs of the preachers ; whom he solemnly enjoyns to spare no pains , that may work men up to an abhorrence of these destructive diversions . he tells them , they ought to detest them as the source o●… common calamities and things that provoke the iudgments and vengeance of almighty god. he admonishes princes and magistrates to expell and utterly root out all players , strowlers , actors of farces , and other common pests ; as abandoned wretches , and corrupters of good manners , and to punish those that entertain and lodge them in publick-houses . there would be no end of instancing in the severall reproachfull titles , with which he exposes them . and these are the sentiments and maximes of the christian religion against plays , which i have represented with all the care and faithfulness i am able . those who flattered themselves with a vain hope of obtaining an approbation for plays may now be convinced by the generall outcry against this late discourse in their favour , and by the publick censures it hath drawn upon some who have owned their being seduced by the dangerous opinions propagated and maintained by it , how averse the church is from affording them any countenance or support . and this is yet a farther argument against that scandalous discourse , that , notwithstanding the reputed anthor be a divine , yet the world cannot accuse divines with being favourers and approvers of it . for few or none have appeared to be such , except the comick poets and players , whose interest , disposes them , to uphold a tract as infamous and pernicious , as those very plays it defends . but enough hath been said upon this subject , and the only thing now remaining is to shew unto men a more excellent way . in order therefore to extirpate utterly all relish for plays , we should recommend that better delight men may find from reading the gospel and attending diligently upon prayer . let us therefore , with st. paul , set our selves seriously to consider the blessed iesus , the author and finisher of our faith , that very iesus , who , when he condescended to take upon him all our naturall infirmities , that so he might be like unto his brethren in every thing , sin only excepted , was content to submit to our tears , and our sorrows , to accept out pains , nay our terrours and agonies of spirit , yet we do not sind that he took our diversions , our mirth , and our laughter . he did not think fit , that those lips , which were full of grace , should ever once dilate themselves by any motion , attended with indecent gayety , or unworthy the character of god made man. i do not wonder at this difference . for our pains and griefs are reall and substantiall , because these are just punishments and naturall effects of our sins ; from the time that sin entred into the world we have not any solid and sufficient foundation for mirth and joy. this made the wise-man cry out , i looked upon laughter to be madness , and i said unto mirth , why dost thou cheat me ? or , as the originall imports , i said unto laughter thou art a fool , and unto mirth , what dost thou here ? wherefore dost thou transport me , like an extravagant unthinking man ; and endeavour to perswade me that i have any just cause of rejoycing , when i am so thick beset with evils on every side ? thus the word made flesh , the eternall truth manifested in our nature , might without any diminution to his wisdom and honour , take upon him our sufferings , which are reall ; but he would not stoop so low as to take our joys and our mirth , which are only fantasticall and imaginary ; and imply great mistake , or great inconsideration , when we indulge them freely . and our blessed saviour was not without agreeable qualities and conversation to recommend him notwithstanding . all men , we are told , were astonished and wondred at the gracious words , that proceeded out of his mouth . and not only his apostles said , master , to whom shall we go ? thou hast the words of eternall life ; but even the officers , sent to apprehend his person , brought back word to those pharisees , by whose commission they acted , never man spoke like this man. and yet , as charming as his words were then , he speaks with quite another sort of sweetness , with a more sensible , more ravishing delight , when he makes himself heard and understood in the hearts of good men , and kindles that pure celestiall fire , with which david felt himself enflamed , when he burst out into that expression of his zeal , the fire kindled , and at the last i spake with any tongue . then , then it is , that , by the consolation of the holy spirit , there springs up and overflows such a plentifull effusion of divine joy in pious and devout souls ! a joy too sublime for the world to have any true sense or just notion of ; a joy , which teaches us to contemn that which courts and caresses our senses , and grows more exquisite by such contempt . a lasting and unchangeable peace of mind , a sweet and reviving hope of enjoying god , the chief , the only good. no rehearsall , no musick , no harmonious voice , is necessary , or comparable to this pleasure . and therefore if we require shews and representations , to move our affections with an agreable vehemence , if we would have shedding of blood , and images of love and tenderness set before our eyes ; let us fix our sight and thoughts upon the same blessed iesus . for what can we possibly look upon , so beautifull and charming to behold , so tender and affecting , as the bloody death of iesus and his martyrs ? what battels bravely fought , what crowns won , can in any degree compare with his glorious conquest over all the world , and the throne and kingdom of his truth set up in the minds of men ? what darts are so piercing , as those with which he wounds the hearts of his servants ? what sighs so pure and chast , as those which his church is continually breathing forth , and the souls that are ravished with his love , and run and pant after his sweet perfumes ? were men once brought to such a temper , as to tast and delight in these heavenly sweetnesses , to feed and feast upon this hidden manna , the play-house doors would quickly be shut up ; and every truly christian soul would take up david's meditation , the sinners , and such as are fond of this world and it's sensuall delights , have contrived lyes and seduced me with ficto●…s and fables , the fond conceits and inventions of their own brain , or ( according to the septuagint ) they talk to me of false and deceitfull pleasures but my delight hath been in thy law. nothing but this fills mens hearts with true joy , and such , is having a firm foundation , stands fast , and endures for evermore . as for those , who are in good earnest desirous to make a thorough reformation in plays , that so , like the heathens of old , we might contrive to insinuate morality and wisdome by the most entertaining methods ; and at once consult the pleasure and profit of so mixt an audience , by introducing proper examples and serious instructions for princes and common people ; i cannot find any fault with the honest intention of these well-meaning men. but then i must beg leave to put them in mind , how improper an expedient they have pitched upon for their purpose . and this they will soon be sensible of , if they reflect , that charming the senses is but a very aukward and unlikely way of reforming the mind , and introducing the sentiments and love of severe virtue . the theatre indeed might possibly do some service to heathens , whose virtue was imperfect , and gross , worldly and superficiall only ; but alas ! christians cannot expect the same benefit from it . for it hath not the authority , nor the dignity , nor the efficacy , requisite for inspiring the refined and exalted vertues , suitable to the state and covenant of the gospel . as for kings , god hath provided them a better teacher , he sends them to his law , to learn their duty there . he orders that they should read this diligently all the days of their life ; that they should , with david meditate and exercise themselves in it day and night , and with solomon , that they should be led by religious wisdom when they go , that they should be kept by it , when they sleep , that they talk and converse familiarly with it , when they awake . but as for the instructions dropt from the stage , their touch is too soft and gentle to make any deep or powerfull impression . there is really nothing of weight , and seriousness , and true force at the bottom . and that little they pretend to lyes too far out of sight , and is so disguised , that but few discover , and fewer yet attend to it . in short , it is the fondest imagination in the world to hope for any mighty reformation , or true improvement , from a method , where matters are managed so , as to make a mans vices a jest , and his virtue an amusement . the end . errata . page . l. . aft . finds . d. , . p. . . aft . express . r. i pray . p. . . r. alledged . in marg . for . . p. . . r. appear . l. . r. insensibly . p. . . r. the poet. p. . . r. vice. p. . in marg . r. precieuses . p. . in marg . r. . . . . cant-iul . p. . . r. though . p. . in marg . r. conf. . . p. . in marg . r. cont. iul. iv. . p. . . r. virtue . p . marg . r. conc. turon . can. . capitul . bal. t. . ad . . c. . p. . marg . r. isai. lviii . p. . marg . for cap. r. in corp . p. . marg . r. lib. . dist . . p. . marg . r. exod. xxxi . . p. . . r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. . . r. lascivia . . fuerit . p. . . r. occasion . l. . r. representations . marg . r. : stud : tit . reg . p. . marg . r. inst . praed . edit . for p. . . r. . in the preface . p. . l. . r. justifies . p. . ●… . r. write : p. . r. that . p. . . for the. r. fit . books printed for richard sare : the fables of esop , with morals and reflextions , folio . erasmus's colloquies in english , . quevedo's visions , . these . by sir , roger l'estrange . the genuine epistles of st. barnabas , st. ignatius , st. clements , st. polycarp , the shepherd of hermas , &c. translated and published in english , . a practical discourse concerning swearing , . the authority of christian princes , over ecclestical synods , in answer to a letter to a convocation man , . sermons , on several occasions , . † these by dr. wake . epictetus's morals , with simplicius's coment , . a sermon preached upon the death of the queen . both by dr george stanhope . the doctrine of a god and providence vindicated and assuerted , . discourses on several divine subjects , . these two mr. by thomas gregory , lecturer of fulham . dr. gregory's divine antidote , in answer to an heretical pamphlet , entituled an end to the socinian controversy , . essays , upon several moral subjects , in two parts , a short view of the profaneness and immorality of the english stage &c. a defence of the said view . these three by mr. collier . compleat sets , consisting of volumes of letters writ by a turkish spy who lived . years at paris undiscovered , giving an account of the principal affairs of europe , . humane prudence , or the art by which a man may raise himself and fortune to grandure , . moral maxims and reflections , written in french by the duke of rochfoucault , now englished , . of the art both of writing and judging of history , with reflections upon ancient as well as modern historians . by father le moyne . . an essay upon reason , by sir george mackenzie , . death made comfortable , or the way to dye well . by iohn kettlewel . the parson's counsellor , or the law of tythes . by sir simon degg , . the unlawfulness of bonds of resignation , . price . d. an answer to all the excuses and pretences which men ordinarily make for their not coming to the holy sacrament , . price . d. by a divine of the church of england . remarks on a book entituled , prince arthur an heroick poem , by mr. dennis , . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e p. ix . x. xxvi . p. ix . see mr. d's . verses before beauty , in distress . notes for div a -e this treatise occasioned by a new discourse in f●…oour of plays . whether the modern plays be so free from blame , as this authour would represent them . * p. xxi . ●…r . . . ephes. v. . p. xxiii . xxi●… . fr. ●… . . pag. xxiv . fr. . conf. . . see moliere's preciensis ridicules , vol ●… . luke . joh. . . . ●…e nup●… . ●… co●… . i. vii . ●… . xxi ont . ●…l . iii. . tob. viii . . pag. xx. xxii fr. . prv. vii . . p. xxii . fr. . conf. iii. 〈…〉 . cont. tul. . . conf. . . et seq . p. xxi . ●…r . 〈◊〉 . matth. . cor. ●… . ●… . rom rom. . . matth. . * pag. . fr. . cor. . . cor. . . eccles. . . * p. xxiii fr. ●… . † th. aqu. . . q. . ad . . q. . . c. * ep. ad aur . n. . ol. . * † rit . de paris . p. . . hom. . in matth. * pag. ●… . &c. * luke . * 〈◊〉 . . 〈◊〉 . ep. 〈◊〉 camp. ●…ap . ●… . * &c. p. 〈◊〉 ●…om . 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 de rep. lib. . . ibid ▪ de rep . . de rep. lib. . de rep. . de 〈◊〉 gib . . d●… rep. ●… de rep. lib. . poet . . polit. . . de rep. lib. . . ▪ ●…e leg . . . d●… rep. . s●…u ▪ de rep. . de leg . ▪ i●…h . 〈◊〉 . . disc. p. fr. . iohn ▪ . phil. . . * num. ●… ▪ . . * conf. . . discourse pag. . 〈◊〉 . ●… ▪ &c. da dae qu. . art. . c. . vit. patrum rufsin . paph●… . cap. . hist. laus c. . in . di●… ▪ . qu ▪ . art . ●… . * ephes. . . com. in ep. ad eph. cap. . lect . . . . qu. . art. . ●… . . qu. ▪ art. . ad ▪ . * fr. . disc. p. . . st. anton . . p. 〈◊〉 . . cap. . . . ●… . tit . . cap. . s. . ibid , et . p. tit . . cap. . s. . dis●… . ●…g . 〈◊〉 . p. ●… . of the ●…rench , left out in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ▪ prov. . . e●…clus . . . levit. . , &c. . . numb . . . . . ●…sas . lviii . matth. ix . . conc. laod : can . can. . * ecclus. ●… . . fr. p. . in dist. . qu. . art . . cap. see n. . p. . above . ibid. ad . qu. . c. ad. . qu. ead . serm. 〈◊〉 . ad ●…ons . bulg . cap. . ibid. ad . . meg. . disi . . ●…r . p. ●… . . . 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 lib. . dist . . * fr. p●… . left out in the english. . cor. ix . . isai. . . . dise . xxv . 〈◊〉 ●… . . . . q●… . . ar●… . matth. . . lib. . . . hom. . ad . ephes. 〈◊〉 . . . hom. in eph. 〈◊〉 . . qu. . art . . ad . . hieron lib. . in ephes. cap. . eph. . reg. brev . in t . . reg. sus . in t . . ecclus. . . math. . . reg. brev . ●…t . . ecclus. . . chrys. hom. . in matth. and hom. . ad . ephes. rat. stud reg . rect. art . . act. p . inst . prad . bit. . p. . ibed . p. . ibid. p. . conc. prov. i. pag. . con. iii. p. . con. vi. &c. hebr xii . . ibid. iv. . psal. xlv . eccles. ii. . luke iv. . iohn vi . iohn vii . . psal. xxxix . . psal. cxix . deut. xvii . . psal. i. . cxix . . . . . prov. vi. . a farther defence of dramatick poetry being the second part of the review of mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaneness of the stage / done by the same hand. settle, elkanah, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing f estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a farther defence of dramatick poetry being the second part of the review of mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaneness of the stage / done by the same hand. settle, elkanah, - . settle, elkanah, - . defence of dramatick poetry. filmer, edward, b. ca. . rymer, thomas, - . [ ], p. printed for eliz. whitlock ..., london : . part of this is entitled: a defence of dramatick poetry. written by e. settle. cf. wing; ncbel. also attributed to e. filmer by nuc pre- imprints and t. rymer by bm. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng collier, jeremy, - . -- short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. theater -- england. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - john latta sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a farther review of mr. collier . the second part , &c. a farther defence of dramatick poetry : being the second part of the review of mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaneness of the stage . done by the same hand . london : printed for eliz. whitlock , near stationer's hall. . preface . i must beg my reader 's pardon , that my bookseller's over-hasty publication of my former discourse in defence of dramatick poetry , has forced me to give him my full review of mr. collier , thus in fragments . however , i am in hopes that his favourable reception of that first part will pave my way for the last ; and then i have my wishes . and here in my full survey of the merits of mr. collier ' s view of the stage , and the success of it together ; i cannot but think how little honesty , truth or conscience , are required , to make a popular piece upon a religious subject . i confess this looks like a paradox , and perhaps an uncharitable one : but i am sorry i must say , 't is too true for a iest. i am sure the many strain'd constructions of profanation and blasphemy , and the other ill-grounded arguments , the many falsities among the few truths in that treatise , sufficiently prove my assertion . and the unhappy reason of the too epidemical popular deception from subjects of that kind , is this , that the honest features of the face conceal the fucus of it ; and the well-meaning of the cause covers a great many of the false reasonings that champion for it . and here i may say , 't is almost a whole national misfortune , that sentence in these cases , is given with hearing but one side . the indictment's laid full , and the accusation charged home ; but the poor criminal at the bar shall never speak for himself , produce one witness in his cause , or move for an arrest of iudgment . 't is thus mr. collier carries the victory , and gains all the trumpets that eccho his triumph . all this is a little hard : but here lies the misery . there 's no restraint upon the quill that runs gall upon pious themes . in any misrepresentation of humane affairs , untruth and fiction are under some lash of the law. the broachers of falsity stand in awe of authority , and their fear of the punishment restrains the offence . whilst on the contrary , such is the impunity of these religious misrepresentations , that there seems to be no truly general privilege of lying , but in god's name . this i will farther positively aver , that when a single private hand sets up for a publick reformation , especially in a cause where all tongues are silent but his own , we have all the reason in the world ( if we 'd give our selves leisure but to think ) to suspect either the enthusiast or the hypocrite , viz. that either the mad zeal or the pretended one sets pen to paper . i shall begin this second review of the ingenious mr. collier , in his remarks upon the relapse : and here i must prepare my reader for a new entertainment . for hitherto , in our first part , we have only discoursed him in his diviner qualification , as the church-man and philosopher , viz. in his moral and religious objections against the stage . but here we find him , in the humane capacity , carrying on his attack , not only as a church-champion , but that humbler stage-combatant , a critick . but no doubt , he 's a man of universal learning , and therefore to do himself justice , as well as the stage , there 's no reason that this shining talent should lie any more hid than the other . i confess , he has singled out a very sturdy play to grapple with , and if he has prowess enough for a compleat conquest here , he may hope to drive the whole stage before him . the remarks on the relapse examined . engaging this play immediately after some small triumph over mr. durfey's don quixot , he gives this reason why this author should next enter the list , viz. the relapse should follow don quixot , upon the account of some alliance between ' em . now , which way the kindred enters betwen these two plays , i am afraid mr. collier's whole false heraldry will hardly be able to make out . for 't is the opinion of the whole town , the vox populi on my side , that neither those two authors nor their works , especially the quixot labours , have any such great affinity . i durst venture to say , the relapse and the quixot are no more of kin , then the cavalier to the church-man ; not so much as mr. collier's modern beau wigg , crevate and sword , to his old cast gown , cassock and scarf . nor is there half so much reason why the relapse should follow the don quixot , as why mr. collier the sword-man should follow doctor collier the gown-man . the resignation of his quondam divinity , and his whole spirituality for his present temporal and carnal assumption , no more the church-militant , but the lay-militant hero , is all but a natural consequence , a product we see every day . this very master of arts himself , when but a iunior soph , could have produced a very substantial maxim in natural philosophy to justifie this transformation , viz. corruptio optimi , &c. i shall spend a few more thoughts [ more words he means ] then ordinary upon this play , and examine it briefly [ in twelve leaves of paper ] in the fable , the moral , the characters , &c. the fable i take to be as follows . fashion , a lewd prodigal younger brother is reduced to extremity ; upon his arrival from his travels , he meets with coupler an old sharping match-maker . this man puts him upon a project of cheating his elder brother lord foppington of a rich fortune . young fashion being refused a sum of money by his brother , goes into coupler's plot , bubbles sir tunbelly of his daughter , and makes himself master of a fair estate . from the form and constitution of the fable , i observe , first , there is a misnommer in the title . the play should not have been here call'd , the relapse ; or , virtue in danger . lovelace and amanda , from whose characters these names are drawn , are persons of inferior consideration , &c. the intrigue and the discovery , the great revolution and success turns upon young fashion . he , without competition , is the principal person in the comedy , and therefore the younger brother , or the fortunate cheat , had been much a more proper name . now when a poet can't rig out a title page , 't is but a bad sign of his holding out to the epilogue . here i am afraid this gentleman that has so curiously examined through the whole play , has unfortunately read but half the title page . for is not the play call'd , the relapse ; or , virtue in danger , being the sequel of the fool in fashion ? and did not all the play-house bills call it the second part of the fool in fashion ? and consequently is not here lovelace , amanda , lord foppington , all the whole walks of the play , &c. the full contents of the fabrick express'd in the frontispiece ? and why , the younger cheating brother is a greater person in the play than the elder cheated brother , when the younger is only concerned in the walk of sir tunbelly , and the elder through the whole play with amanda , lovelace , &c. is that unaccountable riddle , that nothing but such an oedipus as mr. collier can solve ? now if his twelve leaves of remarks upon that play , end no better then they begin , 't is shrewdly to be suspected that the remarker has more bad signs of not holding out , than the relapser . dly , i observe the moral is vicious . it points the wrong way , and puts the prize into the wrong hand . it seems to make lewdness the reason of desert , and gives young fashion a second fortune , only for debauching away his first . a short view of his character will make good this reflection . to begin with him , he confesses himself a rake , swears and blasphemes , curses and challenges his elder brother , cheats him of his mistress , and gets him lay'd by the heels in a dog-kennel . and what was the ground of all this unnatural quarrelling and outrage ? why the main of it was only because lord foppington refus'd to supply his luxury and make good his extravagance . this young fashion after all is the poets man of merit . he provides a plot and a fortune on purpose for him . to speak freely , a lewd character seldom wants good luck in a comedy : so that when ever you see a thorough libertine , you may almost swear he is in a rising way , and that the poet intends to make him a great man. in short , this play perverts the end of comedy , &c. for the relapsers moral holds forth this notable instruction . first that all younger brothers should be careful to run out their circumstances as fast , and as ill as they can ; and when they have put their affairs into this posture they may conclude themselves in the high road to wealth and success . for as fashion blasphemously applys it , providence takes care of men of merit . dly . that when a man is prest , his business is not to be govern'd by srcuples , or to formalize upon conscience and honesty . the quickest expedients are the best for in such cases the occasion justifies the means , and a knight of the post is as good as one of the garter . in this view of young fashion , i wonder by what unintelligible light of discovery this characterizer finds him that blasphemer , lewd debauchee , or thorough libertine , as he 's here set out . 't is true his man lory in a piece of rally , puts the iacobite upon him . but that i suppose is none of the blots in young fashion's scutcheon ; at least of mr. colliers discovery . but to draw this libertine to the full length . he is a young fellow , brother to a baronet , ( now a lord ) guilty of no vice but extravagance ; this extravagance too , amounts to no more , then that he has spent l. anticipated upon his annuity of l. per annum ; not in whoredome , dice , ryot , nor any other brutal prodigality , but only in three years travel beyond sea , travel that has been accounted the most honourable improvement of a gentleman ; a great part of this extravagance occasion'd possibly to bear up the port of his birth , and the honour of his family ; a sin not altogether so capital ; nor his circumstances so very ill run out , as this remarker endeavours to perswade us . this is the whole character of young fashion , excepting what relates afterwards to his cheating his brother ; and what ground he stands upon there , how far the debauch , the libertine , or the knight of the post , we shall examine . this young extravagant , 't is true , at his return to london , resents his unhappy circumstances , the low ebb of his pocket , with a little too free air of a gentleman ; does not fall upon his knees like the prodigal at the swine trough , a fault perhaps scarce pardonable with the divine mr. collier . however in this distress he applyes himself to his brother , not an addressor to his periwig , his crevate , his feather or his snush-box , as lory advises : for he absolutely declares against so low-spirited and servile a baseness as flattery . his brother , whom he finds newly lordified , is so taken up with his looking glass and dressing-box , and his whole wardrobe retinue , that he scarce speaks to him , takes less notice of him , gives him that cold welcome , though after three years absence , and uses him with all that scorn and contempt , as justly provokes our young spark to no little indignation against him . here coupler enters , caresses young fashion , tells him what match he had made for his brother with sir tunbelly's daughter , in consideration of a bond of a l. for helping him to this fortune ; and for l. from young fashion , agrees to cheat the lord , and so manage the game as to carry the prize for the squire . in the raptures of which fair hopes , fashion tells lory , providence thou seest takes care of men of merit , we are in a fair way of being great people . now this is the whole sum total of young fashion's blasphemy . had he said fortune , fate , destiny , or the kind stars had took such care of merit , it had been much at one ; so little is the divinity pointed at , or touch'd in this expression . but notwithstanding this fair occasion offer'd , not only to revenge all the indignity receiv'd from his brother , but to enrich himself with a fortune of l. per annum ; yet all this temptation will not carry the point , provided his brother will but supply him with poor l. to redeem his annuity . accordingly , he says , i 'll try my brother to the bottom , i 'll speak to him with the temper of a philosopher , my reasons , ( though they press him home ) shall be cloathed with so much modesty , not one of all the truths they urge shall be so naked to offend his sight ; if he has yet so much humanity as to assist me , ( though with a moderate aid ) i 'll drop my project at his feet , and shew him i can do for him , much more then i ask he 'd do for me , &c. relapse . page . this very address he makes to his brother in all the terms of modesty , and finds him so wholly inveterate , so deaf to all arguments of reason , justice or pity , though to save him from starving or hanging ; that upon this only repulse , he enters into couplers plot , and puts on the iacob's false hands for the blessing ; resolving to cheat the lord and carry the lady . now how much this play perverts the end of comedy , which as monsieur rapin ( he tells us ) observes , ought to regard reformation and improvement , will soon be examin'd . as the lord foppington's is the character of the play , justly design'd to be most exposed ; accordingly by the rules of comedy , his pride , his vanity , his unnatural inhumanity to his own brother , and all the other vices of his character , ought to be punish'd , with all the insults , defeats , disappointments and shame , that the dramatick justice can heap upon him , through the whole play. but as no over-reach or defeat in comedy can well be performed , but by some fraud or cheat or other ; and consequently he that carries on the cheat , cannot reach to the full heights of a perfect character , viz. wholly unblemish'd ; however 't is the work of the poet in that case to raise those just provocations for every such insult , and lay that reasonable ground for every such cheat , especially in the prosperous characters of the comedy ; that their successes , in the catastrophe of the play , may seem the reward of some virtue and iustice even in the cheat himself , comparative to the vice and injustice they punish . this ingenious conduct of comedy is highly justified in the authors admirable fabrick in this part of his relapse : for here 's a younger brother under no better paternal provision then a year annuity , which at seven years , the lifes purchase , is worth little more then a l. whilst the elder brother runs away with l. per annum inheritance , to the value of a . l. yet this younger brother , that in all equity might expect some reasonable favour and succour from his elder brother , if for no other consideration than the unequal division of the estate between 'em , has those innate principles of honour and virtue , as to sit down contented with the honest reparation of his morgaged annuity , at the poor price of l. rather then embrace the temptation of a fair lady , and l. per annum thrown into his arms by any irregular or fraudulent means . but when this unmerciful brother thus shamefully denys him so inconsiderable a trifle , and all to the reparing the breaches of so innocent an extravagance in his honourable travels : thus the inevitable prospect of starving on one side , and the just resentments of a brothers unnatural barbarity on the other , carry that face of justification along with the cheat ; that among all the thousand patrons of that darling play , i fancy this strait-lac'd high moralist mr. collier , is the only repiner at young fashion's felicity in the arms of miss hoyden ; and if the author be never duell'd but upon that quarrel , undoubtedly he may die in his bed. nay , besides young fashion's supplanting his brothers pretensions , here 's another piece of poetick justice in carrying off the young heiress : for when the young hoyden is thus snared into wedlock , not by any ignoble rascally impostor , but a young gentleman , at least of equal birth and quality with her ; the other part of the delusion , viz. his being a younger brother , and a man of no estate , seems but an honest dramatick over-reach , impos'd upon so fordid and avaricious a character , so over-cautious a coxcomb as her father sir tunbelly : nor is the young lady her self , under the meaness of her rustick education , so exalted a character ; but that young fashion may fairly and innocently carry the prize , without one murmuring word , or envying eye from the severest critick in the whole audience . in the next place , mr. collier is pleased to look a little into the plot of the relapse . here the poet ( he tells you ) ought to play the politician , if ever ; this part should have some strokes of conduct , &c. there should be something that is admirable , and unexpected to surprize the audience . and all this fineness must work by gentle degrees , by a due preparation of incidents , and by instruments which are probable [ and all the reason in the world. ] 't is mr. rapin's remark , that without probability every thing is lame and faulty . [ he 's much in the right : ] where there is no pretence to miracle or machine , matters must not exceed the force of relief . to produce effects without proportion , and likelihood in the cause is farce and magick , and looks more like conjuring than conduct . [ 't is all granted . ] let us examine the relapser by these rules . [ ay , and welcome . ] to discover his plot , we must lay open somewhat more of the fable . lord foppington , a town beau , had agreed to marry the daughter of sir tunbelly clumsey , who lived fifty miles from london . notwithstanding this small distance , the lord had never seen his mistress , nor the knight his son-in-law . and where lies the wonder on either side ? is not sir tunbelly that avaritious miser , that interest is all the concern in his daughters disposal ; and consequently as long as a lordship and five thousand a year are full smithfield weight in his scales ; the lord himself may be the plain-dealer's leaden-shilling , for any curiosity he has to be acquainted either with his personal or any other accomplishments ? and for the same indifference on my lord foppington's side ; the striking of this blind bargain for miss hoyden , is possibly one of the greatest master-strokes in the character . is not this fop , a true narcissus all along , through both the plays , in love with nothing but himself ? has his match with miss hoyden any other temptation than the gratifying his pride in marrying so rich an heiress ; and heightening his pomp , luxury and vanity , by that considerable addition of her fortunes ? so that here 's no occasion either of disordering himself or his coach-horses to run backwards and forwards a fifty mile stage , only to show his own , or see his mistresses sweet face . both parties , out of their great wisdom , leave the treating the match to coupler , &c. here we may observe the lord foppington has an unlucky disagreement in his character . this misfortune is hard upon the credibility of the design . 't is true , he was formal and fantastick , smitten with dress and equipage , &c. but his behaviour is far from that of an ideot . this being granted , 't is very unlikely this lord should leave the choice of his mistress to coupler , and take her person and fortune upon content : to court thus blindfold , and by proxy , does not agree with the method of an estate , nor the niceness of a beau , &c. and for sir tunbelly , here we have that prudence and wariness ( in his character ) to the excess of fable and phrensie . and yet this mighty man of suspicion trusts coupler with the disposal of his only daughter , and his estate into the bargain . and what was this coupler ? why , a sharper by character , and little better by possession . here our authors criticismes , like bay's plot , begin to thicken upon us . this notorious misconduct of the relapser will not give him a foyl , but a fair fall , if he has not a care : but to recover his hold , and save him from tumbling ; i remember before the lord foppington was invited down to sir tunbelly , the poet tells us , that the marriage-settlement was prepared for signing and sealing . and now though the relapser makes coupler a match-maker , i cannot see where he makes him a iointure-maker . whatever other faculties he may be master of , ne sutor ultra crepidam , i cannot find him either a coke or a littleton , or any of those long robe gentlemen , a law head-piece for drawing of settlements ; and consequently we may very reasonably suppose , both on sir tunbelly and lord foppington's side , here were the learned in the law called to the consult , a preliminary inspection into records , the terra firma foundation examined , and all the precautionary articles of treaty adjusted , for so important a cause , before matters went so far as to send down for the son-in-law elect. so that here 's poor coupler so far from having the disposal of sir tunbelly's daughter and estate , that our diminitive love-broker has no more hand in the affair , then meer starting the game ; 't is the strength of the fortune-hunter must catch it . and therefore i may presume to say , neither the lord nor the knight have hitherto made one false step in their conduct , to deserve the hard names of cuddens and ideots , mr. collier has unkindly thrown upon them ; but may venture to vie wit even with mr. collier himself ; this i am sure , his critismes savour a great deal more of the ideotism , then their politicks , at least in this part of their prudential faculties . to proceed with the criticiser . as for young fashion , excepting coupler's letter , he has all imaginable marks of imposture upon him . he comes before his time , and without the retinue expected , and has nothing of the air of lord foppington's conversation . when sir tunbelly ask'd him , pray where are your coaches and servants , my lord ? he makes a trifling excuse . sir , that i might give you and your daughter a proof how impatient i am to be nearer a kin to you , i left my equipage to follow me , and came away post with only one servant . to be in such a hurry of inclination for a person he never saw is somewhat strange ! besides , 't is very unlikely lord foppington should hazard his complexion on horseback , out-ride his figure , and appear a bridegroom in deshabille , &c. as pomp and curiosity were this lords inclination , why then should he mortifie without necessity , make his first approaches thus out of form , and present himself to his mrs. at such disadvantage ? as this is the character of lord foppington , so 't is reasonable to suppose sir tunbelly acquainted with it . an inquiry into the humour and management of a son-in-law is very natural and customary : so that we can't without violence to sense , suppose sir tunbelly a stranger to lord foppington's singularities . these reasons were enough in all conscience to make sir tunbelly suspect a juggle , and that fashion was no better then a counterfeit , &c. why then was the credential swallow'd without chewing , &c. more wary steps might have been expected from sir tunbelly : to run from one extream of caution to another of credulity is highly improbable . this misconduct looks almost as formidable as the last . for this critick never flaggs . young fashion comes before his time , &c. that is , sir tunbelly had sent a letter to invite the lord foppington down to marry his daughter , all the main wedlock preliminaries , viz. joynture , settlements , all but consummation already adjusted , &c. and therefore young fashion , the supposed lord foppington , comes down before his time , because he comes when he is invited ; and has all the marks of a counterfeit son-in-law , for obeying his father-in-laws summons . 't is true , he makes a little too much speed ; posts down in one day , when the true lord makes a two days stage of it ; and because this activity of riding post does not look like the flower movement of a travelling beau ; for this single gigantick objection to the lord foppington's veracity , both the credential of coupler's letter , and the very obedience of sir tunbelly's own command , shall signifie nothing ; here may be a snake in the grass ; the sir politick tunbelly has all the reason to look about him . for did this iustice never hear of such a thing as knavery ? [ nor this critick of such a thing as foolery ? ] however , sir tunbelly could be no stranger to the lord foppington ' s singularities ? why , truly not over-well acquainted with them at fifty miles distance . for if we could suppose sir tunbelly so over inquisitive , in so needless a curiosity , about his son-in-law ; yet i cannot well apprehend how all the particular nicer singularities of a london beau , should enter the understanding of a country clodpate justice upon a bare description only ; but rather that this very riding down post , with his equipage following behind him , might look like as natural a singularity , of so fantastick a character , as any other of his fantasticks , and rather confirm sir tunbelly's faith then shake it . and why should sir tunbelly's intellects suspect an impostor in his beau son-in-law , for appearing before his mrs. in his half glory the first day , viz. in deshabille , to dazle her in his full glory the next ? or rather is not this critick a little too hard upon that whole prevailing party the beaux , when he will not allow one cavalier amongst 'em all , that dares trust his complexion but to one days journey on horseback ? but now for the true lord's misconduct . his going down to sir tunbelly , was as extraordinary as his courtship . he had never seen this gentleman . he must know him to be beyond measure suspicious , and that there was no admittance without coupler's letter . this letter was the key to the castle : he forgot to take it with him , and tells you , 't was stol'n by his brother tam. and for his part he neither had the discretion to get another , nor yet to produce that written by him to sir tunbelly . [ that written to him by sir tunbelly , i suppose he means ] had common sense been consulted upon this occasion , the plot had been at an end , and the play had sunk in the fourth act. but to consult common sense in this case , possibly a little farther then this critick himself has done ; first then , let us inquire into the strength of this castle key , viz. without which there was no admittance . this we have in the fifth act , after young fashion's return to town , by a letter of the lord 's to coupler from the country , viz. dear coupler , i have only time to tell thee in three lines , or thereabouts , that here has been the devil , that rascal tam , having stole the letter thou hadst formerly writ for me to bring sr. tunbelly , form'd a damnable design upon my mrs , &c. whatever introductory power , this letter formerly written by coupler , ( possibly more a flourish upon the merits of the noble peer the bearer , than any considerable key to his admission ) might be supposed to carry ; yet upon the receipt of sr. tunbelly's particular invitation , this coupler's letter , ( however serviceable to the smaller figure of the false lord , young fashion , and necessary to his plot ) was so little wanted to the true lords approaches ; that what could he expect less than that the gates were all ready to fly open at his appearance ? could the lord foppington's vanity and pride , with an equipage of twenty liverys and two coaches and six , and so solemnly invited , think so little of himself , as to want any old or new pasport from coupler , when such mutual satisfaction on both sides had paved his way , and so much grandeur carried its own credentials ; so that the preservation either of one letter or the other , upon so poor a score as a testimonial of his veracity , was rather below the thoughts of a lord foppington ; and all this more an essential to his character then a disagreement or blemish in it . this dead - doing critick thus flush'd with all this success against the relapser , is resolved to make through work with his slaughtering hand , and consequently the characters in the play , shall be as monstrous as the conduct . let us see how sr. tunbelly hangs together . this gentleman , the poet , makes a justice of peace , and a deputy lieutenant , and seats him fifty miles from london ; but by his character you would take him for one of hercules's monsters , or some gyant in guy of warwick . his behaviour is altogether romance , and has nothing agreeable to time or country , &c. the stage paintings of dramatick poetry have always been allow'd to take the features a little larger than the life . and generally there 's a very strong reason for it . for 't is not one fool that sits for the picture ; but the imagery in one single character sometimes may include a whole sect of fools or knaves . how many excellent dramatick pieces would otherwise be lost , such as a morose in the silent woman , sir nicolas jimcrack , in the virtuoso , and indeed most of the characters of fools or humorists , if their authors had no poetical grains of allowance for a little stretch in the pencil work ? and for the romantick sir tunbelly ; in my weak eye-sight , he looks no more like one of hercules's monsters in his over-cautious guardianship of his rich heiress ; then mr. collier , like an herculean champion , in his batteling the stage : nay , i am rather afraid mr. collier instead of doing the work of a hercules , has found work for one ; whilst he has heap'd dirt enough , ( not of the stages , but of his own ) for an augaeas's stable . next let us see how he makes miss hoyden hang together . here is a compound of ill manners and contradiction . is this a good resemblance of quality , a description of a great heiress , and the effect of a cautious education ? by her coursness you would think her bred upon a common . to present her thus unhewn , he should have suited her condition and name a little better . if he had resolved to have shewn her thus unpolished , he should have made her keep sheep , or brought her up at the wash-bowle . if descent and education can perform such wonders ; yet as high veins as this young lady can boast of , and though an heiress to l. per annum , methinks she has no great hereditary claim to those extraordinary good manners and refin'd conversation as mr. collier expects from her , when she derives from a sir tunbelly to her father : nay nor any such over-promising hopes , such very great effects from her cautious education neither , when she liv'd in the country , fifty miles off , with her honoured parents , in a lone house , which no body comes near , she never goes abroad , nor sees company at home ; to prevent all misfortunes , she has her breeding within doors : the parson of the parish teaches her to play on the base-viol , the clerk to sing , her nurse to dress , and her father to dance . relapse , page . now considering both her genealogy , and her nursery , methinks the relapser's miss hoyden , though a little of the coursest , is not that unnatural flower , when rear'd from such a root , and in such a garden . but if this peevish unsatisfied naturalist , will expect such miracles of perfection , wit , manners , politeness , and all from so uncultivated a piece of quality ; methinks this critick would make a rare courtier to king pharoah , for he 's most divinely qualify'd for an egyptian task-master . he has much the same quarrel against the lord foppington . vanity and formalizing is his part . to let him speak without aukwardness and affectation , is to put him out of his element . there must be gum and stifning in his discourse to make it natural . however the relapser has taken a fancy to his person , and given him some of the most gentile raillery in the whole play. to give an instance or two , this lord in discourse with fashion forgets his name , flies out into sense and smooth expression , out-talks his brother , and abating the starch'd similitude of a watch , discovers nothing of affectation , for almost a page together . he relapses into the same intemperance of good sense , in another dialogue between him and his brother . this fault mr. collier has here found in the lord foppington , he resolves shall outdo his own perfections . 't is true this critick flies out generally into smooth expression , but not into overmuch sense ; but however he has given you a very stanch reason why good sense in this case , should be the least of his care. for being a virtuous , modest and sober gentleman , possibly he thinks it a piece of his christian duty to guard himself safe from lapsing into intemperance . but methinks this gentleman might have read in an old greek authority , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a fool may sometimes throw in a word to the purpose . besides this critick strangely forgets himself . for 't was but four pages before that he himself was clearing lord foppington's character , bating his vanity , formality and fantastickness , from any thing that looks like fool or idiot . and why he quarrels a man that 's no fool , for speaking a little sense , is somewhat unaccountable . but if the plain truth were known , he is not so pettish at the lord foppington's speaking sense , as the relapser's writing it . ay! there 's the heart burning ! this unhappy author , whether because he 's none of his own royalists , or has not made his parson bull one of them , or lies unabsolved for some other heinous transgression ; one way or other , he languishes under the utter displeasure of the angry and irreconcileable mr. collier . the next critick work he takes in hand are the three unities of time , place and action ; and to shew us how far the relapse breaks those rules . the design of these rules is to conceal the fiction of the stage , to make the play appear more natural , and to give it an air of reality and conversation . the largest compass for the first unity is twenty four hours ; but a less proportion is more regular , &c. the whole business of the play should not be much longer then the time it takes up in playing . to observe the second unity , the scene must not wander from one town or country to another . it must continue in the same city , where it was first laid , &c. the third unity , viz. of action , consists in contriving the chief business of the play single , &c. all the forces of the stage must as it were serve under one general , &c. to represent two considerable actions independant of each other destroys the beauty of subordination , weakens the contrivance , and dilutes the pleasure . it splits the play , and makes the poem double . he that would see more upon this subject may consult corneille . these unities are no new stage-doctrin , but what , by some of the greatest modern brothers of the english quill has been very often , most learnedly , and i much fear , as impertinently handled . for the strict observation of these corneillean rules , are as dissonant to the english constitution of the stage , as the french slavery to our english liberty . 't is true , that strictness may be much more practicable in the french model of plays ; and for this amazing reason , viz. that the french who are the sprightliest conversation of all people in the world , can nevertheless be the dullest of mankind at their play-houses ; can be contented to hear a play made up of a short-winded plot , and a few long-winded speeches , much about enough for the argument of one of our acts , and go home as much regaled as from a misers feast : and the devils in 't if their dramatick authors cannot furnish out so scanty a banquet , with all the foremention'd unities ; and pride in it accordingly . i shall expatiate a little more then ordinary upon this argument , not only to answer mr. collier , but also some modern woudbe-criticks , that are wonderfully tickl'd with their own nicer stage performances , under this strict cornelian model of unities . first then i shall so far joyn with mr. collier , that concealing the fiction of the stage ; and making the play appear with the more air of reality , is a great work of the poet. for indeed dramatick poetry , is supported chiefly by theft and delusion . the images we steal or borrow , whether historical or fictitious , must be set out with all that liveliest art , that like zeuxes his grapes or apelles his curtain , the picture may best deceive . for poetry , especially the dramatick , is but painting ; only this picture finds a tongue ; and is a speaking painting . i had occasion in a late copy of verses to give a little description of painting , which upon my second review looks so very applicable to poetry , that not to treat my reader with all downright reasoning , i 'll give him a few taggs of rhime too , and venture for once to repeat them . if heav'n-stol'n fires could animate the clay ; what nobler theft the daring pencils play ? so much the bolder painter does out-fly the old promethean petty larceny ; not a poor spark snatch'd from his chariot wheels ; not steals from jove , but jove himself he steals . him not the skies imperial rover scapes ; he hunts him through the gold , swan , bull , all shapes , the very god expos'd in all his amorous rapes . nay the still more audacious rifler pryes into the inmost chambers of the skies . he steals his very juno from his arms ; and with a sacrilege ev'n yet more bold , unveils to humane eyes the naked goddess charms ; and gives the trojan boy once more the ball of gold. illustrious art , whom ministring nature , all thy hand-maid , waits on thy commanding call ! like the great fiat , thou both day and night call'st forth , and deck'st in their own shades and light. ev'n heavn's whole hierarchy , the lords above , by thee their whole triumphant chariots move , from th'harnest dragon to the bridled dove . mercurial art , who captiv'd eyes to take , thou do'st a virtue of delusion make ; thou only honest cozener , fair deceit , who can'st ev'n consecrate both theft and cheat. but , ( returning to our argument ) notwithstanding all this analogy between the pencil draughts and the poet 's ; yet there 's one infinite distinction between the air of reality on the one side and the other . for in a draught of pencil painting , that air is the whole perfection of the piece . a single rose , a half face , the least piece of life , nay an aesop or a cripple , even deformity it self , well perform'd , shall carry an excellence ; and consequently this air of reality give , the whole delight . but in the dramatick painting , that air is only the handmaid to our delight , only the light to set off the picture . 't is the charms and beauties of the object painted , not the painting it self that gives the compleat satisfaction and pleasure . here therefore mr. collier has layd a little too much stress upon his air of reality ( the foundation of his unity rules ; ) as if the entertainment of the stage lay only in the well performance in that point , when in has a prospect infinitely beyond it . now therefore , as the painter is not so much to please himself , but him that buys the picture ; so ( to leave the allegory and come closer to the point , ) we must examine what sort of dramatick entertainment will please an english audience , and that will shew us how far his unity rules will bear in england , and consequently settle the whole controversie between us . here the shortest way to tell you what will please an english audience , i think , is to look back and see what has pleased them . and here let us first take a view of our best english tragedies , as our hamlet , mackbeth , iulius caesar , oedipus , alexander , timon of athens , moor of venice , and all the rest of our most shining pieces . all these , and the rest of their honourable brethren , are so far from pent up in corneilles narrower unity rules , viz. the business of the play confined to no longer time then it takes up in the playing ; or his largest compass of hours ; that nothing is so ridiculous as to pretend to it . — the subjects of our english tragedies are generally the whole revolutions of governments , states or families , or those great transactions ; that our genius of stage-poetry can no more reach the heights that can please our audience , under his unity shackles , then an eagle can soar in a hen-coop . if the french can content themselves with the sweets of a single rose-bed ; and nothing less then the whole garden , and the field round it , will satisfie the english ; every man as he likes : corneille may reign master of his own revels ; but he is neither a rule-maker nor a play-maker for our stage . and the reason is plain : for as delight is the great end of playing , and those narrow stage-restrictions of corneille destroy that delight , by curtailing that variety that should give it us ; every such rule therefore is nonsense and contradiction in its very foundation . even an establish'd law , when it destroys its own preamble , and the benefits design'd by it , becomes void and null in it self . 't is true , i allow thus far , that it ought to be the chief care of the poet , to confine himself into as narrow a compass as he can , without any particular stint , in the two first unities of time and place ; for which end he must observe two things . first upon occasion ( suppose in such a subject as mackbeth ) he ought to falsifie even history it self . for the foundation of that play in the chronicles , was the action of years : but in the play we may suppose it begun and finish'd in one third of so many months . young malcom and donalbain , the sons of duncomb , are but children at the murder of their father , and such they return with the forces from england to revenge his death : whereas in the true historick length they must have set out children and return'd men. secondly , the length of time , and distance of place required in the action , ought to be never pointed at , nor hinted in the play. for example , neither malcomb nor donalbain must tell us , how long they have been in england to raise those forces , nor how long those forces have been marching into scotland ; nor mackbeth how far schone and dunsinane lay asunder , &c. by this means the audience , who come both willing and prepar'd to be deceiv'd , ( populus vult decipi , &c. ) and indulge their own delusion , can pass over a considerable distance both of time and place unheeded and unminded , if they are not purposely thrown too openly in their way , to stumble at . thus hamlet , iulius caesar and those historick plays shall pass glibly ; when the audience shall be almost quite shockt at such a play as henry the th . or the dutchess of malfey . and why , because here 's a marriage and the birth of a child , possibly in two acts ; which points so directly to ten months length of time , that the play has very little air of reality , and appears too much unnatural . in this case therefore 't is the art of the poet to shew all the peacocks train , but as little as possible of her foot. and as to the second unity of place . here our audience expect a little variety , viz. some change of scene . to continue it all on one spot of ground , in one chamber or room , would rather disgust then please : and an author that toyls for any such difficiles nugae , such an over-curious unity , only labours to be dull ; and deserves a success accordingly . now for these two unities in our comedies . though that inferior walk of fable may come into a little narrower enclosure of time and place then tragedy ; however we rarely meet with a good comedy-plot all fairly lodged under one single roof , and dancing within the circle of twenty four hours ; much less in the acting time of the play. 't is true we have an adventure of five hours in some quondam repu scribble of small reputation , that possibly have crampt themselves into much the same circumference ; and the authors perhaps not a little vain in the wrong place ; and challenging a merit for e'en just nothing . however the general cast of all our best comedies take a great deal larger liberty then these precise limitations , and lose little or no air of their reality by that freedom . however our audience have naturally such a dispensing goodness , in relation to these tyrannick rules , that they are never for tying up good wit and good plot to so short a teddar , as to pinch and starve them . and thus in the case of the relapse , our audience are so far from angry at lord foppingtons or young fashion's travels to sir tunbelly's , that they rather wish 'em a good journey , and find the whole entertainment there worth fifty miles ramble for ; and their own diversion not at all too dear bought , for being so far fetch'd . to come to our last unity of action . here both corneille and his voucher , are both as down-right dull , and as seriously impertinent , ( as to our stage regulation ) as their worst enemies cou'd wish ' em . the contriving the chief business of our plays single , is so nauseous to an english audience , that they have almost peuk'd at a very good dish for no other fault . for example mr. gildon's phaeton , that almost sunk under that only disrelish . on the contrary here must be under-plots , and considerable ones too , possibly big enough to justle the upper-plot , to support a good english play ; nay though the under-plots do not much fight under the great general , and consequently the play splits and the poem is double , as mr. collier calls it ; yet this instead of weakening the contrivance or diluting our pleasure , shall rather strengthen the one , and double the other . for instance in such a play as the spanish fryer . here 's gomez , elvira and father dominick , &c. so far from marching under the bannors of torrismond or leonora , that 't is enough they are subjects of the same government , and denizens within the same city walls , to recommend them to so considerable an underwalk in the same play. and though as mr. collier very fancifully observes . this strangeness of persons , distinct company , and inconnexion of affairs , destroys the unity of the poem . and that therefore the contrivance is just as wise as it would be to cut a diamond into two . increasing the number , abates the value , and by making it more , you make it less . yet suppose the audience in the same play of the spanish fryer , instead of fancying mr. dryden has cut one diamond into two , should be rather of the opinion , that he has joyn'd two diamonds together , and so gives us a locket , instead of a single jewel ; and consequently both the luster and value increased ; how will this diamond-splitter get himself off ? and will not the world be apt to think him as indifferent a lapidary as he 's a critick ? now , reader , as i have here stated the whole prowess of mr. collier , and muster'd all his forces against the relapse ( his batteries of immorality and profaness against it only excepted ; and upon that subject the ingenious author has taken up a much abler pen of his own : ) so i hope i have done him all this publick right , as to inform the world , that he never deviates from himself . his divinity lectures and his critic ones , are spoken with the same oraculous eloquence : he keeps up to his principles , and lapses into no more intemperance of reason in the one then the other . but some untoward reflections i cannot forbear , viz. upon mr. collier's so extraordinary dudgeon against that play. has the author sinn'd more then any of his other prosane brothers of the quill , that the divine spirit of mr. collier , tantae animis coelestibus irae , swells so very high against him ? or has this singular critick , in all this direct contradiction to the whole opinion of the town , concerning the relapse , either the same value of his own judgment , as the philosopher at his morality lecture had of plato's , viz. plato est mihi pro omnibus : and consequently his own single dissenting authority out-weighs all their whole united favour to that play ? or rather ( now i fancy i have hit it ) as he has all along endeavour'd through his learned view , &c. to prove the whole audience wanted their christian senses about them , when they can relish the present profaness and debauchery of the stage ; so he 's resolved to deny 'em their common senses too , when they can hug so monstrous a darling as the relapse . having in my first part of my review , already discharg'd a great load of some of the most capital blasphemies from king arthur , amphytrion , &c. i should proceed in clearing some more of the inferiour rubbish of that kind from the stage . but as a great part of that work has been done to my hands , by the ingenious author of the relapse ; i shall rather only make some general observations of that part of mr. colliers remarks . — here i must acknowledge there 's some looser expressions of that kind that may admit of censure and correction ; yet mr. collier's charge against them is too vehemently aggravated with too remote and uncharitable misrepresentations . besides all those too loose or libertine expressions are charged as the private sense of the author , when a great many of them are only the language of the libertine characters that speak them . for instance the lord foppington says , sunday is a vile day , i must confess ; a man must have little to do at church that can give an account of the sermon . is this any laughing at the publick solemnities of religion , as if 't was a ridiculous piece of ignorance to pretend to the worship of god ? does this expression of lord foppington amount to any more , then that he has no kindness for sundays , because they baulk his course of pleasures ; and that if he goes to church 't is not to mind the sermon , but to ogle the ladies ? and is this answer to amanda any thing but what the audience would expect from a fop of his vanity ? and what the author therefore has but honestly put into his mouth ? and is it for that reason the sense of the author himself ? the fool in the psalmist , says in his heart , there is no god ; but i hope mr. collier will not tell us the psalmist himself says so . if the poet was accountable for every excursion , levity , loosness or atheism it self from every character in his play , the author of the libertine destroy'd , if he were alive , would have a long black scroll to answer for ; in his don john and his two wicked companions : at least if mr. collier had the handling of him . but granting the poets have launch'd a little too boldly , and have put the libertine language in the wrong mouths ; yet still mr. collier has made but a very lame collection of them ; when the greater part of his quotations have so little shadow of offence , that nothing but mr. colliers magnifying-glass can discover them . for instance , sir sampson , in love for love says , nature has been provident only to bears and spiders . this ( says mr. collier ) is the authors paraphrase on the th psalm . and thus he gives god thanks for the advantage of his being . the play advances from one wickedness to another , &c. could any interpreter but himself have made this gloss upon that poor text ? or who but the bold mr. collier durst have brought god himself upon the stage , from so innocent an expression ? but mr. collier's readers are desired not to be over-surpriz'd at so many visionary profanations and blasphemies as hee 'll meet with through that learned author . for to tell you the truth , the arguing part is not so much his business , as the conjuring . his work is not so much to find the devils upon the stage , as to raise 'em there . in the fourth act of don sebastian , mustapha dates his exaltation to tumult from the second night of the month abib . thus you have the holy text abused by capt. tom , and the bible torn by the rabble . the design of this liberty i can't understand , unless it be to make mustapha as considerable as moses , and the prevalence of a tumult as much a miracle , as the deliverance out of egypt . here mustapha , a moor of barbary , for nothing but speaking a word in his own language , and calling the month abib in its proper name , because forsooth that month is mention'd in scripture , is therefore tearing of bibles , setting up new prophets equaling moses , and bantering of miracles . risum teneatis amici ! if every word in the bible , upon its admission into holy writ , is so exalted and incorporated into the divinity , that it must never descend into the world again , nor enter profane lips or humane conversation , under the premunire of irreligion or blasphemy ; at this rate a man must have a care how he sends for his cloak , or a scholar for his books , especially upon a stage , for fear of burlesquing of scripture , bantering of apostles , and even profaning the very gospel it self ; and why ? does not st. paul in his divine writ , desire timothy to bring him his cloak his books and his parchments ? well , to shew my reader that mr. collier is not the only muster-master general of the black list of the stage blasphemies . i durst lay him a wager , that i 'll cull him a whole set of them , out of the poor innocent sir martin marral , as topping ones as the very biggest in his whole collection , and all founded upon as natural a construction , &c. and possibly in so doing , i may give my reader a little clearer light into the strength and dint of mr. collier's eloquent reasoning upon that subject . to begin therefore at the lower form , and so rise gradatim . warner says of sir martin . his follies are like a sore in a surfeited horse : cure it in one place , and it will break out in another . is not this plain burlesque upon holy scripture , and a profane ralley upon the divine solomon himself ? for does not he tell us , bray a fool in a morter , yet his foolishness will not depart from him . and tho' mr. dryden , for his incurable fool , does not borrow the words , he borrows the plain sense from solomon ; and his disguising the language , ( to speak like mr. collier ) is too thin a screen to cover the profanation . sir martin . i am resolved to kill my self . warner . you are master of your own body . sir martin . will you let me damn my soul ? warner . at your pleasure , as the devil and you can agree about it . what , does this author make a jest of damnation ? the most serious consideration of death and eternity thus trifled with ? is there no diversion without insulting the god that made us , the goodness that would save us , and the power that can damn us ? page . i can't forbear expressing my self with some warmth under these provocations ; what christian can be unconcern'd at such intollerable abuses ? page . lord dartmouth to mrs. christian. pretty innocence ! let me sit nearer to you , you don't understand what love i bear you ; i vow it is so pure , my soul 's not sullied with one spot of sin. were you a daughter or a sister to me , with a more holy flame i could not burn. how now ! what is this hypocrite libertine , in seducing his young mrs. courting her in the very language of divine inspiration ? for who can burn with holy flames , but saints , confessors and martyrs ? nay does not the divine spouse , the very type of our saviour , in the canticles , all along burn with holy flames ? what a spight have these men to the god that made them , and the saviour that redeemed them ? how do they rebell upon his bounty , and attack him with his own reason ? these gyants in wickedness , how would they ravage with a stature proportionable ? they that can swagger in impotence , and blaspheme upon a mole-hill ! what would they do , if they had strength to their good will ? sir martin to warner . well well , i am a fool ! but what am i the nearer for being one ? warner . oh , yes ; a great deal the nearer : for now fortune is bound to provide for you , as hospitals are built for lame people that can't help themselves . what does this author mean by fortune ? is not this spoken by the principal character , the only man of sense in the play ? and coming from the mouth of a christian ; consequently , here are no pagan divinities in the scheme ( page ) fortune is no goddess in the christian theology , 't is the divine providence alone , is the dispenser of our humane blessings . so that all the atheistick raillery must point upon the true god. here profaness is shut out from defence , and lies open without colour or evasion : for is not here under the notion or name of fortune , even divine providence , and what 's that but g — himself , ( oh the very essence and spirit of blasphemy ! ) brought in upon the most ridiculous occasion ? viz. to provide for a fool ? nay , he 's bound , tyed , obliged ; 't is no less then his very duty to provide for him . oh execrable , execrable ! t is too hideous to lye upon paper . nay the latter half of the diabolical sentence savours almost as rank of the cloven-foot , as the beginning . for is not here a sarcastical squint upon hospitals ? and pray what are hospitals , but the most religious foundations of charity ; and possibly the most shining structures of christianity ! let your light so shine , that men may see your good works , and glorifie your father which is in heaven . besides are not those hospitals generally of royal foundation ? and therefore does not this scurrilous scribler rally even upon crown'd-heads themselves ? nay does not one of those hospitals stand upon a protestant foundation , rais'd by the pious young edward ? and dare this impudent banterer pass his scoffing jests upon the very reformation ? in short , he begins his most audacious profaness upon the majesty of heaven , and ends it upon the majesty of kings . warner tells sir martin , that his mistress is to be married in private , to save the effusion of christian money . what! is the title of christian , the very badg of our faith , and seal of our baptism , given to that filthy idol money ? are we setting up the old golden calf , and displaying the very bannor of our salvation before him ? the design of this liberty i cannot understand , unless it be the making a god of mammon , the chests of old moody the shrine of the deity , and the squandering the least relique from so sacred a divinity , as much as the effusion of the whole blood of the martyrs . and all this in a christian country , in a reform'd church ; and in the face of authority ? well i perceive the devil was a saint in his oracles , to what he is in his plays . his blasphemies are as much improv'd as his style ; and one would think the muse were legion . lady dupe ( speaking of mrs. christian , whom my lord dartmouth had debauch'd ) did your lordship win her soon ? lord. no madam , but with great difficulty . lady dupe . i am glad on 't . it shews the girl had some religion in her . religion ! what in playing the whore ! is not religion the whole duty of man , the whole basis of christianity , and the very key to heaven ? and is this author therefore making a saint of a dalilah , turning wantonness into piety , lewdness into devotion , &c. this is plain blasphemy within the law , comes as it were from the pandaemonium , and almost smells of fire and brimstone . this is an eruption of hell with a witness ; i almost wonder the sun , and turn'd the air to plague and poison ! these are outrageous provocations , enough to arm all nature in revenge ; to exhaust the judgments of heaven , and sink the island in the sea ! i could run on with this spiritual cant , ( for that 's the honestest name i can here give it ) and collect you a whole volume of this kind of jargon ; but this sample will suffice , to shew you how easy 't is to extract blasphemy from mr. collier's limbeck . and here i 'le positively ( all jesting laid aside ) justify , that these quotations from honest sir martin , have as solid a foundation for all the foregoing blasphemous constructions ; and every inference i have here made is as genuine , as above two thirds of mr. collier's whole collection upon that topick . now , if this be really the whole dint of his constructive reasoning , and consequenrly there 's nothing here quoted , or harangued , but what mr. collier might honestly father ; i would ask any rational man , where lies the blasphemy in the text , or the comment ; and , who 's the blasphemer , the poet , or the collier ? and thus , as mr. collier's top-eloquence and , reasoning , stands upon this crazed basis , is it not time to wish him clean straw , a dark room , and good nursery , for his recovery ? but to make a littler farther answer to the unreasonable offence mr. collier has taken against the stage upon the profane account ; we shall give one remarkable evidence , that profaness , irreligion , or irreverence to god , or his divine word , or any expressions tending to blasphemy , ( however several may be misrepresented such , more than really so ) are not willfully the stages fault . for it has been a customary practice , more especially of late , and which has gain'd the very force of a law , upon the english stage ; not only to avoid the irreverent , or idle using of the name of god , but even not to use it at all . for instance , in all our plays that are founded upon a chistian story ; in all the deepest distresses of tragedy , where 't is highly natural , and even as reasonable , ( and therefore more pardonable ) for the suffering characters to start into any invocation , or other mention , of heav'n ; the language of that kind , speaks always in the heathen dialect : for either fate , stars , destiny ; or otherwise , gods , powers , deityes , immortalls , all in the plural number , and consequently heaven and providence upon the same heathen basis , are promiscuously used upon all occasions . and thus we break the very unity of the stage , in bringing the old heathen theology , to speak english in our own modern subjects , on purpose to give no shadow of offence to the christian religion , nor to use that great name upon a fictitious occasion . 't is true the name of god may sometimes but rarely be used , as for instance by cardinal woolsey after his disgrace , in the play of henry the eighth . had i but served my god with half that zeal i serv'd my king , he would not in my age have left me naked to my enemies . but here , both the solemness of the occasion , and these the express words of woolsey , taken from the chronicle , excuse this liberty . but otherwise even in our comedies , we write and speak all upon the heathen scheme of divinity ; as philocles in the mayden queen . so when it thunders , men reverently quit the open ayr , because the angry gods are then abroad . to answer a little farther to the dangerous impressions upon the affections , that both the primitive fathers , and mr. collier seem to fear from the stage , i have this to urge . — if it be lawful to read a profane history either true or romantick ; 't is equally , if not more lawful , to hear that truth or romance digested into a drama , and personally represented on the stage : and for these reasons . but before i proceed , i fancy mr. collier will assent with me ; that both history and romance are lawful to be read ; i am sure he seems to be strongly of that opinion in his introduction to his remarks upon don quixot , where he tells us , this poet , ( meaning mr. durfey ) writes from the romance of an ingenious author : by this means his sence and characters are cut out to his hand . he has wisely planted himself upon the shoulders of a gyant ; but whether his discoveries answer the advantages of his standing , the reader must judge . this high encomium upon the author of the romance of don quixot , seems in some measure to applaud , or at least justifie the composure it self : and if fiction , even in its lowest class , viz. in that mock romance , may bear so fair character from mr. collier's own acknowledgment ; sure we may conclude , that history , and the higher rank of fiction , may come within the pale of licenceable and lawful . to proceed then with my argument . what is history or romance , but the relation of human actions , passions , and conversation ? and that relation narratively , or dramatically set forth , differs only in the modus and form , not substance : thus , whether i read or hear a history or romance read to me , and consequently what is spoken or delivered to me in the single narration one way , from one mouth ; or in the theatrick representation another way , from twenty mouths ; still the difference lies only in the form and manner of the conveyance of that truth or fiction to my ear , apprehension and affections , and not in the truth or fiction it self : so that if the stage be any ways dangerous or offensive , that offence and danger lies not in the play or subject of it , but the bare playing of it , as it is set forth upon our stages . what then , so extraordinary does the playing it self perform ? does it imprint the subject of the history , or fiction , too lively in the fancy , more than the bare reading it can do ; and consequently leaves too passionate a fondness behind it , for any of the characters represented in the play ? no , quite contrary . for he that reads a history , or romance , if a sensible reader , raises in his own fancy some idea of this or that hero or heroine , or perhaps libertine or lover , which he shapes to himself more or less lovely ; chiefly from the personal description of the character , the bravery , the adventures , and distresses , &c. which he reads in the history ; and partly from his own humour or inclinations which possibly may recommend one particular character , more to his favour then another . the personal idea of this historical or romantick favourite , he carries with him from his closet to his bed , and can rise with it to morrow : for as 't is a form of his own creation , his scene of fancy gives it an air of truth and life . but when you see the hero or heroine , or any other darling in a play , 't is in the person of the actour or actress . and tho' this actour or actress possibly by their meins , their gectures and actions , for the time they are playing , may transport you into as many raptures of tenderness , admiration , or what not , as the darling in the history or romance ; yet here when the play 's done , the charm is ended . no sooner is the curtain faln , but both the hero and the heroine are no more to you , than the betterton and barry . you carry away the pleasure indeed of knowing you have been wittily cheated for two hours and a half . but all your whole concern for 'em , even those most lasting impressions , viz. of pity and compassion , are now all over : for you are cheated no longer . and all for this plain reason , viz. you want that darling personal idea , which the reading only can give you , not the playing . 't is true , you 'l say , the seeing a play may raise an affection in us for the virtues , honour or bravery , or possibly for some worse qualification in some darling character in a play , abstracted from the person in the play , viz. the comedian that presents it : however the history or romance does all this , rather more then the drama ; for much the same reason , as precept alone is not so prevalent as precept and example together , viz. here 's nothing but the charms of the argument in the play can leave an impression ; but in the history or romance , here is not only that charm , but the personal charms too in the forementioned idea that make the impression , and thereby strengthen and heighten the forces of reading , by a more lasting image of reality above those of actions , nay , reading it self gives us a kind of theatrical representation of the whole subject we read . the reader can no sooner en●er into a great or passionate story , but he builds a stage in his fancy ; he follows , in his eye of imagination , both the hero to the field , and the lover to the bour , the grott or the closet ; and has not only the aforesaid personal ideas , but also all the whole scene of action painted in his fancy . and a too dangerous impression ( if such can be received from either of them ) may as easily be taken from a favourite character upon this stage , as the play-house one . so that if reading of books , as 't is plain , be equally , or rather more dangerous , than acting of plays ; when mr. collier shuts up the play-houses , and denies the ladies and gentlemen their diversions on the stage , he must dismantle their closets too ; nay , he must carry his slaughtring hand too , from drury lane and little lincolns-inn-fields , to paul's church-yard and little britain ; and make a more general conflagration amongst them , than that in st. faith's church under pauls after the fire of london . amongst the many scandals and offences this author meets with from the stage ; that of swearing and cursing upon it , is a very crying one . 't is true he does not descend to particulars , and tell us which and what are those oaths , so frequently used in the stage . however he quotes a statute of the d of iac. chap. . against swearing in the play-house . for the preventing , and avoiding of the great abuse of the holy name of god in stage plays , and interludes , &c. be it enacted , &c. that if at any time , after the end of this present session , &c. any person , or persons do , or shall , in any stage-plays , enterlude , shew , &c. iestingly or profanely speak , or use the holy name of god or of christ iesus , or of the holy ghost , or of the trinity , which are not to be spoken , but with fear and reverence , shall forfeit for every such offence , &c. ten pounds . by this act not only direct swearing , but all invocation of the name of god is forbidden . 't is true , here is swearing by any or all of the three persons in the godhead , or speaking , or using their holy names , viz. iestingly or profanely , ( so that cardinal woolsey's naming of god , as mentioned before , falls not under this premunire ) is expressly fordidden by this act. but all this while , cursing on the stage is not at all forbid : nor the general rate of swearing upon the stage ; such as by this hand . by my hopes . by this good light. by iove . by heaven's ; and a hundred more of them ; which though of a minor class are all swearing . now as the whole wisdom of the nation in parliament assembled , at the making this act of iac. were here sate in consult for the honour of god , and his great name ; and consequently had profaness , cursing , and swearing immediately under their pious consideration ; and the play-house in parlicular , in examination before them : would not one reasonably imagine , that this great council of the nation , would have made more thorough-work of the reformation , that lay then upon their hands ; and consequently , have lay'd some mulct , or punishment , though possibly but of ten groats , instead of ten pounds , upon these inferiour profanesses of the stage , viz. if they had thought these swearings , or the cursings , upon the stage , had been offensive to god , good manners or religion ? all this , i say , might very reasonably be supposed . but on the contrary , their universal silence in that point looks like a tacit confession , that , here were both king , lords , ( spiritual and temporal ) and commons , a whole nation , all possess'd with a much more favourable opinion of the stage , than mr. collier ; and not such over-violent censors of the faults of it . at this rate a timons of athens , with repeated curses against all mankind ; nay , a raving oedipus , confounding the whole world , jumbling earth and heaven together ; blotting out sun , moon and stars , and leaving the very gods to iustle in the dark ; would have found more mercy at the tribunal of a whole kingdom , then from one judge collier upon the bench against them . another objection he makes against swearing in the play-house , is this : besides that 't is an ungentlemanly , as well as unchristian practise , the ladies make a considerable part of the audience . and swearing before women is reckon'd a breach of good behaviour ; and therefore a civil atheist will forbear it . besides , oaths are a boisterous and tempestuous sort of a conversation , &c. a woman will start at a soldier 's oath , almost as much as at the report of his pistol , &c. i doubt not but a soldierly oath may be a little terrible to the fair sex : but a lover's oath , i fancy , is not altogether so dreadful to 'em : and 't is that sort of swearing reigns most upon the stage . by those fair eyes ; and , by those sweet charms , and twenty others of the same kind , are oaths that carry not altogether so much thunder in 'em , as a volly from the black-guard : and , possibly , the discharge of one of those oaths would scarce fright the ladies , in their night-gowns , and their bed-chambers . nay , if the feminine courage dares not stand a greater shock than this , they must have a care how they open their dear cowley , for fear of being frighted there too . by heavens ! i 'll boldly tell her , that 't is she : for , why should she asham'd , or angry be , to be belov'd by me ? another great , or rather greatest transgression of the stage , is , the abuse of the clergy : hinc illoe lachrimoe . ay , 't is this mortal crime that pulls down all the vengeance ; and , possibly , 't is from hence the mourning stage lies under the heaviest weight of this canonical author's displeasure . all the rest of the arbitrary licentiousness of the stage , perhaps had never provoked all this spiritual indignation , had it not touch'd that maudlin . this author , in his voluminous chapter upon that head , gives us a long and laborious declamation upon the honour of the priestood . he sets out their whole untainted heraldry at full view ; and bids the in have a care how they dare presume to find a blot in so fair a scutcheon . here mr. collier lays a very loud charge against the stage , for this particular profanation : but , methinks , he 's hard put to 't for evidence and proof to support the indictment , when the first witness he brings in is father dominick , in the spanish friar . this dominick is made ( he tells you ) a pimp for lorenzo : he is call'd a parcel of holy guts and garbage ; and said to have room in his belly for his church-steeple . methinks , i say , it looks a little odly , that mr. collier , to prove these stage-abuses of the clergy upon us , should be forc'd to run to rome for the scandal ; viz. in the character of a father dominick . but , perhaps , his own particular tenderness for the ecclesiasticks of that cloth , may make him resent a dramatical stain in a hood and a cowle , as a more capital abuse of the clergy , than one in a scarf and cassock . but if our english stage has now and then a little exposed some of the tatter'd and daggl'd gowns , &c. methinks , the author of the persuasive to consideration , that falls himself so heavy , both upon the head and body of the church , should not be so severe upon the stage , for only rallying some part of the tail of it . nay , 't is yet a little more strange , that this author should quarrel with the stage for this boldness with the clergy , when he himself has furnish'd it with one of the most divertive characters for a comedy ; and one that would bear as just and as honest a satyr , as any that ever appear'd upon it : for his very remarks upon the relapse , as he has manag'd them , abstracted from the rest of mr. collier's singularities , would supply a subject even for a whole farce ; and carry as fair a title , call'd , the parson turn'd critick , as ever grac'd a playhouse-bill . but , to shew this divine author , that the stage-spirit of scandal is not so very rampant against the clergy , i am commission'd to tell him , that notwithstanding he has furnish'd them with so copious , and so pregnant a subject ; yet still his gown , even his quondam gown , shall protect him : nay , the play-houses are resolv'd to bear all the false and malicious insults and barbarities he has heap'd upon them , with that return of meekness and forgiveness ; that mr. collier himself ( if not past it ) the very divine , may go to school to the theatre , to learn even christianity from a play-house example , whilst the stage shall preach to the parson . next , for the immoralities and licentiousness of the stage . here i am sorry mr. collier has any occasion to find offence ; and more sorry that the age has corrupted the stage ; whilst the effeminacy of the two last reigns has both furnish'd the stage with so many libertine pictures , and indulg'd their reception . i shall join farther with mr. collier , and heartily wish , that both the levity of expression , and the too frequent choice of debauch'd characters , in our comedies , were retrench'd , and mended : that also the prize in the comedy might be always given to some deserving vertue that wins it ; and consequently , our comedies , even fiction it self , might be made more instructive , by a poetick justice , in rewarding and crowning the vertuous characters with the success in the drama . i 'll join with him farther , and acknowledge that he has given us one very true reason , why our comedies are not so well furnish'd with that better choice of vertuous characters , as 't is to be wish'd they were ; and that is , from the laziness of the authors . to fetch diversion ( as he says ) from innocence , is no such easie matter ; there 's no succeeding in it , it may be , in this method , without sweat and drudging : clean wit , inoffensive homour , and handsom contrivance require time and thought : and who would be at this expence , when the purchase is so cheap another way . this more innocent model of plays , i confess , would give both that greater lustre to the stage , and that fairer reputation to the authors , as were truly worth the poet 's sweating and drudging for , as he calls it . but , all this while , i hope mr. collier does not expect that all the characters in the comedy should be virtuous : a composition of that kind cannot well be made ; nor would such a composition truly reach the whole instructive ends of the drama . contraria juxta se posita magis elucescunt , is a very great maxim , the foyl sets off the diamond . and that foyl , i may venture to say , is wanted in the comedy , to make the virtue shine the brighter . for instance , in the relapse ; there seems to be a necessity of a treacherous berinthia , ( even with her loosest arguments ) to ensnare , and a libertine worthy to attack a virtuous amanda . virtue cannot very well be wrought up to any dramatick perfection , nor sparkle with any considerable brightness and beauties , unless it stands a temptation , and surmounts it . we have a proverbial saying , that will hardly allow that woman to be truly chaste , that has never been try'd . this i am sure , the noblest triumphs of virtue are made by the assaults it can resist and conquer . thus the relapser's amanda crowns her character even with a double laurel ; not only by illustrating and ( i may , not improperly , say ) aggrandizing her own invincible virtue in the assault she has repulsed ; but likewise , in the conversion of her assailing libertine . 't is not supposed therefore that the dramatick poet must be oblig'd to borrow his characters of virtue from lazy cells , and melancholy cloysters ; a copy from a hermit , or an anchoret . no ; his characters of virtue must come forth into the gay world , with levity , vanity , nay , temptation it self , all round them . they must go to the court , the ball , the masque , the musick-houses , the dancing-schools , nay , to the very prophane play-houses themselves ; ( to speak in mr. collier's dialect ; ) and yet come off unconquer'd . these are the virtues that , to be instructive to an audience , are what should tread the stage . and consequently , if our poets will set forth such virtue , they must find her all this worldly conversation , and furnish the drama accordingly . but now to come to a conclusion , and summ the whole merits of his view of the stage , &c. considering the weakness and falsity of his greatest and most important arguments in that piece . i may say , he 's the counsel at the bar , not the judge upon the bench. all that bawling eloquence pleads not for truth , but conquest ; and with the very same triumph , both the gown and the long robe , pride themselves in their success . 't is he gains the reputation and applause of being the ablest lawyer , that can carry the weakest cause . oh truth ! divine truth ! how beautiful wouldst thou appear in thy native glory , naked ! but when thy orators have rigg'd thee out with all their false rhetorick , and a whole superfaetation of stretcht sense , rack'd argument , extorted suggestions , and so much additional fictions and forgeries to fill up thy spurious train ; what with the paint , patch , plume , and all the false drapery about thee , they bring thee forth in all that pomp and magnificence , when thou art least thy self . and thus if all this fucus , and all these gawdy trappings unhappily mislead the weak , the easy , and the ignorant , the fond eyes , and captivated hearts before thee ; 't is not thy own , but thy iezabel charms , that conquer them ! here i must beg my reader 's pardon for speaking too much in the stile of mr. collier , and running a little into rapture upon this occasion . but to bring the plain matter home to his own door , i do declare in all the triumphs he has gain'd by his view of the stage , amongst all the captives his eloquence has made him ; the great proselites to his cause are not gain'd by the truth , but by the falsehood , in that treatise . for instance , 't is not the setting out of the libertine , or jilt , in our comedies with a little too much free air ; or the larding our modern plays with sometimes too much of the smut , and double entendres , &c. and for the profane part , 't is not mr. durfey ' s furniture of lucifer ' s kitchen ; his garbidge of souls , nor rashers of fools , &c. nor his profaning of balaam ' s ass in his epilogue , p. . nor lady froth ' s making jehu a hackney coachman , p. . nor sharper's making himself a god-father to vain love , vowing and promising in his name , &c. p. . nor angelica's telling sir sampson , that the strongest of his name pull'd an old house over his head ; nor sancho's sending the iew , his father , to abraham ' s bosom , p. . nor cynthia for saying marriage makes a man and wife one flesh , but leaves 'em two fools , p. . nor fashion for kicking his conscience down stairs , p. , &c. nor scandal , for saying , that solomon was a wise man , for his great iudgment in astrology . 't is not these , nor all the rest of those minor brethren in iniquity ; no , not with all mr. collier's perverse discant upon them , that run down the stage : but the more blasphemous execrations in king arthur , and absolon and achitophel ; and that more prodigious mass of blasphemy , mr. dryden's whole play of amphitryon ( as we have set forth in our first part ) and to all these , the fulminations of the primitive fathers , with their seat of infection , their chair of pestilence , &c. ( how foreign to his cause , and how feeble their authority , we have already discoursed , ) 't is upon this last babel work , a pile that almost reaches heaven , that mr. collier gives the stage the most mortal blow , and consequently gains all the aforesaid proselites . but the reader is not to wonder that falsehood is the great charmer in that treatise ; for , to tell you the truth , 't was both founded in falsehood , and stands supported by it . for though religion and reformation was the pretence ; instead of a cole from the altar to inspire the zeal , here was a warmer dulcis odor , fifty guinea's copy-money that animated the cause . and though , god forbid , i should infer , that the labours either of learning piety should go unrewarded ; yet , to confirm my assertion , that interest was here the governing ascendant : piety never falsifies , nor prevaricates : he had never built so malicious , and sophistical a fabrick , upon so holy a ground , had conscience laid the corner stone . but as that inferior first mover set him at work , so he managed with tools accordingly . like the lawyer at the bar , as i said before , the fee was large , and pleadings must deserve it . and therefore as nothing but a total overthrow of the stage could make it so selling a copy , and consequently afford the author that encouragement ; for gaining that point , he lay under the necessity not only of sophistry , misconstruction , &c. stretching every least peccadilio more unmercifully , than a dwarf in a procrustes bed , but even of dragging in the primtive fathers ; nay , the apostles , and gospel it self rightor wrong , to do the last execution . 't was thus this dagon rose , and thus it gain'd the popular knees that bend before it ; and indeed 't is much such another spirit of falsehood , that gives it fame and reputation : for it goes for current authority round the whole town , that mr. dryden himself had publickly declar'd it unanswerable ; and thank'd mr. collier for the just correction he had given him ; and that mr. congreve , and some other great authors , had made much the same declaration ; which is all so notoriously false , so egregious a lye , that mr. dryden particularly always look'd upon it as a pile of malice , illnature and uncharitableness , and all drawn upon the utmost rack of wit and invention . thus falsehood employ'd the workman . falsehood found the materials . falsehood rais'd the structure , and falsehood upholds it . to give my reader a particular instance , how far the temptation of a selling copy , even upon the most sacred and religious subject , will prevail . some years since was publish'd a small treatise , with the imprimatur of authority , called , the second spira , being the relation of a young gentleman , the son of a person of quality , who died in despair , december the th . . containing the conferences of several orthodox divines , at several times , with the particulars of their spiritual arguments , reasonings , admonitions , together with all the young gentleman's replies , his execrations , impenitence , apostacy , and the whole narrative of his blasphemies to his last gasp. this piece was compiled by an author as ingenious as mr. collier , and that values himself as much upon his morals and religion ; the bookseller as eminent , as wealthy , and as zealous a professor of christianity , as most of the trade . of this book several impressions , near thousand were sold. several prefatory advertisements were printed , to support its authority , and long and repeated insinuations were almost daily made by the publisher for the same assertion . and yet all this while , there was not so much as one syllable , tittle , or jota of fact or truth in the whole history , but all pure invention . now tho' i dare not say with mr. dryden , that priests of all religion are the same , yet i may venture to say , that pious craft in all relgions is much the same ; and legends will creep into all churchs . i do not urge this as a parallel to mr. collier's view of the stage . his labours upon that subject , i confess , are not all legend ; i acknowledge his view has some matter of truth in it ; but at the same time its veracity a little agrees with the description of dr. oates his plot , in absolom and achitophel . some truth there was , but brew'd and dasht with lies , to please the fools , and puzle all the wise. and here i must give mr. collier the honour of leading a small squadron of truths to attack the stage ; but like dr. oats too , with a whole legion of pilgrims and black bills to back them . and here again i must make one serious reflection , to think how truth is the best mistress , but worst served . for that learning and ingenuity like mr. colliers , that is most able to do her the best and honourablest service , makes her the worst and ignoblest servant . and thus i may join with lactantius ( only changing one word , ) the rule is , the more rhetorick , the more mischief , and the best pen-men are the worst commonwealthsmen . for the harmony and ornament serves only to recommend the argument , and fortify the charm. finis . an account of the english dramatick poets, or, some observations and remarks on the lives and writings of all those that have publish'd either comedies, tragedies, tragi-comedies, pastorals, masques, interludes, farces or opera's in the english tongue by gerard langbaine. new catalogue of english plays langbaine, gerard, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing l estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an account of the english dramatick poets, or, some observations and remarks on the lives and writings of all those that have publish'd either comedies, tragedies, tragi-comedies, pastorals, masques, interludes, farces or opera's in the english tongue by gerard langbaine. new catalogue of english plays langbaine, gerard, - . [ ], , [ ], p., [ ] leaves of plates : ports. printed by l.l. for george west and henry clements, oxford : . based on: new catalogue of english plays, london, [dec. ], an unauthorized ed. of which had appeared a month earlier under title: momus triumphans, or, the plagiaries of the english stage. a new ed., revised by charles gildon, appeared as: the lives and characters of the english dramatick poets. . errata on p. [ ] at end. reproduction of original in library of congress. includes index. includes bibliographical references. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng english drama -- bio-bibliography. opera -- bio-bibliography. theater -- england. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread - tcp staff (michigan) text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an account of the english dramatick poets . or , some observations and remarks on the lives and writings , of all those that have publish'd either comedies , tragedies , tragi-comedies , pastorals , masques , interludes , farces , or opera's in the english tongue . by gerard langbaine . oxford , printed by l. l. for george west , and henry clements . an. dom. . to the right honourable james , earl of abington , baron norreys , of ricott : their majesties l d lieutenant of oxfordshire . my lord , i should not have presum'd to have prefix'd so great a name to so mean a work , had i not been sufficiently assur'd that candour and goodness , are not the least of those excellent qualities , which have acquir'd you the love and esteem of all that have the honour to know you. 't is this consideration , joyn'd with the experience of your lordship's former favours , which rais'd me to the confidence of expressing my obligations to your honour , by dedicating not so much the following sheets , as my self , the compiler of them , to your lordship's service . but i am afraid both the piece and its author , are so inconsiderable in themselves , and so unworthy of your lordship's eye & regard ; that my offering will seem to most men , to have more of presumption than gratitude in it . and truly , my lord , i am so sensible of the objection , that tho' i would willingly shroud my self under your lordship's patronage , yet i dare not in the least implore it for the essay itself ; which hath so many faults , that some may be apt to censure the whole undertaking as an unpardonable one : and i am unwilling that your lordship's name shoud be used , in the defence of a trifle , which it might have been perhaps more for the author's credit to have conceal'd than publish'd . and now having said thus much in excuse of my self , i must confess i was never under a greater temptation , to say something , according to the modern custome of dedications , in praise of your lp ; but that i fear i should need another kind of apology , should i attempt to give a character of your personal worth and excellency ; or enlarge upon those eminent services , with which you have oblig'd both your prince and country , in the most hazardous tryals of your loyalty & affection to each , when either the rights of the crown , or the liberties of the people call'd for your assistance : your lordship being still one of the first , that was content to have these your obligations cancell'd and forgotten ; and who never suffer'd either the caresses of the court , or the applause of the populace , to tempt you from your duty , or your post : but having adorn'd the great office you undertook , and nobly defended the religion you profess'd , ( by steering betwixt the hot blasts of zeal , & the colder calms of indifferency ) you generously declin'd to make your services appear mercenary , or by raising your self to a higher station , give the world occasion to suspect that you courted virtue and religion for any other than their own rewards : which that your lordship may happily enjoy is the constant and affectionate wish of your lordship's most oblig'd , faithful and humble servant , gerard langbaine . the preface . my former catalogue of plays , in spite of the malice and poor designes of some of the poets and their agents , to destroy its reputation , ( by printing a spurious title-page , and an uncorrected preface ) has notwithstanding found so kind a reception from the generality of unbyass'd judges ; that i thought my self oblig'd by gratitude , as well as promise , to revise it : tho' it were only to purge it of those errata's contracted in the former edition . i am so far from relenting what i have enterpris'd , ( as some have been pleas'd to report ) that i am only sorry that my power is not equal to the zeal i have for the memory of those illustrious authors , the classicks , as well as those later writers of our own nation , mr shakespear , fletcher , johnson , cowley , &c. that i might be capable of doing them better service , in vindicating their fame , and in exposing our modern plagiaries , by detecting part of their thefts . i say part , because i cannot be suppos'd to have trac'd them in all : and having no partners in my discovery , it cannot be expected but that many things will escape my observation . however , this may serve for a hint to others ; who being better vers'd in books , may build upon the foundation which is here laid . and who ever peruses the following sheets , will find the observation of paulus jovius , to be very applicable to most of the poets of this age ; castrant alios , ut libros suos per se graciles , alieno adipe suffarciant . but how just soever my design may seem to unprejudic'd readers , i must expect to be loudly exclaim'd against , is not openly assaulted by those poets , who may think themselves injur'd in their reputation by the following remarks : but i am already prepar'd for the worst ; having learnt from the author of absalom and achitophel * , that how honest soever the design be , he who draws his pen for one party , must expect to make enemies of the other ; and every man is a knave or an ass to the contrary side . i shall therefore leave the poets to their own management , whilst i address my self to my disingag'd reader ; whom i hope to find favourable , to one who aims only at his diversion ; and intends never to trouble the world again on this subject . i have endeavour'd to make this piece as useful as the subject would bear , or my abilities reach ; and i am almost confident , that they who were satisfied with my former catalogue , will be much more favourable to this account of the dramatick poets : since they will find this so different from that , both in form and matter , that it may justly be stil'd a new book . in the first place then i have given a succinct account of the time in which most of the ancient poets liv'd ; the place of their nativity , quality , death , writings , &c. in a larger manner than either mr. philips or mr. winstanley ; and have collected all the material passages of their lives , which i found scattered in doctor fuller , lloydd , à wood , &c. into one volume , for the greater ease of the reader , and advantage to the work. i have not indeed always cited my authorities , to avoid loading the page ; tho' i here once for all make my publick acknowledgment to the fore-mention'd , as well as other worthy writers , to whom i have been oblig'd in the compiling this treatise . neither have i omitted to apply my self to several persons now living for information , some of which promis'd me great matters ; which occasioned my deferring the publication for some time : but i found that the memoires i expected from london , were like to arrive with cardinal perron's manuscripts from rome , which he was to make use of in his vindication of henry le grand : and that should i have stay'd for the completion of these promises , the louvre would have sooner been finisht than my book . secondly , i have in this edition , given the reader a large account of the title-page of each play which i have seen , as the double titles ; the place where acted , the date when printed , and the person to whom dedicated ; with other observations , which might obiter occur or relate more immediately to each play. thirdly , as to those plays founded on history , instead of one or two , ( as formerly ) i have cited most of the historians that have treated on that subject , that the reader might compare the play , with the original story . i have not mention'd so many authors , out of hopes of being counted industrious , or to beget an opinion in the world of my reading : tho' as an ingenious author observes , this humor possesseth many men , that brag of many books coming under their discovery : as if not only with the mice they had crept through the crannies of all libraries ; but also with the mothes , had got betwixt the leaves of all treatises therein . i am so far from affecting title-learning , in which every bookseller would perhaps excel me , that i am willing to acknowledge to the reader , that i am owing to the compendious collections of historians and chronologers , for their directions , to find any story or action in the original author ; and therefore shall account it no lessening to my reputation to be trac'd in calvisius , spondanus , lloyd , moreri , and the like . fourthly , as to the drammas , which are founded on romances or forreign plays , i have much enlarg'd my remarks ; having employ'd a great part ( if not too much ) of my time in reading plays and novels , in several languages ; by which means i have discovered many more thefts than those in the former catalogue ; and have ( for the readers ease , as well as my own vindication ) cited the particulars of each plagiary , to obviate an objection of a certain poet , who professes he has not stollen half of what i then accused him of . what reception this piece may find in the world , i am not very sollicitous , nor greatly concern'd : since ( as the judicious sr. robert howard has observ'd * ) things of this nature , tho' never so excellent , or never to mean , have seldome prov'd the foundation of men's new-built fortunes , or the ruine of their old. i am so far from valuing my self upon this performance , that if there be any thing in it worth commendation , the poets are at liberty to father it upon whom they please , or claim it as their own , without my taking any offence at it : and if i can but be so happy as to obtain a pardon from the more solid part of mankind , for having mis-spent my time in these lighter studies , i promise for the future , to imploy my self on subjects of more weight and importance . ger . langbaine . the authors names . a. william alexander e. of sterline . robert armin. b. abraham baily . john banckroft . john banks . barnaby barnes . robert baron . lodowick barrey . francis beaumont . capt. will. bedloe . mrs. astraea behn . dabridgec . belchier . richard bernard . r. boyle e. orrery . mrs. fran. boothby . samuel brandon . anthony brewer . alexander brome . richard brome . fulk lord brook. henry burkhead . henry burnel . c. lady eliz. carew . thomas carew . lodowick carlell . james carlisle richard carpenter . will. carthwright . rob. chamberlain . will. chamberlain . george chapman . sir aston cockain . edward cook. john cook. john corey . charles cotton . abraham cowley . robert cox. john crown . d. john dancer . samuel daniel . dr. ch. davenant sr. will. davenant . robert davenport . robert dabourn john day . thomas decker . sr. john denham . john dover . john dryden . thomas duffet . thomas durfey . e. edw. eccleston . sr. gec . etheridge . f. sr. fr. fane , jun. sr. rich. fanshaw . l. visc. falkland . nathaniel field . richard fleknoe . john fletcher . john ford. thomas ford. john fountain . abraham fraunce . sr. ralph freeman . ulpian fulwel . g. george gascoigne . henry glapthorn . thomas goff . robert gomersal . franc. goldsmith . alex. green. robert green. h. will. habington . peter haustead . richard head. will. hemmings . jasper heywood . john heywood . thomas heywood . barten hollyday . charles hool . edw. howard . james howard . sr. rob. howard . james howel . i. thomas jevorn . thomas ingeland . benjamin johnson . thomas jordan . william joyner . k. henry killegrew . thomas killegrew . sr. will. killegrew . thomas kirke . ralph knevet . thomas kyd. l. john lacy. john leanard . nathaniel lee. john lilly. thomas lodge . sr. william lower . thomas lupon . . m. lewis machin . john maidwell . dr. jasper main . cosino manuch . gervase markham . christoph. marloe . shakerley marmion . john marston . john mason . phil. massinger . thomas may. robert mead. matth. medhourn thomas meriton . tho. middleton john milton . walt. mountague . will. mountfort . n. thomas nabbes . thomas nash. alex. nevile . ib. robert nevile . duke of newcastle . dutch. newcastle . thomas newton . thomas nuce . o. thomas otway . p. john palsgrave . george peel . lady pembroke . mrs. kath. philips . sam. pordage . henry porter . ib. thomas porter . george powel . ib. thomas preston . edm. prestwith . q. francis quarles . r. thomas randolph . edw. ravenscroft . thomas rawlins . edward revet . nath. richards . william rider . william rowley . samuel rowley . joseph rutter . ib. thomas rymer . s. tho. st. serf . william sampson . george sandys . charles saunders . elkanah settle . tho. shadwell . will. shakespear . lewis sharpe . edw. sharpham . s. shepheard . ed. sherbourn . tho. shipman . hen. shirley . ibid. james shirley . sir charles sidley . john smith . will. smith . ibid. tho. southern . tho. stanley . ibid. sir rob. stapleton . john stephens . will. strode . ibid. john studley . sir john suckling . gilbert swinhoe . t. nathaniel tate . john tateham . robert taylour . tho. thomson . ibid. nich. trott . rich. tuke . ibid. coll. s. tuke . cyril turneur . ibid. john tutchin . w. lewis wager . edm. waller . geo. wapul . will. wayer . r. weaver . john webster . john watson . — whitaker . dr. rob. wild. ib. leon. willan . ib. george wilkins . rob. wilmot . ibid. john wilson . ibid. rob. wright will. wytcherley . ib. y. rob. yarrington . the names of the authors in the appendix . joseph harris . tho. sackvile , and tho. norton . mr. wilson . an account of the dramatick poets . a. william alexander , earl of sterline . our alphabet begins with this worthy nobleman , who was a scot by birth ; and liv'd in the time of king james the first of england , and the sixth of scotland . all that i am able to acquaint my readers with , concerning his private affairs , or family , is only this short account ; that he was much in favour with his sovereign , and father to the present earl of sterline . the occasion of his being mention'd in our catalogue , is , from four monarchick tragedies , ( as he stiles them , ) which are in print under his name , viz. the alexandraean tragedy , croesus , darius , and julius caesar. these plays seem to be writ with great judgment , and ( if i mistake not ) the author has propos'd the ancients , for his pattern ; by bringing in the chorus between the acts. they are grave , and sententious , throughout , like the tragedies of seneca ; and yet where the softer , and more tender passions are touch't , they seem as moving , as the plays so much in vogue with the ladies of this age. the greatest objection that i know against them , is the choice the author has made of his verse , which is alternate , like the quatrains of the french poet pibrach ; or sr. william davenant's heroick poem , call'd gondibert . this measure of verse has lately been found fault with by an eminent critick a notwithstanding what sr. william b has urg'd in its defence : i shall not pretend to decide the controversy , but leave it to my reader , to peruse both their arguments at leisure . it may possibly be objected that his stile is not pure , but as the author has already pleaded his country , c so he ought to be excus'd by all english criticks , having given the preference to our tongue , as exceeding the scotch dialect , both in elegance and perfection . his tragedies , are all of them founded on history , and he has so strictly ty'd himself to it , that even his episodes , ( which usually , are the sole invention of every author ) are founded on truth likewise . the alexandraean tragedy is a proof of this for after the first act , which is wholly employed by alexander's ghost ( possibly in imitation of seneca's thyestes ) the rest of the play is wholly circumscrib'd by history . the the play is built upon the differences about the succession , that arose between alexander's captains after his decease . the second act begins with the councel held by perdiccas , meleager , and the rest of the commanders . the author has chiefly followed q. curtius lib. . cap. . & seq . and justin lib. . but there are other authors that have toucht upon this story , as well annalists as historians ; which for the reader 's satisfaction i shall set down . such are , diodorus siculus lib. . o●osius lib. . cap. . josephus lib. , cap. appian de bellis syriacis . — saliani annales ecclesiastici a. m. . num. . &c. torniel a. m. . n. . &c. raleigh's hist. lib. c. heylin 's hist. of greece , howell , &c. croesus , is chiefly borrow'd from herodotus , see lib. . sive clio. you may consult likewise , justin lib. . cap. . plutarch's life of solon , ●ee besides salian . torniel . a. m. . in the fifth act there is an episode of abradates , and ●anthaea , which the author has copied from xenophon's cyropaideia , or the life and institution of cyrus , lib. . and the ingenious ●●cudery has built upon this foundation , in that diverting romance , call'd grand cyrus , see part . book . i leave it to the readers , which romance is best , the copy , or the original . darius , was the first present our author made the world , at which time he was lord menstrie . he printed this tragedy at edinborough , in quarto . and dedicated it to k. james vi , by a copy of three stanzas . it was first compos'd in a mixt dialect of english and scoth , and even then , was commended by two copies of verses . the author has since pollished and corrected much of his native language , and even the play it self is alter'd , and 't is now reprinted with the rest of his works . for the plot of this play , read q. curtius , lib. , , and . and justin , lib. . cap. . &c. see besides diodorus lib. arrian de expeditione alexandri lib. . plutarch's life of alexander salian . a. m. . &c. julius caesar is founded on history , and the reader may find many authors that give an account of his actions , particularly plutarch and suetonius , each of which writ his life see besides appian de bellis civilibus , lib. florus lib. . cap. . salian . torniel &c. besides these plays , he writ several other poems , of a different species , viz. doomsday or the great day of the lord's judgment ; poem divided into twelve books which the author calls hours . a paraenaesis to prince henry , who dying before it was publish'd , he dedicated it to prince charles , afterwards king and martyr . jonathan , an heroick poem intended ; but the first book only extant . he writ all these poems in the ottava rima of tasso , or , as michael drayton calls it , d a stanza of eight lines ; six interwoven , and couplet in base . i shall leave their excellency to the judgment of criticks , who may view them at leisure ; his plays and poems being all printed together in folio , under the title of recreations with the muses : printed at lond. , and dedicated to his sacred majesty k. charles the first , of blessed memory . this being all the account i am able to give of our author and his works , i must have recourse to an old copy of verses stiled the censure of the poets , which tho' mean in themselves , shew the opinion the unknown author had of our poet : part of which copy take as follows ; so scotland sent us hither for our own : that man whose name i even would have known to stand by mine , that most ingenious knight , my alexander ; to whom in his right i want extreamly , yet in speaking thus , i do but shew that love that was 'twixt us , and not his numbers , which were brave , & high , so like his mind was his clear poesy . i have likewise seen an anagram , written by one mr. william quin , on our author's name , which being short i will transcribe . gulielmus alexander , anagramma . i , largus melle exunda . tetrasticon . cum tibi det genius , musa ingeniumque poesis floribus é variis attica mella legas ; i , largus melle exunda . mell taque funde carmina : sic facias nomine fata jubent . robert armin. the author of a play called the maids of moor-clack ; stiled in former catalogues , a history . i am able to give no account either of the author , or his play , having no knowledge of either . all that i can say , is that i have seen a book written by one of the same name , called a discourse of elizabeth caldwell , who with some other accomplices , attempted to poyson her husband . this book is in quarto , printed in london . b. abraham baily . a gentleman of whom i can give no other information , than that he has extant a play called the spightful sister , printed in o ; but where or when , i am not able to give an account ; the title-page , dedication and preface ( if there be any ) being deficient in my copy . but if i may be permitted to speak my sentiments of the play it self , i believe the author has stollen neither his characters nor language from any other ; and i presume , those that have read the character of my lord occus in particular ; winifred , and the rest in general , will be of my opinion . john bancroft . a gentleman , who is the author of a tragedy called sertorius , acted at the theatre-royal by their majesties servants ; printed in quarto lond. . 't is dedicated to captain richard savage ; and the epilogue was writ by mr. ravenscroft . the elder corneille has writ a play on the same subject , which i have read ; but shall leave it to the decision of better judgments to determine which is best . those who would read the foundation of this play may consult plutarch's life of sertorius : velleius paterculus lib. . florus lib. . c. . &c. john banks . a person now living , and if i mistake not , a member of the honourable society of new-inn : one whose genius to poetry led him to make several attempts on the stage , with different success : but of whom i may say with justice , that if he be not accounted a poet of the first form , yet he bears up with his contemporaries of the second . his genius lays wholly to tragedy ; and he has had the fortune to please the fair sex in the earl of essex , and anna bullen . he has five plays in print , of which in their alphabetical order . destruction of troy , a tragedy , acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable the lady katherine roos . if this play fall short of shakspear's troilus and cressida , at least it surpasses heywood's iron age ; and how unkind soever the criticks were to it , i believe they have seen worse tragedies on the stage . various are the authors that have toucht on this subject , as homer , virgil , ovid , &c. but none more fully than dares phrygius , and dictis cretensis : though learned men suppose those pieces we have under their names , to be spurious : yet natalis comes has turned daxes into latin verse : and our countryman lydgate into old english meetre . island queens , or the death of mary queen of scotland , a tragedy : published only in defence of the author and the play , against some mistaken censures occasioned by its being prohibited the stage , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the illustrious princess , mary dutchess of norfolk . most historians of those times have written her story , as well forreigners , as our own : see buchanan , speed , in the reign of q. elizabeth , camden , du chesne , brantome's memoirs , causin's holy court. nay even writers of romances have thought her story an ornament to their work ; witness the princess cloria , where part . her story is succinctly related , and she pourtrayed under the title of minerva queen of mysta . rival kings , or the loves of oroondates and statira ; a tragedy in heroick verse , acted at the theatre-royal ; printed in quarto . and dedicated to the right honourable the lady katherine herbert . the play is founded chiefly on cassandra , a famed romance in fol. as to what concerns alexander , i refer you to curtius , and justin. vertue betrayed , or anna bullen ; a tragedy , acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the illustrious princess elizabeth dutchess of somerset . the author has followed a little novel translated from the french ; and called the novels of elizabeth queen of england , containing the history of queen ann bullen . for the story , most of our chronicles relate it : see speed's chron. in the reign of hen. viii . ld. herbert , duchesne , dr. burnet's hist. reform book the . &c. unhappy favourite , or the earl of essex ; a tragedy , acted at the theatre-royal by their majesties servants ; printed in quarto london . and dedicated to the most high and most illustrious princess the lady ann , daughter to his royal-highness ( the present princess of denmark . ) this play was acted with good success : the prologue and epilogne were written by mr. dryden : and the play it self founded on a novel called , the secret history of the most renowned queen elizabeth and the earl of essex , printed in . lond. . for the true story ; see cambden's elizabeth , speed , duchesne , stow , baker , &c. in the reign of queen elizabeth . there have been two french plays , one by monsieur calpranede ; the other by the younger corneille ; which i have read , and am of opinion , that the english play is not short of the french , notwithstanding the high commendations given it by the mercury gallant , january . barnaby barnes . this person lived in the reign of k. james the first : and writ a play called the devil's charter , a tragedy , containing the life , and death of pope alexander the vi. play'd before the king's majesty , upon candlemas night , by his majesty's servants ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the honourable and his very dear friends , sir w. herbert , and sir w. pope knights , associates in the noble order of the bath . this tragedy seems to be written in imitation of shakspear's old play of pericles prince of tyre : for as shakspear raises gower , an old english bard , for his interlocutor or introductor , in that play ; so this author revives guicciardine for the same design . this was the common practice of the poets of the last age , as shakspear , heywood , &c. at which time they frequently introduced dumb shews , which took much with the spectators of those times . 't is evident the author followed guicciardine , who has largly treated to this pope , in his history of the wars of italy ; see the first six books . other authors have likewise treated of him , as du preau , hist. de l'estat & succes de l'eglise , tom . . p. . & seq . vollateranus , tit . . sub fine , massonius de gestis pontificum romanorum , &c. this author has extant besides , four books of offices about princes , how they ought to be administred , printed fol. lond. . robert baron , esq this author was a young gentleman , bred first at cambridge , and afterwards brought up in the worthy society of grays-inn : during his abode there , he writ a romance called the cyprian academy , printed octavo lond. . he dedicated it to the famous traveller mr. james howel , in particular , and to the ladies and gentlewomen of england , in general . in his romance , are included two dramaticks , which mr. kirkman has inserted in his catalogue , tho' they are not entire tracts of themselves , nor of any signal eminence ; but since they have been mention'd in former catalogues , i shall not omit them . deorum dona , a masque presented before flaminius and clorinda , king and queen of cyprus , at their regal palace in nicosia . part of this piece is borrow'd from mr. waller's poem to the king on his navy . gripus and hegio , or the passionate lovers ; a pastoral , acted by the lady julio's servants , for the entertainment of flaminius . this play consists but of three acts , and is borrow'd very much from waller's poems , and webster's dutchess of malsy ; which is excusable only on the account of the author's youth , he being but years of age , when he compos'd that romance , which was the reason that it was so highly commended by twelve copies of verses writ by his friends , and printed with his book . mirza , a tragedy , really acted in persia , in the last age : illustrated with historical annotations , printed octavo lond. — and dedicated to his majesty , by a copy of verses . this play is much beyond either of the former , and has the repute of a good play. it is commended by five copies of verses , written by the author's cambridge-friends . on this very subject , the famous denham , had before writ a play called the sophy , tho' our author a had finished three compleat acts of this tragedy , before he saw that ; nor was he then discouraged , seeing the most ingenious author of that , has made his seem quite another story from this . mr. baron has follow'd not only the honourable sr. thomas herbert's printed account in his travels , but likewise made use of a manuscript letter , which sr. dodmore cotton , ( embassador to abbas king of persia , from king charles the first in the year . ) sent to a friend of his in cambridge , according to which letter , he prosecuted the story throughout . the author seems to have propos'd for his pattern the famous catiline , writ by ben johnson : and has in several places not only hit the model of his scenes : but even imitated the language tolerably , for a young writer . whoever pleases to compare the ghost of emir-hamze-mirza , with that of scilla , may easily see his imitation , but that being too long to transcribe , i shall set down the first words of catiline , in that admirable play ; and afterwards those of abbas , and then submit my opinion to my reader 's judgment . catiline , act first . it is decreed : nor shall thy fate , o rome resist my vow . though hills were set on hills , and seas met seas , to guard thee ; i would thro' : i 'll plough up rocks , steep as the alpes , in dust : and lave the tyrhene waters into clouds ; but i would reach thy head , thy head , proud city . mirza , act first . the vow is made , nor shall thy flattering fate , o mirza , contradict it ; though thy troops stood like a wall about thee , nay tho' jove press all the gods to guard thee , and should arm them every one with thunder , i would through : i 'll tear the groundsells of thy towers up ; and make their nodding spires kiss the centre , but i will reach thy heart , thy heart , proud victor . this is the first author taken notice of , either by mr. phillips b in his theatrum poetarum , or his transcriber mr. winstanley , in his lives of the english poets : c and though neither of them give any other account of our author , but what they collected from my former catalogue printed . yet through a mistake in the method of that catalogue , they have ascrib'd many anonymous plays to the foregoing writers , which belonged not to them : and thus have committed mistakes in almost all the dramatick writers they have handled , to give an instance in this author : they both ascribe to him don quixote , or the knight of the ill-favoured countenance , a comedy , i know not whence they had their intelligence : but i never heard or read any such play , nor do i believe there is any other book which bears that title , except the fam'd romance , written by the admirable pen of that famous spanish author , miguel de cervantes . they have likewise ascribed several other dramatick pieces to this author , which i dare be confident , are not of his writing ; as dick scorner , destruction of jerusalem , marriage of wit and science , masques , and interludes ; and have omitted two other pieces written by him . viz. poems , octavo , and a book intituled , an apology for paris . neither do i believe mr. phillips's account , that any of his pieces appear'd on the stage . i shall conclude all with the following anagram , written by his friend mr. john quarles , sometimes of st. peter's college in cambridge . anagram robertus baronus . anagram rarus ab orbe notus . rarus , haud cuiquam peperit natura secundum . notus es , & scriptis ( baron ) ab orbe tuis . lodowick barrey . an author that liv'd in the middle of the reign of king james the first : who writ a play call'd ram-alley , or merry tricks , a comedy , divers times heretofore acted : by the children of the kings revels ; and printed in quarto , lond. . the plot of will smallshank's decoying the widow taffeta into marriage , is borrow'd ( as i suppose ) from the same author , from whence kirkman took the story which is to be found in the english rogue , part the iv , chap. . and is an incident in other plays besides this ; particularly in killegrew's parjon's wedding . francis beaumont . see fletcher . captain william bedloe . a person so remarkable in this nation not many years since , on the account of the popish plot ; that few are ignorant of his part of the discovery . i shall not pretend here , to give you an account of his life , but refer you to that which was written by an unknown hand , intituled , the life and death of captain william bedloe , printed in octavo , lond. . the reason why we mention him in our catalogue is , on account of a play writ by him , called , the excommunicated prince : or , the false relick : a tragedy acted by his holiness's servants : being the popish plot , in a play , printed in folio , lond. . dedicated to his grace the duke of buckingham . i must confess , i was very desirous to read this piece for the sake of the title-page , and came to it with great expectations ; but found them altogether frustrated , and only a story which i had formerly read in dr. heylin's geography , described in it . but afterwards when his life came out , i was satisfied with the account the publisher gave of it : which for the readers information , and the justification of the deceased , i shall quote word for word . d in the next place , i desire leave to speak something of his dramatick poem , call'd the excommunicated prince , or , the false relick . as to the worth of the play , i do own my self so unskilful in poetry , that i will not rashly pretend to give my opinion of it . but that which i know , let me assert in its vindication , viz. that it was both began and finisht in the space of two months , which every one must needs acknowledge was but a very short time , considering the great business that then more earnestly imploy'd his thoughts , which must necessarily be a weighty clog to the ablest muse. whereas some of the chiefest poets of this age have thought it no disparagement to confess , that a correct play to be perfected , will require at least twelve months time . and i remember in some prologue , i think in that to the virtuoso , i have read this distick to the same purpose . a play , like ground , must a year fallow lye , e're it can ripen to good comedy . this consider'd , ( and it being the first essay he ever finish'd of this nature ) what few mistakes are found in his play , may be easily excus'd . but besides its real faults , the errors of the press , and what it suffers thro' the prejudice and malice of the author's adversaries , i do not at all wonder if even the most impartial reader too , should look severely on it , seeing he is promis'd in the title-page , what he can never find in the book . it would fain cozen him to believe that he shall meet with the popish plot represented in that play , though i have heard mr. bedloe often say he never intended any such thing . the history he designed , may , as i am inform'd , be read in several authentick authors ; but in heylin's geography i remember i met with it my self . so may any that will peruse his history of georgia . mr. bedloe well knew it was against his interest so for to ridicule the plot , as to compose a play of it ; and he had more judgment in poetry , than to imagine that such a new thing would please in tragedy . and least any one should suspect that his design did in the least incline that way , he writ an epistle to assure his reader of the contrary . which the stationer , ( supposing under that pretence the play would vend much better ) thought it his interest to stifle , and added these words to the title-page ( being the popish plot in a play ) without the author's consent or knowledge . mrs. astraea behn . a person lately deceased , but whose memory will be long fresh amongst the lovers of dramatick poetry , as having been sufficiently eminent not only for her theatrical performances , but several other pieces both in verse and prose ; which gain'd her an esteem among the wits , almost equal to that of the incomparable orinda , madam katharine phillips ( of whom we shall speak hereafter ) . her plays are sixteen in number , having therein exceeded any of the poets of this age , sr. william davenant , and mr. dryden , excepted . most of her comedies have had the good fortune to please : and tho' it must be confest that she has borrow'd very much , not only from her own country men , but likewise from the french poets yet it may be said in her behalf , that she has often been forc'd to it through haft : and has borrow'd from others stores , rather of choice than for want of a fond of wit of her own : it having been formerly her unhappiness to be necessitated to write for bread , as she has publisht to the world . e 't is also to her commendation , that whatever she borrows she improves for the better : a plea which our late laureat has not been asham'd to make use of . f if to this , her sex may plead in her behalf , i doubt not but she will be allowed equal with several of our poets her contemporaries . i shall now give an account of her plays in an alphabetical order , as follows : viz. abdelazer , or the moor's revenge ; a tragedy acted at his royal highness the dukes theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . this play is originally an old play of marloes , call'd lusts dominion , or the lascivious queen , a tragedy written above forty years ago , tho' printed in octavo , lond. . she has much improv'd it throughout . amorous prince , or the curious husband , a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . the plot of antonio , the curious husband 's trying his wives chastity by his friend alberto's means , is founded on a novel in the romance of don quixot , call'd the curious impertinent : see part . ch. , , . the city night-cap is founded on the same story , tho' mrs. behn has much out-done that play , and improv'd the novel itself . city-heiress , or sr. timothy treat-all , a comedy acted at his royal highness his theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry earl of arundel , and lord mowbray . this play had the luck to be well receiv'd in the town : yet i cannot but take notice that most of the characters are borrow'd ; as those of sir timothy treat-all and his nephew , from sir bounteous progress , and folly-wit , in middleton's mad world my masters : and those of sir anthony merrywell , and his nephew sr. charles , from durazzo and caldoro , in massenger's guardian . part of the language in each play is likewise transcrib'd . as for the plot of sir timothy's endeavouring to supplant his nephew of his mistress , 't is the same design with other plays , as ram-alley , and trick to catch the old one. dutch lover , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . the plot of this play is founded on a spanish romance , written by the ingenious don francisco de las coveras stiled don fenise , see the stories of eufemie , and theodore , don jame , and frederick . emperor of the moon , a farce , acted by their majesty's servants , at the queen's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the lord marquess of worcester . this farce was originally italian , and acted in france eighty odd times without intermission , under the title of harlequin l' empereur dans le monde de la lune : but much alter'd , and adapted to our english theatre . forc'd marriage , or the jealous bridegroom , a tragi-comedy ; acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre , and printed in quarto , lond. . this , if i mistake not , was the first play that our authress brought on the stage . false count , or a new way to play an old game , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed in quarto , lond. . the hint of isabella being deceiv'd by guillaume the chimney-sweeper , is borrow'd from molliere's les precieuses ridicules . feign'd courtezmis , or a nights intrigue , a comedy , acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to mrs. ellen guin . this comedy i take to be one of the best she has written . luckey chance , or an alderman's bargain ; a comedy acted by their majesties servants , printed o , lond. . and dedicated to the r t hon ble laurence l d hyde , e. of rochester . tho' some criticks decry'd this play , yet whoever will consult the author's preface , will find the objections fully answer'd : however i must observe that the incident of gayman's enjoying the lady fulbanck , and taking her for the devil , is copied from mr. alexander kickshaw and the lady aretina , in the lady of pleasure . rover , or the banisht cavaleers , in two parts , both of them comedies , acted at the duke's theatre , and printed in quarto , lond. , and . the second part being dedicated to his royal highness the duke . these are the only comedies , for the theft of which , i condemn this ingenious authoress ; they being so excellent in their original , that 't is pity they should have been alter'd : and notwithstanding her apology in the postscript to the first part ; i cannot acquit her of prevarication , since angelica is not the only stol'n object , as she calls it : she having borrow'd largely throughout . the truth is , the better to disguise her theft , she has ( as the ingenious scarron observes of the writers of romances , ) g flea'd the eel by beginning at the tail ; yet notwithstanding , what she has omitted of worth in her first part , she has taken into the second ; and therefore could not justly call these plays her own . round-heads , or the good old cause , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the most illustrious prince , henry fitz-roy , duke of grafton . a great part of the language of this play , is borrow'd from tateham's rump , or a mirror of the times ; but yet she has a better title to this play , than the former , having much improv'd the humor of the round-heads . sr. patient fancy , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed in quarto , lond. . the hint of sr. patient fancy , is borrow'd from a french play called le malade imaginaire : and the characters of sr. credulous easy , and his groom curry , are stol'n from sr. amphilus the cornish knight , and his man trebasco in brome's play called the damoseille . town fop , or sr. timothy tawdrey , a comedy , acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . the foundation of this play , is a comedy writ by george wilkins , call'd the miseries of inforc'd marriage ; from which not only the plot , but a great part of the language is stol'n . widow ranter , or the history of bacon in virginia , a tragi-comedy acted by their majesties servants , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the much honored madam weldon by g. j. a friend to the authress , by whom this play was publisht after her decease . i refer the reader to this epistle for the plays justification : only i cannot but observe , that the prologue was written ten years since , and publisht before mr. shadwell's true widow : and if i mistake not the epilogue is old likewise . for the story of bacon i know no history that relates it , but his catastrophe is founded on the known story of cassius , who perished by the hand of his freed-man dandorus , believing his friend brutus vanquished . young king , or the mistake , a tragi-comedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to some gentleman her particular friend , under the name of philaster . the design of this play is borrow'd from monsieur calpranede's cleopatra , see the history of alcamenes and menalippa , part viii . besides these plays this ingenious woman has publisht several other works , both in verse and prose . as a collection of poems in octavo , lond. . and a collection of several others in octavo , lond. . another volume in octavo , lond. . amongst all which are many of her own composures . her several versions from the french are commended by those who think themselves judges of wit ; amongst which the chiefest are , a voyage to the island of love ; lycidas , or the lover in fashion ; and the lover's watch. these pieces in the original may be found in the second and third tomes of le receueil des pieces gallantes , en prose & en vers , o paris . those who will take the pains to compare them , will find the english rather paraphrases , than just translations : but which sufficiently shew the fancy and excellent abilities of our authress . she has written other pieces in prose , which have had the fortune to please , as the love letters between a nobleman and his sister , in three volumes , octavo lond. . &c. three histories , printed in octavo , lond. . viz. oroonoko , or the royal slave . the fair jilt , or tarquin and miranda . agnes de castro , or the force of generous love. there are two other small novels under her name , viz. history of the nun , or the fair vow-breaker , london . the lucky mistake , lond. . what opinion the wits of the age had of her , may appear from several copies of verses written before her translation of monsieur bonnecorse's la montre , or the watch : amongst whom mr. charles cotton , who was no contemptible poet , gives her the following character . some hands write some things well , are elsewhere lame : but on all theams your power is the same . of buskin , and of sock , you know the pace ; and tread in both with equal skill and grace . but when you write of love , astrea then love dips his arrows , where you wet your pen. such charming lines did never paper grace ; soft as your sex ; and smooth as beauty's face . dawbridge-court belchier . an english-man , who liv'd in the reign of king james the first , but one , who was an inhabitant of the town of utreicht in the low countries ; at the time of his writing an interlude , called hans beer-pot , his invisible comedy of see me , and see me not ; acted by an honest company of health-drinkers , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the honourable sr. john ogle , colonel of our english regiment of foot , under the lords , the estates general of the united provinces , and lord governor of the town and garison of utreicht . this piece h is neither comedy nor tragedy , as wanting first the just number of speakers ; secondly , those parts or acts it should have , which should be at the least five ; but a plain conference of so many persons , consisting of three acts , and no more . richard bernard . this person flourish'd at epworth in lincoln-shire , in the time of queen elizabeth , and was ( as i suppose ) the first translator of terence's comedies entire : which tho'not so well translated into english , as into french , by the famous abbot de villeloin , monsieur de marolles , or by monsieur de martignac ; yet certainly it is passable for the time in which he liv'd . besides the bare translation of the whole six comedies , viz. andraea , adelphi , &c. he has taken notice in each scene of the most remarkable forms of speech , theses , and moral sentences , in imitation possibly of an old french translation , printed at paris in octavo , . this version is printed with the latine , o. cambridge . and dedicated to mr. christopher wray , son and heir to sr. william wray , and his brothers . having given this short account of the translator and his work , give me leave to speak somewhat of the author . publius terentius , was a native of carthage ; but being taken prisoner , when he was very young he was sent to rome . he was brought up in literature , and all good education , by his patron terentius seneca , and afterwards freed by him , on account of his wit , and good meen . he luckily found the best way of writing comedy , and he left some pieces in that kind , that few persons have been able to imitate . he was in great esteem , not only with the people in general , by reason of his dramatick performances ; but particularly belov'd and cherish'd by men of the best quality , as publius scipio , laelius , and others . his purity of stile , was so conspicuous , that his adversaries endeavour'd to perswade the people , that he was assisted in his plays by great men , which he handsomely takes notice of , in his prologue to the adelphi . nam quod illi dicunt malevoli , homines nobiles eum adjutare , assiduéque unà scribere ; quod illi maledictum vehemens esse existimant , eam laudē hic ducit maxumā ; cùm illis placet , qui vobis universis , & populo placent ; quorum operâ in bello , in otio , in negotio , suo quisque tempore usus est sine superbia . the plots of these comedies he borrow'd from the greeks , the four first from the comedies of menander ; and the two last from apollodorus . he was beholding to menander likewise , for some other comedies , which in his return from greece , by sea , were lost with himself : in the year of rome , , and the second year of the th olympiad . some say that he died in arcadia ; but the former account is confirm'd by volcatius , in the following verses . sed ut afer sex populo edidit comoedias , iter hinc in asiam fecit : navim cum semel ' conscendit , visus nunquam est , sic vita vacat . consult further crinitus de poetis latinis . scaliger in poetic . lilius gyraldus hist. poet. vossius de poetis latinis , &c. mrs. frances boothby . the authress of a play called marcelia , or the treacherous friend , a tragi-comedy acted at the theatre-royal , by his majesties servants , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the honourable , and most accomplisht lady yate , of harvington in worcester-shire : to whom she was related . roger boyle , earl of orrery . an irish nobleman , whose abilities in arts and arms , have render'd him better known to this nation , than any character i can give him , so that i may justly say of him with madam phillips ; i of him i cannot which is hardest tell , or not to praise him , or to praise him well . however i must observe , that he is not only a poet himself , but a patron of poets likewise , as mr. dryden , and mr. crown must acknowledge : so that methinks his lordship's reputation , joyn'd with the earl of roscomon's , might be sufficient to attone for their country's character in point of wit. he has publisht four plays in heroick verse ; wherein not only the true english courage is delineated to the life : but likewise the very infidels and barbarians , are taught by his pen , not only humanity , but the highest morality and virtue . but his wit is as far above my abilities to describe , as to imitate ; and therefore i shall hasten to give an account of his plays , viz. black prince , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , printed at lond. folio , . tho' this play in the title-page be call'd a tragedy , yet it ends successfully : and therefore i presume was rather stiled so by the author , from the quality and grandeur of the persons in the dramma , than from any unfortunate catastrophe . for the foundation of this play , as far as it concerns history consult walsinghami historia angliae . florentii monarch . wigorniensis chronicon . pol vergilii historiae angliae . froissard croniques de france , & d'angleterre . du chesne , speed , and other english historians in in reign of edward the third . tryphon , a tragedy acted by his royal highness the duke of york's servants , and printed in folio , lond. . of this usurper you have an account in maccabees lib. . see besides josephus lib. . appian de bellis syriacis &c. these two plays are printed together . henry the fifth , a history , acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre , printed in folio , lond. . for the plot see the chronicles of england in the reign of that king such as walsingham , polydore vergil , hollingshead , speed , &c. and the french chronicles in the reign of king charles the sixth , as les chroniques d'enguerrand de monstrelet . jean juvenal des ursins , l'histoire de charles vi. f. de belleforest , l'histoire de neuf roys charles de france , mezeray , &c. mustapha son of solyman the magnificent , a tragedy , acted at the dukes theatre , printed in folio , lond. . see paulus jovius lib. . thuanus lib. . tho. artus la continuation de l'histoire des turcs . knolles's turkish history . besides these plays , there is a comedy lately publisht , tho' writ as i suppose some years ago , under the title of mr. anthony , a comedy acted by their majesties servants , and printed in quarto , lond. . this play i believe was acted formerly , at the dukes theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , because i find mr. angel , and mrs. long amongst the actors names , who if i mistake not , have been dead some years . the prologue to this play , is the same with that of the fool turn'd critick : but whether it be borrow'd , or genuine , i know not . besides these plays our author has writ a romance , called parthenissa ; which yields not either in beauty , language , or design to the works of the famous scudery , or calpranede , however eminent they may be amongst the french , for pieces of this nature : and what mr. davis of kidwelly says of scarron's comical romance , may with more justice be applied to our illustrious author , and this work. k 't is a thousand pities , that the author ( prevented by death ) hath left the work imperfect ; so that we are , and ever shall beat a loss , to know , what period he might bring so many noble adventures to . he his written a treatise in folio , call'd the art of war. i have been told , it has been commended by many expert captains , for the best piece extant in english : but this i must leave to the judgment of others , more experienced in the art military . i know not where , or when , our noble author died : but those who would view his character more at large , must read sr. william davenant's poem to his lordship , l which will make them regret the loss of so great a man. samuel brandon . this author liv'd in the later part of queen elizabeths reign , and publisht a play called the tragi-comedy of the virtuous octavia , never acted , but printed . lond. . and dedicated by a copy of verses , to the right honourable , and truly virtuous lady , the lady lucia audelay : accompanied with two other copies in commendation of the play. it is writ in alternate verse , with a chorus at the end of each act. for the ground of this play read suetonius's life of augustus . plutarch's life of m. anthony . dion . cassius , &c. at the end of this play are printed two epistles between octavia , and her husband m. anthony , in imitation of ovid's stile , but writ in long alexandrins . they are dedicated to the honourable , virtuous and excellent mrs. mary thin . the author had that good opinion of his play , that besides his prosopopeia al libro , at the beginning of his book , he has concluded with this italian sentence . l'aqua non temo de l' eterno oblio . anthony brewer . a writer in the reign of king charles the first , to whom is ascrib'd by mr. kirkman , two plays , viz. the country girl , and the love-sick king : tho' i question whether the former belong to him , it being ascrib'd to t. b. in the title-page . however i am sure mr. winstanley , is much mistaken in the account that he gives of our author , m that he was one who in his time contributed much towards the english stage by his dramatick writings , especially , in that noted one of his call'd lingua : for neither was that play writ by him , nor love's loadstone , landagartha , or love's dominion , as he and mr. phillips affirm : landagartha being writ by henry burnel esq and love's dominion , by flecknoe . but i shall proceed to give an account of those plays , which are ascrib'd to him by mr. kirkman , who was better vers'd in writings of this nature . country girl , a comedy often acted with much applause , and printed in quarto , lond. . this play has been reviv'd on the stage under the title of country innocence , or the chamber-maid turn'd quaker . love-sick king , an english tragical history , with the life and death of cartesmunda the fair nun of winchester , printed in quarto , lond. . this play was likewise reviv'd by the actors of the king's house in the year c . and acted by the name of the perjur'd nun. the historical part of the plot is founded on the invasion of the danes , in the reign of k. ethelred , and alfred ; which the author calls etheldred and alured . see the writers of english affairs , as polydore , vergil , mathaeus westmonasteriens . gul. malmsburiensis , ingulsus , ranulphus higden , du chesne , speed , &c. alexander brome . this author flourisht in the reign of king charles the martyr , and was an attorney in the lord mayor's court. he was eminent in the worst of times for law , and loyalty , and yet more for poetry . though his genius led him rather to lyrick than dramatick poetry , yet we have one play of his extant , viz. cunning lovers , a comedy , acted with great applause , by their majesties servants at the private house in drury-lane , printed in quatro , lond. . part of the plot is borrow'd ; as the duke of mantua's shutting up his daughter in the tower , and his being deceiv'd by her , and prince prospero , is taken from a story in the old book of the seven wise masters ; but which the reader may find better related in the fortunate deceiv'd , and unfortunate lovers : in the fifth novel of the deceiv'd lovers . although our author , has himself made but one attempt in this kind , yet we are indebted to him for two volumes of mr. richard brome's plays in octavo , especially one of them , since 't was by his care , that after the author's death they were preserv'd and publisht . on which account one t. s. n amongst other commendations given our author in verse , says thus ; nor can i tell to whom we are more bound , or to brome's wit , or you that have it found . our poet is chiefly famous for his odes , and dithyrambs , which he compos'd during the late troubles , together with his epistles , and epigrams translated from several authors , all which were printed together at the king 's return in octavo , and second edition . lond. . nor was he less eminent for his version of horace ; which tho' not wholly his own , yet having supplied his verse from the stores of sr. richard fanshaw , dr. holliday , sr. tho. hawkins , the ingenious mr. cowley , the admirable ben johnson , from which great master , he borrow'd the version of the last epistle , de arte poetica , to crown the rest ( tho'it is since left out for a new translation , done by s. p. esq which i take to be samuel pordage ) he has gain'd to himself a reputation , which will not speedily decay : tho' the late version of mr. creech , seems somewhat to obscure it lustre . i cannot but inform the reader , that he had once an intention to translate lucretius ; o as i learn from an epigram writ by sr. aston cockain ; but this great work notwithstanding what he design'd , and mr. evelyn perform'd , was reserv'd for the management of a nobler pen , that of the much admired mr. creech . richard brome . this author liv'd in the reign of k. charles the first , and tho'of mean extraction ( being servant to the fam'd ben johnson ) writ himself into much credit . his subject for the most part was comedy , according to the usual motto out of martial , which he placed before most of his plays . hic totus volo rideat libellus . as to his worth in comick writing , it is not only asserted by the testimony of several poets of that age , in their commendatory verses before many of his plays , as shirley , decker , ford , chamberlain , sr. aston cockain , alexander brome , and others : but even ben johnson himself ( who was not over-lavish of of praise ) bestowed the following copy on his northern lass , which will weigh against all the calumnies of his enemies . to my faithful servant , and ( by his continu'd virtue ) my loving friend the author of this work , mr. richard brome . i had you for a servant , once , dick brome ; and you perform'd a servants faithful parts , now you are got into a nearer room of fellowship , professing my old arts. and you do do them well , with good applause , which you have justly gain'd from the stage , by observation of those comick laws which i , your master , first did teach the age. you learnt it well , and for it serv'd your time a prentice-ship , which few do now a days : now each court hobbihorse will wince in rime ; both learned , and unlearned , all write plays . it was not so , of old : men took up trades that knew the crafts they had bin bred in right ; an honest bilboe-smith would make good blades , and the physitian teach men spue and sh — the cobler kept him to his aul ; but now he 'll be a poet , scarce can guide a plow . tho' the later part of this copy be an imitation of the following lines of horace , yet i doubt not but the reader will pardon ben for his ingenious application . horatii epistolarum , lib. , epist. . navem agere ignarus navis timet : abrotonum aegro non audet , nisi qui didicit , dare . quod medicorū est promittunt medici : tractant fabilia fabri . scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim . in imitation of his master mr. johnson , he studied men and humor , more than books ; and his genius affecting comedy , his province was more observation than study . his plots were his own , and he forg'd all his various characters from the mint of his own experience , and judgment . 't is not therefore to be expected , that i should be able to trace him , who was so excellent an imitator of his master , that he might truly pass for an original : so that all that i can inform my reader of his plays , is that he has fifteen in print , most of which were acted with good applause , and that several of them have been thought worthy to be revived by the players , ( to their own profit , and the author's honor ) in this critical age. nor are several of his other plays less worthy of commendation : of which alphabetically . antipodes , a comedy acted in the year . by the queen's majesties servants , at salisbury court in fleetstreet , printed in quarto . and dedicated to the right honourable william earl of hertford . city wit , or the woman wears the breeches , a comedy printed in octavo lond. . covent-garden weeded , or the middlesex justice of peace , printed in octavo lond. . court beggar , a comedy acted at the cock-pit by his majesties servants , anno . and printed in octavo , lond. . damoiselle , or the new ordinary , a comedy printed in octavo lond. . english moor , or the mock marriage , a comedy often acted with general applause , by her majesties servants , printed in octavo lon. . jovial crew , or the merry beggars , a comedy presented at the cock-pit in drury-lane , in the year , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right noble , ingenious and judicious gentleman thomas stanley esq this play was reviv'd by the actors at the duke's theatre , and reprinted . love-sick court , or the ambitious politick , a comedy printed in octavo lond. . what opinion the author himself had of this comedy may be gathered by the following distick , prefixt in his title-page . nil mea , ceu mos est , comendes carmina curo , se nisi comendent carmina dispereant . mad couple well matcht ; a comedy printed in octavo lond. . this play was reviv'd on the stage by the duke's actors , under the title of the debaunchee , or the credulous cuckold ; and reprinted in quarto lond. . new academy , or the new exchange , a comedy printed in octavo lond. . northern lass , a comedy acted with great applause at the theatre royal , by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right worthy , and no less judicious than ingenious gentleman rich. holford esquire . this play is commended not only by the above-mentioned ben johnson , but by five other copies of verses printed before the play. this play was reviv'd by the players , since the union of the two houses , and reprinted in quarto lond. . with a new prologue and epilogue , the former written by jo. haynes the comedian . novella , a comedy acted at the black-friars , by his majesties servants anno . and printed in octavo lond. . this i take to exceed many of our modern comedies . queen and concubine , a comedy printed in octavo lond. . queen's exchange , a comedy acted with general applause at the black-fryars , by his majesties servants , and printed in quarto . sparagus garden , a comedy acted in the year . by the then company of revels , at salisbury-court , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable william earl of newcastle , &c. governor to the prince his highness . this comedy is applauded by two copies of verses writ by two of the author's friends . he joyn'd with thomas heywood , in a play called the late lancashire witches : an account of which see in that author . ten of these plays are printed in two volumes in octavo , each under the title of five new plays by richard brome . mr. phillips , p i know not for what reason , has omitted several of our authors plays , viz. damoyselle , new academy , queen and concubine , queen's exchange , and lancashire witches . fulk grevile lord brook . this honourable person was son to sr. fulk grevile the elder , of beauchamp-court in warwick-shire ; and after having been educated some time at cambridge , he removed to court in the reign of queen elizabeth : and in the seventeenth year of king james the first , he was made a baron . he was eminently famous for learning and courage . he was bred up with the fam'd sr. philip sidney , and in his youth writ several poems of different kinds , amongst which are two dramatick pieces , viz. alaham , a tragedy printed in folio . this play seems an imitation of the ancients . the prologue is spoken by a ghost , one of the old kings of ormus , ( an island scituate at the entrance of the persian gulf ) where the scene of the dramma lies . this spectre gives an account of each character ; which is possibly done in imitation of euripides , who usually introduced one of the chief actors , as the prologue : whose business was to explain all those circumstances which preceded the opening of the stage . the author has been so careful in observing the rules of aristotle and horace , that whereas horace q says — nec quarta loqui persona laboret . he has in no scene throughout introduc'd above two speakers ; except in the chorus between each act : and even there he observes all the rules laid down by that great master , in the art of poetry , part of whose directions to the chorus are as follows : r ille dapes laudet mensae brevis : ille salubrem justitiam , legesque , & apertis otia portis . for the plot of this tragedy i know not whence it is taken , neither can i find the name of any such king as alaham , amongst those princes that reigned there , which are enumerated by mr. herbert s in his account of ormus . mustapha , a tragedy printed in folio . what i have spoken of the former , may be applied to this play likewise , as to the rules of the ancients : since both seem to be built on their model . all i have to say further is , that an imperfect copy of this play appeared in print in quarto lond. . tho' i suppose without his lordship's knowledge , since it may rather be stiled a fragment , than a tragedy . but those imperfections are amended in the folio edition . as to the foundation of the play , 't is the same with that of my lord orrery's tragedy : therefore i refer you to the same authors , viz. paulus jovius , thuanus , &c. both these plays are printed together in folio lond. . with several other poems , as a treatise of humane learning . an inquisition upon fame and honour . a treatise of wars . all these are written in a stanza of six lines ; four interwoven , and a couplet in base ; which the italians call sestine . caelica containing one hundred and nine sonnets of different measures , on different subjects . there are in this volume two letters , the one to an honourable lady ; the subject of which is , how to behave her self in a married state : the other written to his cosen grevil varney then in france ; containing directions for travel . his lordship has other pieces ascribed to him , besides these publisht under his name ; as the life of his friend and companion , sir philip sidney , printed at the beginning of the arcadia , under the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . his remains , or poems of monarchy and religion , printed in octavo lond. . and other pieces which because of their uncertainty i omit . only , i cannot pass by a mistake committed by mr. phillips , and mr. winstanley ; who ascribe another play to him called marcus tullius cicero's tragedy . this play was not written , at least not printed , as i suppose , till long after his lordships death , who was unhappily kill'd by an ungrateful servant , who afterwards to avoid the sentence of the law , made his own hand the executioner of justice , making death his choice , which should have been his punishment . this worthy nobleman lies buried ( as dr. fuller t says ) in warwick church , under a monument of black and white marble , whereon he is stiled , servant to queen elizabeth , councellor to king james , and friend to sr. philip sidney : dying anno — without issue and unmarried . those who would read his character more at large , may have recourse to that excellent author above-mentioned . henry burkhead . this author liv'd in the reign of k. charles the martyr , being a merchant in bristol . he writ a play in the year . called cola's furie , or lirenda's misery , a tragedy , dedicated to the right honourable edward somerset , lord herbert . the subject of this play , is the irish rebellion , which broke out the twenty-third day of october . 't is couch'd under feign'd names ; as osirus for the late duke of ormond , berosus , for sr. john borlace , &c. the other characters are easily discovered by reading sr. john temple's history of the irish rebellion , printed lond. . and sr. john borlace his history on the same subject , folio lond. — . this play was never acted , but introduc'd into the world by two recommendatory copies of verses , written by his friends : both which may seem to the reader , to be too partial in their judgments ; as may be judg'd by the following lines , which are part of a copy writ by mr. paul aylward . what tho' of terence , seneca , we hear , and other modern scenicks , in our sphere ; you i prefer . johnson for all his wit could never paint out times as you have hit the manners of our age : the fame declines of ne're enough prais'd shakespear if thy lines come to be publisht : beaum & fletcher's skill submits to yours , and your more learned quill . henry burnel , esq this gentleman liv'd in ireland in the reign of king charles the first . he writ a play called landgartha , a tragi-comedy , presented in the new theatre in dublin , with good applause , being an ancient story , printed in quarto , dublin . and dedicated to all fair , indifferent fair , virtuous that are not fair , and magnanimous ladies . this play is usher'd into the world with four copies of verses , three latine and one english , but being guilty of the same partiality with the former , i shall omit to insert any . the play it self was first acted on st. patrick's-day . with allowance of the master of the revels . the author it seems , miscarried in a former play , and therefore in imitation of ben johnson u ( whom he stiles the best of english poets ) he has introduc'd his play , by a prologue spoken by an amazon , with a battle-ax in her hand ; which succeeded to the author's satisfaction . the plot is founded on the conquest of fro , ( which the author calls frollo ) king of suevia , or suethland , by regner ( or as the author calls him reyner ) king of denmark : with the repudiation of landgertha queen to regner , see krantzius , lib. . c. . saxo grammaticus , lib. . jo. magnus , lib. . c. , . &c. c. lady elizabeth carew . a lady that flourisht in the reign of qu : elizabeth , of whom i am able to give no other account , than what i collect from the title-page of a play , call'd mariam the fair queen of jewry , her tragedy , written ( says the publisher ) by that learned , virtuous , and truly noble lady , elizabeth carew , and printed in quarto lond. . the play is writ in the same measure of verse , with the tragedies of the earl of sterline , viz. in alternate verse , and the chorus is writ in settines , or a stanza of six lines , four interwoven and a couplet in base . for the play itself , it is very well pen'd , considering those times , and the lady's sex : i leave it to the readers to compare it with that modern tragedy of herod and mariamne . her story is written at large in josephus his history of the jews . see lib. and . salian . tom. . a.m. . &c. torniel . tom. . a. m. . thomas carew . a courtier much in favour with k. charles the first , being one of the gentlemen of the privy-chamber ; and sewer in ordinary . he was the author of a masque call'd coelum britanicum ; which was performed at white-hall , in the banqueting-house on shrove-tuesday night , the eighteenth of february . by the king's majesty , the duke of lenox , the earls of devonshire , holland , newport , &c. with several other lords and noblemen's sons . he was assisted in the contrivance by mr. inigo jones , that famous architect ; and all the songs were set by mr. henry lawes , gentleman of the king's chappel , and one of the private musick to king charles the first . it being written by the king 's express command , our author placed this distick in the front , when printed . non habet ingenium ; caesar sed jussit : habebo ; cur me posse negem , posse quod ille putat . he writ besides , several poems , songs , and sonnets which are received with good esteem by the wits of this age , and are printed with the foregoing masque . these poems have been several times reprinted , the fourth edition being printed in octavo lond. . this masque is not mentioned by either mr. philips , or mr. winstanley , because it was formerly , through a mistake , ascrib'd to sr. william davenant . sr. john suckling , that gay wit , who delighted to railly the best poets , and spar'd not ben johnson himself , has thus play'd upon our author in his sessions of poets . a tom carew was next , but he had a fault that would not well stand with a laureat ; his muse was hide-bound , & the issue of 's brain was seldome brought forth but with trouble and pain . all that were there present did agree , that a laureat muse should be easy and free , yet sure 't was not that ; but 't was thought that his grace , consider'd he was well , he had a cup-bearer's place . but this is not to be taken for the real judgment of that excellent poet : and he was too good a judge of wit to be ignorant of mr. carew's worth , and his talent in poetry , and had he pleas'd he could have said as much in his commendation , as sr william d'avenant in those stanzas writ to him , b with part of which we shall conclude : not but thy verses are as smooth and high as glory , love , and wine from wit can raise ; but now the devil take such destiny ! what should commend them , turns to their dispraise . thy wits chief virtue , is become its vice ; for every beauty thou hast rais'd so high , that now course faces carry such a price , as must undo a lover that would buy . lodowick carlell , esq this gentleman flourisht in the reigns of king charles the first and second . he was an ancient courtier , being gentleman of the bows to king charles the first , groom of the king and queen's privy-chamber , and served the queen-mother many years , his plays ( which are eight in number ) were well esteem'd of , and most of them appeared on the stage , at the private-house in black-friars , notwithstanding the prohibition of the stage in those days . the names follow . arviragus and philicia , a tragi-comedy in two parts , acted at the private-house in black friars by his majesties servants , and printed in octavo lond. . this play was since revived on our stage , a new prologue being writ by mr. dryden , and spoke by mr. hart. c there is another prologue printed in london drollery , pag. . several of our historians speak of the actions of this illustrious prince . see matth. westmonast . a.d. . pag. . galf. monumentens . lib. . c. . pol. vergil . lib. . grafton . part . p. . these all agree , that he reign'd in the time of claudius caesar , but mr. speed d will have it , that he liv'd in the time of domitian caesar , from juvenal e who introduces fabritius vejento a roman senator flattering domitian , at the councel held about the turbot , as follows , regem aliquem capies , aut de temone britanno excidet arviragus , — but in this he is mistaken , for arviragus was dead before the reign of domitian , so that the sycophant could not mean that he should overcome him , but some british or foreign warrier , as stout as that arviragus subdued by his his father vespasian . deserving favourite , a tragi-comedy presented before the king and queen's majesties at white-hall , and very often at the private house in black-friars , with great applause , by king charles the first his servants , printed in octavo lond. . and dedicated to his very noble and approved friends mr. thomas cary son to the earl of monmouth ; and mr. william murrey : both of the bed-chamber to his majesty . fool would be a favourite , or the discreet lover , often acted by the queen's majesties servants with great applause , and printed in octavo lond. . osmond the great turk , otherwise called the noble servant his tragedy : acted by the queens servants with great applause , and printed with the former , octavo lond. . the action of this play , is the taking of constantinople , in the year . i know not why the author has alter'd his scene , from greece , to barbary ; or the names of mahomet , and irene , for melchosus , and despina : except in imitation of beaumont , and fletcher , who have transfer'd the names of rollo , and otto , on antoninus and geta , and degraded those emperors of rome , by creating them dukes of normandy . many authors have treated of this story , in the life of mahomet the second , consult chalcocondylus lib. . cap. . knolles's turkish history . this story is likewise in bandello's novels ; see the french translation by belleforest , tome . hist. . see painter's palace of pleasure , a book of novels , printed in quarto lond. . nov. o. for the underplot of orcanes , calibeus , and ozaca , 't is founded on the story of mustapha , son to mahomet the second , achmet bassa , and his wife . see lipsii monita . lib. . cap. . pag. . artus le contin . de l'hist . des turcs . l. . knolles , &c. passionate lover , a tragi-comedy in two parts , twice presented before the king and queen's majesties at somerset-house , and very often at the private-house in black-friars , with great applause , by king charles the first 's servants , printed in octavo lond. , and dedicated to the illustrious princess mary dutchess of richmond , and lenox , by the publisher mr. alexander goughe . on this play the ingenious alexander brome has writ a copy of verses , which seem to reflect on the character of the passionate lover , and may be found by the curious , in his poems o. pag. . edition the second . heraclius emperor of the east , a tragedy translated from the french of monsieur p. corneille , and printed in quarto lond. . this play was never acted , tho' intended by the translator for the stage : but another translation formerly design'd , ( after this seem'd to be accepted ) being perfected was prefer'd by the players , and this not return'd to the author until the very day the other was acted . but notwithstanding the preference given to the other , certainly this version is not contemptible ; at least if the author's reasons in the prologue make take place : all things have proper idioms of their own , their elegance in ours is hardly shown ; this , but a copy , and all such go less , great beauties may be altered by the dress . having given you the author's excuse for his translation , let me give you his opinion of translations in general in the following distick . those who translate , hope but a labourer's praise , who well invent , contrive ; deserve the bays . in the design of this play , the french author follows baronius's ecclesiastical annals , but does not ( as he himself acknowledges in his examen of this play ) strictly follow truth in many things . see le theatre de corneille , tom . . je n'ay conservé icy pour toute verité historique que l'ordre de la succession des empereurs , tibere , maurice , phocas , & heraclius , &c. many are the historians that have treated on this story , as nicephorus calistus eccl. hist. cedreni annal. zonaras , annal. baronius &c. mr. phillips has omitted three of these plays , viz. deserving favourite , fool would be a favourite , and heraclius : the later is forgot likewise by mr. winstanley , who has in requital father'd another play on him , which belongs to dr. lodge , viz. marius and scylla . james carlile . a young author now living , who has lately publisht a play , call'd the fortune hunters , or two fools well met : a comedy acted by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . i know not how it succeeded on the stage , but if it be consider'd as the first play of a young poet , i think it deserv'd applause , and exceeds several comedies printed in this age. only i think the author's , as well as mr. spruce's brains were a little doz'd when he writ the end of the second act : where he mistakes young wealthy's hand for the handle of the pump , and the orange-flower-for pump-water . * that he meant well is all he has to plead ; faith then be kind , and let his play succeed , and take for once the good-will , for the deed. richard carpenter . the author of a play , called the pragmatical jesuit new leaven'd ; printed in quarto , but when , or where i know not through the defect of my copy . all that i can acquaint the reader with , is that it is a very instructive play , chiefly tending to morality ; shewing the difference between true religion , and hypochrisy . the author has made it his business to expose all the subtleties and inventions of the romish clergy to gain proselites , and promote their religion . i know not whether or no , it might not be writ by a divine of that name , the author of several sermons , particularly three , of keeping a good conscience , printed in quarto lond. . william carthwright . a person as eminent for loyaty and learning , ( his years consider'd ) as any this age has produc'd . one , whose character has been written by several pens ; and therefore has afforded me , ( who fetch my knowledge from books , more than verbal information ) the larger subject to expatiate on . the place of this author's nativity , the time , and his father's name , are differently represented by those authors that have mention'd him . mr. lloyd f says that he was the son of thomas carthwright of burford in oxford-shire , and born aug. . in the year . mr. wood. g says that he was the son of william carthwrigth , and born at northway near tewskbury in gloucester-shire , in sept. . and christned the th day of the same month. that his father had dissipated a fair inheritance , he knew not how , and as his last refuge turn'd inn-keeper at cirencester . this account contradicts the publisher of his poems , who says that he died at thirty . but however uncertain the place and time of his birth be ; certain it is , that he was bred a king's-scholar under the reverend and learned dr. oldbaston : and in the year was chose student of christ-church college in oxford , and plac'd under the care of mr. terrent . he took his several degrees , of bachelor and master of arts , and afterwards was chosen by the house as proctor , and admitted as junior to mr. wake of magdalen college by the university , the twelfth of april . and the same year , viz. on the th of november , he died of a malignant feaver , which then raign'd , and was that year fatal to others of his contemporaries , as mr. masters of new-college , mr. diggs of all-souls , and others both men of the gown and sword. he was buried the first of december in the south-isle , being lamented not only by all good and learned men , but even by majesty it self : the king and queen having anxiously enquir'd after him all the time of his sickness , and shewed themselves much afflicted at his death . on the ninth of december mr. maplet of the same house , was chose to supply his place the remaining part of the year . he was extreamly remarkable both for his outward , and inward endowments ; his body being as handsome as his soul. he was an expert linguist , understanding not only greek and latine , but french and italian , as perfectly as his mother-tongue . he was an excellent orator , and yet an admirable poet , a quality which cicero with all his pains could not attain to . nor was aristotle less known to him than cicero and virgil : and those who heard his metaphysical lectures , gave him the preference to all his predecessors , the present bishop of lincoln excepted . his sermons were as much admired as his other composures , and one fitly applied to our author , that saying of aristotle concerning aeschron the poet , that he could not tell what aeschron could not do . in a word he was of so sweet a disposition , and so replete with all virtues , that he was beloved by all learned men that knew him , and admired by all strangers : and to close all with the character the reverend and pious dr. fell ( sometime bishop of oxford ) gave of him , carthwright was the utmost man could come to . to speak of his poetry , there needs no other character of it in general , then that the ablest judge of poetry at that time , i mean ben johnson , said with some passion , my son carthwright writes all like a man. he writ four plays besides other poems , all which were printed together in octavo , lond. . accompanied with above fifty copies of verses writ by the most eminent wits of the university , every one being desirous to appear in the number of his friends , and to give a publick testimony to the world of the value they had for his memory . ordinary , a comedy : i know not where this play was acted , but i remember part of the second scene of the first act , between the widow pot-luck , slicer , and hear-say , is transcrib'd by the composer of wits interpreter , in his love-dialogues , under the title of the old widow . pag. . lady errant , a tragi-comedy , of which i can give no account where acted , only that it is esteem'd by some a good comedy . royal slave , a tragi-comedy ; presented to the king and queen by the students of christ church in oxford , aug. . . presented since to both their majesties at hampton-court by the king's servants . this play gave such content to their majesties , and the whole court , as well for the stately scenes , the richness of the persian . habits , the excellency of the songs , ( which were set by that admirable composer , mr. henry lawes , servant to his majesty king charles the first ; in his publick and private musick : ) as for the noble stile of the play it self , and the ready address and graceful carriage of the actors ( amongst which dr. busby , the famous master of westminster school approv'd himself a second roscius ) ; that they unanimously acknowledged that it did exceed all things of that nature which they had ever seen . the queen in particular so much admired it , that in november following , she sent for the habits and scenes to hampton-court : she being desirous to see her own servants represent the same play , ( whose profession it was ) that she might the better judge of the several performances , and to whom the preference was due . the sentence was universally given by all the spectators in favour of the gown : tho' nothing was wanting on mr. carthwright's side , to inform the players as well as the scholars , in what belong'd to the action and delivery of each part. siege , or love's convert , a tragi-comedy ; where acted i know not , but 't is dedicated by the author to king charles the first , by an epistle in verse . the story of misander , and leucatia , is founded on that of pausanias and cleonice , in plutarch's life of cymon . the injunction which the rich widow pyle laid upon her lovers is borrow'd from boccace's novels . day th , nov. . amongst his poems , there are several concerning the dramatick poets and their writings , which must not be forgot : as those two copies which he writ on mr. thomas killegrew's plays , the prisoner , and claracilla ; two copies on fletcher , and one in memory of ben johnson , which are so excellent that the publisher of mr. carthwright's poems speaks as in a rapture in the preface ; viz. what had ben said , had he read his own eternity in that lasting elegy given him by our author . besides these poems , our author has extant other pieces on different subjects , as a sermon , printed lond. . and a book which i never saw , but is mentioned by mr. wood g under this title ; dies in mense novembri maxime notabiles coronam nempe & familiam regiam spectantes . lond. . 't is not possible for me in this place , to enumerate all the praises given him by the learned of those times in which he liv'd : only give me leave to insert part of one copy , by which the reader may judge of the rest. the lines were writ by john leigh esq to the stationer ( mr. mosely ) on his printing mr. carthwright's poems . after he has nam'd all the admirable poems , set forth by the aforesaid bookseller ; with the just commendation of each author , he says thus of mr. carthwright ; but after all thou bring'st up in the rear , one that fills every eye , and every ear , carthwright , rare carthwr t to whom all must bow , that was best preacher , and best poet too ; whose learned fancy never was at rest , but always labouring yet labour'd least : his wit 's immortal , and shall honor haue , while there 's or slavish lord , or royal slave . robert chamberlain . a gentleman that flourisht in the reign of king charles the first , the author of a play called the swaggering damsel , a comedy printed in quarto lond. . i know not whether this play was ever acted , but 't is usher'd into the world by three copies of verses , one of which was writ by mr. rawlins , in requital of a copy writ by our author , in praise of his tragedy called the rebellion . a complement which has in this age been practiced by mr. dryden , to mr. lee's rival queens , in return of that , past by him , on mr. dryden's state of innocence . mr. phillips , and winstanley have ascrib'd to our author a play call'd sicellides , which they stile a pastoral , tho'it is distinguish'd ( by the anonymous author ) by the title of a piscatory , the dramatis personae being most of them fishermen . william chamberlain . a dorset-shire gentleman , who in the reign of king charles the first , liv'd at shaftsbury , a market-town of sufficient note for giving the title to the famous lord cooper , first earl of shaftsbury . he writ a play called love's victory , a tragi-comedy printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful sr. william portman . he writ this play during the late troubles , and design'd to have it acted , but the powers then in being having suppressed the stage ; he contented himself with printing it : tho' it has since appeared , ( at least a great part of it ) upon the stage in . under the title of wits led by the nose , or a poet's revenge . this author writ besides , an heroick poem called pharonnida , in five books , printed in octavo lond. . and dedicated likewise to sr. william portman . this poem tho' it hath nothing extraordinary to recommend it , yet appear'd abroad in prose . under the title of a novel called eromena , or the noble stranger . george chapman . a gentleman of no mean repute for his poetical writings and versions , amongst the wits of the age wherein he liv'd , to wit , in the later part of the reign of queen elizabeth , and that of king james . i can give him no greater commendation , than that he was so intimate with the famous jhonson , as to engage in a triumvirate with him , and marston in a play called eastward-hoe : a favour which the haughty ben could seldome be perswaded to . i might add to this , that he was so much valued in his time , by the gentlemen of the middle-temple and lincoln's-inn , that when those two honourable societies agreed to present their majesties with a masque at whitehall , on the joyful occasion of the marriage between the princess elizabeth , only daughter to king james the first , and frederick the fifth of that name , count palatine of the rhine , and afterwards king of bohemia : they chose mr. chapman for their poet , to suit language to the occasion , and mr. inigo jones for their ingineer , to order the machines , and decoration of the scenes . he has writ many dramatick pieces , to the number of eighteen : besides several other poems and translations : of all which his tragedy of bussy d' amboise has the preference . i know not how mr. dryden h came to be so possest with indignation against this play , as to resolve to burn one annually to the memory of ben johnson : but i know very well that there are some who allow it a just commendation ; and others i that since have taken the liberty to promise a solemn annual sacrifice of the hind and panther , to the memory of mr. quarles , and john bunyan : so that should this last humour continue , the hind and panther would grow as scarce , as this old tragedy is at present . but i leave this digression to give the reader an account of his plays in order . all fools , a comedy presented at the black-friars , and afterwards before his majesty king james the first , in the begining of his reign : and printed in quarto lond. . this was in those days accounted an excellent comedy , and will still bear reading : it seems to be built in part upon the same fabrick with terence's heautontimorumenos , as those who will compare the characters of the two fathers gostanzo , and mar. antonio , with chremes , and menedemus ; and their sons valerio , fortunio , and rynaldo , with clinia , antipho , and syrus , may easily perceive . the prologue and epilogue ( writ in blank verse ) shew that in those days , persons of quality , and those that thought themselves judges of wit , instead of sitting in boxes , as now in use , sat on the stage : what influence those sparks had on the meaner auditors , may be seen by the following lines ; k great are the gifts given to united heads ; to gifts , attire , to fair attire the stage helps much ; for if our other audience see you on the stage depart before we end , our wits go with you all , and we are fools ; &c alphonsus emperor of germany , a tragedy , very often acted ( with great applause ) at the private-house in black-friars , by the servants to king charles the first ; printed in quarto lond. . this play , tho' it bear the name of alphonsus , was writ ( as i suppose ) in honor of the english nation , in the person of richard earl of cornwal , son to king john , and brother to king henry the third . he was chosen king of the romans in . and crown'd at aix the seventeenth day of may , being ascension day . about this time alphonsus the tenth king of castile , ( the subject of this tragedy ) was chosen by other electors . tho'this king was accounted by some a pious prince , yet our author represents his as a bloody tyrant , and contrary to other historians brings him to an unfortunate end , he supposing him to be kill'd by alexander , son to lorenzo de cipres his secretary : in revenge of his father , who was poyson'd by him : and to compleat his revenge he makes him first deny his saviour in hopes of life , and then stabs him , glorying that he had at once destroyed both body and soul. this passage is related in several authors , as bolton's four last things , reynolds of the passions , clark's examples , wanley's history of man. for the true story consult mariana de reb. hisp. lib. . c. . &c. loüis de mayerne turquet . hist. generale d' espagne lib. . bzovius an. , &c. blind beggar of alexandria , a comedy , most pleasantly discoursing his variable humours in disguised shapes full of conceit and pleasure : sundry times publickly acted in london , by the right honourable the earl of notingham , lord high admiral his servants , printed in quarto lond. . this play is neither divided into acts nor scenes . bussy d' amboise , a tragedy often presented at pauls , in the reign of king james the first : and since the restauration of king charles the second acted at the theatre-royal with good applause . for the plot see thuanus , jean de serres , and mezeray , in the reign of king henry the third of france . the intrigue between bussy and tamyra is related by rosset in his histoires tragiques de nôtre temps , under the feign'd names of lysis & silvie . hist. . pag. . bussy d' amboise , his revenge , a tragedy , often presented at the private-house in the white-friars , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right virtuous and truly noble knight , sr. thomas howard . this play is far short in value to the former , and was not received on the stage with that universal applause , neither is it so strictly founded on truth as the other : tho' the author l calls them poor envious souls that cavil at truth 's want in these natural fictions : material instruction , elegant and sententious excitation to virtue , and deflection from her contrary , being the soul , limbs , and limits of an authentical tragedy . conspiracy and tragedy of charles duke of byron marshal of france , in two plays , acted at the black-friars in the reign of king james the first , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his honourable and constant friend sr. thomas walsingham , and to his much loved from his birth , the right toward and worthy gentleman his son , thomas walsingham esq this play is founded on history in the reign of henry iv. of france : and many are the authors that have mention'd the marshal's story . see davila's civil wars of france , montluc's memoires , mezeray's chron. pierre mathiew's contin of de serres , thuanus , anselmus gemblacensis , scipion du pleix , p. mathiew , &c. caesar and pompey , a roman tragedy declaring their wars , out of whose events is evicted this proposition , only a just man is a freeman , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , his exceeding good lord , the earl of middlesex . i cannot pass by that our author has here laid down the same rule with father le bossu , the learned regular canon of st. genevieve , m that the moral ought to be the foundation of a play : instruction being the chief design of a poet. as he says ; la premiere chose par où l'ou doit commencer pour fair une fable , est de choisir l'instruction & le point de morale qui luy doit servir de fond , selon le dessein & la fin que l'on se propose . this is that passage which mr. dryden hints at in his grounds of criticism in tragedy n and tho' he takes the french for his guide , i believe there have not been wanting those of our own countrymen , who have been able to decide all controversies in dramatick poetry , as well as strangers . many authors have treated on this story : see suetonius's life of julius caesar. plutarch's lives of pompey , caesar , and cato , velleius paterculus , florus , dion , and lucan , who by some is rather accounted an historian than a poet. gentleman usher , a comedy printed in quarto lond. . i know not whether ever this play was acted , but i have heard it commended by some , for a good comedy , though if i may presume to give my opinion , 't is but indifferent . humourous days mirth , a comedy printed as i am told in quarto , and a passable play : but this i must leave to those who have read it . masque of the two honourable houses or inns of court ; the middle-temple and lincolns inn : perform'd before the king at white-hall , on shrove-monday at night , being the fifteenth of february : at the princely celebration of the most royal nuptials of the palsgrave , and his thrice gracious princess elizabeth , &c. with a description of their whole shew ; in the manner of their march on horse-back to the court from the master of the rolls his house : with all their right noble consorts , and shewful attendants . invented , and fashion'd , with the ground and special structure of the whole work-by our kingdoms most artfull and ingenious architect inigo jones . supplied , applied , digested , and written by george chapman , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the most noble and constant combiner of honor and virtue , sr. edward phillips , master of the rolls . at the end of the masque is printed an epithalamium called a hymne to hymen for the most time-fitted nuptials of our thrice gracious princess elizabeth , &c. i leave it to their judgments who have perus'd this piece , to determine whether it answer the swelling title-page , or whether the authors defence before the masque , be just and solid . may-day , a witty comedy , divers times acted at the black-friars ; and printed in quarto lond. . monsieur d'olive , a comedy sundry times acted by her majesties children at the black friars , printed in quarto lond. . revenge for honor , a tragedy printed in quarto lond. . this play i have seen acted many years ago at the nursery in barbican . temple , a masque which i never saw . two wise men , and all the rest fools , or a comical moral , censuring the follies of that age , divers times acted , and printed in quarto lond. . the prologue and epilogue to this play are writ in prose , which was practic'd formerly by several of the poets , as william lilly , in his court comedies , and others . but there is one thing in this play , far more remarkable ; that it is extended to seven acts : a thing which i never saw in any other , either in our own , or foreign languages , and which is directly contrary to that rule of horace o néve minor , neu sit quinto , productior actu fabula , quae posci vult & spectata reponi . but i suppose this might rather be the printer's ignorance , than the poets intention ; for certainly mr. chapman better understood the rules of the dramma : tho'i am led only by tradition to believe this play to be his ; since 't is published without any mention of the author , or the place where 't was printed . widow's tears , a comedy often presented in the black and white-friars : printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right virtuous and truly noble gentleman john reed of mitton , in the county of gloucester , esq. the plot of lysander and cynthia is borrow'd from petronius arbyters satyricon , being the story of the matron of ephesus related by eumolpus : a story since handled by several other pens , as janus dousa the father , in his notes on this story , and gabbema in the last edition of petronius : who observe , that it was translated into latine verse by romulus , an antique gramarian ; that it was translated from the german language into latine : and into french rhime by hebertus . we have it not only in the seven wife masters , a book vulgarly known , and which , if i may believe my author , is a translation of modius , who new modell'd the story , and publisht his version under this title ludus septem sapientum , de astrei regii adolescentis , educatione , periculis , &c. but also i have read the same story with little alteration in the cento novelle antiche di carlo gualteruzzi , nov. . we have it likewise much improv'd , with a philosophical comment upon it , by a countryman of our own , under the title of the ephesian matron , printed in octavo lond. . and others . these are all the plays which i know of , that are publisht under our authors name , except a play which i have already mention'd , viz. eastward-hoe , a comedy play'd in the black friars , by the children of her majesties revels : made by george chapman , ben johnson , and john marston , printed in quarto lond. . this play was writ shortly after decker's westward hoe , as you may see by the prologue which is writ in blank verse . the play it self hath lately appear'd on the present stage , being reviv'd by mr. tate under the title of cuckold's haven . mr. phillips , i know not why , has omitted half this authors plays , as you may see in his account of the modern poets , p. . having given an account of his plays , i am now to speak of his other works which were not in those days accounted less eminent : particularly his version of all homer's works ; viz. his illiads , odysses , and what he calls the crown of all his works , his batracomyomachia , or the battle of frogs and mice , together with his hymns and epigrams . if it be urg'd by some that he has been since out-done by mr. ogleby in the two former , it is chiefly to be ascrib'd to the ill choice of his measure of verse , and the obsolete expressions in use in his time , and besides translation was then , as i may say , in its infancy . however i think mr. ogleby himself has since been as far exceeded by the exact and curious pen of mr. hobbs : and for for his minor poems , they have never been attempted by any other pen that i know of . to these i must add his translation of hesiod ; his finishing musaeus his erotopaenion , or the loves of hero and leander , a piece begun by christopher marloe ; his andromeda liberata with a vindication of the same ; all which speak his industry at least , if not his ingenuity : and how slight an opinion soever this age may entertain of his translations , i find them highly extoll'd in an old copy call'd a censure of the poets : which having spoke of the eminent dramatick poets , as shakesprear , johnson , daniel , &c. it adds of translators as follows , placing our author in the first rank . others again there lived in my days , that have of us deserved no less praise for their translations , than the daintiest wit , that on parnassus thinks he high doth sit , and for a claim may 'mongst the muses call , as the most curious maker of them all ; first reverend chapman , who hath brought to us musaeus , homer , and hesiodus , out of the greek ; and by his skill hath rear'd them to that height , and to our tongue indear'd , that were those poets at this day alive ; to see their books , that with us thus survive ; they'd think , having neglected them so long , they had been written in the english tongue . sir aston cokain . a gentleman that in the reign of k. charles the second , liv'd at ashbourn , a market-town an darby-shire , ( situate between the river dove and compton ) . he was of an ancient family , as mr. cambden observes in the entrance of his description of darby-shire . nay further mr. john cokain of rushton ( our authors kinsman and cousin-german to the lord obrian cokain , viscount cullen in ireland ) had an ancient evidence to prove that sr. — cokain their predecessor was anciently allyed to king william the conqueror , and in those days lived at hemmingham-castle in essex . p but whether our author fetcht his pedigree from so ancient a stock or no ; certain it is , that he was well descended , and had a liberal education bestowed on him , being in his youth bred in trinity college , in cambridge , and when he was about four and twenty years of age , he was sent to make a journey through france and italy , which he compleated in a twelve-months space , an. . an account of which he has writ to his son q . he was very much addicted to books , and the study of poetry ; spending most of his time in the muses company . amongst his other poetical productions , he has written three plays , and a masque which are in print ; of which take the following account . masque presented at bretbie in darby-shire , on twelfth-night . this entertainment has hitherto been omitted in all former catalogues , as i suppose through an over-sight , it being but short , and printed in the body of the author's poems , r amongst others of a different nature . it was presented , ( as i find upon perusal of it ) before the right honourable phillip the first earl of chesterfield , and his countess , two of their sons acting in it . the diversion terminated in a ball. obstinate lady , a comedy printed in octavo , lond. . this play , with other poems were left in the custody of a friend , at the author's removal from london , who dying , they were disperst into several hands . one mr. william godbid , ( a bookseller as i suppose ) got this play into his hands , and tho' he found it imperfect , the last leaf being wanting , wherein were the authors conclusion and epilogue : he procured some of his acquaintance to supply that defect , and so printed it . and tho' this comedy were very much of it writ in number ( as the author calls it ) he put it forth as if the most part of it were prose . in this edition you have that defect much amended , and the authors own conclusion , and epilogue added . sr. aston's obstinate lady , seems to be cousin-german to massinger's very woman ; as they that will compare don john , antonio , and almira , with carionil and lucora in this play , may easily perceive . ovid's tragedy , printed in octavo lond. . this play was printed since the rest of his works , tho 't is frequently bound with them . i know not why the author gave this play the title of ovid's tragedy , except that he lays the scene in tomos , and brings him to fall down dead with grief at the news he received from rome , in sight of the audience : otherwise he has not much business on the stage , and the play ought rather to have taken the name from bassanes jealousy , and the dismal effects thereof , the murther of his new bride clorina , and his friend pyrontus . but this is an error which beaumont and fletcher have heretofore committed , ( as mr. rimer s has observ'd . ) in the king and no king , and therefore the more excusable in our author . the passage of captain hannibal's inviting the dead carcass of helvidius to supper , is possibly borrow'd from the italian play called il atheisto fulminato , to which language our author was no stranger ; and on which foundation the catastrophe of the libertine is built . trapolin creduto principe , or trapolin suppos'd a prince , an italian tragi-comedy , printed in octavo lond. . the design of this play , the author borrow'd from one which he saw , or rather heard , twice acted in venice during his abode in that city ; since he built this on that foundation : so that as he pleads in his proloque it is no translation . this play was reviv'd on our stage since the king's return , and a new prologue writ by duffet , printed in his poems pag. . and has since that , been alter'd by mr. tate , and acted at the theatre in dorset-garden . mr. philips t and mr. winstanley u have committed mistakes in this author , having omitted the tragedy of ovid , and plac'd two anonymous plays to him , which i dare be confident are none of his ; viz. thersites , and tyranical government . all his poems being collected , and publisht together , in octavo lond. , by mr. kirkman , who knew plays far better than either of these authors . having given you this account of his plays , i am next to speak of his other poems , and pieces , but since the author has reckon'd them up in verse , in an epigram x directed to his honoured friend , major william warner , i shall transcribe his own lines , which may inform the reader of his stile , as well as his poems . plays , eclogues , songs , a satyr i have writ , a remedy for those i' th amorous fit , love elegies , and funeral elegies , letters of things of divers qualities , encomiastick lines to works of some , a masque , and an epithalamium , two books of epigrams : all which i mean shall ( in this volume ) come upon the scene ; some divine poems , which when first i came to cambridge i writ there , i need not name ; of dianea , y neither my translation , omitted here as of another fashion . for heavens sake name no more you say , i cloy you , i do obey you ; therefore ( friend ) god b'wy you . edward cook esq a gentleman of whom i can give no other account , than that he has publisht a play call'd love's triumph , or the royal union , a tragedy in heroick verse , never acted , but printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to her highness , the most illustrious mary princess of orange . this play is founded on cassandra , a fam'd romance , as you will find by reading part th , book th , to the end. john cook . the author of a play call'd green's tu quoque , a comedy printed in quarto lond. — i cannot tell the date , or the place where 't was first acted , the title-page of my copy being lost , tho' i suppose at the red-bull , by a passage in the play ; but i can inform the reader , that it is commended by thomas heywood , who purposely writ an epistle to gratulate ( as he says ) the love and memory of his worthy friend the author , and his intirely beloved friend the actor . he says further , that it past the test of the stage with general applause : and i have seen it acted since the king's return , at the play-house ( as i think ) in little lincolns-inn-fields with good success : tho' the printed copy be not divided into acts. the plot of spend-all's gaining the widow raysby , has a near resemblance with that of will. small shanks and widow taffety : tho' i think the design is better wrought up in this play , because the widow by a counter-plot frees her self from spend-all , and after having made a tryal of the sincerity of his love , consents of her own accord to marry him . this play had its title given it by the author , in respect of the admirable comedian , thomas green , who acted the part of bubble , whose universal repartee to all complement is tu quoque ; mr. heywood z gives him this character , that there was not an actor of his nature in his time of better ability in performance of what he undertook , more applauded by the audience , of greater grace at the court , or of more general love in the city . at the entrance of this play is a distick , which mr. winstanley applies to mr. robert green , ( of whom i shall give an account in his proper place : ) tho' had he put on his spectacles he would have found it printed thus ; upon the death of thomas green. how fast bleak autumn changeth flora's dye , what yesterday was ( green ) now 's sear and dry . w. r. john corey . a gentleman who is pleas'd to stile himself the author of a play call'd the generous enemies , or the ridiculous lovers , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , and printed in quarto lond. . tho'he has so little share in it ; that we may justly say of him , as appolodorus the athenian said of the books of chrysippus : if a man should extract the things which he hath borrow'd from others , the paper would be left blank . to prove this i am to acquaint the reader , that this play , like a botcher's cushion is made out of several pieces ; he having stollen from four eminent poets ; fletcher , and randolph ; th. corneille , and quinault . the chief design of the play , that of the generous enemies , is borrow'd from quinault's la genereuse ingratitude , as will be evident to those who will compare the characters of don alvarez , and signior flaminio , with those of the french zegry and abencerage ; semena in disguise under the name of lisander , with zelinda under the name of ormin , &c. for the ridiculous lovers ; 't is chiefly borrow'd from a comedy of th. corneille's call'd d. bertran de cigarral , which play is founded on a spanish comedy written by d. francisco de roxas , and stiled , entre bobos anda el juego . the quarrel between bertran and robatzy in the fifth act , is stollen verbatim from love's pilgrimage , act . sc. . and act . sc. . the testy humour of bertran to his servants in the third act , is part of it taken from the muses looking-glass . act . sc. . act . sc. . and . charles cotton esq an ingenious gentleman lately ( as i am inform'd ) deceas'd , who sometimes dwelt at beresford in the county of stafford . he was an excellent lyrick poet , but particularly famous for burlesque verse : but mention'd here on account of a translation of his call'd , horace , a french tragedy of monsieur corneille , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his dear sister mrs. stanhope hutchinson . this play was first finished in . a but neither at that time , nor of sevaral years after , was it intended for the publick view ; it being writ for the private divertisement of a fair young lady , and ever since it had the honor first to kiss her hands , so intirely hers , that the author did not reserve so much as the broüillon to himself . however she being prevail'd upon tho' with some difficulty to give her consent , it was printed in octo. . i shall not extol , or particularise the excellencies of this play in the original ; 't is sufficient to tell you , that the french author thought it might pass for the best of his productions if the three last acts had been equal to the two first : and this he says was the general opinion , as you may read in the beginning of his examen of this play. b as to the performance of this our countryman , notwithstanding his modesty , and generosity in giving the preference to madam phillips her translation , i think it no ways inferior to it , at least , i dare aver that it far transcends that version publisht by sr. william lower . the plot of this play , as far as it is founded on history , may be read in several authors . see livy , lib. . florus , lib. . c. . dionysius hallicarnassaeus , &c. there are other works of this author's writing , which speak him a great wit , and master of an excellent fancy and judgment : such as his poem call'd the wonders of the peak , printed in octavo lond. . his burlesque poems call'd , scarronides , or virgil travestie , a mock poem , on the first and fourth books of virgil's aeneis , printed in octavo lond. . tho' the title seems to imply as if this poem were an imitation of scarron , who has translated . eight books of virgil in the same manner : yet those who will compare both these pieces , will possibly find that he has not only exceeded the french , but all others that have attempted in that kind , to the reserve of the incomparable butler , the fam'd author of hudibras : and i think we may with little variation apply the following tetrastick written by scarron's uncle to this our author . si punctum omne tulit , qui miscuit utile dulcis ludendo scribens seria , quid meruit ? virgilii miranda legens , ridere jubetur hoc debet , cotton , anglica musa tibi . abraham cowley abraham cowley . i have generally hitherto contented my self with giving a succinct account of each authors affairs of life , or family : and chose rather to enlarge on their works : but mr. cowley was a person of so great merit and esteem in the world when living ; and his memory so fresh in the minds of learned men , that i am oblig'd not to pass him slightly over . 't is true my predecessors in this work , i mean mr. phillips and mr. winstanley , have given but an imperfect account of him , or his writings : but as i propose not them for my pattern in this subject , so i must publickly own , that i have so great a veneration for the memory of this great man , that methinks his very name seems an ornament to my book , and deserves to be set in the best light i can place it . wherefore i shall be as careful in copying his picture from his writings , as an artist would be in hitting the features of his sovereign . to begin first with his birth ; the place of his nativity was london , and the time which made his virtuous parents happy in him , was the year of our lord . tho' his mother had no prescience like maia the parent of the great virgil , ( who the night before her delivery dreamt she brought forth a sprig of lawrel , which upon the setting forthwith became a tree ; ) yet it may be said , that this our english maro , grew ripe with equal speed , as that famous poplar bough planted at the roman poets birth , sprung up into a beautiful tall tree , which overtopt several others of far riper age. virgil at thirteen years of age began his studies at millain ; but this our author writ his tragical history of pyramus and thisbe , when he was but ten years old ; his constantia and philetus at twelve ; and at thirteen had publisht not only these but several other poetical blossoms , d which sufficiently prov'd the pregnancy of his wit : and all this , whilst he was yet but a westminster schollar ; before he could say with juvenal , e et nos ergo manum ferulae subduximus — nor is the character he gives of himself less full of admiration ; f that even when he was a very young boy at school , instead of running about on holidays , and playing with his fellows , he was wont to steal from them , and walk into the fields , either alone with a book ; or with some one companion , if he could find any of the same temper . his first inclinations to poetry , proceeded from his falling by chance on spencer's fairy queen , g with which he was so infinitely delighted , and which by degrees so fill'd his head with the tinkling of the rhime , and dance of the numbers , that he had read him all over before he was twelve years old , and was thus made a poet as immediately as a child is made an eunuch . thus he gradualy grew up to that maturity both of fancy and judgment , that ( in the opinion of a great man now living , h whoever would do him right , should not only equal him to the principal ancient writers of our own nation , but should also rank his name amongst the authors of the true antiquity , the best of the greeks , and romans . nor is this the sence only of this worthy person , and excellent poet , but the general opinion of the wits of both universities , and which will appear obvious to all that shall diligently read his works : most of which were writ , or at least design'd whilst he was of trinity colledge in cambridge , and of which i shall give a succinct account , begining first with his english plays , which are three in number , viz. guardian , a comedy printed in quarto lond. . made ( says the author i ) and acted before the prince , or rather neither made nor acted , but rough-drawn only , and repeated ; for the hast was so great , that it could neither be revised , or perfected by the author , nor learned without book by the actors , nor set forth in any measure tolerably by the officers of the colledge . this mr. cowley thought fit to acquaint the prince with , in the prologue which was spoken to him at that time : as the reader may see by the following lines , being part of it . accept our hasty zeal ; a thing that 's play'd e're 't is a play , and acted e're 't is made . our ignorance , but our duty too , we show : i would all ignorant people would do so . at other times , expect our wit and art ; this comedy is acted by the heart . after the representation ( the author tells us k he began to look it over , and changed it very much , striking out some whole parts , as that of the poet , and the souldier ; but he having lost the copy , durst not think it deserv'd the pains to write it again , which made him omit it in the publication of his works in folio ; though ( at that time he acknowledg'd ) there were some things in it , which he was not asham'd of , taking the excuse of his age when he made it . but as it was he accounted it only the hasty first-sitting of a picture , and therefore like to resemble him accordingly . this comedy , notwithstanding mr. cowley's modest opinion of it , was acted not only at cambridge , but several times after that privately , during the prohibition of the stage , and after the king's return , publickly at dublin , and never fail'd of applause . this i suppose put our author upon revising it ; and there being many things in it which he dislik't ; and finding himself at leisure in the country , he fell upon altring it almost throughout ; and then permitted it to appear publickly on the stage , under a new title , as indeed 't was in a manner a new play , calling it cutter of coleman-street , acted at his royal highness's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . this play met with some opposition , at its representation under this new name , from some who envyed the authors unshaken loyalty to the prince , and the royal cause , in the worst of times ; but afterwards i suppose the authors preface ( to which i refer the reader ) dispell'd all those clouds rais'd by the faction ; and i have seen it acted with universal applause : and i believe generally speaking , all unbyass'd judges that have read , or seen it acted , will give it the approbation of an excellent comedy : and for those who are unsatisfied concerning his fidelity to his king , i must refer them to that admirable defence writ by the reverend bishop of rochester l in behalf of this excellent man , it being too copious to be inserted here . love's riddle , a pastoral comedy , written at his time of being king's scholar , in westminster school ; printed first with his poetical blossoms , in quarto lond. . but since printed in the second volume of his works , in fol. lond. . and dedicated by a copy of verses to the truly worthy and noble sr. kenelm digby . if this play be consider'd , according to the authors years at that time , 't will certainly be allow'd standard ; or at least needs no other apology then what the author makes for it in his dedication to his patron : take it as early fruits , which rare appear , though not half ripe , but worst of all the year , and if it please your taste , my muse will say , the birch which crown'd her then , it s grown a bay. it might be expected that i should give some account either of the plots of these plays , or whence he has borrow'd : but let those that think so , be satisfied from the famous denham's character , that he is no● an author of that stamp . i hope it will not be thought foreign to my purpose , to transcribe part of that copy which he writ on this admirable poets death and burial amongst the ancient poets . the whole copy deserves to be engraved in brass ; but i shall here transcribe only what is to our purpose ; m old mother wit , and nature gave shakespear , and fletcher , all they have ; in spencer , and in johnson , art , of slower nature got the start ; but both in him so equal are , none knows which bears the happy'st share ; to him no author was unknown , yet what he wrote was all his own ; he melted not the ancient gold , nor with ben johnson did make bold to plunder all the roman stores of poets , and of orators : horace his wit , and virgil's state , he did not steal , but emulate , and when he would like them appear , their garb , but not their cloaths , did weas . as to his other works in english , they consist both of verse and prose : amongst which are his love verses , call'd the mistress ; which were first printed in octavo lond. . from a correct copy written by the author himself , and since they are printed in folio , with several of his other pieces . these poems are highly applauded by the generality of judicious men , and notwithstanding the nice scruples of some , it is an undeniable truth which the knowing writer of his life lays down , n that never yet so much was written on a subject so delicate , that can less offend the severest rules of morality . i dare not persume to give a particular character of his works : therefore i shall refer them to the large account of his life , written by the exact and ingenious author above-mentioned , or to the readers own judgment . they consist of miscellanies , anacreontiques , and pindariques ; or some copies of verses translated paraphrastically out of anacreon and pindar : on the later he has writ notes , as replete with learning , as his odes with wit and fancy , and which most admirably explain the most difficult and abstruse passages . besides these he has publisht an epique poem call'd davideis , a sacred poem of the troubles of david , in four books : tho' design'd by the author to be continu'd and extended to twelve ; not for the tribes sake , but in imitation of virgil. as it is a great grief to the lovers of poetry , that he liv'd not to finish the work ; so 't is the opinion of an eminent critick , o that as it may be lamented , that he carried not on the work so far as he design'd , so it might he wisht that he had liv'd to revise what he did leave us : i think the troubles of david is neither title nor matter proper for an heroick poem ; seeing it is rather the actions than his sufferings , that make an heroe : nor can it be defended by homer's odysseis , since ulysses's sufferings conclude with one great and perfect action . yet notwithstanding , this judicious author allows , that in the davideis ( fragment and imperfect as it is ) there shines something of a more fine , more free , more new , and more noble air , than appears in the hierusalem of tasso , which for all his care , is scarce perfectly purg'd from pedantry . and after all says , that in the lyrick way however cowley far exceeds him , and all the rest of the italians . tho' jacobus philippus tomasinus , laur. crasso , and other great men give tasso an extraordinary character . but to return to our author , whatever faults mr. cowley may have committed in the oeconomy of his poem , ( as mr. rymer reckons up others ) if it be consider'd , that he writ the greatest part of it , ( as the author of his life observes ) whilst he was a young student in trinity college in cambridge , and withal , reflect on the vastness : of the argument , and his manner of handling it , he may seem like one of the miracles he there adorns , like a boy attempting goliah . the rest of his verses are written on several occasions , and for what remains unspoken of in his second volume , they are verses which he made when he was a king's scholar , and to which he gave the title of sylva . as to his pieces in english prose , they are discourses by way of essays , upon grave and serious subjects ; where he gives the truest and best character of himself , and his thoughts during his retirement . these , with several others which he design'd to add ; he intended had not death prevented him , to have dedicated to his old patron the earl of st. albans , as a testimony of his entire respects to him : and a kind of apology for having left humane affairs in the strength of his age , while he might still have been serviceable to his country . but not withstanding his death , his intentions are made good by his worthy friend the careful overseer to his writings , who has paid in this legacy according to the will and intention of the deceased testator . his latine works contain the two former books of his davideis ; a latine comedy call'd naufragium joculare , which was acted before the university of cambridge by the members of trinity colledge , the second day of february . and his poemata latina , printed in octavo . consisting of six books of plants , and one of miscellanies ; of whose several character , you will find an account in his life ; where you may likewise find a description of his temper , conversation , &c. which would swell this volume beyond its design'd bulk , to relate . all that i shall acquaint you further with is , that this best of poets , that ever our nation produc'd , and a man of so excellent a temper , in the opinion of king charles the second , that he was pleas'd to say of him upon the news of his death , that mr. cowley had not left a better man behind him in england . this excellent man i say , died after a fortnights sickness , of a stoppage in his breast and throat , accompanied with a violent defluction . he was buried at westminster abby , near two of our most eminent english bards , chaucer , and spencer ; his corps being attended with a numerous train of persons of the most eminent rank , both for birth and virtue , the late duke of buckingham his noble friend and patron , has erected a magnificent monument over his ashes in testimony of his affection ; whose sculpture you may see at the beginning of his second volume . tho' i take it for granted that every lover of poetry hath the works of this worthy ornament of our nation : ( since in my weak judgment , what was said of d'urffé's astraea , by the great cardinal richlieu , may more truly be said of our authors works , that he was not fit to be admitted into the academy , who had not been before well read in astraea : ) yet since his epitaph may prove an embellishment to this work , i shall transcribe it . abrahamus cowleius , anglorum pindarus , flaccús , maro , deliciae , decus , desiderium aevi sui , hic juxta situs est . aurea dum volitant latè tua scripta per orbem et famâ aeternùm vivis divine poeta , hic placidâ jaceas requie , custodiat urnam cana fides vigilentque perenni lampade musae ; sit sacer iste locus , nec quis temerarius ausit sacrilegâ turbare manu venerabile bustum . intacti manèant , maneant per secula dulcis coulei cineres , serventque immobile saxum . sic vovet votumque suum apud posteros sacratum esse voluit , qui viro incomparabi possuit sepulcrale marmor : georgius dux buckinghamiae i forgot to acquaint the reader , that there have been two pieces falsly ascrib'd to this author , one a poem call'd the iron age , which was publisht during our authors residence in france , on which he himself has sharply reflected at the entrance of his preface to his works . the other poem is father'd upon him by mr. phillips and mr. winstanley , which they call antonius and mellida , which in truth is not a poem , but a play in two parts , written by john marston . tho' i can give no account how mr. phillips fell into this mistake , yet i know very well , that the little poem he speaks of q is call'd constantia and philetus . as for mr. winstanley , he like blind bayard boldly follows the former at a venture ; but he may by this learn the truth of that old proverb ; mali corvi malum ovum , like carpenter , like chips . there is an ode written by mr. cowley for her majesty , queen to king charles the first , printed in the begining of mr. tate's collection of poems on several occasions , printed in octavo lond. . there was a new edition of his works with a table , and the verses that were made on his death , by the wits of the age , printed in fol. lond. . i shall close all with the commendation given him by mr. evelyn , in his imitation of ovid's elegy ad invidos . r so long shall cowley be admir'd above the croud , as david's troubles pity move , till woman cease to charm , and youth to love . robert cox. an excellent comedian that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , one , who when the ring-leaders of the rebellion , and reformers of the nation supprest the stage , betook himself to making drolls of farces ; such as were actaeon and diana ; oenone , with the humours of bumkin ; hobbinal ; singing simkin ; and simpleton the smith ; which under the colour of rope-dancing , were allow'd to be acted at the red-bull play house by stealth , and the connivance of those straight lac'd governors . these parts he usually acted himself , and so naturally , that once after he had play'd young simpleton at a country fair , a noted smith in those parts , who saw him act , came to him , and offer'd to take him as his journey-man , and to allow him twelve-pence a week more than the rest . nor was it in london only , but in the university likewise , that our actor was applauded : insomuch that a poetical butler took such a fancy to his acting , that he was pleased to oblige him with a prologue , that he might appear in form , as he had seen the members of the colledge he belonged to , at the acting a play in christmass ; part of which , for the readers diversion , and as a sample of the talent of this chip of pernassus , i have set down as follows : courteous spectators , we are your relators , neither tylers , nor slators , nor your vexators : but such as will strive to please , will you sit at your ease , and speak such words as may be spoken , and not by any be mistoken ; &c. these drolls were printed in quarto lond. . second edition , but first printed by tho. newcomb for the use of the author . they are since printed in a collection of drolls , call'd spart upon sport , for kirkman , in octavo lond. . john crown . a person now living , who has attempted all sorts of dramatick poetry , with different success . if i may be allow'd to speak my sentiments , i think his genius seems fittest for comedy ; tho' possibly his tragedies are no ways contemptible ; of all which , in my weak judgement , his destruction of jerusalem seems the best . he has written fifteen plays , of which alphabetically . andromache , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed in quarto lond. . this play mr. crown claims no farther share in , than the turning it into prose , it being translated from the french of monsieur racine , by a young gentleman , who had a great esteem for all french plays , and particularly for this ; but whose genius in verse , it seems was not very fortunate . in a word , mr. crown has written as epistle to clear himself of the scandal ( as he terms it ) of so poor a translation . this play tho well esteem'd in the original , had not its expected success on our english stage . the french author has followed virgil , in his story . see lib. . he transcribes the passage begining at verse . littoraque epiri legimus , portuque subimus chaonio , & celsum buthroti ascendimus urbem . and then skipping seven verses which relate to her marriage with hellenus , he ends with the death of pyrrhus by orestes at the altar of apollo , or as some would have it , one which he erected in memory of his father achilles . the author has followed euripides his a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the character of hermione , and her jealous transports : but in that of andromache , he rather chuses to shew her on the stage , as the widow of hector , than pyrrhus , and sollicitous to preserve the life of astyanax , than molossus : this being conformable to the general idea which people have of andromache . ambitious statesman , or the loyal favorite , a tragedy acted at the theatre royal , by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of albermarle . this play is in the poets opinion , the most vigorous of all his labours , but born in a time so unhealthy to poetry , that it met not with the applause which some people thought it deserv'd . i know not what author mr. crown has follow'd , or whence he hath taken his plot : but i suppose by his ambitious statesman , he means bernard d' armagnac the seventh , comte d' armagnac , and constable of france in the reign of king charles the sixth . my reason for this conjecture is , that he speaks of henry the fifth's landing in france , which was in the time of that king. those authors who have treated of his reign , are j. de laboureur , hist. de ch. vi. enguerand de monstrelet chron. j. froissard . chron. de fr. & de angleterre . memoires de mart. du bellay , jean juvenal des ursins hist. de ch. vi. de serres , mezeray , &c. to which i refer the reader for better satisfaction . calisto , or the chast nymph ; a masque at court , frequently presented there by persons of great quality , with the prologue , and the songs between the acts : printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to her highness , the lady mary , eldest daughter of his royal highness the duke . this masque was writ at the command of her present majesty : and was rehearsed near thirty times , all the representations being follow'd by throngs of persons of the greatest quality , and very often grac'd with their majesties and royal highnesses presence . the play was alter'd by the poet from what it was at first ; that which remains of the first design , may be known by its being written in the pindarick way : that which has been alter'd being in heroick verse . the plot is founded on a story in ovid's metamorphosis , see lib. . fab. , . charles the eighth of france , or the invasion of naples by the french , a history writ in heroick verse , acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable john earl of rochester . this play notwithstanding the patronage of his lordship , could not escape his railery ; for in his imitation of boyleau's third satyr he brings in mr. crown as follows ; f kickum for crown declar'd ; said , in romance , he had out-done the very wits of france . witness pandion , and his charles the eight ; where a young monarch , careless of his fate , tho foreign troops and rebels shock his state , complains another sight afflicts him more . ( viz. ) t the queens galleys rowing from the shore , fitting their oars and tackling to be gone whilst sporting waves smil'd on the rising sun. waves smiling on the sun ! i 'm sure that 's new , and 't was well thought on give the devil his due . for the plot of this play , as far as it concerns history , consult those who have written the affairs of charles viii . as philip de commines's memoires , robertus gaguinus rer. gal. annal. guillaume de jaligny hist. de ch. viii . f. de belleforest l'hist . de neuf roys charles de france , andré de la vigne , guicciardine , mezeray , &c. city politiques , a comedy acted by his majesties servants ; printed in quarto lond. . this play ( which i have seen acted with applause ) is a severe satyr upon the whiggish faction : but tho' the author was accus'd for abusing an eminent serjeant at law , and his wife , under the characters of bartoline , and lucinda , and a certain doctor under the name of panchy , yet he has sufficiently clear'd himself self in his epistle to the reader , to which i refer you . country wit , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles earl of middlesex . this comedy is of that kind , which the french call basse comedie , or low comedy , one degree remov'd from farce . this play , notwithstanding the faction against it , pass'd the test , and was approv'd by his majesty king charles the second , whom the judicious part of mankind will readily acknowledge to be a sovereign judge of wit. part of the design is borrow'd from a comedy of molliere's call'd le sicilien , ou l'amour peintre ; and i must take the freedome to tell our english author , that part of the language , as well as the plot is stollen from that play. witness rambles turning picture-drawer to gain an opportunity to discourse betty frisque : which the reader may be pleased to compare with the intrigue between adraste , and isidore act. . sc. . &c. besides other places . i shall leave it to those , who understand french , to judge whether our author has put in practice the rule which he has laid down in his epistle to the destruction of jerusalem ; that all forreign coin must be melted down , and receive a new stamp , if not addition of mettal , before it will pass currant in england , and be judged sterling . darius king of persia ; a tragedy acted by their majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to sr. george hewytt baronet , one of the lieutenants of his majesties horse-guard . if i mistake not the author has copyed , or at least imitated euripides his hippolitus , and phaedra , in the characters of memnon and barzana . for the plot as far as it concerns darius , i have already mention'd in the account of the earl of sterline , pag. . as qu. curtius , justin , &c. destruction of jerusalem by titus vespasian , in two parts ; acted at the theatre royal ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of portsmouth . these tragedies are written in heroick verse , and were acted with good applause . as to the authors character of phraartes , i leave it to the criticks , and refer the reader to his epistle for satisfaction . the historical part of these plays , may be read at large in josephus de bello judaico . other authors have likewise toucht upon it : as baronius annal. tom. . a.c. . eusebius l. . c. . xiphilinus epitome hist. dion . in vit. vespasiani , suetonius life of t. vespas . tacitus hist. l. . &c. english friar , or the town sparks ; a comedy acted by their majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable william earl of devonshire . what success this play met with , the objections against it , and the authors defence , the preface will inform you . henry the sixth the first part , with the death of the duke of gloucester ; a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to sr. charles sidley . this play is ( if i mistake not ) very much borrow'd from the second part of shakespear's henry the sixth ; tho' mr. crown with a little too much assurance affirms , that he has no title to the fortieth part of it . this play was oppos'd by the popish faction , who by their power at court got it supprest : however it was well receiv'd by the rest of the audience . henry the sixth the second part , or the misery of civil-war ; a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . part of this play likewise is borrow'd from shakespear . for the plot read the chronicles of those times , writ by graston , hollingshead , trussel , martin , stow , speed , biondi , du chesne , &c. juliana , or the princess of poland ; a tragi-comedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre : printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable roger earl of orrery . this was the first play this author writ , which if it be not so well penn'd as several of his later productions , it does but verify his own observation , u that there are few authors but have had those slips from their prune , which their riper thoughts either were , or at least had reason to be asham'd of . sr. courtly nice , or it cannot be , a comedy acted by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his grace the duke of ormond . this play was written at the command of his late majesty k. charles the second , who gave mr. crown a spanish play no pued eser : or it cannot be ; out of which he took part of the name , and design of this . this comedy , or at least the plot , as far as relates to the spanish plot , has formerly appear'd on the stage , under the title of tarugo's wiles . sr. courtly's song of stop thief , is a paraphrase of mascarille's au voleur in mollier's les precieuses ridicules . this play is accounted an excellent comedy , and has been frequently acted with good applause . thyestes , a tragedy acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants ; printed in quarto lond. . the plot of this play is founded on seneca's thyestes , and seems to be an imitation of that play. i know not whether our author ever saw the italian play on this subject , written by ludovicus dulcis , which is commended by delrio ; or the french tragedies of roland brisset , and benoist bauduyn : but i doubt not but this play may vie with either of them : at least the french plays , which in the opinion of some , are very mean. i know nothing else of our authors writing , except that romance above-mention'd , which i never saw . d. john dancer , alias dauncy . an author of whose place of nativity , or other passages of life i am able to give no account . all i know of him is , that he liv'd in the reign of king charles the second ; and that his translations shew him well vers'd in the french , and italian tongue . he has oblig'd us with three dramatick plays , translated from the originals of three eminent poets , viz. tasso , corneille , and quinault . agrippa king of alba , or the false tiberinus , a tragi-comedy in heroick verse ; several times acted with great applause , before his grace the duke of ormond , then lord lieutenant of ireland , at the theatre royal in dublin ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable the lady mary cavendish , daughter to the duke of ormond . this play is traslated from the french of monsieur quinault , an author well known amongst those that are conversant in french poetry , several of whose pieces have appear'd on the english stage ; as la genereuse ingratitude ; l'amant indiscret ; le fantosme amoureux ; &c. i know not whether this translation be equal to the original , having never seen the later ; neither can i give any account of the plot , which i take to be fictitious . aminta , a pastoral printed in octavo lond. . and dedicated to his much honoured and truly noble friend mr. r. b. who is meant by those letters i will not be so bold as to conjecture , because our author has conceal'd his patrons name in obedience to his commands . this play , is a translation of that famous piece writ by that celebrated wit , signior torquato tasso , born at sorrento , bred up at padua , and the favourite of charles ix . of france . he was ( as i may say ) the father of pastorals ; being the first that transferr'd them from the eclogue , to dramatick poetry : and his aminta is esteem'd by forreigners , a master-piece of pastoral comedy : and has been translated into the french , spanish , english , german and dutch tongues . this was the pattern which the admired guarini propos'd for his imitation , when he writ il pastor fido ; and our author has since endeavour'd to imitate his excellent translator , the lord embassador fanshaw . if it be objected by some that this translation of tasso , is far short of that of guarini ; we may however with justice affirm , that at least this translation exceeds that printed in , if we allow some consideration for his being clog'd with rhime , which forces him more upon paraphrase , and withal that it was his first attempt to poetry . with this play , are printed several poems of different subjects , amongst which are love verses , which seem as is they were writ in imitation of mr. cowley's mistriss . nicomede , a tragi-comedy , acted at the théatre royal in dublin ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable thomas earl of ossory . this play is translated from the french original of monsieur th. corneille , and is one of those pieces which he himself most valu'd . there are a great many beauties in it which he enumerates in the examen . he says the story is taken from the fourth book of justin , tho' i suppose this is an errata of the press , the story being in the last chapter of the thirty-fourth book . he writ besides there , several other pieces ; as a romance call'd the english lovers , printed in octavo lond. — which however commended by mr. winstanley , the contrivance is due to heywood's play call'd the fair maid of the west in two parts : from whence our author borrow'd the story . two other pieces are mention'd by mr. winstanley , viz. a compleat history of the late times , and a chronicle of the kingdome of portugal : neither of which i have ever seen . samuel daniel esq a gentleman living in the reigns of queen elizabeth , and king james the first : and one , whose memory will ever be fresh in the minds of those who favour history , or poetry . he was born near taunton in somerset-shire , and at nineteen years of age , in the year . he was enter'd commoner of st. mary magdalen hall in oxford : and after having three years exercised himself in history , and poetry , he left the university . his own merit , added to the recommendation of his brother in law , the resolute john florio ( so well known for his italian dictionary ) prefer'd him to the knowledge of queen ann ; who was pleased to confer on him the honour of being one of the grooms of her most honourable privy-chamber : which enabled him to rent a garden-house near london , where in private he compos'd most of his dramatick pieces . at last being weary of the world , he retir'd into wiltshire ; where he rented a farm near the devises , according to dr. fuller , a tho' mr. wood b says that his retreat was to beckington , near phillips-norton in somerset-shire , where he died in october . being about four-score years of age , and was buried in the same parish-church , where a monument was erected at the sole bounty of the lady ann clifford , heiress of george earl of cumberland , and afterwards countess of pembroke , dorset , and montgomery , whose tutor he was . having given this account of his life , i am now to speak somewhat of his writings ; and it being at present my subject , i shall speak first of his dramatick pieces , which consist of two pastorals ; two tragedies ; and a masque , viz. cleopatra , a tragedy printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable the lady mary countess of pembroke , by a copy of verses written in stanzas of eight lines , which the italians ( from whence we took the measure ) call ottava rima . this play was first printed in octavo lond. . . but this later copy infinitly differs from the former , and far exceeds it ; the language being not only corrected , but it having another advantage in the opinion of a modern poet , c since that which is only dully recited in the first edition , is in the last represented . for the foundation of the story , consult plutarch in the lives of pompey , and anthony , florus , lib. . c. . appian de bellis civilibus , lib. . and a new book translated out of french by mr. otway , in octavo lond. . call'd the history of the three triumvirates , where the story is related at large . hymen's triumph , a pastoral tragi-comedy , presented at the queens court in the strand , at her majesties magnificent entertainment of the kings most excellent majesty , being at the nuptials of the lord roxborough , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated by a copy of verses to the most excellent majesty of the highest born princess ann of denmark , queen of england , &c. this play is not printed in the octavo edition . 't is introduc'd by a pretty contriv'd prologue ; hymen being oppos'd by avarice , envy , and jealousy , the disturbers of quiet marriage . philotas , his tragedy , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the prince afterwards king charles the first . both this play , and cleopatra were much esteem'd in their time ; they are both written with the chorus between each act ; according to the manner of the ancients . this play indeed found some enemies , not on the score of the wit , or conduct of the design ; but because it was reported , that under the character of philotas , that great but unfortunate favourite of queen elizabeth robert d'eureux earl of essex was portrayed : but the author in his apology at the end of the play has sufficiently clear'd himself from that imputation . this was the first play that our author writ ; as for the plot it is founded on history . see q. curtius , lib. . c. . justin , lib. . c. . plut. in vit. alex. arrian , &c. queens arcadia , a pastoral tragi-comedy , presented to her majesty and her ladies , by the university of oxford in christ-church , in aug. . printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated by a copy of verses , to the queens most excellent majesty . whether the scene d between carinus and amintas the lovers of cloris be borrow'd from any ancient poet , i know not , but sure i am that in monsieur quinault's la comedie sans comedie there is a scene betwixt filene and daphnis in a manner the same e . as the two next scenes between these shepherds , and their mrs. clomire , exactly resemble the scene f betwixt the swains , damon and alexis , and the inconstant nymph laurinda ; in randolph's amyntas . vision of the twelve goddesses , presented in a masque the eighth of january , at hampton-court , by the queens most excellent majesty , and her ladies , printed in o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable the lady lucy , countess of bedford . this was printed without the authors leave , by the unmannerly presumption of an indiscreet printer , without warrant ; and so imperfect , that the author to prevent the prejudice , which both the masque , and the invention suffer'd , publisht it from his own copy . his design under the shapes , and in the persons of twelve goddesses , was to present the figure of those blessings , which this nation enjoy'd in peace , under the happy reign of king james the first : by juno , was represented power ; by pallas wisdome and defence ; &c. all these pieces are printed together in o lond. . under the title of the whole works of samuel daniel esq in poetry , by which i suppose his other poetical works , which were printed with his plays in octavo lond. . are inserted in this later edition , tho' that volume i have by me , want them . the names of them are , an epistle from octavia to m. anthony in aegypt ; dedicated to the lady margaret countess of cumberland , and writ in ottava rima : complaint of rosomond ; in stanza's of seven lines . musophilus , and containing a general defence of all learning , written dialogue-wise , between musophilus and philocosmus ; and dedicated to sr. fulk grivel . a funeral poem upon the death of the late earl of devonshire : delia , containing fifty seven love sonnets . he writ besides , an heroick poem of the civil wars between the two houses of york and lancaster , in which he endeavour'd to imitate lucan's pharsalia , and succeeded so well in the opinion of mr. speed , that he is by him call'd the english lucan . these are all the poems that our author has publisht that ever i heard of : but however his genius was qualified for poetry , i take his history of england to be the crown of all his works : it was first printed about the year . and was dedicated to queen ann. it reaches from the state of brittain under the romans , to the end of the reign of king edward the third , an. dom. . of this history a late writer g has given this character , it is written with great brevity and politeness , and his political and moral reflections are very fine , useful , and instructive . john trussel continu'd this history with the like brevity and truth , but not with equal elegance , till the end of the reign of richard iii. a.d. . i have never seen any copies made on the old poets , but mr. daniel is therein mention'd with honor. one author h stiles him in a copy on the time poets , the pithy daniel , whose salt lines afford , a weighty sentence in each little word . another author in a copy call'd a censure of the poets i says thus ; amongst these samuel daniel , whom i may speak of , but to censure do deny . only have heard some wise men him rehearse , to be too much historian in verse ; his rimes were smooth , his meeters well did close , but yet his matters better fitted prose . having given you the sence of the poets of those times , concerning this excellent author , give me leave to transcribe an epigram written in his commendation by his friend mr. charles fitz-geoffry k , with which i shall conclude . spenserum si quis nostrum velit esse maronem , tu daniele mihi naso brittannus eris . sin illum potius phaebum velit esse britannum , tum daniele mihi tu maro noster eris , nil phaebo ulterius ; si quid foret , illud haberet spenserus , phaebus tu daniele fores . quippe loqui phaebus cuperet si more britanno , haud scio quo poterat , ni velit ore suo . sir william davenant . a person sufficiently known to all lovers of poetry , and one whose works will preserve his memory to posterity . he was born in the city of oxford , in the parish of st. martins , vulgarly call'd carfax , near the end of february in the year . and was christned on the third of march following . he was the mercurial son of a saturnine father , mr. john d' avenant , a vintner by profession : who liv'd in the same house , which is now known by the sign of the crown . he was formerly of lincoln college , and instructed in logick and physicks , by his tutor mr. daniel hough , fellow of that society ; tho' his genius rather inclin'd him to walk in the more flowry fields of poetry , in which he made a prodigious discovery : advancing even without any guide , but his own wit , and ingenuity , as far as the herculean pillars ( if any such bounds are to be set ) of poetry . he was poet laureat to two kings , whose memory will always be sacred to all good , loyal , and witty men ; i mean king charles the first , the martyr for , and king charles the second , the restorer of the protestant religion , according to the church of england . during this honour , of which his wit and parts render'd him worthy , he writ ( as i suppose ) his dramatick pieces , of which i shall give some account . to speak of them in general , i need only say , that most of them have appear'd on the stage with good applause , and been receiv'd with like success in print : the greatest part publisht in the authors life time in quarto , and all since his death collected into one volume , with his other works , printed in folio lond. . and dedicated by his widow to his royal highness , the late king james . albovine king of the lombards his tragedy , printed first in quarto , and dedicated to the right honourable the duke of somerset . this play is commended by eight copies of verses . for the design , it is founded on history . you may read the story in several historians : see paulus diaconus de gestis langobardorum , lib. . c. . gregorius epise . turonensis hist. francorum , lib. . c. . heylin's cosinoraphy , part . book . p. . this story is likewise related at large in a novel by bandello , which is translated by belleforest ; see histoires tragiques tome . nov. . cruel brother , a tragedy printed first in quarto , and dedicated to the right honourable the lord weston , lord high treasurer of england . distresses , a tragi-comedy printed in folio , lond. . first-days entertainment at ruthland-house , by declamation , and musick , after the manner of the ancients . the subject of the former of these declamations is concerning publick entertainment by moral representations ; the disputants being diogenes the cynick , and aristophanes the poet. the later dispute is between a parisian , and a londoner , who declaim concerning the preheminence of paris and london . the vocal and instrumental musick was compos'd by dr. charles coleman , capt. henry cook , mr. henry laws , and mr. george hudson . fair favourite , a tragi-comedy printed in folio , . just italian , a tragi-comedy printed first in quarto , and dedicated to the right honourable the earl of dorset , and commended by the verses of his friends , mr. william hopkins , and mr. thomas carew . law against lovers , a tragi-comedy made up of two plays written by mr. shakespear , viz measure for measure , and much ado about nothing . tho' not only the characters , but the language of the whole play almost , be borrow'd from shakespear : yet where the language is rough or obsolete , our author has taken care to polish it : as to give , instead of many , one instance . shakespear's duke of vienna says thus l ; — i love the people ; but do not like to stage me to their eyes : though it do well , i do not relish well their loud applause , and aves vehement : nor do i think the man of safe discretion , that does affect it . in sr. william's play the duke speaks as follows m ; — i love the people ; but would not on the stage salute the croud . i never relisht their applause ; nor think the prince has true discretion who affects it . for the plot , i refer you to the abovemention'd plays , in the account of shakespear . love and honour , a tragi-comedy which i have several times seen acted with good applause ; first at the play-house in lincolns-inn-fields , and since at the theatre in dorset-garden . this was first printed in quarto . man 's the master , a comedy which i think i have seen acted at the duke's house ; however i am sure the design , and part of the language is borrow'd from scarron's jodelet , ou le maistre valet ; and ( as i remember ) part from l'heritier ridicule , a comedy of the same authors . platonick lovers , a tragi-comedy , which was first printed in octavo with the wits . play-house to be let. i know not under what species to place this play , it consisting of several pieces of different kinds handsomely tackt together , several of which the author writ in the times of oliver , and were acted separately by stealth ; as the history of sr. francis drake exprest by instrumental , and vocal musick , and by art of perpective in scenes , &c. the cruelty of the spaniards in peru. these two pieces were first printed in quarto . they make the third and fourth acts of this play. the second act consists of a french farce , translated from molliere's sganarelle , ou le cocu imaginaire , and purposely by our author put into a sort of jargon common to french-men newly come over . the fifth act consists of tragedie travestie , or the actions of caesar antony and cleopatra in verse burlesque . this farce i have seen acted at the theatre in dorset-garden some years ago , at the end of that excellent tragedy of pompey , translated by the incomparable pen of the much admired orinda . siege of rhodes , in two parts . these plays were likewise in the times of the civil wars , acted with stilo recitativo , and printed in quarto , but afterwards enlarged by the author , and acted with applause at the duke of york's theatre in lincolns-inn-fields . it is dedicated to the right honourable the earl of clarendon lord high chancellor of england . for the plot , as far as it is founded on history , there are several historians have writ of it in the life of solyman the second , who took this city in the year . see thomas artus continuation de l'histoire des turcs . giov. bosio . l'istoria della sacra religione & illma militia di san giovanni gierosolimitano , lib. . boissardi icones & vitae sultanorum turcicorum , &c. in vit. solym. . knolles history of the turks , &c. siege , a tragi-comedy . news from plimouth ; a comedy formerly acted at the globe with good success , and was printed ( as i believe ) in quarto . temple of love , presented by the queens majesty , [ wife to king charles the first ] and her ladies at whitehall : viz. the lady marquess hamilton ; the lady mary herbert ; countess of oxford ; berkshire ; carnarvan ; &c. the lords , and others that represented the noble persian youths were , the duke of lenox ; the earls of newport ; desmond ; &c. this masque ( says the author ) for the newness of the invention , variety of scenes , apparitions , and richness of habits , was generally approv'd to be one of the most magnificent that hath been done in england . triumphs of the prince d'amour , a masque presented by his highness at his pallace in the middle-temple . this masque , at the request of that honourable society , was devis'd and written by our author in three days ; and was presented by the members thereof , as an entertainment to the prince elector . a lift of the masquers names , as they were rank'd by their antiquity , in that noble society , is to be found at the end of the masque , to which i refer the curious reader . the musick of the songs and symphonies were excellently compos'd by mr. henry , and mr. william lawes his majesties servants . wits , a comedy heretofore acted at the black-friars , and since at the duke's theatre ; printed both in octavo , and quarto , before this new edition , and dedicated to the chiefly belov'd of all , that ingenious and noble , endimion porter , of his majesties bed-chamber . this play is commended by a copy fo verses written by mr. thomas carew , and has often appear'd on the stage with applause having done with his plays , i am now to speak of his other works , which consist of poems , of several sorts , and on several occasions , amongst which gondibert an epick poem has made the greatest noise . this poem was design'd by the author to be an imitation of an english dramma ; it being to be divided into five books , as the other is into five acts ; the canto's to be the parallel of the scenes ; with this difference , that this is deliver'd narratively , the other dialogue-wise . the reader may find a long account of the author's design , and his reasons in the preface , which is directed to his friend , the so well known mr. hobbs ; who not only approves his design , but in the close of his letter fixes an extraordinary complement upon him : viz. the virtues you distribute in your poem , amongst so many noble persons , represent ( in the reading ) the image but of one man's virtue to my fancy , which is your own . nor was mr. hobbs the only person that commended this poem : for the first and second books were usher'd into the world , by the pens of two of our best poets : viz. mr. waller , and mr. cowley ; which one would have thought might have prov'd a sufficient defence and protection against the snarling criticks . notwithstanding which , four eminent wits of that age , ( two of which were sr. john denham , and mr. donne , ) publisht several copies of verses to sr. william's discredit , under this title , certain verses written by several of the authors friends , to be reprinted with the second edition of gondibert , in octavo lond. . these verses were answer'd ( as mr. wood says n ) by the author himself , with as much , or rather more wit , and little or no concern for their raillery , rather seeming to sport at , and pity their want of sence . the title of his answer is , the incomparable poem gondibert vindicated from the wit-combats of four esquires ; clinias , dametas , sancho , and jack pudding , printed in octavo lond. . the books being scarce , i shall for the readers diversion , chuse one out of each of these , as a sample of the rest : and amongst the former i shall pitch upon that copy which reflects on the commendations given by those great men above-mention'd o . the author upon himself . i am old davenant with my fustian quill ; tho' skill i have not , i must be writing still on gondibert , that is not worth a fart . waller , & cowley , 't is true , have prais'd my book ; but how untruly all they that read may look ; nor can old hobbs . defend me from dry bobbs . then no more i 'll dabble , nor pump fancy dry , to compose a fable , shall make will. crofts to cry , o gentle knight , thou writ'st to them that shite . sr. william's answer p the author upon himself . false as foolish ! what turn felo de me ? davenant kill davenant ! no , the whole world does see my gondibert , to be a piece of art. waller and cowley , true , have prais'd my book , and deservedly , nay i did for it look ; he both us robbs , that blames for this old hobbs . write on ( jeer'd will ) and write in pantofle , that 's over pump-ho , and for will crofts his baffle , thou may'st long write , that writ'st to them that shite . many other railleries were broacht against him by his enemies , as those lines in sr. john sucklin's session of the poets ; the ballad entitled how daphne pays his debts q , and others which i might insert ; but i think 't is time to leave these trifles , and acquaint my readers , who are delighted with criticismes , that they may find more serious animad versions on this poem , in the english preface written by that admirable critick mr. rymer , to his translation of monsieur rapin's reflections on aristotle's treatise of poesy , printed o lond. . this great man died on the seventh day of april . aged , and was buried amongst the poets in westminster-abby , near to his old antagonist , and rival for the bays , mr. thomas may. 't was observ'd , that at his funeral his coffin wanted the ornament of his laureats crown , which by the law of heraldry justly appertain'd to him : but this omission is sufficiently recompenc'd by an eternal fame , which will always accompany his memory ; he having been the first introducer of all that is splendid in our english opera's , and 't is by his means and industry , that our stage at present rivals the italian theatre . i shall conclude his character , with that account which mr. dryden has formerly given of him , which is the more valuable , because the commendation of his predecessors is seldome the subject of his pen. in the time r ( says he ) that i writ with sr. william davenant , i had the opportunity to observe somewhat more nearly of him , than i had formerly done , when i had only a bare acquaintance with him . i found him then of so quick a fancy , that nothing was propos'd to him on which he could not suddenly produce a thought extreamly pleasant and surprising : and those first thoughts of his , contrary to the old latine proverb , were not always the least happy . and as his fancy was quick , so likewise were the products of it remote and new . he borrow'd not of any other ; and his imaginations were such , as could not enter into any other man. his corrections were sober and judicious : and he corrected his own writings much more severely than those of another man ; bestowing twice the labour and time in polishing , which he us'd in invention . si sic omnia dixisset , — dr. charles davenant . this gentleman ( as i suppose ) is now living : being son of the above-mention'd sr. william davenant , and dr. of laws . he has ( as i have been inform'd ) a share in the present theatre , in right of his father ; and is jointly impower'd with the master of the revels , to inspect the plays design'd for the stage , that no immoralities may be presented . this gentleman has writ a play call'd circe , a tragedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . the prologue was writ by mr. dryden , and the epilogue by the late earl of rochester . this play i have seen acted with good applause . the plot is founded on poetical history . see ovid's metamorph. lib. . see besides boccace , phil bergomensis , nat. comes , &c. the scenes and machines may give it a title to that species of dramatick poetry , call'd an opera . robert davenport . the author of two plays in the reign of king charles the martyr ; tho' not publisht till the reign of king charles the second : viz. city night-cap , or crede quod habes , & habes . a tragi-comedy , acted with great applause , by her majesties servants at the phoenix in drury lane ; printed in quarto lond. . the plot of lorenzo , philippo , and abstemia , is borrow'd from the novel of the curious impertinent in the romance of don quixot , part . ch. , , . and that of lodovico , francisco , and dorothea , from boccace's novels , day . novel . on which likewise part of mr. ravenscroft's london cuckolds is built . king john , and matilda , a tragedy acted with great applause , by her majesties servants at the cock-pit in drury-lane , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable mountague bertie earl of lindsey ; by the publisher andrew pennycuicke , who acted the part of matilda , women in those times not having appear'd on the stage . for the plot read the english chronicles that have given an account of the reign of king john ; as mathew paris , polydore vergil , hollingshead , grafton , danyel , martin , stow , speed , baker , churchil , &c. robert daborn , alias dauborne . this gentleman liv'd in the reign of king james the first , and was a master of arts , tho' of which university i am uncertain . he writ two plays , viz. christian turn'd turk , or the tragical lives and deaths of the two famous pirates ward and dansiker : a tragedy printed in quarto lond. . for the story i refer you to a piece call'd barker's overthrow of captain ward and dansiker , two pirates : printed in quarto lond. . from which narrative , i suppose our author borrow'd the story . poor man's comfort , a tragi-comedy divers times acted at the cock-pit in drury-lane , with great applause , and printed in o lond. . tho' this author in his epistle to his christian turn'd turk , speaks of his former labours ; it has not been my fortune to have seen any of them . there is a sermon written by one robert daborn , on zach. . . printed in octavo lond. . whether this were the same with our author i know not , but 't is probable it might be , and that he was a divine , by this distick which i find in an old copy on the time poets ; dawbourn i had forgot , and let it be , he dy'd amphibion by the ministry . john day . this author liv'd in the reign of king james the first , and was sometime student of cains-colleage in cambridge . he has written six plays , if his parliament of bees may pass under that species ; as the authors of all former catalogues have plac'd it . blind beggar of bednal-green , with the merry humour of tom stroud the norfolk yeoman , divers times publickly acted by the princes servants , printed in quarto london . for the plot as far as it concerns history , consult the writers on the reign of king henry the sixth : as fabian , caxton , du chesne , pol. vergil , grafton , stow , speed , &c. humour out of breath , a comedy said to be writ by our author , but which i never saw , and therefore can say nothing of it . isle of gulls , a comedy often acted in the black fryars , by the children of the revels , printed in o lond. . this is a good play , and is founded on the incomparable sr. philip sidney's arcadia : a romance of that esteem , that besides the frequent editions of it in english , i have seen it translated for the use of forreigners , both in the french and dutch tongues . law tricks , or who would have thought it , a comedy divers times acted by the children of the revels , and printed in quarto lond. . parliament of bees , with their proper characters , or a bee-hive furnisht with twelve honey-combs , as pleasant as profitable : being an allegorical description of the actions of good and bad men in these our days , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the worthy gentleman mr. george butler , professor of the arts liberal , and true patron of neglected poesy . travels of the three english brothers , sr. thomas , sr. anthony , and mr. robert shirley ; a history play'd by her majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to honors favourites , and the intire friends of the family of the shirleys . in the composure of this play our author was assisted by mr. william rowley , and mr. george wilkins . the foundation of it may be read in several english writers , and chronicles ; particularly i have seen it in dr. fuller's worthies , in his description of sussex s . where the author speaking of the subject of this comedy says thus : as to the performances of these three brethren , i know the affidavit of a poet carries but a small credit in the court of history , and the comedy made of them is but a friendly foe to their memory , as suspected more accommodated to please the present spectators , than to inform posterity . however as the belief of mitio ( when an inventory of his adopted sons misdemeanors was brought to him ) embrac'd a middle and moderate way , nec omnia credere , nec nihil ; neither to believe all things , nor nothing of what was told him : so in the list of their atchievements , we may safely pitch on the same proportion , and when abatement is made for poetical embelishments , the remainder will speak them worthy in their generations . when our author died i know not , but i have read an elegy written on him by his friend mr. tateham t , which begins thus ; don phoebus now hath lost his light , and left his rule unto the night ; and cynthia she hath overcome the day , and darkned the sun : whereby we now have lost our hope , of gaining day in 's horoscope , &c. at this jingling rate he runs on the end , much after the rate of a gentleman of lincolns inn , who writ a more ingenious poem , upon the transactions between a landlord and his tenant day , who privately departed from him by night ; printed in a single sheet , lond. . to shew the parallel give me leave to transcribe the first six lines , by which the reader may guess at the rest. here night , and day conspire a secret flight ; for day they say is gone away by night . the day is past , but landlord where 's your rent , you might ha'seen , that day was almost spent . day sold , and did put off what e're he might , tho' it was ne're so dark , day would be light. thomas decker . a poet that liv'd in the reign of king james the first , and was contemporary with that admirable laureat , mr. benjamin johnson . he was more famous for the contention he had with him for the bays , than for any great reputation he had gain'd by his own writings . yet even in that age , he wanted not his admirers , nor his friends amongst the poets : in which number i reckon the ingenious mr. richard brome ; who always stil'd him by the title of father . he clubb'd with webster in writing three plays ; and with rowley and ford in another : and i think i may venture to say , that these plays as far exceed those of his own brain , as a platted whip-cord exceeds a single thread in strength . of those which he writ alone , i know none of much esteem , except the untrussing the humourous poet , and that chiefly on account of the subject of it , which was the witty ben johnson . he has had a hand in twelve plays , eight whereof were of his own writing . of all which i shall give an account , in their alphabetical order , as follows ; fortunatus , a comedy ; of which i can give no other account than that i once barely saw it and is printed in quarto . honest whore , the first part ; a comedy , with the humours of the patient man , and the longing wife , acted by her majesties servants with great applause ; printed in o lond. . honest whore , the second part ; a comedy , with the humours of the patient man , the impatient wife ; the honest whore , perswaded by strong arguments to turn curtizan again : her brave refuting those arguments ; and lastly the comical passage of an italian bridewel , where the scene ends : printed in quarto lond. . this play i believe was never acted , neither is it divided into acts. the passage between the patient man , and his impatient wife 's going to fight for the breeches , with the happy event , is exprest by sr. john harrington in verse . see his epigrams at the end of orlando furioso , book . epigr. . if this be not a good play , the devil is in it , a comedy acted with great applause , by the queen's majesties servants , at the red bull ; printed lond. — and dedicated to his loving , and loved friends and fellows , the queens majesties servants : by which he means the actors . the beginning of his play , seems to be writ in imitation of matchiavel's novel of belphegor : where pluto summons the devils to councel . match me in london , a tragi-comedy often presented , first at the bull in st. john's street , and lately at the private-house in drury-lane , call'd the phoenix ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the noble lover ( and deservedly beloved ) of the muses , lodowick carlel esquire . some account this a tolerable old play. northward-ho , a comedy sundry times acted by the children of pauls , printed in quarto lond. . this play was writ by our author , and john webster . the plot of greenshield and featherstone's pretending to mayberry that they had both lain with his wife , and how they came to the knowledge of each other by her ring , act . sc. . is founded on a novel which is in the ducento novelle del signior celio malespini , par. . nov. . satyromastix , or the untrussing the humourous poet , a comical satyr presented publickly by the right honourable the lord chamberlain's servants , and privately by the children of pauls , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the world. this play was writ on the occasion of ben johnson 's poetaster , where under the title of chrispinus , ben lash'd our author , which he endeavour'd to retaliate by untrussing ben under the title of horace junior . this play is far inferior to that of mr. johnson , as indeed his abilities in poetry were no ways comparable to his : but this may be said in our author's behalf , that 't was not only lawful , but excusable for him to defend himself : pray therefore hear part of his defense in his own language , and then censure as you please . horace ( says he u ) trail'd his poetasters to the bar , the poetasters untruss'd horace ; how worthily either , or how wrongfully , ( world ) leave it to the jury : horace ( questionless ) made himself believe that his burgonian-wit might desperately challenge all comers , and that none durst take up the foyles against him . it s likely , if he had not so believ'd , he had not been so deceiv'd , for he was answer'd at his own weapon : and if before apollo himself ( who is coronator poetarum ) an inquisition should be taken touching this lamentable merry murdering of innocent poetry : all mount hellicon to bun-hill , would find it on the poetasters side se defendando . westward-ho , a comedy divers times acted by the children of pauls , and printed in quarto lond. . this was writ by our author and mr. webster . whore of babylon , an history , acted by the prince's servants , and printed in quarto lond. . the design of this play is under feign'd names to set forth the admirable virtues of queen elizabeth , and the dangers which she escap'd , by the happy discovery of those designs against her sacred person by the jesuites , and other biggoted papists . the queen is shadow'd under the title of titania ; rome under that of babylon ; campian the jesuite is represented by the name of campeius ; dr. parry by parridel , &c. wyat's history , a play said to be writ by him and webster , and printed in quarto . tho' i never saw this play , yet i suppose the subject of it is sr. thomas wyat of kent , who made an insurrection in the first year of queen mary to prevent her match with philip of spain : but as this is only conjecture , i must rest in suspence till i can see the play. besides these plays he joyn'd with rowley and ford in a play call'd the witch of edmonton , of which you will find an account in william rowley . there are four other plays ascrib'd to our author , in which he is said by mr. philips x and mr. winstanley y to be an associate with john webster ; viz. noble stranger ; new trick to cheat the devil ; weakest goes to the wall ; woman will have her will. in all which they are mistaken ; for the first was written by lewis sharp , and the other by anonymous authors . sir john denham , knight of the bath . a poet of the first form , whose virtue and memory will ever be as dear to all lovers of poetry , as his person was to majesty it self ; i mean , king charles the first , and second . he was the only son of sir john denham of little horesly in essex , but born at dublin in ireland . his father being at the time of his nativity a judge of that kingdome , and lord chief baron of the exchequer . but before the foggy air of that climate , could influence , or any way adulterate his mind , he was brought from thence his father being prefer'd to be one of the barons of the exchequer in england . at sixteen years of age , in the year . he was taken from school , and sent to the university of oxford , where he became a member of trinity colledge . in this society he spent some years ; after he was remov'd again to london , and follow'd the study of the civil law. the civil war breaking out , this honourable person exerted his loyalty so far , that upon the voluntary offer of his service , he was intrusted by the queen , to deliver a message to his majesty , z who at that time ( viz. in . ) was in the hands of the army . by hugh peters's assistance he got admittance to the king , who was then at causham , and having deliver'd his instructions , his majesty was pleased to discourse very freely with him of the whole state of affairs ; and at his departure from hampton-court , he was pleas'd to command him to stay privately in london , to send to him , and to receive from him all his letters from and to all his correspondents at home and abroad ; and he was further furnisht with nine cyphers in order to it : which trust he performed with great safety to the persons with whom he corresponded ; but about nine months after , being discover'd by their knowledge of mr. cowley's hand , he happily escap'd beyond sea both for himself , and those that held correspondence with him . he got safe to his majesty king charles the second , and during his attendance on the king in holland and france , his majesty was pleas'd sometimes to give him arguments , to divert and put off the evil hours of their banishment , which ( as he modestly expresses himself ) now and then fell not short of his majesty's expectation . at his majesty's departure from st. germains to jersey , he was pleas'd without any sollicitation , to confer upon sir john , the office of surveyor general of all his majesties royal buildings ; and at his coronation , created him knight of the bath . this honor he enjoy'd eight years , and then surrender'd up his honor with his soul , on the tenth day of march in the year . at his house near white-hall , and was buried the twenty-third instant at westminster , amongst those noble poets , chaucer , spencer , and cowley . after this abridgment of his life , i am next to give you a summary of his works . they consist of poems , part of which are translations ; as the destruction of troy , an essay on the second book of virgil's aeneis , the passion of dido for aeneas , being the later part of the fourth book ; sarpedon's speech to glaucus , being part of the twelfth book of homer ; two pieces from the italian of mancini , upon the two first cardinal virtues , prudence , and justice , &c. others , are his own productions , amongst which his coopers hill is most commended ; a poem , which ( in the opinion of mr. dryden a , who is without contradiction a very able judge in poetry ) for the majesty of the stile , is , and ever will be , the exact standard of good writing . his verses on sir william fanshaw's translation of il pastor fido , and his preface to the destruction of troy , shew sufficiently his judgment , and his translations themselves his genius , for peformances of that nature : and admitting it true , that few versions deserve praise ; yet his are to be excepted from the general rule . his elegy on mr. cowley , ( part of which we have transcribed already in the account of that great man b , will make his name famous to posterity : and there wants nothing to eternise his name , but a pen equal to his , ( if any such were to be found ) to perform the like friendly office to his manes . he has writ but one play , but by that specimen we may judge of his ability in dramatick , as well as epick poesy ; this play being generally commended . 't is call'd the sophy , a tragedy , acted at the private-house in black-friars with good applause : 't was first printed in quarto lond. . but since publisht with his poems and translations ; all which are dedicated to king charles the second . the last edition being printed in octavo lond. . for the plot of this play , it is the same with that of baron's mirza , ( which story you may find in herberts travels ) tho' differently handled by each poet : and tho' it has been objected by mr. baron , that our author kills abbas in this tragedy , who really surviv'd some years after the murther of his son ; it may be answer'd , that he did only poetical justice , and took no other liberty than what is allow'd by horace c : — pictoribus atque poetis quidlihet audendi semper suit aequa potestas . john dover . a gentleman of whom i can give no other account than what i learn from a play he has written ; viz that he was of grays-inn ; and that to divert himself after the fatigue of the law , he employ'd himself in reading history , the effects whereof produc'd the roman generals , or the distressed ladies , a play written in heroick verse , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable robert lord brook. the plot , as far as it concerns history , may be read in plutarch's lives of caesar and pompey ; see besides suetonius , lucan , &c. but the author has not ( as he himself owns d altogether follow'd , nor yet declin'd history , least by the one , his play might be took for a piece translated out of livy , or lucan , or by the other for an idle romance ; but like the traveller for delight , he has sometimes follow'd and sometimes quitted his rode. this play , as i conjecture from the prologue and epilogue was never acted , they being rather address'd to the stationers customers , than the audience . john dryden , esq a person whose writings have made him remarkable to all sorts of men , as being for a long time much read , and in great vogue . it is no wonder that the characters given of him , by such as are , or would be thought wits , are various ; since even those , who are generally allow'd to be such , are not yet agreed in their verdicts . and as their judgments are different , as to his writings ; so are their censures no less repugnant to the managery of his life , some excusing what these condemn , and some exploding what those commend . so that we can scarce find them agreed in any one thing , save this , that he was poet laureat and historiographer to his late majesty . for this , and other reasons , i shall wave all particularities of his life ; and let pass the historiographer , that i may keep the closer to the poet , toward whom i shall use my accustom'd freedome ; and having spoken my sentiments of his predecessors writings , shall venture without partiality , to exercise my slender judgment in giving a censure of his works . dryden . his genius seems to me to incline to tragedy and satyr , rather than comedy : and methinks he writes much better in heroicks , than in blank verse . his very enemies must grant that there his numbers are sweet , and flowing ; that he has with success practic'd the new way of versifying introduc'd by his predecessor mr. waller , and follow'd since with success , by sr. john denham , and others . but for comedy , he is for the most part beholding to french romances and plays , not only for his plots , but even a great part of his language : tho' at the same time , he has the confidence to prevaricate , if not flatly deny the accusation , and equivocally to vindicate himself ; as in the preface to the mock astrologer : where he mentions thomas corneille's le feint astrologue becaus'd 't was translated , and the theft prov'd upon him ; but never says one word of molliere's depit amoreux , from whence the greatest part of wild-blood and jacinta , ( which he owns are the chiefest parts of the play ) are stollen . i cannot pass by his vanity e in saying , that those who have called virgil , terence and tasso , plagiaries ( tho' they much injur'd them ) had yet a better colour for their accusation : nor his confidence in sheltring himself under the protection of their great names , by affirming , that he is able to say the same for his play , that he urges for their poems ; viz. that the body of his play is his own , and so are all the ornaments of language , and elocution in them . i appeal only to those who are vers'd in the french tongue , and will take the pains to compare this comedy with the french plays above-mention'd ; if this be not somewhat more than mental reservation , or to use one of his own expressions , f a sophisticated truth , with an allay of lye in 't . nor are his characters less borrow'd in his tragedies , and the serious parts of his tragi-comedies ; as i shall observe in the sequel . it shall suffice me at present , to shew how magisterially he huffs at , and domineers over , the french in his preface to the conquest of granada . i shall never ( says he ) subject my characters to the french standard ; where love and honour are to be weigh'd by drams and and scruples : yet , where i have design'd the patterns of exact virtue , such as in this play are the parts of almahide , of ozmyn , and benzaida , i may safely challenge the best of theirs . now the reader is desir'd to observ , that all the characters of that play are stolle , from the french : so that mr. dryden took a secure way to conquest , for having robb'd them of their weapons , he might safely challenge them and beat them too , especially having gotten ponce de leon g on his side , in disguise , and under the title of almanzor : and should monsieur de voiture presume to lay claim to his own song l'amour sous sa loy &c. h which mr. dryden has robb'd him of , and plac'd in the play of sr. martin marr-all , ( being that song which begins blind love to this hour &c. ) our poet would go nigh to beat him with a staff of his own rimes , with as much ease , as sr. martin defeated the bailiffs in rescue of his rival . but had he only extended his conquests over the french poets , i had not medled in this affair , and he might have taken part with achilles , and rinaldo , against cyrus , and oroondates , without my engaging in this forreign war : but when i found him flusht with his victory over the great scudery , and with almanzor's assistance triumphing over the noble kingdome of granada ; and not content with conquests abroad , like another julius caesar , turning his arms upon his own country ; and as if the proscription of his contemporaries reputation , were not sufficient to satiate his implacable thirst after fame , endeavouring to demolish the statues and monuments of his ancestors , the works of those his illustrious predecessors , shakespear , fletcher , and johnson : i was resolv'd to endeavour the rescue and preservation of those excellent trophies of wit , by raising the posse-comitatus upon this poetick almanzor , to put a stop to his spoils upon his own country-men . therefore i present my self a champion in the dead poets cause , to vindicate their fame , with the same courage , tho' i hope different integrity than almanzor engag'd in defence of queen almahide , when he bravely swore like a hero , that his cause was right , and she was innocent ; tho' just before the combat , when alone , he own'd he knew her false : i i have out-fac'd my self , and justify'd what i knew false to all the world beside . she was as faithless as her sex could be ; and now i am alone , she 's so to me . but to wave this digression , and proceed to the vindication of the ancients ; which that i may the better perform , for the readers diversion , and that mr. dryden may not tell me , that what i have said , is but gratis dictum , i shall set down the heads of his depositions against our ancient english poets , and then endeavour the defence of those great men , who certainly deserv'd much better of posterity , than to be so disrespectively treated as he has used them . mr. shakespear as first in seniority i think ought to lead the van , and therefore i shall give you his account of him as follows k : shakespear who many times has written better than any poet in any language , is yet so far from writing wit always , or expressing that wit according to the dignity of the subject , that he writes in many places below — the dullest writers of ours , or any precedent age. he is the very janus of poets ; he wears almost every where two faces : and you have scarce begun to admire the one , e're you despise the other . speaking of mr. shakespear's plots , he says they were lame , l and that many of them were made up of some ridiculous , incoherent story , which in one play , many times took up the business of an age. i suppose ( says he ) i need not name pericles prince of tyre , nor the historical plays of shakespear ; besides many of the rest , as the winters tale , love's labour lost , measure for measure , which were either grounded on impossibilities , or at least so meanly written , that the comedy neither caused your mirth , nor the serious part your concernment . he says further , m most of shakespear's plays , i mean the stories of them , are to be found in the heccatomouthi , or hundred novels of cinthio . i have my self read in his italian , that of romeo and juliet ; the moor of venice , and many others of them . he characterises mr. fletcher , who writ after mr. shakespear n , as a person that neither understood correct plotting , nor that which they call the decorum of the stage : of which he gives several instances out of philaster , humourous lieutenant , and faithful shepherdess ; which are too long to be here inserted . in another place he speaks of fletcher thus o ; neither is the luxuriance of fletcher a less fault than the carelesness of shakespear . he does not well always , and when he does , he is a true english-man ; he knows not when to give over . if he wakes in one scene , he commonly slumbers in another : and if he pleases you in the first three acts , he is frequently so tired with his labour , that he goes heavily in the fourth , and sinks under his burthen in the fifth . speaking of his plots , p he says , beaumont and fletcher had most of theirs from spanish novels : witness the chances , the spanish curate , rule a wife and have a wife , the little french lawyer , and so many others of them as compose the greatest part of their volume in folio . as to the great ben johnson he deals not much better with him , though he would be thought to admire him ; and if he praise him in one page , he wipes it out in another : thus tho he calls him the most judicious of poets q , and inimitable writer , yet , he says , his excellency lay in the low characters of vice , and folly. when at any time ( says he ) ben aim'd at wit in the stricter sence , that is sharpness of conceit , he was forc'd to borrow from the ancients , ( as to my knowledge he did very much from plautus : ) or when he trusted himself alone , often fell into meanness of expression . nay he was not free from the lowest and most groveling kind of wit , which we call clenobes ; of which every man in his humour is infinitely full , and which is worse , the wittiest persons in the dramma speak them . these are his own words , and his judgment of these three great men in particular , now take his opinion of them all in general , which is as follows ; r but mance and partiality set apart , let any man , who understands english , read diligently the works of shakespear and fletcher ; and i dare undertake that he will find in every page , either some solecisme in speech , or some notorious flaw in sence . in the next page ; speaking of their sence and language , he says , i dare almost challenge any man to shew me a page together which is correct in both . as for ben johnson i am loath to name him , because he is a most judicious author , yet he often falls into these errors . speaking of their wit , he gives it this character s , i have always acknowledg'd the wit of our predecessors , with all the veneration that becomes me ; but i am sure , their wit was not that of gentlemen ; there was ever somewhat that was ill-bred and clownish in it : and which confest the conversation of the authors . speaking of the advantage which acrues to our writing , from conversation , he says t , in the age wherein those poets liv'd , there was less of gallantry , than in ours ; neither did they keep the best company of theirs . their fortune has been much like that of epicurus , in the retirement of his gardens : to live almost unknown , and to be celebrated after their decease . i cannot find that any of them were conversant in courts , except ben johnson : and his genius lay not so much that way , as to make an improvement by it . he gives this character of their audiences u ; they knew no better , and therefore were satisfied with what they brought . those who call theirs the golden age of poetry , have only this reason for it , that they were then content with acorns , before they knew the use of bread ; or that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was become a proverb . these are errors which mr. dryden has found out in the most correct dramatick poets of the last age , and says x in defence of our present writers , that if they reach not some excellencies of ben johnson , yet at least they are above that meanness of thought which he has tax'd , and which is so frequent in him . after this he falls upon the gentlemen of the last age in a character , which ( as bayes says ) is sheer point and satyr throughout y ; for after having droll'd upon them , calling them old fellows , grave gentlemen , &c. he summes up his evidence , and sings an io triumphe ; ascribing his victory to the gallantry and civility of this age , and to his own knowledge of the customs and manners of it . i must do mr. dryden this justice , to acquaint the world , that here , and there in this postscript , he intersperses some faint praises of these authors ; and beggs the reader 's pardon for accusing them z , desiring him to consider that he lives in age where his least faults are severely censur'd , and that he has no way left to extenuate his failings , but by shewing as great in those whom he admires . whether this be a sufficient excuse or no , i leave to the criticks : but sure i am that this procedure seems exactly agreeable to the character which an ingenious person draws of a malignant wit , a who conscious of his own vices , and studious to conceal them , endeavours by detraction to make it appear that others also of greater estimation in the world , are tainted with the same or greater : as infamous women generally excuse their personal debaucheries , by incriminating upon their whole sex , callumniating the most chast and virtuous , to palliate their own dishonour . but 't is not the poets only that mr. dryden attacks , for had i time , i could easily prove he has almanzor-like fell foul upon almost all religions , parties , and orders of mankind ; so that whilst he was apollo's substitute , he has play'd as odd tricks , and been as mad as his own wild-bull which he turn'd loose in sierra ronda b ; whilst monarch-like he rang'd the listed field , some toss'd , some gor'd , some trampling down he kill'd . and as if by being laureat , he were as infallible as st. peter's successor ; and had as large a despotick power as pope stephanus the sixth to damn his predecessors ; he has assaulted with all the bitterness imaginable not only the church of england , but also ridicul'd the several professions of the lutherans , calvinists , socinians , presbyterians , hugonots , anabaptists , independents , quakers , &c. tho' i must observe by the way , that some people among the perswasions here mention'd might justly have expected better usage from him on account of old acquaintance in the year . but this being at present foreign to my subject , i shall not after an act of oblivion revive forgotten crimes , but go on with the thing i have undertook , ( to wit ) the defence of the poets of the last age. were mr. dryden really as great a scholar , as he would have the world believe him to be ; he would have call'd to mind , that homer , whom he professeth to imitate , had set him a better pattern of gratitude , who mentions with respect and kindness his master phemis , mentor of ithaca , and even tychius , the honest leather-dresser . had he follow'd virgil , whom he would be thought to esteem ; instead of reproaches , he had heap'd panegyricks , on the ashes of his illustrious predecessors : and rather than have tax'd them with their errors in such a rude manner , would have endeavour'd to fix them in the temple of fame , as he did musaeus , and the ancient poets , in elisium , amongst the magnanimous heroes , and teucer's off-spring ; stiling them , c — pii vates , & phoebo digna locuti . had he observ'd ovid's elegy ad invidos d he might have found that good humour'd gentleman , not only commending his predecessors , but even his cotemporaries . but it seems he has follow'd horace , whom he boasts to have studied e , and whom he has imitated in his greatest weakness , i mean his ingratitude : if at least that excellent wit could be guilty of a crime , so much below his breeding ; for the very suspicion of which , scaliger ( who like mr. dryden seldome spares any man , ) has term'd him barbarous f . ingratus horatius , atque animo barbaro atque servili ; qui ne à mecenate quidem abstinere potuit : siquidem quod aiunt , verum est , malthinum ab eo appellatum , cujus demissas notaret tunicas g mr. dryden having imitated the same fact , certainly he deserves the same punishment : and if we may not with scaliger call him barbarous , yet all ingenious men , that know how he has dealt with shakespear , will count him ungrateful ; who by furbishing up an old play , witness the tempest , and troilus and cressida , has got more on the third day , than its probable , ever horace receiv'd from his patron for any one poem in all his life . the like debt he stands engag'd for to the french for several of the plays , he has publisht ; which if they exceed mr. shakespear in oeconomy , and contrivance , 't is that mr. dryden's plays owe their advantage to his skill in the french tongue , or to the age , rather than his own conduct , or performances . honest shakespear was not in those days acquainted with those great wits , scudery , calpranede , scarron , corneille , &c. he was as much a stranger to french as latine , ( in which , if we believe ben johnson , he was a very small proficient ; ) and yet an humble story of dorastus and fawnia , serv'd him for a winter's tale , as well as the grand cyrus , or the captive queen , could furnish out a laureat for a conquest of granada . shakespear's measure for measure , however despis'd by mr. dryden with his much ado about nothing , were believ'd by sr. william davenant , ( who i presume had as much judgment as sir positive at-all h ) to have wit enough in them to make one good play. to conclude , if mr. shakespear's plots are more irregular than those of mr. dryden's ( which by some will not be allow'd ) 't is because he never read aristotle , or rapin ; and i think tasso's arguments to apollo in defence of his gierusalemme liberata may be pleaded in our author's behalf . i che solo havea ubbidito al talento , che gli havea dato la natura , & al inspiratione della sua serenissima calliope ; che per ciò li pareva di compitamente haver sodisfatto a gli obblighi tutti della poetica , nella quale sua maestà non havendo prescritto legge alcuna , non sapea veder con qual autorità aristotile havesse publicato le regole di essa : e ch' egli non mai havendo udito dire , che in parnasso st●desse altro signore , che sua maestà , e le sue serenissime dive , il suo peccato di non havere ubbidito a' commandamenti d' aristotile era proceduto da mera ignoranza , non da malitia alcuna . the sence of which is thus ; that he had only observ'd the talent which nature had given him , and which his calliope had inspired into him : wherein he thought he had fulfill'd all the duties of poetry , and that his majesty having prescrib'd no laws thereunto , he knew not with what authority aristotle had published any rules to be observed in it : and that he never having heard that there was any other lord in parnassus but his majesty , his fault in not having observ'd aristotle's rules , was , an error of ignorance , and not of any malice . as to mr. fletcher , should we grant that he understood not the decorum of the stage , as mr. dryden , and mr. flecknoe before him in his discourse on the english stage , observe ; his errors on that account , are more pardonaable than those of the former , who pretends so well to know it , and yet has offended against some of its most obvious and established rules . witness porphirius k his attempt to kill the emperor whose subject he was , and who offer'd to adopt him his son , and give him his daughter in marriage . philocles l joining with prince lisimantes in taking the queen prisoner , who rais'd him to be her chief favourite m . if to wound a woman be an indecency and contrary to the character of manhood , of which he accuses philaster , * and perigot : * than mr. dryden has equally offended with mr. fletcher , since he makes abdelmelech kill lyndaraxa n . if it be contrary to the decorum of the stage for demetrius and leontius to stay in the midst of a routed army , to hear the cold mirth of the humourous lieutenant o 't is certainly no less , to stay the queen and her court , to hear the cold mirth of celadon and florimel about their marriage covenants , whilst the main action is depending p . if mr. fletcher be tax'd by mr. dryden q for introducing demetrius with a pistol in his hand ( in the humourous lieutenant ) in the next age to alexander the great : i think mr. dryden committed as great a blunder in his zambra dance r , where he brought in the mahometans bowing to the image of jupiter . i could give you several other instances , but these are enough to shew , that mr. dryden is no more infallible than his predecessors . as to his failing in the two last acts , ( a fault cicero sometimes alludes to , and blames in an idle poet ; s ) its more to be imputed to his laziness , than his want of judgment . i have either read , or been inform'd , ( i know not well whether ) that 't was generally mr. fletcher's practice , after he had finish'd three acts ●f a play to shew them to the actors , and when they had agreed on terms , he huddled up the two last without that care that behoov'd him ; which gave opportunity to such friends as mr. dryden to traduce him . this , tho' no just excuse , yet i believe was known to mr. dryden before , and therefore ought not as an act of ignorance , to have been urg'd so fiercely against him . as to his plots being borrow'd , 't is what is allowed by scaliger , and others ; and what has been practic'd by mr. dryden , more than by any poet that i know : so that he of all men living had no reason to throw the first stone at him . but mr. dryden is of the nature of those satyrists describ'd by scaliger t ; commune est omnibus profiteri sese omnium pene hostem ; paucissimorum parcissimum laudatorem : se quoque vulnerare ut alios interficere liceat ; nam ne amicis quidem parcunt . to come lastly to ben johnson , who ( as mr. dryden affirms u , ) has borrow'd more from the ancients than any : i crave leave to say in his behalf , that our late laureat has far out-done him in thefts , proportionable to his writings : and therefore he is guilty of the highest arrogance , to accuse another of a crime , for which he is most of all men liable to be arraign'd . x quis tulerit gracchos de seditione querenteis ? i must further alledge that mr. johnson in borrowing from the ancients , has only follow'd the pattern of the great men of former ages , homer , virgil , ovid , horace , plautus , terence , seneca , &c. all which have imitated the example of the industrious bee , which sucks honey from all sorts of flowers , and lays it up in a general repository . 't would be actum agere to repeat what is known to all learned men ; that there was an illiad written before that of homer , which aristotle mentions ; and from which , ( by suidas , aelian , and others , ) homer is supposed to have borrow'd his design . virgil copied from hesiod , homer , pisander , euripides , theocritus , aratus , ennius , pacuvius , lucretius , and others ; as may be seen in macrobius , and fulvio ursini , which last author has writ a particular treatise of his thefts . notwithstanding he accounted it no diminution to his worth , but rather gloried in his imitation : for when some snarling criticks had accus'd him for having borrow'd his design from homer , he reply'd ; 't is the act of an hero , to wrest hercules's club out of his hand . besides he not only acknowledges in particular his making use of hesiod , y ascraeumque cano romana per oppida carmen : but extreamly glories in his being the first latine poet that had treated on country affairs : — juvat ire jugis , qua nulla priorum castaliam molli diducitur orbita clivo . ovid not only took the design of his metamorphosis , from the foremention'd parthenius : but even horace himself notwithstanding his hypercritical sentence against such as undertook that province , and did not well acquit themselves , stiling them z . — imitatorum stultum pecus , — yet , i say , he himself not only imitated lucilius in his satyrs , and followed aristotle in his epistle de arte poetica : but also translated verbatim those fragments of the greeks , which in some editions are to be found at the end of pindar's works , and inserted them in his first book of odes , as might be easily made appear , were it not too long a discursion . for this reason i shall only speak succinctly of the latine dramatick poets , most of which were imitators at least , if not wholly beholding to the greek poets for their productions . thus seneca in his tragedies imitated euripides , and aeschylus ; terence borrow'd from menander , and in his prologue to andria , quotes naevius , plautus , and ennius for his authority . i could enumerate more instances , but these are sufficient precedents to excuse mr. johnson . permit me to say farther in his behalf , that if in imitation of these illustrious examples , and models of antiquity , he has borrow'd from them , as they from each other ; yet that he attempted , and as some think , happily succeeded in his endeavours of surpassing them : insomuch that a certain person of quality a makes a question , whether any of the wit of the latine poets be more terse and eloquent in their tongue , than this great and learned poet appears in ours . whether mr. dryden , who has likewise succeeded to admiration in this way , or mr. johnson have most improv'd , and best advanc'd what they have borrow'd from the ancients , i shall leave to the decision of the abler criticks : only this i must say , in behalf of the later , that he has no ways endeavour'd to conceal what he has borrow'd , as the former has generally done . nay , in his play call'd sejanus he has printed in the margent throughout , the places from whence he borrow'd : the same he has practic'd in several of his masques , ( as the reader may find in his works ; ) a pattern , which mr. dryden would have done well to have copied , and had thereby sav'd me the trouble of the following annotations . there is this difference between the proceedings of these poets , that mr. johnson has by mr. dryden's confession b design'd his plots himself ; whereas i know not any one play , whose plot may be said to be the product of mr. dryden's own brain . when mr. johnson borrow'd , 't was from the treasury of the ancients , which is so far from any diminution of his worth , that i think it is to his honor ; it least-wise i am sure he is justified by his son carthwright , in the following lines c : what tho' thy searching muse did rake the dust of time , & purge old mettals from their rust ? is it no labour , no art , think they , to snatch shipwracks from the deep , as divers do ? and rescue jewels from the covetous sand , making the seas hid wealth adorn the land ? what tho' thy culling muse did rob the store of greek and latine gardens , to bring o're plants to thy native soil ? their virtue were improv'd far more , by being planted here : if thy still to their essence doth refine so many drugs , is not the water thine ? thefts thus become just works ; they and their grace are wholly thine ; thus doth the stamp and face make that the king's that's ravish'd from the mine ; in others then 't is oar , in thee 't is coin. on the contrary , tho' mr. dryden has likewise borrow'd from the greek and latine poets , as sophocles , virgil , horace , seneca , &c. which i purposely omit to tax him with , as thinking what he has taken to be lawful prize : yet i cannot but observe withal ; that he has plunder'd the chief italian , spanish , and french wits for forage , notwithstanding his pretended contempt of them : and not only so , but even his own countrymen have been forc'd to pay him tribute , or to say better , have not been exempt from being pillag'd . this i shall sufficiently make out in the examen of his plays ; in the mean time , give me leave to say a word , or two , in defence of mr. johnson's way of wit , which mr. dryden calls clenches . there have been few great poets which have not propos'd some eminent author for their pattern , ( examples of this would be needless and endless . ) mr. johnson propos'd plautus for his model , and not only borrow'd from him , but imitated his way of wit in english . there are none who have read him , but are acquainted with his way of playing with words : i will give one example for all , which the reader may find in the very entrance of his works ; i mean the prologue to amphitruo . justam rem & facilem oratum à vobis volo : nam juste ab justis justus sum orator datus . nam injusta ab justis impetrare non decet : justa autem ab injustis petere insipientia'st . nor might this be the sole reason for mr. johnson's imitation , for possibly 't was his compliance with the age that induc'd him to this way of writing , it being then as mr. dryden observes d the mode of wit , the vice of the age , and not ben johnson's : and besides mr. dryden's taxing sir philip sidney for playing with his words , i may add that i find it practis'd by several dramatick poets , who were mr. johnson's cotemporaries : and notwithstanding the advantage which this age claims over the last , we find mr. dryden himself as well as mr. johnson , not only given to clinches ; but sometimes a carwichet , a quarter-quibble , or a bare pun serves his turn , as well as his friend bur in his wild gallant ; and therefore he might have spar'd this reflection , if he had given himself the liberty of thinking . as to his reflections on this triumvirate in general : i might easily prove , that his improprieties in grammar , are equal to theirs : and that he himself has been guilty of solecisms in speech , and flaws in sence , as well as shakespear , fletcher , and johnson : but this would be to wast paper and time : and besides ' i consider that apollos laws like those of our own nation , allow no man to be try'd twice for the same crime : and mr. dryden having already been arraign'd before the wits upon the evidence of the rota , and found guilty by mr. clifford the foreman of the jury : i shall suppress my further evidence , till i am serv'd with a subpaena , by him , to appear before that court , or have an action clapp'd upon me by his proctor , as guilty of a scandalum archi-poetae ; and then i shall readily give in my depositions . for these , and the like reasons , i shall at present pass by his dis-obliging reflections on several of his patrons , as well as the poets his cotemporaries : his little arts to set up himself , and decry others ; his dexterity in altering other mens thoughts , so as to make them pass for his own ; his tautologies ; his petty-larcenies , which notwithstanding his stiling of himself saturnine , shew him sufficiently mercurial , at least , if plagiaries may be accounted under the government of that planet . in fine , ( if old moody will allow me to borrow that word ) he resembles vulgar painters , who can tolerably copy after a good original , but either have not judgment , or will not take the pains themselves to design any thing of value . this will easily appear in the following account of his plays , of which i come now to speak . viz. albion and albanius , an opera perform'd at the queen's theatre in dorset-garden , and printed in folio , lond. . the subject of it ( as the author says ) is wholly allegorical ; and the allegory it self so very obvious , that it will no sooner be read , than understood . i need not therefore take the pains to acquaint my reader , that by the man on the pedestal , who is drawn with a long , lean , pale face , with fiends wings , and snakes twisted round his body : and incompast by several phanatical rebellious heads , who suck poyson from him , which runs out of a tap in his side , is meant the late lord shaftsbury , and his adherents . i shall not pretend to pass my censure whether he deserv'd this usage from our author , or no ; but leave it to the judgments of statesmen and polititians . how well our author has drawn his other characters , i shall leave to the decision of the criticks : as also whether monsieur grabut , or our poet deserves the preference ; or either of them merit those applauses which mr. dryden in both their names challenges as their due ; since i find an author of a different opinion , who thus describes them . grabut his yoke-mate ne're shall be forgot , whom th' god of tunes upon a muse begot . bays on a double score to him belongs : as well for writing as for setting songs . for some have sworn , ( th' intrigue so od is laid ) that bayes and he mistook each others trade grabut the lines , and he the musick made . all for love , or the world well lost ; a tragedy acted at the theatre royal ; and written in imitation of shakespear's stile , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable thomas earl of danby . that our author has nearly imitated shakespear is evident by the following instance . in the comedy call'd much ado about nothing e the bastard accuses hero of disloyalty before the prince , and claudio her lover : who ( as surpris'd at the news , ) asks , who ! hero ? bast. even she , leonato's hero , your hero , every mans hero. in this play , f on the like occasion , where ventidius accuses cleopatra , antony says , not cleopatra ! ven. even she my lord ! ant. my cleopatra ? ven. your cleopatra ; dollabella's cleopatra : every mans cleopatra . ex homine hunc natum dicas . our author with justice prefers the scene betwixt antonius and ventidius in the first act , to any thing he has written in that kind : but as to his defence of the scene between octavia and cleopatra , in the end of the third act , there are some criticks who are not yet satisfied , that it is agreeable to the rules of decency and decorum , to make persons of their character demean themselves contrary to the modesty of their sex. for the plot see plutarch in vit. m. ant. suetonius in aug. dion cassius , lib. . . orosius , lib. . cap. . florus , l. . c. . appian de bellis civilibus , l. . amboyna , a tragedy acted at the theatre royal ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable the lord clifford of chudleigh . the plot of this play is founded chiefly on history , being an account of the cruelty of the dutch to our country-men in amboyna , an. dom. . there was a book publisht by the east-india company , which i never saw , but i have read a relation extracted from thence by mr. purchas , and printed in his pilgrimage , vol. ii. l. . ch. . there are several other authors that have mention'd this story , as sanderson's history of king james , pag. . stubb's relation of the dutch cruelties to the english at amboyna , printed in quarto lond. . wanley's history of man , lib. . ch. . ex. . the plot of the rape of isabinda , by harman junior , is founded on a novel in cynthio gyraldi , deca a . nov. . assignation , or love in a nunnery , a comedy acted at the theatre royal , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his most honour'd friend sir charles sidley baronet . this play was damn'd on the stage , or as the author phrases it g , it succeeded-ill in the representation . i shall not pretend to determine , any more than the author , whether the fault was in the play it self , or in the lameness of the action , or in the number of its enemies , who came resolv'd to damn it for the title : but this i know , that his reflections on mr. ravencrofts play , call'd mamamouchi , provok'd him to a retort in another prologue h to a new play of his acted the vacation following , part of which as relating to this play , i shall transcribe . an author did to please you , let his wit run of late , much on a serving-man , and cittern , and yet you would not like the serenade , nay , and you damn'd his nuns in masquerade . you did his spanish sing-song too abhor , ah! que locura con tanto rigor . in fine , the whole by you so much was blam'd , to act their parts the players were asham'd ; ah! how severe your malice was that day ; to damn at once the poet and his play. but why , was your rage just at that time shown , when what the poet writ , was all his own ? till then he borrow●d from romance , and did translate , and those plays found a more indulgent fate . but in this mr. ravencroft is very much deceiv'd , for most of the characters , as well as the incidents are borrow'd from french romances ; as for instance , the characters of the duke of mantua , prince frederick and lucretia , are borrow'd from the annals of love , o in the story of constance the fair nun , pag. . but as to the scene of the petticoat and belly ake i so much commended by mr. bayes k , i believe 't was mr. dryden's own contrivance . the characters of aurelian , camillo , laura , and violetta , are taken from scarron's comical romance , in the history of destiny and madam star. see ch. . pag. . the humour of benito's affecting musick , to the prejudice of his carcass l , is borrow'd from quinault's character of jodolet , in the begining of his la comedie , sans comedie . the passage of frontona's throwing water upon laura and violetta m is taken from les contes de m. de la fontaine . premiere partie , nov. . p. . there are other french authors that have handled the same story , as les cent nouvelles nouvelles . la damoiselle à coeur ouvert &c. aureng-zebe , a tragedy acted at the theatre royal , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable john earl of mulgrave . the plot of this play is related at large in tavernier's voyages into the indies . vol. i. part . ch. . our author is not wholy free from thefts in this play , and those who have ever read seneca's hippolitus , will allow that aureng-zebe has some resemblance with his character , and that nourmahal , is in part copied from phaedra , which will the better appear , if the reader will compare the following lines . n hip. — thesei vultus amo illos priores , quos tulit quondam puer ; cum prima puras barba signaret genas , aur. o i am not chang'd , i love my husband still ; but love him as he was when youthful grace and the first bloom began to shade his face . hip. — magne regnator deûm , tam lentus audis scelera ? tam lentus vides ? ecquando saeva fulmen emittes manu , si nunc serenum est ? — me velox cremet transactus ignis . sum nocens ; merui mori ; placui novercae . aur. heavens can you this without just vengeance hear , when will you thunder , if it now be clear ! yet her alone let not your thunder seize : i too deserve to dye , because i please . i could cite other passages in this play borrow'd from seneca , but this is enough to convict our author of borrowing from the latine poets , now give me leave to give you one instance likewise of his borrowing from mr. milton's sampson agonistes . p dal. i see thou art implacable , more deaf to prayers than winds and seas , yet winds to seas are reconcil'd at length , and sea to shore : thy anger unappeasable still rages , eternal tempest never to be calm'd . emp. * unmov'd she stood & deaf to all my prayers , as seas and winds to sinking mariners ; but seas grow calm , and winds are reconcil'd : her tyrant beauty never grows more mild . there are many other hints from this poem , that are inserted in this play by mr. dryden , and which i should not have laid to his charge had he not accus'd ben johnson of the same crime . conquest of granada , by the spaniards , in two parts , acted at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . q and dedicated to his royal highness the duke . these plays i have seen acted with great applause , which so pufft up our author with vanity , that he could not refrain from abusing his predecessors , not only in the postscript already mention'd ; but even in a detracting epilogue to the second part , which i shall leave to the readers perusal . i have already hinted , that not only the episodes , and main plot , but even the characters are all borrow'd from french and spanish romances , as almahide , grand cyrus , ibrahim , and gusinan : so that mr. dryden may be said to have made a rod for himself , in the following lines ; r and may those drudges of the stage , whose fate is damn'd dull farce more dully to translate , fall under that excise the state thinks fit to set on all french wares , whose worst is wit. french farce worn out at home , is sent abroad ; and patcht up here is made our english mode . how much mr. dryden has borrow'd from the french in this play , cannot be comprehended in the compass to which i confine my self ; and therefore i shall only mention some of the most remarkable passages which are stollen . i am therefore in the first place to begin with the persons represented : the character of almanzor is chiefly taken from ponce de leon in almahide ; from ozmin in gusman , and artaban in cleopatra . his other characters of boabdelin , almahide , ferdinand and isabella , duke of arcos , ozmin , hamet , gomel , &c. are taken from almahide . the characters of ozmin and benzaida , are borrow'd from ibrahim , in the story of ozmin and alibech , and lyndaraxa , are copied from prince ariantes , agathirsis , and elibesis ; see grand cyrus , part ix . book i. i am now to give some instances that may make good my assertion , that mr. dryden has borrow'd most of his thoughts , as well as his characters from those authors abovemention'd , tho'he has new cloath'd them in rime . in the beginning of the first act , he has borrow'd the description of his bull-feast , from guzman's juego de toros & cannas : see the story of ozmin and daraxa , part . pag. . and . the description of the factions pag. is borrow'd from almahide p. . the next four lines spoken by the king is taken from prince mussa's advice in almahide , p. . the king's speech in going between the factions , pag. . is borrow'd from almhide , part . book . p. . the description of the quarrell between tarifa and ozmin , is founded on abindarrays his speech in alm. p. . the rise of the families , p. . from the same . almanzor's killing gomel , from alm. p. . his quelling the factions , from alm. p. , . in the second act , almanzor's victory , and his taking the duke of arcos prisoner , p , . is copied from almahide , p. . the scene between abdalla and lyndaraxa , p. . is stollen from alm. p. . and from the story of elibesis in cyrus , part . book . p. . zulema's plea for abdalla's right to the crown , p. . is copied from alm. p. . his tempting him to rebellion , from cyrus in the place above-mention'd . in the third act , almanzor's going over to abdalla , on the kings refusal to grant the duke of arcos his liberty , pag. . is taken from alm. p. . &c. the alarm after the zambra dance from the same page . the first meeting of almanzor and almahide , p. . from alm. p. . of abdalla and almanzor , p. . from alm. p. . the controversy between almanzor and zulema , p. . from the same column . in the fourth act , almanzor's going over to boabdelin's party , p. . is taken from alm. p. . abdelmelech his coming to visit lyndaraxa in disguise , p. . is stollen from the former story of elibesis in cyrus , p. . &c. abdalla visiting her , being royally attended with guards , p. . from the same , p. . almanzor's freeing almahide from abdalla's captivity , p. . is copied from alm. p. . the beginning of the fifth act , viz. the scene between abdalla , and lyndaraxa , under the walls of the albayzin , immediately after his defeat , p. . is stollen from cyrus in the story aforesaid , p. . his flying to the christians , p. . from alm. p. . ozmin and benzaida's flight , p. . from ibrahim , p. . i might proceed through the second part , did i not fear the reader to be already as tir'd as my self . i shall therefore only acquaint him , that most of that play is borrow'd as well as the former : so that had our author stollen from others , in none of his labours , yet these plays alone argue him guilty of the highest confidence , that durst presume to arraign the ancient english poets as plagiaries , in a postscript to two plays , whose foundation and language are in a great measure stollen from the beginning to the end. i would therefore desire mr. dryden henceforth to ponder upon the following epigram , which seems to give him better advice . s cum fueris censor , primum te crimine purga , nec tua te damnent facta ne sanda reum . ne tua contemnas aliena negotia curans ; an tibi te quisquam junctior esse potest . there are several authors that have given an account of this famous action , as mariana , l. . c. . mayerne turquet , l. . thuanus , l. . guicciardine , l. . luc. marinaeus sic. l. . car. verardus . domingo baltanas , &c. don sebastian , king of portugal : a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto , lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable philip earl of leicester . this play is accounted by several one of the best of mr. dryden's , and was as i have heard acted with great applause . the foundation of it is built upon a french novel call'd don sebastian , how far our author has followed the french-man , i leave to the readers of both to judge . only give me leave to take notice of that passage in his epistle to this play , where he endeavours to clear himself from the charge of plagiarie . he says , the ancients were never accus'd of being plagiaries , for building their tragedies on known fables . to prove this assertion he brings several instances ; thus ( says he ) augustus caesar wrote an ajax , which was not less his own because euripides had written a play before him on that subject . thus of late years corneille writ an oedipus after sophocles ; and i have design'd one after him , which i wrote with mr. lee , yet neither the french poet stole from the greek , nor we from the french-man . 't is the contrivance , the new turn , and new characters which alter the property , and make it ours . i have not that i know of , any where accus'd the poets in general , or mr. dryden in particular , for borrowing their plots ; knowing that it is allow'd by scaliger , m. hedelin , and other writers . 't is true i have shew'd whether they were founded on history , or romance , and cited the authors that treat on the subject of each dramma , that the reader , by comparing them , might be able to judge the better of the poets abilities , and his skill in scenical performances . but tho' the poet be allow'd to borrow his foundation from other writers , i presume the language ought to be his own ; and when at any time we find a poet translating whole scenes from others writings , i hope we may without offence call him a plagiary : which if granted , i may accuse mr. dryden of theft , notwithstanding this defence , and inform the reader , that he equivocates in this instance of oedipus : for tho' he stole not from corneille in that play , yet he has borrow'd very much from the oedipus tyrannus of sophocles , as likewise from that of seneca . for the plot read the french novel call'd don sebastian roy de portugal translated into english. vasconcellos his anacephalaeosis , sive summa capita actorum regum lusitaniae , anacaeph . . see besides other writers of the affairs of portugal about , in which year sebastian was kill'd . duke of guise , a tragedy acted by their majesties servants , written by mr. dryden , and mr. lee , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable laurence earl of rochester . this play found several enemies at its first appearance on the stage : the nation at that time being in a ferment about the succession , which occasion'd several pamphlets , pro and con , to be publisht . the main plot is borrow'd from davila , mezeray , and other writers of the affairs of charles the ninth , as p. mathieu , memoires de castelnau . see besides thuanus , l. . the story of malicorn the conjurer may be read in rosset's histoires tragiques en la vie de canope, p. . evening's love , or the mock astrologer , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his grace william duke of newcastle . this play is in a manner wholly stollen from the french , being patcht up from corneille's le feint astrologue ; molliere's depit amoreux , and his les precieuses ridicules ; and quinault's l'amant indiscreet : not to mention little hints borrow'd from shakespear , petronius arbiter &c. the main plot of this play is built on that of corneille's , or rather calderon's play call'd el astrologo fingido , which story is likewise copied by m. scudery in his romance call'd ibrahim , or the illustrious bassa in the story of the french marquess . aurelia's affectation in her speech p. . is borrow'd from molliere's les precieuses ridicules . the scene between alonzo and lopez p. . is translated from molliere's depit amoreux , act . sc. . camilla's begging a new gown of don melchor p. . from the same . act . sc. . the love quarrel between wild-blood and jacinta ; mascal and beatrix ; act . sc. the last : is copied from the same play , act . sc. , and . the scene of wild-blood , jacinta , &c. being discover'd by aurelia's falling into alonzo's arms , p. . &c. is borrow'd from quinault's l'amant indiscreet , act . sc. . kind keeper , or mr. limberham , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , by his royal highness's servants ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable john lord vaughan . in this play , ( which i take to be the best comedy of his ) he so much expos'd the keeping part of the town , that the play was stopt , when it had but thrice appear'd on the stage ; but the author took a becoming care , that the things that offended on the stage were either alter'd or omitted in the press . one of our modern writers in a short satyr against keeping , concludes thus ; t ; dryden good man thought keepers to reclaim , writ a kind satyr , call'd it limberham . this all the herd of letchers straight alarms , from charing-cross to bow was up in arms ; they damn'd the play all at one fatal blow , and broke the glass that did their picture show . in this play he is not exempt from borrowing some incidents from french and italian novels : mrs : saintlys discovery of love-all in the chest , act . is borrow'd from the novels of cynthio gyraldi ; see prima parte deca a. nov. . the same story is in the fortunate deceiv'd , and unfortunate lovers , see nov. . deceiv'd lovers . mrs. brainsicks pricking and pinching him , act . sc. . is copied from the triumph of love over fortune , a novel writ by m. s. bremond , or else from zelotide of m. de païs : but these are things not worthy to be urg'd against any one , but mr. dryden , whose critical pen spares no man. indian emperor , or the conquest of mexico by the spaniards , being the sequel of the indian queen , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the most excellent and most illustrious princess anne dutchess of monmouth and bucclugh . this play is writ in heroick verse , and has appear'd on the stage with great approbation , yet it is not wholly free from plagiarie ; but since they are only hints , and much improv'd , i shall not mention the particulars . 't is sufficient for me to observe in general that he has borrow'd from plutarch , seneca , montagne , fletcher , &c. mr. dryden in the second edition to this play , prefixt a piece intituled , a defence of an essay of dramatick poesy , being an answer to the preface of the great favourite , or the duke of lerma : but upon some considerations our author was obliged to retract it . for the plot of this play 't is founded chiefly on history . see lopez de gomara hist. general de las incas , & de conquista de mexico . de bry americae pars . l. . ogleby's america , chap. . sect. . mariana de reb. hisp. l. . cap. . four letters printed in several languages . marriage a-la-mode , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal by their majesties servants ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable the earl of rochester . this play tho' stil'd in the title-page a comedy , is rather a tragi-comedy , and consists of two different actions ; the one serious , the other comick , both borrow'd from two stories which the author has tackt together . the serious part is founded on the story of sesostris and timareta in the grand cyrus , part . book . and the characters of palamede and rhodophil , from the same romance , par. . b k . see the history of timantes and parthenia . i might mention also the story of nogaret in the annals of love , from whence part of the character of doralice was possibly borrow'd : and les contes d ouville partie premiere p. . from whence the fancy of melantha's making court to her self in rhodophil's name is taken ; but this is usual with our poet. mistaken husband , a comedy acted by his majesties servants at the theatre-royal , and printed in quarto lond. . this play mr. dryden was not the author of , tho 't was adopted by him , as an orphan , which might well deserve the charity of a scene which he bestowed on it . it is of the nature of farce , or as the french term it basse comedie , as mr. bentley the bookseller has observ'd u . 't is writ on the model of plautus's maenechmi : and i have read a story somewhat like it in l'amant oysif . tome . p. . nouvelle intitulée d. martin . oedipus , a tragedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , written by mr. dryden and mr. lee , printed in quarto lond. . this play is certainly one of the best tragedies we have extant ; the authors having borrow'd many ornaments not only from sophocles , but also from seneca ; though in requital mr. dryden has been pleas'd to arraign the memory , of the later by taxing him x of running after philosophical notions more proper for the study than the stage . as for corneille he has scouted him for failing in the character of his hero , which he calls an error in the first concoction : tho' possibly 't was so in him to fall upon two such great men , without any provocation , and to whom he has been more than once oblig'd for beautiful thoughts . as to the plot 't is founded on the tragedies of sophocles and seneca . rival ladies , a tragi-comedy , acted at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable roger earl of orrery . this dedication is in the nature of a preface written in defence of english verse . the authors sentiments were afterwards controverted by sr. robert howard , in the preface to his plays : to which arguments mr. dryden reply'd , towards the end of his dramatick essay . sr. robert made a rejoynder , when he publisht his duke of lerma : and mr. dryden answer'd him again in the preface to his indian emperour , as i have already observ'd . i beg leave of my reader , to make one remark on this preface , to rectify the following mistake committed by our author . he says , that the tragedy of queen gorbuduc was written in english verse ; and consequently that verse was not so much a new way amongst us , as an old way new reviv'd : and that this play was written by the late lord buckhurst , afterwards earl of dorset . mr. dryden , as well as sr. fopling , notwithstanding his smattering in the mathematicks , is out in his judgment at tennis : for first ( tho' his majesties late historiographer ) he is mistaken in the title-page : and i must crave leave to tell him by the by , that i never heard of any such queen of brittain , any more than he , of any king that was in rhodes . nay further had he co●●●● milton's history of england , or any other writers of brute's history , nay , even the argument of that very play , he would have found gorbuduc to have been the last king of that race , at least the father of ferex and porrex , in whom terminated the line of brute : and consequently would not have permitted so gross an error to have escapt his pen for three editions : tho' it may be mr. dryden's printer was as much to blame to print queen for king , as he ironically accuses sr. robert's for setting shut for open . there are other errata's in history , which i might impute at least to mr. dryden's negligence ; but i shall at present wave them . in the mean time i must acquaint the reader , that however mr. dryden alledges that this play was writ by the lord buckhurst , i can assure him that the three first acts were writ by mr. thomas norton : and that the play it self was not written in rime , but blank verse , or if he will have it , in prose mesurée , so that mr. shakespear notwithstanding our author's allegation , was not the first beginner of that way of writing . as to his oeconomy , and working up of his play , our author is not wholly free from pillage , witness the last act ; where the dispute between amideo , and hippolito ; with gonsalvo's fighting with the pirates , is borrow'd from petronius arbyter , as the reader may see by reading the story of encolpius , giton , eumolpus , and tryphaena , aboard licas's vessel y to say nothing of the resemblance of the catastrophe with that of scarron's rival brothers , novel the fifth . secret love , or the maiden queen ; a tragi-comedy acted by his majesties servants at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . i have already made some observation on this preface , p. . and cannot pass by his making use of bayes's art of transversing , as any one may observe by comparing the fourth stanza of his first prologue , with the last paragraph of the preface to ibrahim . as to the contrivance of the plot , the serious part of it is founded on the history of cleobuline queen of corinth , part . book . the characters of celadon , florimel , olinda , and sabina , are borrow'd from the story of pisistates and cerintha in the grand cyrus , part . book . and from the story of the french marquess in ibrahim , part . book . sir martin mar-all , or the feign'd innocence , a comedy acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . this play is generally ascrib'd to mr. dryden , tho' his name be not affix'd to it . but in reality the foundation of it is originally french : and whoever will compare it with m. quinault's l'amant indiscret , and molliere's l'etourdy , ou le contre temps , will find not only the plot , but a great part of the language of sr. martin and his man warner borrow'd . there are several other turns of the plot copied from other authors ; as warner's playing on the lute instead of his master , and his being surpriz'd by his folly ; see francion written by m. du pare lib. . old moody and sr. john being hoisted up in their altitudes , is taken ( at least the hint of it ) from shakerly marmion's fine companion , act . sc. . the song of blind love to this hour , ( as i have already observ'd z ) is translated from a song made by m. de voiture : tho' i must do mr. drydeu the justice to acquaint the world , that he has kept to the sense , and the same measure of verse . spanish fryar , or the double discovery , a tragi-comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable john lord haughton . whether mr. dryden intended his character of dominick as a satyr on the romish priests only , or on the clergy of all opinions in general , i know not : but sure i am , that he might have spar'd his reflecting quotation in the front of his play : ut melius possis fallere sume togam . but the truth is , ever since a certain worthy bishop refus'd orders to a certain poet , mr. dryden has declar'd open defiance against the whole clergy ; and since the church began the war , he has thought it but justice to make reprisals on the church . mr. dryden who is famous for collecting observations , and rules for writing , has learnt this great arcanum from his brother poet , the tutor to pacheco in the comedy of the reformation a ; that this one piece of art of reflecting in all he writes , on religion and the clergy , has set off many an indifferent play , by the titilation it affords the gallants , who are sure to get those verses all by heart , and fill their letters with them to their country friends . but whatever success this way of writing may find from the sparks , it can never be approv'd on by sober men : and there are none who have any sense of religion themselves , that can without concern suffer it to be abus'd ; and none but apostates or atheists will be so impudent to attempt it : and the real cause of their envy and malice is the same with that of the emperor to his son aureng-zebe b , which with reference to the clergy may be thus apply'd . our clergy's sacred virtues shine too bright , they flash too fierce : their foes like birds of night , shut their dull eyes , and sicken at the sight . the comieal parts of the spanish fryar , lorenzo , and elvira , are founded on monsieur s. bremond's novel call'd the pilgrim . state of innocence , or the fall of man , an opera written in heroick verse , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to her royal highness the dutchess . whether the author has not been guilty of the highest flattery in this dedication , i leave to the reader 's judgment ; but i may presume to say , that there are some expressions in it that seem strain'd , and a note beyond ela ; as for instance , your person is so admirable that it can scarce receive addition , when it shall be glorified : and your soul , which shines through it , finds it of a substance so near her own , that she will be pleas'd to pass an age within it , and to be confin'd to such a pallace . this dramma is commended by a copy of verses written by mr. lee ; and the author has prefixt an apology for heroick poetry , and poetick licence . the foundation of this opera is fetcht from mr. milton's paradise lost. how far our author has transcrib'd him , i shall leave to the inquiry of the curious , that will take the pains to compare the copy with the original . tempest , or the inchanted island , a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre , and printed in quarto lond. . this play is originally shakespear's ( being the first play printed in the folio edition ) and was revis'd by sr. d'avenant and mr. dryden . the character of the saylors were not only the invention of the former , but for the most part of his writing : as our author ingeniously confesseth in his preface . 't is likewise to his praise , that he so much commends his deceas'd predecessor . but as to his reflections on mr. fletcher , and sr. john suckling for having copied , the one , his sea voyage , the other , his goblins , from this play ; i believe were mr. dryden to be try'd by the same standard , most of his plays would appear copies . troilus and cressida , or truth found out too late ; a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , to which is prefixt a preface containing the grounds of criticisme in tragedy , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable thomas earl of sunderland . this play was likewise first written by shakespear , and revis'd by mr. dryden , to which he added several new scenes , and even cultivated and improv'd what he borrow'd from the original . the last scene in the third act is a master-piece , and whether it be copied from shakespear , fletcher , or euripides , or all of them , i think it jnstly deserves commendation . the plot of this play was taken by mr. shakespear from chaucer's troilus and cressida ; which was translated ( according to mr. dryden ) from the original story , written in latine verse , by one lollius , a lombard . tyranick love , or the royal martyr , a tragedy acted by his majesties servants at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the most illustrious prince james duke of monmouth and bucclugh . this tragedy is writ in heroick verse : and several hints are borrow'd from other authors , but much improv'd . only i cannot but observe that whenever the criticks pursue him , he withdraws for shelter under the artillery of the ancients ; and thinks by the discharge of a quotation from a latine author , to destroy their criticisms . thus in the preface to his play , he vindicates the following line in his prologue ; and he who servilely creeps after sence is safe ; — by that quotation of horace , serpit humi tutus . so he justifies the following line in the end of the fourth act : with empty arms embrace you whilst you sleep , from this expression in virgil , — vacuis amplectitur ulnis . i could cite you other passages out of his conquest of granada , indian emperor , state of innocence , &c. but these are sufficient to shew , how much self-justification is an article of our author's creed . as to the plot of this tragedy 't is founded on history : see zosimus , l. . socrates , l. . c. . herodiani hist. l. . and . jul. capitolinus , in vit. max. jun. wild gallant , a comedy acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , and printed in quarto lond. . this play tho' the last mention'd , by reason of the alphabetical order throughout observ'd , was yet the first attempt which our author made in dramatick poetry ; and met with but indifferent success in the action . the plot he confesses was not originally his own , but however having so much alter'd and beautified it , we will do him the honour to call him the author of the wild gallant , as he has done sr. robert howard , the author of the duke of lerma c : and by way of excuse i shall transcribe his own lines in behalf of a new brother of parnassus . d 't is miracle to see a first good play , all hawthorns do not bloom on christmass-day ; a slender poet must have time to grow , and spread and burnish as his brothers do . who still looks lean , sure with some pox is curst ; but no man can be falstaff fat at first . i am next to give the reader an account of his other writings and transactions , as far as they are come to my knowledge , and i shall begin with those in verse , because nearer ally'd to my present subject . there are several pieces of this nature said to be writ by him ; as heroick stanzas on the late usurper oliver cromwel , written after his funeral , and printed in quarto lond. . annus mirahilis , the year of wonders . an historical poem describing the dutch war , and the fire of london , printed in octavo lond. . absalom and achitophel , printed in quarto lond. . this last , with several other of his poems , as the medal , mack flecknoe , &c. are printed in a collection of poems , in octavo lond. . sylva , or a second volume of poetical miscellanies , in octavo lond. . religio laici , printed in quarto lond. . threnodia augustalis , or a funeral-pindarique poem on king charles the second , printed in quarto lond. . hind and panther , in quarto lond. . britannia rediviva : a poem on the birth of the prince , in fol. lond. . in prose he has writ an essay of dramatick poetry , in quarto lond. . vindication of the duke of guise , in quarto lond. . the life of plutarch , in octavo lond. . and some theological pieces which i have not by me at present . he has translated the history of the league . the life of st. xavier , &c. now that mr. dryden may not think himself slighted in not having some verses inserted in his commendation ; i will present the reader with a copy written by mr. flecknoe , and leave him to judge of his wit , and mr. dryden's gratitude , by comparing the epistle dedicatory to his kind keeper , and his satyr call'd mack flecknoe , with the following epigram . to mr. john dryden . dryden , the muses darling and delight , than whom none ever flew so high a flight . some have their vains so drossy , as from earth , their muses only seem to have ta'ne their birth . other but water-poets are , have gone no farther than to th' fount of helicon : and they 'r but airy ones whose muse soars up higher no higher than to mount pernassus top ; whilst thou with thine , dost seem to have mounted than he who fetcht from heaven celestial fire : and dost as far surpass all others , as fire does all other elements surpass . thomas duffet . an author altogether unknown to me , but by his writings ; and by them i take him to be a wit of the third rate : and one whose fancy leads him rather to low-comedy , and farce , than heroick poetry . he has written three plays ; two of which were purposely design'd in a burlesque stile : but are intermixt with so much scurrility , that instead of diverting , they offend the modest mind . and i have heard that when one of his plays , viz. the mock tempest was acted in dublin , several ladies , and persons of the best quality left the house : such ribaldry pleasing none but the rabble , as horace says ; e offenduntur enim , quibus est equus , & pater , & res : nec si quid fricti ciceris probat , & nucis emptor , aequis accipiunt animis , donant-ve coronâ . mock tempest , or the enchanted castle , a farce acted at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . the design of this play was to draw the town from the duke's theatre , who for a considerable time had frequented that admirable reviv'd comedy call'd the tempest . what success it had may be learnt from the following lines ; f the dull burlesque appear'd with impudence , and pleas'd by novelty for want of sence . ali except trivial points , grew out of date ; parnassus spoke the cant of billingsgate : boundless and mad , disorder'd rime was seen ; disguis'd apollo chang'd to harlequin . this plague which first in country towns began , cities and kingdoms quickly over-ran ; the dullest scriblers some admirers found , and the mock-tempest was a while renown'd ; but this low stuff the town at last despis'd , and scorn'd the folly that they once had priz'd . psyche debauch'd , a comedy acted at the theatre royal , and printed o lond. . this mock opera was writ on purpose to ridicule mr. shadwell's psyche , and to spoil the duke's house , which , as has been before observ'd , was then more frequented than the king 's . this play is as scurrilous as the former . spanish rogue , a comedy acted by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to madam ellen guin . tho' this play far exceed either of the former , yet i cannot commend it , neither do i think comedy a fit subject for heroick verse ; few of them being writ in rime , in our language ; and those few , scarce any of them have succeeded on the english stage . our author has writ nothing else that i know of , but a book of poems , songs , prologues , and epilogues , printed in octavo lond. . thomas durfey . a person now living , who was first bred to the law , but left that rugged way , for the flowry fields of poetry . he is accounted by some for an admirable poet , but it is by those who are not acquainted much with authors , and therefore are deceiv'd by appearances , taking that for his own wit , which he only borrows from others : for mr. durfey like the cuckow , makes it his business to suck other birds eggs. in my opinion he is a much better ballad-maker , than play-wright : and those comedies of his which are not borrow'd , are more ally'd to farce , than the true comedy of the ancients . the plays to which he lays claim , are thirteen in number ; viz. banditti , or a ladies distress , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . this play was affronted in the acting by some who thought themselves criticks , and others with cat-calls , endeavour'd at once to stisle the author's profit , and fame : which was the occasion , that through revenge he dedicated it to a certain knight under this ironical title . to the extream witty and judicious gentleman , sir critick-cat-call . the chief plot of this play is founded on a romance , written by don francisco de las coveras , call'd don fenise translated into english , in o. see the history of don antonio , book . p. . the design of don diego's turning banditti , and joining with them to rob his supposed father ; resembles that of pipperollo in shirley's play call'd the sisters . common-wealth of women , a tragi-comedy acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the truly noble and illustrious prince christopher duke of albermarle . this play is fletcher's sea-voyage reviv'd , with the alteration of some few scenes ; tho' what is either alter'd or added may be as easily descern'd from the original , as patches on a coat from the main piece . fond husband , or the plotting sisters ; a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his grace the duke of ormond . this is one of his best comedies , and has been frequently acted with good applause : tho' methinks the business of sneak , cordelia , and sir roger petulant , end but abruptly . fool turn'd critick , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , and printed in quarto lond. . the prologue to this play is the same with that of mr. anthony , and was i suppose borrow'd from thence . the characters of old wine-love , tim , and small-wit , resemble those of simo , asotus , and balio in the jealous lovers . fools preferment , or the three dukes of dunstable , a comedy acted at the queens theatre in dorset-garden by their majesties servants , with the songs and notes to them , composed by mr. henry purcel , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the honourable charles lord morpeth , with this familiar title , my dear lord , and subscrib'd like a person of quality , only with his sir-name d'urfey . nor is his epistle less presumptuous , where he arrogates to himself a play , which was writ by another , and owns only a hint from an old comedy of fletcher's , when the whole play is in a manner trascrib'd from the noble gentleman , abating the scene that relates to basset , which is borrow'd from a late traslated novel , call'd the humours of basset . as to part of the first paragraph of his dedication 't is borrow'd from the translation of horace's tenth satyr , by the earl of rochester : and any man that understands french , and should read a place he there quotes out of montaigne , would be so far from taking him to be ( as he stiles himself g nephew to the famous d'urffee , the author of the excellent astraea ; that they would rather think he understood not the language , or was extreamly negligent , in suffering such errata to go uncorrected . for my part , i should rather take him to be lineally descended from the roman celsus , whom horace makes mention of in his epistle to his friend julius florus h : at least i am sure the character will fit our author . quid mihi celsus agit ? monitus , multumque , monendus , privatas ut quaerat opes , & tangere vitet scripta , palatinus quaecunque recepit apollo : ne , si fortè suas repetitum venerit olim grex avium plumas , moveat cornicula risum , furtivis nudata coloribus . — injur'd princess , or the fatal wager , a tragi-comedy acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . the design and the language of this play is borrow'd from a play call'd the tragedy of cymbeline . in this play he is not content with robbing shakespear , but tops upon the audience an old epilogue to the fool turn'd critick , for a new prologue to this play. so that what mr. clifford said of mr. dryden i , is more justly applicable to our author , that he is a strange unconscionable thief , that is not content to steal from others , but robbs his poor wretched self too . madam fickle , or the witty false one , a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his grace the duke of ormond . this play is patch up from several other comedies , as the character of sir arthur old love , is borrow'd from veterano in the antiquary ; zechiel's creeping into the tavern bush , and tilbury drunk in the street under it , with a torch , act . sc. . is borrow'd from sir reverence lamard , and pimp-well in the walks of islington and hogsden . there are other hints likewise borrow'd from the fawn : so that the author did well to prefix that verse of horace before his play , non cuivis homini contingit adire corinthum , plainly implying , that he could not write a play without stealing . royalist , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed in quarto lond. . this comedy was well receiv'd on the stage , but patcht up from novels , as the former from plays . witness the tryals which camilla put upon her husband sir oliver old-cut , for the love of sir charles king-love ; which the author borrow'd from boccace , day . nov. . les contes de m. de la fontaine pag. . and other hints . nay our author who sets up himself for madrigals , has stoln the song of hey boys up go we , &c. in the fourth act , from the shepherds oracle , an eclogue printed in quarto lond. . siege of memphis , or the ambitious queen , a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . this play is writ in heroick verse , and dedicated to the truly generous henry chivers esq who shew'd himself truly such , in defending a play so full of bombast , and fustian . there goes more to the making of a poet , than capping verses , or taging rimes , 't is not enough concludere versum , as horace k calls it , but a poet must be such a one , ingenium cui sit , cui mens divinior , atque os magna sonaturum , des nominis hujus honorem . i would therefore advise all these poetasters in the words of a modern prologue l ; rimesters , get wit e're ye pretend to shew it , nor think a game at crambo makes a poet. squire old-sap , or the night adventurers , a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , printed in quarto lond. . this comedy is very much beholding to romances for several incidents ; as the character of squire old-sap , and pimpo's tying him to a tree , act . is borrow'd from the begining of the romance call'd the comical history of francion . trick-love's cheating old-sap with the bell , and pimpo's standing in henry's place , act . sc. . is borrow'd from boccace's novels , day . nov. . the same is related in les contes de m. de la fontaine in the story intituled la gageure des trois commeres tom. . pag. . trick-love's contrivance with welford , to have old-sap beaten in her habit , act . sc. the last , is borrow'd from boccace day . nov. . tho' the same is an incident in other plays , as in fletcher's women pleas'd , london cuckolds , &c. there are other passages borrow'd likewise , which i purposely omit to repeat . sir barnaby whig , or no wit like a womans , a comedy acted by their majesties servants at the theatre-royal , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable george earl of berkley . this play is founded on a novel of monsieur s. bremond , call'd the double cuckold ; and the part of the humor of captain porpuss is borrow'd from a play called the fine companion . trick for trick , or the debauch'd hypocrite , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . this play is only fletcher's monsieur thomas reviv'd : tho' scarce at all acknowledg'd by our author . virtuous wife , or good luck at last ; a comedy acted at the dukes theatre by his royal highness his servants , printed o. lond. . this comedy is one of the most entertaining of his ; tho' there are many little hints borrow'd from other comedies , as particularly the fawn ; and the humor of beaufort , is copy'd from palamede , in marriage a-la-mode . besides these plays , he has written several songs , which ( if i mistake not ) were collected into one entire vol. and printed o. lond. . but i wou'd not have him ascribe all his songs , any more than his plays , to his own genius , or imagination ; since he is equally beholding for some of them to other mens pains ; witness the above-mention'd song in the royalist , and didst thou not promise me when thou ligst by me , &c. he has writ besides other pieces , as butler's ghost , printed o. lond. . poems , o. lond. . collin's walk , o. lond. . &c. e. edward eccleston . a gentleman now living , the author of an opera , of the same nature with mr. dryden's state of innocence ; but being publisht after it , it serv'd rather as a foil to the excellent piece , than any ways rival'd its reputation . this piece first bore the title of noahs flood , or the destruction of the world , an opera printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of monmouth : this play not going off , a new title and cuts were affix'd to it in hillary-term . it then going under the title of the cataclism , or general deluge of the world. whether mr. holford was more successful than mr. took , in putting off the remainder of the impression , or whether the various sculptures took more with the ladies of the pal-mall , than the sence did with those who frequent paul's church-yard , i am not able to determine : but i doubt the bookseller still wants customers , since i again find it in the last term catalogue , under the title of the deluge , or the destruction of the world. the title shews the foundation of it to be scripture . sir george etheridge . a gentleman sufficiently eminent in the town for his wit and parts , and one whose tallent in sound sence , and the knowledge of true wit and humour , are sufficiently conspicuous : and therefore i presume i may with justice , and without envy , apply horace's character of fundanus , to this admirable author ; a argutâ meretrice potes , davoque chremeta eludente senem , comis garrire libellos , unus vivorum , fundani . — this ingenious author has oblig'd the world by publishing three comedies , viz. comical revenge , or love in a tub , a comedy , acted at his royal-highness the duke of york's theatre in lincolns-inn-fields : printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to the honourable charles lord buckhurst . this comedy tho' of a mixt nature , part of it being serious , and writ in heroick verse ; yet has succeeded admirably on the stage , it having always been acted with general approbation . man of mode , or sir fopling flutter , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her royal highness the dutchess . this play is written with great art and judgment , and is acknowledg'd by all , to be as true comedy , and the characters as well drawn to the life , as any play that has been acted since the restauration of the english stage . only i must observe , that the song in the last act written by c.s. is translated from part of an elegy written in french by madame la comtesse de la suze , in le recüeil des pieces gallantes , tom . . p. . she wou'd if she cou'd , a comedy acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre , and printed quarto lond. . this comedy is likewise accounted one of the first rank , by several who are known to be good judges of dramatick poesy . nay our present laureat says , b 't is the best comedy written since the restauration of the stage . i heartily wish for the publick satisfaction , that this great master would oblidge the world with more of his performances , which would put a stop to the crude and indigested plays , which for want of better , cumber the stage . f. sir francis fane , junior , knight of the bath . a gentleman now living at fulbeck in lincoln-shire , and granson ( as i suppose ) to the right honourable the earl of westmorland . this noble person 's wit and parts , are above my capacity to describe ; and therefore i must refer my reader to his works , which will afford him better satisfaction . he has obliged the world with two plays , which are equall'd by very few of our modern poets , and has shew'd that he can command his genius , being able to write comedy , or tragedy , as he pleases . love in the dark , or the man of business , a comedy ; acted at the theatre royal by his majesties servants : printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable john earl of rochester . the plot of count sforza , and parthelia daughter to the doge of venice , is founded on a novel of scarron's , call'd the invisible mistress . bellinganna , cornanto's wife , sending scrutinio to trivultio , to check him for making love to her , is founded on a novel in boccace , day . nov. . hircanio's wife catching him with bellinganna , is built on the story of socrates and his wife mirto , in the loves of great men p. . trivultio's seeming to beat bellinganna , is grounded on a story in boccace , see day . nov. . sacrifice , a tragedy printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles earl of dorset and middlesex . there are two copies of verses that i have seen writ in commendation of this play ; one writ by mr. tate , to the author , and printed with the play ; the other writ by the late mrs. a. behn ; see the miscellany poems printed with lycidas , or the lover in fashion o. p. . the plot of this admirable tragedy is founded on the story of tamerlane and bajazet . many are the historians that have given an account of the affairs of these great men. read chalcocondylas lib. . leunclavius lib. . the life of tamerlane by mr. d'assigny ; the same by p. perondini ; knolls his turkish history , in the life of bajazet the first . this play , the author a ( wanting patience to attend the leisure of the stage ) published without action . how much all lovers of poetry are indebted to him for it , i must leave to those that are poets to describe : i that am none , am glad to set my hand to an address drawn up by mr. tate , in the following lines . accept our thanks , tho' you decline the stage , that yet you condescend the press t' engage : for while we , thus possess the precious store , our benefits the same , your glory more ; thus for a theatre the world you find , and your applauding audience , all mankind . 't is not in dramatick poetry alone that our author is a master , but his talent is equal also in lyricks : witness three copies of verses printed in mr. tate's collection of poems o. one to the earl of rochester , upon the report of his sickness in town , b in allusion to an ode in horace . a second to a great lord inviting him to court , or else to write a history in the country : c being a paraphrase upon horace lib. . ode . a third to a perjur'd mistress , d in imitation of another ode of horace lib. . ode . the hon ble sir richard fanshaw . this excellent man was brother to the right honourable thomas lord fanshaw , of ware-park in hertfordshire . he had his breeding in his younger years in cambridge : and was so good a proficient in latin , french , italian , spanish , and portugese ; that he understood them as well as his mother-tongue . he removed from cambridge to court , where he serv'd his majesty with all imaginable fidelity , and dutiful affection . he was his secretary in holland , france , and scotland ; and at worcester fight was wounded , and taken prisoner in defence of the royal cause . his loyalty and abilities , were so conspicuous to his majesty king charles the ii. that at his happy restauration , he preferr'd him to be one of the masters of the requests ; and afterwards sent him into portugal , with the worthy title of lord embassador of honour , to court the present queen dowager , for this master ; where he remain'd three years , and discharg'd his employment with honour . in the year . he was sent embassador into spain , to compleat a treaty of commerce , and to strengthen the league between the two crowns : which affair he managed with great prudence , and integrity . he died at madrid in july . leaving behind him the character of an able statesman ; a great scholar ; and a sincere , sweet natur'd , and pious gentleman . at present we are only to consider his scholarship , which will sufficiently appear by the several translations which he has publisht , particularly those which are dramatick : the first of which in order , and the most eminent , is stil'd il pastor fido , the faithful shepherd , a pastoral , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the hope and lustre of three kingdoms , charles prince of wales . this piece is translated from the italian of the famous guarini ; of whose life , by way of digression , give me leave to speak succinctly . he was a native of ferrara , and secretary to alphonsus the ii. duke of that principality ; who sent him into germany , poland and rome , in the time of pope gregory the xiii . after the death of alphonsus , he was secretary to vincent de gonzaga duke of mantua , to ferdinand de medicis great duke of tuscany , who created him knight of the order of saint stephen , and to francis maria de la rovera duke of urbin : in all these stations , he was as much admir'd for his politicks , as poetry . how much he was esteem'd for this last , the several academies of italy are a sufficient proof ; most of which elected him a member into their several societies ; as gli humoristi of rome , de la crusca of florence , gli olympici of vicenza , and gli innominati of parma , and gli elevati of ferrara . he withdrew from pulick affairs towards the latter end of his life , and dwelt privately at padua , afterwards at venice , where being about seventy five years of age , he died in the year . having given you this abridgment of guarini's life , i shall return to our english author's translation . tho' in his epistle to the prince , he speaks modestly of his performance , as if this dramatick poem had lost much of the life and quickness , by being poured out of one vessel , ( that is one language ) into another ; besides the unsteadiness of the hand that pours it ; and that a translation at the best , is but a mock-rainbow in the clouds , faintly imitating the true one ; into which apollo himself had a full and immediate influence : i say , notwithstanding this modest apology ; yet sir john denham in his verses on this translation , infinitely commends it : and tho' he seems to assent to our author's notions , touching translations in general : yet he shews that sir richard has admirably succeeded in this particular attempt ; as the reader may see by the following lines ; where after having blam'd servile translators , he goes on thus ; a new and nobler way thou dost pursue to make translations , and translators too . they but preserve the ashes , thou the flame , true to his sense , but truer to his fame . foording his current , where thou find'st it low , let'st in thine own , to make it rise and flow . wisely restoring whatsoever grace is lost by change of times , or tongues , or place , nor fetter'd to his numbers , and his times , betray'st his musick to unhappy rimes ; nor are the nerves of his compacted strength stretch'd and dissolv'd into unsinew'd length : yet after all ( lest we should think it thine , ) thy spirit to his circle dost confine . i have already said , that guarini imitated tasso's aminta , in this pastoral ; e and i may add , that by the unquestionable verdict of all italy , he outstript him : which rais'd tasso's anger so high , that he cry'd out in a great passion , se non havuto visto il mio aminta , &c. if he had not seen my aminta , he had not excell'd it . give me leave to enlarge further , that this pastoral was writ on the occasion of charles emmanuel , the young duke of savoy's marriage with the infanta of spain . the author's design is allegorical and instructive , under the name of carino , he personates himself , and his chief end was to instill into his princely pupil , under the disguise of a dramatick diversion , the principles of divine , moral , and political virtues . querer por solo querer , to love only for love's sake ; a dramatick romance represented at aranjuez before the king and queen of spain , to celebrate the birth-day of that king , [ phil. iv. ] by the meninas ; which are a set of ladies , in the nature of ladies of honour in that court , children in years , but higher in degree ( being daughters and heirs to grandees in spain ) than the ladies of honour , attending likewise that queen . this play was written in spanish , by don antonio de mendoza . and dedicated to the queen of spain : [ which was elizabeth daughter to henry the great of france . ] it was paraphras'd by our author in english in . during his confinement to tankersly park in yorkshire , by oliver , after the battle of worcester ; in which ( as i have already observ'd ) he was taken prisoner , serving his majesty king charles the second , as secretary of state. at that time he writ on this dramatick romance stanzas , both in latin and english , which may give the reader a taste of his vein in both these languages ; and therefore may not be improper for me to transcribe , or unpleasant to the reader to perufe . i shall give the preference to the latin verses , learning and learned men being to be preferr'd before vulgar readers . ille ego , qui ( dubiis quondam jactatus in undis , qui , dum nunc aulae , nunc mibi castra strepunt ) leni importunas mulceban carmine curas , in quo pastoris flamma fidelis erat . at nunc & castris , aulisque ejectus & undis , ( nam mihi naufragium portus , & ira quies ) ; altius insurgens , regum haud intactus amores , et reginarum fervidus arma cano : quae ( vinclis hymenaee tuis , spretisque coronis ) nec juga ferre virûm , nec dare jur a velint . dulce prosellosos audire ex litore fluctus ! eque truci terram dulce videre mari. in english thus . time was when i , a pilgrim of the seas , when i midst noise of camps , & courts disease ; purloin'd some hours , to charm rude cares with verse , which flame of faithful shepherd did rehearse : but now restrain'd from sea , from camp , from court , and by a tempest blown into a port ; i raise my thoughts to muse on higher things , and eccho arms & loves of queens & kings : which queens ( despising crowns and hymen's band ) would neither men obey , nor men command . * great pleasure , from rough seas , to see the shore ! or from firm land to hear the billows rore . tho' this play was during the author's imprisonment translated , 't was not printed till long after his death , viz. o. lond. . to which is added , fiestas de aranjuez , festivals represented at aranjuez , written by the same author , and on the same occasion ; and translated by the same hand . the play it self consists but of three acts ( which the spaniards call jornadas ) according to the spanish custom : their poets seldom or never exceeding that number . as to his other works , he writ several poems in latin , as a copy on the escurial ; another on the royal sovereign ; and a third on mr. may's translation of , and supplement to lucan . he translated other pieces into that learned tongue , as two poems written by mr. thomas carew : several pieces he translated out of latin into english , as the fourth book of virgil's aeneids , an epigram out of martial lib. . epig. . two odes out of horace , relating to the civil wars of rome , ( the first , carm. lib. . ode . the second , epod. . ) with some sonnets translated from the spanish , and other poems writ in his native language , with several pieces , which you will find bound up with pastor fido , printed o. lond. . nor was it out of these languages only that he translated what pleas'd him ; but even so uncourted a language as he terms that of portugal , employ'd his pen during his confinement ; for he translated luis de camoens ( whom the portugals call their virgil ) his lusiad , or portugal's historical poem . this poem was printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable william earl of strafford , son and heir to that glorious protomartyr of monarchy , the noble thomas earl of strafford , lord deputy of ireland ; on whose tryal our author writ a copy of verses , printed amongst his poems , p. . besides these pieces , mr. philips f and mr. winstanley g attribute to him the latin version of mr. edmund spencer's shepherds calendar , which i take to be a mistake of mr. philips ' whose errors mr. winstanley generally copies ; not having heard of any other translation than that done by mr. theodore bathurst , sometime fellow of pembroke-hall in cambridge , and printed at the end of mr. spencer's works in fol. lond. . henry l d viscount faulkland . this worthy person was ( as i suppose ) father of the present right honourable cary viscount faulkland . a person eminent for his extraordinary parts , and heroick spirit . he was well known and respected at court , in the parliament , and in oxfordshire , his country , of which he was lord lieutenant . when he was first elected to serve in parliament , some of the house oppos'd his admission , urging that he had not sow'd his wild-oats : he reply'd if i have not , i may sow them in the house , where there are geese enough to pick them up . and when sir j. n. told him , that he was a little too wild for so grave a service ; he reply'd alas ! i am wild , and my father was so before me , and i am no bastard , as , &c. but what need i search for wit , when it may be sufficiently seen in a play which he writ , ( the occasion of our making mention of him ) call'd the marriage night , a tragedy , printed o lond. . i know not whether this play ever appear'd on the stage , or no. he was cut off in the prime of his years , as much miss'd when dead , as belov'd when living . nathaniel field . an author that liv'd in the reigns of king james , and king charles the first ; who was not only a lover of the muses , but belov'd by them , and the poets his contemporaries . he was adopted by mr. chapman for his son , and call'd in by old massinger , to his assistance , in the play call'd the fatal dowry , of which play more hereafter . he writ himself two plays , which will still bear reading , viz. amends for ladies ; with the merry pranks of moll cut-purse , or the humour of roaring ; a comedy full of honest mirth and wit. acted at the black-friars , both by the prince's servants , and the lady elizabeth's ; and printed o lond. . the plot of subtles tempting the married wife , at her husbands intreaty , seems to be founded on don quixote's novel of the curious impertinent , and has been the subject of many plays , as the city night-cap , amourous prince , of the curious husband , &c. this play was writ by our author as amends to the fair sex , for a play which he had writ some years before , and whose very title semm'd a satyr on womankind ; viz. woman's weather-cock , a comedy acted before the king in white-hall , and several times privately at the white-friars , by the children of her majesty's revels , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to any woman that hath been no weather-cock . this play is commended by a copy of verses writ by mr. chapman . there is one thing remarkable in this play ; and which for the author's credit , i must take notice of , that the time of the action is circumscrib'd within the compass of twelve hours ; as the author himself observes in the conclusion of his play. nere was so much ( what cannot heavenly powers ) done and undone , and done in twelve short hours . richard flecknoe , esq this gentleman liv'd in the reigns of king charles the first and second ; and was as famous as any in his age , for indifferent metre . his acquaintance with the nobility , was more than with the muses ; and he had a greater propensity to riming , then a genius to poetry . he never could arrive with all his industry , to get but one play to be acted , and yet he has printed several . he has publisht sundry works , ( as he stiles them ) to continue his name to posterity ; tho' possibly an enemy has done that for him , which his own endeavours would never have perfected : for whatever become of his own pieces , his name will continue whilst mr. dryden's satyr call'd mack flecknoe , shall remain in vogue . he has publisht several pieces both in prose and verse , which i have seen ; and he hath others in print , which i could never obtain a view of : as in particular , that epistle dedicatory , to a nobleman , which mr. dryden raillys so severely in his dedication of limberham . as to what works i have seen of his , i shall give the reader a particular account , beginning first with his plays . damoiselles à la mode , a comedy printed in octavo lond. . and dedicated to their graces the duke and dutchess of newcastle , more humbly than by way of epistle . this comedy was design'd by the author to have been acted by the kings servants , as the reader may see by the scheme drawn by the poet , shewing how he cast the several parts : but i know not for what reason they refus'd it . the poet indeed seems to give one , which whether true or false , is not much material ; but methinks it will serve to shew the reader his humour . for the acting this comedy ( says he ) h those who have the governing of the stage , have their humours , and would be intreated ; and i have mine , and won't intreat them : and were all dramatick writers of my mind , they should wear their old plays thread-bare , ere they should have any new , till they better understood their own interest , and how to distinguish betwixt good and bad . i know not whether the late duke of buckingham thought of mr. flecknoe when he drew the character of mr. bayes ; but methinks there is some resemblance between his anger at the players being gone to dinner without his leave , and mr. flecknoe's indignation at their refusing his play : mr. bays seeming to me to talk much at the same rate . how ! are the players gone to dinner ? if they are , i 'll make them know what 't is to injure a person that does them the honour to write for them ; and all that , a company of proud , conceited , humorous , cross-grain'd persons ; and all that i 'll make them the most contemptible , despicable , inconsiderable persons , and all that , in the whole world for this trick . this play ( as the author in his preface acknowledges ) is taken out of several excellent pieces of molliere . the main plot of the damoiselles , out of his les precieuses ridicules ; the counterplot of sganarelle , out of his l'escole des femmes , and the two naturals , out of his l'escole des maris . erminia , or the chast lady , printed o lond. . and dedicated to the fair and virtuous lady , the lady southcot . this play ( tho' the actors names design'd by the authors , be printed over against the dramatis personae ) was never acted . love's dominion , a dramatick piece , full of excellent morality ; written as a pattern for the reformed stage , printed o lond. . and dedicated to the lady elizabeth claypole . in this epistle , the author insinuates the use of plays , and begs her mediation to gain license to act them . whether the play answer the title-page , or whether mr. flecknoe have so regularly observ'd the three unities , i shall leave to the criticks . love's kingdom , a pastoral-tragi-comedy ; not as it was acted at the theatre near lincolns-inn , but as it was written , and since corrected ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to his excellency william , lord marquess of newcastle . this play is but the former play a little alter'd , with a new title ; and after the king 's return it seems , the poet got leave to have it acted ; but it had the misfortune to be damn'd by the audience , ( which mr. flecknoe stiles the people , and calls them judges without judgment ) for want of its being rightly represented to them . he owns that it wants much of the ornament of the stage ; but that ( he says ) by a lively imagination may easily be supply'd . to the same purpose he says of his damoiselles à la mode , i that together with the persons represented , he had set down the comedians that he design'd should represent them ; that the reader might have half the pleasure of seeing it acted , and a lively imagination might have the pleasure of it all entire . m r john fletcher marriage of oceanus and britannia , a masque , which i never saw , and therefore am not able to give any account of it . whether our author have any more plays in print , i know not ; but i remember a prologue amongst his epigrams , intended for a play , call'd the physician against his will , which i believe might be a translation of molliere's le medecin malgré luy ; but it was never publisht that i know of . as to his other works , they consist of epigrams and enigmatical characters , which are usually bound up with his love's dominion ; at the end of which is a short discourse of the english stage , which i take to be the best thing he has extant . there is another book of his writing , call'd diarium , or the journal , divided into twelve jornadas , in burlesque verse ; with some other pieces , printed lond. john fletcher , and francis beaumont , esq i am now arriv'd at a brace of authors , who like the dioscuri , castor and pollux , succeeded in conjunction more happily than any poets of their own , or this age , to the reserve of the venerable shakespear , and the learned and judicious johnson . 't is impossible for me to reach their characters ; and therefore , as the witty dr. fuller l cites bale's saying of randal higden , m that 't is no shame to crave aid in a work too weighty for any ones back to bear ; i must have recourse to others assistance , for the characters of this worthy pair of authors . to speak first of mr. beaumont , he was master of a good wit , and a better judgment ; he so admirably well understood the art of the stage , that even johnson himself thought it no disparagement to submit his writings to his correction . what a great veneration ben. had for him , is evident by those verses he writ to him when living n . mr. fletcher's wit was equal to mr. beaumont's judgment , and was so luxuriant , that like superfluous branches , it was frequently prun'd by his judicious partner . these poets perfectly understood breeding , and therefore successfully copy'd the conversation of gentlemen . they knew how to describe the manners of the age ; and fletcher had a peculiar tallent in expressing all his thoughts , with life and briskness . no man ever understood , or drew the passions more lively than he ; and his witty raillery was so drest , that it rather pleas'd than disgusted the modest part of his audience . in a word , fletcher's fancy , and beaumont's judgment combin'd , produc'd such plays , as will remain monuments of their wit to all posterity . nay , mr. fletcher himself after mr. beaumont's decease , compos'd several dramatick pieces , which were well worthy the pen of so great a master . of this , the following lines , writ by that excellent poet mr. carthwright , are a proof . tho' when all - fletcher writ , and the entire man was indulg'd unto that sacred fire , his thoughts & his thoughts dress , appear'd both such , that 't was his happy fault to do too much ; who therefore wisely did submit each birth to knowing beaumont , e're it did come forth ; working again , until he said 't was fit , and made him the sobriety of his wit ; tho' thus he call'd his judge into his fame , and for that aid allow'd him half the name , 't is known , that sometimes he did stand alone , that both the spunge and pencil were his own ; that himself judg'd himself , could singly do , and was at last beaumont and fletcher too . else we had lost his shepherdess , a piece , even , and smooth , sprung from a finer fleece , where softness reigns , where passions passions greet , gentle & high , as floods of balsam meet : where , drest in white expressions , sit bright loves , drawn , like their fairest queen , by milky doves ; a piece , which johnson , in a rapture bid , come up a glorify'd work , and so it did . they who would read more of these admirable poets worth , may peruse at their leisure those excellent copys of verses printed with their works , written by the prime wits of the age , as waller , denham , sir john berkenhead , dr. main , &c. i am extreamly sorry , that i am not able to give any account of the affairs of these great men ; mr. beaumont's parentage , birth , county , education , and death , being wholly unknown to me : and as to mr. fletcher , all i know of him is , that he was son to the eminent richard fletcher , created bishop of bristol , by queen elizabeth an. . and by her preferr'd to london , . he died in london of the plague in the first year of king charles the martyr , . being nine and fourty years of age , and was bury'd in st. mary overies church in southwarke . i beg my reader 's leave to insert the inscription , which i find writ under his picture , by that well known wit , sir john berkenhead ; which will give the reader a fuller knowledge of his abilities and merit , than i am able to express . felicis aevi , ac praesulis natus ; comes beaumontio ; sic , quippe parnassus , biceps ; fletchervs unam in pyramida furcas agens . struxit chorum plùs simplicem vates duplex ; plus duplicem solus : nec ullum transtulit ; nec transferrendus : dramatum aeterni sales , anglo theatro , orbi , sibi , superstitites . fletchere , facies absque vultu pingitur ; quantus ! vel umbram circuit nemo tuam . where , or when mr. beaumont died , i know not ; but i have met with an epitaph , writ by dr. corbet , immediately after his death , that well deserves the reader 's perusal . on mr. francis beaumont . ( then newly dead . ) he that hath such acuteness , and such wit , as would ask ten good heads to husband it ; he that can write so well , that no man dare refuse it for the best , let him beware : beaumont is dead , by whose sole death appears , wit 's a disease consumes men in few years . there are two and fifty plays written by these worthy authors ; all which are now extant in one volume , printed fol. lond. . each of which i shall mention alphabetically . beggers bush , a comedy : this play i have seen several times acted with applause . bonduca , a tragedy . the plot of this play , is borrow'd from tacitus's annals lib. . see milton's history of england , book . ubaldino de vita delle donne illustri del regno d' inghelterra , & scotia , pag. , &c. bloody brother , or rollo duke of normandy , a tragedy much in request ; and notwithstanding mr. rymer's criticisms on it , o has still the good fortune to please : it being frequently acted by the present company of actors , at the queen's play-house in dorset-garden . the design of this play is history : see herodian . lib. . xiphilini epit. dion . in vit. ant. caracallae . part of the language is copy'd from seneca's thebais . captain , a comedy . chances , a comedy , reviv'd by the late duke of buckingham , and very much improv'd ; being acted with extraordinary applause at the theatre in dorset-garden , and printed with the alterations lond. o . this play is built on a novel written by the famous spaniard miguel de cervantes , call'd the lady cornelia ; which the reader may read at large in a fol. vol. call'd six exemplary novels . coronation , a tragi-comedy . coxcomb , a comedy , which was reviv'd at the theatre-royal , the prologue being spoken by jo. hains . cupid's revenge , a tragedy . custome of the country , a tragi-comedy . this is accounted an excellent play ; the plot of rutilio , duarte , and guyomar , is founded on one of malespini's novels , deca . . nov. . double marriage , a tragedy , which has been reviv'd some years ago ; as i learn from a new prologue printed in covent-garden drollexy , p. . elder brother , a comedy , which has been acted with good applause . faithful shepherdess , a pastoral , writ by mr. fletcher , and commended by two copies written by the judicious beaumont , and the learned johnson , which the reader may read at the end of the play : see the last edit . fol. p. . when this pastoral was first acted before their majesties at sommerset house on twelfth-night , . instead of a prologue , there was a song in dialogue , sung between a priest and a nymph , which was writ by sir william d'avenant ; and an epilogue was spoken by the lady mary mordant , which the reader may read in covent-garden drollery , pag. . fair maid of the inn , a tragi-comedy . mariana's disowning caesario for her son , and the duke's injunction to marry him , is related by causin in his holy court , and is transcrib'd by wanley in his history of man , fol. book . chap. . false one , a tragedy this play is founded on the adventures of julius caesar in aegypt , and his amours with cleopatra . see suetonius , plutarch , dion , appian , florus , eutropius , orosius , &c. four plays , or moral representations in one ; viz. the triumph of honour ; the triumph of love ; the triumph of death ; the triumph of time. i know not whether ever these representations appear'd on the stage , or no. the triumph of honour is founded on boccace his novels , day . nov. . the triumph of love , on the same author , day . nov. . the triumph of death on a novel in the fortunate , deceiv'd , and unfortunate lovers , part . nov. . see besides palace of pleasure , nov. o. belle-forest , &c. the triumph of time , as far as falls within my discovery , is wholly the authors invention . honest man's fortune , a tragi-comedy . as to the plot of montaign's being prefer'd by lamira to be her husband , when he was in adversity , and least expected : the like story is related by heywood in his history of women , book . pag. . humourous lieutenant , a tragi-comedy which i have often seen acted with applause . the character of the humourous lieutenant refusing to fight after he was cured of his wounds , resembles the story of the souldier belonging to lucullus describ'd in the epistles of horace , lib. . ep. . but the very story is related in ford's apothegms , p. . how near the poet keeps to the historian i must leave to those that will compare the play with the writers of the lives of antigonus and demetrius , the father and the son. see plutarch's life of demetrius , diodorus , justin , appian , &c. island princess , a tragi-comedy . this play about three years ago was reviv'd with alterations by mr. tate , being acted at the theatre royal , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry lord walgrave . king and no king , a tragi-comedy , which notwithstanding its errors discover'd by mr. rymer in his ; criticisms , has always been acted with applause , and has lately been reviv'd on our present theatre with so great success , that we may justly say with horace , haec placuit semel , haec decies repetita placebit . knight of the burning pestle , a comedy . this play was in vogue some years since , it being reviv'd by the king's house , and a new prologue ( instead of the old one in prose ) being spoken by mrs. ellen guin . the bringing the citizen and his wife upon the stage , was possibly in imitation of ben johnson's staple of news , who has introduc'd on the stage four gossips , lady-like attir'd , who remain during the whole action , and criticise upon each scene . knight of malta , a tragi-comedy . laws of candy , a tragi-comedy . little french lawyer , a comedy . the plot is borrow'd from gusman or the spanish roque , part . ch . . the story of dinant , clerimont , and lamira , being borrow'd from don lewis de castro , and don roderigo de montalva . the like story is in other novels ; as in scarron's novel called the fruitless precaution ; and in the complaisant companion , o p. . which is copied from the above-mentioned original . love's cure , or the martial maid , a comedy . love's pilgrimage , a comedy . this i take to be an admirable comedy . the foundation of it is built on a novel of miguel de cervantes called the two damsels . the scene in the first act , between diego the host of ossuna , and lazaro his ostler , is stoln from ben johnson's new inn : which i may rather term borrow'd , for that play miscarrying in the action , i suppose they made use of it with ben's consent . lovers progress , a tragi-comedy . this play is built on a french romance written by m. daudiguier , call'd lisander and calista . loyal subject , a tragi-comedy . mad lover , a tragi-comedy . the design of cleanthe's suborning the priestess to give a false oracle in favour of her brother syphax , is borrow'd from the story of mundus and paulina , describe'd at large by josephus lib. . cap. . this play sr. aston cockain has chiefly commended in his copy of verses on mr. fletcher's plays . see the verses before the old edition , printed . and cockain's poems , pag. . maid in the mill , a comedy . this play amongst othershas likewise been reviv'd by the duke's house . the plot of antonio , ismenia , and aminta , is borrowed from gerardo , a romance translated from the spanish of don gonzalo de cespides , and moneces ; see the story of don jayme pag. . as to the plot of otrante's seizing florimel the millers supposed daughter , and attempting her chastity ; t is borrow'd from an italian novel writ by bandello ; a translation of which into french , the reader may find in les histoires tragiques par m. belleforest , tom. . hist. . the same story is related by m. goulart ; see les histoires admirables de nôtre temps , o. tom. . p. . maids tragedy , a play which has always been acted with great applause at the king's theatre ; and which had still continu'd on the english stage , had not king charles the second , for some particular reasons forbid its further appearance during his reign . it has since been reviv'd by mr. waller , the last act having been wholly alter'd to please the court : as the author of the preface to the second part of his poems informs us , and give us further the following account : t is not to be doubted , who sat for the two brothers characters . 't was agreeable to the sweetness of mr. waller's temper , to soften the rigor of the tragedy , as he expresses it ; but whether it be agreeable to the nature of tragedy it self , to make every thing come off easily , i leave to the criticks . this last act is publisht in the second part of mr. waller's poems , printed in quarto lond. . masque of grays-inn gentlemen , and the inner-temple . this masque was written by mr. beaumont alone , and presented before the king and queen in the banqueting-house of whitehall , at the marriage of the illustrious frederick and elizabeth , prince and princess palatine of the rhine . monsieur thomas , a comedy , which not long since appear'd on the present stage under the name of trick for trick . nice valour , or the passionate mad-man , a comedy . night walker , or the little thief , a comedy , which i have seen acted by the king's servants , with great applause , both in the city and country . noble gentleman , a comedy which was lately reviv'd by mr. durfey , under the title of the fools preferment , or the three dukes of dunstable . philaster , or love lies a bleeding : a tragi-comedy which has always been acted with success ; and has been the diversion of the stage , even in these days . this was the first play that brought these excellent authors in esteem ; and this play was one of those that were represented at the old theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , when the women acted alone . the prologue and epilogue were spoken by mrs. marshal , and printed in covent-garden drollery , pag. . about this time there was a prologue written on purpose for the women by mr. dryden , and is printed in his miscellany poems in octavo , p. . pilgrim , a comedy which was reviv'd some years since , and a prologue spoke , which the reader may find in covent-garden dollery , p. . prophetess , a tragical history , which has lately been reviv'd by mr. dryden , under the title of the prophetess , or the history of dioclesian , with alterations and additions after the manner of an opera , represented at the queens theatre , and printed o lond. . for the plot consult eusebius lib . nicephorus lib. . and . vopisc . car. & carin . aur. victoris epitome . eutropius l. . baronius an. . &c. orosius l. . c. . coeffeteau l. . &c. queen of corinth , a tragi-comedy . rule a wife , and have a wife , a tragi-comedy which within these few years has been acted , with applause at the queens theatre in dorset-garden . scornful lady , a comedy acted with good applause even in these times , at the theatre in dorset-garden . mr. dryden has condemn'd the conclusion of this play in reference to the conversion of moor-craft the usurer p ; but whether this catastrophe be excusable , i must leave to the criticks . sea voyage , a comedy lately reviv'd by mr. durfey , under the title of the common-wealth of women . this play is supposed by mr. dryden , ( as i have observ'd ) to be copied from shakespears's tempest . q the storm which vanisht on the neighbring shore , was taught by shakespears tempest first to roar , that innocence and beauty which did smile in fletcher , grew on this enchanted isle . spanish curate , a comedy frequently reviv'd with general applause . the plot of don henrique , ascanio , violante , and jacintha , is borrow'd from gerardo's history of don john , pag. . and that of leandro , bartolus , amarantha and lopez , from the spanish curate of the same author , pag. . &c. thirry and theodoret , a tragedy . this play is accounted by some an excellent old play ; and therefore 't is pitty the compositor was so careless in this new edition as to omit a great part of the last act , which contains the king's behaviour during the operation of the poison given him by his mother ; and which is as moving as any part of the play. this imperfection may be supply'd from the copy printed in quarto , and i hope the proprietors of the copy , will take care in the next impression to do justice to these admirable authors . * ` for beaumont's works and fletcher's should come forth , ' with all the right belonging to their worth. the plot of this play is founded on history . see the french chronicles in the reign of clotaire the second . see fredegarius scholasticus , aimoinus monachus floriacensis , de serres , mezeray , crispin , &c. two noble kinsmen , a tragi-comedy . this play was written by mr. fletcher , and mr. shakespear . valentinian , a tragedy reviv'd not long ago by that great wit , the earl of rochester ; acted at the theatre-royal , and printed in quarto . with a preface concerning the author and his writings . for the plot see the writers of those times ; as cassidori chron. ; amm. marcell . hist. evagrius lib. . procopius , &c. wife for a month , a tragi-comedy . this play is in my poor judgment well worth reviving , and with the alternation of a judicious pen , would be an excellent dramma . the character and story of alphonso , and his brother frederick's carriage to him , much resembles the history of sancho the eighth , king of leon. i leave the reader to the perusal of his story in mariana , and loüis de mayerne turquet . wild-goose chase , a comedy valued by the best judges of poetry . wit at several weapons , a comedy which by some is thought very diverting ; and possibly was the model on which the characters of the elder pallatine and sr. morglay thwack were built by sr. william d'avenant , in his comedy call'd the wits . wit without money , a comedy which i have seen acted at the old house in little lincolns-inn-fields with very great applause ; the part of valentine being play'd by that compleat actor major mohun deceas'd . this was the first play that was acted after the burning the king's house in drury-lane : a new prologue being writ for them by mr. dryden , printed in his miscellany poems in octavo , p. . woman hater , a comedy . this play was reviv'd by sr. william d'avenant , and a new prologue ( instead of the old one writ in prose ) was spoken , which the reader may peruse in sir william's works in fol. p. . this play was one of those writ by fletcher alone . women pleas'd , a trigo-comedy . the comical parts of this play throughout between bartello , lopez , isabella , and claudio , are founded on several of boccace's novels : see day . nov. . and . day . nov. . woman's prize , or the tamer tam'd , a comedy , written on the same foundation with shakespear's taming of the shrew ; or which we may better call a second part or counter-part to that admirable comedy . this was writ by mr. fletcher's pen likewise . i wish i were able to give the reader a perfect account what plays he writ alone ; in what plays he was assisted by the judicious beaumont , and which were the plays in which old phil. massinger had a hand : but mr. charles cotton being dead , i know none but sir aston cockain ( if he be yet alive ) that can satisfy the world in this particular : all that i can say , is that most of these plays were acted at the globe and black-friars , in the time of those actors taylor , lowin , burbage , &c. this account i receiv'd from sir aston cockain's poems , who writ an epistle to his cosen charles cotton , r concerning these excellent authors , part of which i shall transcribe for the reader 's better satisfaction , and because his poems are not very common . 't is true , beaumont and fletcher both were such sublime wits , none could them admire too much ; they were our english pole-stars , and did bear between them all the world of fancy clear : but as two suns when they do shine to us , the air is lighter , they prodigious ; so while they liv'd and writ together , we had plays exceeded what we hop'd to see . but they writ few ; for youthful beaumont soon by death eclipsed was at his high noon . surviving fletcher then did penn alone equal to both , ( pardon comparison ) and suffer'd not the globe & black-friar's stage t' envy the glories of a former age. as we in humane bodies see that lose an eye , or limb , the vertue and the use retreat into the other eye or limb , and makes it double . so i say of him : fletcher was beaumont's heir , and did inherit his searching judgment , and unbounded spirit . his plays were printed therefore , as they were of beaumont too , because his spirit 's there . i know no poems writ by mr. fletcher ; but mr. beaumont has a poem extant call'd salmacis & hermaphroditus , printed lond. o . and which was again re-printed with his elegy of love ; elegies , sonnets , and other poems , o lond. . our author joyn'd with the famous johnson , and middleton , in a comedy called the widow . of this play , see more under the name of ben. johnson . john ford . a gentleman of the middle-temple , who liv'd in the reign of king charles the first : who was a well-wisher to the muses , and a friend and acquaintance of most of the poets of his time. he was not only a partner with rowly , and decker in the witch of edmonton , ( of which see an account in rowly ) and with decker , in the sun's darling , but writ likewise himself seven plays ; most of which were acted at the phoenix , and the black-friars : and may be known by an anagram instead of his name , generally printed in the title-page , viz. fide honor . he was more addicted to tragedy , than comedy ; which occasion'd an old poet to write thus of him . deep in a dump john ford was alone got with folded arms , and melancholy hat. i shall give an account of his plays alphabetically , and place the sun's darling in its order , because the greatest part of it was writ by our author . broken heart , a tragedy acted by the kings majesties servants , at the private house in black-fryars , printed o lond. . and dedicated to the most worthy deserver of the noblest titles in honour , william lord craven , baron of hamstead marshal . the speakers names are fitted to their qualities ; and most of them are deriv'd from greek etimologies . fancies chast and noble , a tragi-comedy , presented by the queen majesties servants , at the phoenix in drury lane ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to the right noble lord , the lord randell macdonell , earl of antrim in the kingdom of ireland . this play is usher'd into the world by a copy of verses , written by mr. edward greenfield . ladies tryal , a tragi-comedy acted by both their majesties servants , at the private house in drury lane ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to his deservingly honoured john wyrley esq and to the virtuous and right worthy gentlewoman mrs. mary wyrley his wife . lovers melancholy , a tragi-comedy acted at the private house in the black-fryars , and publickly at the globe by the kings majesties servants ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to his most worthily respected friends , nathaniel finch , john ford , esquires ; mr. henry blunt , mr. robert ellice , and all the rest of the noble society of grays-inn . this play is commended by four of the author's friends ; one of which who stiles himself 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , writ the following tetrastick . 't is not the language nor the fore-plac'd rimes of friends , that shall commend to after-times the lovers malancholy : it s own worth , without a borrow'd praise , shall set it forth . the author has embellisht this play with several fancies from other writers , which he has appositely brought in ; as the story of the contention between the musician and the nightingale ; describ'd in strada's academical prolusions , lib. . prol. . which begins , jam sol è medio pronus defluxerat orbe , &c. a definition and description of melancholy , copied from the ingenious mr. rob. burton's anatomy of melancholy , &c. love's sacrifice , a tragedy , receiv'd generally well ; acted by the queens majesties servants , at the phoenix in drury lane ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to his truest friend , his worthiest kinsman , john ford of gray's - inn esquire . there is a copy of verses printed before this play , written by that dramatick writer mr. james shirley . perkin warbeck , a chronicle history , and a strange truth , acted ( sometimes ) by the queens majesties servants in drury lane ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to the rightly honourable william cavendish earl of newcastle . this play as several of the former , is attended with verses written by four of the author's friends ; one of which is his kinsman above-mentioned . the plot is founded on truth , and may be read in most of the chronicles that have writ of the reign of king henry the vii . see caxton , polidore virgil , hollingshead , speed , stow , salmonet , du chesne , martyn , baker , gaynsford's history of perkin warbeck , &c. sun's darling , a moral mask , often presented by their majesties servants , at the cock-pit in drury lane , with great applause ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable thomas wriathesley , earl of southampton . this play was written ( as i have said ) by our author and decker , but not publisht till after their decease . a copy of verses written by mr. john tateham , is the introduction to the masque ; at the entry whereof , the reader will find an explanation of the design , alluding to the four seasons of the year . 't is pity she 's a whore , a tragedy printed o i can give no further account of the title-page , or dedication , mine being lost . all that i can say is , that it equalls any of our author's plays ; and were to be commended , did not the author paint the incestuous love between giovanni , and his sister annabella , in too beautiful colours . mr. winstanly says , s that this author was very beneficial to the red-bull , and fortune play-houses ; as may appear by the plays which he wrote ; tho' the reader may see by the fore-going account that he takes his information upon trust , or else the plays he has seen are of different editions from those i have by me : but i rather believe the former , since i have found him subject to several mistakes of this nature . thomas ford . an author who liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , who publisht a dramatick poem , call'd love's labyrinth , or the royal shepherdess , a tragi-comedy , printed o lond. . this play is commended by two copies of verses : but whether ever it appear'd on any stage , i cannot determine ; only this i know , that part of this play is stollen from gomersal's tragedy of sforza duke of millain . mr. philips thro' mistake ascribes this play to the above-mention'd mr. john ford. this author has writ several other pieces , virtus rediviva , a panegyrick on king charles the martyr : a theatre of wits , being a collection of apothegms : fenestra in pectore ; or a century of familiar letters : fragmenta poetica ; or poetical diversions : a panegyrick on the return of king charles the second . all these pieces , with the fore-going play , are printed together in o lond. . john fountain . a gentleman who flourish'd in devonshire , at the time of his majesty king charles the second his return ; and was the author of a single play nam'd , reward of virtue , a comedy , printed in o. lond. . this play was not design'd for the stage by the author ; but about eight years after the first printing , mr. fountain being dead , it was reviv'd with alterations , by mr. shadwell , and acted with good applause , under the title of the royal shepherdess . abraham fraunce . an ancient writer who liv'd in the time of queen elizabeth , and was the author of a book called , the countess of pembroke's ivy church ; which title in former catalogues was set down as the name of a play in parts , tho' in reality , there is but one dramatick piece , call'd , amintas's pastoral , being the first part of the book , printed o lond. . and dedicated to the right excellent and most honourable lady , the lady mary , countess of pembroke . this play is writ in english hexameters , and is a translation from tasso's aminta ; which was done into latin by one mr. watson , before this version was undertaken by our author . he owns that he has somewhat alter'd t sig r. tasso's italian , and mr. watson's latine amintas , to make them both one english. notwithstanding mr. chapman in his translation of homer , and sir philip sidney in his eclogues , have practic'd this way of writing ; yet this way of imitating the latin measures of verse , particularly the hexameter , is now laid aside , and the verse of ten syllables , which we stile heroick verse , is most in use . if this translation be allow'd grains for the time when 't was writ , 't will be excus'd by the more moderate criticks ; tho' if compar'd with the translation which was afterwards printed in . or that more modern version done by dancer , at the king's return , 't will appear inferior to either in value . the second part goes under the title of phillis funeral ; and it is writ in the form of eclogues , being divided by the author into twelve parts , which he stiles days . this poem is likewise writ in hexameters ; to which is annext in the same measure , the lamentation of corydon for the love of alexis . this is a translation of the second eclogue of virgil verse for verse . the author added likewise the begining of the aethiopick history of heliodorus , in the same species of metre . with these pieces are commonly join'd another of our authors writing , call'd the countess of pembrokes emanuel ; containing the nativity , passion , burial , and resurrection of christ ; together with certain psalms of david , all in english hexameters ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right excellent and most honourable lady , the lady mary , countess of pembroke ; by the following distick . mary the best mother sends her best babe to a mary , lord to a ladies sight , and christ to a christian hearing . mr. phillips says u , that he writ some other things in hexameter , and pentameter , and the same writes mr. winstanley x : tho' i doubt the former takes his opinion upon trust , and the later does not i believe know a pentameter from an asclepiade verse . the truth is , there are no pentameters throughout the volume : but in the last act , there is a scene between phillis and amintas ( which whether it be in the original , i question ) where this pair of lovers sing some asclepiades , which i suppose is the occasion of the mistake : tho' i cannot but wonder at mr. winstanley's negligence , that when he copied out the begining of heliodorus , he should not inform himself better ; but i hope my small pains may be serviceable to his next impression . neither is his conjecture less probable concerning the time of our author's death , which he supposes was about the former part of the reign of queen elizabeth ; this can not be , since our author was alive at the publication of his book , which was in the year . and in the thirty-third year of her reign : tho' how long after he surviv'd i know not . sir ralph freeman . a gentleman who during the late troubles busied himself in poetry , and writ an excellent tragedy call'd imperiale , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to his ancient and learned friend , john morris esquire . i know not whether ever this play was acted ; but certainly it far better deserv'd to have appear'd on the theatre than many of our modern farces that have usurp'd the stage , and depos'd its lawful monarch , tragedy . the compositor maim'd the last act by setting the sheet [ i ] false , so that 't is pretty difficult to make out the five first scenes : the catastrophe of this play is as moving as most tragedies of this age , and therefore our author chose a proper lemma for the frontispiece of his play , in that verse of ovid. omne genus scripti gravitate tragoedia vincit . the story on which this play is built is related by many authors , as pontanus , budaeus's treasury of ancient and modern times ; beard 's theatre of gods judgments , part . p. . and part . p. . wanley's history of man , book . chap. . goulart histoires admirables de nôtre temps , tom . . p. . the story is related at large in bandello's italian novels , see the french translation by belleforest , tom. . p. . ulpian fulwel . an ancient writer , of whom i can give no other account , than that he lived in the reign of q. elizab. and publisht a dramatical piece call'd like will to like , qouth the devil to the collier , an interlude , wherein is declared what punishments follow those that will rather live licentiously , than esteem and follow good counsel : and what benefits they receive that apply themselves to virtuous living , and good exercises ; printed in quarto lond. . this interlude is so contriv'd that five may easily play it . 't is printed in an old black letter ; the prologue is writ in alternate verse , and the whole play is writ in rime such as it is : however it might have suited with mr. dyrden's design y to prove the antiquity of crambo , far better than the tragedy of gorbuduc , which was writ in blank verse ; whereas this play is tag'd with rimes throughout , and is three years older than the other , that not being printed till the year . g. george gascoigne , esq this gentleman i can give no further account of , than that he flourisht in the begining of the reign of queen elizabeth ; that he was a member of the honourable society of gray's - inn , and was the parent of feveral poetical works , amongst which , are four dramatick pieces , of which i shall first discourse . glass of government , a tragical comedy , so intituled , because therein are handled as well the rewards for virtues , as also the punishments for vices . seen and allowed , according to the order appointed in the queens majesties injunctions ; printed in quarto lond. . at the begining of this play i find the following hexastick . in comoediam gascoigni , carmen b.c. haec nova , non vetus est , angli comoedia vatis , christus adest , sanctos nil nisi sancta decent . graecia vaniloquos genuit , turpesque poetas , vix qui syncerè scriber at unus erat . idvereor nostro ne possit dicier aevo , vana precor valeant , ver a precor placeant . this play is printed in a black letter as are all his works : 't is writ in prose with a chorus between each act , which with the prologue , are all in verse . jocasta , a tragedy written in greek by euripides , translated and digested into acts by our author , and mr. francis kinwelmershe of gray's inn , and there presented , and printed in quarto lond. . each act of this play is introduc'd by a dumb shew , ( which in those times was the mode in tragedies ) and concluded by a chorus . the first , fourth , and last acts were translated by mr. kinwelmershe , the second and third by our author : and the epilogue was writ by mr. christopher yelverton , in alternate rime . this is the only play of that ancient tragedian , that to my knowledge is translated into english : tho' our language , and the knowledge of this age , be far more proper for translations , now , than in that time our author flourisht . that i may not be wanting in my respect to those worthy ancients , which by any of my country-men are naturaliz'd , i shall give some account of them and their writings as opportunity shall offer it self ; and therefore i crave leave to lay hold of this , to speak a word or two of euripides . this poet was stil'd the tragick philosopher , and was born at phyla a town in attica , in the olympiade , and in the year after the building of rome . prodius taught him rhetorick , after which he made a voyage to aegypt , with plato , to visit the learned men there , and to improve himself by their conversation . he was also a friend of socrates , and some have believed that this philosopher assisted him in the composition of his tragedies . he went from athens dissatisfied with the people , for preferring the comick writers before him ; and retir'd to the court of archelaus king of macedonia about the year of rome . this prince confer'd many favours on him , and had a great value for him . it happen'd at that time , that a certain person nam'd decamnion , having raillied him about his breath ( which was not over agreeable ) archelaus sent him to euripides , to be punisht at his pleasure . this so exasperated decamnion both against the king and the poet , that for the sake of revenge he join'd with other conspirators in the assassination of the former , and set dogs upon the later , which soon devour'd the object of his hatred . some say , that this misfortune proceeded from the brutality of those irrational creatures , by accident , and not design . others again relate , that he receiv'd his death , from some inhumane women , against whom he had somewhat too bitterly inveigh'd . i remember a pleasant story in ford's apothegms ; that sophocles being once ask'd the reason why in his tragedies he always represented women good , and euripides wicked ; answer'd , that euripides describ'd them as they were , he , as they ought to be . but digression apart ; the time of his death no more than the manner of it is agreed upon . some say , he dy'd about the year of his age , in the olympiade , and in the year of rome . being years before the incarnation of our saviour . others say , that he dy'd not , till the year of rome . the ancients mention ninety odd tragedies writ by him , of which at present we enjoy but nineteen . supposes , a comedy englisht from the italian of ariosto a famous poet ; a ferarese , and favuorite of alphonsus the first duke of ferrara , and of the cardinal hippolito d' este , his brother . he dy'd the of july , in the year . i purposely decline to give a larger account of his life , because it would swell my book too much , and the english reader may satisfy his curiosity by perusing his life at the end of sr. john harrington's translation of orlando furioso . those vers'd in italian , may read his life writ by gierolamo poro of padoua , gierolamo guarafola of ferrara , simon fornari of rheggio , &c. this play was presented at gray's - inn , and printed in quarto lond. . the prologue as well as the play is writ in prose . this prologue i suppose gave the grounds for that writ by mr. duffet to the play call'd trappolin suppos'd a prince , as that did to the epilogue of the duke and no duke . pleasure at kenelworth castle , a masque , ( as mr. kirkman informs us in his catalogue ) which i never saw . our author has written several poems of a different species which he calls herbs , and which with his plays make a considerable vollume , and are printed together in quarto lond. . henry glapthorn . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , who publisht several plays which i presume in those days past with good approbation at the globe and cock-pit play-houses ; tho' i cannot agree with mr. winstanley z , that he was one of the chiefest dramatick poets of this age. he writ five plays , viz. albertus wallenstein , duke of fridland , and general to the emperor ferdinand the second , his tragedy , acted with good allowance at the globe on the bank-side , by his majesties servants , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the great example of virtue , and true mecaenas's of liberal arts , mr. william murrey of his majesties bed-chamber . for the plot see the historians who have writ on the last german wars , in the reign of ferdinand the second . see besides m. sarasins walstein's conspiracy translated into english , o lond. . spondanus's continuation of baronius . fierzen l'hist . de liege , &c. argalus and parthenia , a tragi-comedy acted at the court before their majesties : and at the private-house in drury-lane by their majesties servants ; printed in quarto lond. . the plot of this play is founded on sr. philip sidney's arcadia , a romance , in the story of argalus and parthenia , see pag. . &c. mr. quarles has writ a pretty poem on the same foundation . hollander , a comedy written in the year . and then acted at the cock-pit in drury-lane by their majesties servants , with good allowance : and at the court before both their majesties , printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the great hope of growing nobleness , his honourable friend sir thomas fisher. lady's priviledge , a comedy , acted with good allowance , at the cock-pit in drury lane , and before their majesties at white-hall twice ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the true example of heroick virtue , and favourer of arts , sir frederick cornwallis . wit in a constable , a comedy , writ in the year . and then acted at the cock-pit in drury lane , by their majesties servants with good allowance , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable his singular good lord , thomas lord wentworth . besides these plays , he has a book of poems extant , in which are several copies , directed to his mistress , under the name of lucinda ; printed o lond. . thomas goff. a gentleman that flourisht in the reign of king james the first : he was born in essex towards the latter end of queen elizabeth's reign , about the year . in his youth he was sent to westminster-school , and at the age of eighteen he was brought in student of christ-church colledge in oxford . being an industrious scholar , he arrived to be a good poet , a skilful oratour , and an excellent preacher . in the year . he proceeded batchelour of divinity , and was preferr'd to a living in surrey , call'd east-clandon : there he got him a wife , which prov'd as great a plague to him , as a shrew could be ; and became a true xantippe to our ecclesiastical socrates : insomuch that she gave him daily opportunities of exercising his patience ; and t is believ'd by some , that this domestick-scourge shortned his days . he was buried at his own parish-church at clandon , the . of july . he writ several pieces on several subjects , amongst which are reckon'd five plays , viz. careless shepherdess , a tragi-comedy , acted before the king and queen , at salisbury-court with great applause ; printed o lond. . with an alphabetical catalogue of all such plays that ever were till that time published . this catalogue is very full of errors throughout . couragious turk , or amurath the first , a tragedy , acted by the students of christ-church in oxford ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to the no less honoured than deserving sir walter tichborn , by mr. rich. meighen , who publish'd it after the authors decease . there is a copy of verses prefix'd to the play , writ i suppose by the same person , and directed to the author ; in that , transcribing his book without his knowledge , he was bound by promise to stand to his pleasure to keep it , or burn it . for the plot , consult the writers of the turkish history in the reign of amurath , as leunclacius , chalcocondylas , knolles , &c. orestes his tragedy , acted by the students of christs church in oxford ; printed o lond. . how far our author has follow'd sophocles in his electra , or euripides in orestes , i shall leave to the search of the learned reader ; only i cannot but observe , that when i first read it , i thought by the length it might vye with that epick poem of orestes , which juvenal complains of , a as being , — summi plenâjam margine libri scriptus , & in tergo nec dum finitus , orestes . raging turk , or bajazet the second , a tragedy , acted by the students of christ-church in oxford ; printed o lond. . this play was writ ( with the two foregoing tragedies ) when the author was master of arts , and student of christ-church ; but not printed till after his decease ; and then dedicated by mr. richard meighen the publisher , to the no less ingenious than zealous favourer of ingenuity , sir richard tichborn , brother to the above-nam'd sir walter . for the plot , consult chalcocondylas , artus , knolles , &c. these three last plays are all printed together in o lond. . selimus emperour of the turks his tragedy , printed o lond. . i question whether ever this play were acted , because it is not divided into acts. the author calls this the first part ; and in his conclusion , as he stiles it , or epilogue , he promises a second part , saying , if this first part , gentles , do like you well ; the second part shall greater murthers tell . but whether it was ever publisht , i am ignorant : tho' i am apt to believe not , since 't is not mention'd in any catalogue . the plot is founded on the turkish history ; see the writers of the reign of selimus the first , as paulus jovius , mezeray , knolles , &c. mr. philips , and mr. winstanley , have father'd a comedy on this author , call'd cupids whirligig ; tho' democritus and heraclius were not more different in their temper , than his genius was opposite to comedy . besides , the true father was one mr. e.s. who ( as he says ) b being long pregnant with desire to bring forth something , and being afterwards brought a bed , had chose his friend mr. robert hayman to be god-father , not doubting but his child would be well maintain'd , seeing he could not live above an hour with him , and therefore , he entreated him when he was dead , that he might be buried deep enough in his good opinion , and that he might deserve this epitaph ; here lyes the child that was born in mirth , against the strict rules of child-birth : and to be quit i gave him to my friend , who laught him to death , and that was his end. yours , while he is his own . i hope the reader will forgive me this digression , which i was forc'd to in vindication of my author , who was so far from this ridiculous stile , and affected mirth , that nothing but manly and serious escap'd his pen : and in his latter time , he forsook the stage , for the pulpit , and instead of plays , employ'd himself in writing sermons ; some of which have appear'd in print in the year . to these i may add his latin funeral oration , in the divinity-school , at the obsequies of sr. henry savil , printed o oxon. . another in christ-church cathedral , at the funeral of dr. goodwin , cannon of that church , printed lond. . robert gomersal . a gentleman that lived in the reign of king charles the first , and was the eldest son of an esquire . he was born at london , and was sent by his father to the university of oxon. . being then years of age. he was enter'd at christ-church , and in a little time was chose student of that royal-foundation . here he took his batchelors and masters degrees , and in the year . he went out batchelor of divinity . i know not what preferment he got , tho' i believe he was minister of a place call'd flower , in northamptonshire ; but this is only conjecture , from some of his poems , dated from thence . however i am assur'd he died in the year . he is accounted by some no mean preacher , or poet : but this i leave to the judgment of those who will peruse the works which he has publisht , and tho' divinity ought to claim the preference , yet poetry being my immediate subject , i crave the readers pardon that i give account of his poetry in the first place , and begin with his play call'd lodovick sforza , duke of millain , his tragedy , printed o lond. . and dedicated to his most worthy friend , mr. francis hide , student of christ-church , and junior proctor of the university in the year . i cannot satisfy the readers whether ever this play appear'd on any stage : but i can inform him , that the foundation of it may be read in guicciardine lib. , , &c. philip de commines , mezeray in the reign of charles the viii . of france . besides this play he has writ several other poems , which are printed with it , as particularly the levites revenge containing poetical meditations upon the , and . chapters of judges ; and is dedicated to his worthily respected friend , barten holiday , arch-deacon of oxford . this poem is highly commended , by a copy of verses , written by a gentleman of the middle-temple : but i shall leave this and his other poems , to the readers perusal and judgment . he has several sermons in print , on the i. pet. chap. . verse , , , . printed o. lond. . francis gouldsmith , esq i am able to recover no other memoires of this gentleman , than that he liv'd in the reign of king charles the martyr ; and oblig'd the world with the translation of a play out of latin , call'd sophompaneas , or the history of joseph , with annotations , a tragedy , printed o lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry lord marquess of dochester . this dramma was writ by the admirable hugo grotius , publisht by him at amsterdam . and dedicated to gerardus vossius , professor of history and civil arts , in the most flourishing city of amsterdam . he stiles it a tragedy , notwithstanding it ends successfully ; and quotes for his authority , aeschylus's danaides , euripides his alcestes , jon , helena , iphigenia among the tauri , and even vossius his own art of poetry : whether this opinion be to be controverted or no , i leave to the criticks . some people make it a question , whether it be lawful to make a dramatick poem of a sacred argument : and i have ! heard some people of tender consciences , speak against this play , and christ's passion , writ by the same author . but i think the following opinion of the great vossius , c printed before this play , may satisfy them in this point . i am of opinion ( says he ) 't is better to chuse another argument , than sacred . for it agrees not with the majesty of sacred things to be made a play and a fable . it is also a work of very dangerous consequence , to mingle humane inventions with things sacred ; because the poet adds uncertainties of his own , sometimes falsities ; which is not only to play with holy things , but also to ingraft in mens minds uncertain opinions , and now and then false . these things have place especially , when we bring in god , or christ speaking , or treating of the mysteries of religion . i will allow more where the history is taken out of the sacred scriptures , but yet in the nature of the argument is civil . as if the action be of david flying from his son absalon ; or of joseph sold by his brethren , advanced by pharoah to the government of egypt , and in that dignity adored by , and made known unto his brethren . of which argument is sophompaneas , made by the most illustrious and incomparable man hugo grotius , embassador when he liv'd , of the most gracious queen and kingdom of sweden , to the most christian king of france . which tragedy , i suppose , may be set for a pattern to him that would handle an argument from the holy scriptures . i shall say nothing of the life of hugo grotius ; only that he was an honour to delph , where he was born in the year . and will be famous to posterity , in regard of those many excellent pieces that he has published . in some of his writings he had defended arminianism , for which he suffer'd imprisonment in the castle of louverstein , in the year . ( at which time his associate barnevelt lost his head on the same account ) : afterwards he escaped out of prison , by means of maria reigersberg his wife , and fled into flanders ; and thence into france , where he was kindly receiv'd by lewis the xiii . he died at rostoch in meclebourg , sept. the first . his life is writ at large by melchior adamus , in latin ; and in english by c. b. and printed o lond. . ●●● to our author , and his translation , ( which is in heroick verse ) i find it extreamly commended by the verses of four of his friends : and i doubt not but the candid reader will assent to their judgments . for the plot , the author has acquainted the reader ( before the play ) that the history is recorded by moses in genesis , and chapters , with the contexts there adjoyning ; psal. . acts . by philo , in the life of josephus : by josephus , in the d. book of the jewish antiquities ; and partly by justin , out of trogus pompeius , the . book . it is extant also in astapanus , out of alexander polyhistor , and in demetrius : the places you may see in eusebius his preparation to the gospel . alexander green . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the second ; who presently after the restauration published a play , call'd the politician cheated , a comedy , printed o lond. . i know not whether ever this play appear'd on the stage , or no ; nor can i recover any thing else of this author 's writing . robert green . this author lived in the reign of queen elizabeth , and was a master of arts of cambridge : as to any further account of him , i i can meet with none , except what i am forc'd to borrow from mr. winstanley . but the truth is i dare not trust too much to him , knowing how subject he is to take things upon re●●●●● as i find , particularly in the innumeration he makes of this author's plays : however , for once i will venture to transcribe the following passage upon his authority ; who tells us , that the person we here treat of was married to a deserving gentlewoman , whom he ungratefully forsook , living above himself ; and therefore was forc'd to make his pen a slave to his purse , to supply his extravagancies : notwithstanding which he was reduc'd to extreme poverty towards the latter end of his life ; which through god's mercy , led him to a sight of his former follies , and to a repentance of his evil course of life : especially his unkindness and disloyalty to his virtuous partner : which occasion'd a letter , ( published by mr. winstanley ) which was directed to her by our penitent , and found after his death : which epistle in my opinion very much resembles the stile of dr. reynolds in his god's revenge against murther . as to that distich said by mr. winstanley to be writ on our author , i have shew'd his mistake in the account . this author has writ several pieces , but especially one play , ( the occasion of his mention in this place ) whose title is , the honourable history of fryar bacon , and fryar bungy ; play'd by the prince palatine's servants , and printed lond. — i know not whence the author borrow'd his plot ; but this famous fryar minor , liv'd in the reign of king henry the third , and died in the reign of edward the first , in the year . con●●●●● bale , script . illustr . majoris britannae ca●●●● pitseus relationes historicae . wood. antiq. oxon. dr. ●lot hist. oxford , &c. mr. philips , d and mr. winstanley e say , that he was an associate with dr. lodge in writing several comedies ; namely , the laws of nature ; lady alimony ; liberality and prodigality ; and a masque called lumenalia . besides which he wrote alone , the comedies of fryar bacon , and fair emme . but in this assertion they are extreamly out ; for he joyn'd with dr. lodge but in one play , call'd a looking-glass for london ; of which hereafter : and as to the others ( most of which i have by me ) they are all anonymous plays . as to his other pieces , i have never seen but two ; viz. quip for an upstart courtier , and dorastus and fawnia ; tho' mr. winstanley reckons up several others , as euphues his censure to philautus ; tullies love ; philomela , the lady fitzwaters nightingale , green's never too late , first and second part ; green's arcadia ; green's farewell to folly ; green's groats-worth of wit , &c. h. william habington , esq a gentleman that liv'd in the time of the late civil wars ; and slighting bellona , gave himself up entirely to the muses . he was equally famous for history , and poetry , of which his edward the fourth , and castara , are sufficient testimonies . mr. kirkman ( who was very knowing in plays , ) has ascribed a dramatick piece to him , which gives us occasion to speak of him ; 't is call'd , queen of arragon , a tragi-comedy , acted at court , and the black-fryars ; and printed fol. lond. . tho' the author's name be not prefix'd to the title-page , yet i have that confidence in mr. kirkman's judgment as to believe this play to be writ by him . his other poems are all printed together o. and go under the title of castara : they are divided into three parts , under a different title suitable to their subject . the first , which was writ when he was a suitor to his wife , is usher'd in , by a character writ in prose , of a mistress : the second , being copies writ to her after marriage , by a character of a wife : after which is a character of a friend , before several funeral elegies . the third part consists of divine poems , some of which are paraphrases on several texts out of job and the book of psalms : before which is the portraict of a holy man. i know not when those poems were first printed , but the last edition which i have by me augmented and corrected , was printed o. lond. . and his poetry is commended by his friend and kinsman , mr. john talbot . i know nothing that he has writ in prose , except his chronicle of k. edward the fourth , printed fol. lond. . of what esteem it is in the world , is well known to historians . peter haustead . a gentleman that was born at oundle , a market town in northamptonshire , and flourisht in the reign of king charles the first of blessed memory . he was after some years sent to the university of cambridge : where in queens colledge he took the degree of master of arts. he challenges a place in our catalogue , on account of his play , call'd rival friends , a comedy , acted before the king and queens majesties , when out of their princely favour they were pleas'd to visit the university of cambridge , upon the nineteenth day of march . cry'd down by boys , faction , envy , and confident ignorance , approv'd by the judicious , and expos'd to the publick censure by the author ; printed o lond. . and dedicated by a copy of verses to the right hon ble , right reverend , right worshipful , or whatsoever he be , shall be , or whom he hereafter may call patron . the play is commended by a copy of latin verses , and two writ in english. the prologue is a dialogue betwixt venus , thetis , and phoebus , sung by two trebles , and a base . venus ( being phosphorus as well as vesper ) appearing at a window above , as risen , calling to sol , who lay in thetis lap , at the east-side of the stage , canopy'd with an azure curtain . our author seems to me to be much of the humor of ben johnson , ( whose greatest weakness was that he could not bear censure ; ) and has so great a value for ben's writings , that his scene betwen love-all , mungrel , hammershin , act . sc. . is copy'd from that ( in johnson's play called the silent woman , ) between true-wit , daw , and la-fool , act. . sc. . i know not whether our author were in orders when he writ this play ; but i know there are eleven sermons in print , under his name , published o lond. . richard head . this author liv'd in the reigns of king charles the first and second . he was born in ireland , of english parents , being the son of a clergy-man , who was murther'd in the deplorable massacre of ireland ; in the beginning of the rebellion , which broke out there on the d day of october . he was educated for some small time in the university of oxford ; and afterwards exchang'd his study for a booksellers shop . i remember him a bookseller , and partner with kirkman , ( if i mistake not ) in the alley that fronts the north-gate of pauls , call'd cannon-alley . he was a man extreamly given to pleasure , and yet of excellent natural parts , had they been improv'd by virtue , or fix'd by solidity . he writ a play call'd hic & ubique , or the humour 's of dublin , a comedy acted privately with good applause ; printed in quarto lond. . and dedicated to the illustrious charles , duke of monmouth and orkney . he has writ several other pieces , of different subjects tho' all of them trivial , and which betray'd his conversation ; as the first part of the english rogue ; venus cabinet unlock'd ; the art of wheedling ; the floating island , or a voyage from lambethania to ram-allia ; a discovery of o brasil ; jackson's recantation ; the red-sea ; and some pieces against dr. wild ; all which i have borrow'd from mr. winstanley , and shall be ready to return him interest for it , in the next edition of his book , if he pleases to command me . our author ( according to mr. winstanley ) was cast away at sea , in his passage to the isle of wight . william hemmings . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , and was master of arts of the university of oxford : tho' i cannot inform my self of what colledge . he writ two tragedies , which in his time were in some esteem ; and one of them has appear'd on the stage , since the restitution of his late majesty and the muses , with approbation . it is call'd fatal contract , a tragedy acted with good applause , by her majesties servants ; and printed quarto lond. . this play was published after the author's death , having pass'd thro' many hands , as a curiosity of wit and language ; c and was dedicated to the right honourable james compton earl of northampton , , and to isabella his virtuous countess . it was reviv'd not many years since under the title of love and revenge , with some alterations : the old play being out of print , it was about three years ago reprinted as a new play , under the title of the eunuch . for the plot 't is founded on the french chronicle , in the reigns of chilperic the first , and clotaire the second : consult gregoire de tours , lib. , . &c. aimoin , fredegaire , sigebert , fortunat , valois , de serres , mezeray , &c. jews tragedy , or their fatal and final overthrow by vespasian , and titus his son , agreeable to the authentick and famous history of josephus ; printed o lond. . this play was not published till some years after the author's death . for the history consult josephus lib. , . jasper heywood . this author was son to john heywood , the famous epigramatist , ( of which by and by ) and was bred in his younger years at merton colledge , and afterwards was a member of all-souls colledge in oxford . in some few years , he changed the university for s. omers ; where he became a fierce bigotted jesuite , and was the first jesuite that set foot in england . dr. fuller says , f he was executed in the reign of queen elizabeth : but sir richard baker tells us , g that he was one of the chief of those seventy priests that were taken in the year . and when some of them were condemn'd , and the rest in danger of the law , that gracious queen caus'd them all to be ship'd away , and sent out of england . during his residence in the university , he imploy'd part of his time , in translating three of seneca's tragedies , of which we shall give an account : but first with the readers permission , since an hansome opportunity offers it self , we will present you with an abridgment of the life of this our poetical-stoick . lucius annaeus seneca was born at cordoüa , in spain , a little before the death of augustus caesar. he bore his father's name , which conformity has mis-led some authors , causing them to ascribe to the son , the declamations collected by the father . he gave himself to the study of philosophy and rhetorick ; and in the beginning of caligula's reign , he signaliz'd himself by a cause which he pleaded in the senate , under the protection of cneus domitius . but finding that emperor , aiming at the universal monarchy of eloquence , he pleaded no more in publick , for fear of giving ombrage to this ambitious prince . he was banisht for two years into the isle of corsa , upon suspition of too much familiarity with the relict of his patron domitius . agripina being married to claudius , she repeal'd his banishment , and gave him the honourable station of tutor to her son nero , who she design'd for the empire . he acquitted himself of this employ with universal applause ; and the first five years of nero's reign , sufficiently testify'd the diligence and prudence of the tutor , and the pregnant temper of the royal pupil : who so well put in practice the instructions that were given him , that the beginning of his reign might serve as a model to the best of princes : but when once poppaea and tigillinus became masters of his temper , they soon destroy'd that noble foundation of virtue , that seneca had taken so much pains to erect ; and he gave himself up to those abominable crimes , that render'd him the shame of mankind . seneca's virtue was a continual check to his vices ; this render'd his company at first disagreeable to him , afterwards intolerable . this occasion'd him to hire cleonice , seneca's freed-man , to poyson him ; which either through the repentance of the domestick or the distrust of seneca , was prevented . nero some time after , hearing that seneca was privy to piso's conspiracy , and being impatient of his death , laid hold of that opportunity to destroy him . all the return this ungrateful pupil made him for the care of his education , was to allow him the choice of his death ; which he accepted from the tyrant , and causing his veins to be open'd , he died in the twelfth year of nero's reign , a.d. . i could willingly enlarge upon his life , but since my subject confines me to speak obiter only of forreign poets , i hope the reader will excuse me , and seek in tacitus , suetonius , and other roman historians for the further satisfaction : or in justus lipsius , who has pen'd his life more at large ; whilst i return to my translator , and those three plays made english by him , which are hercules furens , troas , and thyestes . hercules furens , tho' not allow'd by some who are criticks in stile , to be writ by seneca , is yet thought by most learned men to be an imitation of that play of euripides , which bears the same name : and tho' in some things relating to oeconomy and contrivance , they differ , in others they agree ; as has been observed by scaliger , apud euripidem tragoedia est huic assinis , & argumento & nomine : oeconomia , partim similis , partim dissimilis . an instance of this , is in the scene between lycus and amphitruo , where seneca has observ'd the decorum of the stage in the person of amphitruo , better than euripides ; so that scaliger sticks not to prefer the latin to the greek poet , in decore personae amphitrionis longè inferior senecâ ut in multis aliis . as to the version of our author , tho' i cannot much commend it , yet i believe it may vye with the translations of mr. brisset , and le sieur nouvelon . if mr. linage has outdone him , 't is because the one is writ in prose , and so is left at liberty to express his thoughts ; the other is fetter'd in rhime , and has taken an ill measure of verse ; lines of fourteen syllables sounding harsh to the ears of those that are used to heroick poetry . i must do my author this justice to acquaint the whole world , that he endeavours to keep to seneca's sence ; and likewise to imitate his verse , changing his measure as often as the author ; the chorus of each act being different from the act it self , as the reader may observe by comparing the english copy with the latin original . troas , is a tragedy which is extreamly commended by the learned farnaby , and the judicious daniel heinsius ; the former stiling it a divine tragedy , in his preface before these tragedies , divinam tragoediam troadas l. annaeo senecae philosopho adscribo ; the other preferring it before the troadas of euripides , both for the language and contrivance : but especially he says , it far exceeds it in the chorus : so that those of seneca are divine in respect of these of euripides . etiam in choris noster vincit quos ex paucis graecis verbis , & quae sparsum leguntur fecit alios & planè divinos . i shall not dispute whether this tragedy be nam'd troas , or troadas , according to scaliger's opinion : or whether it ought to be nam'd hecuba , as valerius probus , and some others believe ; but leave these niceties to the decision of the more learned criticks , whilst i proceed to give an account of our authors version . in this tragedy the author has taken the liberty of adding several things , and altering others , as thinking the play imperfect ; whether left so by seneca , or whether part of it be lost , he pretends not to decide . first , as to his additions ; he has at the end of the chorus after the first act , added threescore verses of his own invention . in the beginning of the second act , he has added a whole scene , where he introduces the spectre of achilles rising from hell , to require the sacrifice of polyxena . to the chorus of this act , he has added three stanzas . secondly , as to his alterations ; instead of translating the chorus of the third act , ( which is wholly taken up with the names of forreign countries , the translation of which without notes , he thought would be tiresome to the english reader ; ) he has substituted in its stead , another chorus of his own invention . this tragedy runs in verses of fourteen syllables , and for the most part his chorus is writ in verse of ten syllables , which we call heroick verse . whether his translation excel , or be excell'd by those done by robert garnier , and the sieur de sallibray , i must leave to those who have read them to decide . thyestes , is a tragedy in the judgment of heinsius not inferior to any of the other dramatick pieces writ by seneca . whether he made use of lucius varius or no , i must leave to the inquiry of the learned ; whilst i inform my reader , that our author translated this play when he was fellow of all-souls colledge in oxford . this tragedy , is writ in the same measure of verse with the other ; only the chorus is writ in alternate rime . the translator has added a scene at the end of the fifth act , spoken by thyestes alone ; in which he bewails his misery , and implores heaven's vengeance on atreus . these plays are printed with the other seven in a black letter , in o lond. . john heywood . this ancient writer flourish'd in the reigns of k. edward the sixth , and queen mary ; and liv'd at north-mims in hertfordshire , near st. albans , he was most familiar with sr. thomas more , whose neighbour he was , and by whom i suppose he was introduc'd to the knowledge of queen mary ; in whose favour he grew exceedingly . after her death , he fled beyond sea , on account of his religion , and died an exile at mechlem , an. dom. . he was i believe one of the first dramatick writers in our english tongue , and publisht seven pieces , which he calls interludes : and which according to mr. kirkman , were printed with the first of our english printing . notwithstanding his suffering for religion , he has as much exploded the vices of the romish clergy , as nic. de clemangiis . he says of his own writings , ` that he applied mirth more than thrift , `made mad plays , and did few good works h of all his plays , i never saw but one , which i have by me , in quarto ; tho' i have been told that the rest of his plays are printed in fol. of which in order . four p's , a merry interlude , of a palmer , a pardoner , a potycary , and a pedler ; imprinted at london in fleet-street , at the sign of the george , by will. middleton in o. take a sample of his stile , that you may judge of the rest . palmer ; nowe god be here , who kepeth this place now by my faith , i crye you mercy of reason i must sew for grace my rewdness sheweth me no so homely where of your pardon art , and wonne i sew you as curtesy doth me binde to tell this which shall be begonne in order as may come best in mindy i am a palmer as yee se , &c. play between john the husband , and tib his wife . play between the pardoner , the fryar , the curate , and neighbour prat. play of gentleness and nobility , parts . play of love. play of the weather . besides these plays , he has written three hundred epigrams upon . proverbs , printed in quarto london . a fourth hundred of epigrams , printed in quarto lond. . a fifth hundred of epigrams , printed in quarto lond. . dr. fuller mentions a book writ by our author , i intituléd monumenta literaria , which are said to be non tam labore condita , quàm lepore condita . the author of the art of english poetry , speaking of several of our old english bards , says thus of this our poet ; k john heywood , who in king edward the sixth's time , for the mirth and quickness of his conceits , more than for any good learning that was in him , came to be well benefy'd by the king. that the reader may judge of his epigrams , to which certainly the forementioned writer alludes , i will transcribe one , writ by him on himself . of heywood's fifth hund. numb . . art thou heywood , with thy mad merry wit ? yea , forsooth master , that name is even hit . art thou heywood , that apply'st mirth more than thrift ? yes , sir , i take merry mirth , a golden gift . art thou heywood , that hast made many mad plays ? yea , many plays , few good works in my days . art thou heywood , that hath made men merry long ? yea , and will , if i be made merry among . art thou heywood , that wouldst be made merry now . yes , sir , help me to it now , i beseech you . 't is not unlikely that our author may have more plays in print , than we have mention'd ; but i am very confident that the pinder of wakefield , and philotas scotch , notwithstanding the allegations of mr. philips and mr. winstanley , are not of that number : the one being written , as i suppose , at least printed , above twenty , the other more than fourty years after his death . thomas heywood . an author that liv'd in the time of queen elizabeth , and the reign of king james the first . tho' he were but an actor , as is manifest by mr. kirkman's testimony , and apparent from a piece writ by him , call'd the actors vindication ; yet his plays were in those days accounted of the second-rate . he was the most voluminous writer that ever handled dramatick poetry in our language ; and i know none but the famous spaniard , lopez de vega , that can vye with him ; if at least we give credit to his own attestation , in the preface to one of his plays ; l this tragi-comedy ( as he says ) being one reserv'd amongst two hundred and twenty , in which i have had either an entire hand , or at the least a main finger . of this number we have , that i know of , but five and twenty entire plays remaining : the reason of which the author gives us in the same epistle . true it is , that my plays are not exposed unto the world in volumes , to bear the title of works , ( as others ) one reason is , that many of them by shifting and change of companies , have been negligently lost , others of them are still retained in the hands of some actors , who think it against their peculiar profit to have them come in print ; and a third , that it was never any great ambition in me to be voluminously read . these seem to me , to be more plausible reasons than what mr. winstanley gives for their miscarriage ; 't is said m , that he not only acted himself almost every day , but also wrote each day a sheet ; and that he might loose no time , many of his plays were compos'd in the tavern , on the back-side of tavern bills ; which may be the occasion that so many of them be lost . certainly the tavern bills were very large , or mr. winstanley must think his readers credulity of the same extent with his own ; who would subscribe to the belief of so ridiculous a story . this report mr. winstanley partly borrows from mr. kirkman's advertisement at the end of his catalogue , and as stories lose nothing in the carriage , mr. winstanley had added the contrivance of making use of tavern bills to save paper . but tho' many of these plays being written loosely in taverns as mr. kirkman observes , might occasion their being so mean ; yet it did not in probability much contribute to their loss , as mr. winstanley would have it . to do our author justice , i cannot allow that his plays are so mean as mr. kirkman has represented them : for he was a general scholar , and an indifferent linguist , as his several translations from lucian , erasmus , textor , beza , buchanan , and other latine and italian authors , sufficiently manifest . nay , further in several of his plays he has borrow'd many ornaments from the ancients ; as more particularly in his plays call'd the ages , he has intersperst several things , borrow'd from homer , virgil , ovid , seneca , plautus , &c. which extreamly set them off . what opinion the wits of the last age had of him may appear from the following verses , extracted from a copy of the poets of those times : viz. the squibbing middleton , and heywood sage , th' apologetick atlas of the stage ; well of the golden age , he could entreat , but little of the mettal , he could get ; three score sweet babes he fashion'd at a lump , for he was christen'd in parnassus pump ; the muses gossip to aurora's bed , and ever since that time his face was red. i shall now give the reader an account of the plays our author has written ; but crave his leave to begin first with those , which are usually stiled the ages , because they are generally sold together , and depend upon each other : and on another score they deserve the preference , as being accounted by most the flower of all his plays . i shall rank them in the same manner , as ovid has describ'd them in his divine work , the metamorphosis . golden age , or the lives of jupiter and saturn , with the deifying of the heathen gods ; a history sundry times acted at the red-bull , by the queens majesties servants , and printed o lond. . this play the author stiles , n the eldest brother of three ages , that have adventur'd the stage , but the only yet , that hath been judg'd to the press . the author in this play , and the two following introduces homer as the expositor of each dumb shew , in imitation , as i suppose , of shakespear's practice in pericles prince of tyre , where gower is suppos'd to do the same piece of service to the audience . i shall leave it to the learned readers judgment how far our poet has follow'd the writers of poetical history : whilst i refer my english readers to ross's mistagogus poeticus ; and to galtruchius's poetical history for satisfaction : or , if they please , to the historical dictionaries of gouldman , littleton , &c. silver age , a history including the love of jupiter to alcmena ; the birth of hercules ; and the rape of proserpine : concluding with the arraignment of the moon ; printed o lond. . the author in this epistles acquaints the reader , that tho' he began with gold , follow with silver , proceed with brass , and purpose by god's grace to end with iron . he hopes the declining titles shall no whit blemish the reputation of the works : but he rather trusts , that as those mettals decrease in value , so è contrario , their books shall increase in substance , weight , and estimation . our author in this play has borrow'd several passages from the ancients : as the intrigue of jupiter and alcmena , is translated from the amphitruo of plautus . the rape of proserpine is borrow'd from ovid's metamorphosis , lib. , with other places too many to repeat . brazen age , a history ; the first act containing the death of the centaure nessus ; the second , the tragedy of meleager ; the third , the tragedy of jason and medea ; the fourth , vulcan's net ; the fifth , the labours and death of hercules : printed o lond. . all these stories are to be found in ovid's metamorphosis . for the story of nessus see lib. . fab. . of meleager , lib. . fab. .. of jason , lib. . fab. . of vulcan's net , lib. . fab. . of hercules , lib. fab. . iron age , the first part , an history containing the rape of hellen ; the siege of troy ; the combat between hector and ajax ; hector and troilus slain by achilles ; achilles slain by paris ; ajax and ulysses contend for the armour of achilles ; the death of ajax &c. printed o lond. . and dedicated to his worthy and much respected friend , mr. thomas hammond of gray's inn esquire . the author in his epistle acquaints the reader , that this iron age , beginneth where the other left , holding on in a plain and direct course from the second rape of hellen , not only to the utter ruine and devastation of troy ; but it , with the second part , stretcheth to the deaths of hellen , and all those kings of greece , who were the undertakers of that ten years bloody and fatal siege . lastly , he desires the reader to take notice , that these were the plays often ( and not with the least applause , ) publickly acted by two companies , upon one stage at once , and have at sundry times thronged three several theatres , with numerous and mighty auditories . the author has borrow'd in many places of this play , as the reader may see by comparing the contention between ajax and ulysses with ovid's metamorphosis , lib. . and other the like , too numerous to particularise . for the main plot consult homer , vigil , dares phrigius , &c. for the episodes , ovid's epistles , metamorphosis , lucian's dialogues , &c. iron age , the second part , a history containing the death of penthesilea , paris , priam , and hecuba : the burning of troy : the deaths of agamemnon , menelaus , clitemnestra , hellena , orestes , egistus , pylades , king diomed , pyrbus , cethus , synon , thersites , printed o lond. . and dedicated to his worthy and much respected friend , mr. thomas manwaring esquire . for the plot consult the foremention'd authors . mr. heywood design'd a new edition of all these ages together , and to illustrate ( as he says o the whole work , with an explanation of the difficulties , and an historical comment upon every hard name , which might appear obscure and intricate to such as were not frequent in poetry : but design of his , i know not for what reason was laid aside . having given the reader a full , if not too tedious account of these plays , i hasten to speak of the rest in our accustom'd order as follows . challenge for beauty , a tragi-comedy , sundry times acted by the kings majesties servants at the black fryars , and at the globe on the bank-side ; printed o lond. . dutchess of suffolk her life ; a history divers and sundry times acted with good applause ; printed o lond. . the plot is built on history , see the story at large in fox's martyrology in the reign of queen mary , an. dom. . in the story of lady katherine , dutchess of suffolk . see besides clark's martyrology , chap. . pag. . edward the fourth , a history in two parts , printed o lond. — . the foundation of this play is built upon chronicle . see the story of this king writ by polydore virgil , du chesue , speed , &c. english traveller , a tragi-comedy publickly acted at the cock-pit in drury-lane , by her majesties servants ; prited o lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful sir henry appleton , knight baronet . the plot and language of young lyonel and reginald , is stoln from plautus's mostellaria . the story of old wincote and his wife , geraldine , and dalavil , the author affirms to be true in his history of women ; where 't is related at large lib. . pag. . o edition . fair maid of the exchange , a comedy , together with the merry humours , and pleasant passages of the cripple of fanchurch , furnisht with variety of delectable mirth : printed o. lond. . the parts are so cast by the author , that tho' there are twenty actors , eleven may easily act this comedy : tho' in my opinion it is not worth reviving . nay further , i question notwithstanding mr. kirkman has ascrib'd it to our author , whether it be his , since his name is not prefixt , neither does the stile , or oeconomy resemble the rest of his labours . fair maid of the west , or a girlworth gold , a tragi-comedy the first part : lately acted before the king and queen , with approved liking , by the queens majesties comedians ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to his much worthy , and his most respected john othow esquire , counsellor at law , in the noble society of gray's - inn. our author in the epistle both to this play , and the english traveller , pleads modesty , in not exposing his plays to the publick view of the world , in numerous sheets and a large volume , under the title of works , as others : by which he would seem tacitly to arraign some of his contemporaries for ostentation , and want of modesty . i am apt to believe , that our author levell'd his accusation at ben johnson : since no other poet that i know of , in those day , gave his plays , the pompous title of works ; of which sir john suckling has taken notice in his sessions of the poets . the first that broke silence was good old ben , prepar'd before with canary wine ; and he told them plainly that he deserv'd the bays , for his were call'd works , where others were but plays . this puts me in mind of a distick directed by some poet of that age , to ben johnson ; pray , tell me ben , where does the myst'ry lurk ? what others call a play , you call a work. which was thus answer'd by a friend of his ; the author's friend thus for the author say's , ben's plays are works , when others works are plays . fair maid of the west , or a girl worth gold , the second part ; acted before the king and queen , with approved liking , by the queens majesties comedians : printed o lond. . and dedicated to the true favourer of the muses , and all good arts , thomas hammond , esq of grays-inn . these plays ( as our author acquaints his patron ) p ` not only past the ` censure of the plebe , and gentry , but of the patricians and pretextatae ; as also of our royal-augustus , and livia . i know not where our poet met with this story , but as poets usually take the foundation of a play , from a history , or a romance ; so these two plays have serv'd for the subject of a romance , which on this model was writ by john dancer , above-mentioned , to whom i refer you q fortune by land and sea , a tragi-comedy , acted with great applause , by the queen's servants ; written by our author , and the well-esteem'd william rowly ; but not printed till after their decease , o lond. . four prentices of london , with the conquest of jerusalem ; a history divers times acted at the red-bull , by the queens majesties servants with good applause ; printed o lond. . and dedicated to the honest high-spirited prentices , the readers . this play was written ( as the author says ) in his infancy of judgement , in this kind of poetry , and his first practice ; and that as plays were then , some sixteen years before its publication , it was in the fashion . this play is founded on the exploits of the famous godfrey of bulloign , who took jerusalem from the infidels the . of july a.d. . for the story , see tasso's il gosredo , dr. fuller's holy war. the late history of the croïsades , &c. if you know not me , you know no body ; or the troubles of queen elizabeth : a history in two parts , printed o lond. . this play was printed without the author's knowledge or consent , and that so corruptly , ( it not being divided into acts ) that at the reviving of it at the cock-pit , after having been acted for the space of one and twenty years , he writ a prologue r , which particularly inveigh'd against this imperfect copy , as will appear by the following lines . — 't was ill nurst , and yet receiv'd as well perform'd at first , grac'd , and frequented for the cradle-age did throng the seats , the boxes , and the stage , so much ; that some by stenography drew the plot , put it in print ; ( scarce one word true : ) and in that lameness it has limpt so long ; the author now to vindicate that wrong , hath took the pains , upright upon it's feet to teach it walk ; so please you sit , and see 't . for the plot , see the writers of the life of q. elizabeth ; as cambden , speed , du chesne , &c. and our author had so great a veneration for that heroick pricess , that he writ a little historical piece , call'd england's elizabeth , printed o lond. . lancashire witches , a well receiv'd comedy , acted at the globe on the bank-side by the kings majesties actors ; written by our author , and the ingenious rich. brome , and printed o. lond. — . i have read in my younger days ( if i mistake not ) the foundation of this play , in an old english quarto ; but as to that part of the plot , where whetstone revenges himself by his aunt 's means , on arthur , shakstone , and bantam , for calling him bastard , act . sc. the last ; 't is founded on the story of john teutonicus of holberstad , a place in high-germany , who was a known bastard , and a magician . our author has related this story in verse , in his hierarchy of angels , lib. . pag. , &c. loves mistris , or the & queen's masque ; three times acted before their majesties , within the space of eight days ; in the presence of sundry forreign embassadours . publickly acted by the queen's comedians , at the phoenix in drury-lane . the second impression corrected by the author , printed o lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable edward earl of dorset . the play is founded on apuleius's golden ass : a kind of romance in latin ; and english'd by w. addington , o lond. . maidenhead well lost , a pleasant comedy , publickly acted in drury-lane , with much applause by her majesties servants , printed o. lond. . rape of lucrece , a true roman tragedy , with the several songs in their appointed places , by valerius the merry lord among the roman peers . the copy revis'd , and sundry songs before omitted , now inserted in their right places ; acted by the majesties servants at the red-bull , printed o lond. . for the plot , see livy dec. . c. . florus lib. . c. . val. max. lib. . c. . ex. . robert earl of huntington's downfall , afterwards call'd robin hood , of merry sherwoode ; with his love to chaste matilda , the lord fitz-water's daughter , afterwards his fair maid marian : acted by the right honourable the earl of nottingham , the lord high admiral of england his servants , and printed o. lond. . robert earl of huntington's death , otherwise call'd robin hood of merry sherwoode ; with the lamentable tragedy of chaste matilda , his fair maid marian , poyson'd at dunmow by the king ; and printed o. lond. . both these plays are printed in black-letter , but neither of them are divided into acts. the first part is introduc'd by john shelton , poet laureat to king henry the eighth ; and the the second , by fryar tuck . for the plot , see our english chronicles in the reign of king richard the first , as du chesne , speed , baker , &c. see besides fullers worthies in the account of nottinghamshire , p. . drayton's polyolbion , song . royal king , and loyal subject ; a tragi-comedy , acted with great applause by the queens majesties servants , and printed o. lond. . the plot of this play , extreamly resembles that of fletcher's loyal subject . wise-woman of hogsden , a comedy sundry times acted with good applause , printed quarto lond. . this play is commended by a copy of verses , printed at the end , writ by his friend mr. samuel king. woman kill'd with kindness , a comedy oftentimes acted by the queens majesties servants ; and printed quarto lond. . these are all the plays that our author has extant , except we will reckon his dialogues , under the species of dramatick poetry ; such as jupiter and io ; apollo and daphne ; amphrise , or the forsaken shepherdess ; &c. all which with several translations above-mention'd the reader may peruse in a book intituled , pleasant dialogues and drammas , collected out of lucian , erasmus , textor , ovid , &c. printed octavo lond. . there may be another reason added to those already mention'd , why no more of our author's plays have been published , which he himself gives us in his epistle to the rape of lucrece ; that he used to sell his copy to the players , and therefore suppos'd he had no further right to print them , without their consent ; which is the reason that so few are in print ; and that some of these plays that are so , have been copy'd by the ear , and printed uncorrect without his knowledge . as to his other pieces , he has publisht several in verse and prose . in the former he has written a poem , called the hierarchy of the blessed angels , with notes , printed fol. lond. . in reading over this book , i find our author informing the world , s that he intended to commit to the publick view , the lives of the poets , forreign and modern , from the first before homer , to the novissimi and last , of what nation or language soever ; so far as any history , or chronology would give him warrant . but this work , notwithstanding our author's intention , i presume was never compleated , or at least publisht . his chief pieces in prose are , an apology for actors , printed o. lond. . which was highly commended by several copies of verses , written in greek , latin , and english. this piece was answer'd , or rather rail'd against by one j. g. in a pamphlet call'd , a refutation of the apology for actors ; printed o. lond. . whether mr. prynn's piece call'd histriomastix , printed o. lond. . were particularly levell'd against this book , i cannot positively determine : but i think sir richard baker , who answer'd it , ( in a little piece call'd the theatre vindicated , printed o. lond. ) has sufficiently made out the character he gives of it , t that all his book is but a bundle of scolding invectives , and railing , instead of reasoning . he has writ besides , the life and troubles of queen elizabeth , from her cradle to her crown , printed o. lond. . the examplary lives and acts of nine women worthies ; three jews , three gentiles , and three christians ; printed o. . the general history of women of the most holy , and profane , the most famous , and infamous in all ages ; printed o. lond. . the usual motto which he prefix'd to most of his works , and which shew'd the chief design of his writing , was this of horace , aut prodesse solent , aut delectare . — barten hollyday . a gentleman that flourisht in the reigns of king charles the first and second . he was born about the latter end of queen elizabeths reign , in oxford , in the parish of all-saints . he was enter'd young at christ-church , in the time of dr. ravis , his relation and patron , by whom he was chose student ; and having taken his degrees of batchelor and master of arts , he at length became arch-deacon of oxfordshire . he died soon after the king's return , at eifly , the corps of his arch-deaconry , ( near oxford ) in the year . and was buried in christ-church ; having left behind him the character of a general scholar , a good preacher , a skilful philosopher , and an excellent poet. as a proof of this , i must refer my reader to his works in general , it being my province at present only to enumerate his writings , and make remarks on nothing , but what he has publisht in dramatick poetry ; which is a play call'd texnotamia , or the marriages of the arts , a comedy , acted by the students of christ-church in oxford , before the university , at shrove-tide ; printed o. lond. . the author has sufficiently shew'd his learning in the contexture of this comedy , and has introduc'd several things from the ancients ; particularly two odes from anacreon , viz. act . sc. . act . sc. the last . he has shew'd how well he was able to imitate another author , by this play ; as the reader may see , by comparing the challenge of logicus , to poeta , act . sc. . with that of dametas to clinias , drawn by the pen of the admirable sir philip sidney . he has several other pieces of poetry , which tho' translations , have gain'd him a considerable reputation , as the translation of the satyrs of juvenal , and persius ; illustrated with notes and sculptures , printed fol. oxon. . his version of the odes of horace , mention'd by mr. wood , u to have been printed lond. . he has likewise publisht several sermons , as three sermons preach'd at oxford , and two sermons at st. pauls-cross , printed . a sermon of the nature of faith , printed o. lond. . motives to a godly life , printed o. oxon. . in latin , he has printed two pieces , viz. philosophiae politico-barbarae specimen , de animâ . o. oxon. . orbis terrarum inspectio , lib. . oxon. . charles hool . a gentleman living in the reigns of king charles the first and second , and possibly still in being . he was born at wakefield in yorkshire ; and at eighteen years of age , came up to the university of oxford , and was enter'd of lincoln colledge . after having taken his degree of master of arts , he withdrew into his own countrey , where he took upon him the profession of a school master : he taught in several places , particularly at rotheram , ( a market-town in the west riding in yorkshire ; ) and afterwards , being sent for up to london by several eminent citizens , he taught school in red-cross-street , near alders-gate parish ; and afterwards remov'd to arundel-buildings , not far from the royal-exchange . at the king's return , he left the city , and remov'd into wales , where possibly he still follows that useful profession . he has been very laborious , not only in instructing youth , but also in publishing many books to their advancement . one of which , is the subject of his being mention'd in our catalogue ; viz. six comedies of that excellent poet publius terentius , an african of carthage , in english and latin ; for the use of young scholars , that they may the more readily obtain the purity of the latin tongue , for common discourse ; printed o. . this translation was undertaken by our author , at the request of the company of stationers , for whom it was printed ; and was castrated in some places ; as in particular , see eunuchus act . sc. , . to spare the modesty of the youth under his tuition . those who would know more of terence , and his works , let them turn back to richard bernard . the rest of his works consist chiefly in translations of books for the use of young scholars , as corderius , cato aesop's fables , commenii orbis pictus , &c. to which i may add his edition of the greek testament , in which the young grecian will find all the themes of greek words ( according to passor's lexicon ) plac'd in the margin . he has publisht besides , an entrance to the latin tongue , octavo lond. . an explanation of the accidence , octavo lond. . with other books of the like nature . edward howard , esq a gentleman , ( as i suppose ) now living , who has addicted himself to the study of dramatick poetry : how well he has succeeded therein , i shall leave to the readers judgment , who may find four plays of his , under the titles of man of new-market , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , and printed o lond. . six days adventure , or the new utopia , a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre ; printed o lond. . this play miscarried in the action , as the author himself acknowledges in his preface ; and indeed that sharp wit , the late earl of rochester , writ an invective against it x ; but the ingenious mrs. behn , mr. ravenscroft , and other poets of the age , sent the author recommendatory verses , which are printed with the play : and in return he writ a pindarick y to mrs. behn ; which she gratefully publisht in a collection of poems , printed o lond. . usurper , a tragedy , acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , and printed o. lond. . whether the author design'd in the caracter of damocles , to personate oliver cromwel , and intended his play , a paralel of those times , i leave to more discerning judgments . womens conquest , a tragi-comedy , acted by his royal highness the duke of york's servants , and printed o. lond. . this i take to be the best play our author has publisht . besides these plays mr. howard hath publisht an epick poem , in octavo , call'd the british princess ; which the late earl of rochester has likewise handled severely . z there is ascrib'd to him , another book of poems and essays , with a paraphrase on cicero's laelius , or tract of friendship , printed in octavo london — . james howard , esq i am not able to acquaint the reader , whether or no this gentleman be of the same family with the former ; but i am oblig'd to mention him , on account of two plays writ by him , viz. all mistaken , or the mad couple , a comedy , acted by his majesties servants , at the theatre-royal , and printed o lond. . this play is commended by some for an excellent comedy . english monsieur , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants , printed o lond. . whether the late duke of buckingham in his character of prince volscius's falling in love with parthenope , as he is pulling on his boots to go out of town , design'd to reflect on the characters of comely , and elsbeth , i pretend not to determine : but i know there is a near resemblance in the characters . sir robert howard . this ingenious person is equally conspicuous for the lustre of his birth , and the excellency of his parts ; being ( as i suppose ) brother to the present earl of berkshire , and one whose plays will remain eternal testimonies to posterity , of his skill in dramatick performances . his committee , and indian queen , are deservedly admir'd by the best judges of dramatick poetry : and even our late laureat , in spite of envy , must acknowledge his worth , both as a poet and patron his plays are six in number , viz. blind lady , a comedy , printed octavo lond. — committee , a comedy , printed fol. lond. . this is an admirable comedy , and highly commended . great favourite , or the duke of lerma , a tragi-comedy , acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . for the plot , see the historians of those times , as mariana , de mayerne turquet , &c. this play ( as i have before observ'd p. . ) was reflected on by mr. dryden , tho' had he consulted reason , gratitude , or his own reputation , he had otherwise imploy'd his time ; it being a true observation , which sr. robert has made , in his prologue to the vestal virgin : this doth a wretched dearth of wit betray , when things of kind on one another prey . indian queen , a tragedy , writ in heroick verse , and formerly acted with great applause at the theatre-royal , printed fol. lond. . surprisal , a tragi-comedy , acted at the theatre-royal , and printed fol. lond. . vestal virgin , or the roman ladies , a tragedy acted by the king's servants , and printed fol. lond. . some readers , who are strangers to the excellent tallents of sir robert , might expect from me some discoveries of what he has borrow'd ; but i am to inform them , that this admirable poet has too great a stock of wit of his own , to be necessitated to borrow from others . all that i can observe is , that the vestal virgin has a double fifth act ; the one of which ends tragically , the other successfully ; which possibly might be done , in imitation of sir john suckling , the only gentleman that i know , fit for his imitation , who has done the same thing in his aglaura . he has writ besides some poems , which are printed with his blind lady , in octavo ; and four of his plays , viz. surprisal , committee , indian queen and vestal virgin , are printed together in fol. lond. . james howel . a gentleman of wales , born at abernalies in the county of caermarden , in the year . he was bred up at the free-school in hereford ; and at . years of age , sent to the university of oxford , where he became a member of jesus colledge . about march , in the year . he travelled beyond sea , being sent on buisiness , by sir robert mansel , where he visited the low-countries , and afterwards made a tour thro' france , and italy ; as appears by the letters he has publisht . in which the reader may not only be inform'd of the chief occurences of those times , but of our author 's several imployments ; as , his being sent by king james into spain , for the recovery of a vessel of great value , seiz'd on by the vice-roy of sardinia , under pretence of being laden with prohibited goods : his being chosen fellow of jesus colledge , during his absence ; his being secretary to the lord scroop , when he was president of the councel in the north ; his being imploy'd about the clerks of the councel , &c. notwithstanding his various employs , and multiplicity of business , he found leisure to publish abundance of books , to the number of fourty-nine : many of them were translations out of french , italian , spanish , portuguese : of which nature is the play , which occasions his mention in our catalogue ; viz. nuptials of peleus and thetis , consisting of a masque , and a comedy , or the great royal ball acted in paris , six times , by the king in person , the duke of anjou , the duke of york , with divers other noblemen . also by the princess royal henriette marie , the princess of conty , &c. printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the most excellent and high born lady , the lady katherine marchioness of dorchester . the masque was extracted from an italian comedy , which the author has made english , by a nearer adherence to the original , than to the french translation . for the plot , 't is founded on ovid's metamorphosis , lib. . see besides , catulli aurgonautica , sive epithalamium . 't is not to be expected that i should spare room to give an account of our authors works in particular , they being so numerous : i shall therefore only mention some of the most emiment , and refer the reader for further satisfaction to the perusal of a catalogue of them , published with a former edition of his letters , printed o. lond. . his chief pieces are , dodona's grove , a book much priz'd , and translated into french . his letters , which were formerly in four distinct volumes , and are reduc'd into one ; amongst which are several to ben. johnson , which speak their intimacy . besides these , he has writ a book of the precedency of kings , printed fol. lond. . survey of the seniorie of venice . fol. lond. . life of lewis the thirteenth , and cardinal richelieu , fol. lond. . morphandra , or the queen of the enchanted island , a poem in fol. the vote , a poem royal , in o , &c. he died about the beginning of november , . and was buried on the north-side of the temple-church , with this inscription fix'd upon the wall ; jacobus howell cambro-britannus , regius historiographus , in anglia primus ; qui post varias peregrinationes , tandem naturae cursum peregit , satur annorum , & famae , domae , forisque huc usque erraticus , heic fixus . i. thomas jevorn . a person lately dead , and one sufficiently known to all that frequent the theatre , both for his excellency in dancing and action . he has writ a play , or rather a farce , call'd the devil of a wife , or a comical transformation ; acted by their majesties servants at the queen's theatre in dorset-garden ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his friends , that frequent locket's ordinary . this farce is founded on a tale as well known as that of mopsa , in sir philip sidney's arcadia ; tho' i think if compar'd with our french farces so frequent on our english stage , it may deserve the preheminence . thoms ingeland . a student in cambridge in the reign of queen elizabeth : the author of a play , which he stiles , a pretty and merry interlude , call'd the disobedient child . 't is writ in old verse of ten syllables , and printed o. in an old black letter , ( without any date ) by thomas colwell in fleet-street . john jones . an author who liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , and writ a play nam'd adrasta , or the womans spleen , and loves conquest , a tragi-comedy , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to eugenius , by which name he desires to comprehend all his friends , subscribing himself musophilus . this play the actors refus'd , and i think with justice ; it being very indifferently written . the intrigue between damasippus , frail-ware , and their wives , in the third act , is borrow'd from boccace's novels day . nov. . however the author was of opinion it deserved to appear in publick ; and therefore prefix'd the following saying of horace , in his title-page : — volet haec sub luce videri , judicis argutum quae non formidat acumen . benjamin johnson . i have already drawn some strokes of this great man's character , in my defence of him against the attempts of mr. dryden ; and therefore shall less need to make a curious and exact description of all his excellencies ; which otherwise are very great , noble , and various ; and have been remark'd in parcells by several hands , but exceed my small capacity to collect them into one full view . i shall therefore rather let them lye dispers'd , as scaliger did virgil's praises , thro' his whole book of poetry ; contenting my self at present with giving the reader an account of the private occurrencies of his life . to begin then with his nativity : he was born in the city of westminster ; and tho' he sprang from mean parents , yet his admirable parts have made him more famous than those of a more conspicuous extraction . nor do i think it any diminution to him , that he was son-in-law to a bricklayer , and work'd at that trade ; since if we take a survey of the records of antiquity , we shall find the greatest poets of the meanest birth ; and most lyable to the inconveniencies of life . witness homer , who begg'd from door to door ; euripides , traded in herbs with his mother ; plautus was forc'd to serve a baker ; naevius was a captain's man ; terence was a slave to the generous lucan ; virgil , was the son of a basket-maker : and yet these thought the obscurity of their extraction no diminution to their worth ; nor will any man of sence reflect on ben. johnson on this account , if he seriously call to mind that saying of juvenal a . — nobilitas sola est , atque unica virtus . he was bred first at a private-school , in st. martin's church , then plac'd at westminster , under the famous mr. cambden , ( to whom in gratitude he dedicated his fourteenth epigram ) afterwards he was sent to saint john's colledge in cambridge ; from thence he remov'd to oxford , and was enter'd of christ-church colledge ; where in the year . ( as mr. wood b says ) he took his master of arts degree : tho' dr. fuller says , c he continu'd there but few weeks , for want of maintenance , being fain to return to the trade of his father-in-law ; where he assisted in the new building of lincolns inn , with a trowel in his hand , and a book in his pocket . but this english maro , was not long before he found a maecenas and a varus , to manumit him from an employment so painful , and furnisht him with means to enjoy his muse at liberty , in private . 't was then that he writ his excellent plays , and grew into reputation with the most eminent of our nobility and gentry . 't was then , that carthwright , randolph , and others of both universities , sought his adoption ; and gloried more in his friendship , and the title of his sons , than in their own well-deserv'd characters . neither did he less love , or was less belov'd by the famous poets of his time , shakspear , beaumont , and fletcher : witness his copy which he writ on shakspear , after his death , d and his verses to fletcher when living e . he was a man of a very free temper , and withal blunt , and somewhat haughty to those , that were either rivals in fame , or enemies to his writings : ( witness his poetaster , wherein he falls upon decker , and his answer to dr. gill , who writ against his magnetick lady , ) otherwise of a good sociable humour , when amongst his sons and friends in the apollo : from whose laws the reader may possibly better judge of his temper ; a copy of which i have transcrib'd for the learn'd readers perusal . leges convivales , quod foelix faustumque convivis in apolline sit . nemo asymbolus , nisi umbra huc venito , idiota , insultus , tristis , turpis abesto . eruditi , urbani , hilares , modesti adsciscuntur , nec lectae foeminae repudiantur . in apparatu , quod convivis corruget nares nil esto , epulae delectu potius , quam sumptu parantur ; obsonator , & coquus convivarum gulae periti sunto ; de discubitu non contenditur . ministri à dapibus , oculati , & muti , a poculis auriti , & celeres sunto . vina puris fontibus ministrantur , aut vapulet hospes , moderatis poculis provocare sodales fas esto , at sabulis , magis quàm vino velitatio fiat , convivae nec muti , nec loquaces sunto . de seriis aut sacris , poti , & saturine disserunto , fidicen nisi accersitus non venito . admisso risu , tripudiis , choreis , saltibus , omni gratiarum festivitate sacra celebrantur : joci sine felle sunto insipida poemata nulla recitantur ; versus scribere nullus cogitur ; argumentationis totius strepitus abesto ; amatoriis querelis , ac suspiriis liber angulus esto , lapitharum more , scyphis pugnare , vitrea collidere , fenestras excutere ; supellectilem dilacerare ne fas esto . qui foras dicta vel facta eliminet , eliminatur ; neminem reum pocula jaciunto . focus perennis esto . as to his poetry , i dare not pretend to give a judgment on it , it deserving somewhat above what my faint praise can reach , or describe : therefore those who would be better satisfy'd must have recourse to his character drawn by dr. fuller , and mr. anthony wood in prose , and by mr. carthwright , and the late mr. oldham in verse ; to the foregoing , i might add mr. dryden's dramatick essay , which had it been writ after his postscript to granada , might have aton'd for that unbecoming character , and had serv'd for a palinode ; but since he has not that i know of thought fit to retract it , give me leave to insert an old copy of verses , which seems to wipe off the accusations of mr. johnson's enemies * . ad benjaminum johnsonum . in jus te voco , jonsoni venito : adsum , qui plagii & malae rapinae te ad phoebi peragam reum tribunal , assidente choro novemdearum . quaedam dramata scilicet diserta , nuper quae elysii roseti in umbrâ , faestivissimus omnium poeta , plautus composuit , diisque tandem stellato exhibuit poli in theatro , movendo superis leves cachinnos , et risos tetrico jovi ciendo , axe plausibus intonante utroque ; haec tu dramata scilicet diserta , clepsisti superis negotiosis , quae tu nunc tua venuitare pergis : in jus te voco , jonsoni venito . en pro te pater ipse , rexque phoebus assurgit modò , jonsoni , palamque testatur , tua serio fuisse illa dramata , teque condidisse sese non modò conscio , at juvante : unde ergò sibi plautus illa tandem nactus exhibuit , jovi deisque ? maiae filius , & nepos atlantis , pennatus celeres pedes , at ungues viscatus , volucer puer , vaferque , furto condere quidlibet jocoso , ut quondam facibus suis amorem per ludos videavit , & pharetrâ , sic nuper ( siquidem solet frequenter tecum ludere , plaudere , & jocari ) neglectas tibi ilepsit has papyrus secumque ad superos abire jussit : jam victus taceo pudore , vincis phoebo judice , jonsoni , & patrono . i might here appositely enough bring in a pleasant story or two of ben. jonson's , as instances of his debonaire humor and readiness at repartee , did i not fear to be condemn'd by mr. dryden , and reckon'd by him and his admirers , in the number of those grave gentlemen , whose memory ( he says f ) is the only plea for their being wits : for this reason i shall forbear , and hasten to give an account of his works . he has writ above fifty several pieces , which we may rank under the species of dramatick poetry ; of which we shall give an account in order , beginning with one of his best comedies , viz. alchymist , a comedy , acted in the year . by the kings majesties servants , with the allowance of the master of the revels ; printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the lady most deserving her name and blood , the lady mary wroth , [ the author of the urania ] . mr. dryden supposes this play was copy'd from the comedy of albumazer , as far as concerns the alchymist's character , as the reader may observe from the following lines , ( being part of his prologue , to albumazer reviv'd ; ) subtle was got by our albumazer , that alchymist by this astrologer ; here he was fashion'd , and we may suppose he lik'd the fashion well , who wore the cloaths . whether this accusation be true , i pretend not to determine ; but sure i am , that this last couplet is borrow'd from mr. dryden's dramatick essay ; g where he says of mr. johnson thus ; you will pardon me therefore if i presume he lov'd the fashion , when he wore their cloaths . bartholomew fair , a comedy , acted at the hope on the bank-side , oct. . in the year . by the lady elizabeth's servants , and then dedicated to king james the first , and printed fol. lond. . this play has frequently appear'd on the stage , since the restauration , with great applause . cataline his conspiracy , a tragedy first acted in the year . by the kings majesties servants , with allowance from the master of the revels ; printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the great example of honour and virtue , the most noble william earl of pembroke . this play is still in vogue on the stage , and always presented with success . it was so well approv'd of by the judicious beaumont , that he writ a copy of verses in praise of it , which the reader may find before our authors works . nevertheless i must take notice that mr. johnson has borrow'd very much from the ancients in this tragedy ; as for instance , part of sylla's ghost , in the very entrance of the play , is copy'd from the ghost of tantalus , in the beginning of seneca's thyestes . thus our author has translated a great part of salust's history , ( tho' with great judgment and elegance ) and inserted it into his play. for the plot , see salust . plutarch in the life of cicero . florus lib. . c. . challenge at tilt , at a marriage , a masque printed fol. lond. . christmass his masque , presented at court . printed fol lond. . cloridia , or rites to cloris , and her nymphs personated in a masque at court , by the queens majesty and her ladies at shrove-tide , . printed fol. lond. . the inventors of this masque were mr. johnson , and mr. inigo jones . cynthia's revels , or the fountain of self-love , a comical satyr , first acted in the year . by the then children of queen elizabeth's chappel , with the allowance of the master of the revels , printed folio , lond. . and dedicated to the special fountain of manners , the court. devil is an ass , a comedy acted in the year . by his majesties servants , and printed fol. lond. . tho' our author seldome borrows any part of his plot ; yet in this play , if i mistake not , wittipol's giving his cloak to fitz-dotterel to court his wife one quarter of an hour , is founded on a novel in boccace , day . nov. . entertainment of king james , in passing to his coronation , printed in fol. lond. . this entertainment was mention'd , i suppose by the compilers of former catalogues , because it consists of speeches of gratulation ( as the author stiles them ) which were spoke to his majesty at fen-church , temple-bar , and the strand : and therefore besides the presidents of former catalogues , which might in part justify me , i might be blam'd should i omit it . the author has plac'd a comment throughout to illustrate and authorise his contrivance . entertainment in private of the king and queen on may-day in the morning , at sir william cornwallis's house at high-gate , . printed fol. lond. . entertainment of king james and queen anne at theobalds , when the house was deliver'd up , with the possession , to the queen , by the earl of salisbury , may . . the prince of janvile , brother to the duke of guise , being then present , printed fol. lond. . entertainment in particular of the queen and prince , their highnesses , at althrope , at the lord spencer's , on saturday being the twenty-fifth of june . as they came first into the kingdome , printed fol. lond. . entertainment of the two kings of great brittain , and denmark , at theobalds , july th . printed fol. lond. . this entertainment is very short , and consists chiefly of epigrams . every man in his humour , a comedy acted in the year . by the then lord chamberlain's servants , printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the most learned , and his honour'd friend mr. cambden , clarencieux . this play has been reviv'd since the civil wars , and was receiv'd with general applause . there is a new epilogue writ for this play , the latter part of which is spoken by ben johnson's ghost . the reader may find it in a collection of poems on several occasions , printed o. lond. . see pag. . every man out of his humour , a comical satyr ; first acted in the year . by the then lord chamberlain's servants ; with allowance of the master of the revels : printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the noblest nurseries of humanity , and liberty in the kingdome , the inns of court. this play was reviv'd at the theatre-royal , in the year . at which time a new prologue , and epilogue were spoken by jo. heyns , which were writ by mr. duffet . see his poems o. pag. . &c. this is accounted an excellent old comedy . fortunate isles , and their union celebrated in a masque design'd for the court , on the twelfth-night , . printed fol. lond. . golden age restor'd , in a masque at court , . by the lords and gentlemen the king's servants , and printed fol. lond. . hymenaei , or the solemnities of a masque and barriers at a marriage ; printed fol. lond. . to this masque are annext , by the author , learned notes in the margin , for illustration of the ancient greek , and roman customs . irish masque at court , by gentlemen the king's servants ; printed fol. lond. . king's entertainment at welbeck in nottingham-shire , a house of the right honourable william earl of newcastle , at his going into scotland , . printed fol. lond. . love free'd from ignorance and folly , a masque of her majesties , printed fol. lond. . love restor'd , in a masque at court , by gentlemen the king's servants , printed fol. lond. . love's triumph thro' callipolis ; perform'd in a masque at court , . by his majesty king charles the first , with the lords and gentlemen assisting : the inventors being mr. johnson , and mr. inigo jones : printed fol. lond. . love's welcome ; the king and queen's entertainment at bolsover , at the earl of newcastle's ; the th of july , . and printed fol. lond. . magnetick lady , or humours reconcil'd , a comedy acted at the black-fryars , and printed fol. lond. . this play is generally esteem'd an excellent play : tho' in those days it found some enemies ; amongst which dr. gill master of pauls school , or at least his son , writ a satyr against it : part of which ( the whole being too long ) i shall take the pains to transcribe . but to advise thee ben , in this strist age , a brick-kill's better for thee than a stage . thou better know'st a groundsil for to lay , then lay the plot or ground-work of a play , and better can'st direct to cap a chimney , then to converse with clio , or polyhimny . fall then to work in thy old age agen , take up thy trug and trowel , gentle ben , let plays alone : or if thou needs will write , and thrust thy feeble muse into the light ; let lowen cease , and taylor scorn to touch the loathed stage , for thou hast made it such . but to shew how fiercely ben could repartee on any one that had abus'd him , i will present the reader with his answer . shall the prosperity of a pardon still secure thy railing rhymes , infamous gill , at libelling ? shall no star-chamber peers , pillory , nor whip , nor want of ears , all which thou hast incurr'd deservedly : nor degradation from the ministry , to be the denis of thy father's school , keep in thy bawling wit , thou bawling fool. thinking to stir me , thou hast lost thy end , i 'll laugh at thee poor wretched tike , go send thy blotant muse abroad , and teach it rather a tune to drown the ballads of thy father : for thou hast nought to cure his fame , but tune and noise the eccho of his shame . a rogue by statute , censur'd to be whipt , cropt , branded , slit , neck-stockt ; go , you are stript . masque at the lord viscount hadington's marriage at court , on shrove-tuesday at night . and printed fol. lond. . masque of augurs , with several antimasques , presented on twelfth-night . printed fol. lond. . masque of owls at kenelworth , presented by the ghost of captain coxe , mounted on his hobby-horse , . printed fol. lond. . masque of queens , celebrated from the house of fame , by the queen of great britain with her ladies , at whitehall , febr. . . this masque is adorned with learned notes , for the explanation of the author's design . he was assisted in the invention and architecture of the scenes throughout , by mr. inigo jones . masque presented in the house of the right honourable the lord haye , by divers of noble quality his friends ; for the entertainment of monsieur le baron de tour , extraordinary ambassador for the french king ; on saturday the . of febr. . printed fol. lond. . metamorphos'd gypsies , a masque thrice presented to king james : first at burleigh on the hill ; next at belvoyr ; and lastly at windsor , in august . printed fol. lond. . mercury vindicated from the alchymists at court , by gentlemen the king's servants , printed fol. lond. . mortimer's fall , a tragedy , or rather a fragment , it being just begun , and left imperfect by his death : tho' the reader may see the model of each act , by the argument publisht before it , printed fol. lond. . neptune's triumph for the return of albion , celebrated in a masque at court , on the twelfth-night . printed fol. lond. . news from the new world discovered in the moon , a masque presented at court before king james . and printed fol. lond. . oberon , the fairy prince , a masque of prince henries , printed fol. lond. . on this play the author has writ annotations . pan's anniversary , or the shepherd's holy-day ; a masque presented at court before king james . and printed fol. lond. . in the decorations our author was assisted by the above mention'd mr. jones . pleasure reconcil'd to virtue , a masque presented at court before king james , . to which were made some additions for the honour of wales . this in former catalogues was mention'd as a masque distinct from the other . poetaster , or his arraignment , a comical satyr , first acted in the year . by the then children of his majesties chappel , with the allowance of the master of the revels ; printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the vertuous and his worthy friend , mr. richard martin . i have already spoken of this play in the account of decker's satyromastix ; and i must further add , i heartily wish for our author's reputation , that he had not been the agressor in this quarrel ; but being altogether ignorant of the provocations given him , i must suspend my judgment , and leave it to better judges to determine the controversy . our author has adorn'd this play with several translations from the ancients , as ovid. amor. lib. . eleg. . horatii sat. lib. . sat. . lib. . sat. . virgilii aeneid . lib. . with others . queen's masques ; the first of blackness , personated at the court at whitehall , on the twelfth-night . the second of beauty , was presented in the same court at whitehall , on the sunday night after the twelfth-night . printed fol. lond. . sad shepherd , or a tale of robin hood ; a pastoral , printed fol. lond. . this play is left imperfect , there being but two acts , and part of the third finisht . sejanus's fall , a tragedy , first acted in the year . by the kings majesties servants , with the allowance of the master of the revells , printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the no less noble by virtue than blood , esme lord aubigny . this play is generally commended by all lovers of poetry ; and usher'd into the world by nine copys of verses , one of which was writ by mr. george chapman . 't is founded on history ; and the author in a former edition , published o. lond. . has printed quotations throughout ; the reasons whereof take in his own words , ( being part of the preface to that edition ) h the next is , least in some nice nostrils , the quotations might favour affected , i do let you know , that i abhor nothing more ; and have only done it to shew my integrity in the story , and save my self in those common torturers , that bring all wit to the rack : whose noses are ever like swine , spoiling and rooting up the muses gardens ; and their whole bodies like moles , as blindly working under earth , to cast any , the least hills , upon vertue . for the story , the reader may consult tacitus's annals , lib. , , . suetonius in the life of tiberius . dion . &c. silent woman , a comedy first acted in the year . by the children of her majesties revels , with the allowance of the master of the revels ; printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the truly noble , by all titles , sir francis stuart . part of this play is borrow'd from the ancients , as act . sc. . part from ovid de arte amandi . act sc. . part from juvenal . sat. . act . sc. . part from plautus's aulularia act . sc. . with other passages . notwithstanding which , this play is accounted by all , one of the best comedies we have extant ; and those who would know more , may be amply satisfied by the perusal of the judicious examen of this play made by mr. dryden i . speeches at prince henry's barriers , printed fol. lond. . these speeches being printed amongst his other masques , and always reckoned under that species of poetry , by others , in former catalogues , i could not omit their mention in this place . staple of news , a comedy acted in the year . by his majesties servants , and printed fol. lond. . the author introduces four gossips on the stage , who continue during the action , and criticise on the play. this was practised more than once ; witness , every man out of his humor , and magnetick lady : and herein he was follow'd by fletcher , ( as i have already observ'd k ) in his knight of the burning-pestle . tale of a tub , a comedy , printed , fol. lond. . time vindicated to himself , and to his honours ; a masque , presented at court on twelfth-night . and printed fol. lond. . vission of delight , a masque presented at court , in christmas . and printed fol. lond. . vulpone , or the fox , a comedy ; first acted in the year . by the kings majesties servants , with the allowance of the master of the revells ; printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to both universities in the following form : to the most noble and most equal sisters , the two famous universities ; for their love and acceptance shewn to his poem in the presentation , ben. johnson the grateful acknowledger , dedicates both it and himself . this play is writ in imitation of the comedy of the ancients , and the argument is form'd into an acrostick , like those of plautus , which are said to be writ by priscian , or some other eminent grammarian . it is still in vogue at the theatre in dorset-garden , and its value is sufficiently manifested by the verses of mr. beaumont , and dr. donne . all these plays with several other poems and translations , and an english grammar , are printed together in two volumes in folio . he has three other plays , which are omitted in these volumes , tho' for what reason , i know not ; two of which are printed in o. and the third in o. of which we are now to speak . case is alter'd , a pleasant comedy , sundry times acted by the children of the black-fryars , and printed o. lond. . in this comedy our author hath very much made use of plautus , as the learned reader may observe by comparing his aulularia , and capteivei , with this comedy . widow , a comedy acted at the private house in black-fryars with great applause , by his late majesties servants , and printed o. lond. . this play was writ by mr. johnson , mr. fletcher , and mr. middleton , and first publisht by mr. alexander gough , a great lover of plays , who helpt mr. mosely the bookseller to this , and several other dramatick manuscripts , as the passionate lovers . parts ; the queen , or the excellency of her sex , &c. it was reviv'd not many years ago , at the king's house , with a new prologue and epilogue , which the reader may find in london drollery , p. , . new-inn , or the light heart , a comedy never acted , but most negligently play'd by some the kings servants ; and more squeamishly beheld , and censured by others , the kings subjects . now at last set at liberty to the readers , his majesties servants and subjects , to be judg'd ; printed o. lond. . the reader may see by this title-page , that the play succeeded not answerable to our author's expectation , and the just merit ( as he thought ) of his play : which may be conjectured , from the ode which he publisht at the end of this play ; which as being pertinent to our purpose , i shall transcribe at large . the just indignation the author took at the vulgar censure of his play , begat this following ode to himself . come , leave the loathed stage , and the more loathsome age : where pride and impudence ( in fashion knit ) usurp the chair of wit ! inditing and arraigning every day something they call a play. let their fastidious , vaine commission of the braine run on , and rage , sweat , censure , and condemn : they were not made for thee , less thou for them . say that thou pour'st them wheat , and they will acorns eat : 't were simple fury , still , thy self to waste on such as have no taste ! to offer them a surfet of pure bread , whose appetites are dead ! no , give them graines their fill , husks , draff , to drink , and swill . if they love lees , and leave the lusty wine , envy them not their palate , with the swine . no doubt some mouldy tale , like pericles l ; and stale as the shrieve's crusts , and nasty as his fish — scraps , out of every dish , thrown forth , and rak't into the common-tub , may keep up the play-club : there , sweepings do as well as the best order'd meale . for , who the relish of these guests will fit , needs set them , but the almes-basket of wit. and much good do 't you then : brave plush , and velvet men ; can feed on orts : and safe in your stage-clothes , dare quit upon your oathes , the stagers , & the stage-wrights too ( your peers ) of larding your large ears with their foul comick socks ; wrought upon twenty blocks : which , if they 're torn , & turn'd & patcht enough , the gamesters share your guilt , & you their stuff . leave things so prostitute . and take the alcaeick lute ; or thine own horace , or anacreon's lyre ; warm thee by pindar's fire : and tho' thy nerves be shrunk , and blood be cold , e're years have made thee old ; strike that disdainful heat throughout , to their defeat : as curious fools , and envious of thy strain , may , blushing , swear no palsy's in thy brain . but when they hear thee sing the glories of thy king , his zeal to god , and his just awe o're men ; they may blood shaken then , feel such a flesh-quake to possess their powers ; as they shall cry like ours in sound of peace , or wars , no harp ere hit the stars , in tuning forth the acts of his sweet raign : and raising charles his chariot 'bove his wain . this ode sufficiently shews what a high opinion our author has of his own performances ; and like aristotle in philosophy , and peter lombard , ( the master of the sentences ) in school-divinity ; our ben. lookt upon himself as the only master of poetry ; and thought it the duty of the age , rather to submit to , than dispute , much less oppose his judgment . 't was great pity , that he that was so great a master in poetry , should not retain that old axiom in morality , nosce teipsum : a sentence so highly admir'd by juvenal m , that he seems to think it above the conception of chilon , saying , — è coelo descendit , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , figendum , & memori tractandum pectore . he had then prevented that sharp reply made by the ingenious mr. feltham , to this magisterial ode ; and which could not chuse but vex a person of our author 's haughty temper : but he was a man , and subject to infirmities , as well as others ; tho' abating for his too much abounding in his own sence , ( an epidemical distemper belonging to the fraternity of parnassus ) he had not his equal in his time for poetry . having presented the reader with mr. johnson's ode , it may not be improper for me perhaps to transcribe , nor unpleasant to him , to peruse mr. feltham's answer . an answer to the ode , come leave the loathed stage , &c. come leave this sawcy way of haiting those that pay dear for the sight of your declining wit : 't is known it is not fit , that a sale poet , just contempt once thrown , should cry up thus his own . i wonder by what dower , or patent , you had power from all to rape a judgment . let 't suffice , had you been modest , y 'ad been granted wise . 't is known you can do well , and that you do excell , as a translator : but when things require a genius , and fire , not kindled heretofore by others pains ; as oft y' ave wanted brains and art to strike the white , as you have levell'd right : yet if men vouch not things apochryphal , you bellow , rave , and spatter round your gall. jug , pierce , peek , fly n , and all your jests so nominal , are things so far beneath an able brain , as they do throw a stain thro' all th unlikely plot , and do displease as deep as pericles . where yet there is not laid before a chamber-maid discourse so weigh'd o as might have serv'd of old for schools , when they of love and valour told . why rage then ? when the show should judgment be and know — p ledge , there are in plush who scorn to drudge for stages , yet can judge not only poets looser lines , but wits , and all their perquisits . a gift as rich , as high is noble poesie : yet tho' in sport it be for kings a play , 't is next mechanicks , when it works for pay . alcaeus lute had none , nor loose anacreon , ere taught so bold assuming of the bays , when they deserv'd no praise . to rail men into approbation , is new to yours alone ; and prospers not : for know , fame is as coy , as you can be disdainful ; and who dares to prove a rape on her , shall gather scorn , not love. leave then this humour vain , and this more humorous strain , where self-conceit , and choler of the blood eclipse what else is good : then if you please those raptures high to touch , whereof you boast so much ; and but forbear your crown , till the world puts it on : no doubt from all you may amazement draw , since braver theme no phoebus ever saw . this haughty humour of mr. johnson was blam'd , and carpt at by others , as well as mr. feltham : amongst the rest , sir john suckling , that neat facetious wit , arraign'd him at the sessions of poets q ; and had a fling at this play in particular : tho' we may say , compar'd to the former , he did only circum praecordia ludere ; laught at , and railly his unreasonable self-opinion ; as you may see in the following lines : the first stanza of which tho' already mention'd in the account of heywood , i crave my readers leave to repeat , that he may read our author's character entire : the first that broke silence was good old ben , prepar'd before with canary wine ; and he told them plainly that he deserv'd the bays , for his were call'd works , where others were but plays . and bid them remember how he had purg'd the stage of errors that had last many an age : r and he hop'd they did not think , the silent woman , the fox , and the alchymist , out done by no man. apollo stopt him there , and bid him not go on , 't was merit , he said , and not presumption must carry 't ; at which ben. turn'd about , and in great choller offer'd to go out : but , those that were there , thought it not fit to discontent so ancient a wit ; and therefore apollo call'd him back agen , and made him mine host of his own new-inn . i know nothing else published by our author ; only i have read a letter s from mr. james howell to dr. duppa , ( then bishop of chichester , and tutor to king charles the second , when prince of wales ) that he was publishing a piece call'd , johnsonus verbius ; to which mr. howell contributed a decastick . i know not what reception mr. howell's verses met with in the world ; but i am confident , he had willingly allowed mr. oldham's ode ( had he then liv'd ) a place in the first rank of poets . the title sufficiently explains the design ; and the reader may find it commended by an ingenious copy of verses addrest to the bishop by sir w. d'avenant . see his poems fol. edit . p. . he died an. d. . being aged . and was buried in st. peter's church in westminster , on the west-side near the belfry ; having only a plain stone over his grave , with this inscription ; o rare ben. johnson . 't is manifest , that a better monument was design'd him , by some friends ; but the civil wars breaking out , hindred their good intentions : tho' it shall not prevent me from transcribing an elegy written by a studious friend and admirer of ben. johnson ; which i wish were set upon his grave . hic johnsonus noster lyricorum , dramaticorumque coryphaeus , qui pallade auspice laurum à graecia ipsaque roma rapuit , & fausto omine in brittaniam transtulit nostram , nunc invidia major , fato , nec tamen aemulis cessit . an dom. . id. nov. * thomas jordan . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , who could both write and act plays ; as appears from three drammas he has publisht , and from a tragedy , call'd messalina , in which he acted the part of lepida , mother to that shameless empress . his plays are two comedies , and a masque ; viz. fancies festivals , a masque , printed o. lond. — this , i have not at present , but have formerly read it with satisfaction , and still retain the following lines spoken by a souldier ; god , and the souldier , men alike adore , just at the brink of danger , and no more : the danger past both are alike requited , god is forgotten , and the souldier slighted . money is an ass , a comedy acted with good applause printed o. lond. . i suppose by the stile , this was writ ( and possibly publish'd ) some years before ; it being a common thing with mr. kirkman , to publish old plays ; as , any thing for a quiet life ; cure for a cuckold ; gammer gurton's needle , and many others . walks of islington , and hogsdon , with the humors of woodstreet-compter ; a comedy , publickly acted nineteen days together , with extraordinary applause ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the true lover of ingenuity , the much honour'd richard cheyny , of hackney , esq this play in those days was commended by a copy of verses , written by r. c. master of arts ; part of which are thus : these walks 'twixt islington & hogsdon , will ( like those 'twixt tempe and parnassus hill ) show , how the muses in their sportfull rage , set all the town a walking to your stage , with so much wit , and art , and judgment laid , that nineteen dayes together they were play'd . now by the bounty of the press we be possess'd of that which we before did see , not pleasing only nineteen times read o're , but nineteen ages , or till times no more . william joyner . a gentleman born in oxfordshire , and educated in magdalen colledge , where he was sometime fellow ; but upon the change of his religion , or in order to it , he voluntarily quitted his place , in the beginning of the wars . after he left the colledge , he betook himself to a retir'd life , never intermedling with the controversies of religion , or the affairs of state : which prudent demeanor , joyned with the sweetness of his disposition , continued him in the favour and good-will of the society ; till the new-modelling of the colledge , under the ecclesiastical commissioners ; by whom he was re-placed in his former station : but did not long enjoy it , the colledge being shortly after again restored to its former settlement . that he did not wholly bid adieu to the muses , when he first withdrew from the university , may appear by a dramma that he publish'd under the name of the roman empress , a tragedy acted at the royal theatre by his majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the honourable sir charles sidley . this play in spight of a dead vacation , and some other impediments , found the applause and approbation of the theatre , as oft as it appear'd . the author has propos'd the oedipus and hippolitus for his pattern ; and i think it may justly deserve to be observ'd , that his tragedy is writ in a more masculine , and lofty stile than most plays of this age ; and terror and compassion being the chief hinges on which he design'd his tragedy should turn ; he has judiciously rejected what he calls the gingling antitheses of love and honour . by the advice of friends , he tells us , that he hath disguis'd the names : yet that this emperour was one of the greatest that ever rome boasted . i am apt to believe , that under the character of valentius , the author means constantine the great ; and that crispus , and his mother-in-law faustina , are shadow'd under the characters of florus and fulvia : but this being only conjecture , i must leave it to the criticks decision . our author has nothing else in print that i know of , except a little book entituled some observations on the life of cardinal reginal dus polus ; where he disguises his name under these two letters , g. l. which i take to be guilielmus lyde , the ancient name of that family : 't is printed o. lond. . in this book , the reader is made acquainted not only with the authors reading , stile , and judgment ; but his skill in the french , and italian , languages . k. henry killegrew . an author who liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , and writ a play , call'd conspiracy , a tragedy printed o. lond. . this play was design'd for an entertainment of the king and queen at york-house , at the nuptials of the lady mary villiers , and the lord charles herbert . 't was afterwards acted on the black-fryars stage , a and found the approbation of the most excellent persons of this kind of writing which were in that time , if there were ever better in any time ; ben johnson , being then alive , who gave a testimony of this perce even to be envy'd . some cavillers at its first representation at blackfryars , exclaim'd against the indecorum that appear'd in the part of cleander , who being represented as a person of seventeen years old , is made to speak words , that would better sute with the age of thirty ; saying , it was monstrous and impossible : but the author was sufficiently vindicated by the lord viscount faulkland , who made the following repartee , to one of these hypercriticks ; sir , 't is not altogether so monstrous , and impossible , for one of seventeen years to speak at such a rate ; when he that made him speak in that manner , and writ the whole play , was himself no older . this impression was printed without the authors consent , from a false and an imperfect transcript , the original copy being ( with the author ) in italy ; so that it might rather be call'd the first design , or foul draught , than a true copy . this occasioned a new edition , and the publisher impos'd on it a new title , that it might shew as little affinity as possible , to ( what he calls ) its anti-type ; stiling it , pallantus and eudora , a tragedy , printed fol. lond. . to this edition , i recommend the reader , remembring that of martial . multum crede mihi , refert , à fonte bibatur quae stuit , an pigro quae stupet unda lacu . thomas killegrew . a gentleman well known at court , having been page of honour to king charles the first , and groom of the bed-chamber to king charles the second , with whom he endur'd twenty years exile . during his abode beyond sea , he took a view of france , italy , and spain ; and was honoured by his majesty with the creditable employ of resident at the state of venice , whither he was sent in august . during his absence from his country , he diverted himself with the muses , writing several playes , of which sir john denham ( in a jocular way ) takes notice in his copy of verses on our author's return from his embassie from venice b . i. our resident tom , from venice is come , and hath left the statesman behind him : talks at the same pitch , is as wise , is as rich , and just where you left him you find him . ii. but who says he was not a man of much plot may repent that false accusation ; having plotted and penn'd six plays to attend the farce of his negotiation . tho' sir john denham mentions but six , our author writ nine plays in his travells , and two at london ; amongst which his don thomaso , in two parts , and his parson's wedding , will always be valu'd by the best judges and admirers of dramatick poetry . of these eleven plays , i shall speak in their order . bellamira her dream , or love of shadows , a tragi-comedy , the first part , printed fol. lond. . written in venice , and dedicated to the lady mary villiers , dutchess of richmond and lenox . bellamira her dream , the second part , a tragi-comedy , written in venice ; printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the lady anne villiers , countess of essex . cicilia and clorinda , or love in arms , a tragi-comedy , the first part , printed fol. lond. . written in turin , and dedicated to the lady anne villiers , countess of morton . cicilia and clorinda , the second part , a tragi-comedy printed fol. lond. . written in florence in august . and dedicated to the lady dorothy sidney , countess of sunderland . the first scene between amadeo , lucius , and manlius , seems copied from the characters of aglatidas , artabes , and megabises , in the grand cyrus ; see the history of aglatidas and amestris , part . book . claracilla , a tragi-comedy , printed folio lond. . written in rome , and dedicated to his dear sister the lady shannon . on this play , and the prisoners , mr. carthwright has writ an ingenious copy of verses , which the reader may find amongst his poems , p. . parson's wedding , a comedy printed folio lond. . written at basil in switzerland , and dedicated to the lady ursula bartu , widow . this play was reviv'd at the old theatre , in little lincolns-inn-fields , and acted all by women , a new prologue and epilogue being spoken by mrs. marshal in man's cloaths , which the reader may find printed in covent-garden drollery , o. pag. . &c. the intrigue of careless and wild circumventing the lady wild , and mrs. pleasance into marriage , is an incident in several plays , as ram-alley , antiquary , &c. but in none so well manag'd as in this play. pilgrim , a tragedy printed fol. lond. . written in paris in the year . and dedicated to the countess of carnarvan . princess , or love at first sight , a tragi-comedy printed fol. lond. . written in naples , and dedicated to his dear neece , the lady anne wentworth , wife to the lord lovelace . prisoners , a tragi-comedy printed fol. lond. . written in london , and dedicated to his dear neece , the lady crompton . thomaso , or the wanderer , a comedy in two parts , printed fol. lond. . and dedicated to the fair and kind friends of prince palatine polexander . in the first part of this play the author has borrow'd several ornaments , as the song sung by angelica act . sc. . is taken from fletcher's play call'd the captain act . he has made use of ben johnson considerably , for not only the character of lopus , but even the very words are copied from johnson's fox , where vulpone personates scoto of mantua : as the reader will see by comparing act . sc. . of this play , with that of the fox , act . sc. . i do not believe that our author design'd to conceal his theft , since he is so just to acknowledge a song against jealousy , which he borrow'd , and was written by mr. thomas carew , cup-bearer to king charles the first ; and sung in a masque at whitehall , an. . this chorus ( says he ) i presume to make use of here , because in the first design , 't was writ at my request , upon a dispute held betwixt mrs. cicilia crofts and my self , where he was present ; she being then maid of honor : this i have set down , lest any man should believe me so foolish as to steal such a poem from so famous an author ; or so vain as to pretend to the making of it my self . certainly therefore , if he scrupled to rob mr. carew , he would much more mr. johnson , whose fame as much exceeded the others , as his writings and compositions are better known : however it be , i am sure he is not the only poet that has imp'd his wings with mr. johnson's feathers , and if every poet that borrows , knew as well as mr. killegrew how to dispose of it , 't would certainly be very excusable . all these plays are printed together in one volume in folio lond. . sir william killegrew . a gentleman who by his writings , and honourable station in the court ( being vice-chamberlain to the queen dowager , ) is well known . he is the author of four plays , which have been applauded ( whether with justice or no i leave to the criticks ) by men , who have themselves been reputed eminent for poetry , as mr. waller , sr. robert stapleton , mr. lodowick carlell , and others : i shall therefore only acquaint the reader with their several titles , and submit them to his further judgment . ormasdes , or love and friendship , a tragi-comedy . pandora , or the converts , a comedy . selindra , a tragi-comedy . siege of urbin , a tragi-comedy . all these plays were printed together in folio , oxon . there is another play ascrib'd to our author call'd the imperial tragedy , printed fol. lond. . the chief part was taken out of a latine play , and very much alter'd by him for his own diversion . but upon the importunity of friends , he was prevailed with to have it publisht ; but without name : because many do censure plays according to their opinions of the author : the plot is founded on the history of zeno the twelfth emperor of constantinople after constantine . several authors have writ his story , as marcellinus , cassiodorus , cedrenus , evagrius , zonoras , baronius , &c. john kirke . a writer , in the reign of king charles the first , of a play call'd the seven champions of christendome : acted at the cock-pit , and at the red bull in st. john's street , with a general liking ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his much respected and worthy friend mr. john waite . this play is written in a mixt stile , and founded on that well known book in prose , which bears the same title . see besides dr. heylin's history of st. george . ralph knevet . an author that liv'd about the same time with the former . he writ a play call'd rhodon and iris , a pastoral , presented at the florists feast in norwich , may the third . printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful mr. nicholas bacon of gillingham esquire . this pastoral is commended by four copies of verses . thomas kyd. an ancient writer , or rather translator in the time of queen elizabeth , who publisht a play call'd pompey the great his fair cornelia's tragedy ; effected by her father and husband 's down-cast , death , and fortune ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the virtuously noble , and rightly honour'd lady , the countess of sussex . this play is translated from the french of robert garnier , who in the reigns of charles the ninth , henry the third , and henry the fourth , was accounted an excellent poet , tho' m. rapin says , his tragedies with those of rotrou , serre , and others of that time , are of a mean character . 't is evident to any that have read his tragedies , which are nine in number , that he propos'd seneca for his model , and he was thought in those days to have happily succeeded in his design . this translation is writ in blank verse , only here and there , at the close of a paragraph ( if i may so speak ) the reader is presented with a couplet . the chorus's are writ in several measures of verse , and are very sententious . l. john lacy . a comedian whose abilities in action were sufficiently known to all that frequented the king's theatre , where he was for many years an actor , and perform'd all parts that he undertook to a miracle : in so much that i am apt to believe , that as this age never had , so the next never will have his equal , at least not his superiour . he was so well approv'd of by king charles the second , an undeniable judge in dramatick arts , that he caus'd his picture to be drawn , in three several figures in the same table . viz. that of teague in the committee , mr. scruple in the cheats , and m. galliard , in the variety : which piece is still in being in windsor-castle . nor did his talent wholly ly in acting , he knew both how to judge and write plays : and if his comedies are somewhat allied to french farce , 't is out of choice , rather than want of ability to write true comedy . we have three plays extant under his name , viz. dumb lady , or the farriar made physitian , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the high-born and most hopeful prince , charles , lord limrick , and earl of southampton . this play is founded on a comedy of molliere's call'd le medecin malgré luy . if the reader will take the pains to compare them together , he will easily see that our author has much improv'd the french play. old troop , or monsieur ragou , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the young prince george third son to the dutchess of cleveland . i fancy by the stile , this play likewise is founded on some french original , tho' my small acquaintance with french poets makes me speak only on conjecture . both these plays were acted with universal applause . sir hercules buffoon , or the poetical squire , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play was brought upon the stage , and publisht after the author's decease , the prologue was writ by mr. durfey , the epilogue by jo. heyns the comedian , and both spoken by the later . i know not how this play succeeded on the theatre , but i am confident had the author been alive to have grac'd it with his action , it could not have fail'd of applause . this mr. durfey has observ'd in the beginning of his prologue ; ye scribling fops , ( cry mercy if i wrong ye ) but without doubt there must be some among ye . know , that fam'd lacy , ornament o' th' stage that standard of true comedy in our age , wrote this new play : and if it takes not , all that we can say on 't , is , we 've his fiddle , not his hands to play on 't . john leanard . a confident plagiary , whom i disdain to stile an author : one , who tho' he would be esteem'd the father , is at best but the midwife to the labour of others ; i mean those two dramatick pieces , which go under his name . i know not how they were receiv'd on the stage , but i am sure the author deserv'd ( tho' the plays might not ) to be damn'd for his vain-glorious humour of re-printing another man's play , under his own name , as he has done mr. brewer's country girl , under the title of country innocence , or the chamber-maid turn'd quaker , a comedy acted at the theatre royal , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his honour'd friend sr. francis hinchman . whether his patrons instructions c rais'd him to that height of presumption as to publish another man's play as his own , i pretend not to judge : but i am sure he has sufficiently made appear to the world that he is one of those authors he speaks of , whose arrogance and impudence are their chief dependency . had our author been as well acquainted with martial , as he pretends to be with homer , he would have weigh'd his opinion before he had made any progression as he calls it in his thefts . d mutare dominum non potest liber notus . — aliena quisquis recitat , & petit famam ; non emere librum , sed silentium debet . rambling justice , or the jealous husbands , with the humours of sir john twiford , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . a great part of it is stoln from a comedy of middleton's call'd more dissemblers besides women . as the scene between sir generall amorous and bramble act . sc. . is stoln from the scene between lactantio and dondolo . act . sc. . petulant easy disguis'd like a gipsy in the same act , is borrow'd from aurelia's disguise in middleton's play , act . sc. . the scene between bramble and the gipsies is stoln from the same play ; but since our author is forc'd to strole like one of that tribe for a livelihood , with the issue of other men's brains , i leave him to his hard stars : tho' possibly gipsy-like , he begs with stoln children , that he may raise the more compassion . nathaniel lee . an author whose plays have made him sufficiently remarkable to those who call themselves the wits ; and one whose muse deserv'd a better fate than bedlam . how truly he has verified the saying of the philosopher , nullum fit magnum-ingenium sine mixtur â dementiae even to the regret and pity of all that knew him , is manifest : i heartily wish his madness had not exceeded that divine fury which ovid mentions , and which usually accompanies the best poet ; est deus in nobis agitante calescimus illo . but alas ! his condition is far worse , as it has been describ'd in a satyr on the modern poets . there e , in a den remov'd from human eyes possest with muse , the brain-sick-poet lyes , too miserably wretched to be nam'd ; for plays , for heroes , and for passion fam'd thoughtless he raves his sleepless hours away , in chains all nights , in darkness all the day . and if he gets some intervals from pain , the fit returns ; he foams , and bites his chain , his eye-balls rowl , and he grows mad again . however , before this misfortune befel him , he writ several dramatical pieces , which gave him a title to the first rank of poets ; there being several of his tragedies , as mithridates , theodosius , & : c. which have forc'd tears from the fairest eyes in the world : his muse indeed seem'd destin'd for the diversion of the fair sex ; so soft and passionately moving , are his scenes of love written . he has publisht eleven plays , besides those two , in which he joyn'd with mr. dryden ( and of which we have already spoken ) viz. caesar borgia , son to pope alexander the vi. a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , by their royal-highnesses servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable philip earl of pembroke and montgomery . for the plot , see writers of those times , as guicciardine , l. , . mariana l. , . sr. paul ricaut's continuation of platina , in the reign of pope alexander the vi. constantine the great , a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal by their majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . many are the authors that have writ the actions of this illustrious emperor , as socrates , sozomen , eusebius , zonaras , eutropius , ruffinus , baronius , &c. the story of crispus and fausta , is particularly related ( as i think ) in ammianus marcellinus : see besides beard 's theatre of god's judgements , ch. . p. . gloriana , the court of augustus caesar , a tragedy in heroick verse , acted at the theatre-royal by their majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of portsmouth . the plot i take to be rather founded on romance than history , as the reader will find by comparing the play with the romance of cleopatra , in the several stories of caesario , marcellus julia ; part . book . part . book . ovid , cypassis and julia , part . book . a modern poet , in a satyr writ in imitation of sir john suckling's session of the poets , writes thus of our author and this play f : nat lee stept in next , in hopes of a prize , apollo remember'd he had hit once in thrice ; by the rubies in 's face , he could not deny , but he had as much wit , as wine could supply ; confest that indeed he had a musical note , but sometimes strain'd so hard , that it rattled i' th' throat ; yet own'd he had sense , t' encourage him for 't , he made him his ovid in augustus's court. lucius junius brutus , father of his country , a tragedy , acted at the duke's theatre , by their royal highnesses servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . this play well deserv'd so great a patron as his lordship , few plays that i know , being writ with more manly spirit , force and vigour . for the plot our author has partly follow'd history , partly romance : for history , consult floras lib. . ch. , . livy lib. . dionysius hallicarnassaeus , eutropius , sextus rufus , orosius , &c. for fiction , read in the romance called clelia , the history of junius brutus , part . book . p. . part . book . p. . massacre of paris , a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants , printed o. lond. . this play is founded on that bloody massacre which was acted on st. bartholomew day , in the year . for the story , consult thuanus , davila , lib. . pierre matthieu , or , ( as some say ) monliard his continuation of de serres , mezeray and other historians in the reign of charles the ix . several passages in the duke of guise , are borrow'd from this play , as the reader may find by comparing p. . of the former , with p. . of the latter ; p. . with p. . p. . with p. . and , &c. mithridates kings of pontus , a tragedy , acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants : printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles earl of dorset and middlesex . this play may be reckon'd amongst those of the first-rank , and will always be a favourite of the tender-hearted ladies . it is founded on history : see appian de bell. mithrid . florus l. .c. . vell. paterculus , l. . plutarch in the lives of scylla , lucullus and pompey , &c. nero emperor of rome his tragedy , acted at the theatre-royal by his majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right hon ble the earl of rochester . this play is writ in a mixt stile , part in prose , part in rime , and part in blank verse . for the plot , consult suetonius in his life ; aurelius victor ; tacitus ann. lib. , , &c. sulpicius severus , &c. princess of cleve , a tragi-comedy , acted at the queen's theatre in dorset garden ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles earl of dorset and middlesex , lord chamberlain of his present majesty's houshold , and one of his majesties most honourable privy council . this play is founded on a romance call'd the princess of cleves , translated from the french. the invective against women , spoken by poltrot act . sc. . is printed in several books of poetry , and may be read in a romance call'd the french rogue , o. ch . . p. . the author tells his patron , g that the duke of guise has wrested two scenes from the original ; but which they are i have not time to enquire . rival queens , or the death of alexander the great , a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants , printed lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable john , earl of mulgrave . this play has always been applauded by the spectators , and is acknowledg'd a master-piece by mr. dryden himself , in that copy of verses prefix'd to it , which are a sufficient testimony of its worth . the prologue was written by sir car scroop . for the plot , as far as the author has follow'd history , consult arrian ; q. curtius ; plutarch's life of alexander ; justin lib. , . diodorus siculus , lib. . & . josephus lib. . cap. . sophonisba , or hannibals overthrow , a tragedy , acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of portsmouth . this play is writ in heroick verse , and hath always appear'd on the stage with applause ; especially from the female sex : and envy it self must acknowledge , that the passion between massanissa , and sophonisba , is well express't ; tho' hannibal and scipio's parts fall somewhat short of the characters given them by historians ; as the ingenious and sharp lord rochester has observ'd , in his allusion to horace's tenth satyr of the first book ; when lee makes temperate scipio , sret and rave ; and hannibal , a whining amorous slave , i laugh , and wish the hot-brain'd fustian-fool , in busby's hands to be well lasht at school . as our author has taken the liberty in several plays to follow romances , so possibly he purposely err'd with the late earl of orrery , who in his first part of parthenissa , has represented the warlike hannibal as much in love with izadora , as mr. lee has describ'd him passionate of rosalinda's charms . many historians have writ the actions of these great men : see cornelius nepos his life of hannibal ; plutarch's life of scipio ; and that of hannibal , father'd on him , tho' suppos'd to be writ by donatus acciajolus : livy dec. . lib. . &c. florus lib. . c. . justin , orosius , diodorus , polybius , appian , &c. those who understand italian , may read the story of massanissa , and sophonisba , very neatly describ'd by the excellent pen of petrarch , in his il trionfo d'amore , c. . theodosius , or the force of love , a tragedy acted by their royal-highness's servants , at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her grace , the dutchess of richmond . the passions are extreamly well drawn in this play , and it met with its deserv'd applause : and our author has said with as much truth as modesty h , that such characters every dawber cannot draw . this play is founded on a romance call'd pharamond , translated from the french of mr. calpranede . see the history of varannes , part . book . p. . of martian . part . book . p. . of theodosius part . book . p. . i know nothing else that our author has in print ; and therefore i shall conclude with that just commendation given him and mr. otway , by mr. evelyn , in his imitation of ovid's elegy ad invidos i . when the aspiring grecian k in the east , and haughty philip l is forgot in the west , then lee and otway's works shall be supprest . john lilly . an ancient writer , living in the reign of queen elizabeth : he was a kentish man , and in his younger years brought up in st. mary magdalen colledge in oxon. where in the year . he took his master of arts degree . he was a very close student , and much addicted to poetry ; a proof of which he has given the world in nine plays , he has bequeath'd to posterity , and which in that age , were well esteem'd both by the court and the university . he was one of the first writers , that in those days attempted to reform our language , and purge it from obsolete expressions . mr. blount , a gentleman , who has made himself known to the world , by the several pieces of his own writing , ( as horae subsecivae , his microcosmography , &c. ) and who publisht fix of these plays ; in his title-page stiles him , the only rare poet of that time , the witty , comical , facetiously-quick , and unparalell'd john lilly. 't is not to be expected that i should any where trace this author , if the character mr. blount gives of him in his epistle dedicatory , be true ; that he sat at apollo's table ; that apollo gave him a wreath of his own bayes , without snatching ; and that the lyre he play'd on , had no borrow'd strings . the reader therefore is only to expect a short account of his titles alphabetically . alexander and campaspe , a tragical-comedy play'd before the queens majesty , on twelfth-day at night , by her majesties children , and the children of paul's , and afterwards at the black-fryars ; printed . lond. . the story of alexander's bestowing campaspe on the enamour'd apelles , is related by pliny in his his natural history , lib. l. . endymion , a comedy presented before queen elizabeth , by the children of her majesties chappel , and the children of pauls ; printed lond. . for the story of endimion's being belov'd by the moon , with comments upon it , may be met with in most of the mythologists : see lucian's dialogues between venus and the moon ; natalis comes , lib. . c . hygini poeticon astronomicon ; fulgentii mythologia ; galtruchius's history of the heathen gods , lib. i. c. . m. gombauld has writ a romance , call'd endymion , translated in english , printed octavo . galathea , a comedy play'd before the queens majesty at greenwich , on new-years day at night , by the children of paul's ; printed . lond. . in the characters of galathea and phillidia , the poet has copy'd the story of iphis and janthe , which the reader may find at large in ovid's metamorphosis , lib. . cap. . love's metamorphosis , a witty and courtly pastoral , first play'd by the children of paul's , and now by the children of the chappel ; printed o. lond. . maid's metamorphosis , a comedy , sundry times acted by the children of paul's ; printed o. lond. . the first act is wholy writ in verse , and so is the greatest part of the play. mother bombie , a pleasant conceited comedy , sundry times play'd by the children of paul's ; printed . lond. . mydas , a comedy , play'd before the queens majesty upon twelfth-day at night ; printed . lond. . for the story , see ovid's metamorphosis , lib. ii. fab. . natalis comes , lib. . cap. . galtruchius , book . ch. . apuleius has writ the story at large in his aureus asinus , &c. sapho and phao , a comedy , play'd before the queens majesty on shrove-tuesday , by her majesties children , and the children of paul's , and afterwards at the black-fryars ; printed . lond. . this story the reader may learn from ovid's epistle of sapho , to phaon , ep. . woman in the moon , a comedy , presented before her highness , printed o. lond. . six of these plays , viz. alexander and campaspe , endymion , galathea , mother bombie , mydas , sapho and phao , are printed together , under the title of six court comedies , . lond. . and dedicated by the above mention'd mr. blount , to the right honourable richard lumley , viscount lumley of waterford . the other three are printed single in o. by which it appears how and mr. philips m and his transcriber mr. winstanley n are mistaken , in affirming , that all mr. lilly's plays are printed together in a volume : not are they less mistaken in ascribing to him a play call'd warning for fair women , it being writ by an anonymous author . i presume our author may have other pieces in print , tho' i have not been so happy to see them : mr. blount seems to mention a book stiled euphues , o our nation ( says he ) are in his debt for a new english which he taught them ; euphues and his england began first , that language : all our ladies were then his schollars ; and that beauty in court , which could not parley eupheisme , was as little regarded , as she which now there , speaks not french. thomas lodge . a doctor of physick in the reign of queen elizabeth ; who was not so entirely devoted to aesculapius , but that during his residence in the university of cambridge , he sometimes sacrificed to apollo , and the nine sisters . mr. philips says p , that he was one of the writers of those pretty old pastoral songs and madrigals , which were very much the strain of those times . but 't is not in lyrick poetry alone that he exercis'd his pen , but sometimes he exercis'd it in dramatick likewise , in which way he has publish two pieces , viz. looking-glass for london and england , a tragi-comedy , printed o. lond. . in an old black-letter . in this play our author was assisted by mr. robert green , of whom we have given an account p. . this drama is founded on holy writ , being the history of jonas and the ninevites , form'd into a play. i suppose they chose this subject in imitation of others who had writ dramas on sacred subjects long before them ; as ezekiel , a jewish dramatick poet , writ the deliverance of the israelites out of egypt ; gregory nazianzen , or as some say , apollinaris of laodicea , writ the tragedy of christ's passion : as i learn from the learned vossius q . to these i might add hugo grotius , theodore beza , petavius , &c. all which have built upon the foundation of sacred history . wounds of civil war , lively set forth in the true tragedies of marius and silla , publickly play'd in london , by the right honourable the lord high admiral his servants ; printed o. lond. . for the plot , consult plutarch in the lives of marius and silla ; velleius paterculus , lib. . salust . de bello jugurth . t. livius , lib. . brev. florus , lib. . c. . aurelius vistor ; eutropius , &c. this author ( as mr. winstanley says ) r was an eminent writer of pastoral songs , odes , and madrigals ; of which he cites a pretty sonnet , which is said to be of his composure : and he has transcrib'd another in praise of rosalinde , out of his euphue's golden-legacy . this book i never saw ; and know nothing else of our author 's writing , except a treatise of the plague , printed o. lond. . as to the plays ascrib'd to him by mr. philips and mr. winstanley , in which he is made an associate with mr. robert green , i have already shewed their mistakes in the account of that author , to which i refer the reader . sir william lower . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , who during the beat of our civil wars , took sanctuary in holland , where in peace and privacy he enjoy'd the society of the muses . he was a great admirer of the french poets , and bestowed some times and pains in dressing some plays in an english garb : besides what , he has writ himself in his mother-tongue . so that we are obliged to him for six plays , viz. amorous phantasin , a tragi-comedy printed at the hague . . and dedicated to her highness the princess royal. this play is translated from the french of m. quinault's le fantōme amoureux , which appear'd with success on the french stage . enchanted lovers , a pastoral ; printed at the hague . . horatius , a roman tragedy ; printed o. lond. . this play is translated from the french of mr. corneille ; and as it is the first version we had of that admirable play , i think it ought to be excused , if it come short of the excellent translation of mr. cotton , and the incomparable orinda . for the story , consult livy , lib. . florus , lib. . c. . dionysius hallicarnassaeus , cassiodorus , &c. noble ingratitude , a pastoral tragi-comedy , printed at the hague . . and dedicated . to her majesty the queen of bohemia . our author is fully perswaded , that this s play is in the original one of the best dramatick pieces , that has been presented on the french stage : and undoubtedly m. quinault is an excellent poet , notwithstanding the raillery of the sharp-witted boileau t . si je pense exprimer un auteur sans default , la raison dit virgile , & la rime quinault . phoenix in her flames , a tragedy , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful , his most honoured cousin , thomas lower esquire . this play was written before our author was knighted , and i take it to be the first he writ . polyeuctes , a tragedy ; printed o. lond. . for the true story , consult coeffeteau hist. rom. surius de vitis sanctorum . as to the incidents of the dream of paulina , the love of severus , the effectual baptism of polyeuctes , the sacrifice for the emperours victory , the dignity of felix , the death of nearchus , the conversion of felix and paulina , they are all of them the author's invention . three of these plays ; viz. amorous phantasm , enchanted lovers , noble ingratitude , were printed together at the hague , during the author's exile ; and at his majesty's return , the remainder of the copies were purchas'd by mr. kirkman , who printed new titles in the year . thomas lupon . i am able to recover nothing of this author , either as to the time of his birth , the place where he liv'd , or any thing he writ , besides a tragedy mention'd in former catalogues , called all for money , which i never saw . m. lewis machin . a gentlemen that liv'd in the reign of king charles the martyr ; the author of a single play , called dumb knight , an historical comedy , acted sundry times by the children of his majesties revels ; printed o. lond. . our author has borrow'd several incidents from novels ; as the story of mariana her swearing prince philocles to be dumb , act . is borrow'd from bandello's novells , as i have read the story , translated by belleforest tom. . nov. . the same incident is in a play , called the queen , or the excellency of her sex. alfonsos ' cuckolding prate the oratour , act . and the latter appearing before the council , and pleading in alfonso's cloathes , whilst he is brought before the king in the orator's habit , act . is borrow'd ( as i remember ) from another of bandello's novels ; and the english reader may meet with the same story in the complaisant companion , octavo p. . john maidwel . an ingenious person , still living ( as i suppose ) in london ; where some time ago he undertook the care and tuition of young gentlemen , and kept a private school ; during which employment , besides some other performances , ( with which he has obliged the world ) he has borrow'd so much time as to write a play , stiled loving enemies , a comedy acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the honourable charles fox esquire . the part of circumstantio , seems to me to resemble the humor of sir formal trifle ; especially the description of the magpies sucking a hen's egg , act . sc. . is writ much after the same way with that of the mouse taken in a trap , see virtuoso , act . towards the end. the epilogue to this play , is writ by mr. shadwell . jasper main . a person of fame and note , as well for natural parts , as acquired learning . he was born in the reign of king james the first , at hatherleigh , &c. his education was at westminster school ; from whence be was transplanted to christ-church , and admitted student a.d. . in this colledge he gradually advanced in the study of arts and sciences , till he took both his degrees , and enter'd into holy orders , and was prefer'd to two livings , both in the gift of the colledge , and one hard-by oxford . about this time the civil wars breaking out , and the pious king being forc'd by wicked subjects , to fly for shelter to this seat of the muses : our author was made choice of amongst others deputed to preach before his majesty . soon after which , mr. wood tells us , he was created dr. of divinity , and resided in oxford till the time of the mock visitation sent to the university , when he , amongst other worthies eminent for their loyalty , was ejected not only from the colledge , but both his livings . during this storm , he found an asylum in the house of the right honourable the earl of devonshire , where for the most part he resided , till the happy return of king charles the second to his kingdomes ; at which time , he was not only restored to his places , but made canon of christ-church , and arch-deacon of chichester ; which preferments he enjoy'd to his death . he was a person of a ready and facetious wit , and yet withal , a sound , orthodox preacher . in his younger years , he was very much addicted to poetry , in which time he writ two plays , which are very much esteem'd by the generality of those who delight in dramatick poetry . amorous war a tragi-comedy , printed o oxon. . city match , a comedy acted before the king and queen at whitehall , and afterwards on the stage at black-friars , with general applause , and printed o. oxon. . these two plays , have been printed in folio , o. and o. and are bound together . besides these dramatick pieces our author writ a poem , upon the naval victory over the dutch by the duke of york , printed . and added some dialogues to those of lucian translated by mr. francis hicks , printed fol. lond. . he publisht likewise many serious pieces , as several sermons in o. — — — . amongst which , none was so much talkt of , as that concerning false prophets . it was , if i mistake not , writ against by mr. francis cheynel , which occasion'd our authors vindication publisht . he writ besides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the peoples war examined , according to the principles of scripture and reason , in answer to a letter , for the satisfation of a person of quality , printed o. — . with several other pieces which i have not seen . he died on the sixth day of december , an. . and was buried in christ-church on the north-side of the quire : having in his will left several bequests to pious uses . as fifty pounds to the re-building of st. pauls ; a hundred pounds to be distributed by the two vicars of cassington and purton , for the use of the poor of those parishes , with many other legacies : amongst which i cannot forget one , which has frequently occasion'd mirth at the relation . he had a servant who had long liv'd with him , to whom he bequeath'd a trunk , and in it somewhat ( as he said ) that would make him drink after his death . the doctor being dead the trunk , was speedily visited by his servant with mighty expectation , where he found this promising legacy to be nothing but a red-herring : so that it may be said of him , that his propensity to innocent raillery was so great , that it kept him company even after death . cosmo manuch . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , and one that as i suppose took up arms for his majesty , under the quality of a major , tho' whether of horse or foot i am ignorant . mr. phillips a supposes him an italian , stiling him manuci ; but whatever his country be , he has writ two plays which shew him well vers'd in the english language ; viz. just general , a tragi-comedy printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable james earl of northampton , and isabella , his most virtuous lady . this is the first play our author writ , and which was intended for the stage , but never acted : not that it is any ways contemptible ; and therefore the major did not forfeit his modesty when he said of it , b in spite of malice , venture i dare thus far , pack not a jury , and i 'll stand the bar. loyal lovers , a tragi-comedy printed o. lond. . in this play our author lashes the old committee-men , and their informers , in the persons of gripeman and sodom , and i believe he meant to expose hugh peters's adventure with the butcher's wife of st. sepulcher's , with his revenge thereupon , under the characters of phanaticus and fly-blow . if my conjecture prove true i hope no sober man will be angry , that peters should be personated on the stage , who himself had ridicul'd others , when he acted the clown's part in shakespear's company of comedians , as i have read in dr. young's relation of his life . if it be consider'd that our author's muse was travesté en cavileer ; that he made writing his diversion , and not his business ; that what he writ was not borrow'd but propriâ minervâ , i hope the criticks will allow his plays to pass muster amongst those of the third rate . gervase markham . a gentleman who flourisht under the reigns of queen elizabeth , king james , and king charles the first : for the later of whom he took up arms , in the time of the rebellion : being honour'd by his majesty with a captain 's commission . he was the son of robert markham of cotham , in the county of nottingham esq and was eminently famous for his numerous volumes of husbandry , and horsemanship : besides what he has writ on rural recreations , and military discipline . he understood the practick as well as the theory of the art of war : and was esteem'd a good scholar , and an excellent linguist , understanding perfectly the french , italian , and spanish languages , from all which he collected notes of husbandry . in the enumeration of his works the reader will be satisfied of his excellent parts and abilities : and that he was tàm marti quàm mercurio , vers'd in the employments of war and peace : and one piece of dramatick poetry which he has publisht , will shew that he sacrific'd to apollo , and the muses , as well as to mars and pallas . this play is extant under the title of herod and antipater , a tragedy printed o. lond. . where , or when this play was acted the imperfection of my copy hinders my information . for the foundation 't is built on history . see josephus ant. jud. lib. , , , & . torniel , salian , spondanus , baronii ann. &c i shall now mention his works , and first those which treat of horsemanship , which have made him famous all over england . of these he has writ a discourse of horsemanship , printed o. without date , and dedicated to prince henry eldest son to king james the first . cure of all diseases incident to horses , o. . english farriar , o. . master-piece , o. . faithful farriar , o. . perfect horseman , . . for husbandry he publisht liebault's le maison rustique , or the country farm , fol. lond. . this treatise ( which was at first translated by mr. richard surflet , a physitian ) our author enlarg'd with several additions from the french books of serres and vinet , the spanish of albiterio , and the italian of grilli , and others . the art of husbandry , first translated from the latine of conr. heresbachius , by barnaby googe , he revis'd and augmented , o. . he writ besides , farewel to husbandry , o. . way to get wealth , wherein is compris'd his country contentments , printed o. . to this i may add hungers prevention , or his art of fowling , o. his epitome , . &c. in military discipline , he has publisht the souldiers accidence , and grammar , o. . besides these the second part of the first book of the english arcadia is said to be writ by him : insomuch that he may be accounted if not unus in omnibus , at least a benefactor to the publick , by those works he left behind him , which will ( without doubt ) eternise his memory . christopher marloe . an author that was cotemporary with the incomparable shakespear , and one who trod the stage with applause both from queen elizabeth , and king james . nor was he accounted a less excellent poet by the judicious johnson : and heywood his fellow actor , stiles him , the best of poets . in what esteem he was in his time may be gathered from part of a copy of verses writ in that age , call'd a censure of the poets , where he is thus characteriz'd . next marlow bathed in the thespian springs , had in him those brave sublunary things , that your first-poets had ; his raptures were all air and fire , which made his verses clear ; for that fine madness still he did retain , which rightly should possess a poet's brain . his genius inclin'd him wholly to tragedy , and he has obliged the world with seven plays of this kind , of his own composure , besides one , in which he join'd with nash , call'd dido queen of carthage , which i never saw . of the others take the following account . dr. faustus his tragical history , printed o. lond. . there is an old edition which i never saw , but this is printed with new additions of several scenes . the plot , or the foundation of this play , may be read in several authors , as camerarei hor. subcisiv . cent. . wierus de praestigiis daemonum , lib. . cap. . lonicerus , &c. edward the second , a tragedy printed o. lond. — i know not the date , or the stage where this play was acted , thro' the defect of my title-page . for the plot consult the historians , that have writ on those times , as ranulphus higden , walsingham , math. westminster . especially those that have more particularly writ his life , as thomas de la more . sr. fr. hubert , &c. jew of malta , a tragedy play'd before the king and queen , in her majesties theatre , at whitehall , and by her majesties servants at the cock-pit , printed o. lond. . ( after the author's decease ) and dedicated ( by mr. thomas heywood the publisher ) to his worthy friend mr. thomas hammon of gray's - inn. this play was in much esteem , in those days the jew's part being play'd by mr. edward allen , that ornament both to black-friars stage , and to his profession ; to the one on account of of his excellent action , to the other of his exemplary piety in founding dulwich hospital in surrey . what opinion mr. heywood had of the author and actor , may be seen by the beginning of his prologue spoke at the cock-pit . we know not how our play may pass this stage , but by the best of poets * in that age the malta jew had being , and was made : and he , then by the best of * actors play'd : in hero and leander , c one did gain a lasting memory : in tamberlain , this jew , with others many : th' other wan the attribute of peerless ; being a man whom we may rank with ( doing no one wrong ) proteus for shapes , and roscius for a tongue . lust's dominion , or the lascivious queen a tragedy publisht by mr. kirkman o. lond. . and dedicated to his worthily honour'd friend william carpenter esquire . this play was alter'd by mrs. behn , and acted under the title of abdelazer , or the moor's revenge . massacre of paris , with the death of the duke of guise ; a tragedy , play'd by the right honourable the lord admiral 's servants , printed octavo lond. — this play is not divided into acts ; it begins with that fatal marriage between the king of navarre and marguerite de valois , sister to king charles the ninth , the occasion of the massacre ; and ends with the death of henry the third of france . for the plot , see the writers of those times , in the reigns of these two kings , ch. ix . and henry iii. thuanus , davila , pierre matthieu , dupleix , mezeray , &c. tamburlain the great , or the scythian shepherd , a tragedy in two parts ; sundry times acted by the lord admiral 's servants , printed in an old black-letter octavo lond. . had i not mr. heywood's word for it , in the fore-mention'd prologue , i should not believe this play to be his ; it being true , what an ingenious author said d , that whoever was the author , he might ev'n keep it to himself , secure from plagiary . for the story , see those that have writ his life in particular , as pietro perondini , m. st. sanctyon , du bec , &c. and those that have treated of the affairs of turks and tartars in general , in the reigns of bajazet and tamerlane , as laonicus , chalcocondylas , pet. bizarus , knolles , &c. he writ besides a poem , call'd hero and leander ; whose mighty lines ( says one e ) mr. benjamin johnson , a man sensible enough of his own abilities , was often heard to say , that they were examples sitler for admiration , than paralel . this poem being left imperfect by our our author , who ( according to mr. philips f ) in some riotous fray , came to an untimely and violent end ; it was finished by mr. chapman , and printed octavo lond. . shakerley marmion . a gentleman born in the reign of king charles the first , at ainoe , ( in sutton hundred ) in the county of northampton , about the beginning of january a. d. . he was bred up at thame-school , in oxfordshire , and at fifteen years of age was sent to the university of oxford , where he became a member of wadham colledge , and in . he took his master of arts degree . what further became of him , i know not , all that i am able to inform the reader , is , that he was the author of three comedies , which have formerly been well approv'd , viz. antiquary , a comedy , acted by her majesties servants at the cock-pit , and printed quarto lond. . aurelio's declaring his marriage to the duke and leonardo , from lucretia's lodging , where he got in by her maid's assistance , is an incident ( as i have already shew'd ) in several plays . fine companion , a comedy acted before the king and queen at whitehall , and sundry times with great applause at the private house in salisbury-court , by the prince's servants ; printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to the truly noble , and his worthy kinsman in all respects , sir ralph dutton . the reader will find that captain porpuss , in sir barnaby whig , is beholding to captain whibble in his play , for some of his expressions . holland's leaguer , an excellent comedy , often acted with great applause , by the high and mighty prince charles his servants , at the private house in salisbury-court , printed quarto lond. . the author in this play has shewed his reading , having borrow'd several things from juvenal , petronius arbyter , &c. mr. winstanley has made no mention of our author , and mr. philips g to prove his character of him , that he is not an obscure or uncopious writer of english comedy , has ascrib'd two comedies to him , which belong to other men ; the fleire being writ by edward sharpham , and the fair maid of the exchange ( if we may believe kirkman's account ) by thomas heywood . john marston . an author that liv'd in the reign of king james the first , who was a contributor to the stage in his time , by eight plays which were approv'd by the audience at the black-fryars , and one of them , viz. dutch curtezan , was some few years since , reviv'd with success on the present stage , under the title of the revenge , or the match in new-gate . the place of our author's birth , and family , are to me unknown , neither can i recover other information of him , than what i learnt from the testimony of his bookseller h ; that he was free from all obscene speeches , which is the chief cause that makes plays to be so odious unto most men. that he abhorr'd such writers and their works , and profest himself an enemy to all such as stufft their scenes with ribaldry , and larded their lines with scurrilous taunts and jests : so that whatsoever even in the spring of his years , he presented upon the private and publick theatre , in his autumn and declining age he needed not to be asham'd of . an excellent character ! and fit for the imitation of our dramatists ; most of whom would be thought to have throughly studyed horace : i could wish therefore , that they which know him so well , would call to mind and practice his advice ; which is thus exprest i , silvis deducti caveant , me judice , fauni , — ne nimiū teneres juvenentur versibus unquam , aut immunda crepent , ignominiosaque dicta . offenduntur enim quibus est equus , & pater & res . but leaving this , i shall give the reader an account of his plays in their accustom'd order : having first inform'd him , that six of our author's plays are collected into one volume , being publisht under the title of the works of mr. john marston , printed octavo lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , the lady elizabeth carie , viscountess faulkland . according to the alphabet , i am to begin with , viz. antonio and melida , a history acted by the children of paul's , printed octavo lond. . antonio's revenge , or the second part of antonio and melida ; frequently acted by the children of paul's , printed in octavo . these two plays were likewise printed in quarto above years before this new edition , viz. . dutch curtezan , a comedy divers times presented at the black-fryars , by the children of the queens majesties revels ; printed in octavo lond. . this play was publisht long before in quarto viz. . cockledemoy's cheating mrs. mulligrub the vintner's wife , of the goblet and the salmon , is borrow'd from an old french book called les contes du monde : see the same story in english , in a book of novels , call'd the palace of pleasure , in the last novel . insatiate countess , a tragedy acted at the white-fryars , printed quarto lond. . it being a common custom with our author to disguise his story , and to personate real persons , under feign'd characters : i am perswaded that in this play , under the title of isabella , the insatiable countess of suevia ; he meant joane the first queen of jerusalem , naples , and sicily : and i doubt not but the reader who will compare the play with the history , will assent to my conjecture . many are the writers that have related her life , as collenuccio , simmoneta , villani , montius , &c. but i refer my english reader to dr. fuller's prophane state. ch. . that her life has been the subject not only of history , but of poetry and novels also , is manifest from this play , and the novels of bandello , who has related her story under the title of the inordinate life of the countess of celant . this novel is translated into french by belleforest , tom. . nov. . and possibly our author might build his play on this foundation . the like story is related in god's revenge against adultery , under the name of anne of werdenberg , dutchess of ulme : see hist. . male content , a tragicomedy , the first design being laid by mr. webster , was corrected and augmented by our author , printed o. lond. . and dedicated in the following stile to ben johnson : benjamini johnsonio , poetae elegantissimo , gravissimo , amico suo candido & cordato , johannes marston , musarum alumnus , asperam hanc suam thaliam d. d. notwithstanding our authors profession of friendship , he afterwards could not refrain from reflecting on mr. johnson , on account of his sejanus , and catiline , as the reader will find in the perusal of his epistle to sophonisba : know ( says he ) that i have not labour'd in this poem to relate any thing as an historian , but to enlarge every thing as a poet. to transcribe authors , quote authorities , and translate latin prose orations into english blank-verse , hath in this subject been the least aim of my studies . that mr. johnson is here meant , will i presume be evident to any that are acquainted with his works , and will compare the orations in salust , with those in catiline . on what provocations our author thus censured his friend i know not , but this custom has been practic'd in all ages ; the old proverb being verify'd in poets as well as whores , two of a trade can never agree . 't is within the memory of man , that a play has been dedicated to the late witty earl of rochester , and an essay upon satyr from the same hand has bespatter'd his reputation : so true it is that some poets are still prepar'd to praise or to abhor us , satyr they have and panegyrick for us . but begging pardon for this digression , i return to the play , which i take to be an honest general satyr , and not ( as some malicious enemies endeavour'd to perswade the world ) design'd to strike at any particular persons . parasitaster , or the fawn , a comedy divers times presented at the black-fryars by the children of the queens majesties revels ; printed . lond. . this play was formerly printed in quarto . the plot of dulcimel her cozening the duke by a pretended discovery of tiberio's love to her , is borrow'd from boccace's novels , day . nov. . this novel is made use of as an incident in several other plays , as flora's vagaries , souldiers fortune ; and nymphadoro's humour of loving the whole sex , act. . sc. . is copy'd from ovid's amor. lib. . eleg. . what you will , a comedy printed o. lond. . francisco's zanying the person and humour of albano , is an incident in several plays , as mr. cowley's guardian , albumazer , &c. tho' i presume the design was first copy'd from plautus his amphitruo . this i take to be one of our authors best plays . wonder of women , or sophonisba her tragedy , sundry times acted at the black-fryars , and printed in o. lond. . this play is founded on history ; see livy , dec. . lib. . corn. nepos in vit. annibal . polibius , appian , orosius . the english reader may read this story lively describ'd by the judicious sir w. rawleigh , in his history of the world , book the . mr. phillips k , and mr. winstanley l have created him the author of a play call'd the faithful shepherd , which i am confident is none of his ; and have ommitted his satyrs , which render'd him more eminent than his dramatick poetry . the title is the scourge of villany , in three books of satyrs , printed in o. lond. . mr. fitz-geoffry above-mention'd , in the account of daniel and johnson , writ in their commendation the following hexastick m . ad johannem marstonem . gloria marstoni satyrarum proxima primae , primaque , fas primas si numerare duas ; sin primam duplicare nefas , tua gloria saltem marstoni primae proxima semper eris . nec te paeniteat stationis , jane : secundus , cū duo sint tantùm , est neuter ; at ambo pares . john mason . i can give the reader no account of this author , further , than he was a master of arts in the time of king james the first , about the middle of whose reign he publisht a play stil'd , muleasses the turk , a worthy tragedy , divers times acted by the children of his majesties revels , printed o. lond. . whether this play deserv'd the title of worthy , i shall not determine : but that the author had a good opinion of it , seems apparent from his lemma in the title-page , borrow'd from horace ; sume superbiam quaesitam meritis . philip massinger . philip massinger . our author has publisht fourteen plays of his own writing , besides those in which he join'd with other poets . we shall begin with a play call'd bashful lover , a tragi-comedy often acted at the private house in black-friars , by his majesties servants , with great applause , printed o. . bondman , an ancient story , often acted with good allowance at the cock-pit in drury-lane , by the most excellent princess the lady elizabeth her servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable and his singular good lord philip earl of montgomery . the plot of the slaves being seduc'd to rebellion by pisander , and reduc'd by timoleon , and their flight at the sight of the whips ; is borrow'd from the story of the scythian slaves rebellion against their master . see justin l. . c. . city madam , a comedy acted at the private house in black-friars with great applause , printed o. lond. . for andrew pennycuicke , one of the actors , and dedicated by him to the truly noble and virtuous lady , anne , countess of oxford . this is an excellent old play. duke of millain , a tragedy printed in o. tho when , or where acted i know not , my copy being imperfect . as to the plot , i suppose sforza's giving orders to his favourite francisco , to murther his beloved wife the dutchess marcelia , was borrow'd from the history of herod , who on the like occasion left orders with his uncle joseph to put his beloved mariamne to death ; as the reader may see in josephus , lib. . cap. . emperor of the east , a tragi-comedy divers times acted at the black-friars , and globe play-houses , by the king's majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , and his very good lord , john lord mohune , baron of oke-hampton . this play is commended by three copies of verses , one of which was writ by sir aston cockain . for the play , 't is founded on the history of theodosius the younger . see socrates l. . theodoret l. . nicephorus l. . baronius , godeau , &c. fatal dowry , a tragedy often acted at the private house in black-friars , by his majesties servants , printed o. lond. . this play was writ by our author and mr. nathaniel field ( of whom i have already spoken ) . the behaviour of charalois in voluntarily choosing imprisonment to ransom his fathers corps , that it might receive funeral rights ; is copied from the athenian cymon , that admirable example of piety so much celebrated by valerius maximus , lib. . c. . ex. . plutarch and cornelius nepos notwithstanding make it a forc'd action , and not voluntary . guardian , a comical history often acted at the private house in black-fryars by his late majesties servants , with great applause , printed o. lond. . severino's cutting off calipso's nose in the dark , taking her for his wife jolantre , is borrow'd from the cimerian matron a romance o. the like story is related in boccace day . nov. . great duke of florence , a comical history often presented with good allowance by her majesties servants at the phoenix in drury-lane , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the truly honoured and his noble favourer , sir robert wiseman of thorrel's - hall in essex . this play is commended by two copies of verses , one of which was writ by mr. john ford , of whom we have already spoken p. . the false character given the duke of the beauty of lidia , by sanasarro , resembles the story of king edgar and duke ethelwolph in his account of the perfections of alphreda . as the reader may find the story related in our english chronicles that have writ the reign of edgar , as speed , stow , baker , &c. maid of honour , a tragi-comedy often presented with good allowance , at the phoenix in drury-lane , by the queen's majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his most honoured friends , sir francis foliambe , and sir thomas bland . a copy of verses is prefixt to the play , writ by sir aston cokain . new way to pay old debts , a comedy often acted at the phoenix in drury-lane , by the queens majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable robert earl of carnarvan . this play is deservedly commended by the pens of sir henry moody , and sir thomas jay , above-mention'd . old law , or a new way to please you , an excellent comedy acted before the king and queen at salisbury-house , and at several other places with great applause , printed o. lond. . in this play our author was assisted by mr. middleton , and mr. rowley . at the end of it is printed a catalogue of plays , which tho' stil'd perfect in the title-page , is far from it : for besides abundance of typographical faults , there are many other gross errors : several pieces being mention'd under the title of plays which are of a different species ; for instance virgil's eclogues are inserted under the name of a tragedy &c. picture , a tragi-comedy , often presented with good allowance at the globe and black-fryars play-houses , by the king's majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his honour'd , and selected friends of the noble society of the inner-temple . this play was acted by those excellent players of the last age , lowin , taylor , benfield , &c. and is commended by his true friend , sir thomas jay . the plot of sophia's decoying the two debaucht courtiers richardo and ubaldo , who attempted her chastity , is related in a book of novels in octavo , call'd the fortunate , deceiv'd , and unfortunate lovers , see nov. . of the deceiv'd lovers : but this story is i suppose originally italian , this book being a collection from italian novels . renegado , a tragi-comedy often acted by the queens majesties servants , at the private play-house in drury-lane , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable george harding , baron of barkley of barkley-castle , and knight of the honourable order of the bath . this play is likewise commended by two copies of verses ; one of which was writ by mr. james shirley . roman actor , a tragedy acted divers times with good allowance at the private house in the black-fryars , by the king's majesties servants , printed o. . and dedicated to his much honour'd , and most true friends , sir philip knivet , sir thomas jay , and thomas bellingham of newtimber in sussex esquire . this play is commended by six copies of verses writ by several dramatick poets of that age , as may , goss , ford , &c. for the plot read suetonius in the life of domitian , aurelius victor , eutropius , lib. . tacitus , lib. . &c. very woman , or the prince of tarent , a tragi-comedy often acted at the private house in the black-fryars , by his late majesties servants with great applause , printed o. lond. . our author owns n this play to be founded on a subject which long before appear'd on the stage : tho' what play it was i know not . i have already acquainted the reader o with the resemblance between the plot of this tragi-comedy , and the obstinate lady . this play , with the bashful lover , and the guardian , are printed together . virgin martyr , a tragedy acted by his majesties servants with great applause , printed o. lond. . in this play our author took in mr. thomas decker for partner . i presume the story may be met with in the martyrologies which have treated of the tenth persecution in the time of dioclesian , and maximian . see rossweidus , valesius , &c. unnatural combat , a tragedy presented by the king's majesties servants at the globe , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his much honour'd friend , anthony sentliger of oukham in kent , esquire . this old tragedy ( as the author tells his patron ) has neither prologue nor epilogue , it being composed in a time , when such by-ornaments , were not advanced above the fabrick of the whole work . i know nothing else of our authors writings , and therefore must hasten to the last act of his life , his death ; which happen'd at london in march . on the seventeenth of the same month he was buried in st. mary overies church in southwark , in the same grave with mr. fletcher . what monument , or inscription he has i know not ; but shall close up our account of this ingenious poet , with the following epitaph writ by sir aston cokain , p an epitaph on mr. john fletcher , and mr. philip massinger , who lay both buried in one grave , in st. mary overy's church , in southwark . in the same grave fletcher was buried , here lies the stage poet , philip massinger : plays they did write together , were great friends , and now one grave includes them in their ends. so whom on earth nothing did part , beneath here ( in then fame ) they lie , in spight of death . thomas may. this gentleman , was born in sussex of an ancient but somewhat declining family , in the reign of queen elizabeth . he was for some years bred a scholar in the university of cambridge , being fellow-commoner of sidney colledge . during his abode there , he was a very close student , and what stock of learning he then treasur'd up , is apparent from his works , which are in print . he remov'd afterwards to london , following the court , where he contracted friendship with several eminent courtiers , amongst others with the accomplisht endymion porter , esq one , of the gentlemen of his majesties bedchamber ; a gentleman so dear to sir william d'avenant , that he stiled him q lord of his muse and heart . whilst he resided at court , he writ the five plays which are extant , and possibly his other pieces . dr. fuller says of him r , that some disgust at court was given to , or taken by him , ( as some would have it ) because his bays were not guilded richly enough , and his verses rewarded by king charles , according to expectation . mr. philips s and mr. winstanley t insinuate , that being candidate with sir william d'avenant , for the honourable title of the queen's poet , and being frustrate in his expectations , out of meer spleen , as it is thought , for his repulse , he vented his spite in his history of the late civil wars of england ; wherein , mr. winstanley says , he shew'd all the spleen of a male-contented poet , making thereby his friends his foes , and rendring his name odious to posterity . whether this accusation be true , or no , i know not ; but i am sure his enemies must allow him to be a good poet , tho' possibly he fell short of sir william d'avenant : and tho' i no ways abet his self opinion , yet i learn from horace , that even ill poets , set a value on their writings , tho' they are despis'd by others ; ridentur mala qui componunt carmina , verùm gaudent scribentes , & se venerantur , & ultrò , si taceas , laudant , quicquid scripsere beati . and therefore i hope the moderate critick will bear with the frailty of our author : and i doubt not but if they will read his works with candor , and especially his plays , they will find he had some reason for his opinion of what he writ . i shall first give the reader a succinct account of his plays as follows : agrippina empress of rome , her tragedy , printed . lond. . our author has follow'd xiphilinus , tacitus , and suetonius , in the designing his tragedy : and besides has translated and inserted above . lines from petronius arbyters satyricon u , being a translation of those verses recited by eumolpus , beginning orbemjam totum victor romanus habebat , &c. and concluding with — siculo scarus aequore mersus ad mensam vivus perducitur , — now altho' this is patly enough apply'd by our author , he having introduced nero at a banquet , commanding petronius to write a satyr against those pleasures he us'd to commend ; yet methinks mr. may , having such a particular value for lucan , as to translate his pharsalia , he should not have inserted what was purposely writ against this particular work ; as may be gather'd from the foregoing speech , ecce belli civilis ingens opus , &c. but rather have left it to such a man as douza , who ( as a french author has observ'd ) could no longer endure the fire and tempest of lucan , when he read the * taking of troy ; or that * little essay of the war of pharsalia , which he declar'd to love much better quam trecenta cordubensis illius pharsalicorum versuum volumiua . the first act of this play has been ill corrected , four pages of it being printed twice over . antigone , the thebane princess her tragedy , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the most worthily honoured endymion porter esquire . our author in the contexture of this tragedy has made use of the antigone of sophocles , and the thebais of seneca . the reader may see besides statius's thebais , &c. cleopatra queen of aegypt her tragedy , acted . and printed . lond. . and dedicated to the accomplish'd sir kenelme digby . the author has follow'd the historians of those times , as appian . de bellis civilibus lib. . plutarch's life of m. anthony , suetonius's life of augustus . florus lib. . dion , &c. he has borrow'd besides several other embelishments , as calimaccus's epigram upon timon the misanthropist ; an account of the ancient lybian psylls , so famous for curing the venemous bites of serpents , by sucking the wound , related by pliny , lib. . c. . and by solinus , &c. heir , a comedy acted by the company of revels . printed o. lond. . this comedy is extreamly commended by the already mention'd mr. thomas carew , in a copy of verses affix'd to the play ; where amongst other commendations bestow'd on the stile , and the natural working up of the passions , he says thus of the oeconomy of the play : the whole plot doth alike it self disclose , thro' the five acts , as doth a lock , that goes with letters , for till every one be known , the lock 's as fast , as if you had found none . i believe there are few persons of judgment that are true lovers of innocent and inoffensive comedy , but will allow this to be an excellent play. old couple , a comedy printed o. lond. . this play is not much short of the former , and is chiefly design'd an antidote against covetousness . mr. philips x and mr. winstanley y ascribe two other plays to our author , viz. the old wives tale , and orlando furioso ; the first of these i never saw , but for the latter , i assure my reader , it was printed long before our author was born , at least before he was able to guide a pen , much less to write a play , it being printed o. lond. . but tho' he has no more plays , he has other pieces extant in print ; as the translation of lucan's pharsalia o. lond. . which poem our author has continued down to the death of julius caesar , in vii books both in latin and english verse . i have already given you douza's character of this poem , to which i might add that of scaliger , rapin , and other criticks ; but this being somewhat forreign to my present subject , i shall wave it , and content my self with acquainting my reader , that however pompous and splendid the french version of brebeuf has appear'd in france , our english translation is little inferiour to it ; and is extreamly commended by our famous johnson , in a copy of verses prefix'd before the book well worth the reader 's perusal . he translated besides virgil's georgicks , printed with annotations o. lond. . mr. philips mentions a history of henry the second , writ by him in verse , and a history of the late civil wars of england in prose ; neither of which have i seen , and therefore pretend not to determine whether he were a partial writer or no. only give me leave to conclude in the words of dr. fuller ; that if he were a byassed and partial writer , yet that he lyeth buried near a good and true historian indeed , viz. mr. cambden , in the west-side of the north-isle of westminster abbey , dying suddenly in the night , a.d. . in the th year of his age. i know not how mr. winstanley happened to omit the transcript of so memorable a passage , since he has elsewhere borrow'd so largely from this worthy author , as well as mr. philips , without either of them acknowledging the least obligation to him . robert mead . an author that liv'd in the reigns of king james , and king charles the first , and was sometime a member of christ-church colledge in oxford , as i learn from the title-page of a play , call'd combat of love and friendship , a comedy , formerly presented by the gentlemen of christ-church in oxford , and printed o. lond. . this play was published after the authors decease , at that time when the muses were banish'd the theatre . i wish i were able to give the reader a better account of our author : but being destitute of other information , this gentleman having wholly escaped the industry of mr. wood , i must be beholding for what i have borrow'd , to the stationer's epistle to the reader ; where he tells us , that he had been a person , whose eminent and general abilities , have left him a character precious and honourable to our nation ; and therefore the reader is not to look upon this composition , but as at a stoop , when his youth was willing to descend from his then higher contemplation . he tells us , that he could say more in his honour , but that he was so great a lover of humility in his life , that he was almost afraid , being dead , he might be displeas'd to hear his own worth remembred . mr. philips thro' his old mistake ascribes to him the costly whore ; tho' i am almost confident the play is not of his writing : and that those that believe it so , have taken up their opinion upon conjecture . matthew medbourn . an actor belonging to the duke's theatre , in the reign of king charles the second . one , whose good parts deserv'd a better fate than to die in prison , as he did in the time of the late popish-plot ; thro' a too forward and indiscreet zeal for a mistaken religion . ten years before the discovery of that conspiracy , our author publisht a play , call'd tartuffe , or the french puritan , acted at the theatre-royal , written in french by molliere , and rendred into english , with much addition and advantage ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry , lord howard of norfolk . this play was recceiv'd with universal applause on our english stage , if we believe our author , and is accounted by him the master-piece of molliere's productions , or rather that of all french comedy . i presume the translator , ( who was a great bigot ) esteem'd this play the more , it being design'd as a satyr against the french hugonots , tho' at the same time it must be acknowledg'd , that the french author has made an admirable defence for the character of his protagonist tartuffe , in his preface , to which i refer the reader who is vers'd in the french tongue . thomas meriton . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the second , and is certainly the meanest dramatick writer that ever england produc'd . i may with justice apply to his stupidity what menedemus the eretriack philosopher , said of perseus's wickedness : he is indeed a poet ; but of all men that are , were , or ever shall be , the dullest . never any man's stile was more bombast , so that undoubtedly he deserv'd to have been under ben. johnson's hands ; and had he liv'd in that age , had without question underwent the trouble of a vomit , as well as crispinus in poetaster , till he had ( to borrow one of his losty expressions ) disgorg'd the obdure faculty of his sence . i pretend not to that quickness of apprehension , as to understand either of his plays , and therefore the reader will not expect that i should give any further account of them , than that they are two in number , viz. love and war , a tragedy , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the truly noble , judicious gentleman , and his most esteemed brother , mr. george meriton . i am apt to believe these two brothers acted the counterpart of those german brethren that dwelt at rome , the orator and the rhetorician mentioned by horace z , whose business it was , — ut alter alterius sermone meros audiret honores : gracchus ut hic illi foret , hic ut mutius illi . wandring lover , a tragi-comedy acted several times privately at sundry places by the author and his friends with great applause ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the ingenious , judicious , and much honoured gentleman , francis wright esquire . this author's works being very scarce , and most of the impression bought up by chandlers and grocers , i may possibly oblige my reader , by giving him a taste of his stile , and justify my self from the imputation of scandal . i shall therefore transcribe part of his epistle , which runs thus : to the ingenious , judicious , and much honoured gentleman , francis wright esq sir : my intentions wandring upon the limits of vain cogitations , was at the last arrived at the propicious brinks of an anglicis of performance ; where seeing diana and venus in a martial combat , and such rare atchievements performed by two such ininimate goddesses , did lend to the aspect of their angelical eyes , my self to be the sole spectator of their foregoing valour : where then their purpose was to choose me their arbitrator ; the which i perceiving , did with a mild complection ( knowing my self impotent ) relent backwards , thinking thereby to lose less credit , and gain more honour , to set pen to paper , and to relate some certain and harmless dialogues , that while i was present , betwixt them past , which is this poem ; &c. by this time i suppose my reader is sufficiently tired , and will take my word that the play is of the same piece , without giving himself the trouble to disprove me : and i assure him that his love and war is yet more swelling and unintelligible , than this play. he tells his patron above-mentioned , that certain it is he writ two books of the same nature , viz. the several affairs , a comedy , and the chast virgin , a romance ; but they were his pocket-companions , and but shewn to some private friends . happy certainly were those men , who were not reckoned in the number of his friends ; since they were obliged to hear such an author 's ampullous fustian , which like an empty cask , makes a great sound , but yields at best nothing but a few lees. tho' to all men generally such authors are troublesome , if not odious , and to be shunn'd by them , as horace says a : indoctum , doctumque sugat recitator acerbus . quem vero arripuit , tenet , occiditque legendo , non missura cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo . thomas middleton . an author of good esteem in the reign of king charles the first . he was contemporary with those famous poets johnson , fletcher , massinger and rowley , in whose friendship he had a large share ; and tho' he came short of the two former in parts , yet like the ivy by the assistance of the oak , ( being joyn'd with them in several plays ) he clim'd up to some considerable height of reputation . he joyn'd with fletcher and johnson , in a play called the widow , of which we have already spoken , p. . in the account of johnson ; and certainly most men will allow , that he that was thought fit to be receiv'd into a triumvirate , by two such great men , was no common poet. he club'd with massinger and rowley in writing the old law , as before i have remarked already : see pag. . he was likewise assisted by rowley in three plays , of which we shall presently give an account ; and in those plays which he writ alone , there are several comedies ; as michaelmass-term , mayor of quinborough , &c. which speak him a dramatick poet of the second rank . the first play we are to begin with , is call'd any thing for a quiet life , a comedy formerly acted at the black-fryars , by his late majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . this play being one of those manuscripts published by kirkman , i suppose was in esteem on the stage , before the breaking out of the civil wars . blurt mr. constable , or the spaniard's night-walk ; a comedy sundry times privately acted by the children of paul's , printed lond. . there is no name affix`d to this play , and several others , which are ascribed to our author by mr. kirkman ; as the phoenix , game at chess , and the family of love ; but knowing his acquaintance with plays to have been very considerable , i have plac'd them to their reputed author . changling , a tragedy , acted with great applause , at the private-house in drury-lane , and salisbury-court ; printed o. lond. . in this play our author was assisted by mr. rowley . the foundation of the play may be found in reynold's god's revenge against murther . see the story of alsemero , and beatrice joanna , book . hist. . chast maid in cheap-side , a pleasant conceited comedy , often acted at the swan on the bank-side , by the lady elizabeth her servants ; printed o. lond. . fair quarrel , a comedy , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the nobly dispos'd , and faithful-breasted robert grey esq one of the grooms of his highnesses chamber . the plot of fitz-allen , russel and jane , is founded , as i suppose , on some italian novel , and may be read in english in the complaisant companion , octavo p. . that part of the physitian tempting jane , and then accusing her , is founded on a novel of cynthio giraldi : see dec. . nov. . in this play mr. rowley joyn'd with our author . family of love , a comedy acted by the children of his majesties revels ; printed o. lond. . this play is mentioned by sir thomas bornwel , in the lady of pleasure , act . sc. . game at chess ; sundry times acted at the globe on the bank-side , printed o. lond. — this play is consonant to the title , where the game is play'd between the church of england , and that of rome ; ignatius loyola being spectator , the former in the end , gaining the victory . inner-temple masque , or masque of heroes ; presented ( as an entertainment for many worthy ladies ) by gentlemen of the same ancient and noble house , printed o. lond. . this play was writ twenty years before it was printed ; and yet so well esteem'd by mrs. behn , that she has taken part of it into the city heiress . mayor of quinborough , a comedy often acted with much applause , by his majesties servants , printed o. lond. . in this play are several dumb shews , explained by rainulph monk of chester , and the author has chiefly followed his polychronicon : see besides stow , speed , du chesne , &c. in the reign of vortiger . michaelinass-term , a comedy , printed in quarto , but where or when , i know not , thro' the imperfection of my copy . more dissemblers besides women , a comedy printed o. lond. . no wit , no help , like a woman's , a comedy printed o. lond. . phoenix , a tragi-comedy , sundry times acted by the children of paul's , and presented before his majesty ; printed o. lond. . roaring girl , a comedy which i never saw . spanish gypsie , a tragi-comedy acted ( with great applause ) at the private-house in drury-lane , and salisbury-court , written by our author and mr. rowley ; printed o. lond. . the story of roderigo and clara , has a near resemblance with ( if it be not borrow'd from ) a spanish novel , writ by mignel de cervantes , call'd the force of blood. trick to catch the old one , a comedy often in action , both at paul's , the black-fryars , and before their majesties ; printed o. lond. . this is an excellent old play. triumphs of love and antiquity , an honourable solemnity performed thro' the city , at the confirmation and establishment of the right honourable , sir william cockaine k t. in the office of his majesties lieutenant , the lord mayor of the famous city of london : taking beginning in the morning at his lordship's going , and perfecting it self after his return from receiving the oath of mayoralty at westminster , on the morrow after simon and jude's day , octob. . printed o. lond. and dedicated to the honour of him to whom the noble fraternity of skinners , his worthy brothers have dedicated their loves in costly triumphs , the right honourable sir william cockaine knight , lord mayor of this renowned city , and lord general of his military forces . this piece consists only of speeches , addrest to his lordship , at his cavalcade thro' the city , and i think no ways deserv'd either the title of a masque , under which species it has been hitherto rank'd ; nor so pompous a title , as the author has prefix'd . women beware women , a tragedy , printed o. lond. . this play with two others , viz. more dissemblers besides women , and , no wit like a woman's , are all in one volume . the foundation of this play , is borrow'd from a romance called hyppolito and isabella , octavo . this drama , if we give credit to mr. richards , a poet of that age , was acted with extraordinary applause , as he says in his verses on that play : i that have see it , can say , having just cause , ne're tragedy came off with more applause . world lost at tennis , a masque divers times presented to the contentment of many noble and worthy spectators , by the princes servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the truly noble charles , lord howard , baron of effingham , and to his virtuous and worthy the right honourable mary , lady effingham , eldest daughter of the truly generous and judicious sir w. cockain knight , l d. mayor of the city of london , and lord general of the military forces . your five gallants , a comedy often in action at the black-fryars , and imprinted at london o. this play has no date , and i believe was one of the first that our author publishd . john milton . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the martyr . had his principles been as good as his parts , he had been an excellent person ; but his demerits towards his sovereign , has very much sullied his reputation . he has writ several pieces both in verse and prose : and amongst others two dramas , of which we shall first give an account , viz. samson agonistes , a dramatick poem ; printed o. lond. . our author has endeavour'd to imitate the tragedy of the ancient greek poets ; 't is writ in blank verse of ten syllables , which the author prefers to rime . his reasons are too long to be transcribed ; but those who have the curiosity , may read them at the entrance of his paradice lost . the chorus is introduced after the greek manner , and ( says my author ) the measure of its verses is of all sorts , called by the greeks monostrophic , or rather apolelymenon , without regard had to strophe , antistrophe , or epod , which were a kind of stanza's fram'd only for the musick , than used with the chorus that sung ; not essential to the poem , and therefore not material : or being divided into stanza's , or pauses , they may be called allaeostropha . division into act and scene , referring chiefly to the stage , ( to which this work never was intended ) is here omitted . in this the author seems to follow sophocles , whose plays are not divided into acts. i take this to be an excellent piece ; and as an argument of its excellency , i have before taken notice , that mr. dryden has transferred several thoughts to his aurengzebe . the foundation of the history is in holy writ : see judges ch. , &c. josephus antiq. l. . torniel , salian , &c. masque , presented at ludlow castle . on michaelmass night , before the right honourable john , earl of bridgwater , viscount brackley , l d. president of wales , and one of his majesties most honourable privy council ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated by mr. henry laws the publisher , to the right honourable john , lord viscount brackley , son and heir apparent to the earl of bridgwater , &c. the publisher acquaints his patron , that altho not openly acknowledged by the author , yet it is a legitimate off-spring ; so lovely , and so much desired , that the often copying of it hath tir'd his pen , to give his several friends satisfaction , and brought him to a necessity of producing it to the publick view . the principal persons of this masque , were the lord brackley , mr. thomas egerton , the lady alice egerton . our author 's other pieces in verse , are his paradice lost , an heroick poem , in twelve books . i know not when it was first printed , but there came out not long since a very fair edition in fol. with sculptures , printed lond. . his paradice regain'd , a poem in four books , is fitted likewise to be bound with it . he publisht some other poems in latin and english , printed o. lond. . nor was he less famous for history than poetry ; witness his history of brittain , from the first traditional beginning of the norman conquest ; printed o. lond. . he writ several other pieces , as a latin piece called , pro populo anglicano , defensio contra salmasium , . lond. . the doctrine and discipline of divorce , in two books , printed o. lond. this being answered by an anonymous writer , was reply'd to by our author , in a book which he called collasterion , printed o. lond. . he writ besides a piece called tetrachordon , or an exposition on the four chief places of scripture , concerning marriage and divorce ; printed lond. . sr. robert filmer ( if i mistake not ) writ against him , in his observations concerning the original of government , printed o. lond. . walter mountague , esq a gentleman , who liv'd at court in the reign of king charles the first , and during the times of peace , before the muses were disturb'd by the civil wars , writ a play , call'd shepheard's oracle , a pastoral , privately acted before king charles , by the queen's majesty and ladies of honour , printed octavo lond. . i shall not be so presumptuous to criticise on a play , which has been made sacred by the protection of majesty it self : besides i am deterr'd from criticism , by the stationers friend's advice , in his verses in commendation of the play : — at least : good manners sayes , they first should understand it e're dispraise . william mountfort . one who from an actor , sets up for an author ; and has attempted both tragedy and comedy , with what success , i leave to those who have seen his plays to determine . had i been of the number of his friends , i should have endeavour'd to have perswaded him still to act sir courtly nice , in bestowing only garniture on a play ( as he calls it ) as a song or a prologue , and let alone sine language , as belonging only to pedants and poor fellows , that live by their wits . he has publisht two plays , viz. injur'd lovers , or the ambitious father , a tragedy , acted by their majesties servants at the theatre-royal ; printed o. london . and dedicated to the right honourable james earl of arran , son to his grace the duke of hamilton . there are some surlyes , who think that in this play , sir courtly writ for his diversion , but never regarded wit. successful strangers , a tragi-comedy , acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable thomas wharton , comptroller of his majesty's houshold . this play far exceeds the other : tho' the author as well as his predecessors , is beholding to others for part of his plot ; he having made use of scarron's novel , call'd the rival brothers , in working up the catastrophe of his comedy . i have seen some copies of verses in manuscript writ by our author , but not being in print , that i know of , i forbear to mention them . n. thomas nabbes . a writer in the reign of charles the first , who we may reckon amongst poets of the third-rate ; and one who was pretty much respected by the poets of those times ; mr. richard brome , and mr. robert chamberlain , ( before mention'd ) having publickly profest themselves his friends ; and sir john suckling being his patron . he has seven plays and masques extant , besides other poems : of which we may say , that if they are not to be compar'd with some dramatick pieces of this age , at least wise what our author has published is his own , and not borrow'd from others ; and in that respect deserves pardon , if not applause from the candid reader . this he averrs in his prologue to covent garden , and which i believe may be urged for the rest of his labours ; viz. he justifies that 't is no borrow'd strain , from the invention of another's brain . nor did he steal the fancy . 't is the same forth he first intended by the proper name . 't was not a toyl of years ; few weeks brought this rugged issue , might have been more worth if he had lick'd it more . nor doth he raise from th' imitation of authentick plays matter or words to height : nor bundle up conceits at taverns , where the wits do sup . his muse is solitary , and alone doth practice her low speculation , &c. the reader therefore is to expect little more from me , than a bare account of the titles of his works , as followss . bride , a comedy acted in the year . at the private-house in drury-lane , by their majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the generality of his friends , gentlemen of the several honourable houses of the inns of court. covent garden , a pleasant comedy , acted in the year . by the queen's majesty's servants ; and printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right worthy of his honour , sir john suckling . hannibal and scipio , an historical tragedy , acted in the year . by the queen's majesties servants at their private-house in drury-lane ; printed lond. . the play is addrest in verse by the author , to the ghosts of hannibal and scipio , with an answer printed in their names , directed to our author . it was acted before women came on the stage ; the part of sophonisba being play'd by one ezekiel fenne . for the plot , the title-page speaks the foundation to be history : see the life of of hannibal , writ by cornelius nepos ; that of scipio by plutarch : see besides livy , florus , and other authors mention'd p. . microcosmus , a moral masque , presented with general liking at the private-house in salisbury-court , and here set down according to the intention of the author ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the service and delight of all truly noble , generous , and honest spirits . this masque is introduc'd by two copies , one of which was writ by mr. richard brome . spring 's glory , vindicating love by temperance , against the tenet , sine cerere & baccho friget venus ; moralized in a masque with other poems , epigrams , elegies , and epithalamiums of the author's ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to peter balle esq at the end of these poems is a piece call'd , a presentation , intended for the prince his highness's birth-day , the . of may . annually celebrated : this in former catalogues was stiled an interlude . these masques and poems are commended by two copies , one of which was penned by mr. robert chamberlain . tottenham-court , a pleasant comedy , acted in the year . at the private-house in salisbury-court ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the worshipful william mills esq unfortunate lover , a tragedy never acted but set down according to the intention of the author ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful richard brathwaite esq this play is attended by three copies written in its commendation , by several of our author's friends , and a proeme in verse by the author , wherein he justifies it to be writ according to the rules of art. a constant scene ; the buisiness it intends , the two hours of time of action comprehends . mr. philips b and mr. winstanley c , according to their old custom , have ascrib'd two other anonymous plays to our author , the woman-hater arraigned , a comedy ; and charles the first , a tragedy : the reason of their mistake , has been already given p. . and more at large , in the preface to my former catalogue . thomas nash . a gentleman that liv'd about the time with the foremention'd author , and was sometime educated in the university of cambridge . his genius was much addicted to dramatick poetry and satyr ; and he writ some things in prose ; all which gain'd him the reputation of a sharp wit. in an old copy of verses , i find his character thus drawn . and surely nash , tho' be a proser were , a branch of laurel yet deserves to bear . sharply satyrick was he ; and that way he went , since that his being , to this day , few have attempted ; and i surely think , those words shall hardly be set down by ink shall scorch , and blast , so as his could , when he would inflict vengeance . — as to his plays , he has publisht only two that i have heard of , viz. dido queen of carthage , in which he joyn'd with marloe ; and , summer's last will and testament , a comedy : i could never procure a sight of either of these ; but as to that play call'd see me and see me not , ascribed to him by mr. philips and mr. winstanley , i have it by me , and have plac'd it to the right author , mr. dawbridgecourt belchier ; see page . he writ several other pieces ; some satyrical , as pierce penniless his supplication to the devil ; have with ye to safron-walden ; four letters confuted : a poem called the white-herring and the red ; and another piece in prose , which i take to be the same thomas nash , called a fourfold way to a happy life , in a dialogue between a countryman , citizen , divine , and lawyer , printed o. lond. . alexander nevile . an author in the reign of queen elizabeth , that early addicted himself to poetry , and was one of those that the eminent jasper heywood made choice of to joyn with him and others , in the translation of seneca . our author undertook the task , and at sixteen years of age he translated oedipus , a tragedy , which he englished in the year . and was printed with the rest o. lond. . and more immediately dedicated by the author , to the right honourable mr. dr. wotton , one of the queens majesties privy council . many were the authors of antiquity that writ on this subject ; tho' but two plays writ by sophocles , viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , have descended to our times ; from the which seneca is said to have borrow'd part of this play. our translator acknowledges in his epistle to his patron and god-father , that he has not been precise in following the author word for word ; but sometimes by addition , sometimes by substraction , to use the aptest phrases , in giving the sense , that he could invent . there are other pieces which i suppose were writ by our author , published in latin ; as oratio in obitium sydnaei , printed o. lond. . de furoribus norfolciensium ketto duce , printed o. . norvicus , ibid. all which being printed about the time that he lived , make me imagine them to be his . robert nevile . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , and in his younger years was educated in the university of cambridge , where he became a fellow of king's colledge . i know nothing that he has publisht , but a single play , call'd poor scholar , a comedy , printed o. lond. . this play was ( as i suppose ) writ some years before , it being printed for mr. kirkman . i know not whether ever it was acted , but i may presume to say 't is no contemptible play for plot and language . it is commended for an excellent one , by three copies of verses prefix'd to it , writ by his friends ; one of which says thus in its praise : bees from a bruised ox , says maro , breed , but thou drawest honey from a tatter'd weed . seeing thy wit 's so pure , thy phrase so clean , thy sense so weighty , that each line 's a scene ; we 'll change the song d , and cry as truly too , whither may not this thy poor scholar go ? this fault the best-nos'd criticks only smell , that thy poor scholar is attir'd too well . ben's auditors were once in such a mood , that he was forc'd to swear his play was good : thy play than his , doth far more currant go , for without swearing , we 'll believe thine so . william , duke of newcastle . i am now arriv'd at a nobleman , whose heroick actions , are too copious and illustrious for me to attempt the description of ; and are a fitter subject for the pen of a modern plutarch , if any such were to be found , than for mine : i shall leave therefore the character of this valiant heroe , careful tutor , wise statesman , exact courtier , and loyal subject , to be describ'd by some illustrious historian ; or else refer my reader to his life , already writ in latin and english , by the hand of his incomparable dutchess : who during his life-time , describ'd all his glorious actions , in a stile so noble and masculine , that she seems to have even antedated his apotheosis . but tho' i dare not pretend to describe his heroick atchievements , or view him in the field , as a general ; yet i shall presume to look upon him in his retirements , and consider him as a poet , and an author , it being my immediate province . to speak first of his acquaintance with the muses , and his affable deportment to all their votaries . no person since the time of augustus better understood dramatick poetry , nor more generously encourag'd poets ; so that we may truly call him our english mecaenas . he had a more particular kindness for that great matter of dramatick poesy , the excellent johnson ; and 't was from him that he attain'd to a perfect knowledge of what was to be accounted true humour in comedy . how well he has copy'd his master , i leave to the criticks : but i am sure our late , as well as our present laureat , have powerful reasons to defend his memory . he has writ four comedies , which have always been acted with applause ; viz. country captain , a comedy lately presented by his majesties servants at the black-fryars ; o. in 's grave van hag. ant. . i believe this play was writ during his exile . humorous lovers , a comedy acted by his royal highness's servants ; printed o. lond. . this play equals most comedies of this age. triumphant widow , or the medley of humours , a comedy acted by his royal highness's servants ; printed o. lond. . this was thought so excellent a play by our present laureat , that he has transcrib'd a great part of it in his bury-fair . variety , a comedy presented by his majesties servants at the black-fryars ; printed o. lond. . this play , and country captain , are always bound together : the duke's name is not prefix'd to them , but i am confident they are his , from several testimonies ; since mr. alexander brome writ a copy in praise of this play , directed to his grace , and printed before the comedy , call'd covent garden weeded : and mr. leigh in a copy directed to mr. mosely ( the publisher of mr. carthwright's works ) in reckoning what poetical treatises he has presented the publick with , names these two plays , in the following couplet : then fam'd newcastle's choice variety , with his brave captain held up poetry . we have many other pieces writ by this ingenious nobleman , scattered up and down in the poems of his dutchess : all which seem to confirm the character given by mr. shadwell ; that he was the greatest master of wit , the most exact observer of mankind , and the most acurate judge of humour , that ever he knew . besides what his grace has writ in dramatick poetry , he published during his honourable exile at antwerp , the most magnificent , and withall the best book of horsmanship , that was ever yet extant . how eminent his skill was in that noble art of dressing horses in the manage , is well known not only to our countrymen but to all nations of europe : persons of all countries , and those of the best quality crouding to his manage at antwerp , to see him ride . insomuch that signior del campo , one of the most knowing riders of his time , said to the duke ( upon his dismounting ) as it were in an extasie , il faut tirer la planche ; the bridge must be drawn up : meaning that no rider must presume to come in horsemanship after him m. de soleil , ( one of the best writers that i have met with amongst the french ) when he enlarged his le parfaict mareschal , borrowed the art of breeding from the duke's book , as he owns in his avis au lecteur ; and stiles him un des plus accomplis cavaliers de nôtre temps . but having nam'd this forreigner's borrowing from his grace , i should justly deserve to be branded with ingratitude , should i not own , that 't is to the work of this great man , that i am indebted for several notions borrow'd from his grace , in a little essay of horsemanship , printed o. oxon. . nay , further , i think it no small glory that i am the only author that i know of , who has quoted him in english. he has written two books of horsemanship ; the first in french , called la methode nouvelle de dresser les chevaux , avec figures , fol. ant. . the other in english , stiled a new method and extraordinary invention to dress horses , and work them according to nature , as also to perfect nature by the subtlety of art , fol. lond. . the first book was writ by the duke in english , and made french at his command , by a wallon ; and is extraordinary scarce and dear . the latter ( as the duke informs his reader ) is neither a translation of the first , nor an absolutely necessary addition to it , and may be of use without the other , as the other hath been hitherto , and still is without this ; but both together will questionless do best . i beg my reader 's pardon , if i have dwelt upon this subject , to the tryal of his patience : but i have so great a value for the art it self , and such a respect for the memory of the best of horsemen , that i cannot refrain from trespassing yet further , by transcribing an epigram writ to the duke , on this subject ; but it being the production of the immortal johnson e i hope that alone will attone for the digression . an epigram to william duke of newcastle . when first , my lord , i saw you back your horse , provoke his mettle , and command his force to all the uses of the field , and race , methought i read the ancient art of thrace , and saw a centaure past those tales of greece , so seem'd your horse , and you both of a piece ! you shew'd like perseus , upon pegasus ; or castor mounted on his cyllarus : or what we hear our home-born legend tell of bold sir bevis , and his arundel : nay , so your seat his beauties did endorse , as i began to wish my self a horse : and surely had i but your stables seen before : i think my wish absolv'd had been . for never saw i yet the muses dwell , nor any of their houshold , half so well . so well ! as when i saw the floor , and room , i look'd for hercules to be the groom : and cry'd , away with the caesarian breed , at these immortal mangers virgil fed . margaret dutchess of newcastle a lady worthy the mention and esteem of all lovers of poetry and learning . one , who was a fit consort for so great a wit , as the duke of newcastle . her soul sympathising with his in all things , especially in dramatick poetry ; to which she had a more than ordinary propensity . she has publisht six and twenty plays , besides several loose scenes ; nineteen of which are bound , and printed in one volume in fol. . the others in folio , lond. . under the title of plays never before printed . i shall not presume to pass my judgment on the writings of this admirable dutchess ; but rather imitate the carriage of julius scalinger , to the roman sulpitia ; by concluding with him f , igitur ut tàm laudibilis heroinae ratio habeatur , non ausim objicere ei judicii severitatem . i know there are some that have but a mean opinion of her plays ; but if it be consider'd that both the language and plots of them are all her own : i think she ought with justice to be preferr'd to others of her sex , which have built their fame on other people's foundations : sure i am , that whoever will consider well the several epistles before her books , and the general prologue to all her plays , if he have any spark of generosity , or good breeding , will be favourable in his censure . as a proof of my assertion , it may be proper in this place , before i give an account of her plays , to transcribe part of that general prologue , the whole being too long to be here inserted . but noble readers , do not think my plays are such as have been writ in former days ; as johnson , shakespear , beaumont , fletcher writ ; mine want their learning , reading , language , wit ; the latin phrases i could never tell , but johnson could , which made him write so well . greek , latin poets , i could never read , nor their historians , but our english speed : i could not steal their wit , nor plots out take ; all my plays plots , my own poor brain did make ; from plutarch's story , i nere took a plot , nor from romances , nor from don quixot , as others have , for to assist their wit , but i upon my own foundation writ ; &c. i hasten now to give an account of the titles of her plays , according to our accustomed order ; viz. apocryphal ladies , a comedy . this play consists of three and twenty scenes , but is not divided into acts. bell in campo , a tragedy in two parts : in the second play , are several copies of verses writ by the duke of newcastle . blasing world , a comedy : tho' this be stil'd a play in former catalogues , yet it is but a fragment ; the authress before she had finisht the second act desisted , not finding her genius tend to the prosecution of it . bridals , a comedy . comical hash , a comedy : this play has not been in any catalogue before . convent of pleasure , a comedy . female academy , a comedy . lady contemplation , a comedy in two parts . three scenes in the first , and two in the second part , were writ by the duke . loves adventures , in two parts , a comedy . the song , and the epithalamium , in the last scene in the second part , was likewise writ by the duke . matrimonial trouble , in two parts ; the second being a tragedy , or as the authress stiles it , a tragi-comedy . natures three daughters , beauty , love , and wit ; a comedy , in two parts . presence , a comedy . to this are added twenty nine single scenes , which the dutchess design'd to have inserted into this play , but finding it would too much lengthen it , she printed them separately . publick wooing , a comedy , in which the duke writ several of the suitors speeches ; as that of the souldier , the countryman , the spokesman for the bashful suitor ; besides two other scenes , and the two songs at the end of the comedy . religious , a tragi-comedy . several wits , a comedy . sociable companions , or the female wits , a comedy . unnatural tragedy . the prologue and epigue , were of the duke's making . act . sc. . the dutchess inveighs against mr. cambden's brittannia : tho' whether with justice , i leave it to the determination of others . wits cabal , a comedy in two parts : his grace writ the epilogue to the first part . youth's glory , and death's banquet ; a tragedy in two parts . two scenes with the speeches at the first part , in commendation of mile sans pareille , were writ by his grace ; so were all the songs and verses in the second part . the blazing world , bridal , convent of pleasure , presence , and sociable companions , are printed together in one volume ; and the rest in another . as to her other works , i shall only mention the titles , and the dates when printed ; and i shall begin with the crown of her labours , the life of the duke of newcastle , in english , printed folio lond. . and in latin folio lond. nature's picture drawn by fancy's pencil to the life , printed fol. lond. . at the end of it she has writ her own life . philosophical fancies , printed fol. lond. . philosophical and physical opinions , fol. lond. . philosophical letters , fol. lond. . two hundred and eleven sociable letters , fol. lond. . orations , fol. . poems , fol. . thomas newton . an author that liv'd in the reign of que●● elizabeth ; and joyn'd with jasper heywood , and alexander nevil above-named and others , in the translation of seneca's tragedies . tho' our author translated but one play , yet he published all the ten ; and dedicated them to sir thomas henage , treasurer of her majesties chamber . the play which our author has render'd into english , is intituled thebais , a tragedy . this by some is believed not to be seneca's ; because in this tragedy jocasta appears alive , and in oedipus she is kill'd : and it is not likely that he would w●ite two drammas , that should so very much differ in the catastrophe . but if it be seneca's , 't is the shortest of his tragedies , and has no chorus ; and is said by one , * to be perpetuum canticum , nullis diverbiis incorruptum . thomas otway . thomas nuce . an author of the same time , and joyn'd in the same design with the former . we are owing to his pains for the version of one play of seneca's , called octavia , a tragedy . this is the only tragedy of the ancients that i know of , that is founded on history so near the time of the author . i shall not pretend to determine , whether it was writ by seneca , or no : tho' delrio and others deny it . for the history , see suetonius in vit. claud. nero. tacitus , l. . c. . dion , &c. o. thomas otway . an author who was well known to most persons of this age , who are famous for wit and breeding . he was formerly ( as i have heard ) bred for some time in christ-church colledge in oxford . from thence he removed to london , where he spent some time in dramatick poetry ; and by degrees writ himself into reputation with the court. his genius in comedy lay a little too much to libertinism , but in tragedy he made it his business for the most part to observe the decorum of the stage . he was a man of excellent parts and daily improved in his writing : but yet sometimes fell into plagiary as well as his contemporaries , and made use of shakespear , to the advantage of his purse , at least , if not his reputation . he has publisht ten dramatick pieces , ( if we may be allow'd to reckon his farces as distinct plays ) of which we shall give the reader a particular account , beginning with alcibiades , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of middlesex . this play is writ in heroick verse , and was the first fruits of our author's muse : he has made alcibiades , a person of true honour , chusing rather to loose his life , than wrong his defender king agis , or his betrothed wife timandra : whereas plutarch gives him a different character ; telling us that in the king's absence he abused his bed , and got his queen timaea with child , and that timandra was not his wife , but his mistress : and justin sayes h that he was informed of the design of the lacedmoonian princes against his life , by the queen of king agis , with whom he had committed adultery . atheist , or the second part of the souldiers fortune , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the lord elande , eldest son to the marquess of hallifax . the plot between beaugard and portia , is founded on scarron's novel of the invisible mistress . cheats of scapin , a farce acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . 't is printed with titus and berenice , and dedicated to the right honourable john , earl of rochester . this play is translated from a french comedy of molliere ; though 't is not printed amongst his plays of the amsterdam edition in tomes , which i have by me ; yet that it is his , i collect from m. boileau's art of poetry : where speaking of molliere in the third canto , he says thus : estudiez la cour , & connoissez la ville ; l'une & l'autre est toûjours en modeles fertile . c'est par là que moliere illustrant ses ecrits , peut-estre de son art eust remporté le prix ; si moins ami du peuple en ses doctes peintures , il n'eust point fait souvent grimacer ses figures , quittè pour le bouffon , l'agreable & le fin , et sans honte à terence allié tabarin . dans ce sac ridicule , où scapin s'enveloppe , je ne reconnois point l' auteur du misanthrope . but notwithstanding the farce in this comedy , molliere has borrow'd the design from terence his phormio , as may be visible to those that will compare them . caius marius his history and fall , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the l d viscount faulkland . a great part of this play is borrow'd from shakespear's romeo and juliet ; as the character of marius junior , and lavinia the nurse , and sulpitius : which last is carried on by our author to the end of the play : though mr. dryden says in his postscript to granada , that shakespear said himself , that he was forc'd to kill mercurio in the d. act , to prevent being kill'd by him . for the true history of marius senior , see plutarch's life of c. marius ; lucan's pharsalia , lib. . florus lib. . c. . don carlos prince of spain , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his royal highness the duke . this play is writ in heroick verse , as well as alcibiades ; that being the first , this the second that ever he writ or thought of writing . for the history , consult the spanish chronicles , as loüis de mayerne ; turquet's chronicle of spain ; cabrera's life of philip the second ; thuanus ; brantome , &c. tho' i believe our author chiefly follow'd the novel of don carlos , translated from the french , and printed o. lond. . which is the most perfect account of that tragical story that i have met with . friendship in fashion , a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . this is a very diverting play , and was acted with general applause . orphan , or the unhappy marriage ; a tragedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her royal highness the dutchess . this is a very moving tragedy , and is founded on a novel , call'd english adventures : see the history of brandon , p. . souldiers fortune , a comedy acted by their royal highness's servants , at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to mr. bentley his stationer : and is ( as he says ) a sort of acquittance for the money receiv'd for the copy . there are several passages in this play , that have been touch'd before by others : as for instance , the plot of my lady dunce , making her husband the agent in the intrigue between beaugard and her , to convey the ring and letter , is the subject of other plays writ before this ; as the fawne , and flora's vagaries : and the original story is in boccace's novels , day . nov. . sir jolly boulting out of his closet , and surprising his lady and beaugard kissing , and her deportment thereupon ; is borrow'd from scarron's comical romance , in the story of millamant , or the rampant lady , p. . tho' by the way , that story is not in the french copy , and i suppose was not writ by scarron ; but was rather translated from les amours des dames illustres de nôtre siecle . the behaviour of bloody-bones , is like the bravo , in the antiquary ; and that of courtine at silvia's balcony , like monsieur thomas his carriage to his mistress , in that play of fletcher's so called . titus and berenice , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated with the cheats of scapin , as aforesaid . this play is translated from the french of monsieur racine : it consists of three acts , and is written in heroick verse . for the story of titus and berenice , see suetonius in his life , ch. . see besides josephus , dion , &c. venice preserved , or a plot discovered ; a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the dutchess of portsmouth . i have not at present any particular history of venice by me , but suppose this story may be found in some of the writers on the venetian affairs ; as bembus , sabellicus , maurocenus , paruta , &c. besides his dramatick poems , our author writ a stitcht poem , call'd the poet's complaint to his muse , printed o. lond. . and a pastoral on king charles the second , printed with mrs. behn's lycidas , o. p. . add to these his translation out of french , being a book call'd the history of the triumvirates , printed since his decease o. lond. . p. john palsgrave . an author that liv'd in the reign of king henry the eighth . he was bachelor of divinity , but of what university i know not , and was chaplain to the king. he printed a play in an old english character , call'd accolastus , a comedy printed o. . and dedicated to king henry the eighth . this play was translated from the latine accolastus written by gulielmus fullonius , the english being printed after the latine . the plot is the parable of the prodigal son in the gospel , and the author has endeavour'd to imitate terence and plautus in the oeconomy : 't was set forth by the author fullonius , before the burgesses of the hague in holland , an. dom. . this author publisht besides l'eclaircissement de la langue francoise . — . george peel . an author that liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , and was formerly student , and mr. of arts of christ-church colledge in oxford . he is the author of two plays , which are in print ; viz. david and bethsabe their love , with the tragedy of absalom , divers times play'd on the stage ; and printed o. lond. . this play is founded on holy scripture : see samuel , kings , &c. edward the first , sirnamed edward longshanks , with his return from the holy land. also the life of llewellin rebel in wales . lastly the sinking of queen elinor , who sunk at charing-cross , rose again at potters hithe , now named queen-hithe ; printed o. lond. . for the story see the authors that have writ of those times ; as walsingham , fabian , matth. westm. pol. virgil , grafton , hollingshead , stow , speed , martyn , baker , &c. i am not ignorant , that another tragedy , to wit , alphonsus emperor of germany , is ascribed to him in former catalogues , which has occasion'd mr. winstanley's mistake : but i assure my reader , that that play was writ by chapman , for i have it by me with his name affixt to it . mr. philips mentions some remnants of his poetry extant in a book call'd england's hellicon , which i never saw . mary countess of pembroke . the belov'd sister of the admirable sr. philip sidney ( to whom he dedicated his arcadia ) and patron to the ingenious daniel . a lady whose inclinations led her not only to the patronage but love of the muses : as appears by a tragedy of hers in print , call'd antonius , which to my regret i never yet saw , though i have earnestly desired it ; it is thus commended by mr. daniel , in his dedication of cleopatra . i , who contented with an humble song , made musick to my self that pleas'd me best , and only told of delia , and her wrong , and prais'd her eyes , and plain'd mine own unrest , a text , from whence my muse had not digrest , had i not seen thy well grac'd anthony , adorn'd by thy sweet stile , in our fair tongue , requir'd his cleopatra's company . mr. philips through mistake ( as formerly ) has ascrib'd another play to her , viz. albion's triumph , a masque . i know nothing else of this admirable lady's writing . katharine phillips . mrs. katherine philips . a lady of that admirable merit , and reputation , that her memory will be honour'd of all men , that are favourers of poetry . one , who not only has equall'd all that is reported of the poetesses of antiquity , the lesbian sapho , and the roman sulpitia , but whose merit has justly found her admirers , amongst the greatest poets of our age : and though i will not presume to compare our poets with martial , who writ in praise of sulpitia , or horace , ausonius , and sydonius , who commended sapho , least i offend their modesty who are still living : yet i will be so far bold as to assert , that the earls of orrery and roscommon , the incomparable cowley , and the ingenious flatman , with others ( amongst whom i must not forget my much respected countryman james tyrrel esq ) would not have employ'd their pens in praise of the excellent orinda , had she not justly deserv'd their elogies , and possibly more than those ladies of antiquity : for as mr. cowley observes , in his third stanza on her death , of female poets , who had names of old , nothing is shewn but only told , and all we hear of them , perhaps may be male flattery only , and male poetry ; few minutes did their beauties lightning waste , the thunder of their voice did longer last , but that too soon was past . the certain proofs of our orinda's wit , in her own lasting characters are writ , and they will long my praise of them survive , tho' long perhaps that too may live . the trade of glory manag'd by the pen tho' great it be , and every where is found , does bring in but small profit to us men , 't is by the numbers of the sharers drown'd ; orinda , in the female courts of fame engrosses all the goods of a poetick name , she doth no partner with her see ; does all the buisiness there alone , which we are forc'd to carry on by a whole company . the occasion of our mention of this excellent person in this place , is on the account of two dramatick pieces , which she has translated from the french of monsieur corneille ; and that with such exquisite art and judgment , that the copies of each seem to transcend the original . horace , a tragedy ; which i suppose was left imperfect by the untimely death of the authress ; and the fifth act was afterwards supply'd by sir john denham . this play acted at court , by persons of quality ; the duke of monmouth speaking the prologue : part of which being in commendation of the play , i shall transcribe . this martial story , which thro' france did come , and there was wrought in great corneille's loom ; orinda's matchless muse to brittain brought , and forreign verse , our english accents taught ; so soft that to our shame , we understand they could not fall but from a lady's hand . thus while a woman horace did translate , horace did rise above a roman fate . for the plot of this play , consult livy's history , lib. . florus lib. . c. . dionysius hallicarnassaeus , &c. pompey , a tragedy , which i have seen acted with great applause , at the duke's theatre ; and at the end was acted that farce printed in the fifth act of the play-house to be let. this play was translated at the request of the earl of orrery , and published in obedience to the commands of the right honourable the countess of corse ; to whom it is dedicated . how great an opinion my l d orrery had of this play , may appear from the following verses , being part of a copy addrest to the authress . you english corneille's pompey with such flame , that you both raise our wonder and his fame ; if he could read it , he like us would call the copy greater than the original : you cannot mend what is already done , unless you 'l finish what you have begun : who your translation sees , cannot but say , that 't is orinda's work , and but his play. the french to learn our language now will seek , to hear their greatest wit more nobly speak ; rome too would grant , were our tongue to her known , caesar speaks better in 't , than in his own . and all those wreaths once circled pompey's brow , exalt his fame , less than your verses now . both these plays with the rest of her poems , are printed in one volume in fol. lond. . this lady to the regret of all the beau monde in general , died of the small-pox , on the d. of june . being but one and thirty years of age , having not left any of her sex , her equal in poetry . sam. pordage , esq a gentleman who was lately ( if he be not so at present ) a member of the worthy society of lincolns-inn . he has publisht two plays in heroick verse , viz. herod and mariamne , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play was writ a dozen years , before it was made publick , and given to mr. settle by a gentleman , to use and form as he pleas'd : he preferr'd it to the stage , and dedicated it to the dutchess of albermarle . for the plot , i think the author has follow'd mr. calpranede's cleopatra , a romance , in the story of tyridates : but for the true history , consult josephus , philo-judaeus , eberus , egysippus , &c. siege of babylon , a tragi-comedy , acted at the theatre ; dedicated to her royal highness the dutchess , and printed o. lond. . this play is founded on the romance of cassandra . henry porter . an author in the reign of queen elizabeth , who writ a pleasant history , called the two angry women of abington , with the humorous mirth of dick coomes , and nicholas proverbs , two servingmen ; play'd by the right honourable , the earl of nottingham , l d high admiral 's servants , and printed o. lond. . thomas porter , esq an author that has writ in our times two plays , which are receiv'd with candor , by all judges of wit ; viz. carnival , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , by his majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . villain , a tragedy , which i have seen acted at the duke's theatre with great applause : the part of malignii being incomparably play'd by mr. sandford . what this author may have writ besides , i know not ; and am sorry i can give no better account of one , whose writings i love and admire . george powel . a person now living , the author of a tragedy , call'd the treacherous brother , acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre-royal ; and printed o. lond. . 't is dedicated to the patentees , and sharers of their majesties theatre ; and commended by a copy of latin verses , writ by his fellow-actor mr. john hudgson . for the foundation of the play , i take it to be borrow'd from a romance in fol. call'd the wall flower : and tho' they are not alike in all particulars , yet any one that will take the pains to read them both , will find the soporifick potion , given to istocles and semanthe , to be the same in quantity , with that given to honoria , amarissa and hortensia , in the asoresaid romance . thomas preston . a very ancient author , who writ a play in old fashion'd metre ; which he calls a lamentable tragedy , mixed full of pleasant mirth ; containing the life of cambises king of persia , from the beginning of his kingdom unto his death , his one good deed of execution , after the many wicked deeds , and tyrannous murders committed by and through him ; and last of all his odious death , by gods justice appointed . done in such order as followeth ; printed o. lond. — by john allde . in stead of naming more than justin and herodotus , for the true story , i shall set down the beginning of this play , spoke by king cambises ; not only to give our reader a taste of our author's poetry ; but because i believe it was this play shakespear i meant , when he brought in sir john falstaff , speaking in k. cambyses vein . my counsaile grave and sapient , with lords of legal train : attentive eares towards us bend , and mark what shall be sain . so you likewise my valiant knight whose manly acts doth fly , by brute of fame the sounding trump doth perse the azure sky . my sapient words i say perpend and so your skill delate : you know that mors vanquished hath cyrus that king of state , and i by due inheritance possess that princely crown : ruling by sword of mighty force in place of great renown . edmund prestwith . the author of a tragedy , called hyppolitus , ( which as i suppose is translated from seneca ) tho' i never saw it ; but have heard 't was printed in octavo . mr. philips and mr. winstanley , have placed another play to his account , viz. the hectors : but it was a fault , which i suppose they were led into by my catalogue , printed . as i my self was ; tho' i must now assure my reader , that that play has no name to it , and in mr. kirkman's catalogue is set down as an anonymal play. q. francis quarles , esq this gentleman was son to james quarles , esq who was clerk of the green-cloth , and purveyor to queen elizabeth . he was born at stewards , in the parish of rumford in essex . he was sent to cambridge , and was bred for some time in christ-church colledge : afterwards he became a member of lincolns-inn , in london . he was sometime cup-bearer to the queen of bohemia ; secretary to the reverend james usher , archbishop of armagh ; and chronologer to the famous city of london . he was a poet that mix'd religion and fancy together ; and was very careful in all his writings not to intrench upon good manners , by any scurrility , in his works ; or any ways offending against his duty to god , his neighbour , and himself . the occasion of our mentioning him in this place , is from his being the author of an innocent , innosfensive play , called the virgin widow , a comedy , printed o. lond. . as to his other works , they are very numerous : those which i have seen , are his history of sampson in verse ; jonah , esther , job militant . his emblems , are reputed by some , a copy of hermannus hugo's pia desideria ; anniversaries upon his paranete . pentalogia , or the quintessence of meditation ; argalus and parthenia ; being founded on a story , in sir philip sydney's arcadia . enchiridion of meditations divine and moral . nor must i forget his loyal convert , tho' i never saw it ; being a cause of his persecution , by the usurped authority then in being . the troubles of ireland , forc'd him from thence ; so that he dy'd in his native country , sept. . . being aged years , and the father of eighteen children , by one wife ; and was buried at st. foster's church , london . r. thomas randolph . he flourisht in the reign of king charles the first ; and was born at houghton , in northamptonshire ; from whence he was sent for education to westminster school ; and thence was remov'd to cambridge , where he became fellow of trinity colledge in that university . he was accounted one of the most pregnant wits of his time ; and was not only admir'd by the wits of cambridge , but likewise belov'd and valu'd by the poets , and men of the town in that age. his gay humour , and readiness at repartee , begat ben. johnson's love to that degree , that he adopted him his son : on which account mr. randolph writ a gratulatory poem to him , which is printed , these lines being part of the copy : — when my muse upon obedient knees asks not a father's blessing , let her leese the fame of this adoption ; 't is a curse i wish her 'cause i cannot think a worse . how true a filial love he pay'd to his reputation , may appear from his answer to that ode , which ben. writ in defence of his new-inn , and which mr. feltham reply'd upon so sharply . having given you the two former , in my account of mr. johnson ; give me leave likewise to transcribe this in honour of mr. randoph , whose memory i reverence , for his respect to that great man. an answer to mr. ben johnson's ode , to perswade him not to leave the stage . i. ben , do not leave the stage , 'cause 't is a loathsome age : for pride and impudence will grow too bold , when they shall hear it told they frighted thee ; stand high as is thy cause , their hiss is thy applause : more just were thy disdain , had they approv'd thy vein : so thou for them , and they for thee were born ; they to incense , and thou as much to scorn . ii. will't thou engross thy store of wheat , and pour no more , because their bacon-brains have such a tast , as more delight in mast : no! set them forth a board of dainties , full as thy best muse can cull ; whilst they the while do pine and thirst , midst all their wine . what greater plague can hell it self devise , than to be willing thus to tantalize ? iii. thou can'st not find them stuff , that will be bad enough to please their pallates : let 'em them refuse , for some pye-corner muse ; she is too fair an hostess , 't were a sin for them to like thine inn : 't was made to entertain guests of a nobler strain ; yet if they will have any of thy store , give them some scraps , and send them from thy dore . iv. and let those things in plush till they be taught to blush , like what they will , and more contented be with what brome a swept from thee . i know thy worth , and that thy lofty strains write not to cloaths , but brains : but thy great spleen doth rise , 'cause moles will have no eyes : this only in my ben i faulty find , he 's angry , they 'l not see him that are blind . v. why should the scene be mute , cause thou canst touch thy lute , and string thy horace ; let each muse of nine claim thee , and say , th' art mine . 't were fond to let all other flames expire , to sit by pindar's fire : for by so strange neglect , i should my self suspect , the palsie b were as well thy brains disease , if they could shake thy muse which way they please . vi. and tho' thou well canst sing the glories of thy king ; and on the wings of verse his chariot bear to heaven , and fix it there ; yet let thy muse as well some raptures raise , to please him , as to praise . i would not have thee chuse only a treble muse ; but have this envious , ignorant age to know , thou that canst sing so high , canst reach as low . there was another copy of verses writ by mr. carew to mr. johnson , on occasion of his ode of defiance , annexed to his play of the new-inn : see his poems , o. p. . having given you a taste of his lyrick poetry , i now proceed to his dramatick performance ; of which ( according to our custom ) i shall speak alphabetically . amyntas , or the impossible dowry ; a pastoral , acted before the king and queen at whitehall . aristippus , or the jovial philosopher ; presented in a private shew ; to which is added the conceited pedlar . jealous lovers , a comedy presented to their gracious majesties , at cambridge , by the students of trinity colledge ; and dedicated to dr. comber , d. of carlile . this play i think to be the best of his , and was revived on the stage , at london , in . as may appear by an epilogue written by mrs. behn , and printed in her collection of poems , published o. lond. . this play was revised and printed by the author , in his life-time ; being usher'd by the chief wits of both universities to the press . one of which says c thus of it : tho' thou hast made it publick to the view of self-love , malice , and that other crew : it were more fit it should impaled lye within the walls of some great library ; that if by chance through injury of time , plautus , and terence , and that d fragrant thyme of attick-wit should perish , we might see all those reviv'd in this own comedy . the jealous lover , pander , gull , and whore , the doting father , shark , and many more thy scene doth represent unto the life , besides the character of a curst wife ; so truly given in so proper stile , as if thy active soul had dwelt a while in each man's body ; and at length had seen how in their humors they themselves demean . muses looking-glass , a comedy , which by the author was first called the entertainment ; as i learn from sir aston cockain's works , who writ an encomiastick copy on it . see his works , p. . as to this play , it answers both the designs of poetry , profit , and delight : and what a student of christ-church , mr. rich. west , said of it , will be found true by every reader . who looks within his clearer glass , will say , at once he writ an ethick track , and play. all these dramatick pieces , and his poems , were published by his brother , mr. thomas randolph , of christ-church colledge in oxon. and are now printed the th edit . oxon. . i know not when our author died ; tho' i presume he liv'd to no great age , being too much addicted to the principles of his predecessor aristippus , pleasure , and contempt of wealth . my readers are not to expect any discoveries of thefts , for this author had no occasion to practice plagiary , having so large a fond of wit of his own , that he needed not to borrow from others ; and therefore i may justly say , with a friend of his , with what an extasie shall we behold this book ? which is no ghost of any old worm-eaten author ; here 's no jest , or hint , but had his head both for its oar , and mint . wer 't not for some translations none could know whether he had e're look'd in book or no. of this nature , are not only his several versions , as the second epod of horace , several pieces out of claudian , &c. but likewise a dramatick piece from aristophanes , called in the original 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , but by our translator , hey for honesty , down with knavery ; a pleasant comedy , printed o. lond. . this play was first translated by our author ; and afterwards augmented and published by f. j. i shall not pretend to determine , whether this translation , for that published in octavo be better ; but leave it to those more vers'd in the original than i pretend to . permit me therefore to conclude all with the following lines , writ by one of st. john's , in memory of our author . immortal ben is dead , and as that ball on ida toss'd , so is his crown , by all the infantry of wit. vain priests ! that chair is only fit for his true son and hen. reach here thy laurel : randolph , 't is thy praise : thy naked skull shall well become the bays . see , daphne courts thy ghost : and spite of fate , thy poems shall be poet laureate . edward ravenscroft . a gentleman now living , and one that was sometime a member of the middle-temple . one who with the vulgar passes for a writer : tho' i hope he will pardon me , if i rather stile him in the number of wit-collectors ; for i cannot allow all the wit in his plays to be his own : i hope he will not be angry , for transcribing the character which he has given of mr. dryden , and which mutato nomine belongs to himself . 't is not that i any ways abet mr. dryden for his falling upon his mamamouchi ; but that i may maintain the character of impartial , to which i pretend , i must pull off his disguise , and discover the politick plagiary , that lurks under it . i know he has endeavoured to shew himself master of the art of swift-writing ; and would perswade the world , that what he writes is ex tempore wit , and written currente calamo . but i doubt not to shew , that tho' he would be thought to imitate the silk-worm , that spins its web from its own bowels ; yet i shall make him appear like the leech , that lives upon the blood of men , drawn from the gums ; and when he is rubb'd with salt , spues it up again . to prove this , i shall only give an account of his plays ; and by that little of my own knowledge which i shall discover , 't will be manifest , that this ricketty-poet ( tho' of so many years ) cannot go without others assistance : for take this prophecy , from your humble servant , or mr. ravenscroft's mamamouchi , which you please , when once our poets translating vein is past , from him you can't expect new plays in hast . to prove this , i need only give you an account of what he has already publish'd ; and from thence you may judge , according to the old adage , expede herculem , what is like to follow . careless lovers , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . the epistle to this play was written against mr. dryden , and his prologue levell'd against almanzor ; and his play , call'd love in nunnery . the truth is , mr. dryden had fallen first upon his mamamouchi , as we have said ; and therefore on that account , our poet was excusable ; but to accuse him for borrowing , and translating , as he faith : till then he borrowed from romance , and did translate , was unreasonable , when our poet knew his own guilt ; for notwithstanding he writes in the same prologue , ` that all that 's in it is ex tempore wit. yet i must take the liberty to contradict him , and acquaint my reader , that the sham-scene in the . act , which is the most diverting in the play ; where mrs. breedwell , and clapham bring in their children , and challenge marriage of the l d de boastado , is stollen from molliere's m. de pourceaugnac . act . sc. . and . as to the rest of the french play , he has inserted it into his mamamouchi . the author in his epistle acknowledges , that the reason why there are such continual picques amongst the poets , is the same with that of whores , two of a trade can never agree : and therefore mr. dryden and mr. ravenscroft , being profest plagiaries , and having both laid claim to molliere , no wonder if they fell out , like the two travellers in aesop about the ass ; tho' at the same time a third poet ran away with the prize ; at least the greatest part . dame dobson , or the cunning woman ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play is translated from a french comedy , call'd la devineresse , ore les faux enchantements . notwithstanding this play was so followed and applauded in france , as the epistle to the original informs me ; yet it was damned in its action at the theatre at london . i pretend not to give the reason of it ; only i have mr. dryaen's e testimony , that corneille's le menteur , ( since published under the title of the mistaken beauty , or the lyer ) was notwithstanding mr. hart's acting dorant to admiration , judg'd far inferiour to many plays writ by fletcher , and ben johnson : and i question not but this last will obtain the preference from the other , if they are read by unbyass'd judges . english lawyer , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , and printed o. lond. . this play was written originally in latin , by mr. r. ruggles , sometime master of arts in clare hall in cambridge ; and was acted several times with extraordinary applause , before king james the first by the gentlemen of that university . there was a version done by a master of arts of magdalen colledge in oxford , printed near thirty years ago , tho' translated some years before : and i believe mr. ravenscroft made more use of that , than the original ; at leastwise they who understand not the latin , and yet would see a true copy , ( this of our author being drawn in miniature ) may read it , under the title of ignoramus . king edgar , and alphreda ; a tragi-comedy acted at the theatre-royal , and printed o. lond. . this play i suppose ( if any ) to be of the author 's own minerva ; tho' the story of it be sufficiently famous , not only in novels both french and italian : but in almost all the historians of those times . for novels , see the annals of love octavo : for historians , see w. malmesbury , h. huntingdon , rog. hoveden , ingulfus , ranulph higden , m. westminster , pol. virgil. grafton , stow , speed , baker , &c. ubaldino le vite delle donne illustri , p. . london cuckolds , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. this play , tho' the most diverting of any that he has writ , is patcht up from several novels . i may truly aver , that wise-acre and peggy , are borrowed from scarron's fruitless precaution , nov. first ; at least that part of it where peggy in armour watcheth her husband's night-cap . tho' possibly these two characters were drawn from arnolphe and agnes , in molliere's l'escole des femmes : loveday's discovering eugenia's intrigue , and pretending to conjure for a supper , is borrowed from les contes d'ouville , part . . pag. . eugenia's contrivance to have jane lye in her place by her husband , whilst she went to ramble ; is borrowed possibly from the mescolanza dolce cap. . at the end of torriano's grammar : or else from scarron's fruitless precaution , where is such a like passage . the contrivance of eugenia to bring off ramble , and loveday , by obliging the former to draw his sword , and counterfeit a passion , is borrowed from les contes d'ouville , . part . page . or from boccace day . nov. . doodle's obliging his wife arabella to answer nothing but no in his absence , and the consequence of that intrigue with townly , is borrowed from les contes d'ouville , . part . page eugenia's making a false confidence to her husband dashwell , and sending him into the garden to loveday , in her habit , where he is beaten by him , is borrowed from les contes d'ouville , . part . page . the same story is in baccace , day . nov. . and in les contes de m. de la fontaine , nov. . p. . and is the subject of several plays ; as city night-cap , &c. this is sufficient to shew how much our author borrows in his plots , and that his own genius is either lazy , or very barren of invention . mamamouchi , or the citizen turn'd gentleman ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to his highness prince rupert . our author had that good opinion of molliere's monsieur de pourceaugnac , that what he left untoucht in that play when he writ the careless lovers , he has taken into this : so that his sir simon soft-head , is m. de pourceaugnac in an english dress ; and the rest of his play is stollen from le bourgeois gentilhomme , a comedy writ by the same author . so that here is a whole play borrow'd , and yet nothing own'd by the author ; a procedure which savours of the highest ingratitude , and which ( as i have elsewhere observ'd ) has been long ago thus inveigh'd against by the excellent pliny f , obnoxii profecto animi , & infelicis ingenii est , deprehendi in furto malle , quam mutuum reddere , cum praesertim sors fiat ex usurâ . scaramouch a philsopher , harlequin a school-boy , bravo , merchant , and magician ; a comedy after the italian manner , acted at the theatre-royal , and printed o. lond. . this play was fore-stall'd in the action , by the duke's house , they having brought upon the stage the cheats of scapin ; as the author complains in the prologue . our author would be thought to have taken a great deal of pains in this play , and to have brought a new sort of comedy on our stage : as he says , the poet does a dang'rous tryal make , and all the common ways of plays forsake . upon the actors it depends too much ; and who can hope ever to see two such , as the fam'd harlequin , and scaramouch . this he well knew — yet rather chose in new attempts to fail , than in the old indifferently prevail . but notwithstanding our author's boasting , he is but a dwarf drest up in a giant 's coat stufft out with straw : for i believe he cannot justly challenge any part of a scene as the genuine off-spring of his own brain ; and may rather be reckon'd the midwife than the parent of this play. this author has followed his old custom of sweeping clean , and leaving nothing behind him ; for what he left of le bourgeois gentilhomme , he has taken into this play ; as will appear to them that will compare the first act with that dramma . almost all le marriage forcé , is taken into this play likewise ; and for the cheats of scapin , i suppose our author has not only seen that play , but borrow'd from thence ; i have already taken notice , that part of it resembles terence's phormio . wrangling lovers , or the invisible mistress ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play is founded upon a spanish romance in o. translated and called deceptio visûs , or seeing and believing are two things . th. corneille has a play writ on the same subject , called les engagements du hazard . i know nothing else of our author 's writing , without i should reckon his alteration of titus andronicus , of which i shall speak by and by , in the account of shakespear . thomas rawlins . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , who was well acquainted with most of the poets of his time . he was the cheif graver of the mint to both king charles the first and second , and died in that employment in . he writ a play for his diversion only , not for profit ; as he tells the reader in his preface : take no notice of my name , for a second work of this nature shall hardly bear it . i have no desire to be known by a thread-bare cloak , having a calling that will maintain it woolly . his play is called , rebellion , a tragedy acted nine days together ; and divers times since with good applause , by his majesty's company of revels ; and printed o. lond. . 't is dedicated to his kinsman , robert ducie of aston , in the county of stafford esq and is accompanied with verses , to the number of eleven copies ; amongst which are several writ by the dramatick poets his contemporaries . he was very young when he writ this tragedy , as appears from the following lines of mr. chamberlain , publisht with the play. to see a springot of thy tender age , with such a lofty straine to word a stage ; to see a tragedy from thee in print , with such a world of fine meanders in 't , pusles my wondring soul : for there appeares such disproportion 'twixt thy lines , and yeares : that when i read thy lines , methinks i see the sweet tongu'd ovid fall upon his knee , with parce precor ; — the scene of this play lyes in sevile ; but i cannot direct you to any particular history , because i know not in what king of spain's reign this action happened : all i can tell you is , that i believe this taylor was fitted upon crispin's last ; and that webster's shoomaker gave birth to our poet's don sebastiano . mr. winstanley speaks of other small pieces that he wrote , tho' i know of none , except some commendatory verses , publisht with his friends plays ; as with mr. chamberlain's swaggering damsel ; mr. richards's messalina , &c. edward revet . an author of our time , who published a play , called town shifts , or suburb justice ; a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to stephen mosedelf esq give me leave so far to commend this comedy , to say that it is instructive ; and that the author's protagonist lovewel , tho' reduced to poverty , yet entertains not only an innate principle of honesty , but advises his two comrades , friendly and faithful , to the practice of it ; and it succeeds happily to them . i mention this , because few of our modern characters are so nicely drawn . nathaniel richards . an author that lived in the reign of king charles the first ; of whom i can give no further account , than that he writ one tragedy , publisht in the beginning of our late troubles ; viz. messalina the roman empress , her tragedy , acted with general applause divers times , by the company of his majesty's revels , and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to the right honourable john cary , viscount rochsord : and is ushered into the light by six copies of verses ; two of which were writ by our dramatick authors , davenport and rawlins ; two by two actors in his play , robinson and jordan ; and a fifth latin copy , by one thomas combes , which may deserve a place in our account : after having acquainted the reader , that for the story he may consult tacitus , suetonius , pliny , plutarch , and juvenal ; all which have given a character of the insatiate messalina ; as the following verses do of her vices , and the virtues of her mother lepida . carissimo amico auctori in eximiam missalinae tragoediam . ridentem venerem veteres pinxere ; sed ecce apparet venus hic sanguinolenta ; nigra . lascivos amplexa viros amplectitur ensem : effera quae vita , est baec furibunda nece . sic eadem victrix , eademque libidinis ultrix , messalina , altrix quae fuit , ipsa fuit , dū moritur mala pars , oritur pars conjungis illa , quae superat quamvis mors in utramque furit . casta parens toties , quoties fit adultera proles , pugnat , & adversa cum pie tate scelus : dumque scelus fugiens dat terga , stat altera lugēs , et nituit niveo pectore purus honor , haec ubi sunt verbis aptata , tragoedia digna illa est in primis laudis , & illa tua est . thomas combes . william rider . this writer ( as i suppose by the date of his play ) flourish'd in the reign of king charles the second ; and was a master of arts , tho' of which university or colledge , is to me unknown . all i can inform my reader is , that he is the author of a play , called twins , a tragi-comedy acted at the private house at salisbury court with general applause , printed o. lond. . this play is not contemptible , either as to the language , or oeconomy of it , tho' i judge it older far than the the date of it imports . william rowly . an author that flourish'd in the reign of king charles the first ; and was sometime a member of pembroke hall in cambridge . i can say nothing further of his life or country ; but as to his poetry , and his intimate acquaintance with the prime poets of that age , i can speak at large . he was not only beloved by those great men , shakespear , fletcher , and johnson ; but likewise writ with the former , the birth of merlin . besides what he joyned in writing with poets of the second magnitude , as heywood , middleton , day and webster ; as you may see under each of their names ; our author has four plays in print of his own writing , of which take the following account ; viz. all 's lost by lust , a tragedy divers times acted by the lady elizabeth's servants ; and with great applause at the phoenix in drury-lane , and printed o. lond. . this is a good old play , and the story it self may be read in the spanish histories : see mariana lib. , , . suritta's annales , &c. lib. . c. . turquet , l. . c. . as to margaretta's design'd revenge on her husband antonio , read the unfortunate lovers , novel the . match at midnight , a pleasant comedy , acted by the children of the revels ; and printed o. lond. . the plot of alexander blood-hound's being hid by jarvis under the widow's bed , is founded on an old story inserted in the english rogue , part . ch. . shoomaker 's a gentleman , a comedy printed o. lond. — not having this play by me at present , i cannot inform my reader where it was acted , or when printed . but this i know , that it has not many years since been revived at the theatre in dorset-garden , and been formerly acted abroad in the country : and the comical part of it , is an usual entertainment at bartholomew and southwarke fairs ; it being a copy to which all stroling companies lay claim to . the play is founded on a stitcht pamphlet in quarto , called the history of the gentle-craft . the reader may find an epilogue printed in duffet's poems , p. . writ for this play , when 't was revived . new wonder , a woman never vext ; a pleasant comedy , sundry times acted , and printed o. lond. . that passage of the widows finding her wedding-ring , which she dropp'd in crossing the thames , in the belly of a fish which her maid bought accidentally in the market , is founded either upon the story of polycrates of samos , as the author may read at large in herodotus , lib. . sive thalia ; or upon the like story related of one anderson of newcastle , by doctor fuller , in his worthies of england . i know of nothing else written by our author , neither can i tell the time of his death , and therefore i must leave it to persons of better information to acquaint the world , with more particulars of his life , whilst i hasten to an account of his names sake . samuel rowley . whether this author was related to as well as contemporary with the former , i know not : only this i know , that he writ himself a servant to the prince of wales . he is the author of two historical plays , of which we are to give an account in their alphabetical order ; viz. noble spanish souldier , or a contract broken justly revenged ; a tragedy , printed o. lond. . this is a posthumous piece ; and if we believe the printer's preface , has received applause in action . where it was acted , i know not , nor the foundation of the story , it not being mentioned what king of spain it was , that committed that act of perjury with onaelia . when you see me , you know me ; or the famous chronical history of henry the eighth ; with the birth , and virtuous life of edward prince of wales : being play'd by the high and mighty prince of wale's servants , and printed o. lond. . for the plot , see the l d herbert's life of hen. the viii . and other writers of his life , as polydore virgil , hollingshead , hall , grafton , stow , speed , martin , baker , &c. joseph rutter . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first . he belong'd to the earl of dorset's family ; and attended on his son , the father of the present earl. at the command of the right honourable edward earl of dorset , and lord chamberlain to the queen , he undertook the translation of the cid , out of french : and mr. kirkman ascribes another play to him besides ; of both which i shall speak in their order . cid , a tragi-comedy acted before their majesties at court , and on the cock-pit stage in drury-lane , by the servants to both their majesties , and printed o. lond. . this first part is dedicated to edward earl of dorset aforesaid , part of it being translated by the young lord his son , on whom our author attended . cid , part the second , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the lady theophila cook. this part was undertaken by our author , at his majesties command , who was pleas'd to think it worth the translating ; and commanded it to be put into our author's hands . both these plays are usually bound together in actavo . as to these plays in the original , they are much commended , tho' i never saw but the first part in french. i shall not here transcribe the author 's own sentiments of it ; but leave it to those who understand the french to peruse the examen of the second part ; it being too long for this place . but what m. boileau says of it , in his th satyr , may be sufficient to shew the sentiments of the publick in its favour : his words are these : en vain contre le cid un g ministre se ligue , tout paris pour h climene a les yeux de i rodrigue . k l' academie en corps a beau le censurer , le public revolté s'obstine à l'admirer . to speak of the translation in general , i think , if the time be considered when it was undertaken , it may pass muster with candid readers : the author having at least so far improv'd it , as to bring several things in action , which in the original are delivered in narration ; an excellency commended by horace , in those lines so well known to all scholars . aut agitur res in scenis aut acta refertur : segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem ; quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus , & quae ipse sibi tradit spectator — it is true our author has altered in the original , some places ; but not many . two scenes he has left out , as being soliloquies , and things little pertinent to the business : and give me leave to observe by the by , that the french are much addicted to bring in these monologues , in their serious plays . some things likewise our author has added , but scarce discernable : and where m. corneille would give him leave , he says he has follow'd close both his sense and words ; tho' , as he has observed , many things are received wit in one tongue , which are not in another . as to the play , 't is founded on true history ; and the author has follow'd roderic de tolede , and mariana . the reader may consult other historians , that have writ of the affairs of don fernando , the first king of castille . shepherds holyday , a pastoral tragi-comedy , acted before their majesties , at whitehall , by the queen's servants ; and printed o. lond. . this play is ascrib'd by mr. kirkman , to our author ; tho' only j.r. is affix'd to the title-page . this play is of the nobler sort of pastorals ; and is writ in blank verse : at the end is a pastoral elegy , on the death of the lady venetia digby , in the person of sir kenelm digby , her husband ; and a latin epigram on her tomb. i know nothing else of our authors writing . thomas rymer , esq this gentleman is now living , and was once ( if he be not at present ) a member of the honourable society of grays-inn . he has excellent talent towards criticism ; as appears by his preface to the translation of rapin's reflections on aristotle's treatise of poetry o. and his tragedies of the last age consider'd : but i think for dramatick poetry , there are other poets now alive , that at least equal that tragedy which he has publisht , viz. edgar , or the english monarch ; an heroick tragedy , printed o. lond. . this tragedy is dedicated to king charles the second , and written in heroick verse . if it be compared with mr. ravenscroft's king edgar and alfreda , it far exceeds it . for the plot , see the historians before mentioned ; viz. malmesbury , huntingdon , hoveden , ingulfus , higden , &c. grafton , stow , &c. s. thomas s t. serf . a gentleman , who in the reign of king charles the second writ a play , call'd tarugo's wiles , or the coffee-house ; a comedy acted at his highnesses the duke of york's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable george , marquess of huntley . this comedy if not equal with those of the first rank , yet exceeds several which pretend to the second ; especially the third act , which discovers the several humours of a coffee-house . as to the other part of the play , 't is founded ( as i suppose ) on the spanish play no puedeser , or it cannot be ; but not having the original , i cannot be positive : but this i know , that the lord bell-guard , and crack in sir courtly nice , extreamly resembles don patricio and tarugo , in this play : nay more , the plots of both are alike . i leave it to the decision of mr. crown , or any other who have seen the spanish play. in the mean time , i desire no man to rely upon my judgment ; but if what i have said cannot save him , excuse him upon his own plea , in his own words . if this prevail not , he hopes he 's safe from danger , for wit and malice ought not to reach a stranger . william sampson . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first : he was sometimes a retainer to the family of sir henry willoughby , of richley in derbyshire ; and was the author of a play , call'd vow-breaker , or the fair maid of clifton , in nottinghamshire ; divers times acted by several companies with great applause , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to mrs. anne willoughby , daugther to sir henry : in which epistle , the author concludes thus ; heaven keep you from fawning parasites , and busie gossips , and send you a husband , and a good one ; or else may you never make a holyday for hymen . as much happiness as tongue can speak , pen can write , heart think , or thoughts imagine , ever attend on you , your noble father , and all his noble family ; to whom i ever rest , as my bounden duty , a faithful servant , will. sampson . this play seems founded upon truth ; i have likewise , in my younger years , read a ballad compos'd upon the same subject . our author besides this play , joyned with mr. markham in herod and antipater , which i forgot before . but as for the valiant scot , and how to chuse a good wife from a bad , they are in my judgment none of our author's writing ; tho' mr. philips and his follower mr. winstanley , have ascribed them to him . george sandys , esq a gentleman who flourish'd in the reign of king charles the martyr ; if one may so say , of a person , who sympathiz'd so deeply with his prince and country in their misfortunes . he was son to his grace edwin , arch-bish . of york : and was born in the year at bishops-thorp , in the same county , being his father's youngest child . he was sent to the university that memorable year . being then eleven years of age ; and was enter'd of st. mary hall in oxford . how long he stay'd , i know not : but in the year . memorable for the murder of that great hero henry the fourth of france , by that villain ravaillac , he began his travels thro' france , italy , turky , aegypt , palestine , &c. an account of which you may read in his travels , printed fol. lond. . but 't is not on this account , but his poetry , that he is here mentioned ; and therefore i shall hasten to speak of his writings in that kind , and first of that excellent piece of dramatick poetry , which he has left us ; and chiefly in this account challenges a particular place ; viz. christ's passion , a tragedy , with annotations , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to king charles the first . this play is translated from the latin original writ by hugo grotius . this subject was handled before in greek , by that venerable person , apollinarius of laodicea , bishop of hierapolis ; and after him by gregory nazianzen : tho' this of hugo grotius , ( in our author's opinion ) transcends all on this argument . as to the translator , i doubt not but he will be allow'd an excellent artist , by learned judges ; and as he has follow'd horace's advice of avoiding a servile translation , nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres : so he comes so near the sence of the author , that nothing is lost , no spirits evaporate in the decanting of it into english ; and if there be any sediment , it is left behind . this book was reprinted with figures , o. lond. . nor are his other translations less valu'd , especially ovid's metamorphosis , printed with cuts , fol. oxon. . this translation was so much esteem'd in former times , that i find two old copies of verses , speaking in praise of our author . in the first , called a censure of the poets , are these lines : then dainty sands , that hath to english done smooth sliding ovid , and hath made him one , with so much sweetness , and unusual grace , as tho' the neatness of the english pace should tell your setting latin , that it came but slowly after , as though stiff or lame . the other on the time poets , sayes thus , sands metamorphos'd so into another , we know not sands , and ovid from each other . to this i may add the translation of the first book of virgil's aeneis ; by which specimen , we may see how much he has excell'd mr. ogilby . for his other divine pieces , as his paraphrase on the psalms , job , ecclesiastes , lamentatiöns of jeremiah , &c. i have heard them much admired by devout and ingenious persons , and i believe very deservingly . having done with his translations , give me leave to conclude with his to another world , which happen'd at his nephew , mr. wiat's house , at boxley-abbey in kent : in the chancel of which parish-church he lyes buried , tho' without a monument ; and therefore i shall follow my author , from whence i collected this account , by transcribing what deserves to be inscrib'd on a monument ; viz. georgius sandys , poetarum anglorum sui saecult princeps , sepultus fuit martii stilo anglico . a.d. . charles saunders . a young gentleman , whose wit began to bud as early , as that of the incomparable cowley ; and was like him a king's scholar , when he writ a play call'd tamberlane the great , a tragedy acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre-royal ; as likewise at oxford , before his late majesty king charles the second , at his meeting the parliament there . 't was printed in quarto lond. . and the design was drawn ( as the author owns ) from the novel of tamerlane and asteria , in octavo : i have so great a value for this author's play , that i cannot but wish well to his muse ; but being no poet , i must set my hand to another man's wishes : i mean mr. banks , who has writ a copy of verses on this play , part of which are as follow : launch out young merchant , new set up of wit , the world 's before thee , and thy stock is great , sail by thy muse , but never let her guide , then without danger , you may safely glide by happier studies steer'd , and quickly gain the promised indies of a hopeful brain , bring home a man betimes , that may create his country's glory in the church , or state. elkanah settle . an author now living , whose muse is chiefly addicted to tragedy ; and has been tragically dealt withal by a tyranical laureat ; which has somewhat eclips'd the glory he at first appeared in : but time has her vicissitudes ; and he has lived to see his enemy humbled , if not justly punished ; for this reason , i shall not afresh animadvert upon his fault , but rather bury them in oblivion ; and without any reflections on his poetry , give a succinct account of those plays , which he has published , being nine in number ; viz. cambyses king of persia , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. d edit . lond. . and dedicated to the illustrious princess anne , dutchess of monmouth . this tragedy is written in heroick verse , and founded on history . for the plot , see justin , herodotus , ammianus marcellinus , &c. conquest of china by the tartars , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the lord castle-rizing . this is also writ in heroick verse , and founded on history . see signior palafax his history of china , translated in octavo ; john gonzales de mendoza , lewis de guzman , &c. empress of morocco , a tragedy in heroick verse ; acted at the duke's theatre , printed with sculptures o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry , earl of norwich , and earl-marshal of england . this play mr. dryden writ particularly against , in a pamphlet called , notes and observations on the empress of morocco ; or some few erratas to be printed instead of the sculptures with the second edition of that play ; printed o. lond. . this ( as i have already observ'd ) was answered by another pamphlet , which shewed mr. dryden was not infallible ; but that notwithstanding his bravadoes , he himself was as faulty as others : and that he had verified the spanish proverb , no es tan bravo el leon come le pintan ; the lyon is not so fierce as they paint him . fatal love , or the forc'd inconstancy ; a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to sir robert owen . this play is founded on achilles tatius his romance , called clitiphon and leucippe ; see book the fifth . the english reader may peruse it translated in octavo printed oxon. . female prelate ; being the history of the life and death of pope joan : a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , the late earl of shaftsbury . this play being founded on history , see marianus scotus , sigibert , sabellicus : and for the english , he may read platina translated in fol. by sir paul ricault ; and the life and death of pope joan , written heretofore in a dialogue , by mr. alexander cooke , a gentleman formerly a fellow of university colledge in oxford : a piece so much cry'd up , and admir'd in those times , that it was translated into french by j. de la montaigne . 't is now published in a set discourse o. lond. . the reader will find there a list of those authors who affirm , and those who deny the truth of this story . heir of morocco , with the death of gayland ; acted at the theatre-royal , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the lady henrietta wentworth , baroness of nettlested . ibraim , the illustrious bassa ; a tragedy in heroick verse , acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the dutchess of albermarle . the play is founded on m. scudery's romance so called . love and revenge , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the late duke of newcastle . 't is a great part borrowed from a play called the fatal contract ; and is founded on the french chronicles : see mezeray , de serres . &c. 't is pitty our author was so little considerate , to fall upon mr. shadwell in his postscript , when he lay so open to an attaque himself : and if our laureat reply'd too severely upon him in his preface to the libertine , 't was but se defendendo ; and he being the aggressor , ought to forgive it . pastor fido , or faithful shepherd ; a pastoral acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , the lady elizabeth delaval . the play was written in italian by guarini , and afterwards translated by sir ric. fanshaw . this translation our author has follow'd , being a stranger to the italian : tho' possibly it may by ill natur'd criticks be thought a presumption , to attempt to improve either the original , or the copy . our author i think has several copies of verses in print , besides prose ; but because some of them will not advance his reputation ; and of others , i know not exactly which he writ , i shall omit further mentioning of them in this place . tho. shadwell , esq poet laureat to their present majesties . a gentleman , whose dramatick works are sufficiently known to the world ; but especially his excellent comedies ; which in the judgment of some persons , have very deservedly advanced him to the honour he now enjoys , under the title of poet laureat to their present majesties . an advancement which he ingeniously consesses , is chiefly owing to the patronage of the noble earl of dorset , that great judge of wit and parts ; in whose favour it has been mr. shadwell's particular happiness sor several years , to have had an eminent share . mr. dryden , i dare presume , little imagined , when he writ that satyr of mack-flecknoe , that the subject he there so much exposes and ridicules , should have ever lived to have succeeded him in wearing the bays . but i am willing to say the less of mr. shadwell , because i have publickly profess'd a friendship for him : and tho' it be not of so long date , as some former intimacy with others ; so neither is it blemished with some unhandsome dealings , i have met with from persons , where i least expected it . i shall therefore speak of him with the impartiality that becomes a critick ; and own i like his comedies better than mr. dryden's ; as having more variety of characters , and those drawn from the life ; i mean men's converse and manners , and not from other mens ideas , copyed out of their publick writings : tho' indeed i cannot wholly acquit our present laureat from borrowing ; his plagiaries being in some places too bold and open to be disguised , of which i shall take notice , as i go along ; tho' with this remark , that several of them are observed to my hand , and in a great measure excused by himself , in the publick acknowledgment he makes in his several prefaces , to the persons to whom he was obliged for what he borrowed . that mr. shadwell has propos'd b. johnson for his model , i am very certain of ; and those who will read the preface to the humorists , may be sufficiently satisfied what a value he has for that great man ; but how far he has succeeded in his design , i shall leave to the reader 's examination . so far only give me leave to premise in our laureat's defence , that the reader is not to measure his merit by mr. dryden's standard ; since socrates , never was more persecuted by the inhumane aristophanes , than mr. shadwell by mr. dryden's pen ; and with the same injustice : tho' i think , whoever shall peruse the modest defence of the former , in his epistle to the tenth satyr of juvenal , will not only acquit him , but love him for his good humour and gentle temper , to one who endeavour'd to destroy his reputation , so dear to all men , but the very darling of poets ; as ovid says k , quid petitur sacris , nisi tantum fama poetis ? hoc votum nostri summa laboris habet . mr. shadwell has fourteen plays in print , which we shall give an account of in the order we have begun , viz. alphabetically ; tho' by this means his last play comes first upon our stage , viz. amorous bigotte , with the second part of tegue o divelly ; a comedy acted by their majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of shrewsbury . bury fair , a comedy acted by his present majesties servants , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the r t. honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , the present lord chamberlain of his majesty's houshold . how difficult it is for poets to find a continual supply of new humour , this poet has sufficiently shew'd in his prologue ; and therefore he ought to be excus'd , if old wit , and sir humphry noddy , have some resemblance with justice spoil wit , and sr. john noddy ; in the triumphant widow . skilfull poets resemble excellent cooks , whose art enables them to dress one dish of meat several ways ; and by the assistance of proper sawces , to give each a different relish , and yet all grateful to the palate . thus the character of la roche , tho' first drawn by molliere , in les ' precieuses ridicules , and afterwards copy'd by sir w. d' avenant , mr. betterton , and mrs. behn ; yet in this play has a more taking air than in any other play , and there is something in his jargon , more diverting than in the original it self . epsom wells , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his grace the duke of newcastle . this is so diverting , and withal so true a comedy , that even forreigners , who are not generally the kindest to the wit of our nation , have extreamly commended it : and it is no small credit to our author , that the sieur de saint euvremont , speaking of our english comedies in his essays , has ranked this play with ben johnson's bartholmew fair , as two of our most diverting comedies . 't is true that some endeavoured to fix a calumny upon our author , alledging that this play was not in ingenious but this stain was quickly wip'd off , by the plea he makes for himself in the prologue , spoken to the king and queen at whitehall , where he says , if this for him had been by others done , after this honour , sure they 'd claim their own . humorists , a comedy acted by his royal highnesses servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the most illustrious margaret , dutchess of newcastle . the design of this play was , to reprehend some of the vices and follies of the age , which is certainly the most proper and most useful way of writing comedy . but notwithstanding the author 's good design , it met with implacable enemies , who resolv'd to damn it right or wrong ; and the author was forc'd to mutilate his play , by expunging the chief design , to prevent giving offence . these and other disadvantages ( the particulars of which you may read in the preface ) the poet met with : and yet i think a candid judge would let it pass without much censure ; and pardon the faults of the play , for that reparation that is made for it in the preface . lancashire witches , and teague o divelly , the irish priest ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play was written in the times of whig and tory , therefore was opposed by papists and their adherents , for the sake of their dear-joy , teague o divelly : but nevertheless there appeared so numerous a party in the play 's defence , that the play lived in spight of all their malice . however , i wish our author for his own sake , had left out the character of smirk , notwithstanding and the defence he makes for it in the preface , and his protestation of having a true value for the church of england : for 't is evident that her sons , the clergy , are abused in that character ; particularly in the first scene of the second act : and therefore mr. shadwell must allow me a little to distrust his sincerity , when he makes such large professions of respect to gowns-men ; to whom i believe his obligations are greater than kindness : otherwise , he would not have suffer'd such reflections to have passed his pen , as are to be met with in his squire of alsatia , and the epilogue to the amorous bigotte , &c. if mr. shadwell would therefore take a friend's counsel , i would advise him to treat serious things with due respect ; and not to make the pulpit truckle to the stage ; or preface a play , with a a treatise of religion : every man has his province , and i think the stating of passive obedience , and non-resistance , is none of mr. shadwell's : he may remember , that mr. dryden never miscarried more , than when he inter-meddled with church matters ; and that all the art and beauty of his absalom and achitophel , will hardly make amends for the spots and blemishes that are to be found in his hind and panther . but to return to our subject : mr. heywood and mr. brome have writ a play on the same story with our author ; but how much this exceeds it , will be evident to unbyassed judges . as to the magick in the play , our author has given a very good account in his notes , from the writings of delrio , bodinus , wierus , &c. and i know nothing that we have in this nature , in dramatick poetry , except ben. johnson's masque of queens , which is likewise explained by annotations . libertine , a tragedy acted by his royal highnesses servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to william duke of newcastle . this play , if not regular , is at least diverting : which according to the opinion of some of our first-rate poets , is the end of poetry . the play is built upon a subject which has been handled by spanish , italian , and french authors : there being four plays extant ( says my author ) on this story . i have never seen but one , viz. molliere's l'athée foundroyé , which it appear'd our author has read . there is a character in sir aston cockain's ovid ; i mean that of captain hannibal , whose catastrophe is like that of don john , which ( as i have said ) may possibly be borrowed from il atheisto fulminato . miser , a comedy acted by his majesties servants , at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , l d buckhurst , the present earl of dorset . this play the author confesses is founded on molliere's l'avare ; which by the way is it self founded on plautus his autularia . 't was the last play that was acted at the king's house , before the fatal fire there : whoever will peruse this play , will find more than half writ by our author , and the french part much improved . psyche , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the late james , duke of monmouth . this was the first play that our author writ in rhime ; and on that account he found most of the crambo-poets up in arms against it , who look'd upon our author , as an incroacher on their territories ; and were ( as he says ) very much offended with him , for leaving his own province of comedy , to invade their dominion of rhime : but as our author never valu'd himself upon this play , so his design at that time , was to entertain the town with variety of musick , curious dancing splendid scenes , and machines ; and not with fine poetry , the audience being not at leisure to mind the writing . the foundation of this play , is apuleius his aureus asinus ; which the reader may read in english , under the title of the golden ass , translated by w. adlington , printed o. lond. . how far he has borrow'd from the french psyche , he tells you in the preface , and i leave it to those which have seen it ( which i have not ) to give judgment to whom the preference belongs . how much this opera takes , every body that is acquainted with the theatre knows ; and with reason , since the greatest masters in vocal musick , dancing , and painting , were concern'd in it . royal shepherdess , a tragi-comedy acted by his highness the duke of york's servants ; and printed o. lond. . this play ( as our poet owns ) was originally mr. fountain's of devonshire ; and without descanting on the play , i shall refer the reader to the view of mr. shadwell's epistle to the reader , and the comparison of both plays , which are in print , for his satisfaction . squire of alsatia , a comedy acted by their majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the earl of dorset and middlesex . the ground of this play , is from terence his adelphi ; especially the two characters of mitio and demea , which i think are improv'd . if he has not taken notice of having borrowed these characters , 't is because he is not beholding to the french , or english for his model ; and that those for whom he chiefly writes , are persons that are well acquainted with poets of antiquity , and need not be informed . 't is sufficient for the vulgar audience , that the play is taking and divertive , without troubling their heads whence 't is borrowed : and all people must allow that no comedy has found better success than this , since the restauration of the theatre . sullen lovers , or the impertinents ; a comedy acted by his highness the duke of york's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the late duke of newcastle . the author owns that he receiv'd a hint from the report of molliere's les fâcheux , upon which he wrote a great part of his play , before he saw it . the play is regular and diverting , and the author himself has better defended it than i am able to do , nor doth he at any time need a second ; and therefore i refer you to his preface for satisfaction . timon of athens , the man-hater , his history , acted at the duke's theatre ; made into a play , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the late duke of buckingham . the play is originally shakespear's ; but so imperfectly printed , that 't is not divided into acts. how much our author has added , or expung'd , i must leave to the examination of the less busie reader ; i not having time at present to enquire into particulars . true widow , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to sir charles sidley . this play i take to be as true comedy ; and the characters and humours to be as well drawn , as any of this age. virtuoso , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his grace the late duke of newcastle . i think there is no body will deny this play its due applause ; at least i know , that the university of oxford , who may be allowed competent judges of comedy , ( especially of such characters , as sir nicholas gimcrack , and sir formal trisle ) applauded it : and as no man ever undertook to discover the frailties of such pretenders tenders to this kind of knowledge , before mr. shadwell ; so none since mr. johnson's time , ever drew so many different characters of humours , and with such success . woman-captain , a comedy acted at his royal highnesses servants ; printed o. lond. — and dedicated to henry , lord ogle , son to his grace henry , duke of newcastle . if this play falls short of the former , at least it wants not variety of characters , which have gained it a reputation above what is written by pitiful poets of the fourth-rate , our author 's perpetual enemies , who are no more to be regarded , than the buzzing of flies , and insects in hot weather ; which tho' troublesome , are inoffensive , and without stings : and for his greatest enemy ; he has imitated the bee , that with his malice , has left his sting behind him . i hope now , our author is advanced to a station , wherein he will endeavour to exert his muse ; and having found encouragement from majesty it self , aim at writing dramatick pieces , equal to those of antiquity : which however applauded , have been paralelled ( i was about to say excelled ) by the comedies of the admirable johnson . i must do mr. dryden so much justice , as to acknowledge , that in epick poetry , he far exceeds not only mr. shadwell , but most , if not all the poets of our age : and i could wish our present laureat , would not give his predecessor such frequent advantages over him ; but rather confine himself within his own sphere of comedy . he has several poems extant , but because his name is not affix'd to them , i shall mention but three ; viz. the tenth satyr of juvenal , translated with notes , printed o. lond. . a congratulatory poem on his highness the prince of orange , coming into england : and another to the most illustrious q. mary , upon her arrival ; both printed o. lond. . william shakespear . one of the most eminent poets of his time ; he was born at stratford upon avon in warwickshire ; and flourished in the reigns of queen elizabeth , and king james the first . his natural genius to poetry was so excellent , that like those diamonds l , which are found in cornwall , nature had little , or no occasion for the assistance of art to polish it . the truth is , 't is agreed on by most , that his learning was not extraordinary ; and i am apt to believe , that his skill in the french and italian tongues , exceeded his knowledge in the roman language : for we find him not only beholding to cynthio giraldi and bandello , for his plots , but likewise a scene in henry the fifth , written in french , between the princess catherine and her governante : besides italian proverbs scatter'd up and down in his writings . few persons that are acquainted with dramatick poetry , but are convinced of the excellency of his compositions , in all kinds of it : and as it would be superfluous in me to endeavour to particularise what most deserves praise in him , after so many great men that have given him their several testimonials of his merit ; so i should think i were guilty of an injury beyond pardon to his memory , should i so far disparage it , as to bring his wit in competition with any of our age. 't is true mr. dryden m has censured him very severely , in his postscript to granada ; but in cool blood , and when the enthusiastick fit was past , he has acknowledged him [ in his dramatick essay ] equal at least , if not superiour , to mr. johnson in poesie . i shall not here repeat what has been before urged in his behalf ; in that common defence of the poets of that time , against mr. dryden's account of ben. johnson ; but shall take the liberty to speak my opinion , as my predecessors have done , of his works ; which is this , that i esteem his plays beyond any that have ever been published in our language : and tho' i extreamly admire johnson , and fletcher ; yet i must still aver , that when in competition with shakespear , i must apply to them what justus lipsius writ in his letter to andraeas schottus , concerning terence and plautus , when compar'd ; terentium amo , admiror , sed plautum magis . he has writ about forty six plays , all which except three , are bound in one volume in fol. printed lond. . the whole book is dedicated to the earls of pembroke and montgomery : being usher'd into the world with several copies of verses ; but none more valued than those lines made by ben johnson ; which being too long to be here transcribed , i shall leave them to be perus'd by the reader , with his works , of which i shall give some account as follows . all 's well , that ends well ; a comedy . this play is founded on a novel written by jean boccacio ; see his nov. day the . nov. the . concerning juliet of narbona , and bertrand count of rossilion . anthony and cleopatra , a tragedy . the ground of this play is founded on history : see plutarch's life of anthony ; appian , dion cassius , diodorus , florus , &c. as you like it , a comedy . comedy of errors . this play is founded on plautus his maenechmi : and if it be not a just translation , 't is at least a paraphrase : and i think far beyond the translation , call'd menechmus , which was printed o. lond. . coriolanus , a tragedy . this is founded on history : see livy , dionysius hallicarnassaeus ; plutarch's life of coriolanus , &c. part of this play appear'd upon the stage seven years since , under the title of ingratitude of a common-wealth . cromwell , ( thomas l d. ) the history of his life and death . this play is likewise founded on history : see fox's martyrology ; fuller's church history ; stow , speed , hollingshead , herbert , baker , dr. burnet , &c. the story of cromwell , and mr. frescobald the merchant , is related in dr. hakewell's apology , and wanley's history of man , book . ch. . cymbeline his tragedy . this play , tho' the title bear the name of a king of brute's linage ; yet i think ows little to the chronicles of those times , as far as i can collect , from graston , stow , milton , &c. but the subject is rather built upon a novel in boccace , viz. day . nov. . this play was reviv'd by durfey about seven years since , under the title of the injured princess , or the fatal wager . henry the fourth , the first part ; with the life of henry percy , sirnamed hot-spur . this play is built upon our english history : see the four former years of his reign , in harding , buchanan , caxton , walsingham , fabian , polydore virgil , hall , grafton , hollingshead , heyward , trussel , martin , stow , speed , baker , &c. as to the comical part , 't is certainly our author 's own invention ; and the character of sir john falstaff , is owned by mr. dryden , to be the best of comical characters : and the author himself had so good an opinion of it , that he continued it in no less than four plays . this part used to be play'd by mr. lacy , and never fail'd of universal applause . henry the fourth , the second part ; containing his death , and the coronation of king henry the fifth . for the historical part , consult the fore-mentioned authors . the epilogue to this play is writ in prose , and shews that 't was writ in the time of q. elizabeth . henry the fifth his life . this play is likewise writ and founded on history , with a mixture of comedy . the play is continued from the beginning of his reign , to his marriage with katherine of france . for historians , see as before , harding , caxton , walsingham , &c. this play was writ during the time that essex was general in ireland , as you may see in the beginning of the first act ; where our poet by a pretty turn , compliments essex , and seems to foretell victory to her majesties forces against the rebels . henry the sixth , the first part . henry the sixth , the second part , with the death of the good duke humphrey . henry the sixth , the third part , with the death of the duke of york . these three plays contain the whole length of this kings reign , viz. thirty eight years , six weeks , and four days . altho' this be contrary to the strict rules of dramatick poetry ; yet it must be own'd , even by mr. dryden n himself , that this picture in miniature , has many features , which excell even several of his more exact strokes of symmetry , and proportion . for the story , consult the writers of those times , viz. caxton , fabian , pol. virgil. hall , hollingshead , grafton , stow , speed , &c. henry the eighth , the famous history of his life . this play frequently appears on the present stage ; the part of henry being extreamly well acted by mr. betterton . this play is founded on history likewise . hollingsh . hall , grafton , stow , speed , herbert , martin , baker , &c. hamlet , prince of denmark , his tragedy . i know not whether this story be true or false ; but i cannot find in the list given by dr. heylin , such a king of denmark , as claudius . all that i can inform the reader , is the names of those authors that have written of the affairs of denmark and norway ; and must leave it to their further search : such are saxo-grammaticus , idacius , crantzius , pontanus , &c. this play was not many years ago printed in quarto ; all being mark'd , according to the custom of the stage , which was cut out in the action . john king of england , his life and death . for the plot , see matth. paris , r. higden , walsingham , westminster , fabian , pol. virgil , hollingshead , grafton , stow , speed , &c. julius caesar his tragedy . this play is founded on history ; see livy , plutarch , suetonius , &c. this play was reviv'd at the theatre-royal , about fifteen years ago ; and printed o. lond. . there is an excellent prologue to it , printed in covent garden drollery , p. . lear king of england , his tragedy . this play is founded on history ; see such authors as have written concerning brutes history , as leland , glocester , huntingdon , monmouth , &c. but the subject of this story may be read succinctly in milton's history of england , o. book . p. . &c. this play about eight years since was reviv'd with alterations , by mr. tate . locrine eldest son to king brutus , his tragedy . this tragedy contains his reign , with the loss of estrildis and sabra ; which according to isaacson's chronology , was twenty years . for the authors , consult those aforemention'd , particularly milton , book . p. . supplement to theatre of gods judgments , ch. . ubaldino le vite delle donne illustri , p. . london prodigal , a comedy . this is one of the seven plays which are added to this volume ; which tho' printed all of them in o. were never in folio , till . two of these , viz. cromwell and locrine , we have already handled ; the remaining four , viz. old-castle , pericles , puritan widow , and yorkshire tragedy , shall be treated in their order . loves labour lost , a comedy : the story of which i can give no account of . measure for measure , a comedy , founded on a novel in cynthio giraldi : viz. deca ottava , novella the like story is in goulart's histoires admirables de nôtre temps , tome . page . and in lipsii monita l. . c. . p. . this play , as i have observed , was made use of with the comedy much ado about nothing , by sir william d' avenant , in his law against lovers . merchant of venice , a tragi-comedy . merry wives of windsor , a comedy ; which mr. dryden o allows to be exactly form'd ; and it was regular before any of ben. johnson's . this is not wholly without the assistance of novels ; witness mrs. ford's conveying out sir john falstaff in the basket of foul clothes ; and his declaring all the intrigue to her husband , under the name of mr. broom ; which story is related in the first novel of the fortunate deceived , and unfortunate lovers : which book , tho' written since shakespear's time , i am able to prove several of those novels are translated out of cynthio giraldi , others from mallespini ; and i believe the whole to be a collection from old novelists . mackbeth , a tragedy ; which was reviv'd by the dukes company , and re-printed with alterations , and new songs , o. lond. . the play is founded on the history of scotland . the reader may consult these writers for the story : viz. hector boetius , buchanan , du chesne , hollingshead , &c. the same story is succinctly related in verse , in heywood's hierarchy of angels , b. . p. . and in prose in heylin's cosmography , book . in the hist of brittain , where he may read the story at large . at the acting of this tragedy , on the stage , i saw a real one acted in the pit ; i mean the death of mr. scroop , who received his death's wound from the late sir thomas armstrong , and died presently after he was remov'd to a house opposite to the theatre , in dorset-garden . midsummer nights dream , a comedy . the comical part of this play , is printed separately in o. and used to be acted at bartholomew fair , and other markets in the country by strolers , under the title of bottom the weaver . much ado about nothing , a comedy . i have already spoke of sir william d' avenant's making use of this comedy . all that i have to remark is , that the contrivance of borachio , in behalf of john the bastard to make claudio jealous of hero , by the assistance of her waiting-woman margaret , is borrowed from ariosto's orlando furioso : see book the fifth in the story of lurcanio , and geneuza : the like story is in spencer's fairy queen , book . canto . oldcastle , the good lord cobham his history . the protagonist in this play , is sir john oldcastle , who was executed in the reign of king henry the fifth : see his life at large in fox his martyrology ; dr. fuller , and other writers of church history , as well as chronologers . othello , the moor of venice his tragedy . this is reckoned an admirable tragedy ; and was reprinted o. lond. . and is still an entertainment at the theatre-royal . our author borrowed the story from cynthio's novels , dec. . nov. . the truth is , salustio picolomini in his letter to the author , extreamly applauds these novels , as being most of them fit subjects for tragedy ; as you may see by the following lines . gli heccatomithi vostri , signor cynthio , mi sono maravigliosa mente piaciuti . et fra le altre cose io ci ho veduti i più belli argomente di tragedie , che si possano imaginare , & quanto a i nodi , & quanto alle solutioni , tanto felicemente ho viste legate le difficulta , che pure ano impossibili ad essere slegate . mr. dryden says p , that most of shakespear's plots , he means the story of them ; are to be found in this author . i must confess , that having with great difficulty obtained the book from london , i have found but two of those mentioned by him , tho' i have read the book carefully over . pericles prince of tyre ; with the true-relation of the whole history , adventures , and fortunes of the said prince . this play was publish'd in the author's life-time , under the title of the much admired play of pericles ; by which you may guess the value the auditors and spectators of that age had for it . i know not whence our author fetch'd his story , not meeting in history with any such prince of tyre ; nor remembring any of that name , except the famous athenian , whose life is celebrated by plutarch . puritan , or the widow of wattling-street ; a comedy sufficiently diverting . richard the second his life and death ; a tragedy , which is extreamly commended even by mr. dryden , in his grounds of criticisme in tragedy , printed before troilus and cressida : and mr. tate , who altered this play in . says , that there are some master-touches in this play , that will vye with the best roman poets . for the plot , consult the chronicles of harding , caxton , walsingham , fabian , pol. virgil , grafton , hollingshead , stow , speed , &c. richard the third his tragedy , with the landing of the earl of richmond , and the battle of bosworth field . this play is also founded on history . see fabian , caxton , pol. virgil , hollingshead , grafton , trussel , stow , speed , baker , &c. romeo and juliet , a tragedy . this play is accounted amongst the best of our author's works . mr. dryden says , that he has read the story of it in the novels of cynthio ; which as yet i cannot find , but set it down in my former catalogue , relying upon his knowledge . but i have since read it in french , translated by m. pierre boisteau , whose sir-name was launay ; who says it was writ by bandello ; but not having as yet met with bandello in the original , i must acquiesce in his word . the french reader may peruse it in the first tome of les histoires tragicques , extraictes des oeuvres italiennes de bandello , imprimé o. à turin c . taming of the shrew , a very diverting comedy . the story of the tinker , is related by pontus heuteras , rerum burdicarum , lib. . and by goulart , in his hist. admirables , tom. . p. tempest , a comedy , how much this play is now in esteem , tho' the foundation were shakespear's , all people know . how it took at the black-fryars , let mr. dryden's preface speak . for his opinion of caliban , the monster 's character , let his preface to troilus and cressida explain . no man except shakespear , ever drew so many charactars , or generally distinguish'd them better from one another , except only johnson : i will instance but in one , to shew the copiousness of his invention ; t is that of caliban , or the monster in the tempest : he seems here to have created a person , which was not in nature ; a boldness which at first sight would appear intolerable : for he makes him a species of himself begotten by an incubus on a witch ; but this is not wholly beyond the bounds of credibility ; at least , the vulgar ( i suppose ) still believe it . but this is not the only character of this nature that mr. shakespear has written ; for merlin , as he introduces him , is cozen-german to caliban by birth ; as those may observe , who will read that play. as to the foundation of this comedy , i am ignorant whether it be the author 's own contrivance , or a novel built up into a play. titus andronicus his lamentable tragedy : this play was first printed o. lond. . and acted by the earls of derby , pembroke , and essex , their servants . 't was about the time of the popish-plot revived and altered by mr. ravenscroft . in his preface to the reader , he says q , that he thinks it a greater theft to rob the dead of their praise , than the living of their money : whether his practice agree with his protestation , i leave to the comparison of his works , with those of molliere : and whether mr. shadwell's opinion of plagiaries , reach not mr. ravenscroft , i leave to the reader . i ( says he r ingeniously ) freely confess my theft , and am asham'd on 't ; tho' i have the example of some that never yet wrote a play , without stealing most of it ; and ( like men that lye so long , till they believe themselves ) at length by continual thieving , reckon their stollen goods their own too : which is so ignoble a thing , that i cannot but believe that he that makes a common practice of stealing other men's wit , would , if he could with the same safety , steal any thing else . mr. ravenscroft , in the epistle to titus , says , that the play was not originally shakespear's , but brought by a private author to be acted , and he only gave some master-touches to one or two of the principal parts or characters : afterwards he boasts his own pains ; and says , that if the reader compare the old play with his copy , he will find that none in all that author's works ever receiv'd greater alterations , or additions ; the language not only refined , but many scenes entirely new : besides most of the principal characters heightened , and the plot much encreased . i shall not engage in this controversy ; but leave it to his rivals in the wrack of that great man , mr. dryden , shadwell , crown , tate , and durfey . but to make mr. ravenscroft some reparation , i will here furnish him with part of his prologue , which he has lost ; and if he desire it , send him the whole . to day the poet does not fear your rage , shakespear by him reviv'd now treads the stage : under his sacred lawrels he sits down safe , form the blast of any criticks frown . like other poets , he 'll not proudly scorn to own , that he but winnow'd shakespear's corn ; so far he was from robbing him of 's treasure , that he did add his own , to make full measure . timon of athens his life . this play was thought fit to be presented on the stage , with some alterations by mr. shadwell , in the year . i shall say more of it in the accounts of his works . the foundation of the story may be read in plutarch's life of m. anthony ; see besides lucian's dialogues , &c. troilus and cressida , a tragedy . of this play i have already given an account : see the name , in the remarks on mr. dryden , who altered this play , in the year . twelfth-night , or what you will ; a comedy . i know not whence this play was taken ; but the resemblance of sebastian to his sister viola , and her change of habit , occasioning so many mistakes , was doubtless first borrowed ( not only by shakespear , but all our succeeding poets ) from plautus , who has made use of it in several plays , as amphitruo , maenechmi , &c. two gentlemen of verona , a comedy . winter's tale , a tragi-comedy . the plot of this play may be read in a little stitcht-pamphlet , which is call'd , as i remember , the delectable history of dorastus and fawnia ; printed o. lond. — yorkshire tragedy , not so new , as lamentable and true . this may rather deserve the old title of an interlude , than a tragedy ; it being not divided into acts ; and being far too short for a play. these are all that are in folio ; there rest yet three plays to be taken notice of , which are printed in quarto , viz. birth of merlin , or the child has lost his father ; a tragi-comedy several times acted with great applause , and printed quarto lond. . this play was writ by our author and mr. w. rowly ; of which we have already spoken . for the plot , consult the authors of those times : such as ethelwerd , bede , g. monmouth , fabian , pol. virgil , & stow , speed , &c. ubaldino , le vite delle donne illustri , p. . john king of england his troublesome reign ; the first and second part , with discovery of king richard coeur de lyon's base son , ( vulgarly named the bastard fawconbridge . ) also the death of king john at swinstead abbey . as they were sundry times acted by the queens majesties players , printed quarto lond. . these plays are not divided into acts , neither are the same with that in folio , i am apt to conjecture that these were first writ by our author , and afterwards revised and reduced into one play by him : that in the folio , being far the better . for the plot , i refer you to the authors aforementioned , in that play which bears the same title . besides these plays , i know mr. kirkman ascribes , another pastoral to him ; viz. the arraignment of paris : but having never seen it , i dare not determine whether it belongs to him or no. certain i am , that our author has writ two small poems , viz. venus and adonis , printed o. lond. . and the rape of lucrece , printed o. lond. . publish'd by mr. quarles , with a little poem annext of his own production , which bear the title of tarquin banished , or the reward of lust. sr. john sucklin had so great a value for our author , that ( as mr. dryden observes in his dramatick essay ) he preferred him to iohnson : and what value he had for this small piece of lucrece , may appear from his supplement which he writ , and which he has publisht in his poems : which because it will give you a taste of both their muses , i shall transcribe . i. one of her hands , one of her cheeks lay under , cozening the pillow of a lawfull kiss , which therefore swell'd , & seem'd to part asunder , as angry to be robb'd of such a bliss : the one lookt pale , and for revenge did long , whilst t' other blusht , 'cause it had done the wrong . ii. out of the bed , the other fair hand was on a green sattin quilt , whose perfect white , lookt like a dazie in a field of grass , s and shew'd like unmelt snow unto the sight : there lay this pretty perdue : safe to keep the rest o' th' body that lay fast asleep . iii. her eyes ( and therefore it was night ) close laid , strove to imprison beauty till the morn : but yet the doors , were of such fine stuff made , that it broke through & shew'd it self in scorn ; throwing a kind of light about the place , which turn'd to smiles , still as 't came near her face . i have now no more to do , but to close up all , with an account of his death ; which was on the d of april , anno dom. . he lyeth buried in the great church in strasford upon avon , with his wife and daughter susanna ; the wife of mr. john hall. in the north wall of the chancel , is a monument fixed which represents his true effigies , leaning upon a cushion , with the following inscription . ingenio pylum , genio socratem , arte maronem , terra tegit , populus moeret , olympus habet . stay , passenger , why dost thou go so fast ? read , if thou canst , whom envious death has plac't within this monument , shakespear , with whom quick nature died , whose name doth deck the tomb far more than cost , since all that he hath writ leaves living art , but page , to serve his wit. obiit an. dom. . aet . . die . apr. near the wall where this monument is erected , lyeth a plain free-stone , underneath which , his body is buried , with this epitaph . good friend , for jesus sake , forbear to dig the dust enclosed here . blest be the man that spares these stones , and curs'd be he that moves my bones . lewis sharpe . an author of a play , in the reign of king charles the martyr , stiled noble stranger , acted at the private house in salisbury court , by her majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to sir edmund williams . 't is commended by a copy of verses , writ by rich. woolfall ; of which these are part : — yet do not fear the danger of critick readers , since thy noble stranger , with pleasing straines has smooth'd rugged fate of oft-cramn'd theaters , and prov'd fortunate : smile at their frowns , for i dare boldly say , who ere dislikes it , cannot mend thy play. if this play be look'd upon with mild eyes , it will weigh against some plays writ in our time. there is somewhat in the characters of pupillus and mercutio , which might take in this age : and i believe old lacy had read this play , before he writ the character of several poets of his poetical squire buffon . in the fourth act , he has given the characters of several poets ; particularly of ben. johnson , under the title of a confident poetical wit ; as may be guessed from the epilogue , to cynthia's revels ; this from our author , i was bid to say , by jove 't is good ; and if you 'l lik 't you may . but i leave this to the judgment of the curious reader ; and hasten to the next poet. edward sharpham . a gentleman of the middle-temple , who liv'd in the reign of king james the first he writ a play , called fleire , a comedy often paly'd in the black-fryars , by the children of the revels ; and printed o. lond. . i take the character of antifront the duke of florence , to be a pattern taken from hercules duke of ferrara : and marston's fawne , to be the father of sharpham's fleire ; but this i leave to the judgment of others , to decide they please . s. shepheard . one who lived in the time of the late unhappy civil wars ; and whose loyalty seems to have been far better than his poetry . he writ in the time of the prohibition of the stage , two pamphlets , which he stiles comedies ; but indeed are no longer than one single act of a play , that i have seen . his comedies are stiled . committee-man curried ; a comedy , in two parts , represented to the view of all men . a piece discovering the corruption of committee-men , and excise-men ; the unjust sufferings of the royal-party ; the devilish hypocrisy of some roundheads ; the revolt for gain of some ministers . not without pleasant mirth and variety ; and printed o. lond. . this title-page led me to great expectations ; but i soon found horace's observation true , parturient montes , nascetur ridiculus mus. the author indeed has shew'd his reading , if not his fancy : for there is scrace a piece of sir john suckling that he has not plundered . his aglaura , goblins , brenoralt , all have pay'd tribute to our excise-poet : neither his verses , nor prose have escaped him . this with what he has borrow'd from sir robert stapleton's translation of juvenal sat. . and . make up the greatest part of the two comedies . but however i am so far oblig'd by my charity , and respect , and good intention , of asserting loyalty , to set down his own apology , in the prologue to the second part . the author prays you , for to think the store of wit is wasted by those went before : and that the fatness of the soil being spent , men's brains grown barren , you 'd not raise the rent . edward sherburn , esq a gentleman ( as i suppose ) still living , and famous for his versions , particularly of manilius his sphere , or five books of astronomy , in fol. lond. . besides that famous work , he has translated two of seneca's tragedies ; viz. medea , a tragedy , with annotations ; printed octavo lond. . to which is added seneca's answer to lucilius his query , why good men suffer misfortunes . on this play , see mr. stanley's vindication of the author , in his poems octavo , p. . troades . or the royal captives ; a tragedy , with annotations ; printed o. lond. . these tragedies i look upon as the best versions we have extant , of any of seneca's ; and shew the translator a gentleman of learning , and judgment . what he writ besides , i know not ; tho' there was the th idillium of theocritus , printed in tate's miscellanies , and ascribed to sir edw. sherburn : whether the same person , i know not . thomas shipman , esq a gentleman not many years since deceas'd , who ( as a friend of his says t , ) was a man every way accomplish'd : to the advantage of his birth , his education had added whatsoever was necessary to fit him for conversation , and render him ( as he was ) desirable by the best wits of the age. he was the author of a play , called henry the third of france , stabb'd by a fryar ; with the fall of the guises ; a tragedy in heroick verse , acted at the theatre-royal , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry , lord marquess of dorchester . for the plot , see davila , m. girard d. of espernon's life , &c. besides this play , he has a book call'd carolina , or loyal poems , printed octavo lond. . which sufficiently evince the ingenuity and parts of the author . henry shirley . a gentleman who flourisht in the time of king charles the martyr : of whom i can give no further account , than that he was the author of one play , call'd martyred souldier , a tragedy sundry times acted with great applause , at the private house in drury-lane , and at other publick theatres , by her majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the famous sir kenelm digby : by the publisher j. k. who gave it to the press , after the author's decease ; and in his epistle to the reader , speaks thus of both . for the man , his muse was much courted , but no common mistress ; and tho' but seldom abroad , yet ever much admired at . this work not the meanest of his labours , has much adorned not only one , but many stages , with such general applause ; as it has drawn even the rigid stoicks of the time ; who tho' not for pleasure , yet for profit , have gathered something out of his plentiful vineyard . this play is founded on history , during the time of the eighth persecution ; see victor episc. uticensis de vandalica , persecutione , isodorus hispalensis , baronius , &c. james shirley . a gentleman , of the same name and age with the former ; and was ( if not poet laureat , yet ) servant to her majesty . one of such incomparable parts , that he was the chief of the second-rate poets : and by some has been thought even equal to fletcher himself . he had a great veneration for his predecessors , as may be seen by his prologue to the sisters ; and particularly for mr. johnson , whom in an epistle to the earl of rutland , he stiles , our acknowledg'd master , the learned johnson : and in all his writings shews a modesty unusual , seldom found in our age ; and in this , i cannot refrain from comparing his carriage , to the civil and obliging gentleman of rome ; i mean ovid , who speaking of virgil , in the first of his two epigrams ( if at least they are his which heinsius questions ) says thus : quantum virgilius magno concessit homero : tantum ego virgilio naso poëta meo . nec me praelatum cupio tibi ferre poëtäm : ingenio si te subsequor , hoc satis est . i need not take pains to shew his intimacy , not only with the poets of his time ; but even the value and admiration that persons of the first rank had for him ; since the verses before several of his works , and his epistles dedicatory sufficiently shew it . he has writ several dramatick pieces , to the number of . which are in print : besides others which are in manuscript . of these i have seen four since my remembrance , two of which were acted at the king's house ; and the other two presented at the duke's theatre , in little lincolns-inn fields : viz. court secret , chances , grateful servant , school of compliments : with what success , i leave it to the players now in being . permit me to bring you the testimonium of an old writer on the time-poets , in behalf of our author , who delivers this distich in his praise u . shirley ( the morning child ) the muses bred , and sent him born with bays upon his head. but i shall cease any further enlargement on his commendation , and leave you to the perusal of his works , which will shew him in his native excellence , far better than i am able to describe him , or them : however , take the following account , for want of a better ; and first of those in quarto , which are twenty nine . arcadia , a pastoral acted by her majesties servants , at the phoenix in drury-lane , printed o. lond. . this play is founded on the incomparable romance written by sir philip sidney , and call'd the arcadia . ball , a comedy presented by her majesties servants , in the private house in drury-lane , printed o. lond. . in this play our author was assisted by geo. chapman , as likewise another ( which in its order ) i forgot in his account to take notice of . bird in a cage , a comedy presented at the phoenix , in drury-lane , and printed o. lond. — . this play is an excellent old comedy , and is dedicated by an ironical epistle , to the famous mr. william prinne , that great antagonist to plays . amongst other sentences , give me leave to transcribe one , which may give the reader a taste of the whole . proceed ( inimitable mecaenas , ) and having such convenient leisure , and an indefatigable pegasus , i mean your prose ( which scorneth the road of common sence , and despiseth any stile in his way ) travel still in the pursuit of new discoveries ; which you may publish , if you please , in your next book of digressions . if you do not happen presently to convert the organs , you may in time confute the steeple ; and bring every parish to one bell. — changes , or love in a maze ; a comedy presented at the private house in salisbury court , by the company of his majesty's revels ; printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to the honourable the lady dorothy shirley , by a copy of verses . the passage in the first act , where goldsworth examining his daughters chrysolina and aurelia , find them both in love with gerard , is better manag'd in the maiden-queen : tho' this play has been received with success ( as i said ) in our time ; and as i remember , the deceas'd mr. lacy acted jonny thump , sir gervase simple's man , with general applause . chabot ( philip ) admiral of france his tragedy ; presented by her majesties servants , at the private house in drury-lane ; printed o. lond. . this is the second play in which mr. chapman joyn'd with our author . for the plot , see the french chronologers , and historians in the reign of francis the first ; such as paulus jovius , arnoldus his continuation of paulus aemilius , mart. longeus , de serres , mezeray , &c. constant maid , or love will find out the way ; a comedy acted at the new play-house , called the nursery , in hatton-garden ; printed o. lond. . hardwell courting mrs. bellamy the widow , by the advice of his friend play-fair , is the subject of several plays old and new ; as i might instance , were it material : tho' i mention it here , because it occasions most of the business in the play. contention for honour and riches ; printed o. lond. . i know not what to call this , whether interlude , or entertainment ; but i think i may call it a useful moral ; and which being enlarged under the title of honoria and mammon , i shall speak more of anon . 't is dedicated to edward golding , of colston in nottinghamshire , esq coronation , a comedy , which tho' printed in the folio edition of fletcher's works , was writ by shirley ; as the reader may see by the catalogue of his six plays , octavo lond. . cupid and death , a private entertainment , represented with scenes and musick , vocal and instrumental ; printed o. lond. . i cannot call to mind at present , whence the poet took originally his history , which is the changing of arrows between them , which produce dismal effects : but the english reader may read the same story in ogilby's aesop's fables , vol. . fab. . dukes mistress , a tragi-comedy presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . example , a tragi-comedy , presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . gamester , a comedy presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . the intrigue between wilding and his kinswoman , his wife and hazard , is borrow'd from ducento novelle del signor celio malespini secunda parte , nov. . the same story in q. margaret's novels day first , nov. . tho' manag'd to greater advantage by our poet ; and i must do mr. shirley this justice , to say in his behalf , that whatever he borrowes from novels , loses nothing in his hands , any more than in in mr. dryden x ; tho' our modest author would never have said so much , were he living . gentleman of venice , a tragi-comedy , presented at the private-house , in salisbury court , by her majesty's servants ; and printed quarto lond. . this play is dedicated to the honourable sir thomas nightinghale , baronet ; and the intrigue between florelli , cornari , and claudiana , is borrowed ( as i suppose ) from a novel out of gayton's festivous notes on don quixote : see book . chap. , , . grateful servant , a comedy presented with good applause , in the private , house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants . this play is dedicated to the right honourable francis , earl of rutland ; and printed o. lond. — lodowik's contrivance to have piero , tempt his wife artella , that he might be divorc'd , is the same with contarini's humour and contrivance giotto , in the humorous courtier . hide park , a comedy presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to the right honourable henry , earl of holland . this was the first earl of that name , created in . jac. apr. . and was beheaded with duke hamilton , and the lord capel , march the ninth , dying a martyr to retrive his former forfeited loyalty to his prince . to this earl , i presume , hide park once might belong , since the title was occasion'd by his command to the author . humorous courtier , a comedy presented with good applause , at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . lady of pleasure , a comedy acted by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to the right honourable richard , lord lovelace of hurley . the plot of alex. kickshaw his enjoying of aretina , and thinking her the devil , resembles lodowick , in grateful servant . love tricks , or the school of compliments ; acted by his royal highness the duke of york's servants , at the theatre in little lincolns-inn fields ; and printed o. lond. . love's cruelty , a tragedy presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to cornet george porter , and mr. charles porter . the concealment of hyppolito , and chariana's adultery from her servant by her husband bellamente's contrivance , is borrow'd from queen margaret's novels , day . nov. . the like story is related in cynthio's heccatomithi , dec. terza , novella sesta . maid's revenge , a tragedy acted with good applause , at the private-house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to henry osborn , esquire . the play is founded on a history , in mr. reynolds his god's revenge against murther ; see book . hist. . opportunity , a comedy presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; printed lond. — and dedicated to captain richard owen . the resemblance of aurelio to borgia , is founded on the same , with measure for measure , and other english plays ; all which , as i have observ'd , took their original from plautus . politician , a tragedy presented at salisbury court , by her majesty's servants ; and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to walter moyle , esquire . a story resembling this , i have read in the first book of the countess of montgomery's urania , concerning the king of romania , the prince antissius , and his mother-in-law . royal master ; a tragi-comedy acted in the new theatre in dublin ; and before the right honourable the lord deputy of ireland , in the castle ; and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to the right honourable george , earl of kildare ; and is accompanied with ten copies of verses , in its commendation . traytor , a tragedy acted by her majesty's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable william , earl of newcastle ; afterwards marquess , and duke . this play is recommended by a copy of verses , writ by mr. william atkins , a gentleman of the worthy society of grays-inn . triumph of peace , a masque presented by the four honourable houses , or inns of court , before the king and queen's majesties , in the banquetting-house at whitehal , feb. the third . the scene and ornament was the contrivance of mr. inigo jones : the musick was composed by mr. william laws , and mr. simon ives . the masque is dedicated to the four equal honourable societies of the inns of court ; mr. shirley being at that time of grays-inn . the masquers went in a solemn cavalcade , from ely house to whitehall , and the author himself says , that this masque , for the variety of the shews , and the richness of the habits , was the most magnificent that hath been brought to court in his time. 't is printed o. lond. . i have a little piece by me , call'd the inns of court anagrammatist , or the masquers masqued in anagrammes ; written by mr. francis lenton , one of her majesty's poets ; and printed o. lond. . this piece not only names the masquers , and of what house they were ; but commends each in an epigram . saint patrick for ireland , the first part ; printed o. lond. . tho' our title-page calls it the first part , i know not whether there was ever a second part printed ; tho' the prologue seems to promise one , in the following lines : saint patrick , whose large story cannot be bound in the limits of one play , if ye first welcome this , you 'l grace our poets art , and give him courage for a second part. for the story , see bede's life of st. patrick ; sigebert , baronius , balaeus , seven champions of christendom : his life in english in twelves , lond. — wedding , a tragi-comedy acted by her majesty's servants , at the phoenix in drury-lane ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to william gowre , esquire . this is an excellent comedy , considering the time in which 't was writ . witty fair one , a comedy presented at the private-house in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated to sir edmund bushel . young admiral , a tragi-comedy presented by her majesty's servants , at the private-house in drury-lane ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable george , lord barkley , of barkley-castle . these are all the plays that our author has in print in quarto ; we are now to give an account of nine dramatick pieces printed in octavo . we shall begin with six plays , which are printed together ; viz. brothers , a comedy acted at the private-house in black-fryars ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his noble friend thomas stanley , esq cardinal , a tragedy acted at the private-house in black-fryars ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his friend g. b. esq court secret , a tragi-comedy , prepared for the scene at black-fryars , but not acted till after it appeared in print ; it being printed o. lond. . and dedicated to william , earl of strafford , son and heir to that great soul of honour , thomas lord lieutenant of ireland , and the proto-martyr for religion and loyalty , in the year . doubtful heir , a tragi-comedy , acted at the private-house in black-fryars ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the worthily honoured friend , sir edmund bowyer . the queen 's courting rosania , under the disguise of a page , and the king 's surprizing them , has resemblance to a story in the english adventures , o. part . between king henry , izabella , and horatio . imposture , a tragi-comedy acted at the private-house in black-fryars , and printed o. lond. . 't is dedicated to sir robert bolles , baronet . sisters , a comedy acted at the private-house in black-fryars , and printed o. lond. . 't is dedicated to william paulet , esq having given an account of these six plays , i am now to speak of two others , which are printed together in o. lond. — viz. honoria and mammon , a comedy , which is built upon that entertainment before mentioned , called contention for honour and riches . i shall refer my reader to the author's epistle , for further satisfaction of the reason of his undertakings . contention of ajax and ulysses , for the armour of achilles . this interlude was nobly represented ( says the author ) by young gentlemen of quality , at a private entertainment of some persons of honour . the design is taken from ovid's metamorphosis , book the . see the beginning . there rests only his poems to be spoken of , printed octavo lond. . to which is added a masque , call'd triumph of beauty , personated by some young gentlemen , for whom it was intended , at a private recreation . the subject of this masque , is that known story of the judgment of paris , upon the golden-ball ; which you may read in lucians dialogues : but our author has imitated shakespear , in the comical part of his midsummer nights dream ; and shirley's shepheard bottle , is but a copy of shakespear's bottom , the weaver . i shall conclude this account , with four lines writ in our author's commendation , by one mr. hall ; who in the title of his panegyrick stiles him , the surviving honour and ornament of the english scene : and in the end , concludes thus : yet this i dare assert , when men have nam'd johnson ( the nations laureat , ) the fam'd beaumont , and fletcher , he , that cannot see shirley , the fourth , must forfeit his best eye . sir charles sidley . a gentleman whose name speaks a greater panegyrick , than i am able to express ; and whose wit is so well known to this age , that i should but tarnish its lustre , by my endeavouring to deliver it over to the next : his wit is too noble a subject to need any herald to proclaim its titles and pedigree ; or if it did , my voice and skill are too weak , to sound out his praises in their due measures . i shall therefore only content my self , as the vallys , that have no voice of their own , to eccho out his merits at the second-hand ; and give you part of his character , from a person whose honour and pride it is , to have a considerable share in his friendship : i mean mr. shadwell , who in his epistle dedicatory to the true widow , says , that he has heard him speak more wit at a supper , than all his adversaries , with their heads joyn'd together , could write in a year . that his writings are not unequal to any man 's of this age , ( not to speak of abundance of excellent copies of verses ) . that he has in the mulberry garden , shown the true wit , humour , and satyr of a comedy ; and in anthony and cleopatra , the true spirit of a tragedy . but least this might be thought partiality or flattery in our laureat , give me leave to transcribe another part of his character , from an unquestionable judge of poetry , the great ornament of the muses , the lord rochester , in his imitation of horace's tenth satyr of the first book . sidley , has that prevailing gentle art , that can with a resistless charm impart , the loosest wishes , to the chastest heart , raise such a conflict , kindle such a fire , betwixt declineing virtue , and desire ; till the poor vanquisht maid dissolves away , in dreams all night , in sighs , and tears all day . the plays this great wit has oblig'd the world with , are but three ; all which appear to be writ with design ( at least they may serve to be ) patterns for succeeding poets imitation ; which i shall only mention in their alphabetical order , viz. anthony and cleopatra , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; and printed o. lond. . for the history , see plutarch's life of anthony , appian , dion cassius , diodorus , florus , &c. bellamira , or the mistress ; a comedy acted by their majesties servants , and printed lond. . this play is an imitation ( as the author informs us ) of terence's eunucbus . mulberry garden , a comedy acted by his majesty's servants , at the theatre-royal ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to her grace , the dutchess of richmond and lenox : which epistle is not the least ornament to the play , and shews the neatness of his stile in prose . i dare not say , that the character of sir john everyoung , and sir samuel fore-cast , are copies of sganarelle and ariste , in molliere's l'escole des maris ; but i may say , that there is some resemblance : tho' whoever understands both languages , will readily , and with justice give our english wit the preference : and sir charles is not to learn to copy nature from the french. give me leave to conclude , with what the learned mr. evelyn has said , with no less truth than ingenuity , ( in his imitation of ovid's fifteenth elegy ) of this excellent poet , and his friend sir george etheridge : while fathers are severe , and servants cheat , till bawds and whores can live without deceit , sidley and easy etheridge shall be great . john smith . a gentleman ( as i suppose ) now living at snenton in yorkshire , the author of a comedy , call'd cytherea , or the enamouring girdle ; printed o lond. . this play was refused to be acted by the players of the duke's theatre , as you may see by the epistle dedicatory to the northern gentry . i leave the play to the judgment of those that have read it . william smith . an author that lived in the reign of king james the first , who publish'd a play , call'd hector of germany , or the palsgrave prime elector ; an honourable history , publickly acted at the red-bull , and at the curtain , by a company of young men of this city ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful sir john swinnerton , lord mayor of london , in the year . this play is not divided into acts : i am not certain where this story is to be found ; tho' possibly albertus argentinensis , or henry monk of rebdorf , may make some mention of this palatin . our author writ another play , called the freeman's honour , to dignify the worthy company of taylors ; but whether ever it was printed or no , i know not . this author joyned with one w. webbe , in writing a book , called the description of the counry palatine of chester , lond. . hieronymo is ascribed by mr. philips and winstanley , thro' their old mistake , to our author ; it being an anonymous play. thomas southern . an author of whom i can give no further account , than that he has two plays in print ; viz. disappointment , or the mother in fashion ; acted at the theatre-royal , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable james , earl of ossory , the present duke of ormond . this has somewhat of the story of the curious impertinent , in don quixot . loyal brother , or the persian prince ; a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to his grace , the duke of richmond . the play is founded on a novel , called tachmas prince of persia , octavo . thomas stanley , esq a gentleman who flourish'd in the reign of king charles the first , at camberloe-green , in hertfordshire . one , who is sufficiently known to all learned men , not only for his skill in languages , as appears by his several versions ; but by his great learning , exquisite fancy , and admirable judgment . for the one , to wit , his fancy , he is here mention'd in quality of a poet ; and the rather because we owe to him the version of an excellent piece of antiquity , which he calls clouds , a comedy , which he translated from aristophanes his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this play , as aelian observes , in his various history , was writ at the instigation of anytas , purposely to abuse socrates ; and is subjoyn'd by our author to the life of that excellent philosopher , ( not as a comical divertisement for the reader , who can expect little in that kind , from a subject so ancient and particular ; but ) as a necessary supplement to the life of socrates . this play is printed with mr. stanley's history of philosophy , printed fol. lond. . second edit . a work which will always be valued by all learned men : in which the reader will find also translated a dramma of ausonins , inscribed ludus septem sapientum . his translation of aeschylus his tragedies into latin , with his excellent comment , printed fol. lond. . deserves the highest commendation : and for his poems in english ; not only those which are properly his own , sufficiently shew his genius for poetry : but even his various translations from the greek of anacreon , moschus ; from the latin of ausonius , catullus , bion , secundus , barclaius , to which i may add picus mirandula his discourse of platonick love ; from the spanish of lope de vega , gongora , and montalvan ; the italian of guarini , marino , tasso , petrarch , cassone , preti , boscan , &c. the french of st. amant , tristan , ronsard , theophile , and de voiture ; shew how much he was vers'd in those languages . his poems receiv'd several editions ; that which i take to be the best was printed o. lond. . besides these poems , he has in print two little romances , or novels , translated from the spanish of don juan perez de montalvan , call'd aurora , ismenia , and the prince ; which with the poem of oronta , translated from the italian of signor girolamo preti , are printed octavo lond. . sir robert stapleton . a gentleman , who i presume is still living . he was well known at court , by the honourable station he was in , being one of the gentlemen-ushers of his majesty king charles the second's most honourable privy-chamber : but his writings have made him not only known , but admired throughout all england ; and whilst musaeus and juvenal are in esteem with the learned , sir robert's fame will still survive : the translation of those two famous authors , having plac'd his name in the temple of immortality . as to musaeus , he had so great a value for him , that after he had translated him , he built the story into a dramatick poem , call'd hero and leander their tragedy ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the dutchess of monmouth . whether this play were ever acted or no , i know not , or where ; tho' the prologue and epilogue , seem to imply that it had appeared on the stage . slighted maid , a comedy , written likewise by our author , and acted with great applause , at the theatre in little lincolns-inn fields , by his highness the duke of york's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the late duke of monmouth . the epitaph made by decio upon iberio and pyramena , is borrowde from arria and petus ; see martial epigr. l. . ep. l. . stapleton's juvenal , the best edition with cuts , is printed fol. lond. . and his musaeus , or hero and leander in verse , is printed o. lond. . to which is added leander's letter to hero , and her answer translated from ovid's epistles . besides these , he englished strada de bello belgich , printed lond. . of these pieces , jo. leigh esq in his verses on carthwright , says thus ; brave stapleton translates old wit and new ; musaeus , juvenal , and strada too . i know nothing else that our author has extant , but a translation from the french of mr. de marmet , l d of valcroisant ; call'd entertainments of the course , or academical conversations , printed o. lond. . and mr. de bergerac's history of the world in the moon , in twelves lond. — john stephens . an author that liv'd in the reign of king james the first , who has published a play , called cynthia's revenge , a tragedy , printed o. lond. . this is one of the longest plays that i ever read , and withall the most tedious . the author seems to have a great value for lucan : for he not only makes king menander repeat part in the original , but in the fourth act he makes him speak a speech containing the beginning of the first book of lucan , to the th verse ; but how far short he falls of mr. may , i leave to the readers judgment . in the fifth act , the poet introduces an interlude of the contention of ajax and ulysses , for the armour of achilles , which i take to be but indifferent . he has writ besides a piece , called satyrical essays , in octavo lond. . this play was in former catalogues ascrib'd to john swallow ; but i believe this to be the genuine author . william strode . a gentleman that flourish'd in the reign of king charles the martyr , of a good family in devonshire ; being countryman and collegiate with the witty dr. main . he was enter'd in christ-church colledge in oxford , at nineteen years of age ; and soon after was elected student . he took his several degrees , and was chosen for his excellent parts , oratour of the university . tho' he was in orders , he was sent for by the dean and chapter , to write a play , for the diversion and entertainment of their majesties , which was call'd floating island , a tragi-comedy acted before his majesty at oxf. aug. . by the students of christ-church . the airs and songs , were set by mr. henry laws , servant to his majesty , in publick and private musick . this play was not printed till eleven years after the author's death , and above eighteen years after 't was acted ; being printed lond. . and dedicated even in manuscript , and in the author's life-time , to his most honoured patron sir john helle , by a copy of verses . this play was too full of morality , to please the court ; tho' at the same time 't was commended by the king ; as was apparent by his bestowing a cannon's dignity upon him , not long after ; at which time he took the degree of doctor of divinity . 't was then that he employ'd his pen in more serious studies ; and those three sermons of his which are extant , shew him a solid divine , as well as an excellent oratour . he died the eleventh of march . and was buried at christ-church . john studley . an author that liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , and who contributed with the other four translators already mention'd , ( viz. heywood , nuce , newton , and nevile ) to perfect the version of seneca's tragedies . our author had the largest share in the work , he having rendred four into english ; viz. agamemnon , a tragedy , of which says heinsius , est frugis bonae haec tragoedia . i shall not pretend to determine of the oeconomy of this tragedy , but leave it to the criticks ; nor take upon me to discover how much , or how little seneca has borrowed from ion and aeschylus ; but refer the reader to delrio , and others . 't is sufficient for me to observe , that the translator has taken upon him to add a whole scene at the end of the fifth act : tho' upon what reason i know not , except it be to give an account of the death of cassandra , the imprisonment of electra , and the flight of orestes ; all which was made known before . however , for this purpose the translator makes choice of euribates , who in the beginning of the third act , brings notice to clitemnestra , of agamemnon's return ; possibly to comply with the poet , who throughout makes no use of a nuntius in this play ; tho' the death of agamemnon be to be discovered by a narration , but leaves it to cassandra and electra , in the fifth act. hippolytus , a tragedy , that is extreamly regular in the three unities , of place , time and action : and heinsius , that great critick , has not stuck to give it the title of divine : how near our translator has approacht the sense of the author , i shall leave to others determination . hercules oetaeus , a tragedy , which by some is thought to be an imitation of sophocles his traxiniai . medea , a tragedy , in which seneca has imitated euripides ; and in the opinion of some , even excelled his copy . this play is stiled by one , alta medea senecae , and is likewise regular ; as indeed are all seneca's tragedies , except his thebais . our english translator , ( i know not for what reason ) has alter'd the chorus of the first act : whether it was that he thought the description of an epithalamium , which the corinthian women sing , before the design'd wedding of jason and creusa , were too light a subject for a tragedy , or what other motive he had to substitute his own thoughts instead of seneca's , i know not ; but must leave him and his works to the judgment and censure of the criticks . sir john suckling . a gentleman , whose admirable parts made him sufficiently famous , in the reign of king charles the first , to whom he was comptroller . he was born at witham , in the county of middlesex in the year . and which was extraordinary , ( according to his mother's reckoning ) in the beginning of the eleventh month. nor was his life less remarkable , than his birth : for he had so pregnant a genius that he spoke latin at five years old , and writ it at nine years of age. his skill in languages , and musick , was remarkable ; but above all his poetry , took with all the people , whose souls were polished by the charms of the muses : and tho' war did not so well agree with his constitution ; yet in his travels he made a campaign under the famous gustavus , where he was present at three battles , five sieges , and as many skirmishes : and if his valour was not so remarkable , in the north in the beginning of the wars ; yet his loyalty was conspicuous , by his expence in the troop of horse , which he rais'd , whose equipage , viz. horses , arms and clothes , were provided all at his own charge , and stood him in l. but these passages being at present forreign to my subject , i shall return to his poetry ; and begin with his dramatick pieces , which are four in number , viz. aglaura , presented at the private-house in black-fryars . this play was first printed in fol. upon which an anonymous satyrist ( i. e. mr. rich. brome , see at the entrance of covent garden weeded ) made a copy of verses ; which being too large to be transcrib'd , i shall refer my reader to a small book of poems , call'd musarum deliciae , or the muses recreation , where he may find them in the st . page . only by this we may observe the truth of that saying of ovid y : pascitur in vivis livor : post fata quieseit , cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos . this play is much priz'd at this day , and has this remarkable , that the last act is so altered , that 't is at the pleasure of the actors , to make it a tragedy , or tragi-comedy : which was so well approv'd of by that excellent poet sir robert howard , that he has followed this president , in his vestal virgin. brenoralt , or the discontented colonel ; a tragedy presented at the private-house in blackfryars , by his majesty's servants . goblings , a tragi-comedy presented at the private-house in blackfryars , by his majesty's servants . sad one , a tragedy . this piece was never finish'd . 't is not to be expected that i should give any account of the plots , or thefts in this author's works ; for his muse was young , and vigorous enough , had she not so soon been cut off by death , to have brought forth many more children , without any assistance , but that of the proper parent : all that i have further to say is , that these plays , with the rest of his works , are printed under the title of fragmenta aurea ; or a collection of all the incomparable pieces , written by sir john suckling , o. there are several editions of his works : and the last ( as i think ) was printed o . lond. . to which are added several poems , and other pieces , which were by his sisters permission allowed to be published . i shall not pretend to give a character of his works , but subscribe to one already printed * ; viz. that his poems are clean , sprightly , and natural ; his discourses full and convincing ; his plays well humor'd and taking ; his letters fragrant , and sparking : only his thoughts were not so loose as his expression , witness his excellent discourse to my lord dorset , about religion . this ingenious gentleman died of a feaver , a. d. — being about . years of age : what excellent advice he left to his friends about him , may be read in mr. lloyd's memoirs ; nor can i forbear transcribing what that author writ upon that subject . ne hae zelantis animae sacriores scintillulae ipsum unde deciderant spirantes coelum , & author magnus ipsa quam aliis dedit careret memoria ; interesse posteris putavimus brevem honoratissimi viri johannis sucklingii vitam historia esse perennandam . utpote qui nobilissima sucklingiorum familia oriundus , cui tantum reddidit , quantum accepit honorem ; nat. cal. apr. . withamiae in agro middles . renatus ibid. maii . and denatus — haud jam trigessimus , & scriptu dignissima fecit & factu dignissima scripsit . calamo pariter & gladio celebris , pacis artium gnarus & belli . gilbert swinhoe , esq a gentleman , who liv'd in the reigns of king charles the first and second ; a north-country man by birth , ( being born in northumberland ) the author of a play , call'd unhappy fair irene her tragedy ; printed o. lond. . this play is accompany'd with three copies of verses in its commendation ; tho' i think it scarce deserve them . the play is founded on history : see knolles his turkish history , in the life of mahomet the first ; which story is the subject of a novel in bandello , which is translated into french by pierre boisteau ; see histoires tragicques , tome premier nov. . the same is translated into english , by wil. painter in his palace of pleasure , in quarto , nov. o. t. nathaniel tate . an author now living ; who tho' he be allow'd to be a man of wit and parts , yet for dramatick poetry , he is not above the common rank : what he has extant , for the most part is borrow'd ; at least we may say , that generally he follows other mens models , and builds upon their foundations : for of eight plays that are printed under his name , six of them owe their original to other pens ; as we shall shew in the following account . brutus of alba , or the enchanted lovers ; a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . this play is founded on virgil's aeneids , book the th ; and was finished under the names of dido and aeneas , but by the advice of some friends , was transformed to the dress it now wears . cuckold's haven , or an alderman no conjurer ; a farce acted at the queen's theatre , in dorset garden ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to colonel edmund ashton . this play is borrow'd from johnson's eastward-hoe , and devil is an ass. duke and no duke , a farce acted by their majesties servants ; with the several songs set to musick , with thorough-basses for the theorbo , or bass-viol ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable sir george hewyt . this play is founded on sir aston cockain's trappolin suppos'd a prince . ingratitude of a common-wealth , or the fall of caius martius coriolanus ; acted at the theatre-royal , printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , lord herbert , marquess of worcester . this play is borrowed from shakespear's coriolanus . island princess , a tragi-comedy acted at the theatre-royal : revived with alterations ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry , lord walgrave . this play is fletcher's originally . loyal general , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to edward taylor esquire . lear king of england his history ; acted at the dukes theatre : revived with alterations ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to thomas boteler esq this play in the original , was writ by w. shakespear . richard the third , a history acted at the theatre-royal , under the name of the sicilian usurper : with a prefatory epistle , in vindication of the author ; occasioned by the prohibition of this play on the stage : printed o. lond. . and dedicated to george raynford , esq this play owns its birth likewise to shakespear . besides these plays , our author has two volumes of poems in print . one wholy writ by him , call'd poems writ on several occasions , second edit enlarg'd printed o. lond. . the other call'd poems by several hands , and on several occasions , collected by our author , and printed octavo lond. . john tateham . an author that flourish'd in the reign of king charles the first ; and was ( says mr. winstanley ) the city poet. if he was not an extraordinary wit , at least he was loyal in the highest degree , as may appear by his plays ; and equally hated the rump and the scots . he has four plays in print ; three in quarto , and one printed with his poems in octavo . distracted state , a tragedy , written in the year . but not printed till . o. and dedicated to john sidley . this play suited well with the times ; and his hatred to the scots appears in this play , where he introduces a scotch mountebank ( in the fourth act ) to poyson archias the elected king , at the instigation of cleander . this i take to be the best of our author's writings . rump , or the mirrour of the late times ; a comedy acted many times with great applause , at the private-house in dorset court ; printed ( the second edit . ) o. lond. . and dedicated to walter james , of rambden-house , in smarden , in the county of kent , esq this play has lately been reviv'd on our stage , under the name of the roundheads . scots figaries , or a knot of knaves ; a comedy , printed o lond. . and dedicated to robert dormer , esq most of this play is writ in the scotch dialect , and displays them to the life . love crowns the end , a tragi-comedy acted by the scholars of bingham , in the county of nottingham . this play is not divided into acts , and is much shorter than most usually are ; being fitted purposely , as i suppose , for those youths than acted it . 't is printed with his poems , call'd the mirrour of fancies , in octavo lond. . and dedicated to sir john winter , secretary of state to his majesty in his exile . robert taylour . an author , to whose person and writings i am wholy a stranger ; only i find in former catalogues a comedy ascribed to him , call'd hog-huth lost his pearl . thomas thomson . another author of the meanest rank , and a great plagiary ; if one of the plays be own'd by him , which mr. kirkman has ascribed to him ; viz. english rogue , a comedy acted before several persons of honour with great applause ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to mrs. alice barret . mother shipton her life , acted nine days together with great applause ; printed o. lond. — i suppose the occasion of the success of this play , was from what he stole ; for all the characters , except what relate to shipton , are borrow'd ; as the characters of shift-hose , monylack , sir oliver , whore-hound , david , &c. are stollen verbatim from massinger's city madam , and middleton's chast maid in cheapside . this play has not the author's name to it , but the two first letters : it may be he was asham'd to set his name to other mens labours . as to the story of shipton , i know not how to direct the reader , except to an old book in quarto , call'd the life and death of mother shipton . nicholas trott . an author , who writ a tragedy , call'd arthur , which i never saw : neither can i give any account of the author himself , or the time he liv'd in . richard tuke . an author , of whom i can give no further account , than that he writ a play , call'd divine comedian , or the right use of plays , improved in a sacred tragi-comedy ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , and no less virtuous mary , countess of warwick . this play was call'd first by the author , the soul's warfare ; and is grounded on the danger of the soul in this world. s. tuke . a collonel now living ( as i have been inform'd ) in sussex : the author of one of the best plays now extant , for oeconomy and contrivance ; viz. adventures of five hours , a tragi-comedy , the second edition ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , henry howard , of norfolk : attended with eight copies of verses , writ by very eminent persons ; as mr. cowley , evelyn , carlisle , and others . this play , i believe , ows its foundation to one in spanish . cyril turneur . this author liv'd in the reign of king james the first , and published two tragedies ; viz. atheist's tragedy : of the date of this play , or to whom dedicated , i can give no account , the title-page and epistle , ( if there were any ) of my copy being lost . the plot of levidulcia , her conveying sebastian and fresco out of her chamber , when she was surpris'd by her husband belleforrest's coming , is borrow'd from boccace , day the . nov. the . revenger's tragedy , sundry times acted by the kings majesties servants ; and printed o. of these two plays , mr. winstanley quotes a distich , i know not from what author , as follows . his fame unto that pitch so only rais'd , as not to be despis'd , nor too much prais'd . john tutchin . an author of our times ; who has a pastoral extant , call'd unfortunate shepherd , a pastoral ; printed o. lond. . this play with the rest of his poems on several occasions , and a piece in prose , call'd a discourse of life , were all printed octavo lond. . w. lewis wager . a learned clerk , living in the begining of the reign of queen elizabeth ; who was the author of an interlude , call'd mary magdalen , her life and repentance ; printed in a black letter , o. lond. . this interlude may easily be acted by four persons . for the plot , take an account from the following lines ; being part of the prologue , and will give you a taste of the author's stile . of the gospel we shall rehearse a fruitful story , written in the th of luke with words plaine , the story of a woman that was right sorry , for that she had spent her life in sinne vile and vaine . by christ's preaching she was converted againe , to be truly penitent by hir fruictes she declared , and to shew hir self a sinner she never spared . edmund waller . a gentleman not many years deceas'd : whose name will ever be dear to all lovers of the muses . his compositions are universally applauded ; and they are thought fit to serve as a standard , for all succeeding poems . he was a friend to the ingenious fletcher ; as appears by his verses , printed at the beginning of those plays ; and was so far a lover of dramatick poetry , that he translated part of a play , in which the right honourable the earl of dorset and middlesex , was concerned ; viz. pompey the great , a tragedy acted by the servants of his royal highness the duke of york ; printed o. lond. . besides this play , he has a volume of poems extant , which have been several times reprinted ; the fourth edition , was printed octavo lond. . there is newly publish'd a second part , containing his alteration of the maid's tragedy , and whatsoever of his was left unprinted , publisht octavo lond. . george wapul . an author , whose writings are as unknown as any of the former ; to whom is ascribed a comedy , call'd tide tarrieth for no man. william wayer . an author , of whose time and writings i can give no further account , than that he is accounted the author of a comedy , which i never saw , called the more thou liv'st , the more fool thou art . there are two other plays ( whose authors are unknown ) ascribed by mr. philips and winstanley , to our author ; viz. tryal of chivalry , and tom tyler and his wife : tho' i believe they were never writ by him . r. waver . the author of a play , which i have never seen , call'd lusty juventus ; who , or whence this author was , i know not . john webster . an author that liv'd in the reign of king james the first ; and was in those days accounted an excellent poet. he joyn'd with decker , marston , and rowley , in several plays ; and was likewise author of others , which have even in our age gain'd applause : as for instance , appius and virginia , dutchess of malfy , and vittoria corrombona ; but i shall speak of these in their order . appius and virginia , a tragedy , printed ( according to my copy ) o. lond. . i suppose there may be an older edition than mine ; but this is that which was acted at the duke's theatre , and was alter'd ( as i have heard by mr. carthwright ) by mr. betterton : for the plot , consult livy , florus , &c. devil's law-case , or when women go to làw , the devil is full of business ; a tragi-comedy , approvedly well acted by her majesty's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to sir thomas finch . an accident like that of romelio's stabbing contarino out of malice , which turned to his preservation , is ( if i mistake not ) in skenkius his observations : at least i am sure , the like happened to phaereus jason , as you may see in q. val. maximus , lib. . cap. . the like story is related in goulart's histoires admirables , tome . page . dutchess of malfy , a tragedy presented privately at the black-fryars , and publickly at the globe , by the king's majesty's servants ; and i have seen it since acted at the duke of york's theatre . 't was first printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable george , lord barkeley , and since reprinted o. lond. . for the plot , consult bandello's novels in french , by belleforest , n. . beard 's theatre of god's judgments , book . ch. . the like story is related by goulart , in his histoires admirables de nôtre temps , p. . white devil , or the tragedy of paulo giordano ursini , duke of brachiano ; with the life and death of vittoria corombona , the famous venetian curtezan : acted by the queen's majesty's servants , at the phoenix in drury-lane ; printed o. lond. . and since acted at the theatre-royal , and reprinted . besides these plays , our author has been assisted by mr. rowley in two others ; which because he had the least part in their composition , i place to our author ; viz. cure for a cuckold , a comedy several times acted with great applause ; printed o. lond. . thracian wonder , a comical history several times acted with great applause ; printed quarto lond. . mr. philips has committed a great mistake , in ascribing several plays to our author , and his associate mr. decker ; one of which belong to another writer , whose name is annexed , and the rest are anonymous : as for instance , the noble stranger , was writ by lewis sharpe ; and the new trick to cheat the devil , weakest goes to the wall , and woman will have her will , to unknown authors . john watson , esq an author , who in the reign of king charles the second , writ a play in heroick verse , call'd amazon queen , or the amours of thalestris to alexander the great ; a tragi-comedy in heroick verse ; and printed o. lond. . the story of thalestris may be read in q. curtius , lib. . c. . just. lib. . strabo lib. . &c. tho' our author makes her somewhat nice in her amours . this play was never acted , by reason of the author 's hearing of two plays besides on the same subject , that were intended for the stage . — whitaker . the author of a play , call'd conspiracy , or the change of government ; a tragedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre ; and printed o. lond. . this play is written in heroick verse : as to its character , i shall leave it to the judgment of abler criticks . dr. robert wild . a doctor of the presbyterian leven ; but yet ( who it seems ) in his juvenile years , was the author of a comedy , call'd the benefice ; which was printed o. lond. . his opinion of the orthodox clergy , may easily be collected from this play ; tho' he is beholding to another play , call'd the return from pernassus , or the scourge of simony , for his design . his poems are well known , octavo . leonard willan . a gentleman that flourish'd in the reign of king charles the second . this author publish'd a play , call'd astraea , or true loves mirrour ; a pastoral in verse ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the illustrious princess mary , dutchess of richmond and lenox . this play is founded on the romance of astraea , writ by mr. d'urfé . on this author , mr. herrick has writ a copy of verses ; which the reader may peruse at leisure , p. . of his poems in octavo . george wilkins . an author that liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , who was the writer of a single comedy ; besides that in which he joyn'd with day and rowley ; i mean the travels of three english brothers . the play i am speaking of , is call'd miseries of inforced marriage , play'd by his majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . this comedy has been a great part of it reviv'd by mrs. behn , under the title of the town fop , or sir timothy tawdry . robert wilmot . an author in the time of queen elizabeth , who at the desire of the gentlemen of the inner-temple , compos'd a play , call'd tancred and gismund their tragedy , acted before her majesty , by the gentlemen of the temple ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right worshipful and vertuous ladies , the lady mary peter , and the lady anne grey . this play is founded on a story in boccace ; see day the fourth , novel the first . john wilson . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of king charles the second , if not still alive ; whose muse has been applauded on the stage . his play call'd the cheats , having the general approbation of being an excellent comedy . he has writ three plays ; in number of which take the following account . andronicus comnenus , a tragedy ; printed lond. . for the plot , consult glycas leunclaius , chorriates , cantacusenus , &c. cheats , a comedy written in the year . and printed d edit . o. lond. . the author has sufficiently apologiz'd for this play , in his preface , to which i refer you . projectors , a comedy ; printed . lond. . robert wilson . a gentleman that flourish'd in the time of queen elizabeth ; and was the author of a comedy , call'd the coblers prophecy , printed o. lond. . nathaniel woods . an author that was a minister in norwich , in the reign of queen elizabeth ; and who writ an old comedy , call'd conflict of conscience ; containing a most lamentable example of the doleful desperation of a miserable worldling , by the name of philologus ; who forsook the truth of god's gospel , for fear of the loss of life , and worldly goods . the actors names divided into six parts , most convenient for such as be dispos'd either to shew this comedy in private houses , or otherwise ; printed o. lond. . john wright . a writer still living , who has publisht two plays ; the one being writ in heroick verse , and the other disguis'd en travesty . they both bear the same title , and are bound together ; viz. thyestes , a tragedy translated out of seneca ; printed in octavo lond. . and dedicated to bennet , lord sherrard . mock thyestes , a farce in burlesque verse ; and printed o. lond. . in commendation of these two plays , there is a copy of verses , written by mr. o. salisbury ; which begins thus : did seneca now live , himself would say , that your translation has not wrong'd his play ; but that in every page , in every line , your language does with equal splendor shine , &c. william wytcherley . a gentleman , whom i may boldly reckon amongst the poets of the first rank : no man that i know , except the excellent johnson , having outdone him in comedy ; in which alone he has imploy'd his pen , but with that success , that few have before , or will hereafter match him . his plays are four in number ; viz. country wife , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , and printed o. lond. . this is reckon'd an admirable play. gentleman dancing-master , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; and printed in quarto lond. . love in a wood , or saint james's park ; a comedy , acted at the theatre-royal , by his majesty's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the dutchess of cleveland . plain dealer , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , by his majesty's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to madam b — of this play and its author , mr. dryden says thus : the author of the plain dealer , whom i am proud to call my friend , has oblig'd all honest and virtuous men , by one of the most bold , most general , and most useful satyrs , which has been presented on the english theatre . but notwithstanding this admirable character , i must take the freedom to alledge , that our author has borrow'd his chief characters of manly and olivia , from molliere's le misanthrope ; that of major old-fox , from scarron's city romance ; and that of vernish his seizing fidelia , and discovering her sex , may possibly be founded on silvia molliere's memoires . but notwithstanding all this , the play is excellent in its kind ; and the author's character is justly drawn by mr. evelyn : as long as men are false , and women vain , while gold continues to be virtues bane , in pointed satyr wycherley shall reign . y. robert yarrington . an ancient writer in queen elizabeth's time ; who has publisht a play , call'd two tragedies in one. the one , of the murther of mr. beech a chandler , in thames-street , and his boy ; done by thomas mern : the other , of a young child , murther'd in a wood by two ruffins , with the consent of his uncle ; printed in quarto lond. . supposed authors . we are now arriv'd at those authors , whose names are not certainly known , who discover themselves only to their friends in private , and disguise themselves from the knowledge of the world by two letters only : part of which we shall unriddle in the following account . r. a. gent. this author writ a play , call'd the valiant welchman ; or the true chronicle history of the life and valiant deeds of charadoc , the great king of cambria , now call'd wales . this play has been sundry times acted by the prince of wales his servants ; but printed o. lond. . for the plot of this play , 't is founded on true history : see tacitus annals , milton's history of england , &c. see besides ubaldine , le vite delle donne illustre , p. . h. h. b. the author of a play , call'd the world's idol , or plutus ; a comedy , written in greek by aristophanes , and translated by our author ; together with his notes , and a short discourse upon it ; printed octavo lond. . p. b. i. e. peter belon , gent. an author now living , who is supposed to write a play , call'd the mock duellist , or the french vallet ; acted at the theatre-royal , by his majesty's servants ; printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to the virtuous accomplisht lady , madam s. c. j. c. the author of a pleasant comedy , call'd the two merry milk-maids , or the best words wear the garland ; acted before the king with general approbation , by the company of the revels ; printed quarto lond. — part of the plot of this play , viz. dorigene's promise to dorillus , of enjoyment when he presented her with a garland that should contain all sorts of flowers in january , and the consequence , is founded on boccace day . n. . and is the foundation of other plays ; as fletcher's four plays in one , &c. r. c. there are two plays , which no otherwise discover the author , than by these two letters : the first call'd alphonsus king of arragon , a history which i never saw ; the other nam'd ignoramus , a comedy several times acted with extraordinary applause , before the majesty of king james ; with a supplement which ( out of respect to the students of the common law ) was hitherto wanting : written in latin by r. ruggles , sometimes master of arts in clare hall in cambridge , and translated by r. c. sometimes master of arts in magdalen colledge in oxford ; printed o. lond. . j. d. the author of a comedy , call'd the mall , or the modish lovers ; acted by his majesty's servants ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to william whitcom junior , esq this play is ascribed by dr. hyde ( the proto-bibliothecarius to the university ) to mr. dryden ; tho' methinks the stile of the epistle dedicatory , is not like the rest of his writings . r. d. the author of a play , call'd new trick to cheat the devil , a comedy , printed o. lond. . the plot of fryar john's discovering the constable and the woman 's intrigue , and pretending to conjure for victuals at the husband's return , act . sc. . is the same with that made use of in the london cuckolds ; and which is related since the writing of this play , by m. d'ouville in his tales , part . . page . slight-all's teaching the art of love , to the two gentlemen , in the second scene of the first act , is borrow'd from ovid de arte amandi , lib. . t. d. under these letters , is a play in print , call'd the bloody banquet , a tragedy ; printed . this play by some old catalogues , is ascrib'd to thomas basker . s. h. concerning this author was , i know no more , than that he was a batchelor of arts , of exeter colledge in oxford ; and writ a play , call'd sicily and naples , or the fatal union ; a tragedy , printed o. oxon. . this play is commended by seven copies of verses , which are prefix'd , most of them being writ by young academics . b. j. the author of a tragedy , call'd guy of warwick , which i have once seen in quarto lond. — and the gentleman that shew'd it me , told me it was writ by ben johnson ; tho' by that little i read , i guess'd it to be writ by a pen far inferiour to that great master in poetry . e. m. the author of a tragedy , call'd saint cecilie , or the converted twins ; printed quarto lond. . this play was publish'd by mr. medbourn , the comedian , and dedicated to queen katherine . for the plot , consult ecclesiastical writers , as epiphanius , eusebius , baronius , &c. t. p. under these letters , are printed two plays ; one of which is call'd the french conjurer , a comedy acted at the duke of york's theatre ; and printed o. lond. . this play is founded on two stories in the romance of guzman , the spanish rogue ; one call'd dorido and clorinia : the other , the merchant of sevil. the second play is stiled , a witty combat , or the female victor ; a tragi-comedy acted by persons of quality , in whitson week , with great applause ; printed o. lond. . this play is founded on the story of mary carleton , the german princess : see her life in octavo . monsieur p. p. the author of an opera , call'd ariadne , or the marriage of bacchus : being a vocal representation , translated out of french , and put into musick by mr. grabut , master of his majesty's musick ; and acted by the royal-academy of musick , at the theatre-royal in covent garden ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to king charles the second s. p. an author , which i take to be samuel pordage , who publish'd a play of seneca's , with notes , call'd troades ; to which is annex'd some poems on several occasions ; all which are printed together octavo lond. . t. r. an author that publisht a play , call'd the extravagant shepheard ; a pastoral comedy , translated from the french of m. corneille junior ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to mrs. thornhill , wife to coll. rich. thornhill , of ollantigh in kent . this play is founded on a romance , call'd lysis , or the extravagant shepheard , in folio . w. r. the author of a piece , which i never saw , call'd three lords and ladies of london . mr. s. mr. of arts. the author of a right , pithy , pleasant , and merry comedy , entituled gammer gorton's needle ; play'd on the stage near a hundred year ago , in christs colledge in cambridge ; printed in a black letter o. lond. . j. s. four plays are printed under these letters ; viz. a masque , call'd masquarade du ciel , presented to the great queen of the little world ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the queen . a pastoral , call'd phillis of scyros , translated from the italian of c. guidubaldo di bonarelli ; and printed o. lond. . a tragedy , whose name is andromana , or the merchant's wife ; printed o. lond. . this play is founded on sr. phil. sidney's romance , call'd arcadia , in fol. see the story of plangus , p. . and a comedy , call'd the prince of priggs revels , or the practices of that grand thief captain james hinde ; printed o. lond. — s. s. the author of a play , call'd the honest lawyer , a comedy acted by the queens majesty's servants , and printed o. lond. . j. t. under these letters , are two plays ; the first call'd grim the collier of croyden , or the devil and his dame , with the devil and st. dunstan ; printed octavo lond. . this play is bound with two others , viz. thorpy abby , or marriage broker , under the title of gratiae theatrales , or a choice of ternary of english plays . the second play is , l. annaeus seneca's troas , a tragedy translated from the latin , and printed o. lond. . c. w. i.e. christopher wase . an ingenious person , lately deceas'd ; being one of the squire bedles in the university of oxford . his skill in languages , particularly in latin and greek , is sufficiently known to the learned world. he translated out of greek the electra of sophocles , and presented it to her highness the lady elizabeth ; printed . at the hague . several translations besides he has publish'd , as gratius his cynegeticon , printed o. lond. . and prioli's hist. of france : some of tully's orations , and his latin dictionary , besides other school-books ; several of which have been often reprinted , and all of them shew his great industry and parts . e. w. a person who was ( tho' not the author , yet ) the occasion of the publication of a comedy , call'd apollo shroving , compos'd for the scholars of the free-school of hadleigh , in suffolk , and acted by them on shrove-tuesday , feb. . . written by the school-master of hadleigh , and printed octavo . j. w. the author of a play , call'd the valiant scot ; which was printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable james , marquess hamilton , by the publisher or promoter of the copy to the press , mr. william bowyer . l. w. the author of a play , call'd orgula , or the fatal error ; a tragedy , wherunto is annexed a preface , discovering the true nature of poesie , with the proper use and intention of such publick divertisements ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the most accomplish'd lady , the lady frances wildegoss . m. w. master of arts. another author , whose play is bound in the ternary of plays : 't is call'd the marriage broker , or the pander , a comedy printed . . t. w. the third author concern'd in that volume , having writ a tragedy , call'd thornby-abby , or the london maid . all these plays are dedicated to william austin esq by r. d. the publisher . w. w. the translator of a comedy writ by plausus , call'd manaechmi , printed o. lond. . this author had translated several others in manuscript , tho' they were never permitted to come abroad in the world. unknown authors . we are now come to the last division of authors , i mean those whose modesty , or other reasons , have hinder'd the publication of their names : and as we have decyphered some authors in the foregoing division , upon conjecture , so we shall not pretermit to take notice of such plays , whose authors we can any ways guess at in this . i shall rank these , as i did the former , in an alphabetical method . a. abdicated prince , or the adventures of four years ; a tragi-comedy , lately acted at alba-regalis , by several persons of great quality ; and printed lond. o . this play contains the transactions of the court and nation , during the reign of the late king james , under seigned names : there needs no clavis , the persons , being obvious to all intelligent persons . the time of the action is from the coronation of king james , to the landing of his present majesty . abraham's sacrifice , a play which i never saw , but do believe that it may possibly be a translation from theodore beza . alarum for london , or the siege of antwerpe ; with the venturous acts , and valiant deeds of the lame souldier ; play'd by the right honourable , the lord chamberlain his servants , printed lond. . albion , an interlude mention'd by kirkman , which i never saw . albion's triumph , personated in a masque at court , by the king and queens majesties , and the lords , the sunday after twelfth-night , . printed o. lond. . mr. inigo jones had a share in the contrivance of this masque . albumazar , a comedy presented before the king's majesty at cambridge , by the gentlemen of trinity colledge ; printed o. lond. . this was reviv'd at the king's house , and a prologue writ by mr. dryden : see miscellan poems publish'd by him o. p. . aminta , a pastoral , translated from the italian of torquato tasso ; to which is added arriadne's complaint , in imitation of anguilara , written by our translator ; both printed in quarto lond. . amorous gallant , or love in fashion ; a comedy in heroick verse , as it was acted , and printed o. lond. . this play has appeared abroad , under the title of the amorous orontus : it is translated from a french play , written by th. corneille , and call'd l'amour à la mode . it is founded on a spanish play , writ by ant. de solis , call'd by the same name , ( towit ) el amor al uso . amorous old woman , or 't is well if it take ; a comedy acted by their majesties servants , and printed o. lond. . i have been told this play was writ by tho. duffet : 't is printed with a new title-page , call'd the fond lady . arden of feversham his true and lamentable tragedy , who was most wickedly murthered by the means of his disloyal wife ; who for the love she bare to one mosebie , hired two desperate ruffins , black-will and shak-bag , to kill him : printed o. lond. . in a black letter . the story is to be found in the reign of edward the sixth ; see hollingshead , goodwin , hayward , baker , beard 's theatre of god's judgment , book . ch. . edit . . and the second part chap. . added by dr. tho. taylour . arraignment of paris , a pastoral , which i never saw ; but it is ascribed by kirkman to mr. w. shakespear . b. battle of aliazar , fought in barbary , between sebastian king of portugal , and abdelmelech king of morocco ; with the death of captain stukeley : play'd sundry times by the lord high admiral 's servants , printed o. lond. . for the plot , several authors mention the story : the english reader may find it in heylin's cosmography , and fuller's worthies . band , ruff , and cuff ; an interlude , which other catalogues mention , but which i never saw . bastard , a tragedy ; printed o. lond. . the plot of this tragedy , and part of the language , concerning clare , rodriguez , balthazar and mariana , is borrow'd from the loves of schiarra and florelia , in the english lovers : and catilina's supplying her mistress mariana's room on the wedding night , is founded on the story of roberto and isdaura , in gerardo the unfortunate spaniard , p. . bloody duke , or the adventures for a crown ; a tragi-comedy , acted at the court of alba regalis , by several persons of great quality ; by the author of the abdicated prince , printed o lond. . this play comprises the publick affairs , from the first discovery of the popish-plot , to the death of king charles the second . the persons are as easily known as in the former . c. caesar's revenge , a tragedy which i never saw . charles the first king of england his tragedy ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to king charles the second , commended by a copy of verses . combat of caps , a masque of which i can give no account . commons condition , a comedy which i never saw . constant nymph , or the rambling shepheard ; a pastoral acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . costly whore , a comical history acted by the company of revels ; printed o. lond. . contention between york and lancaster , with the death of the good duke humphrey , and the banishment and death of the duke of suffolk ; and the tragical end of the proud cardinal of winchester ; with the notable rebellion of jack cade , and the duke of york's first claim to the crown : printed o. lond. . this play is only the second part of shakespear's henry the sixth , with little or no variation . counterfeits , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . this comedy is ascribed by some to leanard ; but i believe it too good to be his writing : 't is founded on a translated spanish novel , call'd the trapanner trapann'd , octavo lond. . and i presume the author may have seen a french comedy , writ by tho. corneille , on the same subject , call'd d. caesar d'avalos . counterfeit bridegroom , or the defeated widow ; a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . this play is only an old play of middleton's , call'd no wit like a woman's , printed octavo . cromwell's conspiracy , a tragi-comedy , which i never saw . cruel debtor , a play only nam'd by mr. kirkman . cupid's whirligig , a comedy sundry times acted by the children of his majesty's revels ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated by the publisher , to mr. robert hayman . this play is part founded on boccace ; as for instance , the conveyance of the captain , and exhibition out of the lady's chamber , is founded on the sixth novel , of the seventh day ; and is the ground-work of many other plays . cyrus king of persia , a tragedy mention'd by kirkman , which i never saw . d. damon and pythias , a history , of which i can give no account . debauchee , or the credulous cuckold ; a comedy acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play is by some ascrib'd to mrs. behn ; but is indeed only a play of brome's reviv'd , call'd a mad couple well matcht . destruction of jerusalem , a play which i never saw ; but in the catalogue printed with the old law , 't is ascrib'd to one thomas legge . dick scorner , a play mention'd in mr. kirkman's catalogue , but which i never saw ; nor do i know what species of dramatick poetry it is . divine masque , printed in quarto lond. — the title-page of mine is lost , but 't is dedicated to general monk , by one anthony sadler , who i take to be the author . e. edward the third his reign , a history sundry times play'd about the city of london ; printed o. lond. . the plot is founded on english chronicles : see walsingham , m. westminster , fabian , froissart , pol. virgil , hollingshead , stow , speed , &c. see besides aeschasius major , and a novel call'd the countess of salisbury octavo , translated from the french. elvira , or the worst not always true ; a comedy written by a person of quality , ( suppos'd to be the lord digby ) and printed o. lond. . empress of morocco , a farce acted by his majesty's servants ; said to be writ by thomas duffet , and printed o. lond. . english princess , or the death of richard the third ; a tragedy in heroick verse , ascribed to mr. john carel , and printed o. lond. . for the plot , see fabian , pol. virgil , hollingshead , grafton , stow , speed , baker , &c. english-men for money , or a woman will have her will ; a pleasant comedy divers times acted with great applause ; printed o. lond. . enough 's as good as a feast , a comedy , which i never saw , but mentioned by mr. kirkman . every woamn in her humour , a comedy , printed quarto lond. . f. factious citizen , or the melancholy visioner ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; and printed quarto lond. . fair em , the miller's daughter of manchester ; with the love of william the conqueror ; a pleasant comedy sundry times publickly acted in the honourable city of london , by the right honourable , the lord strange his servants ; printed quarto lond. . fair maid of bristow , a comedy play'd at hampton , before the king and queen's most excellent majesties ; printed quarto lond. . in a black letter . false favourite disgrac'd , and the reward of loyalty ; a tragi-comedy never acted , printed octavo lond. . this play is ascribed to george gerbier d'ouvilly . fatal jealousie , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , and ascribed by some to mr. pane ; printed quarto lond. . part of the plot is in johannes gigas's postills : see besides theatre of god's judgments , d part p. . unfortunate lovers , nov. . feigned astrologer , a comedy translated from the french of monsieur corneille ; and printed o. lond. . the plot of this play [ which is borrow'd from calderon's el astrologo fingido ] is made use of in the story of the french marquess , in the illustrious bassa , when he play'd the part of the feigned astrologer . fidele and fortunatus : i know not what sort of play it is , whether comedy or tragedy , having never seen it ; but in old catalogues 't is ascribed to thomas barker . flora's vagaries , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , by his majesty's servants : ascribed to mr. rhodes , and printed quarto lond. . this plot of orante's making use of the fryar , to carry on her intrigue with ludovico , is founded on boccace , day . nov. . free-will , a tragedy , which i know not where or when printed , the title-page of mine being lost . 't was written originally in italian by f. n. b. which i take to be franciscus niger bassentinus , and was translated into english by h. c. that is henry cheek . 't is printed in an old english character . fulgius and lucrelle , a piece of which i can give no account having never seen it . g. ghost , or the woman wears the breeches ; a comedy writ in the year . and printed quarto lond. . h. hell's higher court of justice , or the tryal of the three politick ghosts , viz. oliver cromwell , king of sweden , and cardinal mazarine ; printed quarto lond. . histriomastix , or the player whipt ; printed quarto lond. . this play was writ in the time of queen elizabeth , tho' not printed till afterwards ; as appears by the last speech , spoken by peace to astraea , under which name the queen is shadowed . henry the fifth his victories , containing the honourable battle of agin-court ; a history , acted by the kings majesties servants , printed quarto lond. . for the plot , see the english chronicles , as hollingshead , stow , speed , &c. hector , or the false challenge ; a comedy written in the year . and printed quarto lond. . i know not the author of this play ; but i think it may vye with many comedies writ since the restauration of the stage . hyppolitus , a tragedy , which ( as i have been told ) is printed in octavo , and translated from seneca by edmund prestwith . for the plot , see the poets , as ovid's epistle of phaedra to hyppolitus : his metamorphosis , lib. . virgil. aen . lib. . &c. hoffman his tragedy , or a revenge for a father ; acted divers times with great applause , at the phoenix in drury-lane ; and printed o. lond. . this play was adopted by one hugh perry , and by him sent to the press , and dedicated to his honoured friend mr. richard kilvert . how a man may chuse a good wife from a bad ; a pleasant conceited comedy , sundry times acted by the earl of worcester's servants ; and printed o. lond. . the story of anselme's saving of young arthur's wife , by taking her out of the grave , and carrying her to his mother's house , is the subject of other plays : and such a story is related in several novels ; see the . nov. of the pleasant companion ( printed octavo lond. . ) call'd love in the grave . but the novel which i take to be the foundation of this play , is in cynthio giraldi , dec. . nov. . i. jacob and esau , an interlude mentioned in former catalogues , which i never saw : tho' 't is easy to guess that 't is founded on scripture story ; see genesis ch. , , &c. see besides josephus lib. . tornelli annals , &c. jack drum's entertainment , or the comedy of pasquil and katherine ; sundry times acted by the children of paul's , and printed o lond. . mammon's poysoning katherine's face , resembles the usage of demagoras to parthenia , in argalus and parthenia . jack juggler , stiled a comedy by old catalogues ; of which ( having never seen it ) i can give no account . jack straw's life and death , a notable rebel in england ; who was killed in smith-fields by the lord mayor of london : printed quarto lond. . this play , i know not for what reason , is divided into but four acts. for the plot , see the english chronicles , as pol. virgil , hollingshead , stow , speed , &c. in the reign of king richard the second . james the fourth , a history mentioned in former catalogues , which i never saw ; but i suppose the play is founded on the story of the king of scotland of that name . jeronymo , the first part ; with the wars of portugal , or the spanish tragedy ; containing the life and death of don andraea : a tragedy , printed o. lond. . jeronymo is mad again , or the spanish tragedy ; containing the lamentable end of d. horatio , and bellimperia ; with the pittiful death of jeronymo : printed quarto lond. . this play has been divers times acted , and several lines have been quoted out of it , by several authors ; as those may see that will read over every man in his humour , bird in a cage , love will find out the way , &c. impatient poverty , stiled a comedy by some catalogues . this play i never saw . imperial tragedy ; taken out of a latin play , and very much altered , by a gentleman for his own diversion ; who on the importunity of friends , consented to have it published , but without his name : because many ( says he ) do censure plays according to their opinion of the author . this play was printed fol. lond. . and has been acted ( if i mistake not ) at the nursery in barbican . for the story , see marcellinus , and cassiodorus , in their chronicles concerning zenon . see besides zonaras , baronius , godeau , &c. interlude of youth , an old , serious , instructive piece ; written in verse , and printed at london in quarto , in an old character : as to the date hereof , or the title-page , i am ignorant , mine being lost . john the evangelist , a piece which i never saw . joseph's afflictions , another : tho' the title-page of both shew the subject divine . tovial crew , or the devil turned ranter ; an interlude which i never saw ; tho' being mentioned in mr. kirkman's catalogue , i could not omit it . k. king and queen's entertainment at richmond , after their departure from oxford ; in a masque presented by the most illustrious prince , prince charles , sept. . . printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the majesty of the queen of great britain , by a copy of verses of ten lines . the occasion of the masque was the queen's desire to see the prince ( not much above six years of age ) dance . the dances were compos'd by simon hopper ; the musick by mr. charles hopper : and the parts of the captain and druyd , were acted so well by the then l d. buckhurst , and mr. edward sackvile , that it proved that genuine action was not so much confined to the stage , but that a gentleman might reach it , if not transcend it . knack how to know an honest man , a comedy which i could never meet with . knack how to know a knave , a most pleasant and merry comedy , sundry times play'd by edw. allen ; with kemp's applauded merriments of the men of goteham , in receiving the king into goteham : printed quarto lond. . the serious part of this play is the story of king edgar , ethenwald and alfreda . see malmesbury , pol. virgil , walsingham , grafton , stow , &c. the play is printed in old black letter , and lays open the vices of the age , being detected by honesty . knave in grain , new vampt ; a comedy acted at the fortune , many days together , with great applause ; and printed o. lond. . this play has given subject to the late novels , as julio's cheating his drunken guests ( act d ) is repeated by kirkman , in the third part of the english rogue ch. . his cheating the countryman of the piece of gold , act th is revived in the account of the last frost . in octavo p. . knavery in all trades , or the coffee-house ; a comedy acted in the christmas holy-days , by several apprentices with great applause ; printed quarto lond. . i know not with what applause it might be acted privately ; but i presume it would not meet with success on the stage in dorset garden , nay nor in the nursery , for i can find no plot in it . l. lady alimony , or the alimony-lady ; an excellent pleasant comedy ; duly authorised , daily acted , and frequently followed : printed o. lond. . late revolution , or the happy ghange ; a tragi-comedy acted throughout the english dominions , in the year . written by a person of quality , and printed lond. . this play begins from the birth of the late prince of wales , to the arrival of our present majesty at exeter ; and concludes the whole catastrophe of our late affairs . laws of nature , a play which i never saw . levellers levelled , or the independents conspiracy to root out monarchy ; an interlude written by mercurius pragmaticus ; printed quarto . who this author is , under this disguise , i know not : but 't is easy to discover him a royalist , by his dedication to king charles the second ; and an enemy to lilly , the almanack-maker , whom he lashes under the name of orlotto . liberality and prodigality , a comedy which i can give no account . lingua , or the combat of the tongue , and the five senses for superiority ; a pleasant comedy , printed quarto lond. — mr. winstanley says , that the late usurper oliver , acted the part of tactus , in cambridge , which first inspired him with ambition : see his account of ant. brewer , to whom ( through mistake ) he ascribes this play , london chanticleers , a witty comedy , full of various and delightful mirth ; often acted with great applause , and printed quarto lond. . this play , or rather interlude , for 't is not divided into acts , is of the basse comedy , writ by the french ; the scene lying entirely amongst persons of the lowest rank . look about you , a pleasant comedy , played by the right honourable , the lord high admiral 's servants , and printed o. lond. . for the historical part , see the chronicles in the reign of king henry the second ; viz. pol. virg. speed , baker , daniel , &c. love in its extasie , or the large prerogative ; a kind of royal-pastoral , written long since by a gentleman [ supposed by mr. kirkman , i know not on what ground , to be one peaps ] student at eaton ; and printed quarto lond. . the author was not seventeen years of age when this was writ ; on which account i think the play may pass muster , with others of those times . lost lady , a tragi-comedy , which i never read , or saw but once , and which i remember was printed in folio . love a-la-mode , a comedy acted with great applause , at middlesex house ; written by a person of honour , and printed o. lond. . this play is justified by the author , in his preface , and ushered into the world by three copies of verses ; nor is the play altogether undeserving commendation . luminalia , or the festival of light ; personated in a masque at court , by the queen's majesty and her ladies , on shrove-tuesday night . and printed o. lond. . the famous mr. inigo jones , surveyor of her majesty's works , had a hand in the contrivance of this masque , by her majesty's command . the invention consisting of darkness and light : the night presented the first antimasque , and the subject of the main-masque , is light. but for the clearer information of the reader , i refer him to the masque it self . m. manhood and wisdom , a play mentioned by other authors , of which i can give no account , never having seen it . marcus tullius cicero , that famous roman orator , his tragedy ; printed quarto lond. . i know not whether even this play was acted ; but it seems to me to be written in imitation of ben. johnson's cataline . for the plot , see plutarch in his life : see likewise his own works , hist. ciceroniana , lambin ; as also dion , appian , &c. marriage of wit and science , an interlude which i never saw . masque of flowers ; presented by the gentlemen of grays-inn , at the court at whitehall , in the banquetting-house upon twelfth-night . being the last of the solemnities and magnificences which were performed at the marriage of the right honourable , the earl of sommerset , and the lady frances , daughter of the earl of suffolk , lord chamberlain ; printed o. lond. . this masque is dedicated to sir francis bacon , attorney general to king james the first . massenello , ( but rightly tomaso amello di malfa , general of the neopolitans ) his tragedy ; or the rebellion of naples : printed in octavo lond. . this play was written by a gentleman , who was an eye-witness where this was really acted , upon that bloody stage , the streets of naples , an. d. . 't is dedicated to iohn caesar , of hyde-hall , in the county of hertford esquire , by his kinsman t. b. the publisher . for the plot , or rather the history , read alexander giraffi's history of naples , translated by j. howell : see besides du verdier histoire universelle , &c. mercurius britannicus , or the english intelligencer ; a tragi-comedy acted at paris with great applause , printed . the subject of this play is about the business of ship-money ; the judges being arraign'd under feigned names : as for example , justice hutton , is called hortensius ; and justice cook , corvus acilius : prin is also introduced under the name of prinner . there are but four acts , and of the fifth , the epilogue gives the following account . it is determined by the aedils , the mistress of publick plays , that the next day ( by jove's permission ) the fifth act shall be acted upon tyber ; i should say tyburne , by a new society of abalamites . vive le roy. merry devil of edmonton , a comedy acted sundry times by his majesty's servants , at the globe on the bank-side , and printed o. lond. . this play is said by kirkman , to be writ by shakespear ; tho' finding no name to it , i have plac'd it amongst those that are anonymous . this play is founded on the history of one peter fabel , of whom see fuller's worthies in middlesex , p. . see other chronicles in the reign of henry the sixth . morning ramble , or the town humours ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , printed o. lond. . this play is said to be written by one mr. pane , and may be accounted a good comedy . mucedorus , the king's son of valencia , and amadine the king's daughter of arragon ; with the merry conceits of mouse : a comedy acted by his highness's servants at the globe , and before the king's majesty at whitehall on shrove-tuesday night ; printed o. . this play is said by former catalogues to have been writ by shakespear ; and was , i presume , printed before this edition . it has been frequently the diversion of country-people , in christmas time. muse of new-market , containing three drolls ; viz. merry milk-maids of islington , or the rambling gallants defeated : love lost in the dark , or the drunken couple : politick whore , or the conceited cuckold : acted at new-market , and printed quarto lond. . all these three drolls are stollen ( as i remember ) from plays : but not having them by me , i cannot tell the particulars . mistaken beauty , or the lyar ; a comedy acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre-royal , printed quarto lond. . this comedy is translated from a play of p. corneilles , call'd le menteur . n. nero's tragedy , printed lond. in quarto . this play was in former catalogues call'd nero newly written ; because 't was writ after that of claudius tiberius nero ; which through kirkman's want of knowledge in history , he call'd nero's life and death : which led me into the same mistake , till i came to read both plays . i know not when either of them were printed or when printed , the title-pages of both my plays being wanting . for the history of domitius nero ; consult suetonius in vit. neronis aurelius victor . tacitus , sulpitius severus , augustinus de civit. dei , eusebius , &c. new custom , an interlude no less witty ( if we believe the title-page ) than pleasant ; printed in a black letter , quarto lond. . this play is so contriv'd , that four persons may act it ; and the design of it is against propery , and to justify reformation , which then flourished in queen elizabeth's reign . this play consists of . acts , but is written in verse throughout : so that had mr. dryden a ever seen this play , he might better have quoted it than gondibert , ( which besides being writ seventeen years before this , is not in rime ) to prove the antiquity of verse . new-market fair , a tragi-comedy in two parts ; the first of which i never saw : but the second part i have by me , and the title of it is , new-market fair , or mistress parliaments new figaries ; written by the man in the moon , and printed at you may go look , in quarto . the design of it is to expose the rebels then in power . nice wanton , a comedy , which i never saw . no body , and some body ; with the true chronicle history of elydure , who was fortunately three several times crown'd king of england : acted by the queen's majesties servants , and printed quarto lond. — for the historical part of this play , consult grafton , hollingshead , pol. virgil , lloyd , &c. 't is not devided into acts. o. old wives tale , a play of which i can say nothing , having never seen it . orlando furioso , one of the twelve peers of france , his history : acted before the queen's majesty , and printed quarto lond. . this play is not divided into acts ; but is founded upon the epick poem of ariosto , so called , and translated into english by sir john harrington . p. pastor fido , or the faithful shepheard ; a pastoral , translated out of italian into english , printed quarto lond. . this was the first version of the famous guarini into english ; and was excellent for those times . the author , tho' his name be unknown , was nearly related to sir edward demock , queen elizabeth's champion ; to whom after the author's decease , the bookseller dedicated it . pathomachia , or the battle of affections , shadowed by a feigned siege of the city pathopolis : printed quarto lond. . this play was written some years before ; and published by fr. constable , a friend of the deceas'd author's , and by him dedicated to the lord hundsdon . this is the same play with that called love's loadstone . patient grissel , a comedy , ( say ancient authors ) which tho' i never saw , i presume is founded on that famous story in boccacio , i mean the last novel in his book . pedlers prophecy , a comedy , mentioned in former catalogues , of which i can give no account . philotus , a very excellent and delectable comedy ( as we are told in the preface ) wherein we may perceive the great inconveniencies that fall out in the marriage between old age , and youth . this play is printed at edinburgh , in an old black letter , an. dom. . some people have mistaken this play for daniel's philotas ; but this is of a different subject , and kind of verse , and is printed in stanzas . pinder of wakefield , a comedy , which i have once seen ; printed in o. ( as i remember ) lond. . or thereabouts . piso's conspiracy , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. . this play is only the tragedy of nero ( before mention'd ) reviv'd , and printed verbatim . for the plot , see suetonius , tacitus , &c. presbyterian lash , or noctroffe's maid whipt ; a tragi-comedy , acted in the great room at the pye tavern at algate , by noctroff the priest , and several of his parishioners , at the eating of a chine of beef . the first part printed for the use of mr. noctroffe's friends . this play is dedicated to mr. zach. noctroffe , by f.k. which i take to be fr. kirkman . i know not whether ever there were a second part extant , or no. promises of god manifested ; this i never saw . promus and cassandra , in two parts . these are mention'd in other catalogues , though i can give no account of either . q. queen , or the excellency of her sex ; an excellent old play , found out by a person of honour , and given to the publisher , alexander goughe ; printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated by him to the lady katherine mohun , wife to lord warwick mohun , baron of oakehamton . this publisher is applauded by two copies of verses before the play. the plot of salassa's swearing velasco not to fight , is founded on a novel , said to be bandello's , which the reader may peruse in les dixhuit histoires tragicques , par fr. de belleforest , o. nov. , p. . r. rampant alderman , or news from the exchange ; a farce , printed quarto lond. . this farce is patcht up out of several plays , as fine companion , &c. reformation , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed o. lond. . this play is ascribed to mr. arrowsmith ; and is a very good comedy . rehearsal , a comedy acted at the theatre-royal ; printed [ th edit . ] quarto lond. . this play is ascribed to the late duke of buckingham , and will ever be valued by ingenious men. there are some who pretend to furnish a clavis to it ; my talent not lying to politicks , i know no more of it , than that the author lashes several plays of mr. dryden ; as conquest of granada , tyranick love , love in a nunnery ; and some passages of other plays ; as the siege of rhodes , virgin widow , slighted maid , villain , english monsieur , &c. religious rebel , a tragi-comedy in quarto , which i have only once seen ; but can give no account of . return from parnassus , or the scourge of simony ; a comedy publickly acted by the students of st. john's colledge in cambridge , printed quarto lond — in this play , the poets of those times are censured : and this is the original of dr. wild's benefice , which is now in print . revenge , or a match in new-gate ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed quarto lond. . this play is ascribed to mrs. behn ; but is indeed a play of marston's revived , and called the dutch curtezan . rivals , a tragi-comedy in quarto , which at present i have not ; but have heard mr. cademan , for whom ( as i think ) it was printed , say it was writ by sir will. d' avenant . robin hood's pastoral may games ; which i know not . robin hood , and his crew of souldiers ; of the same stamp , and which i never saw . romulus and hersilia , or the sabine war ; a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed quarto lond. . for the plot , see livy , lib. . ovidii met. lib. . plut. in vit. romuli ; florus , dionysius hallicarnassaeus , velleius paterculus , eutrop. &c. royal masque at hampton-court , presented on sunday night , being the eighth of january . and personated by the queen 's most excellent majesty , attended by eleven ladies of honour ; printed quarto lond. . royal voyage , or the irish expedition ; a tragi-comedy , printed quarto lond. . the subject of this play is known by the title . s. salmacida spolia , a masque presented by the king and queen's majesties , at whitehall on tuesday , the st of january . and printed quarto lond. . the invention , ornament , scenes , and machines , with their descriptions , were made by mr. inigo jones , surveyor general of his majesty's works . what was spoken , or sung , by sir will. d'avenant ; and the musick was compos'd by mr. lewis richard , master of her majesties musick . sicelides , a piscatory , acted in kings colledge in cambridge ; and printed quarto lond. . the serious parts of this play , are most writ in verse ; with chorus's between the acts. perindus , telling to armillus the story of glaucus , scylla , and circe , act . sc. . is taken from ovid's met. lib. . atychus fighting with , and killing the ork , that was to have devoured olynda , is an imitation of perseus & andromeda , ovid , met. lib. . or else orlando furioso , book eleventh . shoomaker 's holyday , or the gentle-craft ; with the humorous life of simon eyre , shoomaker , and lord mayor of london : a comedy acted before the queen's most excellent majesty , on new-year's day at night , by the right honourable the earl of nottingham , lord high admiral his servants ; printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated , to all good fellows , professors of the gentle-craft , of what degree soever . for the plot , i can direct you to no other but the book of the gentle-craft , in quarto . siege of constantinople , a tragedy acted at the duke's theatre ; and printed quarto lond. . for the plot see chalcocondylas , constantinopolis a mahammada , secund. expugnata . paulus jovius , hen. pantaleon , knolles , &c. sir clyomon , knight of the goledn-shield , son to the king of denmark ; and clamydes , the white knight , son to the king of swavia , ( both valiant knights ) their history : printed quarto lond. . this play is written in old fashion'd verse , and is very heavy in reading . sir gyles goose-cappe , knight ; a comedy acted with great applause , at the private-house in salisbury court ; printed quarto lond. . and dedicated by the publisher hugh perry , to rich. young esq of wooley-farm , in the county of berks. sir salomon , or the cautious coxcomb ; a comedy acted at his royal highness the duke of york's theatre ; printed o. lond. . this play is originally french , being a translation from moliere's l'ecole des femmes . it was translated ( as i have heard ) by john carell ; and own'd in the epilogue as a translation . what we have brought before you was not meant for a new play , but a new precedent ; for we with modesty our theft avow , ( there is some conscience shewn in stealing too ) and openly declare , that if our cheere doth hit your palates , you must thank molliere . this play was frown'd and pelted at , ( to use the author 's own expression ) by many persons , who thought themselves criticks : but notwithstanding it met with success in the action : and the author has sufficiently justified his play , in his la critique de l'ecole des femmes , to whom i refer the reader . solyman and perseda , their tragedy ; wherein is laid open love's constancy , fortune's inconstancy , and death's triumphs : printed quarto lond. . this play , i presume was never acted , neither is it divided into acts. sophister , a comedy printed o. . i know not where this was acted , or printed , the title-page of my play being lost . spanish bawd , represented in celestina ; or calisto and melibea ; a tragi-comedy , wherein is contained , besides the pleasantness and sweetness of the stile , many philosophical sentences , and profitable instructions , fit for the younger sort : shewing the deceits and subtilties housed in the bosom of false servants , and cunny-catching bawds : printed fol. lond. . this play is originally spanish , and translated into english by a spaniard , one don diego puede-ser ; and by him dedicated to sir thomas richardson : the same author translated miguel de cervantes his exemplary novels , fol. lond. . step-mother , a tragi-comedy acted with great applause , at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his highness the duke of york's servants ; printed quarto lond. . strange discovery , a tragi-comedy , printed in quarto . i know not when this play was acted , or where printed , mine having not the title-page : but i know very well that both the plot and the language is borrowed from heliodorus his aethiopick history ; which i take to be one of the most ancient ( if not the first ) romances extant . susanna's tears , a play which i never saw . swetnam , the woman-hater , arraign'd by women ; a comedy acted at the red-bull , by the queen's servants ; and printed quarto lond. . tho' this play seems designed chiefly as a scourge for joseph swetnam's scandalous pamphlet against the female sex , called the arraignment of lew'd , idle , froward , and unconstant woman , printed quarto lond. . yet the play is founded on story much elder , which i have read in spanish in twelves , and is intitled , historia de aurelia , y isabella hija del rey de escotia , donde se disputa quien da mas occasion de peccar , el hombe a la muger , o la muger al homber . t. tempe restored , a masque presented by the queen and fourteen ladies , to the king's majesty at whitehall ; on shrove-tuesday . and printed quarto lond. . this masque is founded on the story of ●irce : see ovid's metamorphosis , book . the verses were writ by mr. aurelian to ●nsend : the subject and allegory of the masque , with the descriptions and apparatus of the scenes , were invented by mr. inigo jones , surveyor of his majesties works . thersites . an interlude , which i never saw . tom essence , or the modish wife ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; printed o. lond. — . this play is founded on two french plays , viz. molliere's sganarelle , ou le cocu imaginaire ; and tho. corneille's d. caesar d'avalos , in the part of love-all's intrigue with luce : without the reader will suppose that he follow'd a spanish novel , call'd the trapanner trapann'd : and for the business of tom essence and his wife , copyed sir william d'avenant's play-house to be let , act fifth , which is a translation from the former . this play is said to be writ by one mr. rawlins . tiberius ( claudius nero ) his tragical life and death ; a tragedy in quarto . this play used to be placed under the title of nero's life and death ; which made people mistake it for the life of nero caesar , who was the sixth emperour of rome : this being the third , i know not when this play was printed , or where acted , mine wanting the title-page : but for the plot , read suetonius , tacitus , dion , victor , eutropius , &c. tom tyler , and his wife ; an excellent old play acted about a hundred and thirty years ago , and printed quarto lond. . this play is printed in an old english letter , and is writ in a kind of burlesk verse , where the author affects an odd sort of chiming , in the middle of each line . the design of the play , is to represent a shrew , and teach the way to humble her . the plot of this play has some resemblance with mr. poisson's le sot vengé . traytor to himself , or man's heart his greatest enemy ; a moral interlude , in heroick verse ; representing the careless , hardned , returning , despairing , and renewed heart : with intermasques at the close of each several act. acted by the boys of a publick school at a breaking-up ; and published so as it may be useful , on the like occasion : printed oxon. . i find nothing remarkable in this play , but that 't is writ without womens parts ; which the author says he never thought fit to put on boys . i remember not any play , but plautus his captivei , that is thus writ ; and yet notwithstanding it is generally accounted an admirable play. true trojans , or fuimus troes ; being a story of the britains valour at the romans first invasion : publickly presented by the gentlemen students of magdalen colledge in oxford ; and printed quarto lond. . for the plot or story , the author has follow'd livy , lib. . caesar's commentaries , lib. . & , and galfridus monumetensis , lib. . as you may see by the perusal of the drammatis personae . tryal of chivalry ; a play , of which i can give no account , having never seen it . tryal of treasure ; a play , to which i am as much a stranger . tunbridge wells , or a days courtship ; a comedy acted at the duke's theatre , and printed quarto lond. . this is said ( in the title-page ) to be writ by a person of quality : tho' i have been told it was writ by mr. rawlins : but whoever was the author , 't is certainly inferiour to epsom wells , in point of humour and repartee . tyrannical government , another play , which i never saw . u. unfortunate usurper , a tragedy , printed o. lond. . this play is dedicated by the author ( who ever he was ) to his honoured and highly esteemed friend , mr. edward umfreville . fox the plot , 't is founded on history ; being the story of andronicus comnenus : see glycas , leunclaius , choniates , cantacusenus , nicetas , baronius , &c. this play is short of that of willson's on the same subject : but in the fifth act sc. . there is a paralel between those times and ours , in reference to the late rebellion ; which i take to be the best thing in the play. ungrateful favourite , a tragedy written by a person of honour ; and printed quarto lond. . the scene of this play lies in naples ; but in what king 's reign this happened , i am not able to guess ; so that whether it be founded on romance or history , i leave to the enquiry of those who have read pandulphus collenuctius , jov. pontanus , guicciardine , or others writers of the affairs of naples . w. warning for fair women , a tragedy , containing the most tragical and lamentable murther of mr. george sanders , of london , merchant , near shooters hill ; consented unto by his own wife ; acted by capt. george brown , mrs drury , and trusty roger , agents therein , with their several ends. this play was in vogue in queen elizabeth's time : and divers times acted by the right honourable , the l d chamberlain's servants . 't is not divided into acts , and full of dumb-shews , according to the mode of those times ; the prologue and epilogue , being spoken by tragedy . 't is printed in a black letter o. lond. . wealth and health , a play of which i can give no account . weakest goes to the wall , a tragi-comedy played sundry times by the right honourable the earl of oxenford , lord great chamberlain of england's servants ; and printed o. lond. . wily beguiled , a pleasant comedy ; wherein the chiefest actors be these ; a poor scholar , a rich fool , and a knave at a shift : printed quarto lond. — wine , beer , ale , and tobacco contending for superiority ; a dialogue , ( tho' in other catalogues stiled an interlude ) printed o. lond. . wisdom of dr. dodipol , a comedy acted by the children of pauls ; and printed quarto lond. . the earl cassimeere's friendship , in marrying deformed cornelia , and sharing his estate with her father flores , when he was in affliction , and arrested by the duke's order , is copy'd from lucian's story of zenothemis and menecrates . wits , or sport upon sport ; a collection of drolls and farces , presented at fairs by stroling players ; and printed last edition octavo lond. . these are most of them taken out of the plays of shakespear , fletcher , shirley , marston , &c. there is a former edition , that has a table prefixed , which shews from what play each droll is borrowed . wit of a woman , a pleasant merry comedy ; printed quarto lond. . tho' the author stiles it so , i think it no ways answers the title . wit led by the nose , or a poet's revenge ; a tragi-comedy acted at the theatre-royal , and printed quarto lond. . the greatest part of this play ( except a scene or two ) is stollen from chamberlain's love's victory . woman turn'd bully , a comedy acted at the duke's theatre ; and printed quarto lond. . this i take to be a very diverting comedy . finis . an alphabetical index of plays , referring to the authors , &c. a. abdelazer . abdicated prince . abrahams sacrifice . ib. acolastus . actaeon and diana . adelphi . , adrasta . adventures of hours . agamemnon . aglaura . agrippa k. of alba. alaham. alarum for lond. all fools . — for love. — for money . — mistaken . all 's lost by lust. all 's well that ends well . albion . albion and alban . albion's triumph . albertus wallenst . albovine . albumazar . alchimist . alcibiades . alexander and campaspe . alexandrian tragedy . alphonsus emperour of germany . alphonsus king of arragon . amazon queen . ambitious statesm . amboyna . amends for ladies . amorous bigotte . — fantasm . — gallant . — old woman . ib. — prince . amourous war. amynta . , andraea . , andromache . andromana . andronicus comn . anthony and cleopatra . , antigone . antipodes . antiquary . antonio & melida . antonius . any thing for a quiet life . apocryphal ladies . apollo shroving . appius and virg. arcadia . arden of feversh . argalus and parthethenia . ariadne . aristippus . arraignment of paris . arthur . arviragus and phil. as you like it . assignation . astraea . atheist . , atheist's tragedy . aurengzebe . b. ball . band , ruff , and cuff. banditti . bartholmew fair. bashful lover . bastard . battle of alcazer . ib. begger 's bush. bell in campo . bellamira her dream . bellamira , or the mistress . benefice . bird in a cage . birth of merlin . black prince . blazing world. blind begger of alexandria . blind begger of bednal-green . blind lady . bloody banquet . — brother . — duke . blurt mr. constab. bondman . bonduca . brazen age. brenoralt . bridals . bride . broken heart . brothers . brutus of alba. bury fair. bussy d'amboyse . byron's conspiracy and tragedy . c. caesar borgia . caesar & pomp. caesar's revenge . caius marius . calisto . cambyses k. of persia. captain . cardinal . careless lovers . — shepheardess . carnival . case is alter'd . cataline's conspiracy . chabot admiral of france . challenge at tilt. — for beauty . chances . changes . changling . charles the first . — the eighth of france . chast maid in cheapside . cheats . — of scapin . christ's passion . christian turn'd turk . christmass masque . cicilia and clorinda . cid . circe . citizen turn'd gentleman . city heiress . — madam . — match . — night-cap . — politicks . — wit. claricilla . cleopatra . , cloridia . clouds . cobler's prophecy . coelum britannicū . colas fury . combat of caps . — of love and friendship . comedy of errors . committee . committee-man curried . commons condit . common-wealth of women . conflict of conscience . conquest of china . — of granada . conspiracy . , constant maid . — nymph . constantine the great . contention betw . york and lancaster . — of ajax and ulysses . — for honour and riches . coriolanus . cornelia . coronation . , costly whore. covent garden . covent garden weeded . covent of pleas. coūterfeit bridegr . counterfeits . ib. countess of pembroke's ivy-church . country captain . — girl . — innocence . — wife . — wit. couragious turk . court beggar . — secret. coxcomb . croesus . cromwell's hist. cruel brother . — debtor . cuckolds haven . cunning lover . cupid and death . cupid's revenge . — whirligig . cure for a cuckold . custom of the country . cutter of coleman-street . cymbeline . cynthia's revels . — revenge . cyrus k. of persia. cytherea . d. dame dobson . damoiselle . damoiselles a-la-mode . damon & pythias . darius his tragedy — k. of persia. david and bethsabe . debauchee . deorum dona. deserving favourite . destruction of jerusalem . , destruction of troy. devil 's an ass. devil's charter . devil's law-case . devil of a wife . dick scorner . dido q. of carthage . disappointment . disobedient child . distracted state. distresses . divine comedian . divine masque . doctor dodipole . doctor faustus . don carlos . don sebastian . double marriage . doubtful heir . duke & no duke . duke of guise . duke of lerma . duke of millain . duke's mistress . dumb knight . dumb lady . dutch courtezan . dutch lover . dutchess of malfy . dutchess of suff. e. eastward-hoe . edgar . edward the first . — second . — third . — fourth . elder brother . electra . elizabeth's troubles . elvira . emperor of the east . — moon . empress of morocco . enchanted lovers . endymion . english fryar . — lawyer . — monsieur . — moor. — princess . — rogue . — traveller . enough 's as good as a feast . entertainment at king james's coronat . — at rutlandh . entertainment of king james and q. anne at theobalds . — of the k. and q. at high-gate . ibid. — of the k. of engl. and denmark at theobalds . — of the q. and pr. at althrop . ibid. epsom wells . erminia . evening's love. every man in his humour . — out of his humour . ib. — woman in her humour . eunuchus . , example . excommunicated prin. extravagant shepherd . f. factious citiz. fair emm. ib. — favourite . — irene . — maid of brist . — of the exchange . — inn. — west . fair quarrel . faithful shepheardess . false favourite . disgrac'd . — count. — one. family of love. fancies . fancies festivals . fatal contract . — dowry . — jealousie . — love. fawn . feign'd astrologer . — courtezans . female academy . — prelate . fidele and fortunatus . fine companion . fleire . floating island . flora's vagaries . fond husband . fool turn'd critick . ib. — would be a favourite . fools preferment . ib. forc'd marriage . fortunate isles . fortunatus . fortune by land and sea. fortune-hunters . four lond. prentices . — p's . — plays in one . fox . free-will . french conjurer . friendship in fashion . fryar bacon . fulgius and lucrelle . g. galathea . game at chess . gamester . gam . gurton's needle . generous enemies . gentle-craft . gentleman dancing-master . — of venice . — of verona — usher . ghost . glass of government . gloriana . goblins . golden age. golden age restored . grateful servant . great duke of florence . green's tu quoque . grim the colier of croyden . gripus and hegio . guardian . , guy of warwick . h. hamlet prince of denmark . hannibal and scipio . heautontimorumenos . , hector of germany . hectors . hecyra . , heir . — of morocco . hell 's high court of justice . henry the third of france . henry the fourth . — fifth . ib. — sixth . — eighth . ib. heraclius . hercules furens . — oetus . hero and leander . herod and antipater . — and mariamne . hey for honesty . hic & ubique . histriomastix . hoffman . hog hath lost his pearl . hollander . holland's leaguer . honest lawyer . — man's fortune . — whore. honoria and mammon . honour of wales . horace . , horatius . how to chuse a good wife from a bad. humorous courtier . — days mirth . — lieutenant . — lovers . humorists . humour out of breath . hyde park . hymenaei . hymen's triumph . hyppolitus . , i. jack drum's entertainment . — jugler . ib. — straw's life and death . ib. jacob and esau. james the fourth . ib. ibrahim . jealous lovers . jeronymo . jew of malta . jew's tragedy . if this ben't a good play , the devil 's in 't . ignoramus . impatient poverty . imperial tragedy . imperiale . imposture . indian emperor . — queen . ingratitude of a common-wealth . injured lovers . — princess . inner-temple masque . insatiate countess . interlude of youth . jocasta . john the evangel . — k. of england . john and matilda . joseph . joseph's afflictions . jovial crew . irish masque . iron age. island princess . isle of gulls . juliana princess of poland . julius caesar. , just general . — italian . k. kind keeper . king and no king. — edgar and alfreda . — lear and his three daughters . — and queen's entertainment at richmond . king's entertainment at welbeck . knack to know an honest man. — a knave . ib. knave in grain . knavery in all trades . ibid. knight of the burning pestle . — golden-shield . — of malta . l. lady alimony . — contemplation . — errant . — of pleasure . ladies priviledge . — tryal . lancash . witches . landgartha . late revolution . law against lovers . — tricks . laws of candy . — nature . lear's tragedy . levellers levelled . liberality and prodigality . ibid. libertine . like will to like , quoth the devil to the collier . lingua . little french lawyer . locrine . london chanticleers . — cuckolds . — prodigal . look about you . looking-glass for london . lost lady . love a-la-mode . ib. love and honour . — revenge . — war. — crowns the end. — freed from ignorance . — in a tub. — in a wood. — in its extasie . — in the dark . — restored . — sick court. — king. — tricks . love's cruelty . — cure. — dominion . — kingdom . ib. — labour lost . — labyrinth . — loadstone . lover's melancholy . — progress . — metamorphosis . — mistress . — pilgrimage . — riddle . — sacrifice . — triumph , — victory . — welcome . loving enemies . loyal brother . — general . — lovers . — subject . lucius junius brutus . lucky chance . luminalia . lusts dominion . lusty juventus . lyer . m. mackbeth . mad couple well matcht . — lover . madam fickle . magnetick lady . maid of honour . — in the mill. maiden queen . — head well lost . maid's metamorphosis . — of moorclack . — revenge . maid's tragedy . male-content . mall . mamamouchi . manhood and wisdom . man of mode . — newmarket man 's the master . marriage a la mode — broker . — night . — of oceanus and britannia . — of the arts. — of wit and science . mariam . marcelia . marcus tullius cicero . marius and scilla . martyr . martyred souldier . mary magdalen's repentance . — q. of scotland . masque at bretbie . — at the l d haddington's house . — at ludlow castle . — of augurs . — of flowers . masque of grays-inn . — of owls . — of queens . ib. — of the middle-temple and lincoln's inn. masquarade du ciel . massacre at paris . — of paris . massianello . master anthony . match at midnight . — me in lond. matrimonial trouble . may day . mayor of quinborough measure for measure . medea . , menechmus . merchant of venice . mercurius britannicus . mercury vindicated . merry devil of edmonton . — milk-maids . merry wives of windsor . messalina . metamorphosed gypsies . michaelmass term. microcosmus . midas . midsummer night's dream . mirza . mizer . miseries of civil war. — inforced marriage . mistaken husband . mithridates . mock duellist . — tempest . monsieur d'olive . — thomas . money is an ass. more dissemblers besides women . morning ramble . mortimer's fall. mother bomby . — shipton's life and death . mucedorus . much ado about nothing . mulberry garden . muleasses the turk . muse of new-market . muses looking-glass . mustapha . , n. natures daughters . neptune's triumph . nero's life and death . new custom . — exchange . — inn. — trick to cheat the devil . — market fair. — way to pay old debts . — wonder . news from plymouth . — the world in the moon . nice valour . — wanton . nicomede . night-walker . noah's flood . noble gentleman . noble ingratitude . — spanish souldier — stranger . no body , and some body . no wit no help like a woman's . northern lass. northward-hoe . novella . o. oberon the fairy prince . obstinate lady . octavia . oedipus . , old castle 's history . — couple . — law. — troop . — wives tale. opportunity . ordinary . orestes . orgula . orlando furioso . ormasdes . orphan . osmond the gr. turk . othello . ovid. p. pallantus and eudora . pandora . pan's anniversary . parliament of bees . parson's wedding . passionate lover . pastor fido. , patient grissel . patrick for ireland . pedlers prophecy . peleus and thetis . pericles prince of tyre perkin warbeck . philaster . phillis of scyros . philotas . philotus scotch . phoenix . — in her flames . phormio . , picture . pilgrim . pinder of wakefield . piso's conspiracy . ib. pity she 's a whore. platonick lovers . play-house to be lett. ibid. play between john the husband , and tib his wife . — betwixt the pardoner and the fryar , the curate and neighbour prat. ibid. — of gentleness and nobility . ib — of love. ib. — of the weather . ib. plain dealer . pleasure at kenelworth castle . — reconciled to virtue . plutus . poetaster . ib. politician . — cheated . pompey . , poor man's comf . — scholar . pragmatical jesuite . presbyterian lash . presence . prince of prigg's revels . princess . — of cleves . prisoners . projectors . promises of god manifested . promus & cassandra . ib. prophetess . psyche . — debauched . publick wooing . puritan widow . q. queen . — and concubine . — of arragon . — of corinth . queen 's arcadia . — exchange . — masque of beauty . — of blackness . ib. querer per solo querer . r. raging turk . ram alley . rambling justice . rampant alderman . rape of lucrece . rebellion . reformation . rehearsal . ib. religious . — rebel . renegado . return from parnassus . revenge . ibid. revengers tragedy . reward of virtue . rhodon and iris. richard the second . rival friends . — kings . — ladies . — queens . rivals . roaring girl . robert earl of huntingdon's downfal and death . — hood's pastoral may-games . — and his crew of souldiers . ibid. roman actor . — empress . — generals . romeo and juliet . romulus and hersilia . roundheads . rover. royalist . royal king and loyal subject . — masque at hampton-court . — master . — shepherdess . — slave . — voyage . rule a wife , and have a wife . rump . s. sacrifice . sad one. — shepheard . saint cicely . salmacida spolia . sampson agonistes . sapho and phaon . scaramouch , &c. school of complements . scornful lady . scots figaries sea voyage . seven champions of christendom . see me , and see me not . sejanus . selimus . sertorius . several wits . sforza duke of millain shepheards holyday . — paradice . shoomaker 's a gentleman . sicelides . sicily and naples . siege . , — of babylon . — of constantinople . — of memphis . — of rhodes . — of urbin . silent woman . silver age. sir barnaby whig . — courtly nice . — giles goose-cap . — hercules buffon . — martin mar-all . — patient fancy . — solomon . sister . six days adventure . slighted maid . sociable companions . soliman and perseda . sophister . ibid. sophonisba . , sophy . souldiers fortune . spanish bawd. — curate . — fryar . — gypsies . — rogue . sparagus garden . speeches at pr. henry's barriers . spightful sister . sport upon sport. springs glory . squire of alsatia . — old sap. staple of news . state of innocence . step-mother . strange discovery . ib. successful strangers . sullen lovers . summers's last will and testament . sun's darling . supposes . surprisal . susanna's tears . swaggering damois . sweetnam the woman-hater arraigned . t. tale of a tub. tamberlain the great . taming of the shrew . tancred and gismond . tartuff . tarugo's wiles . tempe restor'd . tempest . , temple . — of love. the longer thou liv'st , the more fool thou art . thebais . theodosius . thersytes . thomaso . thornby abby . thracian wonder . three lords and ladies of london . thyerry and theodoret . time vindicated to himself , and to his honours . timon of athens . titus andronicus . titus and berenice . tom essence . — tyler and his wife . tottenham court. town fop. — shifts . trapolin supposed a prince . travels of english brothers . traytor . — to himself . treacherous brother . trick for trick . — to catch the old one. triumph of beauty . — love and antiquity . — peace . — the prince d'amour . triumphant widdow troades . , troas . troylus and cressida . true trojans . — widdow . tryal of chivalry . — treasure . tryphon . tunbridge wells . twelfth night . twins . two angry women of abington . — noble kinsmen . two tragedies in one. — wise men and all the rest fools . tide tarrieth for no man. tyranical government tyranick love. v. valentinian . valiant scot. — welchman . varieties . venice preserv'd . very woman . vestal virgin. vilain . virgin martyr . — widow . virtuoso . virtuous octavia . — wife . virtue betray'd . vision of delight . — the twelve goddesses . unfortunate lovers . — mother . — shepheard . — usurper . ungrateful favorite . ib. unhappy fair one. — favorite . unnatural combat . — tragedy . untrussing the humorous poet. vow-breaker . usurper . w. walks of islington and hogsden . wandring lover . warning for fair women . weakest goes to the wall . ib. wealth and health . ib. wedding . westward-hoe . what you will. when you see me , you know me . white devil . whore of babylon . wiat's history . widow . — ranter . — 's tears . wife for a month. wild gallant . — goose-chase . wily beguil'd . wine , beer , ale , and tobacco . winters tale. wise women of hogsden . wit at several weapons . — of a woman . — in a constable . — without money wits . — cabal . — led by the nose witty combat . — fair one. woman captain . — hater . — in the moon — kill'd with kindness . — turn'd bully . woman 's a weather-cock . — conquest . — prize . women beware women . — pleas'd . wonder a woman never vex'd . world lost at tennis . wrangling lovers . y. yorkshire tragedy . young admiral . — king. your five gallants . youths glory & deaths banquet . the plays in the appendix . alphonso king of naples . amphytryon . banish'd duke . belphegor . bragadocio . distressed innocence . edward the third . ferrex and porrex . folly of priestcraft . gorboduc . mad world my masters . mistakes . robin conscience . royal flight . scowrers . sir anthony love. unfortunate lovers . witch of edmonton . woman will have her will. wonder of a kingdom . the appendix . the occasion of adding this following appendix , is to compleat the account of all the plays that have been printed as far as this present time : since several new ones have been publisht after the fore-going sheets were sent to the press , and some others thro' oversight omitted in the body of the book ; i have chose rather to place them here , than leave the whole imperfect . i shall follow the same method , as before ; beginning first with the known authors , in an alphabetical order ; and afterwards mention those , whose authors are conceal'd . i begin with sir william davenant . i have already given an account of this author , p. , &c. to which i refer my reader ; only beg his pardon for the omission of a play to be found in the body of his works , nam'd unfortunate lovers , a tragedy , printed in folio . thomas decker . an author already mention'd , p. . to have a hand in twelve plays ; tho' thro' mistake , i have given an account but of ten of them . 't is true , i referr'd the reader p. . to the account of will. rowley , for the witch of edmonton ; but quite forgot a play , which was writ wholly by our author , stil'd wonder of a kingdom , a tragi-comedy ; printed o. lond. . this i take to be a very diverting old play. john dryden , esq the reader will find an account of this author's writings , p. , &c. but he having lately publisht a new play , i am here to give the reader some account of it . amphytryon , or the two socias ; a comedy acted at the theatre-royal , to which is added the musick of the songs , compos'd by mr. henry purcel ; printed o. lond. . and dedicated to the honourable sir levison gower , baronet . this play is founded on plautus's amphytruo , and molliere's amphytryon , as the author himself acknowledges in his epistle dedicatory . the reader that will take the pains to compare them , will find that mr. dryden has more closely followed the french , than the latin poet : but however it must with justice be allowed , that what he has borrowed , he has improv'd throughout ; and molliere is as much exceeded by mr. dryden , as rotrou is outdone by molliere . the truth is , our author so polishes and improves other mens thoughts , that tho' they are mean in themselves , yet by a new turn which he gives them , they appear beautiful and sparkling : herein resembling skillful lapidaries , that by their art , make a bristol stone appear with almost the same lustre , as a natural diamond . joseph harris a new author , who being infected with the contagion of poetry , spread amongst his fellow actors , is setting up for an author ; but with what success , i leave to those who frequent the theatre to decide . he has lately publisht a play , call'd mistakes , or the false report ; a tragi-comedy , acted by their majesties servants ; printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to godfrey kneller esq this young author is beholding to the poets to rig him out ; mr. dryden having bestowed a prologue on his play , and mr. tate an epilogue ; and the ever obliging and compassionate mr. montford , ( as the author with gratitude acknowledges ) not only corrected the tediousness of the fifth act , by cutting out a whole scene ; but to make the plot more clear , has put in one of his own , which heightens his own character , and was very pleasing to the audience . this play seems to me to be of the same stamp with several others lately written by his fellow-comedians ; tho' in my opinion , they had better confine themselves within their own sphere of action . thomas middleton . an author of several plays already mentioned p. . but particularly one , which by chance was omitted , viz. mad world my masters , a comedy often acted at the private-house in salisbury court , by her majesty's servants , and printed quarto lond. . this play was writ twenty years before 't was publish'd , as the printer and stationer inform the reader ; and appeared with applause on the stage . the language and plot of this comedy are very diverting ; and the former is so little obsolete , that mrs. behn has transplanted part of it into her city heiress . george powell . an author and poet already mention'd , p. . who has publisht a new play , call'd alphonso king of naples , a tragedy , acted at the theatre-royal , printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of ormond . the prologue was written by mr. john haynes , and the epilogue by mr. durfey . william rowley . an author of whom i have already given an account , p. . but forgot to speak of a play , in which he was chiefly concern'd , viz. witch of edmonton , a known true story , compos'd into a tragi-comedy , by divers well esteem'd poets , william rowley , thomas decker , and john ford ; acted by the prince's servants often at the cock-pit in drury-lane , and once at court with singular applause ; printed quarto lond. . tho. sackvile , & tho. norton . two authors that liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth ; the former of which was l d buckhurst , and in the first year of k. james the first , viz. march . . created earl of dorset : he was l d treasurer , and chancellor of the university of oxford . he joyn'd with mr. norton in writing a tragedy , which in those days was in much repute . it was thrice printed : the first edition was published under the title of ferrex and porrex , printed o lond. . by w. g. this edition was printed from a surreptitious copy , when the l d buckhurst was beyond sea , and mr. norton far distant from london . the second edition was printed with consent of the authors ; the title-page being as follows : the tragedy of ferrex and porrex , set forth without addition or alteration , but altogether as the same was shewed on the stage before the queen's majesty , about nine years past , viz. the eighteenth day of january . by the gentlemen of the inner-temple ; printed o lond. — — . the last edition is stil'd the tragedy of gorboduc , whereof three acts were written by thomas norton ; and the two last by thomas sackvile ; set forth as the same was shewed before the queen's most excellent majesty , in her highness's court of the inner-temple ; printed o lond. . i have already given some account of this play in mr. dryden's character , p. . i shall here add the opinion of that great judge of wit , sir philip sidney , in his excellent defence of poesie : * our tragedies and comedies , are not without cause cry'd out against ; observing rules neither of honest civility , nor skilful poetry ; excepting gorboduc , ( again i say of those i have seen ) which notwithstanding , as it is full of slately speeches , and well-sounding phrases , climbing to the height of seneca's stile ; and as full of notable morality , which it does most delightfully teach , and so obtain the very end of poesie : yet in truth , it is detectuous in the circumstances ; which grieves me , because it might not remain an exact model of all tragedies . for the plot , consult nenius , leland , r. of gloucester , h. of huntingdon jeo . of monmouth , du chesne , &c. i know not whether my lord buckhurst writ any thing besides , or no ; but i have seen two little pieces writ by mr. norton in octavo : one intituled , to the queen's majesties poor deceived subjects in the north conntry , drawn into rebellion by the earls of northumberland and westmorland : printed octavo lond. . a second , stiled a warning against the dangerous practices of papists , and especially the partners of the late rebellion : printed o lond. — elkanah settle . an author who has forsaken the banners of mars and pallas , to return to the theatre , the seat of the muses : one , ( to use his own expression ) who after all his repented follies , is resolv'd to quit all pretentions to state-craft , and honestly skulk into a corner of the stage , and there dye contented . this resosolution our author has begun to put in practice , by publishing a play , whose title is distressed innocence , or the princess of persia ; a tragedy acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants , printed lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable , john lord cutts , baron of gowran : this tragedy was kindly receiv'd by the audience , as the poet gratefully acknowledges , and owns likewise his obligations to mr. betterton , for his several extraordinary hints , to the heightning of his best characters ; and to mr. montford , for the last scene of his play , which he was so kind to write for him : to which may be added the epilogue . the author likewise owns , that whatever fiction he has elsewhere interwoven , the distresses of hormidas and cleomira , are true history . i have not leisure at present to make enquiry after this passage ; but possibly the reader may find somewhat of it in socrates , zozomen , or nicephorus , all which ( if i mistake not ) mention the affairs of isdegerdes king of persia. thomas shadwell . our present laureat having publisht a new play , i am bound to take notice of it : viz. scowrers , a comedy acted by their majesties servants ; printed o. lond. . how this play succeeded on the stage , i know not ; but i think 't is far from the worst of his comedies : and i believe is wholy free from plagiary . thomas southern . an author that has contributed three plays to the stage , which have gain'd him no small reputation : two of them i have already mention'd , p. . this last play is stil'd sir anthony love , or the rambling lady ; a comedy , acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants , printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to his friend , thomas skipwith esq this play was acted with extraordinary applause ; the part of sir anthony love being most masterly play'd by mrs. montfort : and certainly , who ever reads it , will find it fraught with true wit and humour ; and in the characters of m. l'abbé , and palmer the pilgrim , our author has given us some sketches of the hypocrisie of those pretended saints . mr. wilson . i am apt to believe this writer is the same with the author of the cheats ; i mean john wilson , already mention'd , p. . whoever he is , he has publisht a new play , call'd belphegor , or the marriage of the devil ; a tragi-comedy , lately acted at the queen's theatre in dorset garden ; printed quarto lond. . this play notwithstanding it was decryed on the stage , i think far surpasses many others , that have lately appear'd there . for the foundation of the play , the author has directed the reader to matchiavel and straparola , both which have played with the same story : and i may add , that those who delight in french poetry , may read it ingeniously translated in les contes de m. de la fontaine , octavo , . partie , page . derniere edit . and the english reader may find it pleasantly related , not only in the folio translation of matchiavel , but likewise at the end of quevedo's novels engl. octavo . unknown authors . i am in the last place to give an account of those plays whose authors are unknown ; do in the former method , beginning with a play call'd banish'd duke , or the tragedy of infortunatus ; acted at the theatre-royal , printed o. lond. . the reader will easily find that under the character of infortunatus , the poet design'd to portray the late unfortunate duke of monmouth : under that of romanus and papissa , the late king and queen . braggadocio , or the bawd turn'd puritan , a new comedy , by a person of quality , printed o. lond. . this comedy i take to be instructive ; and undoubtedly in the character of flush , he has hit some features , which belong to some private enemies of universities . edward the third , with the fall of mortimer , earl of march ; an historical play , acted at the theatre-royal , by their majesties servants ; printed quarto lond. . and dedicated to the right honourable henry , lord viscount sidney , of sheppey ; by mr. mountfort to whom the play was made a present . this play i take to exceed most of the plays that have been lately publisht ; and i think in the characters of tarleton , chancellor of england , and serjeant etherside , he has somewhat detected the misdemeanours of some great men in the last reign . for the plot , as far as concerns history , consult harpsfield , walsingham , pol. vigil , froissard , du chesne , math. westminster , hollingshead , grafton , stow , daniel speed , &c. englishmen for money , or a pleasant comedy , call'd a woman will have her will ; divers times acted with great applause ; printed o. lond. . this comedy is not divided into acts. folly of priestcraft , a comedy printed quarto lond. . though the modesty , or prudence of this author , will not permit him to to be known ; yet i think he deserves a place amongst the eldest sons of apollo : and if i may presume to speak my judgment , i believe no satyr since the plain dealer , has been more judiciously or ingeniously penn'd : and i question not but it will deserve a good character from all readers , except the priests and bigots of the romish religion . robin conscience , a play which i never could obtain the sight of : tho finding it mentioned in former catalogues , i was unwilling to omit it . royal flight , or the conquest of ireland ; a new farce , printed quarto lond. . the subject of this play , is evident from its title-page ; and the author has no ways disguised his characters : tho' had he treated some persons in his farce , with more modestie , it had been no less for his reputation . thus i have finish'd my account of our english dramatick poets , and their writings : and having laid a foundation . i shall leave it to others ( who may think it worth their while ) to perfect the edifice : hoping those that will attempt it , will alter or supply what ever they dislike or find defective in the whole essay . finis . errata . page line , for suo , read tuo . p. l. after albibech , r. of abdalla , abdelmelech . p. l. , for his , r. this . p. l. . for thirry , r. thierry . p. l. , for walton's , r. watson's . p. l. after account , r. of j. cook. p. l. , for benefy'd , r. benefic'd . p. l. , for i began , r. he began p. l. , for women's , r. woman's . p. l. the last , for last , r. lasted . p. l. , for person , r. judges . p. l. , for their , r. his . id. l . for eti , r. eris . p. l. , for , r. . p. l. , for oracle , r. paradice . p. l. , for lover , r. mother . p. l. , for soleil , r. soleisel . p. l. for corse , r. cork . p. l. , for his own , r. this one. p. l. , for ingenious , r. genuine . p. l. , for ben johnson , r. our author . p. l. , to the end belongs to tho. st. serf , p. . p. l. for more , r. longer . id. l . , for waver , r. weaver . p. l. , for talisbury , r. salisbury . p. l. , for basker , r. barker . id. l . , dele was . p. l. , for thorpy , r. thorny . p. l. , for aliazer , r. alcazer . id. l. , for chare , r. clare . p. l. . for tornelli annals , r. tornielli annales . p. l. , for bellimperin , r. bellimperia . p. l. , for lactus , r. tactus . p. l. , for before , r. after . some other literal faults not here inserted , the reader is desired to correct . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e * in the epistle . fuller's chr. hist. p. . * pref. to plays fol. notes for div a -e a mr. rymer's pref. to kapin's reflections on aristotle's treatise of poetry . b preface to gondibert . c epistle to darius o. edin . edingh . . d epistle to baron's hars . a epistle to the reader . b pag. ● . c pag. . d see his life , pag. . e pref. to sir patient fancy . f pref. to mock astrologer . g city romance , pag. . h see epistle dedicatory . i poems , pag. . k pref. to scarron's novels . l davenants poems p. . m lives of the poets , p. . n volume the second . o cockain's poems , p. . p theatrum poetarum , pag. . q de arte poetica . r de arte poetica . s see his travels , third edit . p. . t worthies , warwick-shire . pag. . u see prologue to poetaster . a poems , pag. . b see davenant's works . c see dryden's misc. poems , p. . d l. . c. . e sat. . * epilogue to the play. f memoires , pag. . g antiq. oxoniens . p. . g antiq. oxoniens . pag. . h pref. to spanish friar . i pref. to reasons for bays changing his religion . k prologue to the play. l epistle dedicatory . m trane du poeme epique , lib. . cap. . n pref. to troilus and cressida . o de arte poetica . p see cokain's epigrams , l. . ep. . q see his poems . p. . r see pag. . s pag. . t pag. . u pag. . x epigr. l. . ep. . y a romance translated from the italian of giovanni francisco lovedano . z epistle to the reader . a see the epistle to the reader . b see theatre de corneille . tom . . d the title of his book . e sat. . f essay of himself , pag. . g idem p. . h dr. sprat . see his life ; in the last page . i preface to his works , pag. . k idem . l life ; pag. . m denham's poems , p. . n see his life , p. . o mr. rymer's pref. to aristotle's treatie of poesy . excessit è vita an. aet . . & honorifica pompa elatus ex aed. buckinghamianis , viris illustribus omnium ord. exsequias celibrantibus , sepultus est die . m. aug. a.d. . q modern poets , p. . r tate's collection of poems , p. . f rochester's poems , p. . t see the play , p. . u epistle dedicatory . a fuller's worthies . somerset-shire , p. . b antiq. oxon. p. . c mr. crown 's epistle to andromache . d act . sc. . e act. . sc. . f act. . sc. . g mr. bobun's translation of mr. whear's meth. legendi . hist. o. p. . h choice drollery , o. lond. . p. . i sportive wit , o. p. . k epigram , o. oxon. . l measure for measure , act. . sc. . m law against lovers , act . sc. . n antiq. oxon. . . o pag. . p pag. . q wits metriment , o. p. . r preface to tempest . s pag. . &c. t fancy's theatre . u see epistle dedicatory . x modern poets , p. . y lives of the poets , p. . z see his epistle to king charles the second . a ep. ded. to rival ladies . b see pag. . c de arte poetica . d epistle dedicatory . e preface to mock astrologer . f love in a nunnery , p. . g the chief hero in a romance call'd almatride . h poesies de m. de voiture , p. . i act. . sc. . k postscript to granada , pag. . l ibid. pag. . m preface to mock astrologer . b. . n postscript , p. . o ibid. p. . p pres. astrol. b. . q postscript , p. . r postscript , pag. . s ibid. p. . t ibid. u ibid. . x ibid. p. . y ibid. p. . z ibid. p. . a dr. charleton's different wits of men , p. . b conquest of granada , part . act. . sc. . c aeneid , hb. . d amorum , l. . el. . e pref. relig. laici . last paragraph . f poet. l. c. . g malthiaus tunicis d●missis ambulat : satyrar . l. . sat. . h see sullen lovers , p. . i i ragguazli di parnasso di boccalini , ragg . . or boccalini's advertisements from parnassus advertis . . k tyranick love. l maiden queen . m postscript , pag. . * philaster . * faithful shepherdess . n conquest of granada , ii. part. o postscript , p. . p maiden queen . q postscript , ibid. r conquest of granada , part . s tall. lib. de senect . [ non procul ab initio ] a quâ sc. naturâ non verisimile est , cum ce : erae partes aetitis bene descriptae sint , extremum actum , tanquam ab inerti poetâ , esse neglectum . t poet. l. c. . u pref. mock astrol. x juv. sat . y geor. l. . z epist. l. . ep. . a poems and essays , by mr edw. howard , p. . b pref. mock astrol. c carthwright's poems , p. . d postscript to granada ; p. . e act . p. . f act . p. . g epistle dedicatory . h careless lovers . i act . sc. . k rehearsal , act. . p. . l act. . sc. . m act . p. . n hippolitus , act . sc. . o aureng-zebe , act . sc. . p sampson agonistes , p. . * aur. p. . q third edit . r prologue , first part . s owens disticha ethica , & politica ; ep. , p. ● . t cleve's poems , p. . u epistle to the reader . x preface . y nat. var. p. . &c. z poestes de m. voiture , p. . a act . p. . b aureng-zebe , act . p. . c defence of his dramatick essay , p. . d miscellany poems , o. . p. . e de arte poeticâ . f boylean's art of poetry , p. . g poem , in octavo , first edition , pag. . h epist. lib. . ep. . i notes on mr. dryden's poems , p. . k sat. l. . sat. . l prol. to atheist . a sat. lib. . sat. . b pref. humorists . a epist. dedic . b tate's misc. p. . c p. . d p. . e pag. . * lucretius l. . f modern poet. , p. . g acc. of the poets , p. . h preface to his play. i preface . l cheshire , p. . m descript. brit. gent. . nu. . n see before the last edit . o tragedies of the last age considered , p. , &c. p dram. essay , p. . q prol. to the tempest . * cockain's epigr. l. . ep. . r poems octavo , p. . s lives of the poets , p. . t epist. ded. u modern poets , p. . x lives of the poets , p. . y pref. rival ladies . z english poets , pag. . a satyr . . b epist. ded. c in addend . . . instit. poetic . d pag. ● . e pag. . c epistle dedic . f worthies london , p. . g q. eliz. p. . h . epigrams , numb . . i worthies london , p. . k lib. . p. . l english traveller . m lives of the poets , p. . n epistle to the reader . o epistle to the reader . p epistle dedicatory . q pag. . r printed in his dialogue and dramas , p. . s notes on lib. . p. . t pag. . u antiq. lib. . p. . x poems , p. . y poems , p. . z poems , p. . a satyr . . b antiq. l. . p. . c worthies , westminster , p. . d see his works at the beginning . e see fletcher's works . * fizts-geofridi altaniarum , lib. . f postscript to granada . g pag. . h preface . i dramatick essay , p. . k see pag. . l a play writ by shakespear . m satyr . . n the names of several dramat . person . o new-inn , act . sc. . act . sc. . p this break was purposely design'd by the poet , to ape that in ben's third stanza . q suckling's poems , p. . r i understand not this couplet , without the expression be taken after the greek manner , where two negatives make an affirmative ; and then they do vehementius negare . s familiar letters , vol. . sec. . let. . * wood , antiq. oxon. a preface . b denbam's poems , p. . c epistle dedicatory . d lib. . epigr. . e in bedlam . f rochester's poems , p. ● . g epist. ded. h epist. dedicat. i tate's collection of poems , o. p. . k he alludes to the rival queens . l to don carlos . m pag. . n pag. . o epistle to the reader . p pag. . q addend lib. inst. poet. r pag. . s epist. dedic . t sat. . a modern poets , p. . b prologue to the reader . * marloe . * allen. c a poem . d sander's preface to tamerlane . e bosworth's poems , pref. f modern poet : , p. . g modern poets , p. . h ep. ded. to his plays , o. i de arte poeticâ . k modern poets , p. . l english parnassus , p. . m affamarum , lib. . n see prologue . o pag. . p epigrams , l. . ep. . q poems , p. . r worthies sussex , p. . s pag. . t pag. . u act. . * i take the first to be spoke of virgil's aen . * the second of petronius his poem above-mention'd . x pag. . y pag. . z epist. lib. . ep. . a de arte poetica . b pag. . c pag. . d an old song , whose burden was , alas ! poor scholar whither will thou go ? e underwood , p. . f poet. l. . c. . * toysii collect. comm. in trag. senec. h lib. . cap. . i hen. iv. act . a his man rich brome ; see an account of his plays before . b he had the palsie at that time . c mr. edw. fraunce . d aristophanes . e dram. essay p. . f epist. ad . t.v. g cardinal richelieu . h the names of the heroine , and i hero , in the play. k the academy writ a book against it , by the cardinal 's private order , entituled sentimens de l'academie francoise sur la tragi-comedie du cid : tho' 't was publickly so well approved of , that many places of france 't was proverbially said , gela est beau comme le gid . k de arte amandi , lib. . l dr. fuller in his account of shakespear . m see mr. dryden's account . n drammar . essay , p. . o dram. ess. p. . p preface mock-astrol . q synesius his opinion . r pref. sullen lovers . s thus far mr. shakespear . t mr. flatman's epistle to his poems . u choice drollery , p. . x pref. mock astrologer . y amorum , l. 〈 ◊〉 〈◊〉 . * lloyd's memoires , p. . a rival ladies pref. notes for div a -e * page . the lives and characters of the english dramatick poets also an exact account of all the plays that were ever yet printed in the english tongue, their double titles, the places where acted, the dates when printed, and the persons to whom dedicated, with remarks and observations on most of the said plays / first begun by mr. langbain ; improv'd and continued down to this time, by a careful hand. langbaine, gerard, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing l estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the lives and characters of the english dramatick poets also an exact account of all the plays that were ever yet printed in the english tongue, their double titles, the places where acted, the dates when printed, and the persons to whom dedicated, with remarks and observations on most of the said plays / first begun by mr. langbain ; improv'd and continued down to this time, by a careful hand. langbaine, gerard, - . gildon, charles, - . [ ], , [ ] p. printed for tho. leigh ... and william turner ..., london : [ ] "a careful hand" is charles gildon. cf. bm. date of publication from wing. errata: p. [ ] at beginning. reproduction of original in harvard university libraries. includes index. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng dramatists, english -- early modern, - . english drama -- early modern and elizabethan, - -- bio-bibliography. english drama -- restoration, - -- bio-bibliography. theater -- england -- history -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread - tcp staff (michigan) text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the lives and characters of the english dramatick poets . also an exact account of all the plays that were ever yet printed in the english tongue ; their double titles , the places where acted , the dates when printed , and the persons to whom dedicated ; with remarks and observations on most of the said plays . first begun by mr. langbain , improv'd and continued down to this time , by a careful hand . london : printed for tho. leigh at the peacock against st. dunstan's-church , and william turner at the white horse , without temple-bar . the epistle dedicatory , to charles caesar , esq of bonnington in hertfordshire . honoured sir , i have long had an ambition to lay something at your feet that might be worthy your protection , but despairing to produce any thing my self deserving of that honour , and impatient of making known how proud i am of being in the crowd of your admirers , i cou'd not but lay hold of this opportunity , where the merit of the subject , and assistants i have had , might in some measure attone for what is deficient in my performance . i offer , sir , to your protection this history of the lives and works of all the dramatick poets of your native country , of which few nations have produc'd so great a number under so very little encouragements . but to shew them , sir , the more worthy your patronage , i shall lay down a short account of what value their art has been , in the most polite and politick , as well as most successful government in the world. athens , rome , and france will furnish me with the proofs i want . athens gave birth and perfection to the art , and seems , like the true mother , to have been most fond of it , and ●herefore gave its professors the greatest encouragement . the value that government had for both is evident from these two instances : sophocles , as a reward of his antigone , had the government of the city and island of samos confer'd upon him : and on the death of eupolis in a sea-fight , there was a law publish'd , that no poet for the future shou'd go to the wars ; so great a loss they thought the death of one poet to the commonwealth . thus we see that athens that was the most populous and trading city of greece , and which produc'd braver , better , and more learned men than all greece besides , prove , by the encouragement she gave dramatick poetry , that it was the opinion of the wisdom of that state , that plays were so far from being destructive of industry and good morals , that they were equally conducive to the honour and advantage of its people . to say nothing of the care that was taken of the poets , and the esteem they were in among the greatest and bravest of the old romans ; i shall only mention the great maecenas , who laid the foundation of the greatest monarchy that ever was in the world ; who form'd as great and politick designs , did as great services to his prince as any man whatever ; and and who indeed establish'd the greatest emperor over the most free and polite people in the universe ; maecenas i say , thought poetry so worthy his peculiar care , that we owe the best of the roman poets to him , and his name is pass'd from a proper to a common name for all generous patrons . 't is yet fresh in our memories what that master in politicks , the great richelieu has done for these politer studies in france . the theatres , the academy remain a glorious monument of it ; and yet no man could have fled with a better pretence to the multiplicity of affairs , no man ever dispatching more business , or forming more successful , and serviceable-designs for his master's advantage , and the present and succeeding glory and grandeur of fr●●●e ; for to his counsels the french monarchy owes all that terror and power , with which we have seen all europe so lately struggle with : and yet this great and busy polititian could find a time in spight of the weight of the whole administration of france , to take care of the muses , and thought it an honour to himself and country for the lasting advantage of learned men and poets . he took care of the reformation of the stage , and by his order the abbe hedeline , compos'd a piece of the whole art of the stage . but our nation , alas ! furnish'd with as brave a people , and a greater genius for poetry than our neighbours , had never yet been so happy , as to find in the administration , any man with soul enough , to think the care of the muses worth their thoughts ; and yet the world will never be induc'd to believe , that they are wiser or greater politicians than maecenas or richelieu . this neglect of their science has forc'd the poets , who had nothing to expect from the government , to make the most noble and useful school of vertue , degenerate into a meer diversion ; that they might please an audience , whence they cou'd only hope for their support . and this has laid the stage open to the weak assaults of those whom either biggottry , intrest , or hypocri●y have made its enemies . 't is not therefore the supine and criminal neglect of the great men ( i mean the ministers ) of our nation , that we are to form the esteem that is due to this science by ; but the care and value the most refin'd and most successful polititians in the world have discover'd for it ; if the english states-men come short of this , 't is to be look'd on by all men of true sense , as their defect and infamy , not their wisdom . wherefore , tho' the publick has not yet thought fit to take this into its consideration and protection , yet i had reason to think a man of mr. caesar's qualifications , cou'd not but be pleas'd to extend his protection to those , whose business it is to celebrate the vertues that gain you the general esteem . you that forsook the lower pleasures of fortune and youth , for the pursuit of honour and glory in the war ; you , sir , that in your actions have shown the hero , have a nearer reason than other men , to take care of the poets , whose task it is to celebrate the heroes deeds , and to transmit them in their most engaging form to posterity , for their honour and imitation . carmen amat quisque carmina digna gerit . you , sir , that have added to your birth and fortune so strong and general a love , that your wit , sweetness of temper , and honour , defeat that envy which merit usually raises , will naturally take care of those , whose imployment it is to distinguish betwixt the pretence , and reality ; the man of true sense and bravery , and the flashy opiniator , and the vain boaster of his own deeds . from you therefore i hope , sir , a favourable reception , when i shelter all our dramatick writers under the protection of your name ; for in you we shall find a manly , yet modest merit worthy at once , and negligent of fame . wit without opiniatreture ; but balanc'd with a true and penetrating iudgment ; bravery which has nobly distinguish'd you from the remisness of the inglorious youth of the age , witness your voluntary campaigns in flanders ; a generosity that gets you the esteem of all men , while the sordid are the contempt and laughter of men of sense . i need be no farther particular in the enumeration of your vertues , since where ever generosity goes justly to the making up of a character , there can be no vertue wanting . on this vertue , sir , it is that i depend for your pardon for the presumption of this dedication , which i hope i shall gain with the greater ease , because i have kept clear of the crime of dedications , flattery , having confin'd my self much within the compass of severe truth , and the sentiments of , sir , your most devoted , humble , and obedient servant , &c. the preface . i do not trouble the reader with this preface because 't is the mode to say something before ev'ry book ; but because there is a necessity of premising a word or two as to the following treatises , and the other essays of this nature , that have already been seen . i shall take no notice of mr. winstanley's or mr. phillips's , for one i never saw , and the other i could not read , and mr. langbain has discovered their defects sufficient to justify his undertaking a more perfect work ; and which he indeed in the last edition he has pretty near accomplish'd . i must own that his vndertaking has sav'd me a great deal of trouble , but then he is every where so partial , that he destroys the character of a critick and historian at once , whose object ought always to be truth ; whereas mr. langbain seems every where to gratify some private pique , and seldom to regard the merit of the person he reflects upon . this i have every where avoided , and distinguish'd betwixt the desert and defect of the auth●r . mr. langbain is farther generally mistaken in his censures as a critick , he seems to have known nothing of the matter , to have had little or no taste of dramatick poetry : and a stranger to our stage● wou'd from his recommendation make a very odd and ridiculous collection of our english plays . he often commends , shirley , heywood , &c. and will scarce allow mr. dryden a poet ; whereas the former have left us no piece that bears any proportion to the latter ; the all for love of mr. dryden , were it not for the false moral , wou'd be a masterpiece that few of the ancients or moderns ever equal'd ; and mr. shirley , and mr. heywood have not left enough in all their writings to compose one tolerable play , according to the true model and design of a play. mr. langbain has in many of the lives , swell'd them out with interlarding them with tedious copies of verses little to the purpose in hand , which i was obliged to avoid for two reasons ; first i design'd to give the reader as compendious an account of our dramatick writers as i cou'd , and so to bring my book to an easier price than mr. langbain's . and therefore i was , secondly , forc'd to leave out all that was superfluous : and this the rather , because i had several lives and remarks to add to this edition , which he cou'd give no account of , fome of the authors having appear'd since his time , and others , by the advantage of the ingenious mr. ash's admirable collection of english plays , i have met with , which he never saw ; all which has render'd this more perfect in its kind than his cou'd be : besides , writing after him , i have endeavoured to avoid his faults , and preserve his beauties . next i have to inform the reader , that the following piece is not writ all by one hand , as will , i believe , be perceived in the reading . and lastly , i find on the perusal of it , something in the book , which i must differ from in the preface , and that is in the account of mr. oldmixon's amintas , where 't is remark'd , that pastoral is a modern invention , when in reality , the ancients had a sort of dramatick performance not unlike it , that is , their satyrs , which might be said to be something of a nature with our pastoral ; but if we may guess at what is lost by what remains of that kind , it was also something different . in the cyclops of euripides , we find the shepherds were the major part of the dramatis personae ; for such was polyphemus , silenus , and the chorus : but the character of ulysses hightned the play , and gives a greater force to the passions ; 't is not the love of polyphemus , but his cruelty we see ; and the dexterity and wisdom of ulysses . of this sort of poem , mr. dacier in his preface to the satyrs of horace , will give you something a fuller account . and as this takes its rise from antiquity , so farce , in some measure , may derive it self from the pantomimi ; at least that sort of farce which the italian players in paris us'd to act ; tho' the mimi and the pantomimi were esteem'd for their admirable expression of nature in action and dancing ; but our farce is something beyond nature , and extravagant to a degree of nauseousness , to all good iudges . i have lately read mr. congreve's love for love over , and am of opinion , that the contrivance of the marriage of tattle and mrs. frail is highly probable , tho' the reflections on that play do seem not to admit it as absolutely so . lastly , i have to advertise the reader , that on the perusal of the last sheets of this book , i found that in the remark on beauty in distress , one of my assistants has seem'd to imply , that the author is more a comick than tragick poet ; i cannot agree with him , for i think 't is an extraordinary effort for the first vndertaking in tragedy , in which most have fail'd in their first attempt : i say this , least any thing my friend said , should seem a lessening of that performance of the author , which he assures me he never meant . the names of the known authors . a. alexander william , earl of sterline page armin robert b. baily abraham bancroft iohn ibid. banks iohn barnes barnaby baron , esq robert beaumont francis ibid. bedloe william ibid. behn aphara ibid. belchier dawbridgecourt bernard richard ibid. boothby , mrs. frances boyle roger , earl of orrery . ib. brandon samuel breton nicholas ibid. brewer anthony ibid. brome alexander ibid. brome richard bourn ruben ibid. birkhead henry burnel , esq henry . ibid. c. carew , lady elizabeth carew thomas ibid. carlell , esq lodowick carlisle iames ibid. carpenter richard cartwright george ibid. cartwright william ibid. chamberlain robert chamberlain william ibid. chapman george cibber colley cockain , sir aston congreve william ibid. cook , esq edward cook iohn corey iohn ibid. cotton , esq charles ibid. cowley abraham cox robert crown iohn ibid. d. dancer iohn daniel samuel ibid. d'avenant , sir william d'avenant , dr. charles p. davenport robert ibid. dauborn robert ibid. day iohn ibid. deckar thomas ibid. denham , sir iohn dennis iohn dilke thomas ibid. dogget thomas dover iohn ibid. drake , dr. iames dryden , esq iohn ibid. dryden , iunior , iohn duffet thomas d'urfey thomas ibid. e. eccleston edward etheridge , sir george ibid. f. fane , sir francis fanshaw , sir richard ibid. falkland henry , lord viscount field nathaniel ibid. filmer , dr. edward ibid. fishbourn flecknoe richard ibid. fletcher iohn ford iohn ford thomas fountain iohn ibid. fraunce abraham ibid. freeman , sir ralph ibid. fulwell ulpian g. gascoign george glapthorn henry goff thomas ibid. gomershal robert gould robert ibid. gouldsmith , esq francis granvile , esq george p. green alexander ibid. green robert ibid. h. habington , esq william harris ioseph ibid. hausted peter ibid. haynes ioseph head richard ibid. hemings william ibid. heywood iasper heywood iohn ibid. heywood thomas higden , esq henry holyday barton ibid. hool charles hopkins charles ibid. howard , esq edward howard , esq iames howard , sir robert ibid. howell , esq iames. i. ievorn thomas ingeland thomas iohnson benjamin ibid. iones iohn iordan thomas ibid. ioyner william k. killigrew henry killigrew thomas ibid. killigrew , sir william kirk iohn knevet ralph ibid. kid thomas ibid. l. lacey iohn leanard iohn lee nathaniel pag. lilly iohn lodge thomas lower , sir william ibid. lupon thomas ibid. m. machin lewis maidwell l. ibid. maine , dr. iasper ibid. manley , mrs. delarivier manuch cosmo markham gervase marlow christopher ibid. marmion shakerly marston iohn ibid. mason iohn massenger philip ibid. may thomas mead robert medbourn matthew ibid. meriton thomas ihid . middleton thomas milton iohn montague , esq walter motteux peter ibid. mountsord william n nabs thomas nash thomas nevile alexander nevile robert ibid. newcastle , duke ibid. newcastle , dutchess newton thomas norton thomas ibid. nuce thomas o otway thomas oldmixon iohn p. palsgrave iohn pag. peaps ibid. peel george ibid. philips , mrs. catharine ibid. pix , mrs. mary pordage , esq daniel porter henry ibid. porter thomas ibid. powel george preston thomas ibid. prestwich edmund q. quarles francis r. randolph thomas ravenscroft edward ibid. rawlins thomas revet edward ibid. richards nath. rider william ibid. rowley william ibid. rowley samuel rutter ioseph ibid. rymer thomas ibid. s. sackvile tho. see norton sampson william sandys , esq george saunders charles ibid. scot thomas ibid. settle elkanah shadwell , esq thomas shakespear william sharp lewis sharpham edward shepheard , s. ibid. sherburn , esq ed. ibid. shipman , esq tho. pag. shirley henry shirley iames ibid. sidley , sir charles smith iohn ibid. smith william ibid. southern thomas stanley , esq thomas stapleton , sir robert ibid. stephens iohn ibid. strode william ibid. studley i. suckling , sir iohn ibid. swinhoe gilbert . t. tate , esq nahum tateham iohn taylor robert thompson thomas ibid. trot nicholas ibid. tuke richard ibid. tuke s. ibid. turner cyril tutchin iohn ibid. v. vanbrug , captain w. wager lewis waller , esq edw. ibid. wapul george wager william ibid. waver r. ibid. webster iohn pag. weston , esq iohn whitaker ibid. wild , dr. robert willan leonard ibid. wilkins george ibid. wilmot robert ibid. wilson iohn ibid. wilson robert wood nathaniel ibid. wright iohn ibid. wright thomas ibid. wycherly ibid. y. yarrington robert supposed authors vnknown authors in the appendix . gildon charles grevile fulk , l. brook pembrook countess phillips , esq william ibid. pix , mrs. mary plautus rivers shadwell , esq tho. shirley iames terence ibid. trother , mrs. catharine walker william errata . page . line . put the comma after she . p. . l. . for is read are . p. . l. . read antiquary . p. . l. . for nor read and. p. . l. . for account read action . l. . dele e. p. . l. . read albianus . p. . l. ult . for first read last . p. . l. . read lollius . p. . l. . read victrix . l. . read vandosme . l. . dele fairer . l. . dele cinic . p. . l. . for adding read address . p. . for three read four. p. . l. . read proboque the lives and characters of the english dramatick poets : with an account of all the plays , printed to the year , . a william alexander , earl of sterline . the title of this nobleman makes it evident that he derives his birth from scotland , as the dedication of his works affords us a proof that he liv'd in the time of king iames the first , for there he has this stanza : of this dived isle the nurselings brave earst from intestine wars cou'd not desist , yet did in foreign fields their names engrave , whilst whom one spoild , the other wou'd assist . these now have one ; whilst such a head they have , what world of words were able to resist ? thus has thy worth ( great iames ) conjoin'd them now , whom battels oft did break , but never bow . that he was in favour with king iames , is evident from sir robert ayton's verses before his tragedies . as ●or any particulars of his family and private affairs i can give you no account , but that it may be reasonably drawn from his quality , nation , and favour at that time , that he was not unhappy in any of them , at least that depended on fortune . this nobleman has by his writings shew'd posterity , that he had a just right to his king's favour , as any one that reads his recreations of the muses will allow . mr. langbain tells us of former editions , but the best is in folio , london , printed for tho. harper , . and dedicated to king iames , not king charles the first , as mr. langbain mistakes . in this volume are four plays , which he calls , monarchick tragedies ; the alexandrean tragedy , croesus , darius , and iulius caesar. nor can i agree with mr. langbain , that he has proposed the ancients for his model , whom he has follow'd in nothing but the chorus : for as for the unities of action , time and place , always observed by them , he seems to know nothing of them . he seems to mistake the very essence of the drama , which consists in action , most of his being narration ; and may rather be term'd historical dialogues , than dramatick pieces . there is scarce one action perform'd in view of the audience ; but several persons come in , and tell of adventures perform●d by others or themselves , and which often have no more to do with the business of the play , than the persons that speak , as in the first scene of the fifth act of the alexandrean tragedy , aristotle and phoceon , who have no hand in the various revolutions of that play , spend a long scene on the uncertainty of humane grandeur , only to tell a few lines of business done by some of alexander's captains . this play is so far from being after the model of the ancients , the action so far from being one , that 't is multiplied enough for at least ten plays , it containing the various revolutions , and murders of the commanders of the macedonean army , after the death of alexander ; and here , as in the rest , he runs too far back to bring things ab ovo , that have no relation to the action , as the scene between harpagus and cyrus , and craesus and sandanis , and many more will evince . if he has not followed the model of the ancients , he has yet borrowed very freely their thoughts , translating whole speeches from seneca , virgil , and others , as the first act of iulius caesar from iuno's speech in the first of the aeneids ; and many of his sentences , as well as the defect of his sententiousness , he owes to seneca . the two first acts generally are wholly foreign to the business of the play , as indeed the greatest part of the other acts are too . this at least may be said of my lord , that he is a very good historian , and from his plays the reader may gather a great deal of the affairs of greece , and rome . iuno in the first act of iulius caesar , gives us the history of all the invasions of the roman empire , by the barbarous nations , whether gauls or the cimbri , &c. to the time of iulius caesar , and finding none of them effectual enough to ruin the power of the roman state , which deriving it self originally from the trojan race , she could not but hate , therefore she now resolves to destroy it by civil wars , and to raise her brothers servants , the furies , always obsequious to mischievous commands , whilst furies furious by my fury made . says , she shall at last do the work ; with which , after a speech of two or three hundred lines she ends the act. indeed my lord seems often to have a peculiar fancy to punning , and that in all his chief characters ; as caesar says in the second act , great pompey's pomp is past — and to seem uncivil in these civil wars . but not to wrong my lord in the iudgment of the readers , by these ridiculous quotations ; they are to consider , first , that this was the vice of the age , not the poet ; he having in that , as well as some other things , imitated the vices of our admirable shakespear , and next that these punning fits come not very often upon him . to shew that he writes in another ●strain sometimes , i must give you three or four lines , ( my brevity denying more large quotations ) which will give you a taste of his better parts . love is a ioy , which upon pain depends ; a drop of sweet drown'd in a sea of sowers : what folly doth begin , that fury ends ; they hate ●or ever , who have lov'd for hours . 't is the reflection of adrastus in craesus , the most moving play of the four ; but to return to caesar. in the second act , caesar thinks it a part of his grandeur to boast his deeds to anthony ( who knew 'em well enough before ) and betwixt 'em both , we have an account of his commentaries , and almost a diary of his actions . i can't omit one thing in this play , in the fifth act he brings brutus , cassius , cicero , anthony , &c. together after the death of caesar , almost in the same circumstances as shakespear had done in his play of this name . but shakespear's anthony and brutus ravish you , while my lord 's brutus , cicero , and anthony would make you sleep , so much our english poet excels . this must be said for my lord 's iulius caesar , that it is much the most regular of all his plays , at least in the unity of action , which is only caesar's death , tho' the whole last act is almost redundant , for when caesar is once dead , we have no occasion to hear of the consequence of it , either in the grief of calpurnia , or the disagreements of the noblemen and commons ; but this may be objected likewise to shakespear , who gives us a history , not a play. but 't is time now to give over our reflections on this poet , and give the reader a more particular account of their plots , in their alphabetical order . the alexandrean tragedy , for the plot you may consult quintus curtius , and the th book of iustin , diodorus sciculus , l. . orosius , l. . c. . iosephus l. . c. . appian de bellis syriacis . saliani annales ecclesiastici a. m● . n. . &c. torniel . a. m. . n. . raleigh's hist. l. . c. . heylin's hist. of greece , howel , &c. croesus , taken from herodot . clio. iustin , l. . c. . plutarch's life of solon . salian . torniel . a. m. . xenophon's cyropaideia . darius , this , as mr. langbain assures us , was the first fruit of his lordship's dramatick muse , publish'd at edinburgh , . when he was yet lord menstrie : the language and design very much improv'd in this last folio edition . as to the plot , consult quintus curtius , lib. , , & . iustin , l. ii. c. . &c. diodorus , l. . arrian , de expeditione alexandri , l. . plutarch's life of alexander , salian , a. m. , &c. iulius caesar , the story of this play will be exactly found in the roman histories , plutarch and suetonius in the life of caesar , appian de bellis civilibus , lib. . florus , l. . c. . salian , torniel , &c. he has writ besides these plays , doomsday . a paraenaesis to prince henry , on whose death he dedicated it to prince charles , afterwards king charles i. a fragment of an intended heroick poem of ionathan , of which he has left but one book . robert armin. the author of a play which mr. langbain never saw , and is called , the history of the two maids of moor clack , with the life and simple manner of iohn in the hospital ; play'd by the children of the king's majesty's revels , and printed in to . london , . i believe the plot may be taken from some old story in those times . this author lived in the reign of king iames i. and in the title page discovers himself to be one of his majesty's servants , and was , i believe , of the then company of actors , for i find his name printed in the drama of ben. iohnson's alchymist , among the rest of the eminent players of that age ; and indeed the preface of his play seems to intimate as much . b abraham baily . a gentleman of the honourable society of lincolns-inn , and the author of a comedy call'd , the spightful sister ; london , printed in to . . which i presume never was acted , being printed without prologue , epilogue , or dedication , and with mr. langbain , i must acquit him entirely of being a plagiary , either as to characters of language , and if it fall to any ones chance to read it , and to observe my lord occa's and winifred's characters , will easily allow that what he has writ is surely all his own . iohn bancroft . this author was born in london , and tho' by profession a chyrurgeon , was infected by the vicinity of the wits with poetry , and has left behind him two tragedies , dying about a year and half ago , he lyes inter'd in st. paul's covent-garden . henry the second , with the death of rosamond , a tragedy acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , london printed to . . this play has not our author's name prefixt to it , but is dedicated by mr. mountfort to sir tho. cook , knight , alderman and sheriff of the city of london . for the plot consult daniel , stow , speed , sir richard baker , and the rest of the english chronicles . sertorius , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , and london , printed . 't is dedicated to captain richard savage , and the epilogue was writ by mr. ravenscroft . the elder corneil has writ on the same subject . the story is to be found in plutarch's life of sertorius , velleius paterculus , l. . florus , l. . c. . &c. whatever the fate of this play was , his other had no ill success , and may claim a place of equal rank with several celebrated tragedies of this age. iohn banks . this author is now living , and was once a member of the worthy society of new-inn ; who quitted the more profitatable practice of the law , for some years , in pursuit of the bays , till experience convinc'd him of his error , and that the ingrateful stage , like other friends we often esteem , forgets the obligations it has to one . and tho' of late he has given us a cyrus , yet it was ●rit some years ago , he wholly applying himself to a more gainful employ . if the golden age of poetry carried him from that in the luxurious reign of charles ii. when more people run mad after the muses than even now ; the iron age that soon ensu'd , recall'd him from so fruitless a pursuit . tho' by his episodes , being generally inartificial , we may conclude he has not much studied aristotle , and the art of the stage , yet in two of his plays he has gain'd the true end of tragedy , the moving terror and pity , which many more celebrated authors are so far from , that they seem never to have aim'd at it : and this indeed makes some amends for the defects of language , in which he seems to me very faulty . he has seven plays in print , of which the alphabetical order brings the last first . cyrus the great , a tragedy , acted at the new theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , dedicated to her royal highness the princ●ss ann of denmark , to . . the plot of this play is taken out of scudery's romance of the grand cyrus , and for the true story of cyrus , you may consult herodotus , iustin , xenophon's cyropaideia , &c. tho' this play had been formerly refus'd the action , yet it held up its head about six days together , and has been since acted several times . destruction of troy , a tragedy , acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre . lhndon , printed to . . and dedicated to the right honourable the lady katharine roos : this play wanted the success the poet desired on the stage . for the story you may read homer , virgil , ovid , dares phrygius , dictys cretensis , &c. the innocent vsurper , or the death of the lady iane gray , a tragedy , . to . london , printed . and dedicated to mr. bently the bookseller that publish'd it , in which he complains of the mistaken cause of its prohibition of the stage , appealing from the false insinuations of his enemies , to mr. bently's knowledge of its being writ ten years before , so that he could design no reflection on the present government . his defense seems reasonable , and i think him as much in the right , when he tells us , that this tragedy is inferior to none of his former , and that he 's confident it wou'd move the ladies tears . he assures us , he has nicely follow'd the truth of the story , which you may find in our chronicles . this play i look on to be much better than any of the late tragedies ; tho' in his metaphors , he seems not to 've consulted that iustness which the rules of good rhetorick requires ; but like all other human performances , as it has its beauties , it has also its faults , but not enough of the later to over-ballance the former . the island queen , or the death of mary queen of scotland , to . . this play too had the ill fortune to be denyed the iustice of appearing on the stage , but published by the author in defence of himself and the piece , the story you may read in buchanan , speed , camden , du chesne , brantons's memoirs , causon's holy court , &c. rival kings , or the loves of oroondates and statira a tragedy , to . acted at the theatre royal , . dedicated to the lady catharine herbert . for the plot consult the romance of cassandra , quintus curtius , and iustin. virtue betray'd , or anna bullen , a tragedy , acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre , to . lon. printed . dedicated to the illustrious princess , elizabeth dutchess of somerset ; for the plot consult a book call'd , the novels of elizabeth queen of england , &c. speed , herbert , du chesne , dr. burnet's history of the reformation , &c. vnhappy favourite , or the earl of essex , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , to . lon. . dedicated to the most high and most illustrious princess , the lady , ann , daughter to his royal highness . this has always been acted with success , and never fail'd to draw tears from the eyes of the fair sex. for the story , see the novel call'd , the secret history of the most renowned queen elizabeth , and the earl of essex . camden's elizabeth , speed , du chesne , stow , baker , &c. barnaby barns . an author who liv'd in the time of king iames i. he writ but one play published , which bears the name of the devil's charter , a tragedy . to . . it seems to be written in imitation of shakespear's pericles , prince of tyre ; an antient play , and is an account of the life and death of pope alexander vi. see guiccardin's hist. italy : and massonius de gestis pontificum romanum . there is also published under this author's name , a book of offices , about princes , fol. . robert baron , esq a young gentleman who liv'd in the reign of king charlaes i. and the interregnum of oliver , first bred at cambridge , and afterwards was a member of the honourable society of grays-inn : he writ these three plays , deorum dona , a mask , vo . this is part of a romance , writ by baron , call'd the cyprian academy , printed at l●nd . . gripus and hegio , past. vo . a play consisting of three acts only , and borrowed a great part from a play of webster's , call'd , the dutchess of malfey , and the aforesaid romance . mirza , trag. vo . plot from herbert's travels , fol. accounted by his friends a good play , is dedicated to the king , and recommended to the world by divers copies of verses ; for most of the scenes and language he seems to have consulted ben. iohnson's catiline . sir iohn denham's sophy is on the same subject , and writ about the same time . lodow barrey . this author liv'd in the time of king charles i. he writ one play call'd , ram-alley , or merry tricks , c. to . . francis beaumont . see fletcher . capt. william bedloe . this author was a famous evidence in the popish plot , before the expiration of which he dy'd , leaving behind him one play , call'd , the excommunicated prince : or , the false relick , t.c. fol. . the plot taken out of heylin's geography , in his account of georgia . his life is pr●nted in vo . . aphara behn . this authoress , whose name was aphara , not astrea , as many have thought , was born in the city of canterbury in kent , her maiden sirname iohnson ; she was much admired in her youth for her beauty , as afterwards for her poetick works , in which she excell'd not only all that went before her of her own sex , but great part of her contemporary poets of the other : she had a great facility in writing , a●● much of nature in all she writ , was employ'd by charles ii. in the discovery of the dutch intreagues , in the dutch war ; liv'd belov'd , and dy'd lamented by all that knew her , and lyes buried in the cloysters of westminster abbey , under a great marble stone , on which is inserted these two verses : here lies a proof that wit can never be , defence enough against mortalitie . her plays , seventeen in number , are as follow in their alphabetical order ; abdelazer , or the moor's revenge , t. to . compare this play with one of christopher marlo's , call'd lust's dominion , vo . and you will find it almost the same . amorous prince , or curious husband , t. c. to . part of it taken from the story of the curious impertinent in don quixot , part . ch. , , . city heiress , or sir timothy treat-all , c. to . part of it from a play of middleton's , call'd , a mad world , my masters , to . and part from another of massengers , call'd , the guardian , vo . dutch lover , c. to . plot from don fenise , vo . see the stories of eufheme , theodore , don iame , and frederic in that romance . emperor of the moon , f. to . taken from harlequin , empereur dans le monde de la lune . forced marriage , or the iealous bridegroom , t.c. to . the first play the writ . false count , or a new way to play an old game , c. to . isabella's being deceiv'd by the chimney sweeper , taken from molieres des precieuses ridicules . feign'd courtezans or a nights intreague , c. to . this play was well accepted , and accounted one of the best she writ . lucky chance , or the alderman's bargain , c. to . gayman's enjoying lady fulbank , and taking her for the devil , taken from mr. alexander kickshaw , and lady aritina , in the lady of pleasure , written by shirley , to . rover , or the banish'd cavaliers , two parts , c. to . taken from tho. killegrew's don thomaso , or the wanderer , fol. round heads , or the good old cause , c. to . a play of iohn tateham's , call'd , the rump , altered , to . sir patient fancy , c. to . part of this play taken from richard broom's damoyselle , vo . and le malade imaginaire . town fop , or sir timothy tawdry , c. to . a great part of this play borrowed from a play , call'd , the miseries of forced marriage , written by george wilkins , to . widow ranter , or the history of bacon in virginia , f. to . this play was published after her death by g. i. plot from the known story of cassius . young king , or , the mistake : a tragi-comedy , to . . this play is dedicated to a particular friend of hers , under the name of philaster . the design is borrowed from calpranedes cleopatra . see the history of alcamenes and menalippa part th . younger brother , or the amorous iilt , c. to . this play was published after her death ( with her life added ) the story was of her own knowledge , and written above ten years before she dyed , it was much esteemed by her , and it must be owned , in spight of the ill success it met with , that there is a great deal of wit at least in the beginning of it , the first two acts being very well received but the tedious scenes in blank verse , betwixt mirtilla and prince frederick , lost the diversion they would have given in another more easie dress . taken from a true story of the brother of coll. henry martin , and a lady that must be nameless . see the novel call'd hatige . these plays were all written between the years . and . dawbridgcourt belchier . this gentleman writ one interlude in the time of king iames i. whilst he lived at vtreicht , in the united provinces , which he entituled , hans beer-pot , his invisible comedy of see me , and see me not , int. to . . acted by an honest company of health-drinkers , says the title . he was an english man , and in his epistle calls it neither comedy nor tragedy , wanting both number of speakers , and parts or acts it should have , it consisting of three acts only . richard bernard . a gentleman that liv'd in lincolnshire , in the time of queen elizabeth , and gave us then a translation of terrences comedies , in a language and stile suitable to the time he liv'd in . pub. terentius was a carthaginian born , and brought a slave to rome in his youth , there well educated by his patron terent. seneca , and by him made free for his wit , and left behind him six comedies ( viz. ) andrea , adelphi , eunuchus , heutontimorumenos . hecyra and phormio , the fourth edition in to . . the four first of these comedies are borrowed from menander . the two last taken from apollodorus . he generally brought two of menander's into one of his . he was thought to have the help of laelius and pub. scipio , in his writings which he thought an honour , not disgrace . mrs. frances boothby . whether this authoress be yet living , i know not , she liv'd , and writ in the time of king charles ii. a play call'd , marcelia , or the treacherous friend , t. c. to . . roger boyle , earl of orrery . a noble man of the kingdom of ireland , eminent both in arts and arms , as a poet and as a patron ; he dyed octob. . and has published these following plays , black prince : for the story consult walsinghami hist. angl. wigornensis chronicon . polid. virgilii . florentii monarch . froissard chron. de france , & d' angleterre , english chronicles in reign of edw. iii. tryphon : consult the first book of maccabes , iosephus , lib. . appian de bellis syriacis , &c. henry v. see the english chronicles in the reign of that king , and the reign of king charles vi. in the french chronicles , as iean iuvenal des vrsins , le hist. de charles vi. mezeray , &c. mustapha : consult for the plot thuanus , lib. . tho. artus la continuacon de le hist. des toure's , and knowles's turkish hist. these four in folio ; the two first published . the other two in . guzman , a comedy acted at the theatre royal. . the plot of this play is taken from a romance of that name . herod the great , a tragedy , printed . i do not find that this play was ever acted . the story of this prince you will find in iosephus , and his life in caussin's holy court. these two plays are bound up with the rest of his plays , in fol. and tho' the title page tells us that the first was acted , yet there is no drammatis personae before it . he also writ one other play , call'd , master anthony , to . . the prologue to this , is the same of that to one of durfey's plays , call'd , the fool turn'd critick . samuel brandon . he liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , and writ this play towards the latter part of her time , call'd , the virtuous octavia , t. c. vo . . and tho' this play was never acted , yet the author had a very good opinion of it ; and his epistles printed with it , compos'd in imitation of ovid's . plot from plutarch's life of m. antony . see also the life of augustus in suetonius . dion . cassius , &c. nicholas breton . he has writ and published nothing more then this one interlude , call'd , the old man's lesson , and young mans love. interl . to . a very old piece . anthony brewer . an author in the reign of king charles i. published these two plays following ( viz. ) the country girl , c. to . . this play was reviv'd just thirty years after its first publishing , by one leanard , who gave it a new title , calling it , country innocence , or the chamber-maid turn'd quaker . to . . love-sick king , t. c. to . . this play was also reviv'd , and acted at the king's house , under the title of the perjured nun , to . . see speed , polyd. virgill , gu. malmsb. ingulfus , higden , du chesne , &c. alexander brome . he liv'd in charles i. time , and was a stirring attorney and poet in the royal cause , during the government of those times . he published but one play of his own , entituled , the cunning lovers , c. to . . the story of the cunning lovers , taken from the wise masters . see also the nov. of the fortunate deceived , and vnfortunate lovers . yet he took care to give the world a volume of mr. richard bromes after his decease , printed in vo . this author has published also a volume of poems , which he writ in the late troublesome times , together with epistles and epigrams , translated from divers authors , printed about the time of the restauration of king charles ii. and again . besides these , we have under his name horace , vo . tho' not wholly translated by him . richard brome . he liv'd in the time of king charles i. was servant to ben. iohnson , and writ himself into reputation by his comedies ; was complimented with copies of verses , from most of the poets of his time , and even from his master ben. his plots are his own , and studying more men then books , he has not fallen into plagiarism . besides those plays writ by himself , he joyn'd with heywood , in a play call'd , the lancashire witches . his plays , in all fifteen , as they were published follow ( viz. ) city wit , or the woman wears the breeches , court beggar , damoyselle , or the new ordinary ; mad couple well match'd ; reviv'd under the title of debauchee , or the credulous cuckold , . novella : these five are printed together in one vol. vo . . covent garden weeded ; english moor , or the mock marriage ; love-sick court , or the ambitious politick ; new academy , or the new exchange ; queen and concubine : these five are printed in another vol. vo . . antipodes , c. to . . iovial crew , or the merry beggars , c. to . . revived and reprinted . northern lass , c. to . . revived and reprinted . with new prologue and epilogue . queens exchange , c. to . . sparagus garden , c. to . . most of these plays were acted with general applause . fulk grevile , lord brook , see grevile . ruben bourne . i can say no more of this author , but that i 'm inform'd he is or lately was of one of the temples , and has a play in print under this title : the contented cuckold , or the womans advocate , to . c. . this play was never acted , but dedicated to his worthy friends iohn huxly of wyerhall in edmonton , in the county of middlesex , esq ●nd richard andrews of the same gentleman . henry burkehead . this author was a merchant in bristol , in the reign of king charles i. his play call'd , colas fury , or lyrindas misery , t. to . was never acted , it represents the troubles of ireland under feigned names . henry burnel , esq a gentleman that liv'd in ireland in king charles i. time , writ a play call'd , landgartha , t.c. to . . acted at dublin with good applause , and some time after printed there . the plot which is founded on the conquest of fro ( and call'd by our author frollo ) king of suethland , by regner king of denmark , which the repudiation of landgartha q. to regner . see krantzius , lib. . c. . io. magnus , lib. . cap. , . & saxo gramat . lib. . c lady elizabeth carew . this lady lived in queen elizabeth's reign , and has left behind her a tragedy call'd , mariam the fair queen of iury , to . there is another tragedy written by pordage , more modern , on the same subject , call'd , herod and mariamne . plot taken from ioseph . hist. iews , lib. & . salian . tom. . a. m. . torniel . tom. . a. m. ● &c. thomas carew . one of the gentlemen of the bed chamber , and sewer in ordinary to king charles i. by whose command , and the assistance of inigo iones , he composed a masque , called , coelum britannicum , vo . performed in the banqueting house at white-hall , by his said majesty , king charles i. and his nobles , an. dom. . ( mr. hen. lawes , one of the king 's private musick , and gentleman of the chappel royal , set all the musick to the same . this author published a volume of poems and songs , which have been divers times ( with this masque ) reprinted , the last edition , . lodowick carlell , esq this gentleman was an old courtier , and liv'd in the time of both the king charles's , and possest the places of gentleman of the bowes to king charles i. and of groom of the king and queen's privy-chamber . he has publish'd eight plays ( viz. ) arviragus and philicia , in two parts , t.c. ● , ● ( revived since with a new prologue writ by mr. dryden , and spoke by the famous actor , mr. hart. for the story on which this play is grounded , see ge●f . monmouth , lib. . c. . pol. virgil , lib. . matth. west . pag. . grafton , part . pag. ● . deserving favourite , t. c. vo . . this play was represented before king charles i. and his queen at white-hall , and o●ten in black-fryars , with great applause . fool would be a favourite ; or , the discreet lover , vo . . osmond the great turk ; or , the noble servant , tragedy , vo . . ( the action of this play is , the taking of constantinople , in the year . see knolles's turkish hist. in the life of mahomet ii. bandello's novels , tom. . hist. . lipsii monita , lib. . cap. . artus le contin . de l' hist. des tur●s . lib. . this play , with the two preceding , are printed together in vo . . passionate lover , in two parts , t. c. vo . . this play was published by mr. alex. gough , it having been before twice presented before the king and queen's majesties at somerset-house . her 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the east , trag. to . . this transla●●●n 〈…〉 the fr●●h of monsieur corre●lle , was designed by the 〈◊〉 for the stage , but never acted . see zonar , baronius , &c. iames carlile . he was born , as i 'm informed , in lancashire , he first appear'd in the world as a player , and gave no small promises of making considerable progress in that way ; he left the stage while he was yet young , and took to the wars ; got no little reputation in the irish expeditions under his present majesty , and with his brother , lost his life in the bed of honour . he gave us a play called , the fortune hunters ; or , two fools well met . com. to . this was acted with applause , as it has been lately revived by the patentees company . richard carpenter . this author lived in the latter end of king iames i. and the beginning of king charles i. publish'd one play called , the pragmatical iesuit new leaven'd , to . a play tends to morality and vertue ; so 't is doubted whether the author was not a divine , there being three sermons publish'd under the same name , in the latter end of the reign of king iames i. george cartwright . of this gentleman i can only say , that he liv'd at fulham , and that he has writ a play called , heroick love ; or , the infanta of spain , a tragedy , dedicated to king charles ii. and printed , london , . vo . william car●wright the name of our author's father and place of nativity , are differently related by mr. wood , (a) the late antiquarian in his antiquit. oxon. and (b) mr. loyd in his memoirs , the first making him gloucestershire , and the latter oxofordshire ; but all agree he was brought up a king's schollar at eaton , under dr. olbaston , and chose student of christ-church-colledge in oxon , where he passed thro' his degrees of batchelor and master of arts : the house made choice of him for proctor , and was admitted by the university with mr. wake of magdalen colledge in the year . in the winter that year he dy'd of a malignant fever , and lies buried in the south isle of that church . he was belov'd by the king and queen , and lamented by all his acquaintance and friends . he was expert in the latin , greek , french , and italian tongue● ; was extream modest , as well as handsome ; and admired , not only by his acquaintance but strangers . ben. iohnson among the rest writ in his praise ; and bishop fell gives him the highest , if not hyperbolical praise , in saying , he was the utmost that man could come to . he writ four plays , viz. lady errant , a tragi-comedy , vo . . this was esteemed by many about that time a good play. ordinary , a comedy vo . . part of the first act is insert●ed in a book call'd , wits interpreter , as a love dialogue , unde the title of the old widow , p. . royal slave , a tragi-comedy , vo . . this play was first presented to the king and queen , by the students of christ-church-colledge , oxon , dr. busby , late schoolmaster of westminster , acting a part therein ; and afterwards at hampton court , to both their majesties , by the players , at the queens command ; and tho' the poet gave equal instructions , the students carryed the prize . seige , or loves convert , a tragi-comedy , vo . . occasion in plutarch's life of cymon , and part from boccaces novels , day th . nov. st . these plays are printed together with his poems in vo . where you may find most of the wits in the university appear with copies of verses , to shew the great esteem they had for him . our author has also extant other pieces , viz. a sermon printed . a latin book entituled , dies in mense novemb. maxime notabiles coronam , &c. . robert chamberlain . this anthor liv'd in the time of king charles i. and writ a play call'd , the swaggering damsel ● a comedy to . . whether ever this play was acted i cannot learn , nether can i say it deserved acting . william chamberlain . a doctor of physick who lived and dyed in shaftsbury in dorsetshire , was an old cavalier , and had received several marks of his venturing in those wars . he gave us a testimony of his poetick capacity in an heroick poem , entituled pharonida , vo . . and since has appeared in prose , with the title of eromena , or the noble stranger , a novel , . he writ but one play printed , call'd , loves victory , a tragi-comedy , to . . this has appeared since under a new title and acted , call'd , the wits led by the nose , or a poet's revenge , to . . george chapman . this poet flourished in the latter part of the reign of queen elizabeth and king iames i. he was received among the formost of the poetick writers of that age , for his translations , as well as original writings . he joyn'd with ben. iohnson and marston , in the composing one play call'd , eastward hoe . he also translated all homer , hesiod , and musaeus , which works were esteemed well done in that infancy of translation : his plays which follow , are in number . all fools , a comedy , to . . then accounted a good play ; it is built on terence's heautontimorumenos or self-denyer , and was acted before king iames i. alphonsus emperor of germany , a tragedy to . . plot from chron. de rebus germanicis , see also reynolds on the passions , wanley's hist of man , mariana de reb. hist. lib. . c. . hist. generale d'espagne , lib. . blind beggar of alexandria , a comedy , to . . acted by the earl of nottingham , then lord high admiral his servants ; this play is neither divided into acts nor scenes . bussy d'amboise , a tragedy to . this hath been presented formerly at st. pauls , and since the restauration by the kings servants , with good applause . plot from the french chron. hen. iii. thuan●s , déserres , & rossets hist. trag. de notre temps , ( under the names of lysis and silvie ) hist. . p. . bussy d'amboise his revenge , a tragedy , to . . this play met not with that esteem as the former , nor is it founded on so great truth as the other . conspiracy and tragedy of charles duke of byron , marshal of france , two plays to . . for the plot which is founded on history , see davilas hist. france , mezeray and other french chron. in the time of h. ivth of france . caesar and pompey , a tragedy , to . . divers are the authors that have treated on this story , as lucan in his pharsalia , svetonius in the life of iulius caesar , plutarch , vill. paterculus , florus , dion , &c. gentleman vsher , a comedy to . . a play which deserves no great commendation , and i question whether ever 't was acted . humorous days mirth , a comedy , to . . a play of indifferent repute , but entituled , a pleasant comedy , as it has been sundry times pulickly acted by the right honourable the earl of nottingham , lord high admiral 's servants . masque of the middle temple and lincolns-inn , to . . this was presented at court before the king , at the celebration of the nuptials between the palsgrave and the princess elizabeth , mr. inigo iones was the ingineer to order the machines and decoration of the scenes . may-day , a comedy to . . divers times acted with good applause . monsieur d'olive , a comedy , to . . this play was often acted by her majesty's children with good success . revenge for honour , a tragedy , to . . when the nursery acted in barbican , since the restauration they sometimes made use of this play. temple , a masque , to . as i conjecture , may be the same with that before of the middle temple , and licolns-inn ; mr. langbain , nor any other that i could ever learn , having seen any of this title . two wise men , and all the rest fools , to . . mr. langbain's former remark on this play was , that it exceeded in the number of acts any play of what language whatever . but if he had seen the spanish baud , either in the original , or the folio edition in english , he might have found one with three times as many acts ; the prologue and epilogue of this play are both writ in prose , as was sometimes used in those times : mr. chapman's name not being to the title of this play , it 's a question whether it be really his , tho' former catalogues make it so . widows tears , a comedy , to . . plot from petronius arbiter . see also the ephesian matron , printed in vo . . eastward hoe , a comedy , to . . this was his but in part , ben iohnson and marston having joyned with him in it ; 't was thought worth the reviving by mr. tate , our present poet laureat , who gives it the title of cuckolds-haven . colley cibber . an author now living , he is of foreign extraction , his father being a native of holstein , and a very skilful statuary . i cannot understand that his education ever reached either of the universities ; he having been early by his fancy led to the stage , tho' it was not till the division of the houses that he made any considerable figure there , and then he at once exerted both the poet and the player , in his first play call'd , loves last shift , and in the part of sir novelty fashion , which he played himself , and so encreased both his profit and his reputation ; he has already published two plays of something a different character , of which in their order . loves last shift , or the fool in fashion , a comedy , acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants . london , printed . to . and dedicated to richard norton of southwick , esq. in the epistle our author informs us that the usual enmity at the success of an unknown author , had produced some surmises that this play was not his own ; but he assures his patron , that he should think he affronted him , if he should dedicate a play to him that he could not entirely call his own ; no part of this , either of the plot or the expression being borrowed from either the dead or the living . he indeed took a very rational way to that success , which his epistle lets us know this performance of his met with , by making use of the extensive acquaintance of mr. southern . for that author that will stand on the bare merit of his play , may satisfie himself in its iustness and perfection , but will seldom or never reap that profit from his labours , that will answer either his hopes or his merit . being sensible of this , i suppose mr. cibber took care to engage the interest of a great many , by obliging their vanity , in submitting his play to their perusal and censure ; for there is no complement so prevailing with mankind , as that which is made to their wit. mr. cibber has taken care to avoid the guilt of an unconfessed theft , in avowing his innocence , only so far as he could remember . the plot indeed seems to be new , as it is surprising and admirable ; but some of the criticks will have it founded on a very great improbability , viz. on loveless's not knowing his wife : tho' it may be urged in defence of it , that young worthy's confirmation of her uncle's former account of her death might very much contribute to his being impos'd on . but were this insufficient , yet the beauty of the incident , and the excellent moral that flows from it , abundantly outweigh the fault . the characters of sir novelty , snap , narcissa , and the elder worthy , seem to be good copies of sir fopling , ierry in love for love , setter in the old batchelor , &c. of melantha in marriage alamode , &c. and vain-love in the old batchelor . womans wit , or the lady in fashion , a comedy acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants , to . . this play is much short of the former in the easiness of wit and style , as in the artful working up of the plot. the characters of rakeish , father and son , with the plot of their walk , is much borrowed from the fortune hunters ; from otway's dare devil ; from sir thomas revel and his son in greenwich-parke ; and indeed among the other characters there is not much new . sir aston cockain . this worthy knight lived ( about the restoration ) at his seat at ashbourn , a market town in derbyshire , his family ancient , pretending an alliance with * william the first : he had education in trinity colledge in cambridge , made the tour of france and italy in his five and twentieth year , finishing it in the year . † poetry being his darling study . among other pieces , he has left us three plays and a masque , of which in their order . masque , presented at berthie in derbyshire , . before the then earl of chesterfield , on a twelfth-night , his two sons acting par●s in the same . obs●inate lady , a comedy , vo . . this play seems a meer imitation of massenger's very woman . ovid's tragedy , vo . . some part taken from his elegies , and pa●t from il atheisto fulminato , an italian play. trappolin supposed a prince , a tragy-comedy , vo . . plot from trapolén credulo principe , which he owns to have seen acted at venice . it has been revived by mr. tate , and acted in the year . by the dukes servants in dorset garden . thersites , and tyranical government , which may well be supposed to be none of his , tho' placed to him by winstanly and philips , you may find it in their alphabet among the anonymous plays . these are all printed with his poems , epigrams , &c. in vo . william congreve . a gentleman now living , who derives himself from an ancient family in staffordshire of that name . his politer knowledge he owes to dublin colledge , from whence being returned to england , his first applications were to the law. but mr. congreve was of too delicate a taste , had a wit of too fine a turn , to be long pleas'd with that crabbed , unpalatable study ; in which the laborious dull plodding fellow , generally excells the more sprightly and vivacious wit ; for the law is something like preferment at court , won by assurance and assiduity ; this concurring with his natural inclinations to poetry , diverted him from the bar to the declining stage , which then stood in need of such a support ; and from whence the town justly receiv'd him as rome's other hope . rochfoncault truly observes , that merit alone will never make a heroe , without the friendly assistance of fortune ; and therefore mr. congreve must be said to be as much oblig'd to her for his success , as to nature for his wit , which truly deserv'd it , and of which all those that read his plays , must allow him a more than ordinary share . and indeed he took the most certain way to make sure of fortune , by the intimacy he contracted with the most active part of the establish'd and receiv'd wits and poets of the age , before he ventur'd his reputation to the publick . for as a celebrated french writer has observ'd , an author should never expect to raise his fame in the world , from an unknown state , by the single force of his own genius , and without the help and concurrence of the men of wit , that have an influence over the opinion of the world in things of that nature . but then on the other side , it must be confess'd , that his merit was certainly of more than ordinary power , to oblige them to forget their habitual ill-nature ; and criminal emulation or iealousy ( to give it no worse name ) of all those , whom they have any cause to fear , will once prove any considerable rivals in their fickle mistress , fame . mr. congreve has already given us four plays , of whi●h in their alphabetical order . the double dealer , a comedy , acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , . to . and dedicated to the right honourable charles montague , esq. one of the lords of the treasury . this play not meeting with that success as was expected , the author , as poets are generally apt to do , engages a little too violently in a defence of his comedy . the character of mask-well i take to be an image of vernish in the plain dealer . love for love , a comedy , acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , . to . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . this play , tho' a very good comedy in it self , had this advantage , that it was acted at the opening of the new house , when the town was so prepossess'd in favour of the very actors , that before a word was spoke , each actor was clapt for a considerable time. and yet all this got it not more applause than it really deserv'd : for there is abundance of wit in it , and a great deal of diverting humour . the characters are justly distinguish'd , and the manners well marked . yet in the plot he has not given himself the pains of avoiding that so often repeated improbability of marrying in masques and disguises , which mr. tattle , nor mrs. frail had sense enough to avoid , if we may judge by the rest of their characters ; yet it must be own'd , that he has much better prepar'd this incident to gain it , at least some shew of probability , than in the old batchelor , or than i have generally met with in other plays . i leave the nicer criticks to decide whether the unravelling of the plot , and the conduct of angelica in it , be extreamly just or no : i shall only say it pleas'd , and that is a considerable defence , whatever some may think to the contrary . the mo●rning bride , a tragedy , acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , and dedicated to her royal highness the princess ann of denmark , . to● this play had the greatest success , not only of all mr. congreve's , but indeed of all the plays that ever i can remember on the english stage , excepting none of the incomparable otway's ; and if what dr. blackmore says of it be true , it deserved even greater than it met with ; for the learned doctor in the seventh page of his preface to king arthur , says thus : — since the writing of this , i have seen a tragedy , called , the mourning bride , which i think my self obliged to take notice of in this place . this poem has receiv'd , and , in my opinion , very justly , universal applause ; being look'd on as the most perfect tragedy that has been wrote in this age. the fable , as far as i can judge at first sight , is a very artful and masterly contrivance ; the characters are well chosen , and well delineated ; that of zara is admirable . the passions are well touch'd , and skilfully wrought up . the diction proper , clear , beautiful , noble , and diversified agreeably to the variety of the subject . vice , as it ought to be , is punish'd ; and oppress'd innocence at last reward●d . nature appears very happily imitated excepting one or two doubtful instances , thro' the whole piece ; in which there are no immodest images , or expressions ; no wild , unnatural rants , but some few exceptions being allow'd , all things are chast , iust , and decent . this tragedy , as i said before , has mightily obtain'd , and that without the unnatural , and foolish mixture of farce and buffoon'ry ; without so much as a song or a dance to make it more agreeable . by this it appears , that as a sufficient genius can recommend it self , and furnish out abundant matter of pleasure and admiration , without the paultry helps above named : so likewise , that the tast of the nation is not so far deprav'd , but that a regular and chast play , will not only be forgiven , but highly applauded . thus far the learned doctor , of whom i will not say , as the plain dealer says of my lord plausible , that rather than not flatter , he will flatter the poets of the age , &c. yet i must needs say , so very great a commendation , will make some of the censorious criticks imagine what it was that oblig'd him to take such particular notice of this play ; which , tho' i should be never so willing to allow a place in the first form , yet i can never prefer it to the all for love of mr. dryden , the orphan , and venice preserv'd of mr. otway , or the lucius iunius brutus of mr. lee , either in true art in the contrivance and conduct o● the plot ; or the choice and delineation of the characters for the true end of tragedy , pitty and terror ; or the true and natural movement of the passions , in which particular , none of the ancients ( i was going to say equal'd , but i will boldly say ) surpass'd our english dead bards in those plays , and our living poet in this of his that i have mention'd . or the diction , either in regard to its propriety , clearness , beauty , nobleness , or variety . let any impartial iudge read but all for love , and tell me if there is or can be a style more pure , or more sublime , more adapted to the subject in all its parts : and i believe , notwithstanding all that some gentlemen have urg'd against the language in otway's plays , it seldom wants any of those qualities that are necessary to the perfection of the piece he has undertaken ; he has seldom given us any persons of kings or princes , and if his stile swell not so much in the mouths of those of a lower degree , whom he has chosen , it was because he had too much regard to the nature of the person he introduces . and in lee ( with the critick's permission let me speak it ) you find always something wildly noble , and irregularly great ; and i am unwilling , with some , to think his stile puffie or tumid ; i 'm sure in his play of lucius iunius brutus he is generally iust , both in his thoughts and his expressions ; and it is rather for want of a true taste of him , than his want of merit , that he is condemn'd in that play , i mean , if there be any that do not exempt that from the faults of his other plays . i urge not this as any reflection on mr. congreve's performance , for which i have all the just value the merit o● the play commands ; but to do iustice to his great predecessors on the stage , at the depressing whose praise , the doctor , both in this and his former preface , seems rather to aim , than at the raising that of mr. congreve . no , had i a mind to exert the critick , i might , like many other of that denomination , urge those defects that either the malice , or too nice palate of others have descover'd in the play it self . but i think 't is a very ungenerous office ( and not to be excus'd by any thing but some extraordinary provocation ) to dissect the works of a man of mr. congreve's undoubted merit , when he has done his endeavour to please the town , and so notoriously obtain'd his end ; and when the faults that may perhaps be found in 'em , are of a nature that makes them very disputable , and in which both his predecessors and contemporaries have offended ; and i ●uppose he does not pretend to infallibility in poetry . but tho● i purposely omit all critical reflections , yet the duty of this undertaking , and the foundation i build on , obliges me to examine what he may have borrowed from others ; which indeed is not much , tho' the incident of the tomb , seems to be taken from the meeting of artaban and eliza , at the tombe of tyridates , in the romance of cleopatra . and zara has many features re●embling nourmahal in aurenge zebe , and almeria in the indian emperor ; i know some will have the whole play a kind of a copy of that ; but i confess i cannot discover likeness enough to justify their opinion : unless it be zara's coming to the prison to osmin , as almeria does to cortez . i believe our poet had the bajazet of racine in view , when he formed his design , at least there is as much ground for this as the former opinion . perez resenting the blow the king gave him , is like an incident in caesar borgia ; but the spaniard's revenge is more generous , and less cruel than that of the italian . thus much for the mourning bride , of which , if i may be allow'd to speak my impartial sense , i must needs say , that in spite of its excellence , it discovers mr. congreve's genius more inclin'd and turn'd to comedy , than tra●edy , tho' he has gain'd an uncommon praise for both ; however , it being his first poem of that kind , it promises more perfect products hereafter ; and for which all lovers of poetry long with impatience . old batchelor , a comedy , acted ●t the theatre royal by their majesties servants , and dedicated to the right honourable charles lord clifford , of lanesborough , . to . this comedy was acted with so general an applause , that it gave both fame and fortune to our author ; at once made him known to the town , and to an honourable mecaenas ; who , to the satisfaction of all lovers of learning , wit , and poetry , has ever since prov'd a generous friend to our poet. the old batchelor was usher'd into the world with several copies of verses of his friends , and which the merit of the play abundantly justifies : for there 's a genteel and sprightly wit in the dialogue , where it ought to be ; and the humorous characters are generally within the compass of nature , which can scarce be truly said of those of several poets , who have met with succe●s enough on the stage . bluff seems an imitation of the miles gloriosus of plautus ; of bounce in greenwich park ; and hackum in the squire of alsatia , &c. the incident of sir ioseph wittoll's marrying sylvia , and captain bluff , lucy , in masques , has been too often an incident on the stage , since i 'm confident it was scarce ever done in reality . some other characters are not entirely new , but that is very excusable in a young poet , especially in a play , which i have been assur'd was writ , when our author was but nineteen years old , and in nothing alter'd , but in the length , which being consider'd , i believe few men that have writ , can shew one half so good at so unripe an age. edward cook , esq. this gentleman , only known to me by a single play , never acted , but printed , ( viz. ) love's triumph , or the royal vnion , a tragi-comedy , to . . plot from cassandra , romance , part . book . iohn cook. this author has but one play in print , called , green's tu quoque , a comedy , to . publish'd with a preface by tho. heywood , who says in his * epistle , that it past the stage with general applause , and that the title had its nam● in regard that excellent commedian , thomas green , acted the chief part in it , whose general repartee to all complements was , tu quoque ; and gives him this character , that there was not an actor of his nature in his time , of better ability in performance of what he undertook , more applauded by the audience , of greater grace at the court , or of more general love in the city . the printed copy is not divided into acts , but has since king charles the second's restaura●ion , been revived and acted with good applause . iohn corey . a gentleman that has set together a play , called : the generous enemies , or the ridiculous lovers , a comedy , acted at the theatre royal , to . . this play is patch'd up out of four several poets : the chief design is borrowed from quinault's la genereuse ingratitude ; that of the ridiculous lovers from corneille's d. bert●am de cigarral , which is also founded on the spanish play , entre bobos anda el juego ; bertran's testy humour is partly borrowed from randolph's muses looking-glass , act . scene . and act. . scene , and . and the quarrel betwixt him and robatzi , act . wholly stollen from love's pilgrimage , act . scene . act . scene . charles cotten , esq. a gentlemen of a good family in staffordshire , who has written many originals besides translations , but nothing with more success than his burlesque on virgil , in imitation of the french scarron ; among the rest , he translated one of corneille's plays , called , horra●● , t. to . . this play has been translated by two other hands , viz. sir william lower , and mrs. katharine phillips ; but this has been accounted equal to madam phillips's translation , and far to exceed that version of sir william lower . for the plot consult livii hist. lib. . l. florus , lib. . c. . cassiodorus , dionysius hallicarnassaeus , &c. this author has publish'd ( besides this play ) divers other pieces ; as a volume of poems on several occasions , vo . . the compleat angler , being a second part of that book on the same subject written by mr. isaac walton , vo . . in which book are excellent instructions how to angle for a trout or grayling in a clear stream . the wonder of the peak , a poem , vo . . scaronides , or virgil travestie , a mock poem on the st and th books of virgil's aeneis , vo . . and one more attributed to him , tho' his name not thereto , called , the scoffer scoft ; which are several of lucian's dialogues put into burlesque verse , printed vo . . abraham cowley . this eminent author was born in london , . at ten years old ( whilst he was a westminster schollar ) he writ the tragical story of pyramus and this●e ; at twelve that of constantia and philetus . by thirteen he had published several poetical pieces . from a boy he was very studious , and his chance lighting on spencer's fairy queen , rous'd his inclinations to poetry , which never forsook him till he died. whoever would read a just account of his life , will find it admirably writ by the present bishop of rochester . he died of a stoppage in his breast and throat , having lain ill a fortnight ; and was buried the th of august , . in westminster-abbey , next chaucer , and near spencer and drayton , with a neat marble monument erected ( as the inscription informs us ) to him , by the late duke of buckingham . he has publish'd three english plays , of which in their order . cutter of coleman-street , a comedy , to . . this play was represented at the duke's theatre in salisbury-court , with good applause ; yet met with opposition by some few , who at that time envied the author for his loyalty to his prince , but was afterwards acted with universal applause , it being a revis'd comedy , and much alter'd and enlarg'd from that mr. cowly had about ten years before hastily drawn up , under the name of the guardian , a comedy , to . . acted several times privately during the prohibition of the stage ; as also at cambridge before prince charles , and after the restauration publickly acted at dublin with good applause . love's riddle , a pastoral comedy , to . . this play was written in the author's youth , whilst a king's schollar at westminster , first printed with his poetical blossoms ; and since that , in the second volume of his works . in any of his plays he cannot be taxed with borrowing from any other . the works of this admirable author are eminent enough to the ingenious , so needless to be here characteriz'd . he left two volumes in folio , verse and prose , also a volume in vo . entituled , poemata latina . it is a great pity he liv'd not to finish that incomparable epick poem of davideis , being only four books of the troubles of david ; which he design●d to extend in all , to twelve . for his life and works i refer you further , to dr. sprat , bishop of rochester's account thereof . robert cox. this author was a celebrated comedian in king charles the first 's time : on the suppression of the stage he made several drolls , and , with his companions , acted them by stealth , both in london and the country towns : he acted the chief parts himself , and so very naturally , that at oxon he gain'd great applause . he publish'd one interlude , called , actaeon and diana , interl . to . the plot from ovid's metamorph. this , with some drolls of his , may be found a second time printed . in to . the first edition being printed for the author 's own use , and in the year . they were again printed , with other drolls collected by kirkman , under the title of sport upon sport , vo . iohn crown . a gentleman yet living , whose father having ventured most of his estate ( which was considerable ) in a foreign plantation , that was afterwards taken by the french , and all king charles's reign neglected , he took , by the encouragement of the late famous lord rochester , to dramatick writing , and has perform'd very well both in tragedy and comedy ; tho' , with mr. langbain , i look on comedy to be his talent ; he has given us a proof of his ability in these following plays : ambitious statesman , or the loyal favourite , a tragedy , to . - . acted at the theatre royal , and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of albermarle . this play met not with the applause the author and his friends expected . for the plot , see de serres , mazeray , and other french chronicles . andromache , a tragedy to . . acted at the duke's theatre in dorset-garden . this play was translated from the french of monsieur racine , by another hand , into prose , and turn'd into english verse by mr. crown , as he owns , and tho' the original is well esteem'd , yet this had not its expected success on our english stage . it seems founded on virgil , lib. . ver. . and in some things the author follows the andromache of euripides . calligula , emperor of rome , a tragedy , london , printed to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesties servants . for the plot consult suetonius in his life : for the poet has very nicely follow'd his character given us by that author . calisto , or , the chast nimph , a masque , to . . this was writ by the command of her late majesty , and often tim●s represented at court , by persons of great quality , with songs between the acts. the foundation from ovid metam . lib. . tab. , . charles the eighth of france , or the invasion of naples by the french ; an hist. tragedy to . . writ in heroick verse ; acted at the duke's theatre in salisbury-court . plot taken from guicciardine's hist. philip de comines's memoires : andre de la vigne , and other french chronicles in the reign of charles viii . city politicks , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal in drury-lane , with good applause . this play the whiggish party in those times took to be a severe satyr on them . country wit , a comedy , to . . this play , tho' but one degree above farce , was acted at the duke's theatre in dorset garden , and approv'd of by his then majesty , king charles ii. part of the plot and language is taken from that comedy of m●lliere's , called le sicilien , ou l'amour peintre . darius , king of persia , a tragedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants . for the plot see quint. curt. lib. , , and . iustin. lib. . cap. . and diodorus , lib. , &c. destruction of ierusalem by titus vespasian , in two parts , t. to . . both these tragedies are writ in heroick verse , and when first appeared on the stage , were acted at the theatre royal , with great applause . for the plot see iosephus hist. lib. , & . tacitus hist. lib. . suetonius , eusebius , &c. english fryar , or the town sparks , a comedy , to . . this play was acted by their majesties servants ; but met not with that success the author expected . see his preface thereto . henry the sixth , the first part , with the death of the duke of gloucester , a tragedy , to . . this play was dedicated to sir charles sidley , and acted at the duke's theatre with good applause at first , but at length , the romish faction opposing it , by their interest at court , got it supprest . see the second part of shakespear's henry vi. from whence part of this is borrowed . henry the sixth , the second part , or the miseries of civil war , a tragedy , to . . acted also at the duke's theatre , with good applause . part of it is likewise borrowed from shakespear . for the plot see the english chronicles writ in those times , by grafton , hollingshed , stow , speed , &c. iuliana , or the princess of poland , a tragi-comedy , to . . this play was acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to the earl of orrery , being the first of this author's production . the married beau , or the curious impertinent , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the lord marquis of normanby , earl of mulgrave , &c. to this play the author has also prefixt a preface in vindication of himself from the aspersions cast on him by some of his enemies , as to his morals and loyalty , which i think he sufficiently clears , particularly in mr. lovely's , yielding to polidos , and i think mr. crown in the right , when he tells us , 't is hard to find which offends the ladies , the sin , or the confession ; the latter example perhaps they like worst . this is accounted a good play , and has been often acted with general approbation . the story is taken out of the comical history of don quixot . regulus , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesty's servants ; it has no dedication , and met with no very good success , though the design be noble ; the example of regulus being the most celebrated for honour and constancy of any of antiquity : nor is it confin'd to the roman historians ; horace has writ an ode upon it . you may read the history in livy , lucius florus , &c. sir courtley nice , or it cannot be , a comedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servants , and dedicated to his grace the duke of ormond . the plot and part of the play from a spanish play , no pued-eser ; another play called , tarugo's-wiles , first acted . hath the same plot , and much resembles this in many parts thereof . the song of stop thief is taken out of flecknoe's demoisell a la mode , who likewise had it from the french of molliere . this play was often acted with good success . thyestes , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by their majesty's servants . plot from poetical history . there are two other plays on the same subject , one in spanish , the other in french , which are also founded on seneca's thiestes . iohn dancer . this anthor liv'd a great part of his time in ireland , if not born there ; about the year . he came over into england , and understanding well the italian and french tongues , he then translated two plays , as also a pastoral before . the first in order is , agrippa king of alba , or the false tiberinus , t. c. to . . written in heroick verse ; printed in london , with amendments from what it was before , when acted divers times with great applause in dublin , before his grace the duke of ormond , then lord lieutenant of ireland ; and dedicated to the lady cavindish , daughter of the said duke : translated from the french of monsieur quinault . aminta , a pastoral , vo . . this has been translated into five several tongues , from that celebrated wit , torquato tasso , accounted the father of pastorals , and is , above all others he ever writ , the most esteem'd ; this is printed with several love verses , &c. of the same author . nicomede , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal in dublin ; and dedicated to the right honourable the earl of ossery . translated from the french of monsieur corneille , being a piece he much valued . story from iustin , book . he writ besides , a romance , called , the english lovers and ( if we believe mr. winstanly ) a compleat history of the late times , and a chronicle of the kingdom of portugal . samuel daniel . a gentleman that flourish'd in the reign of queen elizabeth and king iames i. he was born near taunton in somersetshire , and was entred commoner of st. mary magdalen-hall , oxon , . ●n the th year of his age ; from whence , after three years study , his merit , and his brother-in-law , florio , prefer'd him to be one of the grooms of queen ann. most of his plays he writ at a little retreat from london : weary of the world , he at last retired into wiltshire or somersetshire , and there turn'd farmer , living in those parts till he was near eighty years old , to whose memory a monument was erected in the parish-church , at the charge of the lady ann clifford ( to whom he had been tutor ) afterwards countess of pembrook , dorset , and montgomery . besides his excellent history of england , printed in folio , and continued by trussel , he left behind him several poetical pieces , among them five dramatick , of which in their order : cleopatra , a tragedy , vo . . and to . . dedicated to the right honourable the countess of pembrook : the last edition is much amended , and far excels the first . for the story see plutarch's lives of pompey and anthony ; florus , lib. . c. . appian de bel. civil . lib. . but chiefly , otway's translation of a french book called , the history of the three triumvirates , vo . . this play was much esteemed in its time . hymen's triumph , a pastoral tragi-comedy , to . . this was presented at the queen's court , at the nuptials of the lord roxborough , and dedicated in verse to the most excellent majesty of the highest born princess , ann of denmark , queen of england , &c. philotas , his tragedy , to . . and dedicated to king charles the first , when he was prince . this was the first play our author writ , and then esteemed , tho' at first met with some opposition , the reason you may find by his apology , at the end of the play ; where he handsomly acquits himself from the imputation cast on him . plot from plutarch's life of alexander ; quint. curt. book , &c. queen's arcadia , a pastoral tragi-comedy , to . . this play was presented to the queen and her ladies , by the university of oxon in christ church colledge , . dedicated to the queen's majesty . act. . scene . of carinus and amintas , resemble quinault's philene , and daphnis , in his comedy sans comedie , and scene . act . and the th scene of the same act , are very like randolph's amintas . vision of the twelve goddesses , a masque , to . . presented by the queen and her ladies at hampton court , and dedicated to the right honourable the lady lucy , countess of bedford , and because this was first publish'd imperfect , the author soon after publish'd it from his own copy to prevent its suffering for the future . sir william d'avenant , the son of iohn d'avenant , vintner of oxford , in that very house that has now the sign of the crown near carfax ; a house much frequented by shakespear in his frequent iourneys to warwick-shire ; whither for the beautiful mistress of the house , or the good wine , i shall not determine . our author was born there in the year . in february , and christen'd on the d of march following , he was admitted a member of lincoln colledge , . the same year that his father was mayor of that city : after some smattering in logick , he quitted those studies for poetry , which prov'd more advantagious to him than to any modern professor of that art. from lincoln-colledge he went first into the service of the dutchess of richmond , and afterwards to that of foulk lord brook ; after whose death he apply'd himself to writing of plays . in the year . he succeeded ben. iohnson as poet laureat ; he was accused of endeavouring to seduce the army ; flying on a proclamation , he was taken at feversham in kent , committed prisoner to a serjeant at arms , was bail'd , and fled for france ; returning he was made general of the ordinance , by the marquess of new-castle , he was knighted by the king , . toward the end of the civil wars he retired again into france , and began his gondibert , in the year . he was taken at sea by an english ship , carried prisoner to the isle of weight ; thence removed to the tower , and had been tried for his life , . had not the mediation of the divine milton prevented it , and got him his liberty , as prisoner at large . his patrons endimion porter , and mr. iermin ( afterwards lord st. albans ) got him as a reward of his poetry and services , the place of commissioner of the customs , and a patent for a company of actors , who first set up in the same tenniscourt in little lincolns-inn-fields , where they now act : but finding the good acting of the other company won the favour of the town , he set up the whim of opera's . he was laureat to charles the i. & ii. he dy'd the th of april , . aged , and is buried among the poets in westminster-abbey . his works are published fol. . his plays which follow in order , were most of them acted with applause , and printed in the author's life-time separately in to . and since together in folio . albovin king of the lombards , his tragedy to . and fol. the design is founded on history , and the whole story related in bandello's histoires tragiques , tom. . nov. . paulus diaconus de gestis longobardorum , lib. . c. . greg. episc. turonensis hist. franconum , lib. . c. . heylin's cosmog . part . book . page . britannia triumphans , a masque , to . written by him , and inigo iones the king's surveyor . cruel brother , a tragedy to . and fol. dedicated to the right honourable the lord weston , lord high treasurer of england . the distresses , a tragi-comedy , printed in fol. . entertainment at rutland house , printed in fol. . this was presented by way of declamation , and musick , after the manner of the ancients : the musick , vocal and instrumental was compos'd by dr. coleman , captain cook , mr. lawes , and mr. hudson , all eminent at the time it was first represented● the fair favourite , a tragi-comedy , first printed in to . and since in fol. . the iust italian , a tragi-comedy , first printed in to . and since in fol. . dedicated at first publishing to the right honourable earl of dorset , with recommendatory verses of mr. hopkins and mr. carew . the law against lovers , a tragi-comedy , fol. . taken from two plays of shakespear , viz. measure for measure , and , much ado about nothing ; the language much amended and polish'd by our author . love and honour , a tragi-comedy , to . and fol. acted both at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , and in dorset-garden , with applause . the man 's the master , a comedy , to . and fol. often acted with applause . plot from scarron's ioddelet , ou le maistre valet , &c. the platonick lovers , a tragi-comedy , vo . and fol. first printed in vo . with the wits , another play of this authors . the play-house to be lett , fol. the second act consists of a french farce translated from mollieres sagnarelle : the third and fourth acts contain the history of sir francis drake , and the cruelty of the spaniands in peru : the fifth act relates the actions of caesar anthony and cleopatra ; most of these acted in oliver's time , separately by stealth , and some of them printed first in to . the siege , a tragi-comedy , fol. . the siege of rhodes , in two parts , to . and fol. dedicated to the right honourable the earl of clarendon , lord high chancellor of england , acted with good applause at the theatre in lincolns-inn-fields . for the true story see boissardi icones & vitae sultanorum turcicorum in vit. solym. . tho. artus continuation de la histoire des turc's , and our english history of the turks , by knolles . news from plymouth , a comedy , fol. . acted formerly at the globe . the temple of love , a masque , fol. . this was in king charles the ist's time , presented at court by his queen , and divers of the nobility , both lords and ladies , the scenes and habits were very magnificent and glorious . the triumphs of the prince d' amour , a masque , presented by his highness , at his palace in the middle temple , fol. . acted by the members of that honourable society , as an entertainment to the prince elector . the author compos'd it in three days time ; the musick of the songs set by mr. henry , and mr. william lawes . the wits , a comedy , vo . to . and fol. first acted at black fryers , and since at the duke's theatre , with applause . ● dr. charles davenant . this gentleman is the eldest son of sir william , and dr. of laws ; he is yet living , and has given us one proof that horoum filii noxae , is not always true in his play call'd , circe , an oper● , to . . acted at the duke's theatre with applause . plot founded on poetical history ; see ovid's metamorph . natal . comes , boccace , &c. robert davenport . he liv'd in the time of king charles i. writ two plays , which were not printed till the succeeding reign ; he is author of two dramatick pieces , acted with great applause . the city night-cap , a tragi-comedy , to . . plot from don quixot's novel of the curious impertinent , and boccaces novels , day . nov. . iohn and matilda , a tragedy , to . . this play is dedicated to the right honourable montague bertie , earl of lindsey . for the plot see hollingshead , martin , stow , speed and baker's chronicles in the reign of king iohn . robert dauborn . this author was both poet and divine ; he liv'd in the time of k. iames i. was master of arts , but of which university is uncertain . he writ these two plays following , the christian turn'd turk , a tragedy , to . . the story from a printed book , entituled , the overthrow of captain ward and dansiker , two pirates , written by one barker , and published . to . the poor man's comfort , a tragi-comedy , to . printed . but acted many years before . iohn day . he liv'd in the time of king iames i. was once student of gonvile and caius coll. in cambridge , and has writ six plays , ( viz. ) the blind beggar of bednal-green , with the merry humour of tom. stroud the norfolk yeoman , a comedy , to . . for the true story see our english chronicles in the reign of king henry vi. humour out of breath , a comedy , to . . isle of gulls , a comedy , to . . this play was often acted in the black fryers , by the then children of the reve●s ; plot from sir philip sidney's arcadia . law tricks , or who would have thought it , a comedy , to . . this play was also divers times acted by the children of the revels . parliament of bees , with their proper characters , or ( says the title ) a bee-hive , furnish'd with twelve honey-combs , as pleasant as profitable : this in former catalogues is accounted a masque . printed to . . dedicated to a worthy gentleman ( viz. ) mr. george butler , who has writ and published a treatise of bees . travels of the three english brothers , sir thomas , sir anthony , and mr. robert shirley , an historical play , to . . ro●ley and wilkins joined with this author in composing this history for the stage . see dr. fuller's worthies , in his description of sussex , p. . see also our english chronicles . thomas deckar . this author was a contemporary of ben. iohnson's , in the reign of k. iames i. and his antagonist for the bays ; he writ eight plays entire , and four others assisted with webster , rowley , and ford , in all twelve , which take as follow . fortunatus , a comedy , to . . stiled , old fortunatus . this play is not divided into acts ; the story is taken from the stitch'd book of fortunatus . honest whore , the first part , with the humours of the patient man , and the longing wife ; a comedy , to . . acted by her majesties servants with great applause . honest whore , the second part , with the humors of the patient man , and the impatient wife , also the comical passage of an italian bridewel , a comedy , to . . this play is not divided into acts , nor ever , ( i suppose ) acted . see harrington's epig. at the end of his orlando furioso . if this b'ent a good play , the devil 's in 't ; a comedy , to . a play then acted with great applause by the queen's majesties servants . see machiavel's novel of belphegor . match me in london , a comedy , to . . this was then accounted a good play and often acted both at the bull in st. iohn's street , and in drury-lane . northward hoe , a comedy , to . . sundry times acted by the children of paul's . iohn webster joined with our author in this play. see ducento novelle del signior celio malespini , part . nov. . satyromastyx , or , the vntrussing the humorous poet , a comedy , to . . presented publickly by the right honourable the lord chamberlain's servants , and privately by the children of st. paul's . ben. iohnson's poetaster ( wherein he is severe on this our author ) occasioned the writing of this play. westward hoe , a comedy , to . . this play was divers times acted by the children of paul's . mr. webster also was concerned in producing this play. the whore of babylon , a history , to . . acted by the prince's servants . this play was design'd to expose the roman catholicks , especially the iesuits at that time , and sets forth the excellent virtues of queen elizabeth , and the many dangers she escaped . wyat's history , to . in this mr. webster joined with him , and is a play mr. langbain never saw . see the english chron. in the reign of queen mary . the witch of edmonton , a tragedy , to . in this play mr. rowley and mr. ford joined with him . the wonder of a kingdom , a comedy , to . . he likewise writ with mr. philip massenger , the virgin martyr , and with mr. middleton , the roaring girl . sir iohn denham , knight of the bath . he was born in ireland , tho' his father was sir iohn denham of horsley in essex , but was at the birth of this his only son a iudge in that kingdom , and lord chief baron of the exchequer ; on his being promoted to the exchequer in england , he brought over our author very young . in the year . he was sent to trinity-colledge in oxon : after some few years he left oxon for london , where he applied himself to the study of the civil law. by the assistance of hugh peters , he got admission to charles i. then in the armies hands at causham , being then employed on a message to him by the queen , to whom he had offered his service , which negotiation he perform'd , so that he was further employ'd by the king : but being discover'd by mr. cowley's hand being known , he escaped beyond sea , where he afterwards gave his attendance on king charles ii. who oftentimes gave him subjects to write on . he made him surveyor general of his royal buildings , and at his coronation knight of the bath . he dy'd at his house near whitehall , march th , . and was buried among the poets in westminster-abbey . he hath writ divers poems and translations in vo . among them cooper's hill , a piece much commended ; at the end of these poems is one play of this author's , wherein he shews his ability in dramatick poesy . it is entituled , the sophy , a tragedy , vo . . acted at the black friers with good applause ; it was first printed in to . . plot from herbert's travels , life of abbas . the same story is differently handled by mr. baron in his tragedy of mirza . iohn dennis . this gentleman now living , has made himself a name by several books , both in prose and verse , which he has published , but for none more than his critical observations on the so much celebrated prince arthur , writ by sir richard blackmore , in which he has shewed himself a perfect critick , and master of a great deal of penetration and iudgment ; his remarks being beyond controversy just , and the faults he finds undeniably such . i am not able to give any account of his parents . he was born in london , his education was at gonvile and caius college in cambridge , which he improv'd afterwards by travel and the best conversation ; but the occasion of his being mentioned here , is a dramatick piece he has lately publish'd , called , a plot and no plot , a comedy , to . acted at the theatre royal , . and dedicated to the right honourable robert , earl of sunderland , lord chamberlain of his majesty's houshold . the plot of this play is our author 's own , tho' i confess , an incident or two are not so new as the rest of the play may justly be said to be ; for old bulls being perswaded , that he is in newgate , when he 's in his own house , is not unlike an incident in the city-politicks , and young bulls being married by baldernoe has been in the old batchelor , the city match , &c. this play is exactly regular , and discovers it self writ by a master of the art of the stage , as well as by a man of wit ; the justness , fineness , and delicacy of the reflections , the pleasantness of the humours , the novelty and distinction of the characters , the admirable conduct and design of the whole , with the useful moral of the play , places it in the rank of the best comedies of this latter age of poetry ; and tho' he himself term it low comedy , gives us a desire , as well as hopes , of some more noble performance . thomas dilke . a gentleman now living , who ( as i am informed ) was some time a student of oriel coll. in oxon , has since quitted the camp for the theatre , and mars for apollo ; he has given the world two plays with different success , the last of which comes first in order . the city lady , or folly reclaimed , a comedy acted by his majesty's servants , at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , to . . dedicated to fisher wentworth , esq this play , as the author tells us in the epistle , miscarried in the first night's representatation , and owns he has not hit the humours of the town in some of his principal parts● the lover's luck , a comedy , acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesties servants , to . . dedicated to the right honourable the lord raby . this play , as the author takes care to inform us , met with a general applause . as to the characters , they are most but copies , sir nicholas purflew , of the antiquary of marmion ; goosandelo , of sir courtly , and sir fopling , &c. i won't say , that the poet had the sharpers in the squire of alsatia in his eye , when he drew eager , &c. but there is some resemblance . tho. dogget . an excellent comedian , now living , who dealing daily in the products of parnassus , found himself inspired with the vein of poetry , that has spread so far among his brothers of the stage , and has given us a very diverting play called , the country wake , a comedy , acted at the new theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , . to . dedicated to the illustrious and truly noble iames , duke , marquess and earl of ormond , in england and ireland , &c. this play was well received , but whether it was owing to the admirable account of the author , or his writing , or to both , i leave to the reader ; that it has merit , is not to be doubted , nor do i know of any remarkable thefts from other plays , unless the imitation of shakespear's clowns , in the character of hob , which i look on as a praise to mor. dgget , and no fault . iohn dover . a gentleman of grays-inn , in the time of charles ii. whether he be yet living , i know not ; he writ one play , ( viz. ) the roman generals , or , the distressed ladies , to . . dedicated to the right honourable the lord brook. for the plot see plutarch's lives of caesar and pompey . see also lucan , suet●nius , &c. dr. iames drake . a member of the colledge of physitians , and formerly of gonvile and caius college in cambridge . he has lately publish'd a play , call'd , the sham lawyer , or , the lucky extravagant , a comedy , to . acted at the theatre royal , . this play , as it wanted success , so it is for the most part borrowed from two of fletcher's , ( viz. ) the spanish curate , and wit without money ; but whether our author has improv'd the materials , or not , i leave to the criticks . iohn dryden , esq this gentleman , who was poet laureat , and historiographer to the late king iames , is of a good family , ( if i mistake not ) in northamptonshire , was bred at the university of cambridge , and had some thoughts once ( as i have been told ) of entring a more profitable state of life than poetry , where learning met with more encouragement , i mean the church : how early his genius led him to poetry , i am not able to inform you ; but he was above thirty before he gave us his first play , which met with so little success , that if he had not had a peculiar force of inclination to writing , he had been discouraged , for that play indeed made no promises of that great man he was afterwards to be . he is a poet that has met with applause often above his merit ; tho' in many of his writings , it must be confe●s'd , he deserv'd the highest : but i must own , i think , his dramatick pieces , if we must take our standard of their excellence from the ancients , the most incorrect of his productions . there is generally indeed the sublime , but very rarely the pathetick ; for in all his plays he has not touch'd compassion above thrice , and that but weakly ; terror he has often hit on ; but 't is not for me to censure a man of no vulgar genius ; but what is necessary for the making this of a piece in its impartiality . i shall give some instances of his playing the plagiary , omitting all those scurrilous and digressory● reflections with which mr. langbain has bespatter'd him , and through which indeed runs all along a great evidence of private and ungenerous malice , brought in , tho' nothing to the business before him . on the other hand , it must be confess'd , that he has , ( where he detects his thefts ) urged a great deal of truth ; for mr. dryden has borrow'd from the french , at the same time that he seems to contemn them ; unless it may be pretended , that he has us'd them as virgil did ennius of old , to extract gold out of their dung. for i never found him in any theft indeed , but what he gave a new lustre too , when taken , ev'n from the best of the ancients ; and i may therefore believe the same of what he has taken from the french. i shall not therefore pursue mr. langbain's steps in his excursions ; only at the foot of each play , lay down the places from whence he has borrowed . but the reader must not expect i shall give him all that he owes for in each play , for that wou'd exceed the limits of this compendium ; it must suffice that i give some instances of each , to put him in mind of his own deeds , and so mollify his reflections on those young men that are now coming up , and who may think it not below them to follow that path which they have seen conduct him to so much glory ; of which in their order . albion and albanus , an opera , fol. . presented at the queen's theatre in dorset-garden . all for love , or the world well lost , a tragedy , to . . for the plot and some of the descriptions , especially cleopatra's sailing down the cydnus , see plutarch's life of antony , suetonius in aug. dion cassius , lib. . . orosius , lib. . c. . cluny , lib. . c. . appian de bellis civilibus , l. . amboyna , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , see purchas's pilgrimage , vol. ii. l. . c. . sanderson's history of king iames , p. . stubb's relation of the dutch cruelties to the english at amboyna ; wanley's history of man , lib. . c. . ex . . the rape of isabinda by horman , is built on a novel of cynthais gyraldi , idea . nov. . amphitryon , or , the two socia's , a comedy , to . from moliere and plautus of the same n●me . assignation ; or , love in a nunnery , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. most of the incidents borrowed , as well as characters . the characters of the duke of mantua , frederick and lucretia , from constance the fair nun in the annals of love , p. . those of aurelian , camillo , laura , and violetta , from scarron's comical romance ; san's destiny , and madam star. cap. . p. . benito's affectation of musick , from quinault's iadolet , in his comedie sous comedie , frontonas throwing water on l●ura , from les contes de m. de la fontaine , par. . nov. . p. . see likewise les cent. novelles , la damoiselle a ceur ouvert , &c. aureng-zebe , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; for the plot consult tavernier's travels , vol. . part . c. . i will not determine with mr. langbain , that the characters of anreng-zebe and nourmahal , are borrowed from seneca's phaedra and hippolytus ; since i see nothing alike through their whole story , but the love of a son-in-law , and his aversion ; but that does by no means constitute the character , ( which is a thing mr. langbain seems never to understand ) hippolytus has an aversion to love , aureng-zebe is in love , and much more polite ; hippolytus was a hunter indeed , and aureng-zebe a warrior : nourmahal is a degree beyond the lewdness of ev'n seneca's phaedra , who degenerated extremely from her original in euripides , and indeed shews none of her qualities , but revenge for disappointed love : it must be own'd , that these lines which mr. langbain instances are borrowed from seneca in that place ; aur. heavens ! can you this without just vengeance bear ? when will you thunder , if you now are clear ? yet her alone let not your thunder seize , i too deserve to dye , because i please . hip. magne regnator deum tam lentus audis scelera tam lentus vides ecquando saeva fulmen emittes manu si nunc serenum est — me velox cremet . transactus ignis sum nocens ; merui mori placui novercae . here , what is uncommon with mr. dryden , he seems to have lost the beauty of seneca's expression of me velox cremet transac●us ignis , which gives you some image of the stroak of a thunder-bolt , whereas mr. dryden yet her alone let not your thunder seize , looks more like the taking a thief or debtor by a constable or bayliff ; for seizing is too calm , and impotent a word to express the force of a bolt sent from the arm trisulci iovis . but this is the effect of writing in rhime ; for i 'm confident he had never us'd that word in blank verse . hipp. — thesei vultus amo illos priores , quos tulit quondam puer cum prima turas signare barba genas . i am not chang'd , i love my husband still , but love him as he was when youthful grace , and the first bloom began to shade his face . again from milton's sampson agonistes . dal. i see thou art implacable , more deaf to prayers , than winds and seas ; yet winds to seas are reconcil'd at length , and sea to shoar thy anger unappeaseable still rages ; eternal tempest never to be calm'd . eng. vnmov'd he stood , and deaf to all my prayers , as seas and winds to sinking mariners : but seas grow calm , and winds are reconcil'd ; her tyrant beauty never grows more mild . cleomenes , the spartan heroe , trag. to . acted at the theatre royal , . and dedicated to the right honourable the earl of rochester , knight of the most noble order of the garter : to which is prefix'd the life of cleomenes , translated from the greek of plutarch , by mr. creech . this play was by some enemies of the poets , so misrepresented at court , that it was stop'd ; but by the generous friendship of the late lord falkland , clear'd from the aspersions cast on it , and acted with great applause . as for the plot or story , the author in his preface owns it taken from plutarch , and that he has closely followed the truth as he found it there ; only that he has chang'd , for the sake of their sound , some names , as that of agathoclea , the king's mistress , into cassandra , and that of nicagoras into caenus . to the story he has added the love of cassandra for cleomenes , and has given him a second wife , which the story only gave him a small hint for . and indeed our author has trod upon plutarch so close , that the very words of that author , are transplanted with little variation , into the play. you may read more of cleomenes in polybius , and cornelius nepos in his life . conquest of granada by the spaniards , two parts , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. almanzor is very like ponce de leon , in almahide , as mr. langbain observes ; but in my opinion , tho' there may be many features like ponce in the draught , yet almanzor seems rather to be a copy of the achilles of homer , ill understood , for he does more alone , and without an army to back him , than achilles with his myrmidons ; achilles was injur'd , and desisted from fighting , but almanzor goes over to their enemies ; nor is he fix'd there , but receiving another injury from abdalla , returns to b●abdelin , takes it ill that he is mistrusted , and tells them he will again change his side , if provoked : but of him enough , since no man of good sence can think that play 's success owing to the excellency o● the poet's performance , but the extravagance ; for i have always observ'd it to have the effect of comedy on the audience : but mr. langbain will indeed have him a knight of the shire almost , and represent the extravagant heroes of two or three romances more ; as the osmin of gusman , and artaban of cleopatra , boabdeline , almahide , ferdinand , isabella , arcos , hamet , gomel , from the romance of almahide , ozmin and benzaida , from ozmin and alibech in ibraim , &c. see also grand cyrus , s. ix . book . for abdelmelech , lydaraxa , &c. so much for the characters , now for the thoughts ; the description of the bull-feast , if allowing for the rhime , almost entirely taken from gusman's iuego de toores , and cannas ; con●ult the story of ozmin and daraxa , pt. ● . page , ● the description of the factions from almahide , page . the four ensuing lines spoke by boabdeline , from prince massa's advice to almahide , p. . the king's speech going betwixt the factions , p. . taken from almahide , pt . . p. . tariffa and ozmin's quarrel , and the rise of the famlies , from abindacray's speech , al. p. . almanzor's killing gomel , his quelling the tumult , from alm. p. , . his victory , act d . and taking acaos prisoner , ibid. the scene betwixt lindaraxa and abdalla , from al. p. . and from the story of elibesis in cyrus , pt . . b. . p. . zulemus plea for abdalla●s right to the crown , which one wou'd scarce think is so childish a fancy , from al. p. . and cyrus as above ; almanzor's description of boabd . p. . from al. p. . &c. nay , the alarm after the zambra-dance , in which there is an absurdity of bringing in the images of a heathen deity . the first meeting of alman . and almahide , p. . of abdalem and almanzor , p. . and the controversy betwixt almanzor and zulema , ibidem , and his returning to boabdelin , from the same romance , p. . abdelmeleck's visit to lynidaraxa , in disguise , from elibesis in grand cyrus , p. . and abdalla's visit , from the same , p. . almanzor's deliv'ring almahide , copied from almahide , p. . abdalla's converse with lyndaraxa , under the walls of albayzin , from the fore cited story of cyrus , p. . his flying to the christians from p. . of the same ; osmin and benzaida's flight , from p. . of ibrahim . this is e●ough for the two parts , to give a taste of how many feathers are borrowed from other pieces ; now i shall proceed to another . don sebastion king of portugal , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; founded on a french novel of the same name . see also vasconcellos's anacephaleosis , sine summa capitum actorum regum lusitaniae . anace . . and other writers of that time , it being . when sebastian was kill'd . the duke of guise , a tragedy , to . . acted by their majesty's servants . mr. lee join'd in this . for the plot consult davila , mezeray , and other writers of the reign of charles ix . or rather the reigns of henry iii. &c. the ridiculous story of malicorn you may find in rosset's histoires tragiques en la vie de canope vo . p. . ev'ning's love , or the mock astrologer , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. almost wholly made up out of corneilles le feint astrologue ; molliers depetit amoreux ; and les precieuses ridicules ; quinault's l'amant indiscret ; some hints too from shakespear , petronius arbiter , and the main plot on calderon's el astrologo fingido : but to be a little particular , aurelia's affectation in her speech from les precieuses ridicules ; scene between alonzo and lopez , p. . is from mollieres de petit amoreux , act . scene . camilla●s begging a boon of don melchor , from the same ; the love-quarrel betwixt iacinta and wild blood , and mascal and beatrix , from the same play , act . scene , . aurelia's falling into alonzo's arms , from l'amant indiscret act . scene . kind keeper , or , mr. limberham , a comedy to . . acted at the duke's theatre . mrs. faintlies discovery of love all in the chest ; see pt . . cynthio giraldi , dec . . n. . mrs. brainsick's pricking and pickling him . see a novel , call'd , the triumph of love over fortune . king arthur , or the british worthy , a tragedy , acted at the theatre in dorset-garden , . and dedicated to the marquess of halifax . this play is writ more for the sake of the singing part and machines , than for any excellence of a dramatick piece ; for in it shines none of mr. dryden's great genius , the incidents being all extravagant , many of them childish ; the inchanted wood , as well as the rest of the wonders of osmond's art , he entirely owes to tasso ; where rinaldo performs what arthur does here . i shall not presume to expose any of the faults of this great man in this particular piece , he having suffered so much under the hands of my predecessor in this undertaking . the fabulous story of this king arthur , you may read in geffery of monmouth , and in the preface of a late famous poem , that bears his name , as well as in the first volume of mr. tyrrell's history of england . indian emperor ; or , the conquest of mexico by the spaniards , being the sequel of the indian queen , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. for the true story consult lopez de gamara . hist. general de las incas & de conquista de mexico , de bry. americae pars . l. . ogilby's america , chap. . sect. . mariana de reb. hisp. lib. . cap. . sir paul ricaut's hist of inca's . love triumphant , or nature will prevail , a tragi-comedy , acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , to . . dedicated to the right honourable iames earl of salisbury , &c. in the epistle mr. dryden informs us , that it is the last he intends for the theatre . i take this play to be founded on the story of the king and no king of fletcher , at least on the corrections of the fable of that play made by mr. rymer , in his reflections on the tragedies of the first age. tho' this play had not that success which most of mr. dryden's met with , yet it must be confess'd , that in several parts the genius of that great man breaks out , especially in the scene of the discovery of alphonso's victorious love , and the very last scene , where the catastrophe is extremely moving , tho' contrary to aristotle it be made from the change of will in veramond . marriage a-la-mode , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. the serious part built on the story of sesostris and timareta , in b. . pt . . of cyrus . the characters of palamede and rodophil from the story of tyrianthes and parthenia , in the same romance , pt . . b. . some features at least of doralice drawn from nogaret , in the annals of love. melanth●● making love to her self , from les contes d'ouville , pt . . p. . the mistaken husband , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. this is is not mr. dryden's , who only added a scene ; for the plot consult plautus's maenechmi . oedipus king of thebes a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this play was writ by mr. lee and mr. dryden ; therefore to whom to attribute the faults is difficult ; and we have so little to accuse them of being plagiaries here , that the most understanding iudges wish they had followed sophocles yet closer , it had then been the best of our modern plays , as 't is of the ancients ; but as it is , they have destroyed the character of oedipus , and made it absolutely contradictory . for oedipus that fled from a crown , for fear of threatned incest , and had pull'd out his eyes on the discovery of it , can relish an embrace of iocasta too well , in the th act , till the ghost of laius frights him ; but this place admits not all those just criticisms that might be made on this play. the rival ladies , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. the dispute betwixt amideo and hypolito , and gonsalva's fighting with the pyrates , borrowed from encolpius , giton , eumolpus and tryphena's , on boarding the vessel of lyca's , in petronius arbiter , and the catastrophe resembles scarron's rival brothers . secret love , or , the maiden queen , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. the serious part founded on cle●buline queen of corinth , pt . . b. . celadon , florimel , olinda , and sabina , from the history of pisistratus and cerintha , in the said cyrus , pt . . b. . and the french marquess ibra . part . book . fign'd innocence , or sir martin mar-all , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . the greatest part , both plot and language of sir martin and warner , stol'n from quinault's l'ama●● indis●ret , and mollieres l'etourdy ou le contre temps . sir martin's foolish discovery of his not playing on the lute , from firmur●n , l. . and sir iohn moody's being set up in their altitudes , from shakerly's marmion's fine companions , act . sc. . &c. the spanish fryar , or , the double discovery , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the king's theatre . the comical part built on the novel , call'd , the pilgrim . the state of innocence , or , the fall of man , an opera , to . . taken from milton's paradice lost , tho' guilty of many absurdities , which are not in milton , whose being a narration of things done long since , made room for several things , which had he placed it in action , cou'd never have been brought in ; to give one instance ; mr. dryden makes lucifer ( before the world was made , or at least before the devil knew any thing of its form , matter or vicissitudes , ) compare the prostrate devils to leaves in autumn , before there was an autumn , &c. the tempest , or , inchanted island , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this is an alteration only of one of shakespear's , by sir william d'avenant and mr. dryden . troilus and cressida , or , truth found out too late , a tragedy to . . acted at the duke's theatre . one of mr. shakespear's , altered by mr. dryden . the story is to be found in lellius a lombard , in latin , and in our old chaucer in ancient english. tyrannick love , or , the royal martyr , a tragedy , to . , . acted at the theatre royal. for the plot see zosimus , lib. . socrates , lib. . c. . herodian , l. , ; and . iul. capit. in cit . mac. iun. the wild gallant , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. this was his first play , published . being about twenty eight years since , and by which he was near thirty eight years old when this was play'd . iohn dryden , iunior . this gentleman is second son to the abovesaid great poet of that name , and is now living in rome , in the pope's service , as a gentleman of the bed-chamber , where he wrote a play , call'd , the husband his own cuckold , a comedy to . . acted at the theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , and dedicated to the right honourable sir robert howard , &c. and is usher'd into the world by a preface of his father , who in it indeed shews the tenderness of a parent● but i think not the impartiality and iustice of a true critick , when he excludes all from poetry and nature but his friends , at least since the revolution . the young gentleman in his epistle , has gone a little too far for a beginner , as yet too uncertain of his own success , to fall upon the other writers of the age. thomas duffet . he was before he became a poet , a milliner in the new exchange , he has writ four plays , two of them in a burlesque stile , their names follow . the mock tempest , or , the enchanted castle , a farce , to . . acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants . writ on purpose to draw campany from the other theatre , where was great resort about that time , to see that reviv'd comedy , call'd , the tempest , then much in vogue . psyche debauch'd , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants . this mock opera is a burlesque on shadwell's psyche , and writ for the same purpose as that above . spanish rogue , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants , and dedicated to madam ellinor guin . this play had no great success . there is likewise a masque under his name omitted by mr. langbain , 't is call'd . beauties triumph , presented by the scholars of mr. ieoffery banister , and mr. iames hart , at the new boarding school at chelsey , printed , london to . . this author has also writ a small volume of poems , songs , prologues and epilogues which were first disposed of to one bookseller , and laying long in the licenser's hands , were again disposed of to another , without consent of the first purchaser , and printed vo . . thomas durfey . this gentleman ( if i am not misinformed ) was born in devonshire , and design'd for some part of the law ; whatever provok'd him to poetry i cann't tell ; but whatever it was , he has with various success given us above twenty plays , and if the prosperous success of the major part will give him the credit of a poet , he has a just pretence to it , and may justly challenge it from all the vindicators of dr. blackmores's poem from that topic. for my part , i can only say , that i have laught heartily at his plays , which is one end of comedy , or farce at least ; and if the criticks will deny him to be a good writer of comedy , they must allow him a master of farce . his plays follow in alphabetical order . the banditti ; or , a ladies distress , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. plot from don fenise , vo . see also the history of don antonio , b. . p. , diego's turning banditti , &c. from pipperollo in shirley's sisters . bussy d'ambois ; or , the husbands revenge , a tragedy , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 acted at the theatre royal , . newly revised by mr. durfey , and dedicated to the right honourable , edward , earl of carlisle , viscount howard of morpeth , &c. in his epistle he owns it to be chapman's , only challenges to himself the merit of having purged it of a great deal of obsol●te phrases , and intolerable fustain ; tho' some are of opinion , that with those defects , he has injudiciously par'd away many of its beauties . the character of tamyra , he will have us believe , he has alter'd for the better ; tho' he 'll hardly perswade , that pity is due to a woman , that quits her honour and virtue on any account . you may find the story in thuanus iean de serres , and mezeray , in the reign of henry iii. of france , and the particular intrigue of bussy with tamyra in rosset , in his histoires tragiques de nôtre temps , under the names of lysis and siluie , hist. . p. . commonwealth of women , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by their majesty's servants at the theatre royal , and dedicated to the truly noble and illustrious prince christopher , duke of albemarle . this play is borrowed from fletcher's sea voyage . cinthia and endimion ; or , loves of the deities ; a new opera , as it was designed to be acted at court before the late queen , and now acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants , . to . dedicated to the right honourable henry , earl of rumney , viscount sidney , &c. our author is not contented in the title page , to let his patron know the honour her late majesty design'd this off'ring of his muse , but repeats it in the epistle , which had indeed been the more pardonable piece of vanity ; but that 's a small fault in a poet , especially when there are so many greater in the work it self . for by a sort of poetick license , unknown to our great master horace , he perverts all those known characters given us by ovid ; he has made the chaste favourite of diana , ( daphne ) both a whore and a iilt ; and so sordid , as to contemn the god of wit and light , for a pitiful dull country lad : and fair syrinx must loose her reputation , in the unknown ignomy o● an envious , jilting , mercenary , infamous woman . tho' this play ●ook , yet it merits not a nice enquiry into its virtues and vices ; but as i have given a specimen of one , my impartiality obliges me to own , that there are many lines in it above the genius which generally appears in his other works . the ver●ification is often good , and the expression often significant and poetical . the story of cynthia and endimion , as well as the others contained in this opera , you may find beautifully done in their original , in the several parts of ovid's metamorphoses , and that of psyche in the th , th , and th books of lucius appuleius de asino aureo . the comical history of don quixot , acted at the queens theatre in dorset-garden , by their majesties servants , part i. . to . dedicated to the dutchess of ormond . this play met with an extraordinary applause ; and is taken entirely from that famous , and much celebrated antick romance of the same name , written by michael cervantes , a spaniard . part ii. acted at the same theatre , in the same year , and dedicated by an epistle in heroick verse , to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , &c. this as well as the former , is taken from the foresaid romance , and met with great applause , which encouraged our author to proceed to part iii. adding to the title of that only , with the marriage of mary the buxome . this was acted and printed . and dedicated to the right honourable charles montague , esq one of the lords commissioners of the treasury , &c. in which he will not allow that its innate defects are so obnoxious as are supposed ; but owns its want of success , which never poet yet attributed to himself : this is as the other two parts borrowed from the incomparable cervantes . the fond husband ; or , the plotting sisters , a comedy , to . . acted at the dukes theatre , and dedicated to his grace the duke of ormond : this when presented first was accounted a good play. the fool turn'd critick , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants . the characters of old wine love , tim , and small wit , are something like simo , asotus , and balio in randolph's iealous lovers . a fool 's preferment ; or , the three dukes of dunstable , a com. to . . acted at the queens theatre in dorset-garden , by their majesties servants , with songs set by mr. henry purcell , and dedicated to the honourable charles , lord morpeth , transcribed from fletcher's noble gentleman , except one scene from the novel of the hum●urs of bassett . the injured princes ; or , the fatal wager , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants ; the prologue to this play is the same with the epilogue of another of his own , call'd , the fool turn'd critick ; and the foundation of the whole play from shakespear . the intrigues of versailles ; or , a iilt in all humours , a comedy ; acted at the theatre in lincolns-inn-fields . . to . this play had not the success the author desired ; who in his epistle to the two sir charles sidley's , is pleased to condemn the taste of the town for not liking it , when they had approv'd others of his plays of less value , and merit , it having been approv'd by two such iudges as mr. congreve and mr. betterton , as he tells us it would be a sort of presumption to dissent from them , tho' with the town on ones side ; for of them , as of cato , it may be said , viatrix causa diis placuit sed victa catoni ; yet 't is to me unaccountable , that ramlure should be introduced speaking broken english , or a sort of iargon between french and english , when all the persons in the play except guillamour are french , and the scene laid at versailes . nor can i imagine how mr. durfey and his two iudges cou'd oversee the young count tornese absconding in the very court of the king , in so thin a disguise as that of a woman , when he had committed so unpardonable a fault as a duel is there , and have such a confident of his disguise as voudosm , who had a better way of attacking him than with a pruning knife : but nequid nimis . as for the thefts they are numerous enough . tornezres disguise , and count brisack's falling in love with his wifes gallant in womans cloaths , are borrowed from a novel call'd , the double cuckold . vandosms character seems to be a fairer copy of olivia in the plain dealer , and mirtilla in mrs. behn's play , call'd , the amorous iilt ; but vandosms language is more billinsgate than either , wanting the wit of the first , and the genteelness of the last . love for money ; or , the boarding-school , a comedy , acted at the theatre royal , . to . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , lord viscount lansdown , count of the sacred roman empire , &c. this play it seems in the first days representation met with enemies , which endeavoured to damn it , especially the dancing-masters , and other friends to the boarding-schools , who supposed themselves , and their livelihood expos●d ; from which the poet clears himself , and lets us understand , that all this opposition could not oppress the merit of the play ; which is , without doubt , a sufficient proof that there was something in it that pleas'd more than ordinary . i do not find many new characters ; deputy nicompoop , ned bragg , &c. being the refuge of ev'ry cinic writer , at least of late . the plot in general i take to be his own . madam fickle ; or , the witty false one , a comedy , to . . acted at his royal highness the dukes theatre , and dedicated to his grace the duke of ormond . old love resembles veterano in marmion's antiquary , zechiel's creeping into the tavern-bush , and tilb●●y's being drunk under it , &c. from sir reverence lamard and pimpwell in isling●●n and hogsden-walks . see also a play call'd the fawn , writ by marston . the marriage hater match'd ; a comedy , acted at the theatre-royal by their majesties servants , . to . and dedicated to the illustrious , and truly noble prince iames , duke , marquess , and earl of ormond in england and ireland , &c. this play was very well received , and in it mr. dogget gave the first proofs that were taken great notice of , what an admirable actor he was . before this play is prefix'd a letter to the author in defence of it ; and with that i do agree , that this is by much the best of his comedies , tho' i can never allow the rest of that epistle free from flattery ; and we may conclude that friendship , or some other motive blinded his eyes very much , when he made so large an encomium of it . the richmond heiress ; or , a woman once in the right , a comedy , acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , . to . dedicated to the honourable , and my very good friend sir nicholas garrard , bar. whom he is pleas'd to inform , that in the piece offer'd him , there appears no defect of genius , whatever there might be of iudgment ; whether the poet be in the right or no the reader must determine ; but 't is evident , it was not received with an applause answerable to his expectations ; tho' upon a revival and alterations he has pleas'd the town . the royallist ; a comedy , to . . acted at the dukes theatre . camillas trick of sir o●iver old-cut , for sir charles king-love , borrowed from boccace's novels , day . nov. . and the song of hey boys up go we , stollen from an e●clogue , to . in the shepherd's oracle . the siege of memphis ; or , the ambitious queen , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , and dedicated to henry chivers , esq this play met not with that success the author desired . sir barnaby whig ; or , no wit like a womans ; a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants , and dedicated to the right honourable george , earl of berkley . plot from the fine companion , a play of marmion's , and part from a novel call'd the double cuckold , vo . trick for trick ; or , the debauch'd hypocrite , a comedy , to . . this is only monsieur thomas ( a play of fletcher's ) reviv'd . the virtuous wife ; or , good luck at last ; a comedy , to . . several hints stollen from other plays ( viz. ) the fawn , marriage a-la-mode , &c. he has written besides the above-mentioned plays , some volumes of songs and poems , as butler's ghost , collins's walk , &c. e edward eccleston . this author is ( i suppose ) still living , and has writ a play set off with sculptures , and several titles to make it sell ; it was first call'd , noah's flood ; or , the destruction of the world , an opera , to . . dedicated to the dutchess of monmouth ; the second title was the cataplasm , or general deluge of the world , to . . and again the third time , under the name of the deluge , or , the destruction of the world , to . . the foundation of it is from sacred writ . sir george etheridge . a gentleman very famous in the reign of king charles the second ; his country i am ignorant of ; but his first applications were to the law ; his love in a tub , and his wit brought him into good acquaintance , and general esteem , till for marrying a fortune he was knighted , and by king iames the second , he being in particular esteem with the late queen his consort , sent him envoy to hamburgh . after the revolution he went for france to his master , and dyed there , or very soon after his arrival in england from thence ; he is the author of three plays ; two of them are admirable ; and were the first divided from the serious part , it would not want a considerable praise , at least it still meets with a general applause . the comical revenge ; or , love in a tub , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke of york's theatre then in little lincolns-inn-fields . this play , tho' part serious , and part comical , yet ( as before ) met with a general applause . the man of mode ; or , sir fopling flutter , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke of york's theatre , and dedicated to his dutchess . this play met with extraordinary success ; all agreeing it to be true comedy , and the characters drawn to the life . she wou'd if she cou'd , a comedy , to . . acted also at the duke of york's theatre . this comedy is accounted by mr. langbain , with whom i agree , one of the first rank , and by mr. shadwell ( in his preface to his humorists ) the best comedy written since the restauration of the stage . f sir francis fane , iun. knight of the bath . this honourable author is lately deceased , his late residence was at fulbeck in lincolnshire ; he was grandson to the earl of westmorland , and has given us the two following plays : l●ve in the dark ; or , the man of business ; a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by his majesties servants , and dedicated to the right honourable iohn , earl of rochester . the plot taken from the invisible mistress in scarron's novels , vo . boccace's novels , day . nov. . and day . nov. . loves of great men , p. . the sacrifice , a tragedy to . . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . this play tho' published without acting , was highly commended by two copies of verses to the author by mr. tate and mrs. behn ; for the plot see chalcoco●dyla● , lib. . leundavius , lib. . see also the lives of bajazet and tamerlain , the last by mr. d'assigny , and the former by knoll's in his turkish history . sir richard fanshaw . brother to the right honourable thomas lord fanshaw of ware-park in hert●ordshire ; he was educated at cambridge , from thence removed to court ; he perfectly understood latin , french , italian , spanish , and portuguese ; was secretary to the king in holland , france , and scotland , was after the restauration sent ambassador to portugal , to consummate the match between the present queen dowager and charles the second . in the year . he was s●nt into spain , ambassador , to confirm the treaty of commerce and league between the two crowns , and dyed at madrid , . to say nothing of his capacity as a states-man , we confine our selves only to his poetry , and particularly his dramatick pieces . pastor fido , the faithful shepherd , a pastoral , vo , and to . dedicated to king charles the second , when prince of wales . translated from guarini's italian , and printed with his poems , vo . querer por solo querer , to love only for love's sake , to . . this is a dramatick romance , translated from the spanish of mendoza , when sir richard was a pri●oner in tankersly-castle in yorkshire , after the battle of worcester , where he was on the king's side , this play consists but of three acts , the spanish poets seldom exceeding that number . henry lord viscount faulkland . father to the late lord faulkland , celebrated by cowley . he was of oxfordshire , and lord lieutenant of that county , and a member of parliamen●t ; his diversion led him to write one play , call'd , the marriage night , a tragedy , to . . this play never appeared publick on the stage . nathaniel field . this poet liv'd in the time of king iames i. and king charles i. he was assistant to old massenger in the writing a play call'd , the fatal dowry , and commonly call'd son by mr. chapman , who , as well as most of the then poets , had our author in good esteem , he was an actor , and writ himself two plays , ( viz. ) amends for ladies , with the merry pranks of moll cut-purse , or the humour of roaring , a comedy , to . acted at the black fryars , by the prince's and lady elizabeth's servants . this play the author writ to please the ladies whom he had offended by his other play. the plot in part taken from the novel of the curious impertinent in don quixot . woman 's a weather-cock , a comedy , to . . acted before the king at whitehall , and several times privately at the white fryars by the children of her majesty's revels . this play pleas'd much in those days , and highly commended by mr. chapman . edward filmer . an author that has been pleas'd to visit the town with a play in the autumn of his age , if i am rightly informed ; 't is therefore no great wonder if it wanted fire and force enough to preserve its life above three days . he is a doctor of the civil-law , and otherwise esteemed a man of good sense and iudgment ; and some lines in this play confirm that opinion , 't is call'd , the vnnatural brother , a tragedy , to . acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , . by his majesty's servants ; he owns the plot to be taken from cassandra , particularly the story of alcinoe in that romance . mr. fishbourn . a gentleman who writ an unlicensed play without his name , call'd , sodom ; before this play are put the two letters e. r. the printer having a mind to have it pass for one of the works of the late earl of roche●●er , as it had been formerly imputed to him , and which he denies and detests in a copy of verses made on purpose against the author of it , who was , as i 'm very well assured , one mr. fishbourn , an inns of court gentleman ; nor indeed has it an● of my lord rochester's wit to make amends for the abominable ●ilth of the obscenity which must nauseate every reader of any tolerable iudgment . richard flecknoe . this memorable author liv'd in the reign of both the charle's , was ( as i have had it from good hands ) a iesuit , but forsook the knavish part of his o●fice for poetry , tho' his works , if i may credit those that have read him with more regard than my self , is not enough to quit him of all the tricks of that order , he is for nothing so ●amous , as for naming a poem of mr. dryden's call'd , mac flecknoe , he has published several plays , but whether any of 'em were acted or not , i 'm not able to determine . damoyselles a-la-mode , a comedy , vo . . dedicated to their graces the duke and dutchess of new castle , borrowed from moliere's precieuses ridicules , l'escole des femes , & l'escole des maris . erminia ; or , the chast lady , a tragi-comedy , vo . . dedicated to the fair and virtuous lady the lady southcott . loves dominion , a postoral , vo . . dedicated to the lady elizabeth claypole : a play full of morality , and written as a pa●●ern for the reformed stage . love's kingdom , a pastoral tragi-comedy , vo . . dedicated to his excellency the marquess of newcas●le . this published with a fresh title ten years after ; the other going before , is almost the same , only corrected , and a very little alter'd . marriage of oceanus and britania , a masque . this author has written divers epigrams and enigmatical characters ; also a short discourse of the english stage , published at the end of his love's dominion , vo . diarium , or the iournal , another piece of his in burlesque verse , ves . . &c. iohn fletcher , and francis beaumont . mr. fletcher was the son of dr. fletcher , created bishop of bristol by queen elizabeth , and afterwards translated to the see of london , . he dy'd the first year of charles i. of the plague in london , . in his forty ninth year , and was buried in st. mary overy's church , southwark . his colleague in writing most of his plays , mr. beaumont , i can say little of , but what the reader may gather from the verses of the poets in that age , before their works ; that he was a man of learning none can question ; but to imagine , as mr. langbain does , that he was perfectly vers'd in the dramatick laws , is more than can be drawn from their plays , of which there is scarce one regular . their comedies are much the best ; yet of them take away five or six , and they will not bear acting , scarce reading by a nice iudge . i say not this to derogate from men of undoubted merit , but only prompted by my impartiality , a character which mr. langbain professes but has no where preserved . their plays are fifty two in number , all which are printed and published in one large volume folio , . they follow in alphabetical order . the beggars bush ; a comedy , fol. often acted formerly with good applause . bonduca , a tragedy , fol. this play has been twice reviv'd , plot from tacitus's annals , book . see also milton's history of england , book . the bloody brother ; or , rollo duke of normandy , a tragedy , fol. this play hath been sometimes acted of late days in dorset garden , with good success . plot from herodian . hist. lib. . and part of the language from seneca's thebais . the captain , a comedy , fol. this play has not been acted of late years . the chances ; a comedy , fol. reviv'd by the late duke of buckingham , and printed with alterations to . . oftentimes acted with great applause of late days at the theatre in dorset garden , &c. plot from the lady cornelia in exemplary novels , fol. or the novels of cornelia in miguel des cervantes novels , translated by dr. pope . the coronation ; a tragi-comedy , fol. not acted these many years . this play , tho' printed in this folio edition , is claimed by shirley to be his . the coxcomb , a comedy , fol. this play has been revived and act●d at the theatre royal , but met with little success . cupid's revenge , a tragedy , fol. the custom of the country ; a tragi-comedy , fol. the plot of rutilio , duarte , and guyomar , built on malispinis novels , decad. . nov. . the double marriage ; a tragi-comedy , fol. this play was revived some years since , but met not with that success expected . the elder brother ; a comedy fol. oftentimes acted formerly , and met with indifferent success . the faithful shepherdess ; a pastoral , fol. this was entirely fletcher's , and commended by ( * ) copies of verses by mr. beaumont and ben. iohnson . 't was first acted on a twelfth night , at somerset-house ; instead of a prologue was a song in dialogue , writ by sir william d'avenant , and sung between a priest and a nimph ; and the ( † ) epilogue was then spoken by the lady mordant . the fair maid of the inn ; a comedy , fol. marianus disowning caesario , and the duke's injunction to marry him , you may find in causin's holy court , and wanly's hist. of man , book cap. . the false one , a tragedy , fol. ● see plutarch , suetonius , dion , appian , florus , orosius , &c. four plays ; or , moral representations in one , tragi-comedy , fol. ( viz. ) the triumphs of honour ; built on boccace's novels , day . nov. . triumph of love , on nov. . day . triumph of death , on nov. . part . of the fortunate deceiv'd , and vnfortunate lovers , also the palace of pleasure , nov. . and the triumph of time , the author 's own invention . an honest man's fortune ; a tragi-comedy , fol. see heywood's hist. of women , book . p. . the humorous lieutenant ; a tragi-comedy , fol. some hint may be taken from horace , lib. . ep. . but rather from ford's apothegms , p. . see also plutarch's life of demetrius , appian , iustin , &c. island princess , a tragi-comedy , fol. and to . this play was about ten years since reviv'd by mr. tate , the present poet laureat , with alterations . acted at the theatre royal , and dedicated to the right honourable henry , lord walgrave , the quarto edition , printed . a king and no king ; a tragi-comedy , fol. reviv'd since the restauration , and acted with applause at the theatre royal. the knight of the burning pestle ; a comedy , fol. reviv'd also in king charles the second's time , and acted at the theatre royal , with a new prologue , spoken by the famous madam ellen guin . a knight of malta , a tragi-comedy , fol. not acted of late years . the laws of candy ; a tragi-comedy , fol. not acted these many years . the little french lawyer , a comedy , fol. plot from gusman's don lewis● de castro , and don roderigo de montalvo . see also scarroon's novel of the fruitless precaution . loves cure ; or , the martial maid , a comedy , fol. love's prilgrimage , a comedy , fol. the plot from a novel , call'd , the two damsels , in a book entituled exemplary novels , and part of the play taken from iohnson's new inn. the lovers progress , a tragi-comedy , fol. plot from a french romance , call'd lysander and calista . the loyal subject ; a tragi-comedy , fol. the mad lover , a comedy , fol. see the story of mundus and paulina , in iosephus hist. of the iews , book . chap. . the maid in the mill , a comedy ; this play was reviv'd , and sometimes acted at the dukes theatre after the fire of london . plot of the serious part from gerardo , a romance , and the comical part from bandello's novels . the maid's tragedy , a tragedy , fol. this play was often acted at the king's theatre since the restauration ; but somewhat in it displeasing king charles the second , it was for some time forbid coming on the stage , till mr. waller reviving it , and wholly altering the last act ( which is printed in his poems ) appeared again publickly . a masque of grays-inn and the inner temple-gentlemen , fol. this was presented at the marriage of the princess elizabeth , and the prince palatine of the rhyne , in the banquetting house of white●all ; written by mr. beaumont alone . monsieur thomas , a comedy , fol. this has appeared since on the stage , with a new title , call'd , trick for trick . nice valour ; or , the passionate mad man ; a comedy , fol. the night walker ; or , the little thief , a comedy , fol. this has been acted since the restauration , by the king's servants . the noble gentleman ; a comedy , fol. this play has appeared of late years with a new title , call'd , the fool 's pre●erment ; or , the three dukes of dunstable , riviv'd by mr. durfey . philaster ; or , love lies a bleeding ; a tragi-comedy , fol. a play often acted formerly , and sometimes of late years , is accounted one of the best our authors have published . the pilgrim ; a comedy , fol. reviv'd and acted some years since . the prophetess ; a tragi-comedy , fol. this is reviv'd under the name of the prophetess ; or , the history of dioclesian , an opera , to . . i know not what reason mr. langbain has to attribute the revival to mr. dryden , when 't was mr. betterton's . the true history you may find in nicephorus , lib. . and . eusebius lib. . baronii an. . &c. the queen of corinth ; a tragi-comedy , fol. rule a wife , and have a wife , a comedy , fol. this play has been sometimes acted of late days with good applause . the scornful lady , a comedy , fol. acted often in these days with good applause . this play is likewise printed in quarto , . the sea voyage , a comedy , fol. this play has been reviv'd by mr. durfey , with a new title , call'd , the common-wealth of women , and in part resembles shakespear's tempest . the spanish curate , a comedy . plot from gerardo's hist. of don iohn p. . and from the spanish curate of the same author , p. . thiery and theodoret , a tragedy , fol. and to . imperfect in the last act in the folio edition , but supplied in the to . plot from the french chronicles , in the reign of clotair ii. see fredegarius , de serres , mezeray , &c. two noble kinsmen , a tragi-comedy , fol. mr. shakespear assisted in the writing of this play. valentinian , a tragedy , fol. and to . this play , has been reviv'd and alter'd by the late earl of rochester , and so acted at the theatre royal with great applause . the quarto edition , published . with a preface relating to the author and his works . plot from amm. marcellinus . procopius . hist. evagrius , and other writers of those times . a wife for a month , a tragi-comedy , fol. see the story hereof in mariana , and louis de mayerne turquet , and the history of sancho viii . king of leon. the wild goose chase , a comedy , fol. this play has been in good repute . wit at several weapons , a comedy , fol. built on the wits ; writ by sir william d'avenant . wit without money , a comedy , fol. this play was reviv'd and acted in little lincolns-inn-fields , immediately after the theatre in drury lane was burnt , with a new prologue by mr. dryd●n . the woman hater , a tragi-comedy , fol. reviv'd by sir william d'avenant , with a * new prologue writ in prose . mr. fletcher writ this play without the assistance of mr. beaumont . the womans prize ; or , the tamer tam'd ; a comedy , fol. built on the taming of the shrew , writ by mr. shakespear , and may be taken as a counter part thereof . women pleas'd ; a comedy , fol. see the most comical parts hereof taken from nov. . day . and day . nov. . &c. of boccace's novels . mr. fletcher join'd with ben. iohnson and middleton , in one other comedy , call'd , the widow , placed under iohnson ; and mr. beaumont has writ a book of poems , elegies , sonnets , &c. last edition , vo . . iohn ford. a gentleman of the middle temple , in the reign of king charles i. and besides those plays he has join'd with rowley and decker , he has writ seven entirely alone . the broken heart , a tragedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servants , at the private house in black fryers , and dedicated to the lord craven . fancies chast and noble ; a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the phoenix in drury-lane , by the queens majesties servants , and dedicated to the lord macdonel , earl of antrim● in ireland . the ladies tryal ; a tragi-comed●● to . . acted by their majesties servants in drury lane , and dedicated to iohn wyrley , esq and mrs. mary wyrley his wife . lovers melancholy ; a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in black fryers , and publickly at the globe by the king's servants , and dedicated to several of his friends of grays-inn in particular , and to the whole society in general . loves sacrifice ; a tragedy , to . . acted by the queens servants at the phoenix in drury lane , and dedicated to iohn ford of grays-inn , esq. perkin warbeck ; an historical play , to . . acted by the queens servants in drury lane , and dedicated to the right honourable william , earl of new castle . for the truth of the story see gainsford's hist. of perkin warbeck , to . and our english chronicles in the reign of henry vii . 't is pity she 's a whore ; a tragedy , to . . acted by the queens majesties servants at the phaenix in drury lane , and dedicated to the truly noble iohn , earl of peterborough , lord mordant , baron of turney . the suns darling ; a mask , to . . presented by their majesties servants at the cock-pit in drury lane , and dedicated to the right honourable the earl of southampton . this play was not wholly written by this author , but decker join'd with him therein . thomas ford. this author liv'd in the reign of king charles i. and has writ one play , call'd , loves labyrinth ; or , the royal shepherdess , a tragi-comedy , vo . . part of it taken from gomersal's tragedy of s●●rza , duke of millain , and is bound up with his other works in vo . . iohn fountain . a devonshire gentleman who liv'd in the reign of k. charles ii. and writ one play , call'd , the reward of virtue ; a comedy , to . . never acted whilst the author liv'd , but after his death mr. shadwell reviv'd and alter'd it ; and then under another title , ( viz. ) the royal shepherdess , it was acted with applause . abraham fraunce . this poet liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth ; in a book writ by him , call'd , the countess of pembroke's ivy-church , is one dramatick pastoral , entituled . amintas pastoral ; to . . writ in hexameters , and is a translation of tasso's . sir ralph freeman . this gentleman after the martyrdom of k. charles i. writ one play , call'd , imperiale ; a tragedy , to . . and dedicated to iohn morris , esq for the plot consult pontanus , budaeus's treasury of ancient and modern times , beard 's theatre of god's iudgments , part . page . wanley's history of man , book . chapt. . goulart hist. admirables de notre temps , tom. . p. . and bandello's novels . vlpian fulwell . an author in queen elizabeth's reign , who writ in rhime one play , call'd , like will to like quoth the devil to the collier ; an interlude to . . this ancient piece was so contriv'd , that it might be acted by five persons ; shews what punishments overtake the licentious , and what rewards the virtuous receive ; it s printed in an old black english letter . g george gascoign , esq. an ancient poet who writ in the beginning of queen elizabeth's reign , he was of grays-inn , and has left us four dramatick pieces , of which in their order . the glass of government ; a tragi-comedy , to . . this play was also printed in an old black letter , like that of fulwell's , and shews the punishments for vice , and the rewards for virtue . iocasta ; a tragedy , to . . translated from the greek of euripides by this author , and one mr. kinwelmersh of grays-inn , where it was presented . supposes ; a comedy , to . . presented also at grays-inn , enlished from the famous italian oriosto . this and the former , are two of the antients plays in our english tongue . pleasure at kenelworth-castle ; a masque , but what year when printed i cannot tell . this play was play'd before the queen for her entertainment there . the author has publish'd divers poems with his plays , printed to . . henry glapthorn . i know no more of this author , than that he writ five plays in the time of k. charles i. which follow ; albertus wallenstein ; a tragedy , . acted at the globe on the bank side by his majesty's servants . see the german writers of ferdinand the d's reign . spondanus●s continuation of baronius , &c. argalus and parthenia , a tragi-comedy , to . . this play was presented before the king and queen at court ; and afterwards acted at the private house in drury lane by their majesties servants . plot from sir philip sidney's arcadia , sol . the hollander ; a comedy , to . . acted at the cock-pit in drury lane , as also at court before their majesties . the ladies priviledge ; a comedy , to . . acted both at court before their majesties , and at the cock-pit in drury lane , by their majesties servants . wit in a constable ; a comedy , to . . acted at the cock-pit in drury lane , by their majesties servants . he also published a poem call'd whitehall , which are printed in quarto . tho. goff . he was born about the year . began his studies at westminster-school , finish'd them at christ-church , oxon , whether he remov'd at eighteen . he went out batchelor of divinity , and had the living of east-clandon in surrey , and a xantippe to his wife , whose tongue , &c. he could not bear so indifferently as sometimes , but as my author observes , let it shorten his days . he was buried in the said parish-church , . and has written divers poetical pieces : his plays five in number , follow : the careless shepherdess , a pastoral , to . . acted at salisbury-court , before their majesties the king and queen with good applause . to which play is added an alphabetical catalogue of all plays till that time published i● english , but very erronious . the couragious turk ; or , amurath the first ; a tragedy , vo . . acted by the students of christ-church in oxon. for the plot , see leunclavius , chalcocondylas , knolles , &c. in the reign of amurath . orestes his tragedy , vo . . acted also by the students of christ-church in ox●n . plot from euripides's orestes ; or , sophocles's electra . raging turk ; or , bajazet the second ; a tragedy , vo . . which was likewise acted by the students of christ-church , ox●n . for the plot consult the same turkish histories before mentioned . solimus emperor of the turks , a tragedy , to . . for the plot consult also the turkish historians , as paul. iovius , mezeray , &c. in the reign of solimus the first . three of these five plays mentioned to be acted at oxon , are printed together in one volume vo . robert gomersal . this author , like the last , a divine , born . at london , at fourteen was entred at christ-church in oxon , and chosen student of that royal foundation , past through his several degrees to batchelor of divinity , and dy'd . he writ one play by the name of , lodovick sforza , duke of millain , a tragedy , vo . . for the story see guiccardine , lib. , . &c. mezeray and philip de comines in the reign of ch. viii . this author has writ several poems , some of them divine , which are printed with this play in vo . also some sermons printed to . . robert gould . a gentleman now living , formerly a domestick of the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex ; and since teaches school in the country . he has given us one play , called , the rival sisters , or the violence of love , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants to . . and dedicated to the right honourable , iames , earl of abingdon , &c. this play was well received , tho' delay'd for some time the acting , as the author complains in his epistle . the plot is almost entirely taken out of shirly's maids revenge , tho' he has left out the characters of signior sharkino , a sharking doctor , and his man scarabeo ; the story is taken originally out of reynolds's god's revenge against murder , book . hist. . francis gouldsmith , esq i can only say , this author liv'd in charles the first 's time , and writ a play , called , sophompaneos , or the history of ioseph , a tragedy , to . . with annotations , this divine dramma was writ in latin by hugo grotius , translated by our author in heroick verse . for the plot , ●ee the th , and th chapter of genesis , philo , in the life of iosephus , iustin , book . eusebius's preparation to the gospel , &c. george granville , esq this gentleman is of the noble family of the right honourable the earl of bath , and his nephew : a person of uncommon qualifications , and one that gives as much honour to the name he bears , as he has receiv'd from it ; whose wit , personal bravery , and sweetness of temper , have made him the delight of all that know him . the great mr. waller has expressed his esteem of him , in a copy of verses in return of some made to him by mr. granville . he has already given the world two plays . heroick love , a tragedy , acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields . this play is one of the best of our modern tragedies , and writ after the manner of the ancients , which is much more natural and easie than that of our modern dramatists . the plot is built on the first book of homer , &c. the she-gallants , a comedy , acted at the theatre royal in little lincolns-inn-fields , . to . this play has , next the plain dealer , more just and substantial reflections and satyrical observations , than any of our english comedies ; the dialogue is not only easy , but nervous ; and indeed he makes his persons speak more wit than the stage is generally us'd to , which arm'd a faction against it , tho' ev'n that was not sufficient totally to suppress its success , for it was very often acted to the satis●action of most that saw it with impartiality , and would be contented to be pleas'd . the episode of the four sisters is taken out of the french marquiss , in the romance of ibraim . alexander green. he liv'd in the reign of king charles the second , and writ a play , called , the polititian cheated , a comedy , to . . this play i do not find to be ever acted . robert green. t●is poet liv'd and writ one play and part of another in queen elizabeth's reign , was master of arts in cambridge , and has published some other pieces . the honourable history of fryar bacon , and fryar bungy , a comedy , to . for the plot consult plot 's hist. of oxonshire , and wood antiquit. oxon. &c. looking-glass for london and england . for this see the account of dr. lodge , with whom he joined in this divine drama . this author has writ divers other pieces , most of them printed in an old black letter . h. william ha●ington , esq our poet in the midst of the late civil wars , devoted himself to the muses , and among their productions is a play , called , the queen of arragon , a tragi-comedy , fol. . acted both at court and the black-fryars . he has a book of poems , called , castara , vo . . also the history or chronicle of edward the fourth , fol. . ioseph harris . a player yet living , and brother to the famous organist of the city of london ; he has been more than once aiming at authority , by the help of his friends ; he has publish'd two plays under his name , called , the mistakes , or the false report , a comedy , to . . which play , as i am inform'd , was originally compos'd by another , and put into his hands , and so he made shift , by altering it , to spoil it . the city-bride , or the merry cuckold , a comedy , acted at the new theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants ; to . . and dedicated to the honourable sir iohn walter , bar. this play miscarried , tho' borrowed from iohn webster's cure for a cuckold , whole scenes being the same , but spoil'd by the transposer ; for which he wou'd seem to make amends , by the performances of the musicians , and ●o far he is in the right . peter hausted . he was born at oundle , in northamptonshi●e , proceeded to master of arts , in queens-college , cambridge , in the reign of charles the first ; he was impatient of censure , as well as his admired ben. and writ a play , called . the rival friends , a comedy , to . . acted before the king and queen at cambridge . the scene betwixt love-all and hamershin , act . scene . from that betwixt true-wit , daw , and la-fool , in ben's silent woman . ioseph haynes . this person is mentioned here , for the sake of an abominable play that is mentioned under his name , but he is not the author of it , called , a fatal mistake , or the plot spoil'd , printed to . . but never acted . richard head. this author , born in ireland of english parents , his father was a minister , and murdered in the massacree . he had a little smattering of the university of oxon , but was soon removed to a book-seller in st. paul's church-yard , london . he writ one play , call'd , hic & vbique , or the humours of dublin , a comedy , to . . dedicated to charles , duke of monmouth . he writ the first , and most of the third parts of the english rogue , the art of wheedling , vo . the complaisant companion , mo . venus's cabinet unlock'd , mo . with several other small treatises . william hemmings . an author , of whom i can only say , that he liv'd in the reign of charles the first , was master of arts of oxford , and he writ two plays , viz. fatal contract , a tragedy , to . . acted by her majesty's servants , and dedicated to the right honourable , iames , earl of northampton , and to isabella , his vertuous countess . since the restauration of king charles the second , it has been twice reviv'd , first under the title of love and revenge , with little alterations ; and about ten years ago , under the title of the eunuch . for the plot , consult gregorie de tours , lib. , , &c. aimion , valois , de serres , mezeray , &c. in the reigns of chilperic the first , and clot●air the second . iews tragedy , a tragedy , printed to . . for the plot , consult iosephus's history of the iews , book , and . where you may find the fatal overthrow by vespasian and titus his son , agreeable to that famous history by iosephus , printed to . . iasper heywood . son of iohn heywood , first of merton , and then of all-souls-college , oxon , which he left for st. omers , where he prov'd a zealous biggotted iesuit , and the first that seminary sent for england : some say he was (a) hanged ; others , that he was , with seventy more , of that and other orders , taken the year . and (b) sent away beyond sea. while he was of oxford , he tran●lated three of seneca's plays , ( viz. ) hercules furens , a tragedy , to . compare this with a tragedy of euripides , bearing the same title . thyestes , a tragedy to . which our author translated , whilst he was of all-souls , in oxon ; he has added a scene at the end of the fifth act. tr●as , a tragedy , to . farnaby stiles this , a divine tragedy , and highly commends it ; dan. heinsius also commends and prefers it before the troades of euripides . these three tragedies , translated by our author from seneca , are printed together in a black letter , to . . iohn heywood . father of the foregoing poet , and liv'd in the reigns of edward the sixth , and queeen mary the first , at north-mims , in hertfordshire , was sir tho. more 's neighbour , and in favour with queen mary ; after whose death , flying for religion , he died at mechlem , . was one of our first dramatick writers ; and● tho' a papist , severe on their regular clergy , as they call ' em . four p●s , an interlude , to . a play between iohn the husband and tib his wife . a play between the pardoner , the fryar , the curate and neighbour prat. a play of gentleness and nobility , two parts . a play of love. a play of the weather , styl'd , a new and very merry interlude of all manner of weathers , fol. . these being some of the first plays appeared in our english language , nothing in commendation will be expected of them . this author writ two or three books of epigrams , publish'd in to . also a book called monumenta literaria . thomas heywood . this author was both actor and poet , liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , and king iames i. he writ , or had assisted in composing two hundred and twenty plays , of which there are but twenty five remain entire . (a) mr. langbain sets up for a vindication of this author , in the same book that he condemns mr. dryden , which indeed is enough to render his iudgment very much suspected , and that the variety of plays he had read , either corrupted his taste , or else that he never had any . the golden age , or the lives of iupiter and saturn , &c. to . . acted at the red bull , by the queen's majesty's servants . see galtruchius's poetical hist. ross's m●stagogus poeticus● hollyoak , littleton , and other dictionaries . the silver age , a history , to . . see plautus , ovid's metamorph . lib. . and other poetical hist. brazen age , a history , to . . see ovid's metamorph. lib. , , , and . iron age , part i. a history , to . . for the plot , &c. see virgil , homer , lucian , ovid , &c. iron age , part ii. to . . for the plot , consult the same authors before mentioned . a challenge for beauty , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the black-fryars , and at the globe on the bank side , by his majesty's servants . the dutchess of suffolk , her life , a history , to . acted then with good applause . for the plot , see fox's martyrology , an. dom. . and clark's martyrology , pag. . edward the fourth , two parts , a history , to . ●● . see the story hereof , in the chronicles of hollingshead , speed , du chesne , &c. the english traveller , a tragi-comidy , to . . acted at the cock-pit in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants . both plot and language of lyonel and reignald , stollen from plautus's mostellaria . see the story of wincote , geraldine , and dalavil , in the history of women , by this author , where he affirms the said stories at large to be true . fair maid of the exchange , a comedy , to . . wherein are related the pleasant passages , and merry humours of the cripple of fanchurch . mr. kirkman , and others , reckon this play to our author ; but mr. langbain makes a question thereof , since his name is not prefixt ; nor , says he , the stile and oeconomy does not resemble the rest of his labours . fair maid of the west , or , a girl worth gold , a tragi-comedy , part i. to . . acted before the king and queen , by her majesty's servants . fair maid of the west , or , a girl worth gold , part ii. to . . acted likewise before the king and queen , by her majesty's servants . both these plays had , in those times , good repute ; and afterwards serv'd for the subject of a romance , called , the english lover , writ by iohn dancer , one of our foregoing authors . fortune by land and sea , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by the queen's majesty's servants , with good applause . our author was join'd , in composing this play , by william rowley , hereafter mentioned . four london prentices , with the conquests of ierusalem , history , to . . acted at the red bull , by the queen's servants . founded on godfrey of bulloign . see tasso , fuller's hist. of the holy war , and dr. nalson's history of the crasaide . if you know not me , you know no body , or , the troubles of queen elizabeth , in two parts , to . . plot from cambden's history of queen elizabeth , also speed , and other our english chronicles in her reign . the lancashire witches , to . london , ●● . see this story in verse , in a large volume of the same author , called , the hierarchy of angels , fol. lib. . love's mistriss , or , the queen's mask , to . . acted before their majesties , and divers ambassadors , at the phenix in drury-lane . plot from apuleius's golden ass. to . maiden-head , well lost , a comedy , to . . acted by her majesty's servants in drury-lane , with good applause . rape of lucrece , a tragedy , to . . acted at the red bull , plot from tit. livius , dec . . cap. , &c. robert , earl of huntingdon's down-fall , a history , to . . acted by the earl of nottingham , lord high admiral of england's servants . plot from stow , speed , and baker's chronicles , in the life of king richard the first ; fuller's worthies in the account of nottinghamshire . robert , earl of huntingdon's death , a tragedy , to . . this earl was usually called , robin hood , of merry sherwood , plot from the aforesaid english chronicles . royal king , and loyal subject , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by the queen's servants , with good applause . compare this with the loyal subject , writ by beaumont and fletcher . wise woman of hogsden , a comedy , to . . often times acted with good applause . woman kill'd with kindness , a comedy . to . . acted by the queen's servants , with good applause . our author has published several other pieces , in verse and prose , as the hierarchy of angels , fol. the life and troubles of queen elizabeth , vo . the lives of nine women worthies , to . the general history of women , vo . an apology for actors , to . and pleasant dialogues and drama's vo . henry higden , esq i know not whether this gentleman be yet living or not ; but he was a barrister of the honourable society of the middle temple : a person known to all the conversable part of the town , for his pleasant and facetious company ; and allow'd to be a man of wit , tho' it were to be wish'd he had not publish'd his play of the wary widdow , or , sir noisy parrat , a comedy , to . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , . and dedicated to the right honourable , charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , &c. the ill success of this play , the author gives us in the preface , which complains of the ungenerous usage the bear-garden criticks gave it with catealls , &c. which , how short soever it may be of what might be expected from so celebrated a wit , as mr. higden was esteemed , it could never deserve ; since sir charles sidley could think it worthy a prologue of his making . 't is usher'd into the world by five copies of english verse , and one of latin. barton holyday . he was born in the reign of queen elizabeth , in all-saints parish in oxon ; his cousin , dr. ravis , early entred , and chose him student of christ-church ; after his degrees of batchelor and master of arts , was made archdeacon of oxonshire , died . at ei●ly , near oxon , and was buried at christ-church in oxon. he writ one play , under the title of texnotamia , or , the marriage of the arts , a comedy , to . . acted by the students of christ-church , aforesaid , at shrove-tide . this play was then in good esteem . he hath written divers pieces , as his translation of the satyrs of iuvenal and perseus , with notes and sculptures , fol. a version of the odes of horrace ; divers sermons , to . and two tracts in latin. charles hool . this gentleman liv'd in the reigns of the two charles's , being born at wakefield , in york-shire , was entred at lincoln-college in oxon , at eighteen , and afterwards taking his master's degree , he taught school at these several places ( viz. ) rotheram in york-shire , red-cross-street , and arundel-buildings , in london . and , after the king's restauration , in wales , he translated terrence's comedies , in all , six , vo . . printed in english and latin , for the use of young schollars , in many places castrated . he hath translated divers other things , as aesop's fables , corderius , cato , comenii orbis pictus , &c. he has also publish'd a grammar , an explanation of the accidence , and a greek testament with themes in the margin , &c. charles hopkins . a young gentleman that is now living , his father was that eminently learned and pious divine , ezekiel hopkins , bishop of london-derry , in the kingdom of ireland . our poet was born in devonshire , but carried , when a child , to his father's see ; and when he had past his childhood under so good a fa●her , he removed first to dublin-college , and thence to cambridge ; whence he went to the wars of ireland , and having there exerted his early valour , in so glorious a cause as that of his country , religion , and liberty , he returned to england , and made london his aboad ; where he fell into the acquaintance of gentlemen of the best wit , and parts , whose age and genius were most agreeable to his own . he is one of those who is , beyond controversy , born a poet , which he has shown in all the pieces he has already publish'd ; the sweetness of his numbers , and easiness of his thoughts , in the several copies of verses he has publish'd , particularly his translations out of ovid , printed for mr. tonson , shew him born to translate that author ; for , if that opinion of pythagoras were true , we should conclude , the soul of the tender naso , were transmigrated into mr. hopkins : all the other translators of that po●t , have lost his genius , his versification and softness . but the occasion of his being mentioned here is , his having publish'd two plays , with different success . boadicea , queen of britain , a tragedy , acted at the theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , . to . and dedicated , in verse , to mr. congreve . this play met with great applause , pleasing both the ladies and gentlemen ; and indeed , besides the peculiar sweetness of his numbers , for it is written in heroick verse , he has in this play touch'd the passions , and the first scene of the fourth act , betwixt cassibellan and camilla , where she discovers her rape , is most masterly perform'd . the story is the same with bonduca , she being sometimes called , boadicea , and sometimes bonduca . you may read of her in the fourteenth book of tacitus's annals , the second book of milton's history of england , the seventh page of vbaldino de cita delle donne illus●ri del regno d' ingelterra & scotia , and mr. tyrrell's history of england , lately publish'd , vol. . pyrrhus , king of epirus , a tragedy , acted at the new theatre , in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , . to . and dedicated to his illustrious highness , the duke of gloucester . this was our author's first play , in which there is a great deal that shews him a poet , but not enough , it seems , to gain it that success which he desired : he was very young when it was writ , and therefore may be well excus'd for wanting that correctness , which a more mature author , perhaps , wou'd have observ'd . the history of pyrrhus is to be found in livy , book plutarch , in the life of that king , lucius florus , &c. edward howard , esq brother to the right honourable , sir robert howard , and of the noble family of berk-shire , 't is to be wish'd , that his friends cou'd either have prevail'd with him to have publish'd none of his poetry , or have been less severe upon him , he has four plays in print , viz. man of new-market , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , but with little applause . six days adventure , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke of york's theatre , in dorset-garden . this play met with no good success . the vsurper , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . woman's conquest , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by the duke of york's servants , in dorset-garden . this author has written two books of poetry , in vo . one call'd , the british princess ; the other , poems and essays , with a paraphrase on cicero's laelius ; printed . iames howard , esq a gentleman of the noble family of the howards , that has two plays in print , under the titles of all mistaken , or , the mad couple , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . english monsieur , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . these two plays met with somewhat better success than those of the beforegoing author . sir robert howard . this honourable person is brother to the above mentioned mr. edward howard , and to the earl of berks , who has long since quitted the barren fields of poetry , for the more advantagious post of the state , in which he has , for many years , made a considerable figure , being auditor of the exchequer , &c. i have not the honour to say much of my own knowledge of him , but i am told , that it is no small part of his character , to be a patron and encourager of learning ; which is a peculiar merit , in an age when the selfish vices of the trading part of the nation , are got into the first ranks of men , who will not be so expensive , to keep a creature meerly for its wit , as mr. prior says of one . he has writ these six following plays , viz. the blind lady , a comedy , vo . this is usually bound with divers other poems of his , and are re-printed , or at least , a new title printed , . the committee , a comedy , fol. . this is esteemed an excellent play , and often times acted in these times . the great favourite , or , the duke of lerma , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . see mariana , turquet , de mayern , &c. the indian queen , a tragedy , fol. . this play is writ in heroick verse , and formerly acted with general applause , at the theatre royal , but now turn'd into an opera , and many times of late represented at the same theatre , with the like success . the surprisal , a tragi-comedy , fol. . this was formerly acted at the same theatre , by his majesty's servants . the vestal virgin , or , the roman ladies , a tragedy , fol. acted also at the same place , and by the same actors , but not of late years . this play has a double fifth act , one ending tragically , the other succesfully . four of his above plays , are printed together fol. iames howel , esq a gentleman born at abermarlis , in caermarthenshire , in south-wales , . the seat now of a worthy gentleman of the noble name and family of cornwallis , he was at sixteen sent from hereford-school , to iesus-college , oxon. in the year . he was sent beyond sea , by sir robert mansel ; he travelled the low countries from italy , &c. was employed by king iames , in negotiations in spain ; was secretary to the lord scroop , when he was president of the north , &c. he writ and translated nine and forty books : he died about the beginning of november , . and lies buried on the north side of the temple-church , with this inscription over him on the wall ; iacobus howel , cambro britannus , regius historiographus , in anglia primus ; qui post varias peregrinationes , tandem naturae cursum peregit , satur annorum , & famae domi , forisque huc usque erraticus , hic fixus , . he writ one play , called , the nuptials of peleus and thetis , a masque and comedy , to . . acted at paris , by the french king , duke of york , duke of anjou , henrietta maria , princess of conti , with others of the nobility there . the author translated it from an italian comedy . the plot is taken from ovid's metamorph. lib. . aud catulli argonoutica ●ive epithalamium . i thomas ievorn . a dancing-master and player , was a man of uncommon activity , liv'd in the time of charles and iames the second , writ one play , intituled , the devil of a wife , or , the comical transformation , a farce , to . . acted by their majesties servants , at the queens theatre dorset-garden . taken from the story of mopsa in sir philip sidney's arcadia . thomas ingeland . he was of cambridge , in queen elizabeth's reign , writ a play , intituled , the disobedient child , to . which he calls , a pretty merry interlude . 't is printed in an old black letter , so long since , that it had not any date of the year . benjamin iohnson . westminster gave him birth , and the first rudiments of his learning , under mr. cambden ; which st. iohn's-college of cambridge , and christ-church of oxon finish'd , where he took his master of arts degree ; necessity drove him thence , to follow his father-in-law's trade of a bricklayer ; working at lincolns-inn , with a trowel in his hand , and horace in his pocket , he found a patron that set him free from that slavish employment . he was of an open , free temper ; blunt and haughty to his antagonists and criticks ; a iovial and pleasant companion ; was poet laureat to iames and charles the first . he died in the sixty third year of his age , an. dom. . and is buried in westminster-abby , near the belfry , with only this epitaph : o rare ben. iohnson . his dramatick pieces , about fifty in number , follow : the alchymist , a comedy , acted by the king's majesty's servants , first , . and afterwards printed , viz. . and . bartholomew-fair , a comedy , fol. . and . acted first at the hope , on the bank-side , . by the lady elizabeth's servants , and dedicated to king iames the first ; and acted with good applause , since king charles the second's restauration . cateline his conspiracy , a tragedy , fol. . and . and in to . . acted first by the king's majesty's servants , . and sometimes since the restauration , with good applause . is dedicated to william , then earl of pembrock . plot from salust . hist. plutarch in vit. cic. challenge at tilt , at a marriage , a masque , fol. . and . christmas's masque , fol. . and . this was first presented at court , . cloridia , or , rites to cloris , a masque , fol. . presented by the queen's majesty , and her ladies at court , at shrovetide , . mr. inigo iones assisted in the invention hereof . cynthia's revels , or , the fountain of self-love ; a comedy , fol. . and . acted by the children of queen elizabeth's chappel . . devil 's an ass , a comedy , fol. . and . acted by his majesty's servants , . see boccace's novels , day . nov. . entertainment at king iames the first his coronation . fol. . this contains only gratulatory speeches at the said coronation , with a comment by the author to illustrate the same . entertainment of king iames and queen ann , at theobalds , fol. . and . entertainment of the king of england , and the king of denmark , at theobalds , iuly . . fol. . and . entertainment of the king and queen on may-day , at sir william cornwallis's house at high-gate , . fol. . and . entertainment of the queen and prince at althrop ; this was the th of iune , . at the lord spencer's house there , at their coming first into the kingdom . fol. . and . every man in his humour , a comedy , fol. . and . acted first in the year . by the then lord chamberlain's servants , and dedicated to mr. cambden , clarenceux . it has been reviv'd and acted since the restauration , with good applause , and a new * epilogue writ for the same , part of it spoken by ben. iohnson's ghost . every man out of his humour , a comedy , fol. . and . acted by the then lord chamberlain's servants . this was also revived and acted at the theatre royal , . with a new † prologue and epilogue , writ by mr. duffet , and spoken by ioseph haynes . fortunate isles , a masque , fol. . and . design'd for the court on twelfth night , . golden age restored , a masque , fol. . and . this was presented at court by the lords and gentlemen , the king's servants . hymnaei , or , the solemnities of a masque and barriers at a marriage , f●l . . see the learned marginal notes , for the illustration of the greek and roman customs . irish masque at court fol. . presented at court by gentlemen , the kings servants . king's entertainment , at welbeck , in nottinghamshire , fol. . this entertainment was at the then earl , since duke of newcastle's house , . love freed from ignorance and folly , a masque , fol. . love restored , a masque , fol. . presented at court by gentleman the king's servants . love's triumph thro' callipolis , a masque fol. . perform'd at court by his late majesty king charles the first , with the lords and gentlemen assisting , . mr. iohnson and mr. inigo iones join'd in the invention . love's welcome , an entertainment for the king and queen , at the then earl of newcastle's at bolsover , . and printed fol. . magnetick lady , or , humours reconciled , a comedy , fol. . and . acted at the black fryars . this play occasioned some difference or iarring , between dr. gill , master of paul's school , and our author , ben. as appears by a satyrical copy of verses writ by the former , and as sharp a repartee by the latter . masque at the lord hadington's marriage , presented at court on shrove-tuesday-night , . printed fol. . masque of augurs , fol. . this was presented on twel●th-night , . with several anti-masques . masque of owls , at kenelworth , fol. . in this presentation there was the ghost of captain cox , mounted on his hobby-horse . masque of queens , celebrated from the house of fame , by the queen of great britain , with her ladies , at white-hall , feb. ● . fol. . see the marginal notes . the author was assisted by mr. inigo iones , in the invention and architecture of the scenes belonging thereto . masque at the lord hayes house , fol. . this was presented by divers noblemen , for the entertainment of monsieur le baron de tour , ambassador extraordinary from the french king. . metamorphosed gipsies , a masque , fol. . presented to king iames the first , at burleigh on the hill , at belvoyr , and at windsor-castle . . mercury vindicated from the alchymists at court , a masque , fol. . presented by gentlemen , the king's servants . mortimer's fall , a tragedy , fol. . and . this was not quite finish'd by the author , but left imperfect , by reason of his death . neptune's triumph for the return of albion , a masque , fol. . presented at court on twelfth-night , . news from the new world discovered in the moon , a masque , fol. . presented ●lso before king iames the first , . oberon , the fa●●y prince , a masque of prince henry's , fol. . the author has divers annotations on this play. pan's anniversary , or , the shepherds holyday , a masque , fol. . this was presented at court before king iames the first . mr. inigo iones assisted our author in the decorations . pleasure reconciled to vertue , a masque , fol. . this was also presented at court , before king iames the first , . hereto were some additions for the honour of wales . poetaster , or , his arraignment , a comedy , fol. . acted by the children of his majesty's chappel , . this play is adorned with several translations from the ancients . see ovid's elegies , lib. . eleg. . horat. sat. lib. . sat. . and lib. . sat. , &c. queen's masque of blackness , fol. . this was personated at the court at white-hall , on the twelfth-night , . — her masque of beauty , fol. . this also was presented at the same court , at white-hall , on the sunday-night after the twelfth-night , . sad shepherd , or , a tale of robin hood , a pastoral , fol. . this play has but two intire acts , finish'd , and a third left imperfect . sejanus's fall , a tragedy , fol. . first acted by the king's majesties servants , . plot from tacitus , suetonius , seneca , &c. there is an edition of this play to . . by the author 's own orders , with all the quotations from whence he borrowed any thing of his play. silent woman , a comedy , fol. . acted first by the children of her majesty's revels , . act i. scene . i. borrowed from ovid de arte amandi : act. ii. scene ii. part from iuvenal● sat. . act ii. scene v. from plaut auricular , act . scene , &c. this play has been in good esteem , and for a farther commendation you are refer'd to mr. dryden's examen . * speeches at prince henry's barriers , fol. . these are indeed printed among his m●sques , but cannot be accounted one ; only reckoned so in former catalogues . staple of news , a comedy , fol. . acted by his maje●ty's servants . in this play four gossips appear on the stage , criticising on the same , during the whole action . tale of a tub , a comedy , fol. . time vindicated to himself and his honors , a masque , fol. . this was presented at court on twelfth-night , . vision of delight , a masque , fol. . this was also presented at court in christmas , . vulpone , or , the fox , a comedy , fol. . acted by the king's majesty's servants . this is writ in imitation of the comedies of the ancients . the before mentioned plays , and other poems , &c. were formerly printed together in two volumes , fol. , and . but three other pla●● which are there omitted , are hereunder mentioned , a●d may be found in the late edition , printed . the case is altered , a comedy , to . . and fol. . this was sundry times acted by the children of the black fryars . see plautus's comed . &c. the widow , a comedy , to . . and fol. . acted at the private house in black fryars , by his late majesty's servants , with good applause . fletcher and middleton joyn'd with the above author in this play , which has been reviv'd since the restauration , at the king's house , with a new * prologue and epilogue . the new-inn , or , the light heart , a comedy , vo . . this play ( says our author's title ) was never acted , but most negligently play'd , by some of the king's servants , and more squeamishly beheld , and censured by others , the king's subjects , . now at last set at liberty to the readers , his majesty's servants and subjects , to be judged . these last , with all the beforegoing plays , masques and entertainments , with an english grammar , are now published together in one large volume , fol. . iohn iones . he writ , in the time of king charles the first , one play , call'd , adrasta , or the woman's spleen and loves conquest , a tragi-comedy , to . . part of it from boccace's novels , day . nov. . thomas iordan . a player and poet of king charles the first his reign , who writ and published one masque and two comedies ; viz. fancies festivals , a masque , to . . money 's an ass , a comedy , to . . the walks of islington and hogsdon , with the humours of wood-street-compter ; a comedy , to . . this play had good success , it being acted nineteen days successively . william ioyner . this gentleman was born in oxonshire , sometime fellow of magdalen-college ; which , with his religion , he quitted , till in king iames's time he was again re-placed in the same college , with the other popish fellows ; who were all soon after displaced , by an apprehension of the revolution . he has one play in print , called , the roman empress , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants , and dedicated to sir charles sidley . for the plot , consult zosomi histor. * mr. langbain supposes this to be the story of constantine , and his wife and son , crispus and faustina . the author has imitated oedipus and hippolitus . k henry killegrew . a person of eminent wit in k. charles the first 's time , he writ a play at seventeen years of age , call'd first , the conspiracy , a tragedy , to . . afterwards alter'd , under the name of pallantus and eudora , a tragedy , fol. . this play was first acted at the black fryars , with applause , and the first impression printed without the author's consent , whilst beyond sea , which occasion'd afterwards a new impression with a new title . at the first acting of the aforegoing play , it met with some few cavillers against some part thereof ; but that was soon over , when ben. iohnson , and the lord viscount falkland gave it another encomium . tho. killegrew , a gentleman of a good family , and a celebrated wit in the reigns of the two k. charles's ; he was page of honour to the first , and groom of the bed-chamber to the second : during the king's exile , he saw france , italy , and spain ; was resident at venice . in his banishment he writ most of these plays , and died several years after the restauration . bellamira , her dream ; or , love of shadows , in two parts , a tragedy , fol. written at venice , and the first dedicated to the then dutchess of richmond and lenox , and the second to her sister , ann villiers , then countess of essex . cicilia and clorinda ; or , love in arms , in two parts , a tragi-comedy , fol. the first writ at turin , the second at florence . the scene betwixt amadeo , ducius , and manlius , seem copied from aglatidas , artabes , and megabises , in the grand cyrus , part . lib. . story of aglatidas and amestris . claracilla , a tragi-comedy , fol. written at rome , and dedicated to the lady shannon . the parson's wedding , a comedy , fol. writ at bazil in switzerland . the chiefest incidents in this play , are to be found in former plays ; as the antiquary , ram-alley , &c. the pilgrim , a tragedy , fol. writ whilst at paris , and dedicated to the countess of carnarvan . the princess ; or , love at first sight , a tragi-comedy , fol. writ at naples , and dedicated to the lady lovelace , his niece . the prisoners , a tragi-comedy , fol. writ at london , and dedicated to the lady compton , another of his nieces . thomaso ; or , the wanderer , in two parts , a comedy , fol. the author has here borrowed , not only a story from fletcher's captain , but several things from iohnson's fox . the above named plays , belonging to this author , are all printed in one volume , fol. . sir william killegrew . a gentleman lately deceased , being in his life time vice-chamberlain to the queen dowager , and has writ several plays ; as ormasdes , a tragi-comedy , fol. pandora ; or , the converts , a tragi-comedy , fol. selindra , a tragi-comedy , fol. the siege of vrbin , a tragi-comedy , fol. there 's another play ascrib'd to him , call'd , the imperial tragedy , fol. the chief part of this play out of latin , for the plot see marcelinus , cassiodorus , cedrenus , evagrius , zonatus , baronius , &c. of zeno , the twelfth emperor from constantine . these plays are printed in one volume , fol. oxon , . iohn kirk . this author we find in the time of the first k. charles , when writ a play , call'd , the seven champions of christendom , a history , to . . plot from the old history of the seven champions of christendom , and heylin's hist. of st. george . ralph knevet . a norfolk gentleman , of the same time with the former , writ a pastoral represented at norwich , call'd , rhodon and iris , a pastoral , to . . dedicated to nicholas bacon , esq. thomas kyd. this translator liv'd in queen elizabeth's reign , and publish'd one play call'd , pompey the great , his fair cornelias tragedy , to . . dedicated to the countess of sussex . this he translated from the french of robert garnier . l iohn lacey . an excellent comedian of the king's company , was born near doncaster in york-shire , originally a dancing master , of a rare shape of body , and good complexion ; was a lieutenant and quarter master under col. gerrard , afterwards earl of macclesfield ; he died , sept. . . king charles the second fancied him so much , as to have his picture drawn in three several figures , in the same table , as teague in the committee , scruple in the cheats , and gallyard in the varieties . he was not satisfied to excel only in acting , but attempted these three following plays , or rather , farces ; besides which , he added the — of sauny the scot , to the taming of the shrew . the dumb lady ; or , the farrier made physician , a comedy , to . . plot and language from mollieres le medicin malgre luy . the old troop ; or , monsieur ragou , a comedy , to . . sir hercules buffoon ; or , the poetical squire , a comedy , to . . publish'd after his death . i. leanard . a plagiary of extraordinary assurance● that set up with other mens writings for the name of an author . he published two plays under these titles , ( viz. ) the country innocence ; or , the chamber-maid turn'd quaker , a comedy , to . . taken from a play , call'd , the country girl , by brewer . the rambling iustice ; or , the iealous husbands , a comedy to . . most part from a play , call'd more dissemblers besides women , a comedy , to . by middleton . nath. lee. all the account i can give you of our author , is , that he was son of a minister of the church of england , had part of his education at cambridge , was received with general applause in most of his plays . he run mad , and was some years in bethlem , and after he was let out he was never perfectly well ; so died in the street in the night time. that he has shewn a master-piece in lucius iunius brutus , which scarce one of his contemporaries have equal'd , and none excel'd , can never be doubted . caesar borgia , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . see guiciardine , lib. , . mariana , lib. , . sir paul ricaut's contin . of platina , in the reign of pope alexander the sixth . constantine the great , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesty's servants . plot from eusebius de vitâ constantini , zonarus , eutropius , baronius , ammianus marcellinus , and beard 's theatre of god's iudgments . gloriana , the court of augustus caesar , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their m●jesties servants , and dedicated to the dutchess of portsmouth . see the stories of caesario , marcellus and iulia , in cleopatra , part . book . part . book . &c. lucius , iunius brutus , father of his country , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to the right honourable , the earl of dorset and middlesex . see the story of iunius brutus in clelia , a romance , par. . book . and part . book . and for the true history , consult florus , livy , dion , hallicar , orosius , &c. massacre of paris , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants . see thuanus pierre mathieu , davila , mezeray , &c. if you compare a play , call'd , the duke of guise , with this , you may find divers passages there borrowed from hence . mithridates , king of pontus , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , the earl of dorset and middlesex . plot from appian , alexand. roman hist. florus , vell. paterculus , and plutarch in the lives of scylla , lucullus , pompey , &c. nero , emperor of rome , his tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , and dedicated to the right honourable , the earl of rochester . plot from suetonius in vita neronis , aurelius victor , tacitus annal. &c. the princess of cleve , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the queen's theatre in dorset garden ; and dedicated to the right honourable , charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , lord chamberlain of his majesty's houshold . founded on a romance of the same title ; see also a book called , the french rogue , vo . the rival queens ; or , the death of alexander the great , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , iohn , earl of mulgrave . plot from quint. curt. plutarch's life of alexander the great , iustin , iosephus , &c. sophonisba ; or hannibal's overthrow , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the dutchess of portsmouth . plot from sir walter raleighs hist. of the world , book . chap. . sect. . livy , florus , appian , diodorus , polibius , iustin , &c. theodosius ; or , the force of love , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , by their royal highnesses servants ; and dedicated to her grace , the dutchess of richmond . plot from pharamond , a romance ; euseb. hist. ecclesiastica ; varannes ; martian , and theodosius . most of these plays have been applauded by the spectators , and their worth acknowledged by dryden , and other poets , in divers copies of verses before some of them . he joined with mr. dryden , in two other plays , viz. the duke of guise , and oedipus , both tragedies , for which see under dryden senior . iohn lilly. one of the first reformers of our language , in queen elizabeth's days ; he was born in kent , bred in magdalen-college , oxon , and there took his degree of master of arts , . the time of his death i know not ; he has published these nine plays following . alexander and campaspe , a tragi-comedy , mo . . acted on a twelfth night , before the queen , by her majesty's children , and those of paul's , and sometimes after at black fryars . plot from pliny's natural hist. lib. . cap. . endimion , a comedy , mo . . presented also before queen elizabeth , by the same children . plot from lucian's dialogue between venus and the moon , natales comes , and galtruchius's hist. of the heathen gods. galathea , a comedy , mo . . presented likewise before the queen at greenwich , by the children of paul's on new-year's-day . see the story of iphis and ianthe , in ovid metamorph. lib. . tab. , &c. love's metamorphosis , a pastoral to . . first play'd by the children of paul's , and afterwards by her majesty's children of the chappel . the maid's metamorphosis , a comedy to . . acted sundry times by the children of paul's . mother bombie , a pleasant conceited comedy ( says the title ) printed mo . . and sundry times play'd by the children of paul's . mydas , a comedy , mo . . this was also play'd before the queen on twelfth day at night , apuleius has writ this story at large in his aureus asinus . see also natales comes , galtruchius's hist. of the heathen gods , and ovid's metamorph. lib. . sapho and phaon , a comedy , mo . . presented before the queen on shrove tuesday , and afterwards at the black fryars . plot ovid epist. woman in the moon , a comedy , to . . six of the above plays are printed together mo . and published by one mr. blount , called court comedies ; the other three are printed single in to . mr. lilly also writ a book called , eupheus and his england , to . at that time much esteemed . thomas lodge . this author we find was a doctor of physick , in the time of queen elizabeth , who , during his study at cambridge , writ several pieces of poetry ; among the rest , two plays . a looking-glass for london and england , a tragedy , to . . one green joined with our author towards compleating this play , which is founded on the story of ionas and the ninevites , in the holy scripture . the wounds of civil war ; or , the tragedies of marius and scylla . plot from plutarch in vit . mar. & silla : see also aurelius victor , eutropius , vell. paterculus , salustius , and t. livius . sir william lower . a cavalier that left these nations during the civil wars , and , in holland , gave himself the diversion of poetry ; among the rest , six plays . the amorous phantasm , a tragi-comedy , mo . printed at the hague , . translated from quinault's le fantome amoreux . the inchanted lovers , a pastoral , mo . printed also at the hague , . horatius , a roman tragedy , to . . translated from corneille ; consult dion . hallicarnasceus , cassiodorus , t. livius , and l. florus . the martyr ; or , polyeucte , a tragedy , to . . for the story , see coeffeteau hist. rom. surius de vitis sanctorum , &c. noble ingratitude , a pastoral tragi-comedy , mo . london , . translated from the french of monsieur quinault . phaenix in her flames , a tragedy , to , . this was the first the author writ , and published before he was a knight . thomas lupon . all i know of him is , that 't is said he writ this one play , called , all for money , a tragedy , to . m lewis macchin . this author liv'd in the time of king charles the first , and writ one play , called , the dumb knight , a comedy , to . . acted by the children of his majesty's revels . compare this play with one called , the queen ; or , the excellency of her sex : see also , the complaisant companion , vo . and mo . and bandello's novels , tom. . nov. , &c. maidwell . a gentleman yet living , who having made it his business for some years , to educate young gentlemen , and initiate them in the learned tongues , has at length quitted this ludum literarium , for a quiet retreat , during his application to this business , he found time to write a play , called , the loving enemies , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke of york's theatre in dorset garden , and dedicated to the honourable , charles fox , esq the author seems to have imitated the virtuoso , in this play. dr. iasper maine . this learned author was * born at a place called , hatherleigh , a market town in devonshire , an. dom . and in the time of king iames the first , passed from westminster-school , to christ-church , oxon , an. dom. . in the condition of a servitor , where he was encouraged in his studies by dr. duppa , and the next year chosen into the number of students on that noble foundation . he passed his degrees till he entred into orders , and plurality of two livings near that university , both in the gift of the college . after his being made doctor of divinity , and turn'd out by the visitation of the late government of oliver cromwel , he was received into the family of the earl of devon , having lost both his livings . in the restauration of the king , he found his two livings , and advancement to a canon of christ-church , as also archdeacon of chichester . he died decemb. . . and was buried on the north side of the cathedral of christ-church , where is to be seen a short † epitaph on a marble stone , placed over his grave by his executors , dr. south and dr. lamphire . he gave by his will . l. towards re-building of st. paul's , and to cassington , and pyrton , near watlington , ( of which places he was vicar ) l. each . he writ and published the two following plays : the amorous war , a tragi-comedy , to . oxon , . also printed fol. and vo . the city match , a comedy , to . oxon , . printed also fol. and vo . this comedy was acted before their majesties at white-hall , and divers times afterwards at black fryars , with great applause . these two plays are usually bound together . this author published divers other books ; as part of lucian's dialogues , eng. fol. divers sermons , to . and a poem on the victory over the dutch , , &c. mrs. delarivier manley . this lady has very happily distinguish'd her self from the rest of her sex , and gives us a living proof of what we might reasonably expect from womankind , if they had the benefit of those artificial improvements of learning the men have , when by the meer force of nature they so much excel . rules indeed are but the leading-strings to support and carry the weaker , and more unobserving heads , and which those of a strong genius and penetration will have no need of , since a just consideration of nature will conduct them with more ease and success . of this our present authress is an evident proof , for in the two plays she has already published , we find no part of art wanting , but what is the mechanick part , and by much the least valuable . there is a force and a fire in her tragedy , that is the soul that gives it life , and for want of which , most of our modern tragedies are heavy , languid , unmoving , and dull . in her comedy there is an easy freedom of adding , which confesses a conversation in the authress no less genteel and entertaining . this lady was born in the isle of iersey , her father , sir roger manley , being then governor of it ; a gentleman of a double merit , both the gown , and the sword claiming no small share in his glory , and the republick of learning ow'd as much to his wit and iudgment , in those books which he was pleased to publish , as his king and country to his loyalty , valour and conduct . and well might our delarivier prove a muse , being begot by such a father . she has as yet given us but two plays , of which in their order : the royal mischief , a tragedy , to . acted by his majesty's servants , at the theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , . and dedicated to his grace , william , duke of devonshire , &c. the story , as she owns , is originally taken from sir iohn chardin's travels , but has receiv'd this advantage , that the criminals are here punish'd for their guilt , who in the story escape ; a poetick iustice , which ought ever to be observed in all plays ; for a iust audience could never have been pleas'd with the prosperity of homais , and leavan , after so very criminal an amour . i cou'd here give the reader a proof how well the rules of aristotle are observ'd in this tragedy , by a lady who never read him ; and how just all her metaphors and allegories are : but that wou'd exceed the bounds i am prescribed by the model i 'm oblig'd to build on . i shall therefore proceed to the lost lover ; or , the iealous husband , a comedy , to . acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants , . to this play is no epistle dedicatory , and the preface informs us of its ill success , which we cou'd never gather from the reading of it ; and if we wou'd , as we ought , give any allowance for the sex that wrote it , the time it was wrote in , and its being the first essay of that nature , we shou'd agree with her , that it met with a much severer fate than it deserved . this lady has publish'd several other books , which have not her name to 'em , and which , for that reason , i shall forbear to mention their titles . cosmo manuch . a major in the king's army , in the late civil war , and author of two plays , call'd , the just general , a tragedy , to . . this the author design'd for the stage , but was not ever acted . the loyal lovers , a tragi-comedy , to . . the author , in this play , represents divers of the committee men and their informers . gervase markham . this author was son to robert markham , of cotham in nottinghamshire , esq was born in the reign of queen elizabeth , and liv'd to have a captain 's command in the civil war , under king charles the first . he writ curious pieces of husbandry , horsemanship , and war , and one play , in which one sampson assisted , intituled , herod and antipater , a tragedy , to . . plot from iosephus hist. iews , book , , &c. spondanus , baronii ann. salian torniel , &c. christopher marlow . a famous poet of queen elizabeth and king iames's time , contemporary with the immortal shakespear , was fellow-actor with heywood , and others , he writ a poem called , hero and leander , much commended , as also these seven plays following : dr. faustus his tragical history , to . , being the last edition , printed with the addition of many scenes . plot , camerarii opera subsc . cent. . cap. . wierus de praestig . daemonum , lib. . cap. . lonicerus , &c. dido , queen of carthage , a tragedy , to . . in this he was joined by nash. plot from virgil's aeneids , book . edward the second , a tragedy , to . . plot from thomas de la more , sir francis hubert , and other english historians of that time. iew of malta , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by her majesty's servants at the cock-pit , and at whitehall , before the king and queen . a play of great esteem in those days . lust's dominion ; or , the lascivious queen , a tragedy vo . . this play has been acted of late years , under the title of abdelazar ; or , the moor's revenge : with few alterations , by mrs. behn . massacre at paris , with the death of the duke of guise , a tragedy , vo . acted by the lord admiral 's servants . is not divided into acts. plot from davila , thuanus , dupleix , and mezeray , in the reigns of char. ix . and hen. iii. of france , tamberlain the great ; or , the scythian shepherd , in two parts , a tragedy , vo . . acted also by the lord admiral 's servants . plot , iean du bec , laonicus , chalcocondilas , pet. bizarus , knolles hist. turks , l'histoire de tamerlain , vo . and his life in english , vo . shakerly marmion . an author born at ainoe , in northamptonshire , ianuary , . initiated in letters at thame-school , oxonshire ; from thence about sixteen years of age , was sent to wadham-college , oxon , and continued a member thereof , till after he took his master of arts degree . he writ these three comedies : the antiquary , a comedy to . . acted at the cock-pit , by their majesties servants . aurelio's marriage is an incident in some other plays . the fine companion , a comedy , to . . acted by prince charles's servants , in salisbury-court , as also before the king and queen at white-hall , with great applause . it is dedicated to sir ralph dutton . holland's leaguer , a comedy , to . . acted also by prince charles's servants in salisbury-court , with good applause . several things in this play borrowed from petronius arbiter . iohn marston . this poet liv'd in the reign of king iames the first , and writ eight plays , six of which are usually bound together in one volumn , vo . . and one of them reviv'd not many years since , and acted with success , under the name of the revenge ; or , the match in newgate . antonia and melida , two parts , a tragedy , to . . and vo . . frequently acted by the children of paul's . the dutch courte●an , a comedy , to . . and vo . . acted at the black-fryars , by the children of the queen's majesty's revels . the story of cockledemoy , in this play , is borrowed from a french book , entituled , des contes du monde , also from the english book of novels call'd , the palace of pleasure . the insatiate countess , a tragedy , to . . acted at the black fryars . plot from montius hist. of naples : see also dr. fuller's prophane state , chap. . and god's revenge against adultery , &c. hist. . the male content , a tragi-comedy , to . . mr. webster laid the plat-form , and our author marston , moulded it into a play. parasitaster ; or , the fawn , a comedy , to . . and vo . . act . scene . from ovid's amor. lib. . eleg. . see boccace's novels , day . nov. . sophonisba , her tragedy ; or , the wonder of women , a tragedy , to . . plot from sir walter raliegh , polibius , appian , livy's hist. &c. what you will , a comedy , vo . . copied from plautus amphitrio . mr. phillips and mr. winstanly have made him author of another play , called , the faithful shepherd , but his name not being thereto , nor he ever owning it , i conclude , with mr. langbain , that 't is none of his . iohn mason . this poet was master of arts in king iames the first 's time , and writ one play call'd , muleasses , the turk ; a tragedy , to . acted by the children of his majesty's revels . this author , in his title page , calls it , a worthy tragedy , and had a great conceit of its meeting with success , adding in the front , this sentence of horace , sume superbiam quaesitam meritis . philip massenger . a poet who was born at salisbury in the reign of charles the first , his father liv'd and dy'd in the service of the then earl of montgomery , and sent his son , our poet , to st. alban-hall , in oxon , where he remain'd a student for three or four years . he was intimate with rowley , middleton , field , decker , and even fletcher . he left this world in march , . and on the seventeenth day of that month , was buried in st. mary overies-church in southwark , in the grave where mr. fletcher had been before buried . in sir ast●n cockain's epigrams you may find an epitaph on him , book . ep. . he writ fourteen plays intire , and joined with middleton and rowley in some others ; of which in their order : the bashful lover , a comedy , vo . . acted at the private house in black-fryars , by his majesty's servants , with good applause . the bondman , a comedy , to . . acted at the cock-pit in drury-lane , by the most excellent princess , the lady elizabeth , her servants : dedicated to the right honourable , philip , earl of montgomery . the reducing the slaves by the sight of the whips , is taken from the story of the scythian slaves . the city madam , a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in black-fryars , with great applause , and dedicated to the t●uly noble and virtuous lady , ann , countess of oxon. this has been esteemed a good play. the duke of millain , a tragedy , to . . as it had been often acted by his majesty's servants , at the black-fryars . plot from iosephus's hist. iews , book . chap. . the emperor of the east , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the black-fryars and globe , by his majesty's servants : dedicated to the right honourable , iohn , lord mohun , baron of oke-hampton . plot from socrates , lib. . nicephorus , lib. . baronius , &c. the fatal dowry , a tragedy , to . . acted at the black-fryars , by his majesty's servants ; mr. field , an author before-mentioned , joyn'd with him in this play. charlois ransoming his father's corps by his own imprisonment , taken from cymon , in val. max. lib. . cap. . ex. . the great duke of florence , a comedy , to . . the title calls it , a comical history , often presented with good allowance , by her majesty's servants , at the phaenix in drury-lane . the dedication to the truly honoured , and his noble favourer , sir robert wiseman , of thorrells-hall , in essex . plot from speed , stow , and other our english chronicles , in the reign of king edgar . the guardian , a comedy , vo . . the title also calls this , a comical history , often acted at the private house in black-fryars , by his late majesty's servants , with great applause . plot from boccace's novels , day . nov. . and from the cimmerian matron , vo . the maid of honour , a tragi-comedy , to . . this was oftentimes acted with good allowance , at the phaenix in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants ; and dedicated to sir francis foliambe , and sir tho. bland . the play is recommended by sir aston cokain , who prefix'd a copy of verses thereto . a new way to pay old debts , a comedy , to . . often acted at the phaenix in drury-lane , by the queen's majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , robert , earl of carnarvan . sir thomas iay , and sir henry moody have very much commended this play. the old law. vide middleton . the picture , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the globe and black-fryars play-houses , by his majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the noble society of the inner-temple . plot from the fortunate deceived , and vnfortunate lovers , nov. . of the deceived lovers . the renegado , a comedy , to . . acted at the private play-house , in drury-lane , by her maiesty's servants ; dedicated to the right honourable , george harding , baron of barkley-castle , and knight of the honourable order of the bath . mr. shirley , &c. have commended this play by copies of verses . the roman actor , a tragedy , to . . acted at the private house in the black-fryars , by the king's majesty's servants ; dedicated to sir philip knivet , sir tho. iay , and tho. bellingham , of newtimber , in sussex , esq this play is recommended by divers copies of verses from ford , goff , may , and other dramatick poets . plot from tacitus , aurelius , victor , and suetonius in the life of domitian . a very woman , or the prince of tarent , a tragi-comedy , vo . . the plot of this resembles that of the obstinate lady , writ by sir aston cokain . the virgin martyr , a tragedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servants with great applause . mr. decker assisted our author in this play. plot from valesius , roswedius , eusebii hist. lib. . cap. . the vnnatural combat , a tragedy , to . . presented by the king's majesty's servants , at the globe ; and dedicated to his much honoured friend , anthony sentliger , of oukham in kent , esq this play is without prologue or epilogue . the bashful lover , the guardian , and the very woman , are printed together in one volume , vo . thomas may. a gentleman of a good family in sussex , in the reign of queen elizabeth ; he was some years a fellow-commoner of sidney-college in cambridge ● whence removing to london , and the court , he grew to an intimacy with endymion porter , esq and others ; but disgusted with the little encouragement he met with , which is indeed no place for reward of merit , he retired . in the year . he died suddenly , being five and fifty years old , and lies buried in the west side of the north isle of westminster-abby , near mr. cambden . but now to his plays . agrippina , empress of rome , her tragedy , mo . . in the first act of this play , the printer committed an error , by printing some few pages twice over . plot , see tacitus , suetonius , and petronius arbiter . antigone , the thebane princess , her tragedy , vo . . dedicated to the most worthily honoured endymion porter , esq plot from sophocles's antigone , and seneca's thebais ; see also statius's thebais . cleopatra , queen of egypt , her tragedy , mo . . acted some years before printed , and dedicated to the accomplish'd sir kenelm digby . plot from appian de bellis civ . l. florus , lib. . suetonius in vit . august . and plutarchus in vit. m. antonii . he has also made bold with calimachus's epig. on timon , &c. the heir , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by the company of revels . this was accounted an ingenious and modest play , and much commended by mr. thomas carew , who has a copy of verses to that purpose , printed with the play. the old couple , a comedy , to . . this play has been formerly in repute , and the chief design of it seems to be against coveteousness . two of the above plays , ( viz. ) agrippina and antigone , are usually bound together in a small volume , mo . this author has publish'd a translation of lucan's pharsalia , vo . . and virgil's georgicks , with annotations , . also a history of the late civil wars in england , which he calls , a breviary . robert mead. he liv'd in the time of king iames and king charles the first , was of christ-church-college , oxon , and writ one play , which was publish'd after his death . the title of his play is , the combat of love and friendship , a comedy , formerly presented by the gentlemen of christ-church in oxon , to . printed at london , . matthew medbourn . an actor in the duke's company , being a papist and committed to newgate about the popish plot , where he died ; but some years before he published one play , called , tartuffe ; or , the french puritan , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the right honourable , henry , lord howard , of norfolk . translated from the french of molliere . thomas meriton . this scribler liv'd since the restauration , and accounted the dullest and most impotent of dramatick poets in his time , he publish'd two plays : love and war , a tragedy , to . . and dedicated to the truly noble , iudicious gentleman , and his most esteemed brother , mr. geo. meriton . i do not find this play was ever acted , or deserved acting . the wandring lover , a tragi-comedy , to . . the title makes you believe it was acted several times privately , at sundry places , by the author and his friends , with great applause ; and the dedication is to the ingenious , iudicious , and much honoured gentleman , francis wright , esq tho. middleton , vide fletcher . this author liv'd in the time of king iames and king charles the first ; was contemporary and associate with deckar , rowley , massinger , fletcher and iohnson . under the title of iohnson , you have an account that he join'd with him and fletcher , in one play , call'd , the widow . he was assisted by massinger and rowley , in writing another play , call'd , the old law : by deckar , in the roaring girl , and by mr. rowley , in three others ; besides those he writ and publish'd , entirely his own . any thing for a quiet life , a comedy , to . . this was not printed till that year , tho' long before acted at the black-fryars , with good success . blurt , mr. constable ; or , the spaniard's night-walk ; to . . acted sundry times privately , by the children of paul's . our author's name is not in the title page ; but nevertheless , on good grounds , attributed to him by kirkman , &c. the changeling , a tragedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , and salisbury-court , with great applause . this is one of those plays in which he was assisted by mr. rowley . for the plot , consult the story of alsemero , and beatrice ioanna , in god's revenge against murther , fol. writ by dr. reynolds . the chast maid in cheapside , a comedy , to . . this is entituled , a pleasant conceited comedy , often acted at the swan on the bank-side , by the lady elizabeth , her servants . a fair quarrel , a comedy , to . . this is another of those plays , in which mr. rowley join'd , and is dedicated to the nobly dispos'd , and faithful breasted , robert grey , esq one of the grooms of his highness's chamber . plot from cynthio giraldi , a novel , dec. . nov. . the family of love , a comedy , to . . acted by the children of his majesty's revels . a game at chess , a comedy , to . acted at the globe on the bank-side . the game being play'd before loyola , between one of the church of england , and the other of the church of rome , the latter loses . inner-temple masque ; or , masque of heroes , to . . presented by gentlemen of the same ancient and noble house , as an entertainment for many eminent ladies . tho' this play was writ about twenty years before printed , yet mrs. behn approv'd of it so much , that when she writ her comedy called , the city heiress , she borrowed part thereof . a mad world , my masters , a comedy , to . this play is said to be often acted , with good applause . the mayor of queenborough , a comedy , to . . often acted with much applause , by his majesty's servants . you have in this play , several dumb shews . plot , see the reign of vortiger , in du chesne , stow , speed , and other english chronicles . michaelmas-term , a comedy , to . i know not whether ever acted . more desemblers besides women , a comedy , vo . . no wit , no help like a woman's , a comedy , vo . . this and the other preceding play , with women , beware women , may be had bound together , in a small vo . or mo . the old law ; or , a new way to please you , to . . the title calls it , an excellent comedy , acted before the king and queen , with great applause . mr. rowley and massenger join'd with him in this play. the phaenix , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted several times by the children of paul's , before his majesty , with good applause . see the story writ by mignel de cervantes , called , the force of love , being a spanish novel . the roaring girl ; or , mall cut-purse , a comedy , to . . as it has lately been acted on the fortune stage , by the prince's players . mr. langbain says , he never saw this play , and ranks it under middleton ; but i take most part of it to be deckar's , who joyn'd in it . this play has an odd sort of an epistle dedicatory , to the comick play-readers , venery and laughter . the spanish gipsies , a comedy , to . . acted both at the private house in drury-lane , and salisbury-court , with great applause . in this play he was join'd by mr. rowley . see part of the plot in a spanish novel , call'd , the force of blood , writ by m. de cervantes . a trick to catch the old one , a comedy , to . . the title says , it has been often in action at paul's and black-fryars , before their majesties . this was , in those times , accounted a good play. triumphs of love and antiquity , a masque , to . . dedicated to the right honourable , sir william cockain , knight , then lord mayor of the city of london , and lord general of his majesty's military forces . this , tho' accounted by other catalogues a masque , is little more than speeches spoke , as now in these days , to the lord mayors , in pageants , &c. women , beware women , a tragedy , vo . . see hippolito and isabella , a romance , vo . this is usually bound with two others of his before-mentioned , vo . the world toss'd at tennis , a masque , to . . said to be divers times acted to the contentment of many noble and worthy spectators , by the prince's servants . the dedication is to the truly noble , charles , then lord howard , baron of effingham ; and to his vertuous and worthy wife , the right honourable , mary , then lady effingham , the eldest daughter of sir william cockain , knight , then lord mayor of london , &c. your five gallants , a comedy to . acted at the black-fryars . a play printed without any date , and in all probability , the first he ever writ . iohn milton . an author of that excellence of genius and learning , that none of any age or nation , i think , has excel'd him : during the civil wars , and after the death of king charles the first , he was advanced to considerable posts in the government , as under secretary of state , &c. and he was a strenuous defender of the power and liberty of the people , upon which that government immediately stood . his controversy with salmatius was very famous all over europe , and his victory cost his adversary his life , tho' he himself lost his eyes . i have been told , that after the restauration of king charles the second , he taught school at , or near greenwich . the time or place of his birth , education or death , i am ignorant of . he writ two dramatick pieces , viz. samson agonistes , a tragedy , vo . . mr. dryden sen. has , in his aureng-zebe , borrowed some thoughts from this poem , which is founded on scripture . consult the thirteenth chapter of iudges , &c. also tornier , salian , and ioseph . antiq. lib. . a masque presented at ludlow-castle , . printed to . . it was published by mr. laws , who compos'd the musick , dedicating it to the right honourable , iohn , lord viscount brackley , son and heir apparent to iohn , earl of bridgewater , viscount brackley , lord president of wales , and one of his majesty's most honourable privy council ; before whom it was presented . he writ besides , divers pieces in poetry and history , as paradise lost , vo . and fol. with sculptures ; paradise regain'd , vo . hist. of britain , to . pro populo anglicano defensio , mo . the doctrine and discipline of divorce , to . &c. walter montague , esq the shepherds paradise , a pastoral , vo . . this was privately acted before king charles the first , by the queen's majesty , and ladies of honour ; and was then well esteem'd . peter motteux . an author now living , who , tho' born and bred at roan in normandy , has made himself so far master of our language , as to be able to divert the town in two plays , the first call'd , love 's a iest , a comedy , to . acted at the new theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , . and dedicated to charles , lord clifford , of lanesborough . the author owns , in his preface , himself indebted to the italians , for the hint of the two scenes where love is made in iest ; as also some speeches and thoughts here and there . the loves of mars and venus , a play set to musick , as it is acted at the new theatre , in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , to . . and dedicated to the honourable collone codrington . in his preface he owns the story to be ovid's , an● that he has taken the dance of the cyclops from mr. shadwell's psyche . the novelty , every act a play , being a short pastoral , comedy , masque , tragedy , and farce ; acted at the new theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , to . . and dedicated to charles caesar , of bonnington , esq in the preface he lets us know , that the pastoral , call'd , thyrsis , is written by his ingenious friend , mr. i. oldmixon . the tragedy , which he calls , the vnfortunate couple , is the latter and most moving part of dr. filmer's vnnatural brother . that the farce , call'd , natural magick , is an imitation of part of a french comedy , of one act , after the italian manner , as you may find many in the theatre italien . hercules , the masque , is his own , tho' i have seen one on the same subject by a french author , and represented at brussels . the comedy is his own too , call'd , all without money . tho' this bears the name of the novelty , it can be call'd so only as some of our modern opinions in philosophy are call'd new , that is , because they have laid by unthought of a great while ; for as these are to be met with among the old philosophers , so is this model to be found in sir william davenant's play-house to be lett. i shall only add , that the greatest novelty is the odd sort of numbers us'd in his friends pastoral : what authority he may have for it , i don't know . william mountford . the birth and parentage of this author i know nothing of ; the first figure he made was , in the part of tall-boy , on the stage , for which , being taken notice , he was advanc'd on the theatre , till he got into the family of the late lord chancellor iefferies ; from whence he return'd to the stage , where he continued till he was kill'd in norfolk-buildings , london . he has publish'd three plays . greenwich-park , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , and dedicated to the right honourable , algernon , earl of essex , viscount malden , &c. this is a very pretty comedy , and has been always received with general applause . the injur'd lovers ; or , the ambitious father , a tragedy , to . . the dedication is to the right honourable , iames , earl of arran , son to his grace , the duke of hamilton . this play did not succeed as the author wish'd . the life and death of dr. faustus , made into a farce , with the humours of harlequin and scaramauch , as they were several times acted by mr. lee and mr. ievoa , at the queen's theatre in dorset-garden , newly reviv'd at the theatre in lincolns-inn-fields . the succesful strangers , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre royal. its dedication is to the right honourable , thomas ( now lord ) wharton , comptroller of his majesty's houshold . the catastrophe from the rival brothers , in scarron's novels . this play somewhat exceeded the preceding one . n. thomas nabbs . he was accounted a third rate poet , who liv'd in king charles the first 's time , there is published of his writings , eight dramatick pieces , which follow in alphabetical order : the bride , called , a pleasant comedy , to . . acted first , two years before , at the private house in drury-lane , by their majesties servants . dedicated to several gentlemen of the honorable houses of the inns of court , his friends . covent-garden , a comedy , to . . first acted by the queen's majesty's servants , . the dedication is to the right worthy , sir iohn suckling . hanibal and scipio , called , an historical tragedy , to . . but acted first in the year . by the queen's majesty's servants , at the private house in drury-lane . plot founded on history ; see the lives of hanibal and scipio , in corn. nepos , and plutarch ; see also livy , l. florus , &c. an entertainment on the prince's birth-day , to . this is ranked under nabbs , in mr. langbain's catalogue , as also in kirkman's and others , but omitted in mr. langbain's account of the poets , for what reason i know not . microcosmos , a masque , to . . presented ( says the title ) with general liking , at the private house in salisbury-court , and here set down , according to the intention of the author . the dedication is to the service and delight of all truly noble , generous , and honest spirìts . this is a masque which has good morality in it , and ( as i find ) was commended by bro●e , and others . spring 's glory , vindicating love by temperance , a masque , to . . this has much of morality also , and is commended by mr. chamberlain , a then noted poet , and others . it 's dedicated to peter ball , esq. there is joined with this a presentation , as intended for prince charles's birth-day , ( viz. ) may . which , in other catalogues has been stiled an interlude . there are besides , many poems , epigrams , elegies and epithalamiums . tottenham-court , a comedy , to . printed . but acted five years before , in salisbury-court : and is dedicated to the worshipful , will. mills , esq. vnfortunate mother , a tragedy , to . . it is dedicated to the right worshipful , richard brathwait , esq. some of the author's friends bestowed commendatory verses on this play , tho' it did not bear acting . the woman-hater arraigned , a comedy , and charles the first , a tragedy , have been by philips and winstanly , plac'd to this author , but without any ground or reason : for which see among the anonymous plays , hereafter mentioned . thomas nash. a contemporary with the former , tho' of a more eminent character ; he was bred at cambridge , and writ two plays , called , dido , queen of carthage , a tragedy , to . this was not wholly writ by him , for marlow did somewhat assist therein . the story from virgils aeneids , lib. , & . summers last will and testament , a comedy , to . this author has writ divers other small pieces , both in verse and prose ; but not that play of see me , and see me not , as alledged by mr. philips and winstanley . alexander nevile . a young gentleman , that at sixteen undertook to translate the oedipus of seneca , and liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth . oedipus , a tragedy , to . printed . but was englished by him about twenty years before , and is dedicated to dr. wotton , then one of the queen's majesty's privy council . robert nevile . a fellow of king's-college , cambridge , in king charles the first 's time , and writ a play , entituled , the poor scholar , a comedy , to . . written divers years before printed , but i do not find it was ever acted , tho recommended by some copies of verses by three other poets of that time. william , duke of newcastle . mr. langbain has always , a good word for quality , he can see no blemish in that person that has a title , tho' he be so sharp sighted in all those of a lower station ; and he is so transported on this worthy nobleman , that he baulks the curiosity of his reader , for some account of his life , to vent a clumsey flattery . he was of the illustrious and ancient family of cavendish , a zealous follower of the royal cause , and with it exil'd ; during his aboad at antwerp , he writ a book of horsemanship . he was an encourager of poetry , and a poet himself . you may find his life at large , written by his dutchess . we have four comedies of his in print ; as the country captain , a comedy , vo . . it was acted at the black-fryars , by his majesty's servants , with good applause ; and ●sually bound up with another of his , called , the variety . the humorous lovers , a comedy , to . . acted by his royal highness the duke of york's servants , with great applause . the triumphant widow ; or , the medley of humours , a comedy , to . . and acted by his royal highness the duke of york's servants . this was esteemed a good play , and mr. shadwell had so good an opinion of it , that he borrowed a great part thereof , to compleat his comedy , call'd , bury-fair . the variety , a comedy , vo . . presented by his majesty's servants at the black●fryars . tho' the duke's name be not to this , or the country captain , which is usually bound with it ; yet , by mr. cartwright's works , and others , we find satisfaction enough to believe them his . margaret , dutchess of newcastle . the honourable consort of the fore-mentioned duke , whose plays and poetry have made some noise in the world , and have at least met with mr. langbain for an admirer and defender . i know not her family , nor time of birth or death . she has published six and twenty plays , reckoning those writ in two parts , each of them for two . they are usually bound in two volumes fol. , and . their names follow : the apocriphal ladies , a comedy , fol. . this play is not divided into acts , but has variety of scenes , to the number of three and twenty . bell in campo , a tragedy , in two parts , fol. . in the last part you may find several copies of verses writ by his grace , the duke , her husband . the blazing world , a comedy , fol. . this , tho stil'd a comedy , yet was never perfected by the authoress . the bridalls , a comedy , fol. . the comical hash , a comedy , fol. . this play was , by accident , omitted in mr. langbain's catalogue of plays , and ignorantly by other catalogue publishers . the convent of pleasure , a comedy , fol. . the female accademy , a comedy , fol. . lady contemplation , in two parts , a comedy , fol. . the duke assisted in some scenes of both parts . love's adventures , in two parts , a comedy , ●ol . . the duke writ also the epithalamium and song in the last part. matrimonial troubles , in two parts , the first comedy , the last tragedy , fol. . nature's three daughters ( viz. ) beauty , love , and wit , in two parts , a comedy , fol. . the presence , a comedy , fol. . the scenes designed for this play , were so numerous , that the dutchess thought it would lengthen it too much , therefore printed them seperately . publick wooing , a comedy , fol. . two scenes and two songs at the end of this play , with divers speeches therein , are writ by his grace , the duke of newcastle . religions , a tragi-comedy , fol. . several wits , a comedy , fol. . the sociable companions ; or , the female wits , a comedy , fol. . the vnnatural tragedy , fol. . the prologue and epilogue of this play , were writ by his grace , the duke of newcastle . wits cabal , in two parts , a comedy , fol. . the epilogue of the first part was also writ by his grace , the duke of newcastle . youth's glory , and death's banquet , in two parts , a tragedy , fol. . two scenes , and the speeches of the first part , as also the songs and verses in the second part , were also writ by his grace , the duke of newcastle . besides these dramatick works , she has writ divers other pieces ; as , the life of the duke of new-castle , . also the same in latin , . philosophical fancies , . a volume of poems , . philosophical opinions , . nature's picture , drawn by fancies pencil , to the life ; at the end of which was her own life , . a volume of orations , . philosophical letters , . two hundred and eleven so●●●bl● letters , . all which volumes are printed in fol. thomas newton . one of the translators of seneca , in the reign of queen elizabeth , he translated one entirely , and club'd with iasper heywood and alexander nevile in the rest ; but publish'd them all together , with a dedication to sir thomas henage , then treasurer of her majesty's chamber . philips , in his theatrum poetarum , ascribes one other play to this author , call'd , tamberlain the great , which is none of his , but marlo's . thebais , a tragedy , to . translated from seneca , as before intimated , it has no chorus , and is the shortest of all that author's tragedies . thomas norton , and tho. sackvile . these twin authors liv'd in queen elizabeth's reign , the latter was lord buckhurst , and in iac. created earl of dorset , mar. . . ferrex and porrex , a tragedy , vo . first printed . but since by the title of gorboduc , a tragedy , to . re-printed , . this play was presented by the gentlemen of the inner-temple , before the queen 's most excellent majesty ; and accounted an excellent play , full of morality . plot from our british chronicles . thomas nuce . an author likewise in queen elizabeth's time , who translated one of seneca's plays , called , octavia , a tragedy , to . consult sueton. in vit . claud. tacitus , lib. . c. . dion . nero , &c. o thomas otway . the place of mr. otway's birth i know not ; but he was of a good family , and has a nephew a captain in the present service . he was bred at christ-church , in oxford , and thence remov'd to london , not going on with the design of being of the clergy . tho' at first he met with but little encouragement here , but what a small allowance and sallery from the play-house afforded ( for he was first a player ) but after he had writ don carlos , he began to have a name , having in that play discovered some touches of a tallent , very few of our english poets have been master of , in moving the passions , that are , and ought to be the aim of all tragick poets , terror and pity ; and in which none equal'd him , in his two following tragedies of the orphan , and venice preserv'd . he was a iovial companion , and a great lover of the bottle , and particularly of punch ; the last thing he made before his death , being an excellent song on that liquor . we have in print of his , ten plays ; another more excellent than all of them , is , by some malicious or designing person suppress'd , either hereafter to set up a reputation to themselves , by owning it , or to procure a profit by selling it for their own . alcibiades , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . the dedication is to the right honourable , charles , earl of middlesex . this was the first product of our author . the plot from corn. nepos , and plutarch , both in the life of alcibiades ; but he has varied from the story , making alcibiades a more scrupulous man than the historians do , who accuse him of adultery with the queen of agis , &c. the atheist ; or the second part of the soldier 's fortune , a comedy , to . . the dedication is to the lord eland , eldest son to the marquess of hallifax . plot , in part , taken from the invisible mistress , in scarron's novels . the cheats of scapin , a farce , to . . acted at the duke's theatre : it is printed with titus and berenice , a tragedy after mentioned , writ by the same author . 't is translated from molliere , which , originally is terrences phormio . caius marius , his history and fall , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; and its dedication to the lord viscount faulkland . part of it stollen from shakespear's romeo and iuliet . plot from plutarch , in his life of caius marius , and lucan's pharsalia , book . don carlos , prince of spain , a tragedy , to . . the dedication is to his royal highness , the duke . this is the second play our author ever writ , and gain'd him great reputation . plot from the novel so called , mo . you may also consult the spanish chronicles in the life of philip the second . friendship in fashion , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , with good applause . it s dedication is to the right honourable , charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . the orphan ; or , the vnhappy marriage , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . it s dedication to her royal highness , the dutchess . this is acccounted an excellent play , and often acted of late days . plot from the history of brandon , p. . and the english adventures , a novel . the soldiers fortune , a comedy , to . . acted by their royal highnesses servants , at the duke's theatre . the lady dunce , making her husband agent , is from moliere escole de maris , &c. see also boccace's novels , day . nov. . and scarron's comical romance , p. . titus and berenice , a tragedy , to . . to which is joined the cheats of scapin , acted at the duke's theatre ; and dedicated to the right honourable , iohn , earl of rochester . translated from monsieur racine ; it wants two acts of the usual number . the story of titus and berenice you may find in suetonius , dionisius , iosephus , &c. venice preserv'd ; or , a plot discovered ; a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; dedicated to the dutchess of portsmouth . this is an incomparable play , and often acted of late days . the plot is taken from a little book , printed vo . being an account of the conspiracy of the spaniards against venice . this author writ a small piece , called , the poet's complaint to his muse , to . . also a pastoral on king charles the second , which is publish'd in mrs. behn's lycidas , vo . p. . and since his death , is printed a translation of his from the french , called , the history of the triumvirates , vo . . i. oldmixon . this gentleman is of an ancient family of oldmixon , near bridgewater in somersetshire . as for the particulars of his life , i can say little of them , only that he has given the world a pastoral , called , amintas , acted at the theatre royal. the title page lets us know , that it is taken from the aminta of tasso , and the preface informs us of the ill success it met with on the stage : which indeed cannot be attributed to the english author's performance , which is as well as the original wou'd allow ; but , with submission to our author 's better iudgment , i must needs say , that pastoral it self , tho' never so well writ , is not a subject fit for so long an entertainment as that of the stage . this the ancients very well knew , and therefore they wisely confin'd it to a narrower compass , as is evident from the idyllia of theocritus , and the bucolics of virgil : for the sedater passions ( which our author himself attributes to a shepherd's life ) of these innocent people represented in a pastoral , cannot afford so lively pleasure to an audience , as may ballance the length of their attention , that must of necessity grow languid , and tyr'd , with so very calm an emotion , which is still kept active by the more violent passions , proper for tragedy . this extending of the ancient pastoral to so unreasonable a length was , as well as farce , an italian invention , and not one jot the better , because cover'd with so great a name as tasso's . i cou'd never find that authority wou'd silence the sentiments of nature and reason ; and tasso , that has been guilty of absurdeties enough in his epic poem , must not be suppos'd infallible in his pastoral . after all , i am of opinion , that it is but a weak refuge to fly to the opinion or taste of a foreign nation , from the iudgment of our own ; for i 'm satisfy'd that there are not fewer men of sence , in england , and a great many more of learning , than italy affords us . aminta might please there , but if we judge by our taste of poetry , and with ours by the ancients , it pleas'd without reason , and only perhaps for the novelty , or , which is yet most likely , because it was sung in italy , that musical nation minding more the performance of the composer , than poet. all that can be said for our author is , that in an ill choice , he has equal'd his original , and in some places improv'd it . p iohn palsgrave . this author was a batchelor of divinity , and chaplain to king henry the eighth . he published one play under the title of acolastus , a comedy , to . . dedicated to king henry th● eighth ; translated from the latin play of the same name , writ by guil. fullonius , and printed in old english character . 't is the parable of the prodigal son. peaps . a scholar of eaten school , who at seventen , writ a play , called , love in its extasy , a pastoral , to . . but written many years before 't was printed . george peel . this author was master of arts in christ-church-college , oxon , in the reign of queen elizabeth , writ two plays . david and bethshabe , their love , with the tragedy of absalom , to . . this play , as the title says , was divers times play'd on the stage . plot from holy scripture . edward the first , a history to . . this king was sirnamed long-shanks , and the play gives an account of his return from the holy land , with the life of kewellin , rebel in wales ; it also relates the story of queen eleanor's sinking by chairing-cross , and rising again at queen-hithe , before called potters-hithe . see grafton , martin , hollingshead , stow , and other english chronicles . the tragedy of alphonsus , emperor of germany , by mistake , plac'd to him , in ●ome catalogues , is not his , but chapman's . mrs. catharine philips . she was , if i mistake not , born in brecknock-shire , in wales ● contemporary of cowley , and much praised by him . i must confess , i cannot but prefer mrs. behn infinitely before her ; she seems to be a very cold writer , while you may find in aphra both fire and easiness , which mrs. philips wanted . she dy'd of the small pox , iune , . . aged . horace , a tragedy , fol. . translated from the french of corneille . this authress leaving the play unfinish'd at her death , sir iohn denham compleated it , by adding the fifth act ; after which , it was acted at court by persons of quality . plot from livy , lib. . c. . l. florus , &c. pompey , a tragedy , fol. . acted at the duke's theatre , with great applause . there was usually at the end acted a farce of sir william davenant's , which you may find in his play-house to be lett. the earl of orrery , and countess of cork , were the chief instruments of bringing this play in english , to light . translated also from corneille , and plot from lucan's pharsalia . mrs. mary pix . this is a lady yet living , and in this poetick age , when all sexes and degrees venture on the sock or buskins , she has boldly given us an essay of her talent in both , and not without success , tho' with little profit to her self . ibrahim , the thirteenth emperor of the turks , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , . to . and dedicated to richard minchal , of burton , esq this play , if it want the harmony of numbers , and the sublimity of expression , has yet a quality , that at least ballances that defect , i mean the passions ; for the distress of morena never fail'd to bring tears into the eyes of the audience ; which few plays , if any since otway's , have done ; and yet , which is the true end of tragedy . she informs us , that by mistake it was called ibrahim the thirteenth , when it should have been called , ibrahim the twelfth , the story you may find in sir paul ricaut's continuation of the turkish history . the innocent mistress , a comedy , acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , . to . the prologue and epilogue writ by mr. motteux . this is a diverting play , and met with good success , tho' acted in the hot season of the year , our poetress has endeavoured to imitate the easiness and way of the author of vertue in danger , and the provok'd wife . she has borrowed some incidents from other plays ; as mrs. beauclair's carrying of mrs. flywife from sir francis wildlove , from the vertuous wife doing the same to her husband's mistress . then the scene in the park betwixt sir francis and her in her mask , is a kind of copy in young bellair , and harriots in sir fopling . miss peggy seems a copy of miss hoyden , as chattal is of several of the parts written of late for mr. dogget . but notwithstanding these imitations , which ever have been allowed in poets , the play has its peculiar merit ; and as a lady carried the prize of poetry in france this year , so in iustice , they are like to do in england ; tho' indeed we use them more barbarously , and defraud them both of their fame and profit . the spanish wives , a farce , acted at the theatre in dorset-gardens , by his majesty's servants , . and dedicated to the honourable collonel tipping , of whitfield . this farce had the good fortune to please , and it must be own'd , there are two or three pleasant turns in it . for the plot consult the novel of the pilgrim . samuel pordage , esq lately , if not still , a member of lincolns-inn , and author of two plays , call'd , herod and mariamne , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , dedicated to the dutchess of albermarle . a play writ many years before it was prefer'd to the stage , where it was receiv'd with great satisfaction . plot from ioseph . hist. philo iudaus , and cleopatra , a romance , in the story of tyridates . siege of babylon , a tragi-comedy , to . . dedicated to her royal highness the dutchess of york . plot from the aforesaid romance of cleopatra . henry porter . author of an historical play , in queen elizabeth's reign , call'd , two angry women of abingdon , with the humourous mirth of dick coomes , and nicholas proverbs , two serving-men , a comedy , to . . acted by the right honourable , the earl of nottingham , lord high admiral 's servants . thomas porter . this gentleman liv'd in the time of the two charles's , and writ , . a play , call'd . the carnival , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . the villain , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this play is now sometimes acted , mr. sandford having gain'd great reputation by playing the part of malignii . george powell . son of mr. powell , an ancient player , lately dead ; he is more eminent for playing than writing , tho' there are some plays under his name ; as , alphonso king of naples , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , and dedicated to her grace the dutchess of ormond . the prologue is written by io. haynes , and epilogue by mr. durfey . brutus of alba ; or , augustus's triumph , a new opera , acted at the theatre in dorset garden , by his majesty's servants , , to . and dedicated by sam. briscoe , bookseller to george powel , and iohn verbruggen . this play has not so much as the whole title new , for brutus of alba is a play of mr. tate's , and all the design taken out of several old plays . the treacherous brother , a tragedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre royal , and dedicated to the patentees and sharers of their majesties theatre . plot from the wall-flower , a romance , fol. writ by dr. baily , formerly president of st. iohn's , oxon. a very good wife , a comedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the honoured alexander popham , esq the prologue is writ by mr. congreve . this play is taken whole pages together out of brome . thomas preston . i know no more of this author , than that he has writ one play , called , cambyses , king of persia , a tragi-comedy , to . a very ancient play with an odd , long title , which runs thus , ( viz. ) a lamentable tragedy , mixt full of pleasant mirth ; containing the life of cambyses , king of persia , from the beginning of his kingdom unto his death ; his one good deed of execution , after the many wicked deeds , and tyrannous murders committed by and through him : and last of all , his odious death , by god's iustice appointed . done in such order as followeth . london , printed by iohn alde . it is writ in old fashion'd metre , and has no date . plot from herodotus and iustin. edmund prestwich . of whom i know no more , than that 't is said , he has writ a play , called , hippolitus , a tragedy , vo . . a play , which mr. langbain says , he never saw ; the author's name is to it , who took the plot from that of seneca , or the phaedra of euripides . the hectors , another play , has been by some catalogues attributed to this author ; but i cannot learn for any reason it should be his , so you find it placed among the anonymous plays . q francis quarles . he was born at stewards , a seat in rumford , in the parish of horn-church , essex , his father was iames quarles , esq clerk of the green cloth , and purveyor to quen elizabeth . he studied first at christ-church , cambridge , then at lincolns-inn ; was cup-bearer to the queen of bohemia , secretary to bishop vsher , and cronologer to the city of london . he suffered persecution by the government then it being , for a book called , the loyal convert . the troubles of ireland brought him to die at home , in the two and fiftieth year of his age , sept. . . home had eighteen children by one wife , and lies buried in st. foster's church , london . he writ one play , called , the virgin widow , a comedy , to . . he writ divers other pieces , as a book of emblems , which has born many editions ; a book of poems , wherein is the history of sampson , ionah , esther , and iob militant ; argalus and parthenia ; enchiridion of meditations , divine and moral ; pentalogia , or , the quintessence of meditation ; the loyal convert , with some others . r thomas randolph . houghton in northamptonshire gave birth , westminster school , and trinity colledge , cambridge , ( where he was fellow ) a learned education to this poet. he was an adopted son of ben. iohnson ; and dyed young , tho' his exact age i know not ; he writ these following plays . amintas ; or , the impossible dowry , a pastoral , vo . . this was acted before the king and queen at white-hall . aristippus ; or , the iovial philosopher , a tragi-comedy , vo . . to which is added , the conceited pedlar . this was presented in a private shew . hey for honesty , down with knavery , a comedy , to . . translated from aristophanes's plautus . this was since augmented and published in vo . by another hand , ( viz. ) f. i. the iealous lovers , a comedy , vo . . this was presented to their majesties at cambridge , by the students of trinity-colledge , and has been accounted the best of his plays , it was revised by the author in his life-time , and since reviv'd on the stage , . it is dedicated to dr. comber , dean of carlisle . the muses looking-glass , a comedy , vo . . before called , the entertainment . sir aston cockain , and one mr. rich , formerly of christ-church colledge , oxon , have given great commendation of this play. the two first and two last of these plays are printed at oxon with his poems . edward ravenscroft . a gentleman of an ancient family , and tho' design'd for the law , and once a member of the middle temple , was pleased to quit the rugged paths of business for poetry , in which he has performed with various success . so omitting mr. langbain's personal reflections , which ●avour strongly of the university , i shall proceed to an account of the plays . the anatomist ; or , the sham doctor , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre in little-lincolns-inn-fields , and dedicated to thomas ravenfcroft , esq late high-sheriff of flintshire . this play met with extraordinary success having the advantage of the excellent musick of the loves of mars and venus perform'd with it . the canterbury guests ; or , a bargain broken , a comedy , to . acted at the theatre royal , and dedicated to rowland eyre esq this play had not that success the poet desired , as may be gathered from the epistle . the careless lovers , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . part of this play borrowed from molliere's monsieur de pourceaugnac , vo . the citizen turn'd gentleman , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to his highness , prince rupert . borrowed from the same author he made use of in the fore-going play , and molliere's le burgois gentlehome . dame dobson ; or , the cunning woman , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . translated from la deveniresse , a french comedy . english lawyer , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , translated from the latin ignoramus . the italian husband , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre in little-lincolns-inn-fields . to this play , besides the prologue , is prefixt a dialogue , which he calls , the prelude . this discourse is managed by the poet , a critick , and one mr. peregrine , the poet's friend ; mr. peregrine and the poet would make it out , that the italian way of writing a tragedy in three acts , is very commendable ; that i shall leave to the decision of our great master horace , who will have the dramma neither more nor less than five . then the poet seems under another mistake , in thinking , that because an italian lady would esteem you a dull , heavy and phlegmatick lover , if you should waste time in idle ceremony and complement ; it is excuse enough for her yielding so soon in his play : for if they are such , they are no fitter for a tragedy , than one of our english prostitutes , and can here merit no more pity . and tho' it is an extraordinary thing to make us pity the guilty , ( which i know none but otway could do ) yet the audience must be very compassionate , to pity so willing an adultery as this ; and her repentance proceeds from fear , more than a sense of the crime , or at least from the seeming generosity of the husband , join'd with a fear of death . our poet is under the same mistake with other of our modern writers , who are fond of cruel , barbarous , and bloody stories , and think no tragedy can be good , without some villain in it ; but of this elsewhere . as for the laconic way he effects , i shall only say this , that it was in use only with the lacedemonians , who were also masters of their passions ; and never the more natural for being short , for very few passions , and only some part of them , are to be drawn in that snip●snap way . i only say this in respect to the ancients , whose practice is natural , and directly contrary to our author's . king edgar and alfreda , a tragedy , to . . plot from english chronicles ; see also the annals of love , vo . the london cuckolds , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . plot part from scarron's novels , vo . nov. . ( viz. ) the fruitless precaution . part from les-contes du-sieur d'ouville , vo . part . pag. . and part from boccace's novels , day . nov. , . scaramouch a philosopher , harloquin a school-booy , bravo a merchant and magician ; a comedy after the italian manner , to● . acted at the theatre royal. part of this play taken from molliere's le bourgeois gentlehomme ; and part from le marriage force , vo . the wrangling lovers ; or , the invisible mistress , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . compare this with a play called , les engagements du hazard , by corneille ; and a romance , called , deceptio visus ; or , seeing and believing are two things , vo . the tragedy of titus andronicus , by shakespear , was about the time of the popish plot , revived and altered by this our author ; who , in his epistle , denies it to be shakespear's , and then boasts of his own labour and pains therein , by making great alterations and additions , and that he had not only refined the language , but made many scenes entirely new . thomas rawlins . principal graver of the mint to both the k. charles's , till he died , . and when he was very young , writ a play , called , the rebellion , a tragedy , to . . acted by his majesty's company of revels , nine days successively , as also divers times since with good applause , and dedicated to a kinsman of his , robert ducie , of aston in the county of stafford , esq there is printed copies of verses with this play , in commendation of the author . edward revet . the author of a play , published . called , the town shifts ; or , the suburbs iustice , a comedy , to . . acted at his royal highness , the duke of york's theatre . this is an instructive play. nathaniel richards . an author in the time of king charles the first , and published one play about the beginning of the civil wars , called , messalina , the roman empress , her tragedy , vo . . this was acted divers times by the company of his majesty's revels , with great applause ; and dedicated to the right honourable , iohn cary , viscount rochford . plot from suetonius , claudian , pliny , iuvenal , and plutarch . william rider . this author was master of arts , and writ one play , called , the twins , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in salisbury-court , with general applause . william rowley , vide webster , &c. he studied once at pembrook-hall , cambridge , and was in writing associate with shakespear , fletcher , massinger , heywood , &c. all 's lost by lust , a tragedy , to . . acted at the phaenix in drury-lane , by the lady elizabeth's servants . plot , lipsii monita , lib. . cap. . &c. turquet , lib. . cap. . vnfortunate lovers , nov. . a match at midnight , a pleasant comedy , to . . plot of bloodhound's being hid under the widow's bed , taken from an old story , you may also find in the english rogue , part . chap. . a shoemaker 's a gentleman , a comedy , to . . styled , a merry and pleasant comedy , as it has been sundry times acted at the red bull. plot from the history of the gentle craft , to . a new wonder , a woman never vext , a comedy , . the widow 's finding her wedding ring in a fishes belly , founded on the story of polycrates , in thalia of herodotus . the spanish gipsies , a comedy , to . see middleton , who joined with him in this . the witch of edmonton , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by the prince's servants at the cock-pit in drury-lane , as also once at court , with great applause . samuel rowley . this author writes himself servant to the prince of wales , which by the date of his play must be charles ii. the noble spanish soldier ; or , a contract broken justly revenged , a tragedy , to . . this play was printed after the author's death . when you see me , you know me , or the famous chronical history of henry viii . with the birth and vertuous life of edward , prince of wales , to . . this was play'd by the prince of wales's servants . plot from english chronicles ; see also the life of king henry viii . by the lord herbert , of cherbury . ioseph rutter . a dependant of the family of the lord dorset , and servant to his son , and at his command , translated the cid of corneille . the cid , a tragi-comedy , vo . . acted before their majesties at court , and at the cock-pit in drury-lane , by their majesties servants ; dedicated to edward , earl of dorset , whose son put his hand to some part of the translation from corneille . the cid , part ii. a tragi-comedy , vo . . dedicated to the lady theophil a cook. this part was also translated from corneille , by our author , at the command of his majesty . these plays are generally bound together , and are founded on history ; see roderic de tolede , and mariana , &c. the shepherds holiday , a pastoral tragi-comedy , vo . . acted before their majesties at white-hall , by the queen's servants . this is written in blank verse , and attributed to our author by kirkman , in his former catalogues , though there is no more than i. r. affixed to the title page . thomas rymer . a gentleman born in the north of england , the country of his family , but i cannot be positive to the county ; of which university he was i know not , but his first applications in this town were to the law in grays-inn . however , his learning and love to poetry led him to a consideration of those authors , which set him up for a critic ; and it must be confess'd , that he has merited some praise in his preface to rapin , and the first part of this view of the tragedies of the last age ; tho' i cannot so much as agree with those that allow most of the errors he has found in shakespear , iust ; for i 'm confident it may be made evident , that not the fifth part have any iustice. he , since the death of mr. shadwell , has the place of historiographer to his majesty , for which office 't is certain his learning very well qualifies him . edgar ; or , the english monarch , an heroick tragedy , to . . dedicated to king charles the second . mr. ravencro●t hath writ a play on the same subject , published the year before this . for the plot , consult w. malmsbury , h. h. huntingdon , rog. hoveden , pol. virgil , and other english chronicles : see also the annals of love , vo . s thomas sackvile , see norton . thomas st. serf . the author of one play , called , tarugo's wiles ; or , the coffee-house , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke of y●rk's theatre ; dedicated to the right honourable , george , marquess of huntley . one part of this play is built on no puedeser ; or , it cannot be , a spanish play : and another part on si● courtly nice , written by mr. crown . william sampson . a retainer of sir henry willoughby's family of richley in derby-shire , in the reign of king charles the first . he writ one play and part of another . the vow breaker ; or , the fair maid of clifton , in nottingham-shire ; a tragedy , to . . acted by several companies with great applause ; and dedicated to● mrs. ann willoughby , daughter to sir henry , aforesaid . herod and antipater , a tragedy , to . see markham , with whom he joined in this . george sandys , esq this poet was son of edwin , archbishop of york , born at bishops-th●rp , in york-shire , . was ●nter'd in st. mary-hall , oxon , at eleven years old ; began his travels about the world . the year of the murder of henry iv. of france . among his poetical works he translated a latin play of hugo grotius , entituled , christ's passi●n . he died at boxley-abby , in kent , being his nephew mr. w●at's seat , and buried in the chancel of that church , march . . christ's passion , a tragedy , vo . . dedicated to king charles the first . translated from the latin of hugo grotius , with annotations . it was reprinted with sculptures , vo . . this author also translated ovid's metamorphosis , published likewise with sculptures , fol. . charles saunders . this young gentleman writ a play , whilst a king's scholar , called , tamberlain the great , a tragedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servants at the theatre royal , as also before the king at oxon. this play was highly commended by mr. banks , and other poets . plot from asteria and tamerlane , a novel , vo . thomas scot. an author yet living , he was a westminster scholar , and lately a student in cambridge , who has given the town two new plays in appearance , at least two new titles , the first in order , and writing , is , the mock marriage , a comedy , to . acted at the theatre in dorset-garden , by his majesty's servants , . this author has given us no proof of his talent in flattery , for he has dedicated neither of those plays he has appeared in ; but he has that part of a poet however , of flattering himself ( as indeed every man does more or less ) in defending what the town has once condemned , for tho' a bad play may take , yet we hear very few instances that a good one miscarried ; 't is true , this is like other general rules , not without its exception . this particular play met with pretty good success , for the season of the year , considering it the first essay of a young writer , unacquainted with the town . the vnhappy kindness ; or , a fruitless revenge , a tragedy● to . acted at the theatre royal , . this play is only the wife for a month of fletcher's alter'd , tho' he has thought fit to retain its greatest faults , in the character of the wife , whose behaviour to her husband , to provoke him to ease her of her maiden-head , is by no means agreeable to the modesty of the sex , which is a sin against the manners . elkanah settle . an author now living , who was some time at trinity-colledge , oxon ; but coming to london , and having been there possessed with poetry , spent a very good fortune , and then stuck to the stage , which yet would not stick to him ; his ●ickleness in political principles ( having once been an active man for the whigg-party ) lost him too his friends on the other side , without any reward for his desertion . whatever his plays are ( which if compar'd with the best of our present writers , i mean some of them , far excel 'em ) in the opinion of his enemies , he has perform'd in some , with no less applause than merit ; in his dispute with mr. dryden , he had evidently the better of him ; tho' , being a modest man , he suffer'd himself to be run down by his antagonist in his interest in the town . the ambitious slave ; or , a generous revenge , a tragedy acted at the theatre royal , to . . and dedicated to the honoured iohn bright , esq which dedication the author begins with the ●ll fortune of the play. the scene he has plac'd in persia , from whence i find he is scarce to be got . cambyses , king of persia , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; dedicated to the illustrious princess ann , dutchess of monmouth . this play sold two impressions before this time of printing , and is in heroick verse . plot , iustin , lib. . cap. . amianus marcellinus , lib. . herodotus , &c. the conquest of china by the tartars , a tragedy , to . . ●cted at the duke's theatre ; and dedicated to the lord castle-ris●●g . this play is founded on history , and writ in heroick verse . plot , heylin's cosmography , book . conquest of china by signior palafax , englished , vo . lewis de gusman , and gonzales de mendoza . distressed innocence ; or , the princess of persia , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable iohn , lord cutts , baron of gowram . this play our author writ after ten years silence , and pays his publick acknowledgment to mr. betterton , for his several extraordinary hints to the heightning of its best characters , and how he was indebted to mr. montfort for the last scene thereof , who also writ the epilogue . the story of hormidas and cleomira built on true history . the empress of morocco , a tragedy , to . . writ in heroick verse , with sculptures ; acted at the duke's theatre ; and dedicated to the right honourable , henry , earl of norwich , and earl marshal of england . this play was writ against by mr. dryden , mr. shadwell , and mr. crown , and called , notes and observations on the empress of morocco ; or , some few erratas to be printed instead of the sculptures , with the second edition of that play. to , . which pamphlet was answered by another . fatal love ; or , the forc'd inconstancy , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to sir rob. owen . plot from achilles tatius's clitophon and lucippe , a romance , book . which romance is likewise in english , printed vo . the female prelate ; or , the history of the life and death of pope ioan , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the right honourable anthony , earl of shaftsbury . plot from platina's lives of the popes , englished by sir paul ricaut , and the life and death of pope ioan , vo . . wherein is a list of such authors who affirm , and others who deny the truth of this story . there is also another small book of the life and death of pope ioan , writ dialogue-wise , by one mr. cook , formerly fellow of vniversity-colledge , oxon. which piece was so much valued then , that 't was translated into french by i. de la montaign . the heir of morocco , with the death of gayland ; a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the lady henrietta wentworth , baroness of nettlested . ibrahim , the illustrious bassa ; a tragedy , to . . acted at duke's theatre ; and dedicated to the dutchess of albermarle ; it is writ in heroick verse . plot from the illustrious bassa , a romance , fol. love and revenge , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; and dedicated to the duke of newcastle . a great part of this play taken from another , called , fatal contract , writ by mr. hemmings , formerly of the university of oxon. pastor fido ; or , the faithful shepherd , a pastoral , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to the lady elizabeth delaval . it was first translated by sir richard fanshaw , from the italian of guarini , which translation our author has endeavoured to improve . the world in the moon , an opera ; to . . as it is performed at the theatre in dorset-garden , by his majesty's servants ; and dedicated to christopher roth , esq this is something unusual , being a comical● opera . i think great part of the run betwixt palmerin , worthy , sir dotterel , and iacin●ha , pleasant enough , tho' the first and late essay of our author in the soc. tho. shadwell , esq a gentleman of a good family in the county of norfolk , was well received by the noblemen of wit , especially the present earl of dorset , the late duke of newcastle , &c. he was on the revolution made poet laureat , which place he held till his death , which happened about three or four years since . his comedies , at least some of them , shew him to understand humour ; and if he cou'd have drawn the character of a man of wit , as well as that of a coxcomb , there wou●d have been nothing wanting to the perfection of his dramatick fables . but to his plays in their order , being seventeen in number , ( viz. ) the amorous bigotte , with the second part of teague o divelly , a comedy to . . acted by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable charles , then earl , now duke of shrewsbury . bury fair , a comedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , then lord chamberlain of his majesty's hoshold . part of this play taken from the duke of newcastle's triumphant widow , and part from molliere's precieuses ridicules . epsom wells , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; and dedicated to his grace the duke of newcastle . 't is a pleasant commendation of mr. langbain , ( whose 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mr. shadwell is ) to bring monsieur st. euveremont's praise of it who cannot speak a word of english , and by consequence none of the best iudges of the goodness of our english plays , which require a mastery of our tongue . the humourists , a comedy , to . . acted by his royal highness's servants ; and dedicated to the most illustrious margaret , dutchess of newcastle . this play ( tho' the design of it was good ) met with many enemies at its first appearance on the stage . the lancashire witches , and teague o divelly , the irish priest ; a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . heywood and brome have writ on the same subject , but not so diverting . the libertine , a comedy , to . . acted by his royal highnesses servants ; and dedicated to his grace the duke of newcastle . this is accounted one of his best plays , and is diverting enough . plot from molliere's l'athee foudroye , & h. atheisto fulminato . the miser , a comedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servants , at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the right honourable charles , lord buckhurst , now earl of dorset and middlesex . plot from mollieres l'avaree . psyche , an opera , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to his grace iames , duke of monmouth . this being the first play he writ in rhime , met with divers enemies . our author made use of the french psyche , and of apuleius's asinus aureus , which is also in english , to . . the royal shepherdess , a tragi-comedy . to . . acted by his highness the duke of york's servants . this play is taken from the reward of vertue , writ by mr. fountain . the scowrers , a comedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants ; and dedicated by his widow , to the late queen , of ever blessed memory . i think in this comedy there is a great deal of noisy humour , and that not unpleasant . the characters of eugenia , and clara are copies of sir george etheridge , at least that of eugenia is of harriot , and so is sir william rant , a faint one of dorimant , and sir frederic frolick . the squire of alsatia , a comedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the earl of dorset and middlesex . this play , which met with good success , is founded on terence's adelphi . the sullen lovers ; or , the impertinents , a comedy , to . . and dedicated to his grace william , duke of newcastle . plot from molliere's les facheaux . timon of athens ; or , the man-hater , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to the late duke of buckingham . most part of this play is shakespear's ; nay , and the criticks say , all of it that is good for any thing . the true widow , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and dedicated to sir charles sidley . this play has not appeared very often on the stage , tho' mr. langbain commends the characters and humours to be as well drawn as any of this age. the volunteers ; or , the stock-iobbers , a comedy , to . . and dedicated by his widow to the queen . sir timothy castrils growing valiant on his rencounter with nickum , is very like the little french lawyer of fletcher ; only sir timothy preserves his valour to the end of the play ; tho' we have not the experiment whether the sight of his blood would not have had the same effect on him . the woman captain , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , by his royal highness's servants ; and dedicated to henry , lord ogle , son to the duke of newcastle . william shakespear . he was born and buried in stratford upon avon , in warwickshire . i have been told that he writ the scene of the ghost in hamlet , at his house which bordered on the charnel-house and church-yard . he was both player and poet ; but the greatest poet that ever trod the stage , i am of opinion , in spight of mr. iohnson , and others from him , that though perhaps he might not be that critic in latin and greek as ben ; yet that he understood the former , so well as per●ectly to be master of their histories , for in all his roman characters he has nicely followed history , and yo● find his brutus , his cassius , his anthony , and his caesar , his coriolanus , &c. just as the historians of those times describe ' em . he died on the d of april , . and is buried with his wife and daughter in stratford-church afore-said , under a monument on which is a statue leaning on a cushion , and this inscription : ingenio pylum , genio socratem , arte maronem , terra tegit , populus moerit , olympus habet . stay , passenger , why dost thou go so fast ? read , if thou canst , whom envious death has plac'd within this monument , shakespear , with whom quick nature died , whose name doth deck the tomb far more than cost , since all that he hath writ leaves living art , but page , to serve his wit. obiit an. dom. . aet . . die . apr. near the wall on a plain stone , which covers him , is this epitaph : good friend , for iesus sake forbear to dig the dust enclosed here . blest be the man that spares these stones , and curst be he that moves my bones . all 's well that ends well , a comedy . plot from boccace's novels , day . nov. . iuliet of narbona , &c. anthony and cleopatra , a tragedy , fol. plot from plutarch in vita antonii . as you like it , a comedy , fol. the birth of merlin ; or , the child has lost his father , a tragi-comedy , to . . mr. rowley join'd with our author in this play. plot , ethelword , g. monmouth , bede , polidor , virgil , stow , speed , &c. a comedy of errors , a comedy , fol. the ground from plautus , amphitruo , and maenechmi . coriolanus , a tragedy , fol. plot from plutarch's life of coriolanus , from livy's history , dionisius hallicarnassaeus , &c. cromwell , ( thomas , lord ) his life and death , a history , fol. and to . plot from fox's martyrology , fuller's church hist. dr. burnet's hist. reformation , wanly's hist. of man. hacwell's apology , and lloyd's english worthies . cymbeline , his tragedy ; fol. mr. durfey's injured princess ; or , the fatal wager , is only this play reviv'd . the plot from boccace's novels , day . nov. . henry the fourth , two parts , history , fol. the first part containing the life of henry percy , sirnamed hotspur ; and the comical part the character of sir iohn falstaff , which has been play'd by the late famous mr. lacey , to admiration . in the second part you have an act of the death of this king , and the coronation of his successor . see geoffry of monmouth , caxton , harding , hall , grafton , martin , hollingshead , stow , and other our english chronicles . henry the fifth , his life ; history , fol. a comical part is mixt with the historical , and contains the reign of this king , to his marriage with katharine of france . see the afore-said english chronicles . henry the sixth , three parts , history , fol. in the second is the death of the good duke humphrey , in the third the death of the duke of york ; all the pa●ts contain the whole reign of this king. see the same english chronicles . henry the eighth , his life ; history , fol. the part of king henry was often in king charles the second's time extraordinary well acted by mr. betterton . see our english chronicles before-mentioned . hamlet , prince of denmark ; a tragedy , fol. and to . for the plot see saxo-grammaticus , crantzius , pontanus , idacius &c. iohn , king of england ; history , fol. for the plot see our english chronicles . iohn , king of england , his troublesom reign , in two parts , history , to . . with the discovery of king richard caeur de lyons , base son ( as vulgarly called ) fawconbridge ; also the death of the said king iohn at swinstead abby . these plays were several times acted by the queen's majesty's players , tho not divided into acts , and differ much from the other play in folio . iulius caesar , a tagedy , fol. and to founded on history . it was reviv'd and acted divers times in the reign of the late king charles ii. for the prologue , which was highly commended , see a small book , called covent-garden drollery , pag. . and for the history , see plutarch , livy , suetonius . lear , king of england ; a tragedy , fol. and to . this play has been reviv'd with alterations by our present poet laureat . for the true story , see milton's hist. of england , beginning pag. . see also leland , monmouth , gloucester , &c. locrine , eldest son to king brutus , a tragedy , fol. and to . for the plot , see milton's hist. of england , and the afore-said authors . london prodigal , a comedy , fol. and to . love●s labour lost , a comedy , fol. mackbeth , a tragedy , fol. and to . revived and re-printed with alterations and songs , and now often acted . for the plot consult buchanan , and others who have written scottish affairs ; see also heywood of angels , p. . heylin's cosmography , book . measure for measure , a comedy , fol. for the plot see cynthio giraldi , dec. . nov. . lipsii monita , p. . histoirs admirabiles de nôtre temps . p. . the merchant of venice , a tragi-comedy , fol. midsummer-nights dream , a comedy , fol. the comical part hereof is printed to . under the title of bottom the weaver , and acted by small parties at bartholomew fair , and other places : and since publish'd under the name of the fairy queen . much ado about nothing , a comedy , fol. sir william d'avenant made use of this play , and measure for measure , in composing his law against lovers . for the plot see ariosto's orlando furioso , book . and spencer's fairy queen , book . oldcastle , lord cobham's life and death , a tragedy , fol. see fuller's church hist. and fox's book of martyrs , where you may find sir iohn oldcastle's life at large . othello , mo●r of venice , a tragedy , fol. and to . this is still often acted , and esteemed one of the best of our author's plays . plot from cynthio's novels , dec. . nov. . pericles , prince of tyre , history , fol. this play was much admired in the author's life time and published before his death . the puritan ; or , the widow of watling-street , a comedy , fol. this was accounted a very diverting play. richard the second , history , fol. to . our poet laureat , mr. tate , altered it , an. . he and mr. dryden have much applauded this play. plot from english chronicles . richard the third , with the landing of the earl of richmond , and the battle of bosworth-field , history , fol. for the plot consult our english chronicles . romeo and iuliet , a tragedy , fol. plot from bandello's novels . the taming of the shrew , a comedy , fol. the story of the tinkar , so diverting , may be found in goulart's hist. admirabiles and pontus heuterus , rerum burdicarum . the tempest , a comedy , fol. and to . this has been reviv'd and alter'd by mr. dryden , who brought it much in esteem , and is of late days often acted . titus andronichus , a tragedy , fol. and to . this play has been reviv'd and altered by mr. ravenscroft . timon of athens , a tragedy , fol. and to . this play , as publish'd first by our author , was not divided into acts , but has been reviv'd with alterations , by mr. shadwell , and for a few years past , as often acted at the theatre royal , as any tragedy i know . troilus and cressida , a tragedy , fol. this was reviv'd with alterations , by mr. dryden ; who added divers new scenes . plot from chaucer's troilus and cressida . twelfth-night ; or , what you will ; a comedy , fol. plot from plautus , amphitruo , maenechmi , &c. two gentlemen of verona , a comedy . fol. a winters tale , a tragi-comedy , fol. plot from dorastus and fawnia , to . the york-shire tragedy , fol. when this play was first printed , the title then told you , the story was new , lamentable , and true . the play , being but very short , is not divided into acts , and may rather be accounted an interlude than a tragedy . the arraignment of paris , which you may find among the anonymous plays , has been by kirkman ascribed to this author , but not being in any edition of shakespear , i much question whether it be any of his . our author writ little else , we find in print only two small pieces of poetry publish'd by mr. quarles , viz. venus and adonis , vo . . and the rape of lucrece , vo . . lewis sharp . this author , who liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , writ but one play , viz. the noble stranger , a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in salisbury-court , by her majesty's servants ; dedicated to sir edmund williams . edward sharpham . a member of the middle-temple , in the time of king iames the first , writ and published one play , called , the fleir , a comedy , to . . acted in the black-fryars , by the children of the revels . compare this with a play of marston's , called , the fawne . s. shepheard . a zealous cavalier in the civil wars , writ a play against the parliament party , stil'd , the committee-man curried , a comedy , in two parts , to . . much of it stollen from sir iohn suckling , and sir robert stapleton's translation of iuvenal . edward sherburn , esq this gentleman translated two of seneca's tragedies , and is , for ought i know , yet living . medea , a tragedy , vo . . with annotations . mr. stanly in his poems has writ a vindication of this play. troades ; or , the royal captives ; a tragedy , vo . . these are printed together , with some poems of the same author . tho. shipman , esq. this gentleman dy'd in king charles the second's time , having writ one play , called , henry the third of france , stab'd by a fryar ; with the fall of the guises ; a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the right honourable henry , lord marquess of dorchester . plot from davila , and the duke of espernon's life , fol. henry shirley . an author who liv'd in the 〈◊〉 king charles the first , and writ one play , which was publish'd after his death , call'd , the martyr'd soldier , a tragedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , and other publick theatres by her majesty's servants , with great applause . plot , baronius , &c. iames shirley . a contemporary , as well as namesake of the former● he was once of grays-inn , and servant to the king , and a poet esteemed in the days of charles the first . mr. langbain gives him no small praise , and indeed he does to most of the indifferent poets , so that shou'd a stranger to our poets read him● they wou'd make an odd collection of our english writers , for they wou'd be sure to take heywood , shirley , &c. and leave dryden , &c. he has printed plays , of wh●ch in their order . he dy'd since the restauration . arcadia , a pastoral , to . . acted at the phaenix in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants . plot from sir philip sidney's arcadia , fol. the ball , a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants . our author was assisted by chapman in this play. a bird in a cage , a comedy , to . ●● . acted at the phaenix in drury-lane ; and dedicated to mr. william prinne . the brothers , a comedy , vo . . acted at the private house in black-fryars ; and dedicated to his noble friend , thomas stanley , esq the cardinal , a tragedy , vo . . acted at the private house in black-fryars ; and dedicated to his friend , g. b. esq the changes ; or , love in a maze ; a comedy , to . . presented at the private house in salisbury-court , by the company of his majesty's revels ; and dedicated to the honourable , the lady dorothy shirley , in verse . compare this and the maiden queen . chabot , admiral of france , a tragedy , to . . acted by her majesty's servants at the private house in drury-lane . mr. chapman join'd with our author in this play. plot , paul iovius , paul aemilius , mezeray , and other french chronicles and histories in the reign of francis the first . the constant maid ; or , love will find out the way ; a comedy , to . . this was acted at a new house , called , the nursery in hatton-garden . you may find hadwell's courting of the widow bellamy , by the advice 〈…〉 fair , to be the subject of divers other plays . contention for honour and ●●●●es , a masque , to . . dedicated to edward golding 〈◊〉 colston , in narthamptonshire , esq this author , with this and ●ome other matter , composed a comedy , called , honoria and mammon , hereafter mentioned . the contention of ajax and vlysses for achilles's armour , a masque , vo . . plot from ovid's metamorposis , book . the coronation , a comedy , to . which play by some means or other , was printed with beaumont's and fletcher's plays , tho' none of theirs . a cou●● secret , a tragi-comedy , vo . firs● printed . then acted at the black-fryars ; and dedicated to william , earl of strafford . cupid and death , a masque , to . . for the plot , see ogilby's aesop's fables , vol. . fab. . the doubtful heir , a tragi-comedy , vo . . acted at the black-fryars ; and dedicated to sir edmund bowyer . for part of the story , see the english adventurers . vo . part . the duke's mistress , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants . the example , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants . the gamester , a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane . plot , queen margaret's novels , day . nov. . and vnlucky citizen , vo . the gentleman of venice , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in salisbury-court , by her majesty's servants , and dedicated to sir tho. nightingale , baronet . for the plot , consult gayton's notes on don quixot , book . chap. . &c. the grateful servant , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants , with good applause ; and dedicated to the right honourable , francis , earl of rutland . compare this play with the humerous courtier , writ by the same author . hide-park , a comedy , to . . presented by her majesty's servants at the private house in drury-lane ; and dedicated to the right honourable , henry , earl of holland . honoria and mammon , a comedy , vo . plot grounded on a masque of the same author's , call'd , contention for honour and riches . the humorous courtier , a comedy , to . . presented at the private house in drury-lane , with good applause . the imposture , a tragi-comedy , vo . . acted at the private house in black-fryars ; and dedicated to sir rob. bolles , baronet . the lady of pleasure , a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , richard , lord lovelace , of hurley . part of this play resembles part in the grateful servant . love tricks ; or , the school of compliments ; a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre in little-lincolns-inn-fields , by his royal higness , the duke of york's servants . love's cruelty , a tragedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants ; and dedicated to cornet george porter , and mr. charles porter . see cynthio's novels , dec. . nov. . and q. margaret's novels , day . nov ' . the maid's revenge , a tragedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane , with good applause , by her majesty's servants . this play is dedicated to henry osborn , esq plot from reynold's god's revenge against murther , fol. book . hist. . the opportunity , a comedy , to . acted at the private house in drury-lane , by her majesty's servants ; it is d●dicated to capt. richard owen . compare this play with shakespear's measure for measure . the politician , a tragedy , to . . presented at salisbury-court , by her majesty's servants ; and dedicated to walter moyle , esq for the plot see the countess of montgomery's vrania . the royal master , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre in dublin , and in the castle there before the right honourable , the lord deputy of ireland ; and dedicated to the right honourable , george , earl of kildare . by the many copies of verses in commendation of this play , we may guess it was well esteem'd . st. patrick for ireland , a history , to . . there is but one part of this play printed ; a second was designed by the author for the press , but never publish'd . see bedes life of st. patrick , sigibert , baleus , baronius , &c. the sisters , a comedy , vo . . acted at the private house in black-fryars ; and dedicated to william paulet , esq the traytor , a tragedy , to . . acted by her majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the duke of newcastle . this play was one mr. rivers's , a iesuit , tho' alter'd a little and introduc'd into the house by shirley . the triumph of beauty , a masque , vo . . compare this to the comical part of the midsummer-nights dream , and another part to bottom the weaver , both by shakesp●ar : see also lucian's dialogues . this is printed with the author's poems , vo . the wedding , a comedy , to . . acted by her majesty's serva●●s at the phenix in drury-lane ; and dedicated to william gower , esq the witty fair one , a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane ; and dedicated to sir edward bushell . the young admiral , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the private house in drury-lane ; and dedicated to the right honourable , george , lord barkley . sir charles sidley . this noble gentleman is yet living , and has been esteem'd a man of the first rank of wit. he writ these three following plays : anthony and cleopatra , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . plot from appian , dion cassius , plutarch's life of m. anthony . bellamira ; or , the mistress ; a comedy , to . . acted by his majesty's servant . the ground from terrence's eunuchus . the mulberry garden , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . this play is dedicated to her grace the dutchess of richmond and lenox . sir iohn everyoung , and sir samuel forecastle copied from molliere's l'escole de maris . iohn smith . a gentleman of snenton , in york-shire , and now ( or lately ) living ; he writ a play that was never acted , called , cytherea ; or , the enamouring girdle , a comedy , to . . this play the author dedicated to the northern gentry . william smith . this autho● writ one play in king iames the first his reign , call'd , the hector of germany ; or , the palsgrave prime elector ; a history , to . . acted at the red bull , &c. by a company of young citizens , and dedicated to the right honourable , sir iohn swinnerton , lord mayor of london . this play is not divided into acts. he writ , with the assistance of one mr. webbe , a book call'd , the description of the county palatine of chester . thomas southern . a gentleman now living , who , as i have been inform'd , made his first application to the law ; but quitted those rougher studies for the more pleasing entertainment of the muses ; and after the writing of two plays , with no ill success , at least with very good iudges , mov'd by his active temper , he left , for some years , the calmer retreat of poetry for the war ; till , in the year . he presented the town with that diverting comedy of sir anthony love , and six more , but of all in their order : the disappointment ; or , the mother in fashion ; acted at the theatre royal , . to . and dedicated to the right honourable , iames , earl of ossery ( the present duke of o●mond ) . the curious impertinent of the incomparable history of don quixot , seems to have given our author an hint of the plot. the loyal brother ; or , the persian prince ; a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , . to . and dedicated to his grace , the duke of richmond . this was his first play , and is built on the novel of tachmas , prince of persia , vo . the fatal marriage ; or , the innocent adultery ; a play , acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , . to . and dedicated to anthony hammond , of somersham place , esq in the dedication our author owns his taking a hint of the tragical part of this play , from a novel of mrs. behn's , call'd , the nun ; or , the fair vow-breaker . this play was receiv'd with vast applause , and is yet acted with success ; the distress of the story being extreamly moving , and the passions very well touch'd by the author ; tho' had he made villeroy and biron friends , it wou'd have something heighten'd the distress . in the comical part , the hint of fernando being persuaded to believe that he had been dead , buried , and in purgatory , seems to be owing to the little thief of fletcher . the maids last prayer ; or , any thing rather than fail ; a comedy , acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , . to . and dedicated to the honourable , mr. charles boyl . oroonoko , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants , . to . and dedicated to his grace , william , duke of devonshire , &c. in which the author makes this ingenuous acknowledgement , which few poets have formerly done ; viz. i stand engaged to mrs. behn for the occasion of a most passionate distress in my last play , ( which was the innocent adultry ) and in a conscience that i had not made her a sufficient acknowledgment , i have run farther into her debt , with a design to oblige me to be honest , and that every one may find me out for ingratitude , when i don't say all that 's fit for me upon that subject : she had a great command of the stage , and i have often wonder'd that she should bury her favourite hero in a novel , when she might have reviv'd him in the scene . i have quoted this , because 't is very uncommon with authors to speak well of those they borrow from in their writings , for i have known a great man perpetually rail at the french authors , and yet contradict his reflections on them , by filling his writings with their● wit and designs ; and i have so often experienc'd this particular , among the writers of our age , that when i hear any of them condemn , either our ancient or modern authors , i conclude , he has been robbing there , and would deter us from finding out his theft . but as to this play of oroonoko , you find our poet has allow'd the plot of it mrs. behn's ; for on that prince she has compos'd the best of her novels : and as it must be confess'd that the play had not its mighty success without an innate excellence ; so in my opinion , the necessary regularities a dramatick poet is obliged to observe , has left many beauties in the novel , which our author cou'd not transfer to his poem . as mrs. barrey did the poet all the iustice so admirable an actress , when she most exerts her self , could do , in the innocent adultery ; so mr. verbruggen , in the part of oroonoko , by doing the author right , got himself the reputation of one of the best actors of his time . sir anthony love ; or , the rambling lady ; a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to tho. skipwith , esq ( now sir thomas ) . this play met with extraordinary success . the wives excuse ; or , cuckolds make themselves ; a comedy , acted at the theatre royal , by their majestses servants , . to . this play it seems did not take as well as was expected , but is usher'd into print by a copy of verses of his friend , mr. dryden ; in which he ●ustly reflects on the depraved taste of the age , especially in these two lines , on the fault of those poets , who debauch the palate of the audience . far●e in it self is of a nasty scent ; but the gain smells not of the excrement . for if there be not so intricate a plot , there is certainly a gaity of conversation , and purity of language , which few of our poets observe . thomas stanley , esq a learned gentleman of cumberloe-green , in hertfordshire , who in the time of king charles the first , writ the history of the philosophers , and in that a play of aristophanes , called , the clouds , a comedy , fol. . translated from aristophanes , printed with his history of philosophy , re-printed about ten years since . he translated aeschylus's tragedies into latin ; also anacreon and moschus , from the greek . he has publish'd likewise divers translations from latin , spanish , and italian ; besides his poems in english , vo . and two small romances or novels , vo . sir robert stapleton . a learned author who was gentleman usher of the privy chamber to king charles the second ; and is , i suppose , still living . he writ two plays : hero and leander , a tragedy , to . . dedicated to her grace , the dutchess of monmouth . plot from ovid's epistles , and musaeus's erotopagnion , greek , and latin. the slighted maid , a comedy , to . . dedicated to his grace , the duke of monmouth . plot from mart. epigr. . &c. iohn stephens . this author , who liv'd in the reign of king iames the first , writ one very long play , call'd , cynthia's revenge , a tragedy , to . . plot from lucan's pharsalia , and ovid's metamorphosis , lib. . william strode . poet and divine in the reign of king charles the frst ; he was born in devonshire , entred at nineteen , and admitted student of christ-church , oxon ; having taken most of his degrees , was chose university-orator , and after that commenc'd doctor , and was made a cannon by the king. he died march . . and was buried at christ-church afore-said . the floating island , a comedy , to . . acted by the students of christ-church , before his majesty , at oxon. . the airs and songs were set by mr. henry lawes . the author had transcribed and dedicated the play to his honoured patron , sir iohn helle , but it was not printed till some years after his death . this play is full o● morality . the author publish'd three sermons besides the play. i. studley . another translator of seneca's tragedies , in the reign of queen elizabeth , of which he english'd four : viz. agamemnon , a tragedy , to . our author has added a whole scene in the fifth act. hippolitus , a tragedy , to . this is a very regular play , as to time , place , and action . hercules oetaeus , a tragedy , to . a resemblance of sophocles trachiniai . medea , a tragedy , to . in this seneca imitates euripides , but at too great a distance , and is also regular , as most of his tragedies are . this translator has altered the chorus of the first act. sir iohn suckling . was born at witham , in middlesex , . in the beginning of the eleventh month ; he spoke latin at five years old , and writ it at nine . he was comptroller to king charles the first . an excellent musician and poet : made a campaign with gustavus , and was in five sieges , three battles , &c. he was at the expence of l. to raise a troop for the king. he writ four plays , viz. aglaura , a tragi-comedy , fol. and vo . presented at the private house in black-fryars . the author has so alter'd the last act , that 't is at the pleasure of the actors to make it a tragedy or tragi-comedy . brenoralt ; or , the discontented colonel ; a tragedy , vo . presented by his majesty's servants , at the private house in black-fryars . the goblins , a tragi-comedy , vo . presented by his majesty's servants at the private house in black-fryars . the sad one , a tragedy , vo . this play sir iohn never finish'd . these plays , with his other works , are printed together vo . the last edition printed . if you would see a farther character of this author , see lloyd's memoirs , fol. pag. . gilbert swinhoe . a northumberland gentleman , who in the reign of king charles the first , writ a play , call'd , the vnhappy fair irene , a tragedy , to . . plot from bandello's novels , and turkish chronicles , life of mahomet the first . t nahum tate , esq our present poet laureat , a person of great probity of manners , learning , and good nature : his birth and education ( as i have been told ) he owes to the kingdom of ireland : he has , for several years , had the patronage of the present earl of dorset , and has merit to deserve more than he has met with from others : he is guilty of modesty , of which few of his profession know much ; and it is the noisy pushing man in poetry , as well as other things , that prevails with fame as well as fortune . but now to his drammatick composures . brutus of alba , an opera , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; it is dedicated to the right honourable , charles , earl of dorset and middlesex . plot from virgil's aeneids , book . the cuckold's haven ; or , an alderman no conjurer , a farce , to . . acted at the queen's theatre in dorset-garden ; and dedicated to col. edmund ashton . plot from eastward hoe , and the devil 's an ass. a duke and no duke , a farce , to . . acted by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , sir iohn hewyt . in this play are divers songs set to musick with thorough basses for the theorbo or bass-viol . plot from trappolin supposed a prince . the ingratitude of a common-wealth ; or , the fall of caius martius coriolanus ; a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal ; and dedicated to the right honourable , charles , lord herbert , marques of worcester . part of this play borrowed from shakespear's coriolanus ● the island princess , a tragi-comedy , to . . and dedicated to the right honourable , henry , lord walgrave . reviv'd with alterations from fletcher . the loyal general , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; and is dedicated to edward taylor , esq lear , king of england , and his three daughters ; an historical play , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; it is dedicated to thomas boteler , esq and reviv'd with alterations from shakespear ; and now call'd , the ancient history of king lear , &c. richard the third ; or , the sicilian vsurper ; a history , to . . acted at the theatre royal , and dedicated to george raynsford , esq with a prefatory epistle in vindication of the author by reason of the prohibition of this play on the stage . reviv'd from shakespear . this our author has publish'd divers poems on several occasions , some of them printed vo . one volume whereof are all his own , another volume by several hands . iohn tateham . city poet in king charles the first 's time. mr. langbain has found out a pleasant compensation for his want of wit , viz. his loyalty , which might be something to attone for the defects of a servants brains , but i think very little for those of a poet. the distracted state ; a tragedy , to . . this play was written ten years before printed , and is dedicated to sir iohn sidley . the rump ; or , the mirrour of the late times ; a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in dorset-court , and dedicated to walter iames , esq this play has been reviv'd under the title of the roundheads . for the plot consult our english chronicles of the civil wars . scots vagaries ; or , a knot of knaves ; a comedy , to . . and dedicated to robert dormer , esq this play is writ in a sc●tch dialect . love crowns the end , a tragi-comedy , vo . . acted by the scholars of bringham in the county of nottingham . this play is very short and not divided into acts ; you may find it printed with his poems , . vo . robert taylor . the author of one play , call'd , the hog has lost his pearl , a comedy , to . . divers times publickly acted by certain london prentices . thomas thompson . a poor plagiary , that could not disguise or improve his thefts . these two following plays go under his name ; viz. the english rogue , a comedy , to . . acted ( says the title ) before several persons of honour , with great applause , and dedicated to mrs. alice barret . mother shipton , her life ; to . the author hereof says , 't was acted nine days together , with great applause . plot from a book so called in prose , to . but most of the characters and language from the city madam , and the chast maid of cheapside . nicholas trot. he writ one play , call'd , arthur , a tragedy . richard tuke . author of a play that represents the danger of the soul in this world , and was once called the souls warfare ; now , the divine comedian ; or , the right vse of plays , improv'd in a sacred , tragi-comedy , to . . and dedicated to the right honourable , mary , countess of warwick . s. tuke . an essex gentleman , a collonel , who in . translated a play from the spanish , called , the adventurers of five hours , a tragi-comedy to . . being the second edition ; it is dedicated to the right honourable , henry howard , of norfolk . this play is of good repute . cyril turner . an author who writ in the time of king iames the first , two plays , entituled , the atheists tragedy , to . the conveyance away of sebastian and fresco , on her husband's approach , is taken from boccace's novels , day . nov. . the loyal brother ; or , the revenger's tragedy , to . iohn tutchin . a gentleman of those times , who has writ one play , call'd , the vnfortunate shepherd , a pastoral , vo . . this is printed with a piece call'd , a discourse of life , in prose ; and some poems on several occasions , vo . v captain van brug . tho' this gentleman's modesty has hitherto hindred him from setting his name to any of the plays that he has writ , yet they are so universally known to be his , and own'd by him to the stage by all other ways , that it cannot reasonably be taken amiss by him , to find his name here , since it is not in the power of envy to mention it , without the highest value and esteem . this gentleman , as i am informed , was born in cheshire , and by more than a common education , and converse with the best company qualified for these performances , which have got him the preference to all our modern writers of comedy , since mr. wycherly , and sir. george etheridge have left the stage ; and with all the due respect that i owe those two great men , i must place mr. van brug in their form , for the sprightliness of his wit , the ea●iness , and at the same time , force of the conversation of his plays are such , that none else can stand in competition with him . methinks in the comparison of his plays , with most of our other drammatic pieces , there is the same difference , which there is betwixt the draughts of van dike , titian , and other great masters of former days , and some of our best painters now ; these are indeed good representations , but his are the things they represent ; ( if you 'll pardon that seeming contradiction of the expression ) many of our writers have given us good images of the fools of our age , but they are still but images ; but , when you read or see mr. van brug's , you see the very originals , all is so free , so easie and so bold , as perswade them to be no copies , you evidently see the lineaments of nature , without the stifness of art , which would but debase his work. others of our comic writers , who have succeeded most in that way , pick out characters that are indeed diverting enough on the stage , but which scarce one sensible man in a thousand can read in his chamber , so much is left to the action : but mr. van brug's characters are compos'd of that part of nature , which is not so monstrous to shock the reader , or nauseate his palate , but which yield a pleasing entertainment ; he puts folly into such a light , that it is as diverting to the reader as spectator ; and his fools are so pleasing , that you are not weary of their company before they leave you . another quality distinct from many of our received poets , is , that his men of wit are really so , and not like mr. shadwell's the dullest in the play : i have ventured to say all this , without either the prospect of encolpius in petronius arbiter , vt foris cenaris poetam laudasti , or the fear of that wity censure of the plain dealer , for choosing to flatter the poets of the age , rather than not flatter at all . because one that is unknown , can have but little expectations of the former , or justly deserve the latter , when he speaks but what is justly his due ; unless the praise of wit be as unallowable as superfluous . he has honoured his country with three plays that he owns : of these in their order . aesop , a comedy to . acted at the theatre royal , . in the preface we learn both the fate of the play , and that the author owes his foundation to the french ; for it was writ originally in french by mr. boursaut , and had almost the same fate there as here , as to its success ; the first day it was not lik'd , the next it scarce gain'd ground , the third it held up its head , and the fourth triumphed , and was in paris acted for near a month together . it is so far from wanting any beauties of the french , that it e'ry where excels it ; and that extreamly diverting scene of sir polydorus hog-stye , may be said to be entirely his own , as are all the three scenes that were since added of the players , the senator and the beau , and which were receiv'd with universal applause , as indeed they justly merited . it will perhaps be wondered that it should act so very often in paris , and not hold out a fortnight nor ten days here ; for which there may be two reasons assigned : first , in paris there is not that foolish and extravagant prejudice against the stage , as is entertain'd in a numerous party of this city , who rail against that and common prayer with an equal zeal : so that in paris almost e'ry one goes to the theatre , here not the tenth part , for hypocrisie and business here , divide the greater part to their several and different offices : another reason is , that the governours of the house were unwilling to wear it out , and so balk'd the run of it . i am not ignorant of the several objections made against this play by the criticks , viz. that the scenes are loose , and not at all akin to the plot● and may be cut out and alter'd in perpetuum , without the least injury or advantage to the thin and frail design of the play ; that in lydia , before the time of alexander the great , they talk of iustices of the peace , fox hunting , flanders horses and other things which are entirely modern ; but at the same time that these accusations must be confess'd not to be ill grounded ; it must be own'd , that without these faults we must have lost beauties of greater consequence . this i 'm sure , there has never been on the stage , a play of more general satyr since the plain dealer ; and there are such publick and useful morals recommended to the audience , that will be as beneficial to the common-weal , as diverting to the immediate spectators . the provok'd wife , a comedy to . acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , . to speak of this play as i ought , i shou'd have the pen of the author who writ it , and the recommending the reader to a perusal of it , is the greatest praise i can give it . but i cannot omit the objections i have heard made to it , by some of our criticks , viz. that it is a loose play , without design , or if there be a design , 't is such a one as the just rules of comedy exclude , since it teaches the wives how they ought to return the brutality of their husbands . i cannot by any means allow this objection ; for the design seems to me as just as the reflections and wit of it are poinant , the conversation lively and genteel ; for it rather teaches husbands how they ought to expect their wives shou'd make them a return , if they use them as sir iohn brute did his ; such husbands may learn , that slighted and abused virtue and beauty , may be provoked to hearken to the prevailing motives of revenge . i can never think any reasonable man shou'd suppose a woman entirely divested of a sense of humanity , or insensible either of the power of an agreeable temptation , or of the pleasure it yields : and as most of our vices are the surest guard , if not source of our virtues , i 'm confident , when the husbands ill usage of his wife deprives himself of her love , he dismisses the surest guard of their common honour ; and the other , that is her pride and care of her reputation will not be of force enough against revenge ; and the strong sollicitations of an agreeable person , that demonstrates a value for what the possessor slights : so that it cannot be deny'd , that this moral is of admirable use ; and offers a truth to our consideration , which wou'd often prevent the ruin of families , which generally begins with the husbands faults . i know of no thefts in this play , or indeed any of this gentlemans , but what he has own'd in his preface . the relapse , or virtue in danger , being the sequel to loves last shift or the fool in fashion , to . acted at the theatre royal , . this play was received with mighty applause , and spight of the broken scenes , which must be allowed an irregularity that might have been avoided , has its just and uncommon merits ; and i think the character of my lord foppington , if it at all fall short of that masterpiece of sir fopling flutter , at least challenges the next place , in preference to all of that kind , for the stage has been almost as fruitful in beaux , as the boxes . the time when these three plays were written is uncertain ; but all appeared in a little time of one another , and this which comes last in the alphabet , was the first in the representation ; and as he informs us in the prologue , was wrote in six weeks , a sign of a double blessing , of bringing forth without pain , and even children perfect and beautiful , without the usual nine months travel . w lewis wager . this author ( who was a clerk in queen elizabeth's time ) was then accounted a man of great learning . he writ in the beginning of her reign an interlude , stil'd , mary magdalen , her life and repentance , to . . this was printed in an old black letter , it may be acted by four or five persons . edmund waller , esq this gentleman was of a good family , and estate , the last ●ncommon with so good a poet● he was belov'd by all that knew him , for his personal merit and affability , as well as admir'd for his poetry . he died about eight years ●ince . the maid's tragedy , vo . . this was a play of fletcher's and is reviv'd with great alterations by this our author , and printed with his works . pompey the great , a tragedy , to . . acted by his highness the duke of york's servants . translated from corneille , in which the right honourable , the earl of dorset and middlesex assisted . george wapul . an author who has writ one play , call'd , tide tarrieth for no man , a comedy , to . . printed so long since , that mr. langbain could not find what volume or date it was of . it is stiled , a most pleasant and merry comedy , right pithy and full of delight . william wayer . he has a play so long since printed , that mr. langbain could never gain a sight of it . the title is , the longer thou liv'st the more fool thou art , a comedy , to . but so old that it has no date . it has also this title . a very merry and pithy comedy , &c. r. waver . an author as unknown as the two former : he publish'd but one play , which mr. langbain says he never saw , entituled , lusty iuventus , an interlude , to . printed without any date . tho' mr. langbain attributes this play to r. waver , yet his name is not to the title page , nor any where about the play , to give him that assurance ; but i suppose he depended on former catalogues . iohn webster . this author was clerk of st. andrews parish in hol●ourn , as he was contemporary with decker , marston , and rowley ; so he join'd with 'em in several plays , besides several he writ himself ; as , appius and virginia , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . there are more editions than one of this play , and has been reviv'd and alter'd by mr. betterton . for the plot see livii hist. florus , &c. the devil's law-case ; or , when women go to law , the devil is full of business , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by her majesty's servants , and dedicated to sir tho. finch . plot in part from skenkii observat. medic. p. ● . goulart's histoires admirabiles de nôtre temps , tom. . and v. maximus , lib. . cap. . the dutchess of malfey , a tragedy , to . . and . first acted privately at black-fryars , then publickly at the globe , by his majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , george , lord barkley . reviv'd and acted at the duke of york's theatre . plot from bandello's novels , nov. . goulart hist. admirab . p. . beard 's theatre of god's iudgments , book . ch. . the white devil ; or , the tragedy of p. giordano vrsini , duke of brachiano , with the life and death of vittoria corombona , the famous venetian curtezan ; to . . and . first acted at the phaenix in drury-lane , by the queen's majesty's servants , and since reviv'd and acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . in these two following plays our author was assisted by mr. rowley . a cure for a cuckold , a comedy , to . . this was several times formerly acted with great applause . the thracian wonder , to . . our authors call this a comical history , several times acted with great applause . iohn weston , esq this author , whose name is not watson , as mr. langbain mistakes , writ a play in king charles the second's time , stil'd , the amazon queen ; or , the amours of thalestris to alexander the great ; tragi-comedy , to . . this play writ in heroick verse , appeared not on the stage . plot from strabo , lib. . q. curt. lib. . and iustin , lib. . mr. whitaker . this author , in king charles the second's reign , publish'd a play , call'd , the conspiracy , ; or , the change of government ; a tragedy to . . in heroick verse , and acted at the duke of york's theatre . dr. robert wild. this author , tho' a presbyterian doctor , writ one play and divers poems , but is most famous for his iter boreale . the play is intituled , the benefice , a comedy , to . . the design taken from another play , call'd , the return from parnassus ; or , a scourge for simony . leonard willan . the author of a play , publish'd one pastoral in verse , call'd , as●raea ; or , true love's mirrour ; a pastoral , vo . ● . it is dedicated to the illustrious princess , mary , dutchess of richmond and lenox . plot from a romance so called . george wilkins . he liv'd in the reign of king charles the first , and writ ( besides one he join'd with day and rowley in ) a play , call'd , the m●series of inforced marriage , a tragi-comedy , to . . mrs. behn took her plot and great part of the language of this play , to her town fop ; or , sir timothy tawdry . the other play he join'd in , is called , the travels of three english brothers . robert wilmot . a poet of queen elizabeth's reign , and at the request of the gentlemen of the inner-temple , writ , tanc●ed and grismond , a tragedy , to . . acted before her majesty by the gentlemen of the inner-temple ; and dedicated it to the right worshipful and vertuous ladies , the lady mary peter , and the lady ann grey . plot , nov. . day . of boccace's novels . iohn wilson . an author of the place of whose birth i am ignorant ; he was once recorder of londonderry , and sometime resided in dublin , where he writ belphegor , which was afterwards acted in london he died about three years since , near leicester-fields , but where buried i know not . he is author of four plays ; viz. andronicus commenius , a tragedy , to . . plot from heylin's cosmography in the description of greece , cantacusenus , leunclavius , &c. belphegor ; or , the marriage of the devil ; a comedy , to . . acted at the queen's theatre in dorset-garden . plot taken from a novel of machiavel , and quevedo's novels , vo . the cheats , a comedy , to . printed two editions , the last . this play met with applause when first acted , and is a diverting comedy . the projectors , a comedy , to . . this play met with no great success . robert wilson . a gentleman that liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , and writ one play , call'd , the cobler's prophecy , a comedy , to . . nathaniel wood. he was a clergy-man , and liv'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , in the city of norwich ; writ one play , calling it , the conflict of conscience , a pastoral , to . . this is a play of morality , and may be presented by six persons . iohn wright . a gentleman , if i mistake not , of the middle-temple , and is yet living ; has writ two plays , of which in their order : thyestes , a tragedy , vo . . dedicated to bennet , lord sherrard . translated from seneca . mock thyestes , a farce , vo . . this is writ in burlesque verse , and printed to be bound up with the former . thomas wright . i can give no account of this author , only that he has a play in print , call'd , the female vertuoso's , a comedy , to . . and dedicated to the right honourable charles , earl of winchelsea . the design our author owns none of his own , but of some fri●nd from the french. the prologue written and spoke by mr. dogget ; yet all not enough to make it take . william wycherley . a shropshire gentleman , who has excell'd all writers in all languages , in comedy , and most of the poets of the present age in generous dealing with those he owns his friends , he has writ four plays , the country wise , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal. this play from the beginning has been frequently acted with great applause . the gentleman dancing-master , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . love in a wood ; or , st. iames's park ; a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants ; and dedicated to the dutchess of cleveland . the plain dealer , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants . this is accounted the most excellent of all his comedies , of which and the author , mr. dryden and mr. evelyn gives a large encomium . some of the characters are in molliere's le misanthrope , and scarron's city romance , vo . y robert yarrington . an author in queen elizabeth's reign , who writ one play , entituled , two tragedies in one , to . . two murthers , one of a chandler and his boy , the other of a child in a wood , by order or contrivance of his uncle , are the subject of this play. supposed authors . r. a. gent. this author writ one play , call'd , the valiant welch man ; or , the true chronicle history of the life and valiant deeds of charadoc the great , king of cambria , now called wales ; a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by the prince of wales's servants , the plot ●rom vbaldine le vite del donne illustre , p. . tacitus annals , milton's history of england , and from our british chronicles . h. b. this author has publish'd one play , entituled , the world's idol ; or , plutus , a comedy , vo . . translated from aristophanes , with notes and a discourse upon it . p. b. the mock duellist ; or , the french vallet ; a comedy , supposed to be writ by peter bellon , gent. to . . acted at the theatre royal by his majesty's servants , and dedicated to the vertuous , accomplisht lady , madam s. c. i. c. this author writ a very diverting play , call'd , the two merry milk maids ; or , the best words near the garland , a comedy , to . . play'd before the king with great applause , by the company of the revels . part of the plot from the tenth day , nov. . of boccace's novels , and is the foundation of several plays , as fletcher's four plays in one , &c. i. d. under these two letters are these two plays following : hell 's high court of iustice ; or , the tryal of three politick ghosts , viz. oliver cromwell , king of sweeden , and cardinal mazarine ; a tragedy , to . . the mall ; or , the modish lovers ; a comedy , to . . acted by the king's servants , and dedicated to william whitcom , iunior , esq ( supposed by dr. hide , the proto-bibliothicarius to the university ) to be mr. dryden's , tho' it differs much from the stile of his works . r. g. this translator and author was some time master of arts of magdalen-colledge , oxon ; publish'd two plays : alphonsus , king of arragon , a comical history , to . . as it has been sundry times acted . ignoramus , a comedy , to . . very often acted with applause before king iames the first , written originally in latin and translated by our author . s. h. this author was of exeter-colledge , oxon ; and whilst batchelor of arts , writ sicily and naples ; or , the fatal vnion ; a tragedy , to . . there were several copies of verses in praise of this play , writ by the students of oxon. supposed authors . b. i. under these letters are printed these two plays : guy , earl of warwick ; a tragedy , to . said by some to be writ by ben. iohnson , tho much inferior to the works of that excellent poet. the bashful lovers , a tragi-comedy , vo . . acted at the black-fryars , by his majesty's servants . e. m. this author writ one play , call'd , saint cecily ; or , the converted twins , a tragedy , to . . supposed to be writ by mr. matthew medbourn , the comedian , and dedicated to queen catharine . plot from eusebius , epiphanius , baronius , &c. n. n. rome's follies ; or , the amorous fryars ; a comedy , as it was lately acted at a person of quality's house , to . . this play ( which has been omitted by mr. langbain ) is dedicated to the right honourable , anthony , earl of shaftsbury . there 's not enough in this play to recommend it to the nicer iudges of poetry : instead of the author's name , we only find the two letters above-mentioned . w. n. hvntin●ton's divertisement ; or , an interlude for the general entertainment of the county feast , held at merchant taylors-hall , printed , to . . by w. n. and dedicated to the nobility and gentry of that country . t. p. this author has published two plays : the french conjurer , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . plot part of it from gusman , in the stories of dorido and cloridia , and the merchant of sevil. a witty combat ; or , the female victor , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted by several persons of quality . plot from the german princess , a novel , in vo . monsieur p. p. this translator publish'd , ariadne ; or , the marriage of bacchus ; an opera , to . . acted by the royal academy of musick at the theatre royal , and dedicated to the king ; being a vocal representation from the french , and set to musick by mr. grabutt , master of the king's musick . s. p. troades , a tragedy , vo . . supposed to be writ by samuel pordage , and taken from seneca . t. r. a translator , who publish'd this one play , call'd , the extravagant shepherd , a pastoral comedy , to . . and dedicated to mrs. thornehill , of ollantigh , in kent . translated from corneille ; plot founded on lysis ; or , the extravagant shepherd ; a romance , fol. w. r. christmas ordinary , a private shew ; wherein is express'd the jovial freedom of that festival ; as it was acted at a gentleman's house among other revels ; printed . this is a piece that falls into the number of dramatick writings , tho there is not much to recommend it to this place . the author is not known , but there are two letters of his name put to the title page ; ( viz. ) w. r. master of arts. the coronation of queen elizabeth , or , the restauration of the protestant religion , &c. mr. s. master of arts. the author of this ancient play , printed in a black letter , is styled by him , a right pithy , pleasant , and merry comedy , called , gammer gurton's needle ; a comedy , to . . acted at christ's-college , cambridge , near a hundred years ago . i. s. under these two letters are publish'd these following plays , viz. andromana ; or , the merchants wife , a tragedy , to . . plot from sir philip sidney's arcadia , in the story of plangus , p. . masquerade du ciel , a masque to . . and dedicated to the queen . phillis of scyros , a pastoral , to . . translated from the italian of c. guidubaldo di bonarelli . the prince of priggs revels ; or , the practises of that grand thief , captain iames hinde , a comedy , to . this piece i cou'd never yet get a sight of . s. s. this author publish'd only this single play , entituled , the honest lawyer , a comedy , to . . acted by the queen's servants . i. t. under these two letters we may find two plays printed , viz. grim , the collier of croyden ; or , the devil and his dam , with the devil of st. dunstan's , a comedy , vo . . plot from machiavel's marriage of belphegor , a novel , fol. 't is also printed with quevedo's novels , vo . and in the ternary of plays . troas , a tragedy , to . . translated from seneca . c. w. this author is supposed to be christopher wase , late one of the squire-beadles of oxford , who publish'd a play call'd , electra , a tragedy , . hague , . presented to her highness the lady elizabeth . translated from sophocles . e. w. one who does not pretend to be the author , but the occasion of publishing this single play ; apollo shr●ving , a comedy , vo . . writ by the master of hadleigh-school in suffolk , and acted there by his scholar's . i. w. under these two letters is printed one play , call'd , the valiant scot. to . . publish'd by william bowyer , and dedicated to the right honourable , iames , marques of hamilton . l. w. under these two letters the author publish'd this play , entituled , orgula ; or , the fatal error , a tragedy , to . . and dedicated to the most accomplish'd lady , the lady frances wildegooss ; with a preface shewing the true nature of poesie . m. w. master of arts. the second author who has this play in the ternary of plays , viz. the marriage-broker ; or , the pander ; a comedy , vo . . plot from english chronicles , in the reign of sebert , king of the west saxons . r. w. this ancient author publish'd a play many years ago , which mr. langbain gave a wrong title to , by reason he never saw it , and is entituled , the three ladies of london . t. w. the third author who has this following tragedy , in the ternary of plays , call'd , thornby-abby ; or , the london maid , a tragedy vo . and dedicated to william austin , esq by r. d. the publisher ; and translated from plautus . w. w. the translator of this following comedy , call'd , manaeehmi , a comedy , to . . this author had several others translated , tho' never publish'd them . unknown authors . a the abdicated prince ; or , the adventures of four years ; a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at white-hall , by several persons of quality . abraham's sacrifice , mentioned in former catalogues , but i question whether it may be properly called a play , mr. langbain , or my self , having never seen it . an alarum for london ; or , the siege of antwerp ; with the adventurous acts , and valiant deeds of the lame soldier ; a tragi-comedy , to . . play'd by the servants of the right honourable , the lord chamberlain . plot from the tragical history of the city of antwerp , to . albion , an interlude , mentioned in former catalogues , but never met with by mr. langbain , or my self albion's triumph , a masque , to . . personated at court by the king , queen , and the lords , the sunday after twelfth-night , . albumazer , a comedy , to . . play'd at cambridge before the king , by the gentlemen of trinity-colledge ; afterwards revived at the king's house with a new prologue writ by mr. dryden . aminta , a pastoral , to . . translated from tasso's aminta , with ariadne's complaint , in imitation of anguilara . the amorous gallant ; or , love in fashion ; sometimes under the title of the amorous orontus ; a comedy , to . . translated from a french play , writ by th. corneille , stiled , l'amour alamode ; the plot from a spanish play writ by ant. de solis , named , el amor al vso . the amorous old woman ; or , 't is well if it take ; a comedy , to . . 't is also printed with another title , call'd , the fond lady . andronicus , a tragedy , impiety's long success ; or , heaven's late revenge . vo . . this play is not mentioned by mr. langbain , nor can i learn who is the author thereof . arden of feversham , his true and lamentable tragedy , who was barbarously murthered by the means of his wife , who being in love with one mosebie , hired two ruffins , black will and shakbag to kill him , to . . plot from goodwin , hayward , hollingshead , baker , and beard 's theatre of god's iudgments . the arraignment of paris , a pastoral , supposed by kirkman to be mr. william shakespear's . b the banish'd duke ; or , the tragedy of infortunatuo ; to . . acted at the theatre royal. the battle of alcazar , fought in barbary , between sebastian , king of portugal ; and abdelmelech , king of morocco ; with the death of captain stukely , a tragedy , to . . acted by the lord high admiral 's servants . plot from heylin's cosmography in the history of spain ; de rebus lusitan . by andr. schottum , fol. and fuller's worthies . band , ruff , and cuff ; accounted an interlude in former catalogues , but neither mr. langbain nor my self , could ever procure the sight of one . the bastard , a tragedy , to . . plot and part of the language is taken from the loves of schiarra and florelia , in the english lovers . see also the vnfortunate spaniard . the bloody duke ; or , the adventures for a crown , a tragi-comedy , to . . by the author of the abdicated prince ; acted at the court of alba regalis , by several persons of quality . bonduca , with an entertainment of musick , vocal and instrumental , a tragedy acted at the theatre in dorset-garden , . to . and dedicated by mr. powel to the right honourable , the lord iefferys . this play on the revival ( for it is scarce to be said more ) tho' the two universities club'd to the alterations , did not succeed so well as it deserv'd , considering it almost all fletcher's . braggadocio ; or , the bawd turn'd puritan , a comedy , to . . by a person of quality . c caesar's revenge , a tragedy , of which i can give no account . charles the first , king of england , his tragedy , to . . and dedicated to king charles the second , with a copy of verses in praise of it . plot from english chronicles . the combat of caps , a masque which is mentioned in divers catalogues , but i could never see one . the commmons condition , a comedy , of which i can give no account . the constant nymph ; or , the rambling shepherd , a pastoral , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . the cornish comedy , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal in dorset-garden , by his majesty's servants , this play was writ by a cornish attorney , as i am inform'd , who had better have kept to the other offices of the quil , so very different from those of parnassus . 't is dedicated by mr. powel to christopher rich , esq one of the patentees of his majesty's theatre ; and usher'd in , like other plays that miss of success , with a preface in its vindication , let its fate be never so just . the coronation of queen elizabeth ; or , the restauration of the protestant religion , and the downfal of the pope , to . . being a most excellent play , as it was acted both at bartholomew and southwark fairs , with great applause . this is only a droll , but the success the current of the times gave it , met with a bookseller to make it pass the press ; but there is no great poetry to be expected from it , or any mastery of design or conduct ; yet if the readers have a mind to see a particular account of the transactions of that glorious queen , i wou'd advise them , besides our chronicles of stow , speed , baker , &c. to read the great cambden's elizabeth , and dr. burnet's history of the reformation . the costly whore , a comical history , to . . acted by the company of revels . the contention between york and lancaster , two parts , with the death of the good duke humphrey , and the banishment and death of the duke of suffolk , and the tragical end of the proud cardinal of winchester , with the notable rebellion of iack cade , and the duke of york's first claim to the crown , a tragedy , to . . this play differs very little from the second part of shakespear's henry the sixth , fol. the counterfeits , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . plot from a translated spanish novel , called , the trapanner trapann'd , vo . . some account this play to be iohn leanard's , a great plagiary . the counterfeit bridegroom ; or , the defeated widow ; a comedy , to . . acted at his royal highness the duke's theatre . 't is only an old play of middleton's , call'd , no wit like a woman's , vo . cromwell's conspiracy , a tragi-comedy . this i never saw . cruel debtor , a play only nam'd by mr. kirkman , but i never saw ●ny such . cupid's whirligig , a comedy , to . . several times acted by ●he children of his majesty's revels , and dedicated by the publisher , to mr. rob. hayman . plot , boccace's novels , fol. cyrus , king of persia ; a tragedy . d damon and pythias , a history . darius , ( stiled ) a pretty new interlude , both pithy and pleasant , of the story of king darius , being taken out of the third and fourth chapter of esdras . lond. . to . this is a good old play , and the author has so contriv'd it , that six persons may ●asily act it . the title page refers the reader to the place where ( if his curiosity requires it ) he may read the story . the debauchee ; or , the cred●lous cuckold ; a comedy , to . . acted at his highness the duke of york's theatre . 't is a play of broome's reviv'd , call'd , a mad couple well match'd . the destruction of ierusalem . dick scorner , mentioned to be a play in mr. kirkman's catalogue . the divine masque , to . dedicated to general monk , by one anthony sadler . e edward the third , his reign , a history , to . . sundry times play'd about the city of london . plot from our old english chronicles . edward the third , with the fall of mortimer , earl of march , a history , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and dedicated to the right honourable , henry , lord viscount sidney . plot from the english chronicles , vide walsingham , du chesne , grafton , stow , speed , m. westminster , fabian , fro●ssart , pol. virgil , hollingshead , &c. as also aeschasius major , and a novel translated from the french , stiled , the countess of salisbury , vo . elvira , or , the worst not always true ; a tragi-comedy , to . . this is by some ascribed to the lord digby . the empress of morocco , a farce , to . . acted by his majesty's servants . said to be writ by tho. duffet . english men for money ; or , a woman will have her will ; a very pleasant comedy , to . . often acted with great applause . the english princes ; or , the death of richard the third ; a tragedy , to . . this play is ascribed to iohn carel , and writ in heroick verse . plot from hollingshead , speed , baker , stow , fabian , grafton , pol. virgil , &c. enough 's as good as a feast , a comedy . every woman in her humour , a comedy , to . . f the factious citizen ; or , the melancholy visioner ; a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . the faithful shepherd , a pastoral , to . plot from guarini's il pastor fido. fair em , the miller's daughter of manchester ; with the love of william the conqueror , a pleasant comedy , to . . often acted in the city of london , by the servants of the right honourable , the lord strange . the fairy queen , an opera , to . . represented at the queen's theatre , by their majesties servants . there 's a preface prefixt to it , in defence of opera's , &c. 't is wholly borrowed from the midsummer-night's dream , of shakespear , tho' there is no such acknowledgment by this author . the fair maid of bristow , a comedy , to . . play'd before the king and queen at hampton court. the false favourite disgrac'd , and the reward of loyalty ; a tragi-comedy , vo . . this play is ascribed to george gerbier d'ouvilly , but never acted . the fatal iealousie , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre , and ascribed by some to mr. pane. plot from iohannes gigas's postills ; see also theatre of god's iudgments , part . p. . vnfortunate lovers , nov. . the feign'd astrologer , a comedy , to . . translated from the french of monsieur corneille , iunior . plot from calderon's el astrologo fingido . fidele and fortunatus , in former catalogues has been ascribed to one barker . flora's vagaries , a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants ; ascribed to mr. rhodes . plot is founded on boccace's third day , nov. . the folly of priestcraft , a comedy , to . . the fond lady , a comedy , to . the same with the amorous old woman , only different titles . free-will , a tragedy , translated from the italian , by h. c. supposed to be henry cheek . fulgius and lucrelle , i can say nothing of this play , having never seen it . g the gentile craft , see shoomakers holiday , which is the same play. the ghost ; or , the woman wears the breeches , a comedy , writ in the year , . and printed to . . h the hector ; or , the false challenge ; a comedy , to . . henry the fifth , with the battel of agen-court ; a history , to . . acted by the king's majesty's servants . plot from the english chronicles , viz. stow , speed , baker , &c. histriomastrix ; or , the player whipt , a comedy , to . . this play was writ in the time of queen elizabeth . hoffman his tragedy ; or , a revenge for a father ; acted with great applause , at the phaenix in drury-lane , dedicated by hugh perry , to his honoured friend mr. richard kilvert . how to chuse a good wife from a bad one , a pleasant conceited comedy , to . . several times acted by the servants of the earl of worcester . the foundation of this play is taken from a novel in cynthio giraldi , dec. . nov. . the story of anselmes saving of young arthur's wife , is related in several novels ; vide the ninth novel of the pleasant companion ( printed in vo . london , . ) stil'd , love in the grave . i iack drums entertainment ; or , the comedy of pasquil and catherine , to . . several times acted by the children of pauls● mammon's poysoning of catherine●s face , resembles the usage of demagoras to parthenia , in argulus and parthenia . iack iugler , a comedy , according to old catalogues , but i could never procure one . iack straw's life and death , a notorious rebel in england , who was kill'd in smithfield by the lord mayor of london , to . ● . this play is divided into but four acts. plot in the english chronicles , viz. baker , speed , stow , &c. in the reign of king richard the second . iacob and esau , an interlude , this play , as it is easy to be perceived , is founded on scripture . see genesis , chap. , , &c. see also iosephus , lib. . tornelli annales , &c. iames the fourth , a history . the play is founded on the king of scotland of that name . ieronymo , the first part , with the wars of portugal ; or , the spanish tragedy , a tragedy , to . . containing the life and death of iohn andraea . ieronymo is mad again ; or , the spanish tragedy ; a tragedy , containing the lamentable end of d. horatio and bellimperin , with the pitiful death of ieronymo , to . . there are some authors that have quoted several lines out of this play , viz. ben. iohnson in every man in his humour , shirley in his bird in a cage , &c. impatient poverty , stiled a comedy by some catalogues . the imperial tragedy ; fol. . acted at the nursery in barbican , plot from marcellinus and cassiodorus , in their chronicles about zenon ; see also , baronius , godeau , zonarus , &c. 't is by some ascribed to sir william killigrew , and translated from the latin. the int●rlude of youth , a serious , old , instructive piece , written in verse in to . iohn the evangelist , the title page of this also shews the subject divine . the iovial crew ; or , the devil turn'd ranter ; an interlude , to . . this is a character of the roaring ranters of those times represented in a comedy . k king edgar and alfreda , a history , to . plot from english chr●nicles . the king and queen's entertainment at richmond , after their leaving oxford , in a masque , presented by the most illustrious prince charles , september . . and dedicated to her majesty , the queen of great britain , by a copy of verses . a knack how to know an honest man , a comedy , to . . 't is entituled a pleasant conceited comedy , as it has been sundry times play'd about the city of london . a knack how to know a knave , a very pleasant and merry comedy , to . . several times acted by edw. allen , with kemp's applauded merriments of the men of goteham , in receiving the king into goteham . plot from the story of king edgar , ethenwald and alfreda ; see also walsingham , grafton , malmesbury , stow , &c. the knave in grain new vampt , a comedy , to . . acted at the fortune with very great applause . knavery in all trades ; or , the coffee-house ; a comedy , to . . acted in the christmas holy-days , by several apprentices with great applause . the knight of the golden shield . see sir clyomon . l the lady alimony ; or , the alimony-lady ; an excellent pleasant comedy , to . . duly authorised , daily acted , and frequently followed . the late revolution ; or , the happy change ; a tragi-comedy , acted throughout the english dominions , in the year . written by a person of quality , and printed in to . . the epistle dedicatory is to all true english men , &c. this play or story is what the title bears , viz. the transactions of the late king 's leaving the nation . the laws of nature , a comedy , by former catalogues ; but i question whether any such . the levellers levelled ; or , the independents conspiracy to root ou● monarchy ; an interlude written by mercurius pragmaticus , to . . this is dedicated to the late king charles the second . liberality and prodigality , a comedy . lingua ; or , the combat of tho . tongue and the five senses for superiority ; a pleasant comedy , to . mr. winstanly says , that oliver cromwell , the late usurper , acted the part of lactus , in cambridge , which first inspir'd him with ambition . london chanticlers , a witty comedy , full of various and delightful mirth , often acted with great applause , and printed to . . look about you , a pleasant comedy , to . . play'd by the servants of the right honourable , lord high admiral . for the historical part , see the english chronicles ; viz. baker , speed , pol. virgil , daniel , &c. in the reign of king henry the second . the lost lady , a tragi-comedy , fol. love a-la-mode , a comedy , to . . acted at middlesex house , with great applause . this play is justified by the author , who , if we believe the title page , is a person of honour . love's loadstone , a comedy , to . of which i refer you to the letter p. where you may find some account of it under the title of pathomachia ; or , the battle of affections ; which is the same play , . luminalia ; or , the festival of light ; a masque , to . . this was personated ( the same year ) on shrove-tuesday-night , by the queen's majesty and her ladies . mr. inigo iones assisted in it . m manhood and wisdom , a play mentioned in other catalogues . marcus tullius cicero , that famous orator , his tragedy , to . . writ in imitation of catiline's conspiracy , by iohnson . plot plutarch in vita ciceronis , appian , dion , lambin , &c. marriage of wit and science , an interlude . master turbulent ; or , the melancholicks ; a comedy , to . . as it was acted at the duke's theatre . masque of flowers , to . . presented at the banquetting-house at white-hall , by the gentlemen of grays-inn , on twelfth-night , . it is dedicated to sir francis bacon , then attorney general . massianello , his tragedy ; or , the rebellion of naples ; vo . . this is dedicated to iohn caesar , of hyde-hall , in the county of hertford , esq plot from giraffi's history of naples , englished by iames howel . mercurius britanicus ; or , the english intelligencer ; a tragi-comedy , to . this play reflects much upon the iudges , cook , hutton , and other persons concerned in the business of ship-money . it has but four acts. the merry devil of edmonton , a comedy , to . . plot , fuller's church hist. p. . the morning ramble ; or , the town-humours ; a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this play some think to be written by one mr. pane. mucedorus , the king's son of valencia ; and amadon , the king's daughter of arragon ; with the merry conceits of mouse ; a comedy , to . . acted at the globe , and afterwards before the king at white-hall . supposed to be writ by shakespear , and printed formerly . the muse of new-market , containing three drolls ; viz. the mery milk maids of islington ; or , the rambling gallants defeated : love lost in the dark ; or , the drunken couple : the politick whore ; or , the conceited cuckold . t. . . acted ( as the title says ) at new-market . all three drolls stollen from other plays . the mistaken beauty , or , the lyar ; a comedy , to . . acted by their majesties servants , at the theatre royal. translated from corneille's le menteur . n neglected vertue ; or , the vnhappy conqueror ; a play acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants , . to . and dedicated by mr. horden the player , to the honourable , sir iohn smith , baronet , &c. in which he lets his patron know its ill success , and that it 's none of his own , and in that he 's much in the right , for all the comical part is taken out of fletcher . nero's tragedy , to . writ many years since ; another bearing the like title , was writ and publish'd by mr. lee. plot or hist. from suetonius in vita neronis , aurelius victor , sulpitius severus , and tacitus annal. a new custom , an interlude , to . . it contains but three acts , and may be acted by four persons . this being writ in queen elizabeth's time , was purposely to vindicate the reformation . new-market-fair , the first part , a tragi-comedy , to . new-market-fair ; or , mrs. parliament's new figaries ; the second part , a tragi-comedy , to . . and the title tells you , writ by the man in the moon , and printed at you may go look . the intent of these two plays are to expose the rebels against king charles the first . the nice wanton , a comedy . no body , and some body ; with the true chronicle history of elydure , who was fortunately three times crown'd king of england , to . acted by the queen's majesty's servants . it is not divided into acts. for the true story consult our english chronicles . o an old wives tale. orlando furioso , one of the twelve peers of fr●nce ; a hist. to . . acted before the queen's majesty . it is not divided into acts : translated by sir iohn harrington from ariosto's poem so called . p pastor fido ; or , the faithful shepherd ; a pastoral , to . . written in italian by guarini , and afterwards translated into english by this author , who conceals his name ; but ( if we believe the bookseller who printed it after his decease , was a relation to sir edward dimock , then queen elizabeth's champion . sir richard fanshaw and mr. settle have both put their pens to the same subject . pathomachia ; or , the battle of affections , shadowed by a feigned seige of the city pathopolis ; a comedy , to . . published by one constable , and dedicated to the lord hunsdon : but is the same play as love's loadstone , only different in title . patient grissel , a comedy . plot from boccace's novels , day . nov. fol. pausanias , the betrayer of his country , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants ; written by a person of quality , . to . and dedicated to anthony henly , of the grange in hampshire , esq by mr. southern ; the epilogue being writ by mr. henly , and the prologue by an unknown hand . mr. southern in●orms us in the epistle , that it was put into his hands by a person of quality ; and that the play is built on the model of the ancients , and according to the reformation of the french stage ; and i am of opinion that there is something of the manly force of the ancients in it : tho' the perverted iudgments of the town could not relish it . the story you will find in his life in plutarch . the pedlar's prophecy , a comedy . philotus , a comedy , to . printed in scotland , . this play shews the mischiefs oft-times happening by old age marrying with youth . piso's conspiracy , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this is no more than the tragedy of nero , with a title chang'd , and if you compare them , will find no difference throughout . the presbyterian lash ; or , noctroff's maid whipt ; a tragi-comedy , to . . and , says the title page , acted in the great room at the pye-tavern at algate , by noctroff the priest , and several of his parishoners at the eating of a chine of beef . the promises of god manifested , this has been in former catalogues as a dramatick piece , but whether it be so i much question . promus and cassandra , in two parts . q the queen ; or , the excellency of her sex ; a tragi-comedy , to . . published by alexander gough , being given him by a person of honour ; dedicated to the lady catharine mohun . plot , part of it from bandello's novels , and part from histoires tragicques par de bellesorest , vo . r the rampant alderman ; or , news from the exchange ; a farce , to . . this is taken out of several other plays , as fine companion , &c. the rape ; or , the innocent impostors , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants , . to . and dedicated to the right honourable , charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , &c. this play was writ by a divine , tho' introduc'd by our late laureat , mr. shadwel . it met with no great success , tho● it is not the worst of our english tragedies . the reformation , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this play is accounted to be written by mr. arrowsmith . the rehearsal , a comedy , to . . this being an excellent farce , and ascribed to the late duke of buckingham , as author , has bore several impressions , and is frequently acted of late days . this play lashes the ridiculous model of our modern tragedies . the religious rebel , a tragi-comedy , to . . the return from parnassus ; or , the scourge of simony , a comedy , to . . it was acted by the students of st. iohn's c●lledge in cambridge . this play censures the poets , and is the original dr. wild's play , call'd , the benefice . the revenge ; or , a match in newgate ; a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this is only a play of marston's , called , the dutch courtezan , reviv'd and ascribed to mrs. behn . the rivals , a tragi-comedy , in to . printed . robin conscience . this has been stiled a play , but is rather an old dialougue , entituled , robin conscience against his father covetous , his mother newguise , and his sister proud beauty . robin hood's pastoral may games . robin hood and his crew of soldiers . romulus and hersilia ; or , the sabine war ; a tragedy , to . . plot from livii hist. lib. . ovidii metamorph. lib. , &c. the royal cuckold ; or , great bastard ; giving an account of the birth and pedigree , of lewis le grand , the first french king of that name and race , a tragi-comedy , as it is acted by his imperial majesty's servants , at the amphitheatre in vienna ; translated out of the german language , by paul veegerius , . to . and dedicated to the right honourable , edward russel , lord high admiral of england , &c. this play was never acted , and is taken from a little book in vo . called , the secret history of lewis the fourteenth . the royal masque at hampton-court , to . . presented ianuary the th , that year ; personated by the queen 's most excellent majesty , and the ladies of honour attending . the royal voyage ; or , the irish expedition ; a tragi-comedy , to . . you may easily conjecture what the subject of this play is , by its title and date . s salmacida spolia , a masque , to . . this was presented by the king and queen's majesties , on the th of ianuary the same year at white-hall . the scenes , machines and ornaments are the invention of mr. inigo iones , surveyor general of his ma●esty's works . what was sung or spoken , was writ by sir william davenant ; and the musick was composed by her majesty's master of musick , mr. lewis richards . the scottish politick presbyter slain by an english independent ; or , the independents victory over the presbyterian party , &c. a tragi-comedy , to . . this is a play of the same class with the ●ormer , and of most others that are writ by anonimous authors , ●or the particular gust of the times they are printed in . the year of its being printed , the title of it shews ; where the reader may find more of the grounds of it , viz. in the accounts of the transactions of those times . she ventures , and he wins , a comedy , acted at the new theatre in little-lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , written by a young lady , . to . the plot is taken from a very pleasant witty novel of mr. alexander oldis , called , the fair extravagant ; or , the humorous bride . sicelides , a piscatory dramma , or a pastoral , to . . acted at king's-colledge , cambridge . for the plot consult ovid metamorph . lib. , & . also orlando furioso . shoomakers holyday ; or , the gentle craft ; with the humorous life of simon eyre , shoomaker and lord mayor of london , a comedy , to . . acted before the queen's most excellent majesty , by the right honourable the lord high admiral 's servants . the story from the old book , called , the gentle craft , to . the siege of constantinople , a tragedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . plot from heylin's cosmography , book . in the description of greece , paulus iovius , knolles hist. and constantinopolis a mabammada da. expugnata , fol. the siege and surrender of mons , a tragi-comedy , exposing the villany of the priests , and the intreagues of the french , . to . this was never acted , and is built on the publick news , and private reports of that siege . sir clyomon , knight of the golden-shield , son to the king of denmark ; and clamydes , the white knight , son to the king of suavia , ( both valiant knights ) their history , to . . sir giles goose-cap , knight ; a comedy , to . . acted at the private house in salisbury-court , with great applause . this was publish'd by one perry , and dedicated to richard young , esq sir solomon ; or , the cautious coxcomb ; a comedy , to . . acted at his royal highness , the duke of york's theatre . this is mostly a translation from moliere's l'ecole des femmes , and most agree done by mr. carel. this play , tho' met with some enemies , yet found success in the action ; and afterwards the author printed a iustification of it . solimon and perseda , their tragedy ; wherein is laid open love's constancy , fortune's inconstancy , and death's triumphs ; to . . this old play , with the before-going long title , is not divided into acts. the sophister , a comedy , to . . this play , tho' printed , was not , i believe , ever acted . the spanish bawd ; or , calisto and melibea , represented in celestina , a tragi-comedy , fol. . the play is very long , and was originally writ in spanish , and done into english by don diego puedeser , a spaniard ; who also translated another book into english , called , exemplary novels , fol. there are twenty four acts in the spanish bawds . sport upon sport ; drolls , vo . this is a collection of drolls taken from plays , by kirkman , and printed . the step-mother , a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre in little lincoln●-inn-fields , by his highness , the duke of york's servants . the strange discovery , a tragi-comedy , to . . plot and language from heliodorus's aethiopick hist. vo . book . susanna's tears . the subjects ioy ; or , the king's restauration , cheerfully made known in a sacred masque , &c. to . . dedicated to the lord general monk. this masque has been omitted by mr. langbain . swetnam , the woman-hater , arraign'd by women , a comedy , to . . acted at the red-bull , by the queen's servants . plot from an old spanish book , call'd , historia de aurelia , isabella hija del rey de escotia , &c. mo . and from an english pamphlet , entituled , the arraignment of lewd , idle , froward , and inconstant woman . t tempe restored a masque , to . . this was presented on shrove-tuesday , at white-hall , to his majesty , by the queen and fourteen ladies of honour . the descriptions , &c. of the scenes were invented by mr. inigo iones . thersytes , an interlude . tiberius ( claudius nero ) his tragical life and death , a tragedy , to . . plot from suetonius , dion , tacitus , &c. timoleon ; or , the revolution ; a tragi-comedy , london , printed . to . and dedicated to his friend , i. f. the comical part is a very good and useful satyr on the mercenary temper of many courtiers of preferring money to merit . the story of timoleon , is in his life in plutarch , and cornelius nepos , &c. tom essence ; or , the modish wife ; a comedy , to . . this play succeeded well , and is said to be writ by one mr. rawlins ; part from molliere's le cocu imaginarie , and part from corneilles d. caesar d' avalos . tom tyler and his wife , an interlude , to . printed first many years ago , in an old english black letter , and in a sort of burlesque verse . the drift of the whole play is to represent and humble a shrew . if it be compar'd with monsieur poison's le sot venge , a near resemblance will appear . a traytor to himself ; or , man's heart his greatest enemy ; a moral interlude , in heroick verse , to . . this was acted by the boys of a publick school at a breaking up , and publish'd that it may be useful on the like occasion . in it are no womens parts . plautus his captives is writ like it . the true trojans ; or , fuimus troes ; being a story of the britains valour at the romans first invasion ; a history , to . . this play was publickly presented by the gentlemen students of magdalen-college , in oxon. plot from liv. lib. . caesar comment . lib. , and . galfridus ap . arthur monumetensis . de gestis regum britanniae , lib. . a tryal of chivalry , to . wanting the title page , i 'm ignorant of the date and place of its acting . tryal of treasure . the triumphs of virtue , a tragi-comedy , acted at the theatre royal , . by his majesty's servants . tho' this play succeeded not , it seems , among a great many faults of language , not to want some merit ; and had the style and language been as good as the design , it could not have fail'd of applause . the begining seems to be borrowed from fletcher's wit without money ; and great part of the character of antonio ( if i 'm not mistaken ) is copied from thence . tunbridge-wells ; or , a day 's courtship , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this is thought to be writ by mr. rawlins , tho' the title says , by a person of quality . this does not equal epsom-wells . tyrannical government . v the vnfortunate vsurper , a tragedy , to . . dedicated to mr. edward vmferville . the same story of andronicus commenus , is writ by one wilson , before-mentioned ; which play i take to excel this , but in this , act . scene . we have a parallel between those times , and our late civil wars . the vngrateful favourite , a tragedy , to . . writ by a person of honour ; but i do not find it was ever acted . see guicciardine pontanus , and other writers on the affairs of naples . w● a warning for fair women , a tragedy , to . . the title tells you it contains the most tragical and lamentable murther of mr. george sanders , of london , merchant , near shooters-hill . the weakest goes to the wall ; a comedy , to . . acted by the right honourable , the earl of oxon , lord great chamberlain of england's servants . wealth and health . wily beguiled , a pleasant comedy , to . the chief actors in the comedy are a poor scholar , a rich fool , and a knave at a shift . wine , beer , ale and tobacco , contending for superiority ; incerted in former catalogues as an interlude , but is no other than a dialogue , to . . win her and take her ; or , old fools will be medling ; a comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , by their majesties servants ; and is dedicated to the right honourable , peregrine , earl of danby , viscount latimer , &c. by mr. vnderhill . the wit of a woman , a pleasant merry comedy , to . . the wits led by the nose ; or , a poets revenge ; a tragi-comedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , great part of it is taken from chamberlain's love's victory . woman turn'd bully , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre . this play met not with that success as was expected . a woman will have her will. see english men for money . the appendix . great part of these sheets having been printed a good while , has occasion'd a necessity of this supplement to compleat the design of the book , in giving the reader an account of all the plays that have been hitherto printed ; some whereof were accidentally omitted in their proper places . known authors . thomas dilke . this author has lately publish'd another comedy , call'd , the pretenders ; or , the town vnmask'd , a comedy , acted at the theatre in little lincolns-fields , by his majesty's servants ; and dedicated to thomas barnadiston , of ketton , in suffolk , esq i have little to say to this play , for 't is not fair to attack a man that 's down , tho' i do not think ( considering what plays have pleas'd ) that this ought to have met with so severe a fate . vainthroat seems a copy of medley , and scandal ; sir bellamour , a faint shadow of the plain dealer , or at least of blunt in the committee ; captain bounceby we have had in various plays , as the squire of alsatia , old batchelor , epsom wells , &c. since the miscarriage of this play , the author died . thomas d'vrfey . this author has lately publish'd another play , call'd , the campaigners ; or , the pleasant adventures at brussels ; with a familiar preface upon a late reformer of the stage ; ending a satyrical fable of the dog and the ottor , . to . 't is dedicated to the right honourable , thomas , lord wharton , &c. the intreague and discovery betwixt madam la marquise , and the colonel is borrowed from a novel or memoir , called , female falshood . charles gildon . this author , being known too late to be brought in the order of the alphabet , i have plac'd him here in the appendix , with an account of those two plays he has already publish'd , and are own'd by him , tho' his name , without his consent , was omitted in the impressions of the plays . he is , as i 'm inform'd , a gentleman born at gillingham , near s●aftsbury , in the county of dorset . his parents and family were all of the romish persuasion , and in the time of the civil war , doubly incur'd the penalties of the prevailing side ; both as engag'd in the royal party , and as recusants in religion ; for which , after the plunderings of the war , his grandfather paid two thirds of his estate , all the time of that government . his father was of the honourable society of grays-inn , and tho' a great ze●lot for the faith he was born in , he cou'd not convey that zeal to his son , our author , whom he dying , left but nine years of age , having sold the best part of the estate that our author was born to , before he died . gillingham , the place of his nativity , gave our author the first rudiments of learning , under a very honest and learned master , one mr. young. thence his relations sent him to the english colledge of secular priests at doway ● in hainault , with a design of making him a priest , if his inclination cou'd away with that function ; which was suppos'd the best support of a gentleman whose fortunes and religion could promise him no greater advantage . but after five years study there , he found his inclinations point him another way ; and at the age of about nineteen he returns for england ; and as soon as one and twenty , put it into his power of enjoying those pleasures that age generally pursues , he came to london , where having spent the remainder of his paternal estate , betwixt two or three and twenty he married , and most of the reign of king iames , he spent in reading the controversies of that time ; being dissatisfied with several of the tenents of the church of rome , that he had imbib'd with his mother's milk , as they say . in him there was an example how difficult a thing it is , to overcome the prejudice of education ; for i am assur'd that it cost him above seven years study and contest , before he could entirely shake off all those opinions● that h●d grown up with him from a child ; tho' he cou'd not answer to himself the conviction of his reason in the points of religion , yet he did what is said of medea , by ovid : video meliora probque delesiosa sequor — i have heard him say , that the first book that gave him the greatest conviction was , the discourse of the late pious and ingenious dr. tillotson , lord archbishop of canterbury , against transubstantiation , lent him by a lawyer , that at the same time cheated him of about four hundred pounds , tho' he made way for that peace of mind that this book first opened the door to . if i shou'd do with our author , what some other writers of lives have done , i might here tell you of his inclinations to poetry from his childhood , and talk of his performances ; but he being my friend , i shall forbear all things that may argue me guilty of partiality ; and shall only say , as he tells us in a letter of his essays , that necessity was the first motive of his venturing to be an author . his first attempt in the drammatick way , was not till he was was past thirty two years of age ; and then in about a month's time , he gave us a tragedy , call'd , the roman bride's revenge ; but of that in its order : for we must first speak of a play of the late famous mrs. behn's , which he introduc'd by the importunity of a friend of hers and his , on the stage : it was called , the younger brother ; or , the amorous iilt ; out of the respect to her memory , and a deference , which was too nice , to her iudgment , he durst not make any alterations in it , but what were absolutely necessary , and those only in the first and second act , which reflected on the whigs ; when if he had alter'd the jejune stile of the three last acts , betwixt prince frederick and mirtilla , which was too heavy , in all probability it would have been more to the advantage of his purse . but now i shall proceed to his own plays , which are two in number ; the first in our alphabetical order , is , phaeton ; or , the fatal divorce ; a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , written in imitation of the ancients , &c. . to● and dedicated to the right honourable , charles montague , esq &c. the most noble and generous patron of the muses that our nation has produc'd . tho' it was a very bold undertaking of a young author , to attempt to bring so very different a way of writing on so corrupt a stage as ours ; yet the success justified his opinion , that the irregular , prophane , and obscene plays took only because our audience saw no other , through the poets fault . the plot , and a great many of the beauties of the play , the author fairly owns that he has taken from the medea of euripides ; and in his preface you may find his reasons for altering the names and characters from what they were in the original that he has here copied . the roman bride's revenge , a tragedy , acted at the theatre royal , . to . dedicated by the bookseller to william gregory , esq this play was our author's first ; and as it was writ in a month , so it had the fate of those untimely births , as hasty a death . tho' notwithstanding the faults of this play , which must be confess'd numerous enough , there is so much merit in the first , and part of the second act , and the beauty of the catastrophe , that if the voice of the town had not been influenc'd by the ill representation , it must have met with a less rigorous censure . but the author's faults lie generally in the stile , and the incidents of the third and fourth acts. the stile is too near an imitation of mr. lees ( the worst qualification of that poet , who had beauties enough to make amends for it ) i mean in many places , for in others 't is iust enough . the incidents were too numerous , and not so distinct as to be well discern'd by the audience , especially in the fourth act. tho' i think there is no incident in this play so unnatural , as some of our celebrated plays are esteem'd for ; and then the confusion of the action contributed to the making them seem less prepar'd . the plot i take to be of the author 's own invention , allowing for a hint taken from camma of galata , which is thus far improv'd , that the husband here is alive after the wife has drank the poison , which heightens the distress of the chief characters . but the moral is one of the most noble of any of our modern plays , it being to give us an example in the punishment of martian , that no consideration in the world , ought to make us delay the service of our country . peter motteux . since the printing of the foregoing sheets , this author has publish'd another play , call'd , beauty in distress , a tragedy , as it is acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his maje●ty's servants , to . . dedicated to henry heveningham , esq i cannot perceive that the author has stole any part of his design , nor am apt to believe he has , since he has generally been very free in owning to whom he has owed any part of what he has publish'd . there are a great many very fine lines in this play , yet comedy seems much more the bent of our author's genius than tragedy ; tho' it must be confess'd , that in the multiplicity of his incidents he has follow'd only the example of our native poets , which may well excuse him . before this play we have a discourse of the lawfulness and vnlawfulness of plays ; lately written ( as the title says ) in french , by the learned father caffara , divinity professor at paris . sent in a letter to the author , by a divine of the church of england . europe's revels for the peace , and his majesty's happy return , a musical interlude , to . . perform'd at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants , at the king 's return after the conclusion of the peace ; with a panegyrical poem , spoken there , on the same occasion . the musick set by mr. eccles. dedicated to sir theodore ianssen . mary , countess of pembroke . this lady ( accidentally omitted by the printer ) was that sister to sir philip sidney , to whom he dedicates his fam'd arcadia , she was the only woman , almost , that had the generosity to be a true patroness to poetry ; for such she was to mr. samuel daniel , who had been her tutor , we have had many pretenders to the muses of that sex , but i do not remember that i have read of any one , that having power , did ever exert it in the encouragement and patronage of any particular poet , or poetry in general . 't is true indeed , the catalogue of men that have done it , is far from being numerous , tho' this may be said of them , which cannot of our little politicians , that they have been the greatest men of their age , and perhaps of any age. she publish'd one play , which mr. langbain could never procure a sight of ; it is entituled . antonius , or , the tragedy of anthony ; vo . . this is a translation out of french ; tho' it was very well for a lady of those times , but in nothing so desirable , as mr. langbain seems to make it , only because the work of a person of qu●lity ; for he has always a furious tender for quality . william philips , esq a gentleman , as we find by the epistle dedicatory , that had his education in ireland ; he has given us a play , call'd , the revengeful queen , a tragedy , as it was acted at the theatre royal , by his majesty's servants , . the story , he tells you , is taken from the fourth or fifth page of machiavel's history of florence ; and he seems sensible , that the characters of alboino , and rosamund are not agreeable to the present taste of the town ; and that sir william d'avenant has writ a play on the same subject . this prolifick lady has again gratified the town with a play , call'd the deceiver deceiv'd , a comedy , as 't is now acted by his majesty's servants , at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , to . . and dedicated to sir robert marsham , knight and baronet . this play and the impostor cheated , are on the same bottom , built on a little printed story of the same subject . i think the scene where the blind man's wife make's love before his face , is better manag'd in mr. powel's play , than here , tho' in general , this is the better play. queen catharine ; or , the ruines of love , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields ; and dedicated to the honourable mrs. cook of norfolk . for the plot consult baker , speed , stow , in the lives of edward the fourth , and henry the sixth . mr. rivers . all that i know of this author , is but on report ; which is● that he was a iesuit , and writ a play , call'd , the traytor , which he put into mr. shirley's hands , and by his means it was acted . it was reviv'd in . and dedicated by the anonymous reviver to the earl of clincarty . tho' i cannot , with the reviver , say 't is the best tragedy this age has produc'd , because it is far from being so ; yet this i can justly say , that the character of sciarrah is very well drawn , and distinguish'd throughout the play ; and so is that of lorenzo . as for the plot , 't is very irregular , and consists of various actions ; tho' the poet's design seems to aim at a very good moral . the strange humour that has too long reign'd in our english poets , misled the author , i suppose , to the choice of such barbarous and bloody murders , to fill up his play ; which however frequent and tollerable in italy , have nothing to do here . murther is too great a crime to see voluntarily committed on our stage ; the law punishes it with ignominy , tho' the poet has nothing to do with it , i meanby right . this play has gone for shirley's . tho. shadwell , esq one play of this author 's has been accidentally omitted in its proper place , viz. the vertuoso , a comedy , to . . acted at the duke's theatre ; and dedicated to the late duke of newcastle . this play , for the great variety of characters , &c. has always found success , and is accounted one of the best plays this author writ . ia. shirley . this one play was by accident overseen in its proper place , an● therefore inserted here : the triumphs of peace , a masque , to . ● . presented before the king and queen at white-hall , by the four honourable houses , or inns of court gentlemen ; dedicated by the author to the four equal honourable societies of the inns of court. th● masquers went in a solemn cavalcade ( their habits being extraordinary rich ) from ely-house in holbourn , to white-hall . mr. inigo iones contrived the scenes and ornaments : and mr. lawes and mr. ioes compos'd the musick . mrs. catharine trother . this lady , by her parents , is of scotch extraction , tho' born and bred in england ; admirable for two things rarely found together , wit and beauty ; and with these a penetration very uncommon in the sex. she discovers in her conversation , a fineness and nicety of reasoning on the highest metaphysical subjects ; nor is she less entertaining on the more gay and conversible . she has already given us two plays , which challenge our admiration , we like the first , but are transported with the last ; there is the chastity of her person , and the tenderness of her mind in both ; the passions are natural and moving , the stile just and familiar , and adapted to the subject ; if there be not the sublime , 't is because there was no room for it , not because she had not fire and genius enough to write it . what i say will be secur'd from the imputation of flattery , by what she has writ ; and 't is the brevity i have propos'd my self in this undertaking , that confines me to this little , and obliges me to proceed to her plays . agnes de castro , a tragedy , to . . acted at the theatre royal , and dedicated to the ri●ht honourable , charles , earl of dorset and middlesex , &c. this play met with good suc●ess . 't is built on a novel of the same title , written originally in french , by a french lady , and translated into english by mrs. behn . fatal friendship , a tragedy , as it is acted at the new theatre in little lincolns-inn-fields , . and dedicated to her royal highness the princess of denmark . i need say nothing of this play , the town has prevented my approbation ; and i can only add , that i think it deserv'd the applause it met with , which every play that has the advantage of being clapt , cannot get from the severer and abler iudges . william walker . a young gentleman of about nineteen years of age , he was born ( if i 'm not mis-inform'd ) in the isle of barbadoes , and of a good family , his education was most in england ; he ha● publish'd one play , call'd , victorious love , a tragedy , as it is acted at the theatre royal drury lane , . to . and dedicated to the honourable iames kendal , esq one of the lords of the admiralty . he tells us in the preface , that he acted a part himself in his play , which i suppose was not disadvantage to it : for it was , as we learn from the same preface , well received by the town . the play seems to be a kind of imitation of oroonoko , only here instead of one , they are all negro●s . but , if they think the devil white , methinks she shou'd scarce be so very amiable in their eyes ; but under this censure imoinda wou'd equally fall ; and 't is very excusable in so young a beginner as mr. walker . i only say it , for fear the publick should go on , and we see nothing but black heroes for the future , since the colour spreads so fast on the stage . the greek poets seldom went out of greece for their heroes ; but ours on the contrary , find heroes every where but in their own country ; this is no arg●ment of their iudgment or vertue ; for if example be that they wou'd instruct by , the nearer the example is related to us , the more force it will naturally have upon us . fulk grevile , lord brook. this right honourable author was son to sir fulk grevile the elder of beauchamp-court in warwick-shire ; he left cambridge in the reign of queen elizabeth ; was made a baron in the seventeenth year of king iames the first ; and was famous for valour and learning : among other poems he gave us two plays : he lies buried in warwick-church under a black and white marble , on which he 's stil'd servant to queen elizabeth , counsellor to king iames , and friend to sir philip sidney . see more of him in fuller's history . alaham , a tragedy , fol. . this play is built on the model of the ancients ; the prologue is spoken by a ghost , and the spectre gives an account of each character . the scene of the drama lies at the entrance of the persian gulph , of which place you may read in mr. herbert's travels , fol. the third edition , p. . mustapha , a tragedy , to . . fol. . this play seems also an imitation of the ancients , and for the plot consult paulus iovius , and other turkish chronicles . these two plays are printed together with other poems of his lordships , in fol. . the life of sir philip sidney before his arcadia , is said to be written by this our author ; as also another volume of poems and remains , vo . not printed till the year . unknown authors . amphitryon , epidicus , and rudens , made english from plautus , with critical remarks upon each play. this translation is supposed to be done by a divine of the church of england ; but since he has not thought fit to put his name to it , i shall not presume to do it . 't is dedicated to sir charles sidley , baronet . the fatal discovery ; or , love in ruines , a tragedy , as it is acted by his majesty's servants , at the theatre royal , . the author of this play is unknown , 't is usher'd into the world by a preface under mr. powel's name , in answer to a copy of verses writ by mr. dryden , in which there was some reflections on that theatre . the story is originally a case of conscience put by st. austin ; and after that mentioned in some of our english divines . it seems to be taken from the hint of the old story of oedipus ; but 't is more improbable , and scarce possible to happen , and therefore of no use , as incapable of affording any moral . the pindar of wakefield , a comedy , to . . this play was through mistake , omitted in transcribing the copy for the press . terence , this latin poet is translated by the translator of the former , in conjunction with two other divines of cambridge . i 'm sensible the translators understood the original very well , but their altering the terminations of the proper names , would make some think that they had taken it only from the french of madam dacier . the vnnatural mother ; the scene in the kingdom of siam , as it is now acted at the new theatre in lincolns-inn-fields , by his majesty's servants ; written by a young lady , to . . this play is an argument of the strange chance of plays , when so indigested a heap could be tollerably received ; and i think 't is a great argument against those judges who receive and permit the plays to be acted : for i am unwilling that the nakedness of our country should be discover'd ; that is , that an audience cou'd bear such as this , and some other of a modern date . the writers now ( i mean all that attempt writing ) think if they can make a horrid character or two in a play , and some bloody and barbarous incidents , they can presently write a tragedy , never reflecting that a poet is not to be a hangman , he is not to rival iack ketch in his office , and rob the publick executioners of their business , by ending a criminal privately , who ought to have a publick and most infamous execution . where the laws condemn a villain to the gibbet , the poet has nothing to do , such characters are below the stage , and ought to appear no where but on the cart , and in the ordinary's paper . the poets court of iustice is more sublime , he examines and punishes crimes that the political courts overlook . he is not to make characters more deprav'd than experience ever shew'd us ; for i 'm confident callapeia never had her fellow , on this side the line at least , and for the vices of those of the other , i know nothing that we have to do with them , ( having stock enough of our own ) and 't is with abundance of reason , call'd , the vnnatural mother ; for sure there never was such an one in nature . bebbemeah's being put on the couch with a black slave , and there found asleep , is borrowed from mr. settle's incident of cleomira , and oirantes , in the princess of persia. finis . an index of plays , referring to the authors . a abdelazar pag. abdicated prince abraham's sacrifice ibid. acolastus acteon and diana ad●lphi adrasta adventures of five hours agamemnon aglaura ibid. agrippa k. of alba agrippina empress of rome alarum for london ibid. albion albion's triumph ibid. albion and albianius albion k. of the lombards albertus wallenstine albovine albumazar alchimist alcibiades alexander and campaspe alexandrian tragedy all fools all for love all mistaken all for money alphonsus , emperor germany alphonsus k. of arragon * alphonso k. of naples all 's lost by lust all 's well that ends well amazon queen ambitious statesman ambitious slave amboyna amends for ladies amorous bigote amorous fantasm amorous gallant amorous old woman ibid. amorous prince amorous war amphitryon amyntas , , , , . anatomist andrea , andromache andromana andronicus andronicus commenius anthony and cleopatra , antigone antonia and melida antipodes antiquary any thing for a quiet life apocraphal ladies apollo shroving appius and virginia arcadia arden of feversham argalus and parthenia ariadne aristippus arraignment of paris , arthur arviragus and philicia as you like it assignation astraea atheist atheists tragedy aureng-zebe b ball band , ruff , and cuff banditti banish'd duke bartholomew fair bashful lover , bastard battle of alcazar ibid. beauties triumph beggars bush bell in campo bellamira bellamira , her dream belphegor benefice bird in a cage birth of merlin black prince blazing world blind beggar of alexandria blind beggar of bednal green blind lady bloody banquet * bloody brother bloody duke blurt , mr. constable , boadicea boarding-school , see love for money bondman bonduca , bragadocio brazen-age brenoralt bridals bride britannia triumphans broken heart brothers brutus of alba , bury fair bussy d'amboys's revenge , bussy d'amboys's tragedy byron's conspiracy ibid. byron's tragedy ibid. c caelum britannicum caesar borgia caesar and pompey caesar's revenge caius marius calisto calligula ibid. cambyses , k. of persia , canterbury guests captain cardinal careless lovers careless shepherdess carnival case is alter'd cataline's conspiracy chabbot admiral of france challenge at tilt challenge for beauty chances changes changling charles viii . of france chast maid in cheapside cheats cheats of scapin christ's passion christmas masque christian turn'd turk christmas ordinary cicilia and clorinda cid cinthia and endymion circe citherea city bride city heiress city lady city madam city match city night cap city politicks city wit citizen turn'd gent. claricella cleomenes cleopatra cloridia clouds coblers prophecy colas fury combat of caps combat of love and friendship comedy of errors comical hash committee committee man curried commons conditions common wealth of women conflict of conscience conquest of china conquest of granada conspiracy , constantine the great constant maid constant nymph contented cuckold contention between york and lancaster contention for honour and riches contention for achil. armr. ibid. convent of pleasure coriolanus cornish comedy coronation , coronation of q. eliz. , costly whore covent-garden covent-garden weeded counterfeit bridegroom counterfeits ibid. country captain country girl country innocence country wake country wife country wit couragious turk court beggar court secret coxcomb craesus gromwel's life and death cromwel's couspiracy pag. cruel brother cruel debtor cuckold's haven cunning lovers cupid and death cupid's revenge cupid's whirligig cure fo● a cuckold custom of the country cutter of coleman-street cymbeline's tragedy cynthia's revels cynthia's revenge cyrus king of persia cyrus the great d dame dobson damoyselle damoysell's a-la-mode damon and pythias darius , darius , king of persia david and bethshabe debauchee deorum dona deserving favourite destruction of ierusalem , destruction of troy devil 's an ass devil's charter devil's law-case devil of a wife dick scorner dido q. of carthage , disappointment disobedient child distracted state distresses distressed innocence divine comedian divine masque doctor dodipole doctor faustus doctor faustus's life and death , with the humours , of harlequin and scaramouch don carlos don quixot don sebastian double dealer double marriage doubtful heir duke and no duke duke guise duke of lerma , see great favourite . duke of millain , duke's mistress dumb knight dumb lady dutch courtezan dutch lover dutchess malfey dutchess of suffolk e eastward hoe edgar edward i. edward ii. edward iii. — with the fall of mortimer ib. edward iv. elder brother electra elvira emperor of the east emperor of the moon empress of morocco , enchanted lovers endymion ●●glish fryar ●●●lish lawyer english men for money english monsieur english moor english princess english rogue english traveller enough 's as good as a feast entertainment of the k. and q. at high-gate pag. entertainment of the k. of engl. and denm . at theobalds entertainment at k. iames i. coronation ibid. entertainment of k. iames i. and q. ann at theobalds ibid. entertainment of the q. and prince at althrop entertainment on the prince's birth-day epsom wells aesop erminia evening's love every man in his humour every man out of his humour ibid. every wom. in her humour eunuchus example excommunicated prince extravagant shepherd f factious citizen fair em ibid. fair favourite fair irene fair maid of bristow fair maid of the exchange fair maid of the inn fair maid of the west fair quarrel fair queen faithful shepherd ibid. faithful shepherdess false favourite disgrac'd false count false one family in love fancies fancies chast and noble fancies festivals fatal contract fatal dowry pag. fatal iealousy fatal love fatal marriage fatal mistake fawn feign'd astrologer feign'd courtezans female academy female prelate femal vertuoso ferrex and porrex fidele and fortunatus fine companion fleir floating island flora's vagaries folly of priestcraft fond husband fond lady fool turn'd critick fool wou'd be a favourite fools preferment forc'd marriage fortunate isles fortunatus fortunate by land and sea fortune hunters four london prentices four plays , or moral representations four p's four plays in one fox free will french conjurer friendship in fashion fryar bacon fulgius and lucrelle g galathea game at chess gamester gam . gurton's needle generous enemies gentle-craft pag. gentleman dancing master gentleman of venice gentleman of verona gentleman usher ghost glass of government gloriana goblins golden age golden age restored gorboduc grateful servant great duke of florence great favourite green's tu quoque greenwich park grim , the collier of croyden gripus and hegio guardian , guy of warwick guzman h hamlet p●ince of denmark hannibal and scipio heautontimorumenos hector of germany hectors hecyra heir heir of morocco hell 's higher court of iustice henry ii. henry iii. of france henry iv. henry v. . henry vi. ibid. henry vi. part . with the death of the d. of gloucester henry vi. part . or , the miseries of civil war henry viii . heraclius hercules furens hercules oetus pag. hero and leander herod and antipater , herod and mariamne herod the great heroick love , hey for honesty hic & ubique histriomastix hoffman's tragedy ibid. hog hath lost his pearl hollander holland's leaguer honest lawyer honest man's fortune honest whore honoria and mammon honour of wales horace , horatius how to chuse a good wife from a bad humorous courtier humorous days mirth humorous lieutenant humorous lovers humorists humour out of breath huntingdon's divertisement husband his own cuckold hyde park hymenaei hymen's triumph hyppolitus , i iack drum's entertainment iack iugler ibid. iack straw's life and death ibid. iacob and esau iames the fourth ibid. ibrahim , ibrahim xiii . emperor of the turks . iealous lovers ieronymo iew of malta pag. iew 's tragedy if this been't a good play , the devil 's in 't if you know not me , you know no body ignoramus * impatient poverty imperial tragedy imperiale , imposture inchanted lovers indian emperor indian queen ingratitude of a commonwealth injured lovers injured princess inner-temple masque innocent mistriss innocent usurper insatiate countess interlude of youth intreagues of versailles iocasta iohn the evangel . iohn k. of england iohn and matilda ioseph ioseph's afflictions iovial crew , irish masque iron age island princess isle of gulls italian husband iuliana princess of poland iulius caesar , iust general iust italian k king arthur kind keeper ibid. king and no king king edgar and alfreda , king lear and his daughters , see lear k. of england . king and queen's entertainment at richmond king's entertainmen at welbeck knack to know an honest man knack to know a knave ibid. knave in grain knavery in all trades ibid. knight of the burning pestle knight of the golden-shield , see st. clyomon knight of malta l lady alimony lady contemplation lady errant lady of pleasure ladies priviledge ladies tryal lancash . witches , landgartha late revolution law against lovers law tricks laws of candy laws of nature lear's tragedy , levellers levelled liberality and prodigality ibid. libertine like will to like , quoth the devil to the collier lingua little french lawyer locrine london chanticleers london cuckolds london prodigal longer thou liv'st , the more fool thou art look about you looking-glass for london and england pag. , lost lady lost lover love a-la-mode love and honour love for love love for money love and revenge love and war love crowns the end love freed from ignorance love only for love's sake love in a tub love in a wood love in its extasy love in the dark love restored love-sick court love-sick king love tricks love triumphant love's adventures love's cruelty ibid. love's cure love's dominion love 's a iest love's kingdom ibid. love's labour lost love's labyrinth love 's last shift love's loadstone loves of mars and venus ibid. love's triumph thro' calipolis lovers melancholy lovers progress lovers metamorphosis lovers mistress lovers pilgrimage lovers riddle lovers sacrifice ●overs triumph lovers victory lovers welcome loving enemies pag. loyal brother , loyal general loyal lovers loyal subject lucius iunius brutus lucky chance luminalia lusts dominion lusty iuventus lyer , see mistaken beauty m mackbeth mad couple well matcht mad world my masters mad lover madam fickle magnetick lady maid of honour maid in the mill maiden queen , see secret love. maiden-head well lost maid's metamorphosis maids of moorclack maid's revenge maid's tragedy , male-content mall * mamamouchi , see cit. tur●'d gent. manhood and wisdom man of mode man of new-market man 's the master marriage a-la-mode marriage broker marriage hater match'd marriage night marriage of oceanus and britannia marriage of the arts marriage of wit and science married beau mariam marcelia marcus tullius cicero marius and scilla , see wounds of civil war. martyr martyred soldier mary magdalen's repentance mary , q. of scotland ; see island queens . masque at berthie masque at the lord haddington's house masque at lord hayes house masque at ludlow castle masque of augurs masque of flowers masque of grays-inn masque of owls masque of queens ibid. masque of the middle temple and lincolns-inn gent. masquerade du ciel massacree at paris , massacree of paris massianello master anthony master turbulent match at midnight match me in london match in newgate , see revenge . matrimonial trouble may day mayor of quinborough measure for measure medea , menechmus merchant of venice mercurius britannicus mercury vindicated merry devil of edmonton merry milk-maids merry wives of windsor messalina metamorphosed gypsies michaelmas term microcosmus midas pag. midsummer night's dream mirza miser miseries of civil war , see henry vi. part . miseries of inforc'd marriage mistaken beauty mistakes ; or , false reports mistaken husband mithridates mock duellist * mock marriage mock tempest mock thyestes monsieur d'olive monsieur thomas money is an ass more dissemblers besides women morning ramble mortimer's fall mother bomby mother shipton's life and death mourning bride mucedorus much ado about nothing mulberry garden muleasses the turk muse of new-market muses looking-glass mustapha n nature's daughters neglected vertue neptune's triumph nero's life and death , new custom new exchange new inn new trick to cheat the devil new-market fair new way to pay old debts news from plymouth pag. news from the world in the moon nice valour nice wanton nicomede night walker noah's flood noble gentleman ibid● noble ingratitude noble spanish souldier noble stranger no body and some body novelty no wit , no help like a woman's northern lass northward-hoe novella o oberon the fairy prince obstinate lady octavia oedipus , old batchelour old castle 's history old couple old law , old man's lesson old troop old wives tale opportunity ordinary orestes orgula orlando eurioso ormasdes oroonoko orphan osmund the great turk othello ovid p pallantus and eudora pandora pan's anniversary pag. parliament of bees parson's wedding passionate lover pastor fido pathomachia patient grisle ibid. patrick for ireland pausanias ibid. pedlar's prophecy peleus and thetis pericles prince of tyre perjured nun perkin warbeck philaster phillis of scyros philotas philotus scotch phoenix phoenix in her flames phormio picture pilgrim , pinder of wakefield . piso's conspiracy pity she 's a whore platonick lovers play-house to be lett ibid. play between iohn the husband , and tib his wife play betwixt the pardoner and the fryar , the curate and neighbour prat ibid. play of gentleness and nobility ibid. play of love ibid. play of the weather ibid. plain dealer pleasure at kenelworth castle pleasure reconciled to virtue plot and no plot plutus * poetaster politician politician cheated pompey pompey his fair cornelias . poor man's comfort poor scholar pragmatical iesuite presbyterian lash presence prince of prigg's revels princess princess of cleve prisoners projectors promises of god manifested promus and cassandra ibid. prophetess provok'd wife psyche psyche debauched publick wooing puritan widow q. queen queen and concubine queen of arragon queen of corinth queen 's arcadia queen's exchange queen's masque of beauty queen's masque of blackness ib. querer per solo querer , see to love only for love's sake r. raging turk ram alley rambling iustice rampant alderman rape ibid. rape of lucrece rebellion reformation rehearsal ibid. religious religious rebel renegado return from parnassus revenge pag. regulus revenge for honour revengers tragedy , see loyal brother reward of vertue rhodon and iris richard the second , richard the third richmond heiress rival friends rival kings rival ladies rival queens rival sisters rivals roaring girl robert , ●earl of huntingdon's downfal and death robin conscience ibid. robin hood's pastoral may-games robin hood and his crew of soldiers ibid. roman actor roman empress roman generals romeo and iuliet rome's follies romulus and hersilia roundheads rover ibid. royal cuckold ibid. royalist royal king and loyal subject royal masque at hampton-court royal master royal mischief royal shepherdess royal slave royal voyage rule a wife , and have a wife rump s. sacrifice pag. sad one sad shepheard saint cicely salmacida spolia sampson agonistes sapho and phaon satyromastix scaramouch , &c. school of complements , see love tricks scornful lady scots figaries scottish politick presbyter scowrers sea voyage seven champions of christendom see mee , and see me not sejanus's fall selimus emperor of the turks selindra sertorius several wits sforza , duke of millain sham lawyer she gallants she ventures and he wins ibid. shepheards holyday shepheards paradice shoomaker 's a gentleman shoomakers holiday ibid. sicelides sicily and naples * siege , siege of babylon siege of constantinople siege of memphis siege of rhodes siege of urbin silent woman silver age sir anthony love sir barnaby whig sir clyomon , knight of the golden shield sir courtly nice sir giles goose-cap sir hercules buffoon sir martin mar-all sir patient fancy sir solomon sisters six days adventure slighted maid sociable companions sodom soliman and perseda sophister sophompaneos sophonisba , sophy soldiers fortune spanish bawd spanish curate spanish fryar spanish gypsies , spanish rogue spanish wives sparagus garden speeches at prince henry's barriers spightful sister sport upon sport springs glory squire of alsatia squire old sap. staple of news state of innocence step-mother ibid. strange discovery subjects ioy ibid. successful strangers sullen lovers summers's last will and testament sun 's darling supposes surprisal susanna's tears swaggering damoiselle p. swetnam the woman-hater arraign'd t. tale of a tub tamberlain the great , taming of the shrew tancred and gismond tartuff tarugo's wiles tempe restor'd tempest , temple temple of love terrence's comedies the longer thou liv'st , the more fool thou art thebais theodosius thersytes , thomaso thornby abby thracian wonder three ladies of london thyerry and theodoret thyestes , , tiberius ( claudius , nero ) time vindicated to himself and to his honours timolion timon of athens , 't is pity she 's a whore titus andronicus , titus and berenice tom essence tom tyler and his wife ibid tottenham court town fop town shifts trapolin supposed a prince travels of three english brothers traytor pag. traytor to himself treacherous brother trick for trick trick to catch the old one triumph of beauty triumph of love and antiquity triumph of peace triumph of the prince d'amour triumphs of vertue triumphant widow troades , troas , troylus and cressida , true trojans true widow tryal of chivalry tryal of treasure ibid. tryphon tunbridge wells twelfth night twins two angry women of abington two noble kinsmen two tragedies in one two wise men , and all the rest fools tide tarrieth for no man tyrannical government tyranick love v. valentinian valiant scot valiant welchman varieties venice preserv'd very good wife very woman vestal virgin vilain virgin martyr pag. virgin widow virtuoso vertuous octavia vertuous wife vertue betrayed vision of delight vision of the twelve goddesses unfortunate lovers unfortunate mother u●fortunate shepheard unfortunate usurper ungrateful favourite ibid. unhappy fair irene unhappy favourite unhappy kindness unnatural brother unnatural combat unnatural tragedy untrussing the humorous poet , see satyromastix . volunteers vow-breaker usurper vulpone , see fox w walks of illington and hogsden wandring lover warning for fair women war● widow weakest goes to the wall wealth and health ibid. wedding westward-hoe what you will when you see me you know me white devil whore of babylon wi●t's history ibid. widow widow ranter widow's tears wife for a month wild gallant wild goose-chase wily beguil'd win her and take her wine , beer , ale , and tobacco winters tale wise women of hogsden witch of edmonton , wit at several weapons wit of a woman wit in a constable wit without money wits wits cabal wits led by the nose witty combat witty fair one wives excuse woman captain woman hater woman hater arraign'd , see swetnam woman in the moon woman kill'd with kindness woman turn'd bully woman 's a weathercock woman's conquest woman's prize woman will have her will woman's wit women beware women woman pleas'd wonder of a k●●gdom ibid. wonder , a woman never vex'd world tost at tennis world in the moon world's idol * wrangling lovers y. yorkshire tragedy , young admiral young king younger brother ibid. your five gallants youth's glory and death's banquet the end of the index . books printed for , and sold by tho. leigh , at the peacock in fleet-street . folio . the life of our blessed lord and saviour iesus christ : an heroick poem , dedicated to her most sacred majesty ; in ten books : attempted by samuel wesley , m. a. chaplain to the most honourable , iohn , lord marques of normanby , and rector of epworth , in the county of lincoln . each book illustrated by necessary notes , explaining the more difficult matters in the whole history : also a prefatory discourse concerning heroick poetry . the second edition , revised by the author , and improv'd with the addition of a large map of the holy land , and a table of the principal matters : with sixty copper plates , by the celebrated hands of william faithorne . resolves , divine , moral , and political ; with several new additions , both in prose and verse , not extant in the former impressions . in this eleventh edition references are made to the poetical citations , heretofore much wauted . by owen feltham , esq quarto . mechanick powers ; or , the mystery of nature and art unvail'd : shewing what great things may be perform'd by mechanick engines , in removing and raising bodies of vast weights , with little strength or force ; and also the making of machines or engines for raising of water , dreining of grounds , and several other uses : together with a treatise of circular motion , artificially fitted to mechanick use , and the making of clock work , and other engines . a work pleasant and profitable for all sorts of men , from the highest to the lowest degree ; and never treated of in english before , and that but briefly . the whole comprised in ten books , and illustrated with copper cuts , by ven. mandey , and i. moxon , philomat . octavo . the christian pattern paraphras'd : or the book of the imitation of christ , commonly ascribed to thomas a keimpis ; made english by luke milbourn , a presbyter of the church of england . four tracts . i. a discourse against revenge . ii. questions and answers concerning the two religions , viz. church of england and church of rome . iii. an account of an evening-conference with a iesuit in the savoy . iv. a dissuasive from popery , being a letter to a lady . by a. horneck , d. d. late prebendary of westminster , and preacher at the savoy . with a preface by mr. edwards . the family dictionary : or , houshold companion : containing in an alphabetical method , i. directions for cookery , &c. ii. making all sorts of pastry-ware , &c. iii. making of conserves , candies , &c. iv. making all kind of potable liquors , &c. v. making all sorts of perfumes , &c. vi. the vertues and uses of the most usual herbs and plants , &c. vii . the preparation of several choice medicines , physical and chirurgical , &c. the second edition , corrected and much enlarged ; by william salmon , professor of physick . solid philosophy asserted against the fancies of the ideists ; or , the method to science farther illustrated ; with reflections on mr. lock 's essay , concerning humane understanding . cursus osteologicus : being a compleat doctrine of the bone ; according to the newest and most refin'd notions of anatomy : shewing their nature , substance , composition , manner of ossification , nourishment , &c. to which is annexed , by way of appendix , an excellent method of whitening , cleansing , preparing , and uniting the bones , to form a movable sceleton , wherein the bones may have the same motions as in a living subject . the whole being a work very useful and necessary for all students in physick and surgery . by robert baker , chirurgeon . abra-mule : or , a true history of the dethronement of mahomet iv. written in french by m. le noble . made english by i. p. divine emblems by francis quarles , together with his hieroglyphicks of the life of man. contemplations , moral and divine , in two parts . by sir matthew hale , late lord chief-iustice of the kings bench. duodecimo . the psalms of david in english metre ; translated from the original , and suited to all the tunes now sung in churches ; with the additions of several new . by luke milbourne , a presbyter of the church of england . officium eucharisticum ; a preparatory service to a devout and worthy reception of the lord's supper . the sixteenth edition . to which is added a meditation for every day in the week . lately published . the church of england man's private devotions . being a collection of prayers out of the common-prayer book , for morning , noon , and night ; and other special occasions . by the author of the weeks preparation to the sacrament . mo . price stitch'd d. bound d. the holy days ; or , the holy feasts and fasts , as they are observed in the church of england ( throughout the year ) explained ; and the reasons why they are yearly celebrated . with cuts before each day . mo . price bound s. d. an essay upon sublime style . translated from the greek of dionysius longinus cassius , the rhetorician . compared with the french of the sieur despreaux boîleau , vo . price bound s. d. the spiritual combat ; or , the christian pilgrim in his spiritual conflict and conquest . by iohn de castaniza . translated from the french , with some additions . revised and recommended by the reverend richard lucas , d. d. rector of st. katharine coleman-street . vo . price bound , s. d. the art of knowing ones self : or , an enquiry into the sources of morality . written originally in french , by the reverend dr. abadie , in two parts . the second edition , vo . price bound s. gulielmi oughtredi aetonensis , clavis mathematica denuo limata , sive potius fabricata . cum aliis quibusdam ejusdem commentationibus , quae in sequenti pagina recensentur . editio quinta auctior & emendatior . ex recognitione d. iohannis wallis , s. t. d. geometriae professoris saviliani . vo . price bound s. advice to young gentlemen , in their several conditions of life : by way of address from a father to his children . by the abbot goussault , counsellor in parliament ; with his sentiments and maxims upon what passes in civil society . printed at paris , . and translated into english. vo . price bound s. d. a voyage to the east-indies : giving an account of the isles of madagascar , and mascareigne , of suratte , the coast of malabar , of goa , gameron , ormus , and the coast of brasil , with the religion , customs , trade , &c. of the inhabitants , as also a treatise of the distempers peculiar to the eastern countries . to which is annexed an abstract of monsieur de rennefort's history of the east-indies , with his propositions for the improvement of the east-india company . written originally in french , by mr. dellon , m. d. vo . the history of poland , in several letters to persons of quality ; giving an account of the present state of that kingdom , geographical , historical , political , physical and ecclesiastical ; in two volumes . by bernard connor , m. d. fellow of the royal society and member of the colledge of physicians ; who in his travels in that country , collected these memoirs from the best authors and his own observations . compos'd and publish'd by mr. savage . price s. the mistery of fanaticism ; or , the artifices of dissenters to support their schism , together with the evil and danger of them , wherein 't is made appear , that nothing but the cunning and subtilty of their teachers doth now hinder the people from conformity , vo . modus transferendi status per recorda ; a compleat collection of choice precedents for fines upon writs of covenant , and common recoveries upon writs of entry in the post upon all cases ; whereby lands may be setled ; . in the crown , to preserve the same in the utmost posterity ; or , . the same be transfer'd from one to another ; in fee simple , fee tale , for life or years : or , . annuities may be granted thereby in fee tale , &c. or , . any other estates may be raised thereby , which can be done by deed of conveyance , to which presidents are prefixt two discourses of the nature and operations of , and the use and practice relating to fines and recoveries . by w. brown , clerk of the common-pleas . vo . the history and reason of the dependency of ireland , upon the imperial crown of the kingdom of england , rectifying mr. molyneux's state of the case of ireland's being bound by acts of parliament in england . a relation of a very sudden and extraordinary cure of a person bitten by a viper , by the means of acids ; together with some remarks upon dr. tuthil's vindication of his objections against the doctrine of acids , wherein are contained several things in order to the further clearing of the said doctrine ; by iohn colebatch , member of the colledge of physicians . an historical account of the manners and behaviour of the christians , and the practices of christianity throughout the several ages of the church ; written originally in french , by mr. cl. fleury , preceptor to monseigneur de vermandois , and to the dukes of burgundy and anjou , vo . boors printed for , and sold by william turner , at the white horse without temple-bar . the english historical library ; or , a short view and character of most of the writers now extant , either in print or manuscript ; which may be serviceable to the undertakers of a general history of this kingdom . by william nicolson , a. m. archdeacon of carlisle . the english historical library , part ii. giving a catalogue of most of our ecclesiastical historians , and some critical reflections upon the chief of them ; with a preface correcting the errors , and supplying the defects of the former part. by the author of the first part. a voyage of the sieur le maire , to the canary-islands , kape verd , senegal and gamby ; under monsieur dancourt , director general of the royal african company . translated from the french by mr. dilke . some farther considerations concerning alcaly and acid ; by way of appendix to a late essay ; wherein the terms are made clear , and the natures of them both more fully explained . together with an answer to the objections that have been raised against some things contained in the said essay . by iohn colbatch , physician . queen catharine ; or , the ruines of love ; a tragedy , as it is acted at the new theatre , in ●little lincolns - inn - fields . written by mrs. pix . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e (a) antiquit. oxon. p. . (b) lloyd's memoirs , p. . * cockain's epigr. lib. . epig. . † see his poems p. . and . * heywood's epistle to the reader . * see beaumont and fletcher's plays , last edition , fol. p. . † covent garden drollery , p. . * si● william d'avenant's works , fol. p. . (a) fuller's worthies , p. . (b) baker's chron. reign of queen eliz. p. . (a) langbain's account of the dram. poets , p. . langbain's account of dramatick poets . p. . * collection of poems on several occasions , vo . . pag. . † duffet's poems , vo . pag. . * dryden's dramatick essay , page . . * london drollery , pag. . . * langbain's dram. poets , pag. . * wood athenae oxonienses vol. . p. , . † hist. and antiquit. oxon. lib. . p. . the usefulness of the stage, to the happiness of mankind, to government, and to religion occasioned by a late book written by jeremy collier, m.a. / by mr. dennis. dennis, john, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing d estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the usefulness of the stage, to the happiness of mankind, to government, and to religion occasioned by a late book written by jeremy collier, m.a. / by mr. dennis. dennis, john, - . collier, jeremy, - . short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. [ ], , [ ] p. printed for rich. parker ..., london : . reproduction of original in british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng theater -- england. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the usefulness of the stage , to the happiness of mankind . to government , and to religion . occasioned by a late book , written by ieremy collier , m. a. by mr. dennis . london , printed for rich. parker at the unicorn under the piazza of the royal exchange . . introduction . the best things here below are liable to be corrupted , and the better things are in their own natures , the more mischievous are they if corrupted . for that which is super latively good in it self can be corrupted by nothing but extraordinary malice . since then the stage is acknowledg'd by its greatest adversaries to be in itself good , and instrumental to the instruction of mankind , nothing can be more unreasonable than to exhort people to ruin it instead of reforming it , since at that rate we must think of abolishing much more important establishments . yet that is apparently the design of mr collier's book , tho his malice infinitely surpassing his ability , as it certainly does , whatever some people may think of him , his performance is some what awkward . for in the introduction to his book he gives you reasons why the stage in general ought to be commended ; in the first chapters of his book he pretends to shew cause why the english stage ought to be reform'd , and in the sixth and last chapter he pretends to prove by authority that no stage ought to be allow'd . in the beginning of his book he produces his own reasons why the stage reform'd ought to be encourag'd , and in the end of the same book he brings other mens opinions to ●●ew that every stage ought to be abolish'd ; and so endeavours to ruine his own reasons by a long scroll of other peoples authorities , which is c●rtainly a pleasant condescension ; but such is the fantastick humility of pedantick pride . and yet mr collier is very right and very sincere in his reasons , and very wrong and very corrupt in his authorities . as if he were so great an enemy to the truth , that he would suborn the very dead to destroy the f●rce of what he himself had asserted . if mr collier had only attack'd the corruptions of the stage , for my own part i should have been so far from blaming him , that i should have publickly return'd him my thanks : for the ●ouses are so great , that there is a necessity for the reforming them ; not that i think that with all its corruptions the stage has debauch'd the people : i am fully convinc'd it has not , and i believe i have said enough in the following treatise to convince the reader of it . but this is certain , that the corruptions of the stage hinder its efficacy in the reformation of manners . for , besides that vice is contrary to virtue , it renders the stage little and contemptible ; for nothing but virtue can make any thing awful and truly great , and nothing but what is awful and truly great can be universally respected , and by that means in a condition to influence the minds of the people . for this reason , as i said above , if mr collier had only attack'd the licentiousness of the stage , in so fair a manner as he ought to have done it , i had return'd him my thanks , but when i found by his last chapter , that his design was against the stage itself i thought i could not spend a month more usefully ; than in the vindication of it . my business therefore is a vindication of the stage , and not of the corruptions or the abuses of it . and therefore i have no further meddled with m● collier's book , than as i have had occasion to shew , that he has endeavour'd to make some things pass for abuses , either of the stage in general , or of the english stage particularly , which are so far from being abuses , that they may be accounted excellences . this little treatise was conceiv'd , dispos'd , transcrib'd and printed in a month ; a●d tho on that very account it may not be wholly free from error , yet this i can assure the reader , that i have industriously endeavour'd not to err , tho i verily believe that mr collier industriously endeavour'd to err , as far as he thought it might be consistent with the deceiving of others . the method that i have u●ed has been this : i have endeavoured to shew that the stage in general is useful to the happiness of mankind , to the welfare of government , and the advancement of religion : and under the head of government i have endeavour'd to prove , that the stage does not encourage revenge , as mr collier asserts in his last chapter ; and that by encouraging pride , which is another thing that he charges upon it , it provides for the happiness of particular men , and the publick . i have endeavour'd to shew too , in defence of the english stage , that it is to be commended for its impartiality , and in exempting no degree or order of men from censure . i saw very well that there was no proceeding any farther in the vindication of it : for no man can make any reasonable defence , either for the immorality or the immodesty , or the unnecessary wanton prophaneness , which are too justly charg'd upon it . but for the particular gentlemen which mr collier has attack'd in some particular passages , which he has industriously cull'd from their writings , i could make a very good defence for several of em , if i were not satisfied that they were abler to defend themselves . he has treated them indeed with the last disdain , and the last contempt , not considering , that by doing it , he has treated all at the same rate , who profess an esteem for them , that is , all the town . he has given them some language which must be resented by all who profess humanity . for , mr collier is so far from having shown in his book , either the meekness of a true christian , or the humility of an exemplary pastor , that he has neither the reasoning of a man of sense in it , nor the style of a polite man , nor the sincerity of an honest man , nor the humanity of a gentleman , or a man of letters . the usefulness of the stage . chap. i. that the stage is instrumental to the happiness of mankind . nothing can more strongly recommend any thing to us , than the assuring us , that it will improve our happiness . for the chief end and design of man is to make himself happy . t is what he constantly has in his eye , and in order to which , he takes every step that he makes : in whatever he does or he does not , he designs to improve or maintain his happiness . and 't is by this universal principle , that god maintains the harmony , and order , and quiet of the reasonable world. it had indeed been an inconsistency in providence , to have made a thinking and reasoning creature , that had been indifferent as to misery and happiness ; for god had made such a one only to disturb the rest , and consequently had acted against his own design . if then i can say enough to convince the reader , that the stage is instrumental to the happiness of mankind , and to his own by consequence , it is evident that i need say no more to make him espouse its interest . i shall proceed then to the proving these two things . first , that the stage is instrumental to the happiness of mankind in general . secondly , that it is more particularly instrumental to the happiness of english●men . the stage is instrumental to the happiness of mankind in general . and here it will be necessary to declare what is meant by happiness , and to proceed upon that . by happiness then , i never could understand any thing else but pleasure ; for i never could have any notion of happiness , that did not agree with pleasure , or any notion of pleasure , that did not agree with happiness . i could never possibly conceive how any one can be happy without being pleas'd , or pleas'd without being happy . 't is universally acknowledg'd by mankind , that happiness consists in pleasure , which is evident from this , that whatever a man does , whether in spiritual or temporal affairs , whether in matters of profit or diversion , pleasure is at least the chief and the final motive to it , if it is not the immediate one . and providence seems to have sufficiently declar'd , that pleasure was intended for our spring and fountain of action , when it made it the incentive to those very acts , by which we propagate our kind and preserve our selves . as if self-love without pleasure were insufficient for either ; for as i my self have know several , who have chosen rather to dye , than to go through tedious courses of physick ; so i make no doubt , but several would have taken the same resolution , rather than have supported life by a perpetual course of eating , which had differ'd in nothing from a course of physick , if eating and pleasure had not been things inseparable . now as 't is pleasure that obliges man to perserve himself , it is the very same that has sometimes the force to prevail upon him to his own destruction . for as monsieur pascal observes , the very men who hang , and who drown themselves are instigated by the secret pleasure , which they have from the thought that they shall be freed from pain . since therefore man , in every thing that he does proposes pleasure to himself , it follows , that in pleasure consists his happiness . but tho he always proposes it , he very often falls short of it , for pleasure is not in his own power , since if it were , it would follow from thence , that happiness were in his power . the want of which has been always the complaint of men , both sacred and secular , in all ages in all countries , and in all conditions . man that is born of woman is but of few days , and full of trouble , says iob chap. . verse . of the same nature are the two complaints of horace , which are so fine , and so poetical , and so becoming of the best antiquity . scandit aeratas vitiosa waves curae , nec turmas equitum & relinquit ocior cervis , & agente nimbos ocyor euro . and that other , in the first ode of the third book . timor & minae scandunt eodem quo dominus , neque . decedit aerata triremi , & post equitem sedit atra cura . in short , they who have made the most reflections on it , have been the most satisfy'd of it , and above all philosophers ; who , by the voluminous instructions , by the laborious directions which they have left to posterity , have declar'd themselves sensible , that to be happy is a very difficult thing . and the reason why they of all men have always found it so difficult is , because they always propounded to owe their happiness to reason , tho one would think , that experience might have convinc'd them of the folly of such a design , because they had seen that the most thinking and the most reasonable , had always most complain'd . for reason may often afflict us , and make us miserable , by setting our impotence or our guilt before us ; but that which it generally does , is the maintaining us in a languishing state of indifference , which perhaps is more remov'd from pleasure , than that is from affliction , and which may be said to be the ordinary state of men . it is plain then , that reason by maintaining us in that state , is an impediment to our pleasure , which is our happiness . for to be pleas'd a man must come out of his ordinary state ; now nothing in this life can bring him out of it but passion alone , which reason pretends to combat . nothing but passion in effect can please us , which every one may know by experience : for when any man is pleas'd , he may find by reflection that at the same time he is mov'd . the pleasure that any man meets with oftenest is the pleasure of sence . let any one examine himself in that , and he will find that the pleasure is owing to passion ; for the pleasure vanishes with the desire , and is succeeded by loathing , which is a sort of grief . since nothing but pleasure can make us happy , it follows that to be very happy , we must be much pleas'd ; and since nothing but passion can please us , it follows that to be very much pleas'd we must be very much mov'd ; this needs no proof , or if it did , experience would be a very convincing one ; since any one may find when he has a great deal of pleasure that he is extremely mov'd . and that very height and fulness of pleasure which we are promis'd in another life , must , we are told , proceed from passion , or something which resembles passion . at least no man has so much as pretended that it will be the result of reason . for we shall then be deliver'd from these mortal organs , and reason shall then be no more . we shall then no more have occasion from premisses to draw conclusions , and a long train of consequences ; for , becoming all spirit and all knowledge , we shall see things as they are : we shall lead the glorious life of angels , a life exalted above all reason , a life consisting of extasie and intelligence . thus is it plain that the happiness both of this life and the other is owing to passion , and not to reason . but tho we can never be happy by the force of reason , yet while we are in this life we cannot possibly be happy without it , or against it . for since man is by his nature a reasonable creature , to suppose man happy against reason , is to suppose him happy against nature , which is absurd and monstrous . we have shewn , that a man must be pleas'd to be happy , and must be mov'd to be pleas'd ; and that to please him to a height , you must move him in proportion : but then the passions must be rais'd after such a manner as to take reason along with them . if reason is quite overcome , the pleasure is neither long , nor sincere , nor safe . for how many that have been transported beyound their reason , have never more recover'd it . if reason resists , a mans breast becomes the seat of civil war , and the combat makes him miserable . for these passions , which are in their natures so very troublesome , are only so because their motions are always contrary to the motion of the will ; as grief , sorrow , shame and jealousie . and that which makes som● passions in their natures pleasant , is because they move with the will , as love , joy , pity , hope , terror , and sometimes anger . but this is certain , that no passion can move in those a full consent with the will , unless at the same time ●t be approv'd of by the understanding . and no passion can be allow'd of b● the understanding , that is not rais'd by its true springs , and augmented by its just degrees . now in the world it is so very rare to have our passions thus rais'd , and so improv'd , that that is the reason why we are so seldom throughly and sincerely pleas'd . but in the drama the passions are false and abominable , unless they are mov'd by their true springs , and rais'd by their just degrees . thus are they mov'd , thus are they rais'd in every well writ tragedy , till they come to as great a height as reason can very well bear . besides , the very motion has a tendency to the subjecting them to reason , and the very raising purges and moderates them . so that the passions are seldom any where so pleasing , and no where so safe as they are in tragedy . thus have i shown , that to be happy is to be pleas'd , and that to be pleas'd is to be mov'd in such a manner as is allow'd of by reason ; i have shown too that tragedy moves us thus , and consequently pleases us , and conseqeuntly makes us happy . which was the thing to he prov'd . chap. ii. that the stage is more particularly instrumental to the happiness of english men . we have shown in the former chapter , that all happiness consists in pleasure , and that all pleasure proceeds from passion ; but that passion to produce pleasure , must be rais'd after such a manner , as to move in consent with the will , and consequently to be allowd of by the understanding , upon which we took an occasion to shew , that thinking and reasoning people as philosophers , and the like , have made most complaints of the misery of humane life , because they have endeavour'd to deduce their happiness from reason , and not from passion . but another reason may be given , and that is , that such people , by reason of the exactness or moroseness of their judgments , are too scrupulous in the allowance of the passions , from wh●nce it proceeds , that things very rarely happen in life , to raise their passions in such a manner , as to approve them to their understandings , and consequently to make them move in consent with their wills . from whence it proceeds , that splenatick persons are so very unhappy , and so much harder to be pleas'd than others , which is every day confirm'd by experience . indeed 't is observ'd every day in splenatick people , that their passions move for the most part , with a contrary motion to that of their wills , and so afflict them them instead of delighting them , now there is no nation in europe , as has been observ'd above a thousand times , that is so generally addicted to the spleen as the english. and which is apparent to any observer , from the reigning distemper of the clime , which is inseparable from the spleen ; from that gloomy and sullen temper , which is generally spread through the nation : from that natural discontentedness which makes us fo uneasie to one another , because we are so uneasie to our selves ; and lastly , from our jealousies and suspicions , which makes us so uneasie to our selves , and to one another , and have so often made us dangerous to the government , and by consequence to our selves . now the english being more splenatick than other people , and consequently more thoughtful and more reflecting , and therefore more scrupulous in allowing their passions , and consequently things ●eldom hapning in life to move their passions so agreeably to their reasons , as to entertain and please them ; and there being no true and sincere pleasure unless these passions are thus mov'd , nor any happiness without pleasure , it follows ; that the english to be happy , have more need than other people of something that will raise their passions in such a manner , as shall be agreeable to their reasons , and that by consequence they have more need of the d●ama . chap. iii. the objections from reason answer'd . but now we proceed to answer objections , and to shew that we design to use mr collier with all the fairness imaginable ; i shall not only endeavour to answer all that may be objected from mr. collier's book ; against what i have said in the foregoing chapters in the behalf of the stage ; i say , i shall not only endeavour to answer this , after i have propounded it in the most foreible manner in which it can be urg'd , but i shall make it my business to reply to all that has been objected by other adversaries , or that i can foresee may be hereafter objected . the objections then against what i have said in defence of the stage in the foregoing chapters , are or may be of three sorts . first , objections from reason . secondly , from authority , and thirdly , from religion . first then , i shall endeavour to answer what may be objected from reason , viz. that tho it should be granted that the theatre makes people happy for the present , yet it afterwards infallibly makes them miserable : first , by nourishing and fomenting their passions ; and secondly , by indulging their vices , and making them libertines : and that 't is neither the part of a prudent man , nor a good christian , to make choice of such a momentary delight , as will be follow'd by so much affliction . and first , say the adver●aries of the stage , the drama tends to the making of people unhappy , because it nourishes and foments those passions , that occa●●on the follies and imprudencies from whence come all their misfortunes : ●nd first , it indulges terror and pity , ●nd the rest of the passions . secondly , it not only indulges love where it is , but creates it where it is not . first then , say they , it indulges terror , pity , and the rest of the passions . for , says a certain french gentleman , who is famous for criticism , that purgation which aristo●le mentions is meerly chimerical ; the more the passions in any one are mov'd , the more obnoxious they are to be mov'd , and the more unruly they grow . but , by monsieur de st. evremont's favour , this is not only to contradict aristotle , but every mans daily experience . for every man finds , and every man of sense particularly , that the longer he frequents plays the harder he is to be pleas'd , that is , the harder he is to be mov'd ; and when any man of judgment , who has a long time frequented plays , happens to be very much touch'd by a scene , we may conclude that that scene is very well writ , both for nature and art . and indeed , if people who have a long time frequented plays are so hard to be mov'd , to compassion , that a poet is oblig'd so to contrive his incidents and his characters , that the last shall be most deplorable , and the first most proper to move compassion ; may it not be very well suppos'd , that such a one will not be over obnoxious to feel too much compassion upon the view of calamities , which happen every day in the world , when they and the persons to whom they happen , may not so much as once in an age , have all the qualifications that are requir'd extreamly to touch him . but , secondly , whereas it is urg'd , that the drama and particularly tragedy , manifestly indulges love where it is , and creates it where it is not . to this i answer . that the love which is shewn in a tragedy is lawful and regular , or it is not . if it is not , why then in a play , which is writ as it should be ( for i pretend not to defend the errours or corruptions of the stage ) it is shewn unfortunate in the catastrophe , which is sufficient to make an audience averse from engaging in the excesses of that passion . but if the love that is shewn is lawful and regular , nothing makes a man happier than that passion . i speak ev'n of that i●mediate pleasure which attends the passion itself . and as it certainly makes him happy for the present , so there is no passion which puts a man upon things that make him happier for the future . for as people have for the most part a very high opinion of the belov'd object , it makes them endeavour to become worthy of it , and to encrease in knowledge and virtue ; and not only frequently reclaims them from some grosser pleasures , of which they were fond before , but breeds in them an utter detestation of some unnatural vices , which have been so much in use in eng●and , for these last thirty years . but now we come to the second pretended reason , why the drama tends to the making of men unhappy , and that is , say the adversaries of the stage , because it encourages and indulges their vices . to which we answer ; that the drama ; and particulary tragedy , in its purity , is so far from having that effect , that it must of necessity make men virtuous ; first , because it moderates the passions , whose excesses cause their vices ; secondly , because it instructs them in their duties , both by its fable and by its sentences . but here they start an objection , which some imagin a strong one , which is , that the nation has been more corrupted since the establishment of the drama , upon the restoration , than ever it was before . to which i answer . first , that that corruption of manners , tho it should be granted to proceed from the stage , can yet only proceed from the licentious abuses of it , which no man pretends to defend . but , secondly , we affirm that this corruption of manners , cannot be reasonably said to proceed , no not even from those pa●pable abuses of the stage , which we will not pretend to vindicate . first , for if the corruption of manners proceeded from the abuses of the stage , how comes it to pass that we never heard any complaint of the like corruption of manners before the restoration of charles the second , since it is plain from mr collier's book , that the drama flourish'd in the reign of king iames i. and flourish'd with the like licentiousness . but , secondly , if this general corruption of manners is to be attributed to the abuses of the stage , from hence it will follow , that there should be the greatest corruption of manners where the theatres are most frequented , or most licentious , which is not true : for in france the theatres are less licentious than ours , and yet the corruption of manners is there as great , if you only except our drinking , which , as i shall prove anon , can never proceed from any encouragement of the stage . in germany and in italy the theatres are less frequented : for in italy they seldom have plays unless in the carnival , and in most of the little german soveraignties , they have not constant theatres . and yet in germany they drink more , and in italy they are more intemperate in the use of women and unnatural vices . but thirdly , the corruption of manners upon the restoration , appear'd with all the fury of libertinism , even before the play house was re-establisht and long ●efore it could have any influence on manners , so that another cause of that corruption is to be enquir'd after , than the re-establishment of the drama , and that can be nothing but that beastly reformation , which in the time of the late civil wars , was begun at the tail instead of the head and the heart ; and which opprest and persecuted mens inclinations , instead of correcting and converting them , which afterwards broke out with the same violence , that a raging fire does upon its first getting vent . and that which gave it so licentious a vent was , not only the permission , but the example of the court , which for the most part was just arriv'd from abroad with the king , where it had endeavour'd by foreign corruption to sweeten , or at least to soften adversity , and having sojourn'd for a considerable time , both at paris and in the low countries , united the spirit of the french w●oring , to the fury of the dutch drinking . so that the poets who writ immediately after the restoration , were obliged to humour the deprav'd tastes of their audience . for as an impenitent sinner that should be immediately transported to heaven , would be incapable of partaking of the happiness of the place , because his inclinations and affections would not be prepar'd for it , so if the poets of these times had writ in a manner purely instructive , without any mixture of lewdness , the appetites of the audience were so far debauch'd , that they would have judg'd the entertainment insipid , so that the spirit of libertinism which came in with the court , and for which the people were so well prepar'd by the sham-reformation of manners , caus'd the lewdness of their plays , and not the lewdness of plays the spirit of libertinism . for t is ridiculous to assign a cause of so long a standing to so new , so sudden , and so extraordinary an effect , when we may assign a cause so new , so probable , and unheard of before , as the inclinations of the people , returning with violence to their natural bent , upon the encouragement and example of a court , that was come home with all the corruptions of a foreign luxury ; so that the sham-reformation being in a great measure the cause of that spirit of libertinism , which with so much fury came in with king charles the second , and the putting down the play house being part of that reformation , 't is evident that the corruption of the nation is so far from proceeding from the play-house , that it partly proceeds from having no plays at all . fourthly , that the corruption of manners is not to be attributed to the licentiousness of the drama , may appear from the consideration of the reigning vices , i mean those moral vices which have more immediate influence upon mens conduct , and consequently upon their happiness . and those are chiefly four . . the love of women . . drinking . . gaming . . unnatural sins . for drinking and gaming , their excesses cannot be reasonably charg'd upon the stage , for the following reasons . first , because it cannot possibly be conceiv'd , that so reasonable a diversion as the drama , can encourage or incline men to so unreasonable a one as gaming , or so brutal a one as drunkenness . secondly , because these two vices have been made odious and ridiculous by our plays , instead of being shewn agreeable . as for dunkenness , to shew the sinner is sufficient to discredit the vice ; for a drunkard of necessity always appears either odious or ridiculous . and for a gamester , i never knew any one shewn in a play , but either as a f●ol or a rascal . thirdly , because those two vices flourish in places that are too remote , and in persons that are too abject to be encourag'd or influenc'd by the stage . there is drinking and gaming in the furthest north and the furthest west , among peasants , as well as among dukes and peers . but here perhaps some visionary zealot will urge , that these two vices , even these remote places , and these abject persons proceed from the influence of that irreligion , which is caus'd by the corruptions of the stage , and will with as much reason and as much modesty deduce the lewdness which is transacted in the tin mines , in cornwal , and in the coal-pits of newcastle , from the daily abominations of the pits of the two play-houses , as he would derive the brutality of the high dutch drinking , from the prophaneness of our english drama . but what will he say then to those gentlemen , who neither are suppos'd to go to our theatres , nor to converse much with those who do , nor to be liable to be corrupted by them ; what will they say to these gentlemen , if they can be prov'd to have a considerable share of the two fore-mention'd vices ? what can they answer ? for it would be ridiculously absurd to reply , that the clergy are corrupted by the laity , whom it is their business to convert . but here i think my self oblig'd to declare , that i by no means design this as a reflection upon the church of england , who i am satisfy'd may morejustly boast of its clergy , than any other church whatsoever ; a clergy that are equally illustrious for their piety and for their learning , yet may i venture to affirm , that there are some among them , who can never be suppos'd to have been corrupted by play-houses , who yet turn up a bottle oftner than they do an hour-glass , who box about a pair of tables with more servour than they do their cushions , contemplate a pair of dice more frequently than the fathers or councels , and meditate and depend upon hazard , more than they do upon providence . and as for that unnatural sin , which is another growing vice of the age , it would be monstrous to urge that it is in the least encourag'd by the stage , for it is either never mention'd there , or mention'd with the last detestation . and now lastly , for the love of women , fomented by the corruption , and not by the genuine art of the stage ; tho the augmenting and nourishing it cannot be defended , yet it may be in some measure excus'd . . because it has more of nature , and consequently more temptation , and consequently less malice , than the preceding three , which the drama does not encourage . . because it has a check upòn the other vices , and peculiarly upon that unnatural sin , in the restraining of which the happiness of mankind is in so evident a manner concern'd . so that of the four moral reigning vices , the stage encourages but one , which , as it has been prov'd to be the least of them all , so is it the least contageous , and the least universal . for in the country , fornication and adultery are seldom heard of , whereas drunkenness rages in almost every house there : from all which it appears , how very unreasonable it is , to charge the lewdness of the times upon the stage , when it is evident , that of the four reigning moral vices , the stage encourages but one , and that the least of the ●our , and the least universal , and a vice which has a check upon the other three , and particularl● upon that amongst them , which is most opposite and most destructive to the happiness of mankind . chap. iv. the objections from authority answer'd . in the next place we come to answer the objections which mr collier has brought from authority . the authorities which he has produc'd are indeed very numerous , yet only four of them can be reduc'd under this head , without running into confusion , two poets and two philosophers . the poets are ovid and mr. wycherley ; the philosophers , plutarch and seneca . the first of them is ovid , in his book de arte amandi , and in his book de remedio amoris . we have already answer'd the last in the preceding chapter , and shall now say something to the first . the passage is this : sed tu praecipue curvis venare theatris haec loca sunt votis fertiliora tuis . illic invenies quod ames , quod ludere possis quodque semel tangas quodque tenere velis . from whence mr collier makes this shrewd remark , that the theatre is the properest place in the world to meet , or to find a mistress , and that several people go thither on purpose . in answer to this , i desire the reader to peruse the verses which precede . nec fuge niliginae memphitica templa iuvenc● multas illa facit quod fuit illa iovi . and have we not here a merry person ? who brings an authority against going to theatres , which is as direct against going to church ? nay , and upon the very same account too . but the poet speaks here of a heathen temple , says mr collier . well , and so he does of a heathen theatre . but what he says of the roman theatre is exactly applicable to ours . and what reply can be made to that , says mr collier ? what ? why i wish to god that no reply could be made to it . but besides , if several people go to our theatres purposely to meet , or to find out a mistress , i think it is plain that if there were no theatres , they wou'd go to other places : especially since , as we hinted above , when the theatres are shut , they frequent other assemblies upon the same designs . but tho some people go to the theatre to meet their mistresses , yet it is evident that most go to see the play , who , if they could not have that diversion , would not improbably go to other places with far worse intentions . the next who i● produc●d against the stage is mr wycherley , much , i dare say , against the assent either of his will or his understanding . but only for a jest in that admirable epistle , which is prefix'd to the plain dealer . however ; even that jest , let it be never so much o●re-strain'd , can never be brought to convince us of any thing but the abuses of the theatre , which i do not pretend to defend ; and i thought mr wycherley had more than made amends for it , by exposing adu●tery , and making it the immediate cause of olivia's misfortune , in that excellent play , which is a most instructive and a most noble satyr , upon the hyprocrisie and villany of mankind . mr wycherley being indeed almost the only man alive , who has made comedy instructive in its fable ; almost all the rest being contented to instruct by their characters . but what mr collier has said of mr wycherley is sufficient to shew us what candour , nay , and what justice we are to expect from this censurer of the stage . for in giving mr. wycherley's character , he has shewn himself invidious and detracting even in his commendation . for the best thing that he can afford to say of the greatest of our comick wits , is , that he is a man of good sense . which puts me in mind of a father in france over-hearing his son saying of the mareschal de turenne ma foy , ie trouve monsieur de t●renne an ioly homme : et vous mo●●its , replys the father , je vous trouve un joly sot de parler ainsi , du plus grand homme que la france a porte . how unworthy was it to commend mr wycherley for a thing , which , tho certainly he has in a very great degree , yet is common to him with a thousand more ; and to take no notice of those extraordinary qualities which are peculiar to him alone , his wit , his penetration , his satyr , his art , his characters , and above all , that incomparable vivacity , by which he has happily equall'd the ancients , and surpass'd the moderns ? but now let us pass to the philosophers , i mean the philosophers who were not poets ; for no man can be a good poet who is not a philosopher . he has cited plutarch in four several places in his symposiaecum ; his book de audiendis poetis ; his treatise de glori● atheniensium ; and his laconick institutions : for the two last we shall say nothing to them , till we come to speak of government . in the two first mr collier makes plutarch say , that plays are dangerous to corrupt young peop●e , and therefore stage-poetry , when it grows too hardy , and licentious , ought to be check'd . but i make no doubt but to make it appear , that mr collier has been guilty of three things in this very action , which are unworthy the candour of a gentleman , or of a man of letters . first , he has brought an authority , which can only convince us that this philosopher did not approve of the licentiousness of the stage , which licentiousness we by no means design to defend : such an authority , i say , he has brought in a chapter , design'd to shew that the ancients disapprov'd of plays , and the stage in general . secondly , he has made use of the authority of plutarch against the stage , whereas that philosopher has said infinitely more in its behalf , than he has against it . thirdly , he has from two tracts of plutarch slurr'd one citation upon us , in the way of an argument , which is very unlike the reasoning of that philosopher . for in the first part of the enthyme , he makes plutarch damn the stage , and the drama in general ; and in the second conclude against them in particular . for plays , says he , that is , all plays , are dangerous to corrupt young people , and therefore some plays ought to be check'd . and why does mr collier make the philosopher argue after this jesuitical manner , when it is plain to any reader , that has but common apprehension , that since in the second part of the euthymene , plutarch condemn'd only some particular plays ; he only said in the first part of it , that some particular play were dangerous . but let us proceed to seneca . and since it highly concerns us to give a full and satisfactory account of what is objected from him , let us cite him at length , a● mr collier translates him . seneca complains heartily of the extravagance and debauchery of the age : and how forward people were to improve in that which was naught . that scarce any body would apply themselves to the study of nature and morality , unless when the play-house was shut , or the weather foul . that there was no body to teach philosophy , because there was no body to learn it . but that the stage had nurseries , and company enough . this misapplication of time and fancy , made knowledge in so ill a condition . this was the cause the hints of antiquity were no better pursued ; that some inventions were sunk , and that some inventions grew downwards , rather than otherwise . to which i answer , first , that it is not likely that seneca should condemn the drama and the stage in general , since it is so notoriously known that he writ plays himself . secondly , that by what he says it is evident that he declaims only against the abuses of the theatre ; and those such abuses as have no relation to ours ; as for example , the passing whole days together in the theatre , which the romans oftentimes did . thirdly , that if mr collier would infer from hence , that our theatres are hindrances to the advancement of learning , we have nothing to do but affirm what all the world must consent to , that learning is now at a greater height than ever it was known in england . what we have said is sufficient to confound mr collier , but we will not be contented with that ; for here we triumph , here we insult , here we have a just occasion to shew the admirable advantage of the stage to letters , and the incomparable excellency of the drama , and in a more peculiar manner of tragedy , which seems purposely form'd and design'd for raising the mind , and firing it to that noble emulation , which is so absolutely necessary for the improvement of arts. this is a truth which is confirm'd by the experience of all nations , of all ages . for whether we look upon the ancients or moderns , whether we consider the athenians or romans , or the french or our selves , we shall find that arts and sciences have for the most part begun , but all of them at least begun to prosper with the stage , and that as they have flourish'd , they have at last declin'd with it . and this we may affirm , not only of the the more human arts , poetry , history , eloquence , of which the theatre is certainly the best school in the world ; the school that form'd in a great measure those prodigious disciples , cicero and demosthenos , but we may truly assert it of all other sorts of learning . for before thespis appear'd in attica , and reduc'd the drama to some sort of form , which had nothing but confusion before him , they had neither author nor knowledge amongst them , that could be esteem'd by posterity : that little knowledge which they had of nature is to us ridiculous . for moral philosophy , they had no such thing , nor orator nor historian ▪ but as soon as after thespis their theatre began to flourish , all their extraordinary men , in all these sorts , appear'd almost together . not only those who adorn'd the stage , as aeschylus , euripides , and the divine sophocles ; but those orators , philosophers and historians , who have since been the wonders of all posterity , socrates , plato , xenophon , aristotle , pericles , thucydides , demosthenes , aeschines ; and of all their famous authors who have descended to us , there was not one that i can think of , but who was alive between the first appearing of thespis , and the death of sophocles . and be it said in a more particular manner for the honour of the stage , that they had no such thing as moral philosophy before the drama flourish'd . socrates was the first , who out of their theatre began to form their manners . and be it said , to the immortal honour of tragedy , that the first and greatest of all the moral philosophers , not only frequented their theatres , but was employ'd in writing tragedies . and as among the athenians , eloquence , history , and philosophy , i speak of the moral , which is the only solid certain philosophy , appear'd and flourish'd upon the flourishing of the stage , so with the stage they at last declin'd , for not one of their famous writers has descended to us , who liv'd after the drama was come to perfection , that is , after the full establishment of the new comedy . as dramatick poetry was the first kind of writing that appear'd among the athenians , so i defy the most skilful man in antiquity , to name so much as one author among the romans till dramatick poetry appear'd at rome , introduc'd by livius andronicus , above five hundred years after the building of the city . but when their stage began to be cultivated , immediately a hundred writers arose , in poetry , eloquence , history , and philosophy , whose fame took an equal flight with that of the roman eagles , and who , transmitting their immortal works to posterity , continue the living glories of that republick , and the only solid remains of the roman greatness . as with the roman stage the rest of their arts were cultivated , and improv'd ▪ proportionably ; as with that in the age of augustus caesar , about two hundred years from the time of livius andronicus , they reach'd their utmost height , so with that they declin'd in the reigns of succeeding emperors . for the french , 't is yet scarce a hundred years since hardy first appear'd among them : and hardy was the first who began to reform their stage , and to recover it from the confusion in which it lay before him . and tho i cannot say , that before that time the french had no good writers , yet i may safely affirm , that they had but one , who was generally esteem●d throughout the rest of europe : but to re●kon all who have since been excellent in poetry , eloquence , history and philosophy , would certainly make a v●ry long and a very illustrious roll. 't is time to come at last to our selves : it was first in the reign of king henry the eighth that the drama grew into form with us : it was establish'd in the reign of queen elizabeth , and flourish'd in that of king iames the first . and tho i will not presume to affirm , that before the reign of king henry the eighth we had no good writers , yet i will confidently assert , that , excepting chaucer , no not in any sort of writing whatever , we had not a first rate writer . but immediately upon the establishment of the drama , three prodigies of wit appear'd all at once , as it were so many suns to amaze the learned world . the reader will immediately comprehend that i speak of spencer , bacon and raleigh ; three mighty geniuses , so extraordinary in their different ways , that not only england had never seen the like before , but they almost continue to this very day , in spight of emulation , in spight of time , the greatest of our poets , philosophers and historians . from the time of king iames the first the drama flourish'd , and the arts were cultivated , till the beginning of our intestine broil● , in the reign of king charles the ●irst ; when the dramatick muse was banish'd , and all the arts degraded . for what other sort of poets flourish'd in those days ? who were the inspir●d , the celebrated men ? why withers , pryn , vickars , fellows whose verses were laborious libels upon the art and themselves . these were the first rate poets , and under them flourish'd a herd of scribblers of obscurer infamy : wretches , who had not desert enough to merit even contempt ; whose works , like abortions , never beheld the light , stifled in the dark by their own friends , as so many scandals upon humane nature , and lamentable effects of that universal conspiracy of fools against right reason . and if any one pretends that sir iohn denham , sir william davenant , mr. waller and mr. cowley writ many of their verses in the time of the late civil wars ; to him i answer , that what mr. waller writ was but very little , and the other three are notoriously known to have writ in a country , where the stage and learning flourish'd . so that nothing among us that was considerable was produc'd in poetry in the times of the late civil wars , if you except but the first part of that admirable satyr against the muses mortal foe hypocrisie , which yet neither did nor durst appear till the restoration of the drama . we have seen what the poets were that flourish'd in those dismal times , let us now see what were the orators ? who were the cry'd up preachers ? why calamy , case , hugh peters , manton , sibbs . but what was produc'd in the other sciences , that was worthy of posterity ? what in philosophy ? what in history ? what in mathematicks ? what could be expected when only hypocritical fools were encourag'd , whose abominable canting was christn'd gift , and their dulness grace . but what sort of persons have flourish'd among us since the restoration of the drama ? who have been they who have signaliz'd themselves in the other kinds of poetry ? so great is the number of those who have writ politely , that it is comprehensive of all conditions of men . how many have been justly renown'd for eloquence . so many extraordinary men have distinguish'd themselves by preaching , that to ennumerate them would be an endless thing . i shall content my self with mentioning the late archbishop and the present bishop of rochester , so illustrious for their different talents , the one for his extream politeness , for his grace and his delicacy , the other for his nervous force , and both for their masculine purity . who among us are fam'd for history ? not only the last of those great prelates , but the present bishop of salisbury , whose history of the reformation is so deservedly celebrated by the learned world , where-ever english or french is known . what proficients have we in philosophy ? what in mathematicks ? let all europe reply , who has read , and reading admir'd them . i shall content my self with mentioning two of the living glories of england , mr newton and mr lock , the one of which has not his equal in europe , and neither of them has his superiour . thus have i shown you , how poetry , eloquence , history , and philosophy , have appear'd , advanc'd , declin'd , and vanish'd with the drama , not only in greece and ancient italy , but in modern france and england . so true it is , what was formerly so well said , that all those arts which respect humanity , have a certain alliance , and a mutual dependance , and are defended and supported by their common confederacy . thus while i am pleading in defence of the stage , i am defending and supporting poetry , the best and the noblest kind of writing . for all other writers are 〈◊〉 made by precept , and are form'd by art ; but a poet prevails by the force of nature , is excited by all that 's powerful in humanity , and is sometimes by a spirit not his own exalted to divinity . for if poetry in other countries has flourish'd with the stage , and been with that neglected , what must become of it here in england if the stage is ruin'd ; for foreign poets have found their publick and their private patrons . they who excell'd in greece were encourag'd by the athenian stage , nay and , by all greece assembled at their olympian , istmean , nemean , pythian games . rome had its scipios , its caesars , and its mecenas , france had its magnanimous richlieu , and its greater lewis , but the protection that poetry has found in england , has been from the stage alone . some few indeed of our private men have had souls that have been large enough , and wanted only power . but of our princes , how few have had any taste of arts ; nay , and of them who had some , have had their heads too full , and some their souls too narrow . as then in maintaining the cause of the stage , i am defending poetry in general ; so in defending that i am pleading for eloquence , for history and philosophy . i am pleading for the reasonable pleasures of mankind , the only harmless , the only cheap , the only universal pleasures ; the nourishments of youth , and the delights of age , the ornaments of prosperity , and the surest sanctuaries of adversity , now insolently attempted by furious zeal too wretchedly blind to see their beauties , or discern their innocence . for unless the stage be encouraged in england , poetry cannot subsist ; for never was any man a great poet , who did not make it his business as well as pleasure and solely abandon himself to that . and as poetry wou●d be crush'd by the ruines of the stage ; so eloquence would be miserably maim'd by them ; for which , if action be confess'd the life of it , the theatre is certainly the best of schools , and if action be not the life of it , demosthenes was much mistaken . in eloquence i humbly conceive that the pulpit is somthing concern'd , and by consequence in the stage ; and need not be asham'd to learn from that place which instructed cicero , and which form'd demosthenes . for i cannot forbear declaring , notwithstanding the extream veneration which i have for the church of england , that if in some of our pulpits , we had but persons that had half the excellence of demosthenes , that had but half the force of his words , and the resistless strength of his reasoning , and but half his vehement action , we should see quite another effect of their sermons . those divine orators fulminating with their sacred thunder , would infix terrible plagues in the souls of sinners , and rouze and awake to a new life even those who are dead in sin . i now come to answer what is objected from religion ; and that is , that tho it should be granted that some little happiness may be deriv'd from the stage , yet that there is a much better and surer way to be happy : for the only way to be solidly and lastingly happy even in this life , is to be truly religious , the best christian being always the happiest man. to which i answer , that as the christian religion contains the best , nay , the only means to bring men to eternal happiness , so for the making men happy ev'n in this life , it surpasses all philosophy ; but yet i confidently assert , that if the stage were arriv'd to that degree of purity , to which in the space of some little time it may easily be brought , the frequenting our theatres would advance religion , and consequently the happiness of mankind , and so become a part of the christian duty , which i shall demonstrate when i come to speak of religion . the end of the first part. the usefulness of the stage . part ii. chap. i. that the stage is useful to government . since in the first part of this treatise , we have plainly demonstrated that the stage is instrumental to the happiness of mankind , and of englishmen more particularly ; and since it is self-evident , that the happiness of those who are govern'd , is the very end and design of all regular government , it evidently follows , that the stage which contributes to the happiness of particular men , is conducive to the good of the state. however , i shal descend to shew more particularly , that the stage is instrumental to the welfare , first , of government in general . secondly , of the english government more particularly . thirdly , especially of the present government . first , the stage is instrumental to the welfare of government in general ; which i shall prove , . by reason : and , . by experience . and first i shall prove by reason , that the stage is instrumental to the welfare of government , and that whether you consider those who govern , or secondly , those who are governed . first , if you consider those who govern . and here it is self-evident , that no man who governs , can govern amiss , as long as he follows the dictates of common reason . that requires that all who govern , shou'd consult the interest of those who are govern'd , which is inclusive of their own . and those rulers have always been upon a wrong foundation , who have had an interest distinct from that of their people . male-administration has always its source from the passions or vices of those who govern . the passions which cause it , are for the most part ambition , or the immoderate love of pleasure . now as tragedy checks the first , by shewing the great ones or the earth humbled , so it corrects the last by firing the mind and raising it to something nobler . the vices which cause the male-administration of governours , are either vices of weakness or of malice , the first of which cause governours to neglect , and the last , to oppress their people . the vices of weakness are inconsiderateness , and effeminacy , inconstancy , and irresoluti●n . now nothing can be a better remedy than tragedy for inconsiderateness , which reminds men of their duty , and perpetually instructs them , either by its fable or by its sentences , and shews them the ill and the fatal consequences of irregular administration ; and nothing is more capable of raising the soul , and giving it that greatness , that courage , that force , and that constancy which are the qualifications that make men deserve to command others ; which is evident from experience . for they who in all countries and in all ages have appear'd most to feel the power of tragedy , have been the most deserving and the greatest of men aeschylus among the athenians was a great captain , as well as a tragick poet ; and sophocles was both an able statesman and a victorious general . if we look among ●he romans , the very greatest among them , were particularly they who appear'd so far touch'd by the drama , as either to write their plays themselves , or to build their theatre . witness scipio , and lelius , and lucullus , and the great pompey , and mecenas , and iulius and augustus caesar. no man among the french has shewn so much capacity or so much greatness of mind as richlieu ; and no man among them has express'd so much passion for the drama , which was so great , that he writ several plays himself , with that very hand , which at the same time was laying the plan of the french universal monarchy among us the drama began to flourish in the reign of queen elizabeth , and i have been told , that that great princess appear'd to be so far charm●d with it , as to translate with her own hand a tragedy from euripide● . that vice of malice which for the most part causes the male-administration of governours is cruelty , which nothing is more capable of correcting than tragedy , which by diving into the hidden springs of nature , and making use ▪ of all that is powerful in her , in order to the moving compassion , 〈◊〉 been always found sufficient to soften the most obdurate heart . numerous examples might be brought of this , but i shall content my self with that of alexander the thessalian tyrant , as the story is related by dacier , in the preface to his admirable comment on the poetick of aristotle . this barbarous man , says dacier , cau●●ng the hecuba of euripides to be play'd before him , found himself so touch'd that he went out before the end of the first act , seeing it would be a shame for him to be seen to shed tears for the miseries of hecuba , or the calamities of polyxena , for him who every day embrued this hands in the innocent blood of his subjects . the truth of it was , that he had some apprehension , lest he should be so far melted , that he-should be forsaken by that spirit of tyranny , which had so long possess'd him , and should go a private person out of that theatre , into the which he had entered a soveraign . nay , he had like to have caus'd the actor who had mov'd him thus , to be executed ; but the criminal was secur'd by the very remains of that compassion , which was his only crime . that which follows is remarkable , and which dacier ci●es from an ancient historian . a very grave writer , says dacier , makes a reflection which is very much to my purpose , and which seems of importance to government . speaking of the inhabitants of arcadia , he says , that their humanity , and the sweetness of their tempers , and the respect which they had for the gods ; and in a word , the purity of their manners , and all their virtues proceeded principally from the love which they had for musick , which by its sweetness corrected those ill impressions , which a raw and unwholesom air , together with the hardship which they endured by their laborious way of life , made on their bodies and on their minds . and he says on the contrary , that those of cynethus were carried to all sorts of profligate crimes , because that they , renouncing the wise institutions of their ancestors , ●ad neg●ected an art which was therefore the more necessary for them , because they inhabited tha● part of arcadia , which was the coldest , and where the climate was most unequal . indeed , there was no town in all greece , says dacier , that had given such frequent examples of enormous crimes . and if polybius , says he , speaks this in the behalf of musick , and accuses ephorus for having advanc'd a thing that was very unworthy of him , in asserting that musick was invented on purpose for the deceiving of mankind , what may we not justly affirm of tragedy , of which musick is but a little ornament ; and which as far transcends it , as the reasoning speech of a man excels the brutes inarticulate voice , which never has any meaning . but now we come in the second place , to shew that the stage is useful to government , with respect to those who are governed , and that whether you consider them in relation to those who govern them , or to one another , or to the common enemy . if you consider them in relation to those who govern them , you will find that tragedy is very proper to check the motions , that they may at any time feel to rebellion or disobedience , by stopping the very sources of them ; for tragedy naturally checks their ambition , by shewing them the great ones of the earth humbled , by setting before their eyes , to make use of mr colliers words , the uncertainty of human greatness , the sudden turns of state , and the unhappy conclusion of violence and injustice . tragedy too , diverts their apprehension of grievances , by the delight which it gives them , discovers the designs of their factious guides , by opening their eyes , and instructing them in their duty by the like examples ; and lastly , it dispels their unreasonable jealousies , for people who are melted or terrified with the sufferings of the great , which are set before thei● eyes , are rather apt to feel a secret pleasure , from the sense that they have , that they are free from the like calamities , than to torment themselves with the vain and uncertain apprehensions of futurity . but the stage is useful to government in those who are govern'd , if they are con●●der'd with relation to one another ▪ for tragedy diverts them from th●●● unjust designs , by the pleasure which it gives them ; since no man as long 〈◊〉 he is easie himself , is in a humour to disturb others , and by purging th●se passions , whose excesses cause their injustice , by instructing them in their duty by its fable and by its sentences● by raising their minds , and setting them above injustice , by touching them with compassion , and making them good upon a principle of self-love ; and lastly , by terrifying them with setting before their eyes , the unhappy conclusion , to use mt collier's words , of violence and injustice . thirdly , the stage is useful to government , by having an influence over those who are govern'd , in relation to the common enemy . for nothing more raises and exalts their minds , and fires them with a noble emulation , who shall best perform their duty : which brings me to the second head , the shewing the usefulness of the stage to government in general , from ii. experience , and that of . the athenian . . the roman . . the french , and . the english government . . for the athenians , their drama first appear'd in form with thespis , was cultivated by aeschylus , and perfected by sophocles . now this is extreamly remarkable , that that people , which from theseus to thespis , that is , for the space of about seven hundred years , continued a poor and ignorant , and comparatively a contemptible people ; in the space of a hundred years more , in which time their tragedy was form'd by thespis , cultivated by aeschylus , and perfected by sophocles ; i say , it is extreamly remarkable , that in that space of time , this people , which before were so inconsiderable , became illustrious for arts and arms , renown'd for eloquence , for philosophy famous , and for empire formidable , the masters of greece , the scourges of asia , and the terror of the great king. in that space of time flourish'd most of their mighty conquerors , cimon , aristides , pericles , themistocles and miltiades . their tragick poets were the persons who animated their armies , and fir'd the souls of those brave men , who conquer'd at once and dy'd for their country , in the bay of salamis , and in the plains of marathon ; at which place a handful of men , as it were , of the disciples of thespis and the succeeding poets , vanquish'd the numberless forces of the east , laid the foundation of the grecian empire , and of the fortune of the great alexander . the athenians were highly sensible of the advantage which the state receiv'd from the theatre , which they maintain'd at a publick prodigious expence , and a revenue appropriated to that peculiar use ; and establish'd a law , which made the least attempt to alienate the fund capital . so that when the common exchequer was exhausted , demosthenes was oblig'd to use the utmost address to induce them to touch and divert this separate fund . but 't is time to come to the romans . livius andronicus , who was their first dramatick poet , appear'd in the five hundred and fourteenth year after the building of the city . and till his time they had been struggling as it were for life with their neighbours , and had been torn by perpetual convulsions within themselves ; whereas after the first representation of the plays which were written by him , they were not only quiet within themselves for above a hundred years af●er , but in a hundred more beca●e the masters of the universe . and who were the persons among them that advanced their conquests , and extended their empire ? why the very men who buil● their theatres and who writ their plays . scipio , conquer'd spain and africa , pompey and lucullus asia , and caesar england , flanders , france , and germany . 't is not above a hundred years ago , since dramatick poetry begun to flourish in france , since which time the french have not only been remarkably united , but have advanced their conquests so fast , that they have almost doubled their empire . cardinal richelieu was the person who at the same time laid the foundation of the greatness of their theatre and their empire : and 't is a surprizing thing to consider , that the spirit of dramatick poetry leaving them just before the beginning of the last war , by moliere and corneille's death , and by racine's age , they have since that time lost almost half their conquests . to come home to our selves , dramatick poetry began to be brought into form with us , in the time of henry the eighth , and tho since that time we cannot boast of such glorious successes , as we had in the times of our fifth henry and of our third edward , when the conquering genius of england in triumph seem'd to bestride the ocean , and to fix an imperial foot on the continent ; yet this may be said to the advantage of the drama , that since it first began to be cultivated , we have had our eyes more open , have found that our constitution is but ill design'd for conquest ; that by being very fortunate we should run the risk of becoming very unhappy , and endanger our liberties , by extending our empire . chap. ii. that the stage is particularly useful to the english , and especially the present government . we have shewn in the foregoing chapter , that the drama , and particularly tragedy , is among other reasons useful to government , because it is proper to restrain a people from rebellion and disobedience , and to keep them in good correspondence among themselves : for this reason the drama may be said to be instrumental in a peculiar manner to the welfare of the english government ; because there is no people on the face of the earth so prone to rebellion as the english , or so apt to quarrel among themselves . and this seems very remarkable , that since the drama began first to flourish among us , we have been longer at quiet than ever we were before since the conquest ; and the only civil war which has been amongst us since that time , is notoriously known to have been began and carry'd on by those who had an utter aversion to the stage ; as on the other side , he who now discovers so great an aversion to the stage , has notoriously done all that lay in his little power to plunge us in another civil war. but the stage is more particularly instrumental to the welfare of our present english government , as the government is depending upon two things , . the reformation , and . the revolution . i shall speak of the reformation when i come to treat of religion . i shall shew at present that the stage is advantageous to the government , as it stands since the revolution ; and that will appear , if we consider what people they are who frequent our theatres . and they are either friends to the government , or enemies , or indifferent persons . they who are friends to it ▪ are for the most part so , because it defends and maintains the liberties of the people . but liberty is a jest i● you take away reasonable pleasure ; for what would signifie liberty , if it did not make me happier than him who is not free ? machiavel says , in the th chapter of his prince , that nothing renders a prince so odious , as the ta●ing possession of the wives and estates of his people , that is , nothing renders him so odious as the depriving his subjects of their lawful and reasonable pleasures ; for no mans wife or estate is dear to him any further than as they contribute to his pleasure and to his happiness . now that the drama is of the number of lawful and reasonable pleasures , has been , and shall be prov'd ; and has been all along implied , not by the connivance , but by the authority and the command of so many of our monarchs , the protection of so many illustrious princes , and the support and encouragement of so many extraordinary men , who have compos'd for so long together the great council ▪ of the nation , whose united judgments ought● certainly to be preferr'd before the pretended opinions of two or three unknown bigots , who , under the austerity of their affected grimaces , are carrying forward their dark designs , and could never do a thing upon which they would esteem themselves more , than upon depriving the government of any of its faithful friends . and it is more than probable , that some of its friends would prove averse to it , if the stage were either suppress'd or very much discourag'd . but in the next place , the stage is of use to the government , if you consider its enemies ; for it gives the enemies of the state a considerable diversion . people will not so furiously desire a change , as long as they live agreeably . men must be uneasie some way or other in their manner of living , before they come to private cabals and plotting . they who are happy appear averse to them , and to frequenting jacobite conventicles , and to contributing to our non●swearing parsons . hinc illae lachrymae ; from hence comes the impotent rage of our foes , from hence their dissembled zeal ; for as long as the enemies of the state are diverted by publick spectacles , their seditious preachers must be in a wretched condition . but farther , the stage is beneficial to the present government , if you consider a third sort of people who daily frequent it , and they are such who are always indifferent what government they live under , so they can live but agreeably . now these are of all others the most addicted to their pleasures , and would take it most heinously to be depriv'd of them . thus is the stage beneficial to the present government , if you consider those who are friends to it , or enemies , or indifferent . and the same may appear , from considering them all together . for nothing tends to the uniting men more , than the bringing them frequently together , and the pleasing them when they are assembled . thus have we shewn , that the stage is beneficial to the english government , and more particularly to the present government ; and that from the nature of the people , and the consideration of those who frequent our theatres ; we come now to answer what has been , or what may be objected from reason , from authority , and from religion . chap. iii. the objections from authority answer'd . we will begin with the objections which are brought from authority ; the authorities are numerous which mr collier has produced in the last chapter of his book ; which chapter is levell'd against the stage and dramatick poetry in general , as any one may see by perusing the first paragraph . now i would fain ask mr collier one question , whether the business of plays is not to recommend virtue and discountenance vice , and to bring every thing that is ill under infamy and neg●●ct ; whether the poets , if they pleas●d , might not be serviceable to this purpose ? and the stage be very significant ? what will he say to this ? will he deny it ? why then did he affirm it in these very words in his introduction to his book ? well , will he confess it ? then why this pedantick scrowl of authorities , to oppose the truth ? or of what significancy is human authority against human reason ? but yet , to shew the ungenerous temper of this adversary to dramatick poetry , and consequently to human learning , i shall make it appear , that of all the authorities which he has produc'd , several make in defence of the stage , and not one of them makes against it . the objections are of two sorts . those opinions of particular statesmen , and the sentiments of states in general . we shall answer the authorities which are brought from both , in the same order as they are cited by mr. collier . the two first which he brings are plato and xenophon , in the th page , plato , says mr collier , has banish'd plays from his commonwealth : but what can be concluded from thence ? that they ought to be expell'd from the english government ? when every body knows that the commonwealth of plato is a meer romantick notion , with which human nature , and human life , and by consequence dramatick poetry , cannot possibly agree . machiavil may give a solid answer to this in the fifteenth chapter of his prince . some men , says he , have form●d ●word and soveraignties in their own fancies , such as never were , and as never will be . but the distance is so very great between what men are , and between what they ought to be , that the statesman who leaves that which is , to follow that which ought to be , seeks his own destruction rather than his preservation . and by consequence , he who makes profession of being perf●ctly good , among too many others who are not perfectly so , sooner or later must certainly perish . but what has thus exasperated plato against the drama ? why it raises the passions , says he , and is by consequence an enemy to morality . but aristotle who , as mr collier in this very page unhappily owns , saw as far into human nature as any man ; aristotle has declar'd , that tragedy , by exciting the passions purges them , and reduces them to a just mediocrity , and is by consequence a promoter of virtue . as plato has laid the plan of a notional commonwealth , xenophon has given an account in his cyropedia of a romantick monarchy ; in which he says , that the persians would not suffer their youth to hear any thing that was amorous or tawdry . but what can this man mean by bringing this as an authority against the stage , and the drama in general : for can any one be so absurd as to imagin , that this was intended by xenophon to condemn the gravity , and seve●ity , and majesty of euripides's plays ? those plays which are said to be in part the productions of the wisest and most virtuous of all the philosophers , of xenophon's honourd incomparable master , socrates . the next , whose authority is produc'd , is aristotle ; produc'd ? for what ? why to overthrow the authority of that very sort of writing , which is establish'd upon his own rules . well! and what says aristotle ! why in his politicks he lays it down for a rule , that the law ought to forbid young people the seeing of comedies such permissions not being safe , till age and discipline had form'd them in sobriety , fortify'd their virtue , and made it as it were proof against debauchery . and what are these words of aristotle cited to shew ? why that plays in general are the nurseries of vice , the corruption of youth , and the grievance of the country , where they are suffer'd ; for that was the thing which in the first paragraph of this sixth chapter , mr collier propounded to shew . now can any thing in nature be more unreasonable than this ? for in the first place it can never be , no , not so much as pretended , that aristotle in this place requires the forbidding any thing but only comedy , which is but one sort of dramatick poetry ; nor can it be so much as pretended , that he requires , that this should be forbidden to any but boys , nor , secondly , is it probable that aristotle meant this of any thing but only that sort of ancient comedy , which has no resemblance with ours . for i have two reasons to perswade me , that aristotle meant this of only the old and the middle comedy . the first reason is , that in all likelihood aristotle writ his politicks while he was governour to alexander , which was before the establishment of the new comedy . for aristotle in his morals commends the reservedness of the new comedy , which may appear from mr collier's citation in the th page of this very book . the second reason is , that i can hardly believe that aristotle would have left rules for the writing of comedy , if he had believ'd that comedy in general is a corrupter of youth . what then aristotle in all probability meant only of the horrible licence of the old and middle comedy , which yet he requires to be forbidden only ▪ to boys , is here inplied to be levelled against dramatick poetry in general ; when this very philosopher has declared , that nothing is more proper than tragedy for the entertainment even of youth , pronouncing it more grave and more moral than history , and more instructive than philosophy . the next who enters the lists is cicero , who , as mr collier assures us , crys out upon licentious plays and poems , as the bane of sobriety and wise thinking , and says , that comedy subsists upon lewdness . to which i answer . first , that cicero in this place speaks only against the corruptions of the stage , which corruptions we do not pretend to defend . secondly , that cicero in his fourth book of the tusculan questions , speaks only against comedy , which is but one sort of dramatick poetry , whereas in the very same place he implicitely commends tragedy . thirdly , that even in condemning of comedy he is inconsistent with himself : and that if the opinion of cicero is of any validity , it is as valuable pro as con . cicero in his treatise de amicitia and de senectute , implicitely commends comedy . for lelius , whom cicero by the mouth of fan●ius , extol● above all the celebrated seven whom greece renown'd for wisdom ; leliu● ▪ who had the universal reputation of the greatest statesman , of the best man , and the truest friend of his time , : this lelius in the treatise which bears his name , is not only found to cite a verse with approbation from terence , but to mention his acquaintance and intimacy with that comick poet. now i leave it to any one to judge , whether cicero had not been very absurd , if he had introduc'd a person whom he so much extols as lelius , a person of that gravity , and that capacity , and one who had so considerable a share in the government of the roman state : had not cicero , i say , been very absurd , if he had introduc'd a person whom he so much extols as lelius , openly acknowledging a familiarity with a profest corrupter of the people ? but f●rther , c●to in that treatise of cicero which bears his name , that cato whom cicero by the mouth of this very lelius , prefers for wisdom to socrates himself , the awful , the grave , the severe cato , and the austerest of the roman censors ; this very cato is introduced in the fore-mention●d treatise , making honourable mention of pla●tus and livi●s and●oni●us . livy and valerius maximus follow . livy , he says , reports the original of plays . he tells us , they were brought in upon the score of religion , to pacisie the gods , and remove a mortality . but then he adds , that the motives are good , when the means are stark naught : that the remedy is worse than the disease , and the atonement more infectious than the plague . in answer to which , i desire leave to observe : first , that livy in this place of the original of plays , speaks neither of tragedy nor of comedy , nor of the satyri ; which were the third species of the roman dramatick poetry ; but only of the rudeness of the ludi fescennini . secondly , that livy commends the innocence of plays , in the purity of their first institution . thirdly , that he attributes by manifest inference the guilt and corruptions of the roman stage , to things which can have no relation to our english theatres . which is apparent from his own words . inter aliarum parva principia verum , ludorum quoque prima origo ponenda est , ut appareret quam ab sano initio res in hanc vix opulent is regnis tolerabilem insani●m venerit . among the small beginnings of other things , we are obliged to give some account of the original of theatrical representations , that it may appear how a thing that was innocent in its institution , grew up to so much licentious fury , as to render them intolerable even to the most flourishing states . from whence it is evident , that livy in this place condemns the corruption neither of comedy nor tragedy , but either the licentiousness of liberius his farces , or the barbarity of the fights of the gladiators , or the lewdness of the pantomimes motions , or all of them put together . for it is manifest to any one , who has the least tincture of the roman learning , that of the comedies and tragedies which were extant in livy's time , those were the purest ▪ which had been writ latest . fourthly , i desire leave to observe here , that the latter half of wha● mr collier has father'd upon livy , viz. that the motives were sometimes good , when the means were stark naught . that the remedy in this case was worse than the disease ; and the atonement more infectious than the plague ; has no manner of foundation in that historian . from all which the reader may discover the uncommon sincerity and intergrity of this censurer of the stage . indeed , without giving my self all this trouble for the clearing of the business , i might have left it to any one to judge , whether one of livy's extraordinary sense , who courted reputation and the favour of the publick , could have so little prudence , or so little good manners , as to use those expressions which mr collier puts in his mouth of the drama itself , at the time that it was cherish'd by the people , supported by the magistrates , and esteem'd a considerable part of their religious worship . now it is impossible that any thing could shew less judgment than the following citation from tacitus , who blames nero , says mr collier , for hiring decay'd gentlemen for the stage ; for what does mr collier conclude from hence ? that tacitus condemn'd the diversions of the stage ? all that can be reasonably concluded from it is this , that tacitus was of opinion that nero debas'd the dignity of the roman nobility , by enrolling some of their rank among an order of men , which among the romans was reputed infamous . tacitus was too much a statesman to say any thing against the stage , especially in the condition in which we are at present . he approves the conduct of augustus in the first of his annals , who after he had got possession of the government , honour'd the roman theatre with his presence , not only out of his own inclination and complaisance to mecenas ; but because he believ'd that reason of state requir'd , that he should sometimes partake of the pleasures of the people . tiberius , says tacitus , was quite of another humour . however , he had too much policy , and too much good sense , to use his new subjects severaly at first , after they had for so long together liv'd a gentle , voluptuous life . thus far goes tacitus in the first of his annals , and monsieur amelot has made this remark upon the place : a prince in the beginning of his reign ought not to alter any of the establish'd customs , because the people are very unwilling to part with them . to what tacitus says of the german women , that they ow'd their chastity to their ignorance of these diversions , this may be answer'd , that first , supposing tacitus in the right , that can have no reflection on our modern theatres . for the roman ladies may very well have been corrupted by the intolerable lewdness of the pantomimes , which lewdness has no relation to us . secondly , it has been observd of tacitus , that he is for referring all things to politicks , even things that ought to be referr'd to nature , and is for that reason sometimes out ; as it is manifest from experience he is in this case . for the germans are now as much us'd to plays as the spaniards or the italians . and yet their women are much chaster than the women of those two nations . from whence it is evident , that the german women owe their chastity to the rudeness of their manners , and to their want of attraction , and to the coldness of their constitution . in the hurry of my dispatch , i had almost forgot to return to valerius maximus ; who , says mr collier , being contemporary with livy , gives much the same account of the rise of theatres at rome . 't was devotion which built them . and as for the performances of those places which mr dryden calls the ornaments , this author censures as the blemishes of ●eace . and which is more , he affirms , that they were the occasions of civil distractions , and that the state first blush'd , and then bled for the entertainment . he concludes , the consequences of plays intollerable , and that the massilienses did well in clearing the country of them . now here in one citation , mr collier has made no less than four or five mistakes , whether through malice or ignorance , i must leave the reader to judge . for in the first place , valerius maximus censures neither comedies nor . tragedies as the blemishes of peace , and if mr collier by theatre does not mean them , he means nothing that concerns us . in the next place he does not affirm , that either they or any of the publick spectacles were the occasions of civil distractions . in the third place , he does not affirm that the state either blush'd or bled for the representation of plays . in the fourth place , the refusal of the massilienses to admit of dramatical representations can never argue any thing , not only because the consent of nations is against that little state , but because we cannot conclude from their refusal , that they did not approve of them . that all this may appear , i am oblig'd to transcribe what he says . proximus militaribus institutis ad urbana castra , id est theatra gradus faciendus est , quoniam haec quoque sepenumero animosas acies instruxerunt , excogitataque cultus deorum & hominum delectationis causa , non sine aliquo pacis rubore voluptatem & religionem civili sanguine senicorum protentorum gratiae , macularunt from military institutions let us proceed to our city camps , that is to theatres . for these too have often shewn mighty armies drawn up , and being first design'd for the worship of the gods , and for the delights of men , defil'd our pleasure and our religion with the blood of the people . where we may take notice of three things . . that valerius maximus implicitely commends the original institution of theatres . . that he charges that which was blameable in them upon the combats of the gladiators . thirdly , the representation of plays was so far from causing civil distractions , that upon the first representation of the ludi pescennini , years after the building of the city , the patr●cians and plebians were quiet for above eight years , which was more than they had been for above a hundred years before . and after the first representation of comedies and tragedies , which was in the five hundred and fourteenth year of the city , there was never any civil dissention , or at least never but once , till the sedition of tiberius gra●chus , which was above an hundred years after . mr collier translates civili sanguine macularunt , caus'd civil distractions , as if plays were the principal cause of the dissentions between the commons and the patricians ; whereas those dissentions were natural to the constitution of the roman state , meer necessary consequences of enlarging their empire , and by that means encreasing the number and force of the commons , as machiavel has declared in the sixth chapter of the first book of his discourses . as for the massilians , they will be better included under the authorities which mr collier has brought in the second place from states . in examining the authorities which mr collier has brought from states , it will be convenient to say a word to the proceeding of the massilians , as it is cited from valerius maximus ; who commends them for refusing to admit of plays among them . but first , the refusal of this petty state can be of very small significancy against the consent of nations . secondly , this refusal is no sign of their disesteem of the drama , but only of the prudence of their conduct . for expence , and any thing which looks like magnificence , are destructive to little states , which can never subsist without extream frugality but the athenians , says mr collier , for which he ci●es plutarch , thought comedy so unreputable a performance , that they made a law that no iudge of the areopagus should make one . to which we reply , that this citation of plutarch is absolutely false ; and that if it were true , it could not be so much as pretended that it concluded against any thing but comedy , which is but one species of dramatick poetry ; and that in reality it would be of no force against that . what plutarch says , is not that the athenians made a law , that none of the areopagi should make a comedy ; for one might as well suppose that it should be enacted by an english parliament , that none of the twelve judges should write a farce . that which plutarch says is this , that the council of a●eopagus establish'd a law , that no man whatever should make any comedies . from whence it is manifest , that this law was made in the time of the old comedy , and long before that came to any perfection , for comedy , as is apparent from aristotle's treatise of poetry , was very much discourag'd at first : indeed at first they were so intolerably scandalous , that they were thought to be prejudicial to the state. and it was a long time before the magistrates could be prevail'd upon to be at the expence of the chorus . but after the magistrates were at the expence of the chorus , 't is absurd to imagine that a law should be preferr'd against the writing that sort of poem which was represented at the publick expence . so that a citation which mr collier has brought against the stage in general , is of no force we see against tragedy , nor against the new comedy , no , nor so much as against the old one , as it stood in the time of eupolis and aristophanes . mr collier brings the words of his authors , but leaves us to look for their sense , and yet he would take it very ill to have that return'd upon him , which he has said of mr durfey , that he is at least in his citations , vox & praeterea nihil . but he proceeds to the lacedaemonians , and says , that they who were remarkable for the wisdom of their laws , the sobriety of their manners , and their breeding of brave men , would not endure the stage in any form , nor under any regulation . this citation too is from plutarch , and just of as much validity against the stage as the other . for what can mr collier conclude from hence , that the spartans disapprovd of the drama ? why then did they frequent the theatre while they so journ'd at athens ? as it is plain that they did , both from the cato major of cicero , and from valerius maximus , chap. . lib. . all that can be concluded , from what plutarch says of the lacedaemonians is , that the drama was not so agreeable to the nature of the spartan government , it being incompatible with rigid poverty , and with fewness of subjects , which as machiavel observes , in the sixth chapter of the first book of his discourses , were the two fundamentals of their constitution . but then mr collier may be pleased to observe , that no sort of poetry flourish'd in that government , nor history , nor eloquence , nor written philosophy . for as we observed above , the arts never flourish'd in any country where the drama was decay'd or discouraged , and in those places where they have flourish'd , as they have risen they have sunk with the stage . but tho the drama was inconsistent with the nature of the spartan government , it is so remarkably agreeable to ours , that the stage with us was never attempted till the late civil wars , and then too by those who had first broke in upon our constitution and as it rose again with the hierarchy and with the monarchy , we have seen it now attempted a second time , by those , who by their writings and by their examples , have strenuously endeavour'd to ruin both church and state. the next authority is brought from the romans . tully informs us , says mr collier , that their predecessors counted all stage-plays uncreditable and scandalous . insomuch that any roman who turn'd actor was not only to be degraded , but likewise as it were disincorporated , and unnatur aliz'd , by the order of the censors . this , mr collier tells us , that st. austin cites from tully in the fourth book de repub. ; to which i could easily answer , that the same st austin , as he is cited by mr collier in the th page of his book , having apparently done tully wrong in his citation of one of his orations which is extant ; the passage which he cites from the fourth book de republica , which is not come down to us , may be very justly suspected . this , i say , i could easily answer ; and to convince the reader that i have very good grounds for it , i think my felf oblig'd to make it appear , that st austin , as mr collier has cited him in the th page of his book has done cicero a great deal of wrong . the passage is this . their own tully 's commendation of the actor roscius is remarkable . he was so much a master , says he , that none but himself was worthy to tread the stage ; and on the other hand , so good a man , that he was the most unfit person of the gang to come there . now what will the reader say , when i make it appear that tully never said any such thing ? in order to which , i am oblig'd to transcribe the passage . roscius socium fraudavit ? potest hoc homini huic haerere peccatum ? qui medius ●idius ( audacter dico ) plus fidei quam artis : plus veritatis quam disciplinae possidet in se : quem populus romanus meliorem virum quam histrionem esse arbitratur , qui it a dignissimus est scena● propter artificium ut dignissimus sit curia propter abstinentiam . has roscius defrauded his friend ? can he possibly be guilty of this ? who , by heavens , ( i boldly speak it ) has more sincerity , than he has art , more integrity than he has discipline , who , by the judgment of the roman people , is a better man than he is a player , the worthiest of all men to tread the stage , by reason of his excellent action , and the worthiest to partake of the magistracy by reason of his singular moderation . now i appeal to the reader , if this has so much as the least affinity with mr collier's meaning ? i have all this while done my utmost to keep my temper . but i cannot forbear informing mr collier , that nature did not make the ferment and rising of the blood for atheism , as he fondly imagins in the th page of his book . for an atheist is a wretched unthinking creature , who deserves compassion . no , nature made the ferment of the blood to rise against those , who are base enough to defame the dead by suborning them to witness what they never knew nor thought . from all which it plainly appears , that i may deny very justly to answer to what is cited here from cicero , since part of it carries in itself such a manifestation of falsehood ; for how could plays be accounted scandalous by the predecessors of cicero , when before the end of the first punick war , which was about two hundred years before cicero's time , the romans knew nothing of the true drama ; for the plays which were represented in the st year of the city , were the ludi fescennini . now it was not quite a hundred years after the appearance of livius andronicus , who writ the first plays , that scipio and lelius , the two greatest men of the state , whether you consider their virtue , their courage , or their capacity , encourag'd and assisted terence in the writing of his comedies , and were his friends by publick profession , which they would certainly never have been , if at that time the romans had lookt upon plays as scandalous . 't is indeed very true , that the profession of actor was not very creditable at rome , but it does not follow from thence , that plays were at all scandalous . your common fidlers are scandalous here , though musick is very honourable . the ancient romans could not esteem any thing that was religious scandalous . their plays were a part of their religious worship , represented at the publick expence , and by the care of the aediles curules , the magistrate ▪ who had the care of the publick worship . i must confess i have a hundred times wondered , why players that were so much esteem'd at athens , should have so little credit at rome , when the plays had so much , when not only both tragedies and comedies were a part of their religious worship , represented at the expence of the publick , and by the care of the publick magistrates , but when the very persons who writ'em were carest by their greatest statesmen , nay , and when some of the poems were written by their greatest statesmen themselves . but livy , whom mr collier cites once again , shall immediately clear my doubt , for the young romans , says he , according to mr collier's citation , kept the fabulae atellanae to themselves . they would not suffer this diversion to be blemish'd by the stage . for this reason , says mr collier , as the historian observes , the actors of the fabulae atellanae , were neither expell'd their tribe , nor refus'd to serve in arms. both which penalties it appears the common players lay under . here mr collier seems to me , to have made a very gross mistake . for he has interpreted ab histrionibus pollui to be blemish'd by the stage , according to the noble latitude which he gives himself in translating . whereas it is very plain from horace's art of poetry , that the fabulae atellanae were acted on the publick theatre immediately after the tragedies . verum ita risores , ita commendere dicaces conveniet satyros , ita vertere seria ludo ; ne quicunque deus , quicunque adhibebitur heros regali conspectus in auro nuper & ostro , migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas . dacier is of opinion too in his comment on the th verse of horace's art of poetry , that the fabulae atellanae were not only acted on the publick stage , but acted by the same players that the tragedies were , in which he is apparently mistaken ; for in the first place this opinion makes him inconsistent with himself ; as any one may see , who consults what he says , upon the st verse , where he affirms , that the actors of the fabulae atellanae , had priviledges beyond what the common players had . in the second place , the passage which he brings to prove his opinion , proves nothing at all . the passage is , regali conspectus in auro nuper & ostro , &c. which dacier takes to be spoken of the players , whereas it is manifestly spoken of the persona drammatis , that is , of the god or the heroe . from what i have said , we may observe three things . first , that the fabulae atellanae were acted on the publick theatre . secondly , that they were not acted by the tragedeans nor the comedians , tho they were writ by the tragick and comick poets . thirdly , that the actors of the fabulae atellanae were not better treated than common actors , because they did not act on the publick theatre . valerius maximus gives us the reason why they were better treated in the fourth chapter of his second book . atellani autem ab oscis acciti sunt : quod genus detectationis italica severitate temperatum ideoque vacuum nota est , nam neque tribu movetur , neque a militaribus stipendis repellitur . from whence it is apparent , that it was from the severity of that sort of poem , that the actors of the fabulae atellanae were treated more kindly , than the common actors . but now how came the actors of the fabulae atellanae to be treated with so much humanity , on the account of the severity of those poems , when the tragedians incurr'd the censorian note ? for tragedy has infinitely more severity than the fabulae atellanae could ever have . for the fabulae atellanae were partly satyrical , and had as great a mixture of raillery as have our tragi comedies ; whereas tragedy as all the world knows is grave and severe throughout . that which follows seems to me to be the reason of this , and to be the true cause why at rome the common actors were so hardly us'd , when plays were so much esteem'd by the romans . the first plays that were represented by the romans were the ludi fescennini , which were licencious and scurrilous even at first , and full of particular scandalous reflections , but in a little time they grew bloody and barbarous ; and that cruelty of defamation to which they arriv'd , was in all probability the cause why those who acted in them were so severely treated by the state. and what inclines me to this opinion the more , is the following passage of horace . fescennina per hunc inventa licentia morem , versibus alternis approbria rustica fudit , libertasque recurrentes accepta per annos lusit amabiliter : donec jam servus apertam in rabiem verti caepit iocus ; & per honestas ire domos impune minax : doluere cruento dente lacessiti : fuit intactis quoque cura conditione super communi : quis etiam lex paenaque lata . not long after these appear'd the fabulae atellanae ; and because their satyr was free from particular reflection , and their raillery innocent , and because there was something which was severe and noble in them ; this might prevail upon the following censors to exempt the actors of the fabulae atellanae from the censorian note ; and might occasion a law to be made , that these actors should be capable of bearing arms. it was a considerable time after this before tragedies and comedies were substituted in the room of the ludi fescennini . comedy at first was cultivated most , as dacier somewhere observes , and it was late before tragedy arriv●d to its height , tho at the last it fell infinitely short of the divine sublimity of the sophoclean tragedy . now tho the romans were charm'd with tragedy when it was come to its height , and consequently with those who writ it , and tho they found it to be without comparison more grave , more noble , and more instructive than the fabulae atellanae were , yet they might probably think it below the majesty of the roman people to abolish an ancient custom , and an establish'd law of the state , in favour of the common players . yet this can be of no prejudice to our modern players ; because all states have had unreasonable customs , and this of the romans may be concluded to be such ; being directly opposite to that of the grecians , and the athenians particularly , from whom the romans had their laws of the twelve tables , which were the most venerable of all their laws . what i have already said answers the theodosian code , and so i come to that which he calls our own constitution , from that which breaks our constitution . neither of the two statu●es , which he mentions page , can reach the king and the queens servants , they being by no means in the rank of common players . the theatre flourish'd under the princes in whose reigns those statutes were made , especially in the reign of the latter , which may serve for a proof that the severity of that statute extended only to strowlers . all that can be concluded from the petition to queen elizabeth , which is mentioned in the same page , is that the queen thought fit to suppress the play-houses that were set up in the city , tho she allow'd them in other places . and this was not without a great deal of reason : for since the interest of england is supported by trade , and the chief trade of england is carry'd on by the citizens of london , it was not convenient that the young citizens should have a temptation so near them , that might be an avocation to them from their affairs . and since it is apparent from mr collier's citation , that the queen , upon the city's remonstrance , supprest the play-houses which were set up in the city , but suffer'd them in other places ; this very citation is a manifest proof of that queens approbation of theatres and dramatick poems . that reader who can expect that i should make any serious answer to the following citations from the bishop of arras's decree and the dutch gazette , deserves to be laught at rather than satisfy'd . and i cannot imagine why these gazettes should be cited in the same row with so many philosophers , councils and fathers , unless mr collier would slily insinuate that they are of equal authority . but 't is high time to proceed to the objections which may be brought from reason and religion . chap. iv. the objections from reason and religion answer'd . i now come to answer what may be objected from reason and from religion . the objections against the stage , from reason are chiefly four . . that it encourages pride . . that it encourages revenge . . that it exposes quality ; and by doing so , brings a considerable part of the government into contempt . . that it exposes the clergy , and by endangering religion endangers government . the two first are general , and the two last particular objections . i shall speak to them all succinctly . first , the stage encourages pride ; a quality that indisposes men for obedience , and for the living peaceably . to which i answer , that if ambition is meant by pride , the stage is so far from encouraging that , that it is the business of tragedy to deter men from it , by shewing the great ones of the earth humbled . on the other side , if pride be made to signifie vanity , and affectation , the child of vanity , 't is the business of comedy to expose those ; which is sufficiently acknowledg'd by mr collier in the introduction to his book . but if by pride is meant pride well regulated , which philosophers call greatness of mind , and which men of the world call honour , then i must confess that the stage above all things encourages that , and by encouraging it provides for the happiness of particular men , and for the publick prosperity . i must confess , if all men were perfect christ●ans , there would be no occasion for this philosophical virtue . but since that neither is , nor , if we credit the scriptures , will be , and since this very pride is the virtue of those who are not virtuous , and the religion of those who are not religious , i appeal to any sensible reader , if it is not to this that he owes in some measure his life , his fortune , and all his happiness . for it is this , which in a great measure makes his servant just to him , his friend faithful , and his wife chaste . 't is this too from whence for the most part comes the security and ornament of states . the love of glory goads on the conquering souldier to his duty , excites the philosopher , animates the historian , and inflames the poet. so that , in short , from this very quality , the encouraging which mr collier's undistinguishing pen condemns , proceed almost all the advantages that make private men happy , and states prosperous . but secondly , the stage encourages revenge , which is so destructive to the happiness of particular men , and to the publick peace . to which i answer , first , that the stage keeps a man from revenging little injuries , by raising his mind above them . secondly , that if it does sometimes show its characters revenging intolerable injuries , and consequently punishing enormous crimes , yet by doing that it deters men from committing such crimes , and consequently from giving the occasions of such revenge : so that we may set the one against the other . thirdly , that perhaps it equally concerns the peace of mankind , that men should decline the revenging little injuries which happen every day , and should sometimes revenge intolerable ones , which very seldom happen . cicero affirms in his oration for milo , that milo had done a service to the commonwealth by removing of cloudius . from whence it appears , that that great statesman thought that sometimes private revenges might be necessary for the publick safety . servilius ahala did service to the state by removing of spurius melius ; and scipio nasica sav●d it from utter ruin by the death of tiberius gracchus . fourthly , that sort of tragedy , in which the characters are the best form'd and the incidents the best contriv'd to move compassion and terror , has either no revenge , or by no menas that sort of revenge which can encourage the crime in others . if mr collier had known any thing of a play , he would have been sensible of this . if any reader wants to be convinc'd of it , i refer him to what i have cited from aristotle's poetick in the last chapter of the remarks on prince arthur . but , thirdly , the stage exposes the nobility , and so brings a part of the government into contempt . this objection seems to mr collier , peculiar to the english stage . for as for moliere , says he , he pretends to fly his satyr no higher than a marquis . good god! as if a marquis were not above any condition of men that have been expos'd on the english stage . this trick that our poets have got of exposing quality , is a liberty , says mr collier , unpractis●d by the latin comedians : where , by comedians , i suppose , he means comick poets . but it was very common with the greeks , aristophanes , cratinus , eupolis , and all writers of the old comedy , not only expos●d the chief of the athenian nobility , but mention'd their very names , and produc'd their very persons by the resemblance of the vizors . in imitation of these , lucilius the inventor of satyr , as horace tells us , spar'd none of the roman nobility , if they deserv'd the lash , no , not even persons of consular dignity . and yet as boileau observes in his discourse upon satyr , scipio , and lelius , did not think this man unworthy of their friendship , because he had expos'd some of the scandals to quality , and did not imagin that they in the least endanger'd their own reputation , by abandoning all the coxcombs of the commonwealth to him . from whence 't is apparent , that if the roman comick poets did not bring the nobility of rome upon the stage , it was for want of opportunity and not of good will. for how should they bring the roman quality upon the stage , when it is plain that they never laid their scene in rome , nor so much as in italy . the latin comick poets translated the greeks ; now the old and the middle comedy they could not translate , because the old comedy describing particular persons , and the middle one particular adventures , those comedies must have lost most of their graces upon the theatre of another sta●e . the latins then translated the new comedy , in which indeed the athenian nobility was never expos'd , because it was impracticable in that way of writing . for the athenians had no titles among them ; because those people who were truly great knew that real greatness consisted in merit and virtue ; but when that real greatness forsook the world , a titular greatness , the shadow of the other , was introduced to supply it ; a meer invention to cajole people , and perswade them that they might be noble without virtue . now the athenians having no titles , i cannot conceive how the athenian nobility could be possibly expos'd by menander , or any of the writers of the new comedy . for , to set the mark of quality on any one of their characters , there was either a necessity of mentioning his name , or describing his person , or his particular employment in the state ; the doing which would have thrown them back upon the old or middle comedy , which were both forbid by the law. from all which it appears , that the romans in this case are not against us , and the french are clearly on our sides . but to come to the reason of the thing , if a lord may not be shewn a ●ool upon the stage , i would fain ask mr collier what fools a comick poet may lawfully show there , and at what condition of men he ▪ is oblig'd to stop . i would fain know whether a poet may be allow'd to dub his dramatical coxcombs ? may he show a fool a knight baronet , or a knight batchelour , or are they too included in quality ? must he be oblig'd to go no further than squire , and must fool and squire continue to be terms synonimous ? if any of mr collier's acquaintance will give himself the diversion of asking him these questions , i dare engage that he will find him embarass'd sufficiently . but methinks neither the lords nor we are oblig'd to mr collier for his extraordinary civility . for if a lord is capable of committing extravagancies as well as another man , why should mr collier endeavour to perswade him that he is above it ? or why should he hinder him from being reclaim'd ? unless he would imply that a commoner may be corrected when he grows extravagant , but that when a lord grows fantastick he is altogether incorrigible . nor are we oblig'd to mr collier any more than the peers are ? for since the bare advantage of their conditions makes some of them already grow almost insupportable , why should any one endeavour to add to their vanity , by exempting them from common censure ? besides , since follies ought to be expos'd , the follies of the great are the fittest , as being most conspicuous and most contageous . the follies of the meaner sort are often the effects of ignorance , and merit compassion rather than contempt . affected follies are the most despicable ; now affectation is the child of vanity , and vanity of condition . but why should a lord be free from dramatical censure , when he can be corrected no where but upon the stage ? a commoner may be corrected in company , but such friendly admonition to a lord may be interpreted scandal . for our comick poets , i dare engage that no men respect our nobility more than they do : they know very well that their titles illustrate their merit , and adorn their virtue ; but that those whom they expose , are such whose follies and whose vices render their titles ridiculous . and yet that they expose them no more than the rest of the kings subjects : for folly as well as vice is personal , and the satyr of comedy falls not upon the order of men , out of which the ridiculous characters are taken , but upon the persons of all orders who are affected with the like follies . for they know further what mr collier apparently never knew , that a lord in effect in a comedy signifies any man. for the characters of comedy are always at bottom universal and allegorical : and the making lords of their comick fools , can signifie no more than to admonish our men of quality that they are concern'd in the instruction as well as others . the fourth objection from reason is , that the stage exposes the clergy , and so by endangering religion endangers government . but of this i shall speak in the following part of this book , where i design to treat of religion . we now come to answer what is objected from religion , which is , that there is no need of the stage to make people good subjects ; for that the pulpit teaches men their duty to their prince , better than all the philosophy and all the poetry in the world . 't is indeed undeniable . but the validity of this objection depends upon two suppositions ; which are , that all the subjects of the state go to church , and that all attend when they are there . whereas it is manifest that our atheists and deists seldom go thither ; and that our doubting , cold , and lukewarm christians seldom attend when they are there . but that the stage , reduc'd to its primitive purity , would be a means to send them thither , and the best of all human preparatives for the divine instruction which they would find there , is designed to be shown in the remaining part of this treatise . the end of the second part . the usefulness of the stage . part iii. chap. i. that the stage is useful to the advancement of religion . i now come to shew that the stage is useful to the advancement of religion . and , first , of the christian religion in general . secondly , of the christian religion particularly , and more especially of the reform'd religion . religion in general , or natural religion , may be consider'd as consisting of two parts ; the things to be believed , and the things to be done . first , the things to be believed , are . the being of a god. . providence . . immortality of the soul. . future rewards and punishments . the poet , and particularly the tragick poet , asserts all these , and these are the very foundations of his art ; for in the first place the machines are the very life and soul of poetry ; now the machines would be absurd and ridiculous without the belief of a god , and a particular providence . in the second place , let any man shew me where terror is mov'd to a heighth , and i will shew him that that place requires the belief of a god and particular providence . in the third place , poetick iustice would be a j●st if it were not an image of the divine , and if it did not consequently suppose the being of a god and providence . it supposes too the immortality of the soul , and future rewards and punishments . for the things which in perfect tragedy bring men into fatal calamities are involuntary faults ; that is , faults occasion'd by great passions . now this upon a supposition of a future state , is very just and reasonable . for since passions in their excesses , are the causes of most of the disturbances that happen in the world , upon a supposition of a future state , nothing can be more just , than that the power which governs the world , should make sometimes very severe examples of those who indulge their passions ; providence seems to require this . but then to make involuntary faults capital , and to punish them with the last punishment , would not be so consistent with the goodness of god , unless there were a compensation hereafter . for such a punishment would not only be too rigorous , but cruel and extravagant . the second part of natural religion contains the things which are to be done ; which include , . our duty to god. . our duty to our neighbour . . our duty to our selves . and all these it is the business of tragedy to ●each ; witness the practice of the ancient chorus , as it is comprehended in the following verses of horace ▪ ille bonis favetque & concilietur amicis et regatirato , & amet peccare timentes : ille● dapes laudet mensae brevis ille salubrem iustitiam , legesque & apertis otia portis : ille tegat commissa deosque precetur & oret vt redeat miseris , abeat fortuna superbis . from which it appears , that it was the business of tragedy to exhort men to piety and the worship of the gods ; to perswade them to justice , to humility , and to fidelity , and to incline them to moderation and temperance . and 't is for the omission of one of these duties that the persons of the modern tragedy are shewn unfortunate in their catastrophes . thus don iohn is destroy'd for his libertinism and his impiety ; timon for his profusion and his intemperance ; macbeth for his lawless ambition and cruelty ; castalio for his falshood to his brother and friend ; iaffeir for his clandestine marriage with the daughter of his benefactor ; and belvidera for her disobedience . thus we have shewn , by reason and by matter of fact , that it is the business of the stage to advance religion , and it is plain from history and from experience , that religion ha flourish'd with the stage ; and that the athenians and romans who most encourag'd it , were the most religious people in the world . and , perhaps , if we would come down to our selves , it would be no difficult matter to shew , that they who frequent our theatres , have a great deal more of natural religion in them , than it s declared inveterate enemies , who are principally fanaticks and jesuits : for the vices which are charg'd upon the friends of the stage , are for the most part the effects of frailty , and meer human vices ; whereas the faults of its inveterate enemies , are known to be diabolical crimes , destructive of society , of peace , and of human happiness ; such as falshood , slander , injustice , back-biting , perfidiousness , and irreconcileable hatred . i now come to shew in the second place that the stage is useful for the advancing the christian , and particularly the reformed religion . the christian religion has two parts , the moral and the mysterious . the moral consists of human and christian virtues : the human virtues are a part of natural religion , which , since the stage advances , as we have shewn above , it follows that it partly advances christianity . the stage too in some measure may be made to recommend humility , patience and meekness to us , which are true christian virtues : and tho a dramatick poet neither can nor ought to teach the mysteries of the christian religion , yet by recommending the human and the christian virtues to the practice of our audience , he admirably prepares men for the belief of the mysteries . for this is undeniable , that it is not reason , but passion and vice that keeps any man from being a christian. that therefore that moderates our passions , and instructs us in our duty , must consequently advance our faith. so that the stage is not only absolutely necessary for the instructing and humanizing those who are not christians , but the best of all human things to prepare them for the sublimer doctrines of the church . now that which inclines us to the christian religion will incline us to the purer sort of it , and that which has the least affinity with idolatry , which is the reform'd religion . that which opens men's eyes as the stage does , by purging our passions and instructing us in our duty ; and that which raises their minds , will make them naturally averse from superstitious foppery , and from being slaves to priestcraft , and that which exposes hypocrisy , as the stage does , must naturally make ●en averse from fanaticism and the affected austerity of bigots . and therefore the jesuits on one hand , and the fanaticks on the other , have always been inve●erate enemies to plays . this is remarkable ▪ that the church and the hierarchy , ever since the reformation , have flourish'd with the stage , were depos'd with it , and restor'd with it . thus have i shewn that the stage advances religion , and more particularly the christian reform'd religion . i come now to answer what may be objected from reason and from authority . chap. ii. the objections from reason answer'd . the objections from reason are chiefly three . that the stage makes its characters sometimes talk prophanel ; that it encourages pride , that it exposes religion in the priesthood . these are so easily answer'd , that i shall dispatch them in a few words , and come to the objections from authority . first , the stage sometimes makes its characters talk prophanely . to which i answer ; that if the character which speaks is well mark'd and the prophaneness be necessary for the fable and for the action , then the prophaness is not unjustifiable : for to assert the contrary , would be to affirm , that is is unlawful for a dramatick poet to write against prophaneness , which is ridiculous . a poet has no other way in the drama of giving an audience an aversion for any vice , than by exposing or punishing it in the persons of the drama . and here i think my self obliged to reply to something that mr colller has asserted , in his remarks upon mr dryden's king arthur , which is , that they who bring devils on the stage , can hardly believe them any whereelse . but why for godsake ? for a man of sense always reasons , but the pedant asserts dogmatically . did aeschilus in bringing the furies upon the stage of athens , shew that he thought they were nothing but a poetical sham ? why should it be more irrelig●on in us to bring devils on the stage , that it was to bring furies in him ? can any thing be more terrible , than the shewing of devils , if they are shewn solemnly ? and can any thing that moves terror , do a disservice to religion ? but , secondly , the stage encourages pride . indeed , i must confess , that even the best sort of pride , which some call honour , and others greatness of mind , is not so very consistent with some of the christian virtues . but then i do not affirm that the stage can be at all useful for the instruction of those who are arrived at any more perfect state of religion ; but for those who are not , that is , for the generality of mankind , greatness of mind may be very serviceable , for the assisting them to command their passions , and the restraining them from committing enormous crimes . but , thirdly , the stage exposes religion by exposing the priesthood . to which i answer , that to talk of exposing religion is cant ; for to expose religion is to expose truth , which is absurd ; because nothing can be expos'd but that which is false . if the stage really ridicul'd religion , instead of ridiculing hypocrisie , some people , whose religion lies in their muscles , would be more easily reconciled to it . for how many books have been printed in english that have been levell'd directly against religion itself ? for what reason then have none of those zealots , who have declaim'd with so much fury against the stage , writ any thing to dissuade people from reading those deisti●al and atheistical treatises ? for what reason have they omitted this , unless because those books only attack religion , about which they never much trouble their heads ; but the poets attack them . the bringing a vicious or a ridiculous priest upon the stage then cannot be interpreted the exposing religion , but the ridiculing hypocrisie . however , this is very certain , that no poet ought to shew a priest in such a manner as to shew any disesteem of the character . but i cannot for my life conceive why the bringing a foolish or a vicious priest upon the stage should be such an abominable thing . for , since persons of all degrees , from monarch to peasant , are daily brought upon the stage , why should the clergy be exempted ? the clergy have been treated by our comick poets with a great deal more respect than the laity : because they have hardly spar'd any condition of the laity , but none of the superiour clergy have been ever expos'd in our comedies ; which is one sign of the good intention of the poets , and that they only show the follies and vices of some , while they reverence the piety and learning of others , and the order in general . and whereas mr collier affirms , that foreign states suffer no priests to be expos'd on the comick stage . to that we answer , that in countries where the church of rome is establish'd they have some reason to use this niceness : for prudence requires that the magistrate should always take care of the established religion , and the established religion in those countries being almost all priestcraft , to expose the priests is there to expose religion . besides , in those places priestcraft and secular policy have a nearer alliance , and a closer dependance on each other by much , than they have here : for the priests are considerably assistant to the magistrates in the enslaving the people , besides , in italy and spain the inquisition rages , and priests will be sure to take care of themselves . as for france , tho they never had a priest upon the stage , yet they have a poem which was writ on purpose to ridicule even the superiour clergy . and by whom was it writ ? by monsieur boileau , the most sober and most religious of all their poets ▪ who advis'd it ? who commanded it ? monsieur de lamoignon , illustrious for his profound capacity , renown'd for his learning , and fam'd for his piety ; who believ'd that the exposing that litigious humour that was crept into the regular clergy , might do important service to the gallican church . and why should our magistrates make any exception against the exposing the faults of the clergy here , where the religion is so pure , that to touch a priest is by no means to hurt the religion . and whereas mr collier says , that to affront a priest is to affront the deity ; so it is to a affront a peasant who is a good christian ; besides , affronts are always personal , but a priest in a play is a general character ; and the bringing an ill or a ridiculous one upon the stage , rather proceeds from our veneration for religion , than from any contempt of it . and whereas mr collier takes a great deal of pains to prove that a priest ought not to be contemn'd because he is a degree above a gentleman ; that defence methinks is not altogether so pertinent . for it is evident , that persons of degrees superiour to gentlemen are every day expos'd on the stage . and besides , the way for a clergyman to secure himself from contempt , is not to boast of secular advantages which in him is truly ridiculous , but to shew his meekness and his humility , which are true christian virtues . besides , the characters in every comedy are always at the bottom universal and allegorical , or else the instruction could not be universal . a ridiculous or vicious priest in a comedy , signifies any man who has such follies or vices , and the cassock is produc'd on purpose to signify to the clergy , that they are partly concern'd in the instruction , and have sometimes their vices and follies as well as the laity . the exposing upon the stage a priest , who is an ill , or a ridiculous person , can never make the order contemptible , for nothing can make the priesthood contemptible but priests . he among them who writ the grounds of the coutempt of the clergy , says nothing that i remember of the stage ; but he says a great deal of their own follies , and something too of their vices ; now the exposing these follies and vices , would be a way to reclaim them , and so to preservè the esteem that they have in the world . this is plain from experience : for the inferiour clergy is much more respected in england , than the regular clergy is either in france or italy , where they are never expos'd on the stage . and their lives are here less scandalous than they are abroad . they who have been at marseilles , may inform mr collier , that it is there a very common thing to see priests , both secular and regular , who are slaves in the galleys for the most detestable crimes it appears to be full as necessary , to expose a priest , who is an ill man , as one of the laity , because his example is more contageous , and the salvation of so many souls depend on it : whereas a layman influences fewer . besides , a layman often offends thro want of consideration , because he does not reflect , his worldly avocations diverting his thoughts from religion ; so that such a one may have returns of conscience . but an ill clergyman cannot pretend inconsiderateness , for it is his daily business to reflect on his duty ; and consequently such a one must be a downright atheist ; and an atheist sinning on this side the law , has nothing to restrain him but the apprehension of infamy , and the fear of becoming contemptible . besides , a layman who transgresses , has his rector or his curate to remind him of his duty . shall a clergyman who is an ill liver go on without admonition . is that for his advantage , or the benefit of his flock , or the good of the publick . we own indeed that it is our duty to be instructed by them , yet ought they sometimes to take their turn , and be subject to our remonstrances : as the roman consuls , if we may have leave to make such a comparison , were accountable to the tribunes of the people , by the policy of that constitution . thus i have answer'd what may be objected from reason against the stage in general , and what mr collier has objected against the english stage in particular , i mean as much as was fit to be answer'd . for there is no defending the immodesty , or immorality of , or unnecessary prophaneness of some of our plays . let us now come to the objections which mr collier has brought from authority . chap. iii. the objections from authority answer'd . the objections from authority are of two sorts , councils and fathers . but now let me ask mr collier this question , were these persons inspir'd or no ? that is , did the spirit of god dictate whatever they writ to em ? if he says it did , i have nothing to say to such a man , but abandon him to ecclesiastical censure ▪ if he says it did not , why then i must tell him , that we live in an age in which there are persons that are too judicious , and too generous to forego their reasons for meer human authority . an age in which we account it not only an absurdity , but a sin to believe in any thing under heaven ; as well knowing that reason is the top of all human things ; and tho not so sacred as revelation , is in some measure divine . for reason is given us by god for our guide , where we have no revelation to contradict it . and both human authority and revelation hold and depend on reason . we always assent to revelations divine authority , because reason assures us , that we always ought to assent to it : and we sometimes refuse to acknowledge human authority , because we are convinc'd by reason that we ought not to submit to it . for the councils he has cited , i must tell him , that we are not oblig'd to acknowledge any of those councils infallible ; but refuse to be determin'd by their decrees , unless they are confirm'd by reason or revelation . now i desire to know of mr collier whether he himself pays the last deference to those councils or no ? if he answers , that he owns their authority , how durst he appear to have read so many plays as he has cited thro out this book , when the decrees of these councils even in this very case appear from his own citations so much stronger against the clergy than they do against the laity ? but if he answers , that he disowns their authority , with what prodigious assurance can he offer to impose it on us that while he takes his own satisfaction he may laugh àt our credulity ? but to come to the fathers , they had their reasons for crying out against the stage , which cannot so much as be pretended to be reason ▪ to us . they had chiefly five , and those five reasons will serve to answer whatever has been cited by mr collier in his long ecclesiastical scrowl . first , plays in their time were a part of the pagan worship ; and that in the beginning of christianity was alone a sufficient motive to oblige the fathers to forbid those diversions to the new christians , several of which may be very well suppos'd to be not yet confirm'd in the faith. the second reason why the fathers forbad the first christians plays , was because the combats of the gladiators were mingled with those diversions , and something which was full as barbarous . media inter carmina pof●unt aut ursum aut pugiles . hor ep . . l. . the third was the gesticulations of the pantomimes , which indeed were unsufferably lewd , and unfit to be seen not only by christians , but by any civil people . let any one but consult what mr collier has cited from the fathers , and he will find that these were three of the main reasons which prevail'd upon the fathers to forbid the christians the diversions of the theatre . 't is not lawful ( says theophilus , whom he cites first ) for us to be present at the prizes of your gladiators , lest by this means we should be accessary to the murthers there committed . neither dare we presume upon the liberties of your other shews , lest our sences should be touched and disobliged with indecency and prophaneness . and tertullian , whom he cites next , says in his apologetick , we keep off from your publick shews , becáuse we can't understand the warrant of their original . but there are two reasons behind ; the first of which was drawn from the purity of the primitive times . which makes tertullian , as mr collier has cited him , cry out , page . but if you can't wait for delight , if you must be put into present possession , &c. by which tertullian seems to allow , that diversions indeed are necessary , but that christians will find abundant entertainment in the very exercise of their religion . this , i must confess , was very well directed by tertullian . but if cato was formerly laugh'd at , for speaking in the senate as if he had liv'd in plato's republick , whereas he was really in the very dregs of that of romulus , how shall this upstart reformer escape contempt , who has apply'd to this profligate age , what tertullian directed to those fervent christians , whose souls were flaming with divine love in the purity of happier times . thus have i examin'd four of the five reasons , not one of which can be a reason to us . for , neither is our drama a part of idolatrous worship , nor have we either gladiators or pantomimes ; nor the people of this age be satisfy'd to be always entertain'd with the scripture , but require other diversions . but the fifth reason is yet to come ; by which it will appear , that these venerable gentlemen are by no means qualified to judge of a cause , of which it appears even from mr collier's citations , that they have not the least knowledge . for , says the bishop of antioch , whom he cites first . the tragical distractions of tereus and thyestes are nonsense to us . now could any man possibly talk thus , who had the least knowledge of the nature of tragedy , and particularly of that tragedy ? it was below that prelate to consider horace , for he would have told him , irae thyesten exitio gravi stravere , & eltis urbibus ultimae stetere causae , cur perirent funditus , imprimeritque muris hostile aratrum exercitus insolens . compesce mentem . is the moral which the poet draws from this fable nonsense to us ? is it impertinence in a poet to tell us , that we ought to restrain our anger , because the indulging it has often brought men into fatal calamities ? for had this prelate understood this affair , what could he have possibly dislik'd here ? the moral or the fable ? the moral ? that methinks should be hardly becoming of a professor of that religion , which is therefore extoll'd above all others , because it is more moral . was it the fable then which offended him , or the manner of conveying the instruction ? methinks it is something odd in a christian prelate to condemn that method of teaching which was chiefly practis'd by his great master , whom he professes to imitate . but now to come to the author de spectacul is : what need i mention , says he , the levities and impertinence in comedies , or the ranting distractions of tragedy ? were th●se things unconcern'd with idolatry , christians ought not to be at them . for , w●re they not highly criminal , the foolery of them is egregious , and unbecoming the gravity of believers . now let me ask mr collier , whether it be lawful for christians to read history ? it would certainly be the absurdest thing in the world to deny it . now aristotle has declar'd very formally that tragedy is more grave and more instructive than history . and tho when the question is concerning grace , i will believe the least of the fathers before aristotle , and all his interpreters the schoolmen together ; yet where the dispute is concerning the nature of writing , and the colours of speech , i will believe aristotle's single testimony , before all the fathers and councils joyn'd in a body . tho plays are forbidden by the fathers and councils , yet the fathers own , and mr collier owns , that they are not forbidden by scripture : nor are they forbidden by reason . for who are they who frequent them ? who are they that approve of them ? who are they that have not the least scruple about them ? not a parcel of fools that are carry'd away by meer imagination , and are only fit for bedlam ; but the best and most reasonable part of the nation , and particularly a thousand whom i could name that are considerable for their extraordinary qualities . now i cannot for my life apprehend upon what account any thing that is not forbidden by god ; that is neither prohibited by reason nor revelation , should be forbidden by men . we know what our saviour has said in st matthew of those who teach for doctrines the commandments of men , c. . v. . that it renders all their zeal ineffectual . but then , says tertullian , as he is cited by mr collier , p. . the play-house is implicitly , tho not expressly forbid by the scripture , in the first verse of the first psalm : blessed is the man who walketh not in the counsel of the ingodly , nor stands in the way of sinners , nor sits in the seat of the scorner . but then say we , that nothing can be forbid by this , but what the scripture or reason have declar'd to be the counsel of the ungodly , and the way of sinners . now , as we have manifestly shown above , neither reason nor revelation says that of the theatre . and as for the seat of the scorner , that part of the text can only be applicable to comedy , and is full as applicable to the press , and sometimes to the pulpit itself . in the next place , says the author de spectaculis , as he is cited by mr collier , p. ● . some have thought the play-house no unlawful diversion , because it was not condemn'd by express scripture . let meer modesty , says he , supply the holy text , and let nature govern , where revelation does not reach . some things are too black to lye upon paper , and are more strongly forbidden because unmentioned . the divine wisdom must have had a low opinion of christians , if it had descended to particulars in this case . silence is sometimes the best method of authority . to forbid often puts people in mind of what they should not do . thus , say tertullian , says mr collier . but for my part , i both hope and believe that he wrongs him . for it is incredible to me , that a father of the church should reason , in so absurd a manner . for the chief reason why tertullian affirms that the frequenting of plays is not forbid by scripture , is because the crime is too black to be particularly insisted on . as if st paul in the first chapter of the romans had not descended to particular crimes of a blacker nature than this . can we suppose that scripture , which is a revelation of the will of god , and a supplement to the law of nature , should descend to condemn things which reason had before condemn'd as abominable , and utterly against nature● and shall it take no notice of things which are allow●d by reason , and the law of nature ( as we have shewn that the theatre is ) and which consequently cannot be discover'd to be sins but by the light of revelations ? could st paul in the th chap. to the i ep. to the co● rinthians be so particular as to descend to a crime , which , when the apostle writ the epistle , concern'd but only one , who had married his father's wife , and which could never be suppos'd to concern very many , because the crime was against the custom and consent of nations : could the apostle of the gentiles i say descend to this , and think it too particular to mention a sin which concern'd the salvation of so many thousands who were then alive , and of so many millions who were to succeed them ? nay , could st paul , in the th of the st ep. to the cor. descend so particularly , as to give his advice against marriage , which was neither forbid by revelation nor reason , but was highly warranted by both , as absolutely necessary for the propagation of christianity , and the accomplishment of the promises ? could the apostle , i say , descend to this , and take no notice of a sin of so black and damnable a nature as frequenting the theatres is by mr collier pretended to be ? a sin too which endanger'd the salvation not only of the christians to whom he writ , but those who were to succeed them in all posterity ? but , says tertullian , the apostle had no occasion expressly to condemn what is condemn'd by reason . but that which was a reason in tertullian's time does not subsist in ours , as we have plainly shewn above . but if any one at last shall urge , that the acting of plays was condemn'd by express scripture , because it was a part of the pagan worship , and idolatry was expressly condemn'd ; to this i answer , that nothing can make more for my cause than this : for since the spirit of god condemn'd the representation of plays only as they were included under idolatry , you must either shew that the spirit of god did not foresee that in process of time they would cease to be idolatrous , which to affirm is horrible blasphemy ; or you must acknowledge , that by condemning them only under the general term of idolatry , he approv'd them , and allow'd of them , as soon as they should be no longer idolatrous ; or else you must be forc'd to acknowledge that the word of god is defective , and does not contain all things which are necessary to the salvation of his people . besides , it may be manifestly prov'd from st paul , that the idolatry of them extended no farther than to the representation of them , which representation was render'd idolatrous , only by the direction and intention of the magistrates and publick , at whose expence they were represented ; for st paul has sufficiently warranted the writing them , and consequently the reading of them , by citing a verse of a comick poet in the first epistle to the corinthians ch . . v. . for if those writings had been in themselves idolatrous , st paul durst neither have read them while a jew , nor cited them while a christian , idolatry both to jew and christian being alike abominable . but it is evident that he has cited them ; for it is known to all the world , that evil communication corrupts good manners , is a verse of menander , and the corinthians particularly could not be ignorant of it . since then the spirit of god thought fit to put the verse of a comick poet into the mouth of his greatest apostle , as very fit for the instruction of his people , and the reformation of mankind ; and since the same spirit has said not a syllable to condemn either plays or theatres , any farther than as they are included under idolatry , it seems to be very plain to me , that he has not only approved , but recommended plays to his people , when they are not corrupt and idolatrous . for the corinthians saw plainly that st paul had read menander , they were convinc'd that he had cited him for their instruction , and consequently that he approv'd of him : since then they were satisfied that the apostle read him , why might not they do the like , when st paul had not said so much as a word to discourage ' em . now if the reading him could be allowable , why should not the seeing him be equally lawful , when the representation should cease to be corrupt and idolatrous ? and therefore st thomas , and the rest of the school-men , who liv'd when dramatical representations were no longer idolatrous , have loudly declared them lawful ; and they are at this very day encouraged in countries , where they are mortally severe against any thing that offends religion , and where the cruelty of the inquisition is most outrageous . thus have i endeavour'd to shew , that plays are instrumental to human happiness , to the welfare of government , and the advancement of piety ; that arts and empire have flourish'd with the stage , which has been always encouraged by the best of men , and by the bravest nations . after which i hope the enemies of plays will be reconciled to our theatres , and not by persisting in their aversion , affect to seem more wise than the athenians , more austere than the romans , more nice than the school-men , more cruel than inquisitors , and more zealous than the apostle of the gentiles . finis . errata . page . for that is r. it is , p. . f. these passions r. the passions , ib. f. in these a full r. in a full , p. . f. eve● these r. even in these , p. . f. action r. citation , p. . f. who liv'd r. who was born p. . f. stager . state , p. . f. seeing r. saying , p. . f. not by r. not only by , p. . f. these opinions r. the opinions , p. . f. verum r. rerum , p. . f. them r. it , p. . after especially r. treaties of a state. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e hor. ode lib. . a defence of dramatick poetry being a review of mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaneness of the stage. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing f estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a defence of dramatick poetry being a review of mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaneness of the stage. filmer, edward, b. ca. . settle, elkanah, - . rymer, thomas, - . vanbrugh, john, sir, - . [ ], p. printed for eliz. whitlock ..., london : . half title: a review of mr. collier. variously ascribed to edward filmer, elkanah settle, thomas rymer, and sir john vanbrugh. reproduction of original in bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng collier, jeremy, - . -- short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. theater -- england. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - rina kor sampled and proofread - rina kor text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a defence of dramatick poetry : being a review of mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaneness of the stage . london : printed for eliz. whitlock , near stationer's hall. . preface . the popular reception of mr. collier's celebrated piece , has built him no small reputation : but it had been an infinite higher glory , both to the book and the author , had the argument been taken up in his pulpit-reign . then he would have convinced the world that he put pen to paper in the spirit of zeal and piety , and not left himself open to that untoward suspicion , viz. that all this labour'd pile of stage-reformation is only the product of idleness and abdication . he takes up the whip for the play-house , as dionysius the tyrant did the school-birch , when be had lost the scepter . 't is true , wit and learning ( to do him all just right ) shine through the whole piece ; but when the poorest ingenii largitor gives birth to the minerva , she looks not quite so lovely , as when she has a more honourable parent . besides , there 's another very strong reason why an invective against the stage , was no earlier ofspring of this ingenious author . alas , 't was no subject for mr. collier's smiling days . the theatre was then too much the minion of his old great master and mistress ; and mr. collier , we all very well know , was more the courtier , under the blessings of that warm sun , then to rally either this or any other darling of power . but as much ingenuity as this treatise may boast , it has as much of the gall too : but where the satyr falls heaviest , will be no improper inquiry . ' i is true , the lash seems wholly designed against the theatres : but if the sufferance be so fatally destructive to morality , virtue , nay religion it self , as that treatise endeavours to render it , mr. collier has more satyriz'd the pulpit than the stage : for whilst 't is undeniably true , that mr. collier's is the first , either pulpit or press-sermon , upon that text ; this universal silence of the whole clergy , must conclude either their ignorance of such a fatality , when mr. collier is the first discoverer , or what 's worse , their neglect of their christian duty , when mr. collier is the first corrector , &c. but if none of all this capital guilt-shall be proved upon the play-house ; and the influences of the stage shall have no such mortal malignity , as this author threatens from it ; then the satyr lies nearer home , and only lashes himself . from lincolns-inn , may , . the ingenious mr. collier in calling his learned treatise , a short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage , &c. has not given it a title that fully reaches the subject , and the great design of that laborious piece of oratory : for in his whole discourse , which he divides into six chapters ; in the first he confronts the present stage , by setting forth the general innocence and modesty of the ancient greek and latin dramatick poetry ; and in the four next chapters de descends to a view of the english theatres , where he seats himself down , and very magisterially sits censor and judge upon several particular dramatick offenders and offences , in some , and only some , of our late plays . hitherto , the title page seems to carry the contents of the book , as if his present work in hand were only a christian correction of abuses and corruption , viz. profaneness and immorality crept into the stage . but in his last chapter , he plainly tells us , his design is not reformation , but eradication : for here he throws by the pruning hook , and takes up the axe . in due prevention therefore against so dangerous a weapon , in so angry a hand , we 'll endeavour first to guard the root ; and afterwards we 'll joyn with him , and give him free leave to lop off as many of the luxurious branches , as shall not be found worth saving . to begin therefore with some examination of that last chapter , which he entitles , the opinion of paganism , of the church , and state , concerning the stage , here likewise we 'll set out first from home , viz. in the opinion of the english state , &c. here , says our author , i shall come down to our own constitution , and i find by th of eliz. chap. . and iac. chap. th . that all common players of interludes , counterfeit egyptians , &c. shall be taken adjudged and deem'd rogues , uagabonds , and sturdy beggars , and shall sustain all pains and punishments , as by this act is in that behalf appointed . the penalties are infamous to the last degree , and capital too , unless they give over . 't is true , the first act , viz. th of eliz. excepts those players which belong to a baron or other person of higher degree , and are authorized to play under the hand and seal of arms of such baron or personage . but in the latter statute this privilege of licensing is taken away , and all of them are expresly brought under the penalty without distinction . 't is true in this last act , as he says , the barons privilege of licensing players was taken away ; but this author , that reads no farther than what wright or wrong serves his own turn , and quotes authority but by halves , forgets that that act of the ist. of iac. was but a temporary act , to hold in force but that sessions of parliament . but this small trip we 'll forgive him . but for a little more light into this th . of eliz. by way of context to explain the cause . the clause against players begins thus . be it enacted that all persons calling themselves scholars , going about begging ; all seafaring men , pretending losses of their ships or goods on the sea , going about the country begging ; all idle persons going about in any country , either begging or using any subtle craft , or unlawful games or plays , or feigning themselves to have knowledge in physiognomy , palmistry , or other like crafty science , or such like fantastical imaginations : all persons that be , or utter themselves to be proctors , procurors , patent-gatherers , collectors for goals , prisons or hospitals , &c. this law , 't is plain , is particularly level'd against a sort of people that have no settled habitation , rovers up and down the country , and therefore called vagabonds . but what 's all this to the establishment of our publick theatres ? besides , why are all offenders in this act thus stigmatiz'd and punish'd as rouges , but for the practising frauds and cheats upon the people ? nay , this act chiefly strikes not at the professions of the offenders here mention'd , but the abuse or corruption of them , as in the scholar , seaman , proctor , procuror , patent-gatherer or collector , as well those as are really so , as those that utter themselves such . the mendicant scholar , for instance , as a scandal to learning , the universities , nay , perhaps the church it self ; the seaman as an impostor , viz. with his pretended losses ; the proctor as a fomentor of litigious suits among the people , &c. the patent-gatherer under the mask of publick charity , collecting the mony into his own pocket , not only to the abuse of the country , but to the very scandal of the government , when the most pious royal acts of grace shall be thus fraudulently perverted , to the carrying on so notorious a cheat : and therefore the patent-gatherer or collector unlicens'd was thus branded , &c. and undobtedly 't was much upon the same scandalous account , that the unlicens'd players of interludes are here herded among all those rascally companions : for why should not the government , with all reason , surmize an equal danger to the publick , from such unqualify'd players , and accordingly provide against them , as being persons who under no warrant of authority , nor honourable patron to vouch for their integrity , might be as justly suspected of roguery , cheating or pilfering , as any other of their brethren in iniquity , mention'd in the act ? nor can this particular brand upon the offenders , here mentioned , bear any shadow of construction to asperse , taint or scandalize , the profession of playing it self , and the publick theatres supported by royal patents , &c. any more than the same brand upon the scholar , the proctor , the collector , &c. under the formentioned corruption , should be interpreted a reflection upon religion , law , learning or charity . nor are his majesty's servants , the present authorized actors , any more concerned at the common mistaken cry of fools from starting this statute against them ; than any honest reader of the ingenious mr. collier , with a talent of common sense , ought to be convinced , that this opinion of the state concerning the stage , here quoted , makes any thing for his cause . about the year . there was a petition made to queen elizabeth for suppressing of play-houses . 't is somewhat remarkable , and therfore i shall describe some part of the relation . many godly citizens , and other well disposed gentlemen of london , considering that play-houses , and dicing-houses , were traps for young gentlemen and others , and perceiving the many inconveniencies and great damage that would ensue upon the long-suffering of the same , not only to particular persons , but to the whole city ; and that it would be a great disparagement to the governours , and a dishonour to the government of this honourable city , if they should any longer continue , acquainted some pious magistrates therewith , desiring them to take some course for the suppression of common play-houses , dicing-houses , &c. within the city of london and liberties thereof , who thereupon made humble suit to queen elizabeth , and her privy-council , and obtain'd leave of her majesty to thrust the players out of the city , and to pull down all play-houses and dicing-houses within their liberties ; which accordingly was effected . and the play-houses in grace-church-street , &c. were quite put down and suppress'd . rawlidge his monster lately found out , &c. p. , , . the name of this author that mr. collier has here quoted , being utterly a stranger to all the great scholars in title-page learning through st. paul's church-yard or little britain , i am sorry i am so much in the dark , that neither stow , baker , cambden , nor holinshed , make any mention of this revolution in or about the year , viz. this abdication of the publick play-houses by queen elizbeth ; however not to dispute the veracity of an affirmative in verbo sacerdotis , but take it as an orthodox record , i cannot but stand a little amaz'd to think what wondrous state-opinion he has here discover'd . first , 't is here observable that the foremention'd grievances alleged against play-houses , were so far from a publick censur of the state , that they were only a private complaint of some godly citizens , &c. who therewith acquainted some magistrates , ( the magistrates themselves were not the first complainants . ) the foundation of , and arguments against this grievance , was only on the score of inconvenience and damage , that their continuance and sufferance on that account would be a dishonour to the government of the city , not of the state nor church : for her were no suggestions either of immorality , lewdness , corruption of manners or vanity , or any religious charge against them , as godly men as the complainants are here presented ; whilst on the contrary the whole accusation against them , and the whole godly fear was founded expresly on no other danger , then the entrapping the youth of the city , whether gentle or simple , whether gentlemens sons or citizens pretences or servants , undoubtedly to the squandering away their parents or masters money ; and therefore , if too long suffer'd , a publick inconvenience or damage would ensue to the whole city . hereupon these complainants petition'd the magistracy , and the magistracy the queen ; and her gracious royal grant was this , that that eye-sore , a play-house in grace-church-street , in the heart of the metropolis , should be supprest , and the players thrust out of the city of london , and possibly banish'd as far as to westminster . and what makes the whole grievance ( without ralleay ) very remarkable , here are play-houses and dicing-houses , both joyn'd in one sentence of city excommunication , the dicing-houses of the two , so much the more dangerous inhabitants within the walls , that the youth of the city , viz. sons , servants , prentices or cash-keepers , from so fatal a temptation and snare , might be truly trapt into the loss of those extravagant sums , perhaps purloin'd or embezell'd from parents or masters , to a very dangerous consequene to the whole city indeed ; whilst on the other side , the small figure , the low-priz'd play-houses made in those days , rendred them so little threatners of any such capital danger ; that both dice-house and play-house are here sentenced to banishment together , the one for suspicion of robbery , and the other of petty larceny . now these two authorities being all he says upon that head , viz. the opinion of the state concerning the stage , i have quoted them verbatim at full length , that the reader may guess the strength of this learned argumentator , by this first sample we have given of him . ex pede herculem . but to match him with an opinion of the state concerning the stage , out of stow's chronicle , anno . not above three years after the said abidication . stow d eliz. comedians and stage-players of former time , were very poor and ignorant in respect of these in this time ; but being now grown very skilful and exquisite actors for all matters , they were entertain'd into the service of divers great lords , out of which companies there were twelve of the best chosen , at the request of sir francis walsingham , they were sworn the queens servants , and were allow'd wages , and livery 's , as grooms of the chamber , and until that year , the queen had no players . amongst those twelve players were two rare men , viz. thomas wilson for a quick , delicate , refin'd extemporal wit , and richard tareletion , for a wonderous plentiful , pleasant , extemporal wit. he was the wonder of his time. he lyeth buried in shoreditch . now from this authority of mr. stow , which we may venture to call authentick , it looks a little odly , that this chronicle should take such particular notice of the exalted court favours , that smiled upon these darling of the stage , and be so silent upon the calamity of the other excluded city members of the same fraternity . methinks the pulling down of houses , and banishing the whole publick city-diversion , but just three years before , shou'd have made as loud an alarum at this court preserment to their younger brothers , and certainly deserved as large a page in this history , at least for the queen's honour : for it looks like a little piece of injustice to that glorious memory , to let any part of publick reformation , such as the suppression of vice , as dice-houses and play-houses , ( and such our author here designs it ) perform'd by that illustrious princess , lye untransmitted to posterity . but when play-houses and dice-houses are so suspiciously joyn'd together by this unknown author , what if these play-houses should prove but gaming-houses at last ? is looks very shrewdly that way , all circumstances consider'd . but this i only surmize ; besides , it looks like misdoubting the ingenious mr. collier's testimony , and so i 'll rather give him his point . however , as i am ready to do him justice as to his quotations , i hope he will do the like by mine , and allow me at least this triumph to the stage , that the pious queen had a better opinion of players than mr. collier's godly citizens , when she did them the honour of entertaining them as her menials in her livery , and under her own roof . but perhaps that princess design'd to make a reformation in the stage , as well as the church ; and therefore was resolv'd to redeem the stage-players from their original state of infamy and slavery , quoted pag. . where he tells you , that the romans refused the jus civitatis to players , seiz'd their freedom , and made them perfectly foreign to the govenment , which st. augustine was pleas'd to commend 'em for . and afterwards page . the whole tribe of them was thrown out of all honour and privilege . they were neither suffer'd to be lords nor gentlemen . now notwithstanding not only all these pagan blots in their scutcheon , but even the very theodostan code , that page . calls them personae inhonestae ; belike this gracious queen was pleased to give them that gentler treatment , under her english , them they had found either from the civil or heathen laws ; and at least advanc'd them to tread very near the heels of gentlemen , under such royal smiles , and the kind court reception she gave them . but methinks this ingenious quoter of history need not have look'd so far back as to . or queen elizabeths . or iac. st . for a national opinion of the stage : here was a modern one of much fresher memory , and more pat to his purpose , when the stage-plays lay under a more universal abdication , viz. in the reign of those later powers at the helm , who with no little activity leap'd over the block , and the whole white-hall stage it stood upon , and yet stumbled at the straw . &c. a profane comedy or tragedy , were all heathen and antichristian , but pious regicide and rebellion , were religion and sanctity with them . the camel would go down , but the gnat stuck in their throats . now this learned gentleman ought by all means to have quoted this national opinion of the stage , as not only an argument much more to his cause , but a relation that in pure gratitude to the patrons of his book , ought not to have been omitted . for as this author's view of the stage is that more than ordinary darling to the gentlemen of that kidney , he cou'd in honour and justice do no less than tickle 'em with their own memoirs . nay as the whole society of the gentlemen of the calves-head feast , have made this book their particular bosom favourite , it would be prudent in the author , ( and perhaps the book was compos'd and calculated for that purpose ) to harangue so considerable a party ; for 't is a hard world we live in , and the gaining of good friends may be serviceable . from these , next let us see how the stage stands discouraged by the laws of other countries , as he has alrady shew'd you how it stands in our own . to begin with the athenians . these people plutarch tells you , thought a comedy so unreputable a performance , that they made a law , that no iudge of the areopagus should write one . this learned gentleman is resolved to make his foreign state-authority against the stage and his english one all of a piece . for methinks this athenian law , that only prohibited the gravity of a judge from writing a comedy , recorded by mr. collier in monumental black and white , as the athenian state-opinion against plays , is certainly that most charming argument , enough to set heraclitus himself a smiling . the lacedemonians , who were remarkable for the wisdom of their laws , &c. their government would not endure the stage under any regulation . well , here 's one positive bill of exclusion . to pass on to the romans . tully informs us , that their predecessors counted all stage-plays uncreditable and scandalous . insomuch that any roman who turned actor , was not only to be degraded , but likewise as it were disincorporated , and unnaturaliz'd by the order of the censors . this roman state-opinion is almost as doughty a quotation as his athenian one . for here the predecessors of the romans counted plays uncreditable , &c. but their kinder successors , belike were of a contrary state-opinion . their fore-fathers only past it as a temporary act , like the first of iac. for the uncreditable player was afterwards set rectus in curia . and how did those opinionated predecessors ( pray mark it ) handle the roman offender that turn'd author ? why truly , as cicero cited by st. augustine tells us , they disincorporated and unnaturaliz'd him . and how did they do all this ? why truly , as it were . their censors of the stage did put their order in execution but very gently . well , to do this author as much justice , as he has done the roman censors , i must own to the world , that he argues ( as it were ) most judiciously , and , as it were , to the purpose . we read in livy , that the young people kept their fabulae attellanae to themselves . they would not suffer this diversion to be blemish'd by the stage . for this reason , as the historian observes the actors or the fabulae attellanae were neither expell'd their tribe , nor refused to serve in arms , both which penalties it appears the common players lay under . here livy gives us another roman state-account in relation to the stage , viz. that some of their dramatick entertainments were thought worthy to be the particular performance of gentlemen , who belike were either so pleas'd with it , or so proud of it , as to monopolize the diversion to themselves , and all without the least stain to their gentility . that lash of the roman censors was only , as it appears , or , as it were , for the poorer hirelings players ; and for this very good reason , et quod turpe est cerdoni volesos brutosque decebit . playing in it self belike was no fault , taking money for it was all . his last state opinion is , that in the theodosian code players are called personae dishonestae , &c. that is ( to translate it softly ) persons maimd , and blemish'd in their reputation . their pictures might be seen at the play-house , but were not permitted to hang in any creditable place of the town , the function of the players being scandalous by the civil law. as scandalous as the civil law had render'd players , however these scandalous fellows were handled as softly as mr. collier translates ; their scandal was so little a publick nuisance , that the christian government , even in its primitive lustre , always suffer'd them amongst them ; and as gondibert says , — is not powers permission a consent , which is in kings the same as to ordain ; and ills ordain'd are free from punishment ? but of this subject , i shall have occasion to be more at large . these few state memoris against the stage , that stage that flourish'd in the greek and roman empires , above a thousand years together ; in the histories of so many ages , and through two such spacious empires , are all he can find us ; i dare not say , will not ; for he 's never sparing of scandal if he knew where to get it . to all these state authorities , he finishes that head of his discourse with a long pastoral letter of the lord bishop of arras in flanders , publish'd about two years ago against plays ; too long here to repeat . but here i am afraid our author mistakes himself . for one single flandrian doctor , as i take it , is not a whole national opinion ; and therefore this pastoral letter is but a very indifferent authority upon that head. now for another head , which he calls the testimony of the most celebrated heathen philosophers , orators and historians , concerning the stage . to begin with plato , this philosopher tells us , that plays raise the passions , and pervert the use of them , and by consequence are dangerous to morality . for this reason he banishes these diversions his common-wealth . aristotle lays it down for a rule , that the law ought to forbid young people the seeing of comedies , such permissions not being safe till age and discipline had confirmed them in sobriety , fortified their virtue , and made 'em as it were proof against debauchery . that the force of musick and action is very affecting , it commands the audience , and changes the passions to a resemblance of the matter before them . here the charge of plato and aristotle against plays somewhat agrees , viz. in raising the passions , which aristotle expounds the changing the passions of the audience to a resemblance of , or sympathy with , the matter before them ; only plato sat a little the severer judge upon them ; for he banisht them his common-wealth : but aristotle carries not matters so high as to a total exclusion , but allows them as an innocent diversion to persons of mature age and discretion . but methinks mr. collier gives but a lame account of plato's reason for banishing plays from out his common-wealth . for i can hardly believe that that learned philosopher , whatever motives he had for excluding plays from his government , would have talk'd so far out of his own natural philosophy , as to tell us that raising a passion perverts the use of it . for if , as aristotle explains the case , the raising the passion is here meant , that the passion represented on the stage imprints the same passion into the audience ( a point which we shall hardly grant him , and which we shall have occasion to speak of hereafter : ) yet all this while , if the worst passion or representation on the stage should have this wondrous operation upon the frail audience ; for instance , if a man should see a hercules furens , and grow as mad , and pull up oaks as fast as he ; or a lustful tarquin , and presently fall a ravishing : or a young lady should see a lewd thais , and immediately take taint , and play the wanton like her ; however here 's no perverting the use of the worst of all these passions . 't is true , all these foremention'd passions are none of the best : but the worst passion in producing its own natural bad effects , plato would hardly have call'd it , perverting the use of the passion . but mr. collier in verbo sacerdotis assures us , he translates faithfully , and therefore as wise a man as plato was , we are bound to give it against him . tully cries out upon licentious plays and poems , as the bane of sobriety and wife thinking . that comedy subsists upon lewdness , and that pleasure is the root of all evil. plutarch , he tells us , was of the opinion that plays were dangerous to corrupt young people : ( and here he joyns with aristotle . ) and therefore stage-poetry , when it grows too hardy and licentious , ought to be checkt . here plutarch concurs with tully , viz. that plays are to be checkt only when too licentious , as the bane of sobriety , and an excitation to lewdness . livy reports the original of plays among the romans , viz. that they were brought in upon the score of religion , to pacifie the gods , and remove a mortality . but then he adds , that the motives are sometimes good , when the means are stark naught ; that the remedy in this case was worse than the disease , and the atonement more infectious than the plague . livy is an author , that mr. collier has all the reason in the world to set a value upon ; for he 's a man of his own gall. he owns that plays were originally an institution founded upon religion , that by their divine power and influence they pacified the anger of the gods , and removed a pestilence , or some other general mortality . ( for he plainly confesses they did the work , not the cure design'd , but perform'd . ) yet with all these sovereign and pacifick virtues , and the whole glory of a national deliverance wrought by them , the remedy was a worse plague than that it had cured . could mr. collier himself have declaim'd more pathetically ! valerius maximus , livy's cotemporary , gives much the same account of the rise of theatres at rome . 't was devotion that built them . and for the performance of those places , which mr. dryden calls the ornaments ; this author censures as the blemishes of peace : and which is more , he affirms , they were the occasions of civil distractions , and that the state first blush'd , and then bled for the entertainment . he concludes , , the consequences of plays were intollerable . and very well he might conclude so , if he was of his own cotemporaries opinion , viz. that they were a worse plague than what they cured . but methinks these two roman authors between them have given plays an unaccountable power ; for belike they could make peace in heaven , and raise wars on earth ; they pacified the gods , but set the world at dissention . and indeed had either the spirit of a livy or collier reign'd amongst them , those civil distractions had been not at all to be wonder'd at : for such angry gentlemen would have found matter of quarrel with plays , though for their atoning of heaven , and averting of judgements . seneca , the philosopher , he tells us , was very angry at the play-house , and for this reason , that scarce any body would apply themselves to the study of nature and morality , unless when the play-house was shut , and the weather foul . that there was no body to teach philosophy , because there was no body to learn it . but that the stage had nurseries and company enough . this quarrel of seneca against the stage , i confess was highly reasonable ; for undoubtedly that angry gentleman of learning was sensibly touch'd in the most tender part , viz. honour and interest . perhaps the auditory had found as much good instruction to be glean'd up at a play-house lecture , as at a philosophy one ; and so because the play-house-school got ground of the philosophers , 't was high time , to cry out , great was his own diana of ephesus . tacitus relating how nero hired decay'd gentlemen , for the stage , complains of the mismanagement ; and lets us know , 't was the part of a prince , to relieve their necessity , and not to tempt it , &c. and that his bounty should rather have set them above an ill practice , then put them upon it . though nero's conduct , was not always to be vindicated , however , begging both tacitus and mr. collier's pardon , i must give it on his side in this case ; and say , he was here very much in the right . for if that prince thought it no degradation to his own imperial dignity , personally to act in plays himself , i know no reason he had to think it either a shame or a condescension in a private gentleman , and a decay'd one too , to come upon the stage . if the sovereign could play the histrio , sure the subject was not above it . plays , in the opinion of the judicious plutarch , are dangerous to corrupt young people ; and therefore stage-poetry , when it grows too hardy and licentious , ought to be check'd . here plutarch's charge against the play-house , is not over severe ; the dangers from the stage only threaten'd the younger sort of people . wisdom and gravity , nay , possibly mr. collier himself , might enter a play-house walls , and come off unhurt . nay , as dangerous as it might be even to youth it self ; the danger belike lay not either in the play-house or the play ; but the abuses and corruptions that crept into the representations there : for he condemns the stage-poetry , but only when it grows too hardy and too licentious . plutarch's check does not reach mr. collier's , he brings only the pruning hook. i have here recited every individual authority quoted by mr. collier , of his heathen philosophers , historians , and orators ; i think they are somewhat short of half a score . and how far their several authorities reach , i hope i have indifferently well explain'd . well , to sum up this heathenish evidence . this learned scholiast has made hard shift to muster up a little above half a dozen philosophers , orators and historians , that have either enter'd their pagan protests , or prefer'd some arraignment against plays . now the particular opinions of not half a score of these dissenting ethnick doctors , out of at least half as many hundred of that fraternity , especially too at their rate of talking , or mr. collier for 'em , is no more a conclusive argument , in my simple judgment , against the stage ; then a diogenes in his tub and his rags ; or an epimantus at his roots and his water , should perswade any rational man from a clean shirt upon his back , and a good house o're his head ; or a good dish of meat and a bottle of wine for his dinner , viz. if he is able to purchase it . and now as doughtily as these orators have supported his cause , upon this diminitive foundation , what a colossus has he rais'd . for he concludes upon this head , with telling us , this was the opinion of those celebrated authors , with respect to theatres . they charge 'em with the corruption of principles and manners , and lay in all imaginable caution against them . and yet these men had seldom any thing but this world in their scheme ; and form'd their judgment only upon natural light , and common experience . we see then to what sort of conduct we are obliged . the case is plain : unless we are little enough to renounce our reason , and fall short of philosophy , and live under the pitch of heathenism . here i must confess this insinuation is very artful . but all this while these philosophers that charge the stage with this corruption of principle and manners , give us but their bare word for it . was it enough for the great plato and aristotle , the very doctors of the chair in the old heathen divinity , ( for religion was then but philosophies pupil ) ; was it enough , i say , for those zealots in morality , to see that stage that had stood hundreds of years , and to look upon it , as such a nursery of corruption , and say no more against it ? does it look like the man that the world received him , for plato , to tell us in a line and a half , that plays raise the passions , and pervert the use of them , and by consequence are dangerous to morality ; only to start such an unintelligible fragment , and not make a little sermon-work upon that text ? perhaps indeed , sic volo , sic iubeo , might be enough to banish plays from his own common-wealth ; and even that short sentence might be supererrogation . however , he owed that justice both to the world around him , and posterity after him , to read a little longer esculapian lecture upon so epidemick a disease . undoubtedly had either plato or aristotle but half mr. collier's pique against the play-houses , they would have spared their ink as little as he has done ; and consequently have supplied him with more copious satyr , and more sensible arguments upon that subject . but for once i 'll joyn issue with him , and to throw some weight more into his scale , i 'll suppose these half a dozen philosophical doctors with their natural light , and as many doctor collier's with their divine light , had all past their negative vote against the stage ; however they would hardly carry the cause . for truly i know no reason why the stage should be obliged to stand upon a stronger basis then the very sanction of our laws themselves . and i doubt not but a foundation may be very honest and innocent , though not establish'd by a nemine contradicente . to these testimonies of the philosophers , &c. he tells you , he 'll add a couple of poets , who both seem to be good judges of the affair in hand . the first is ovid , who in his book , de arte amandi , gives his reader to understand that the play-house was the most likely place to forage in . here would be choice , nothing being more common than to see beauty surprized , women debauch'd , and wenches pick'd up at those diversions . ovid. lib. . sed tu praecipue curvis venare theatris , haec loca sunt voto fertiliora tuo . — ruit ad celebres cultissiama foemina ludos ; copia judicium saepe mor at a meum est . spectatum veniunt , veniunt spectentur ut ipsae , iile locus casti damna pudor is habet . in this authority of ovid , our learned observator , quite forgets himself , and runs off from his theme . for ovid has nothing to say against the stage , or any reflection , or objection against the dramatick presentations there . his present business , to speak in the modern dialect , is only with the pit , box and galleries . this quotation therefore is but very indifferently rank'd under that head , viz. the opinion of paganism concerning the stage . he tells us indeed , the young and the fair are to be seen at the theatres ; that beauty and high toppings , faemina cultissima , and undoubtedly beauty and high virtue too , faemina castissima may be seen in a play-house ; nay , and come thither too , to see and be seen , without any offence to modesty . and hither 't is that ovid invites his young pupils in the art of love , to forage in ( as he calls it . ) and here i 'll give mr. collier the point , viz. that a debauchee may pick up a wench at those diversions . nor is it any great wonder in so universal a concourse of the young and the fair , to find some smutty corn in so large a field . society and crowds , upon a more sacred ground than a play-house , are not wholly composed of honour and innocence , but that a carrion crow may be catch'd even in a flock of doves . and truly had not mr. collier been wilfully over-sighted , he would have inform'd us , that ovid was of the same opinion . for in the very immediate foregoing verses to this quotation , he advises his young libertine to forage the temples of the gods ; for he may find the same game to fly at there too . and here i am sorry i must joyn with ovid ; when much diviner altars are subject to the same profanation . 't is not all religion and piety that enters a church door : hypocrisie and wantonness are too often too bold intruders : and not only to see and to be seen , is the height of the devotion , but possibly the lecture and the sermon may be sometimes made the screen to the rover and the wanton . but mr. collier , i hope , will not infer from hence , that the church doors should be shut up , or devotion barr'd entrance , for fear of prophanation or hypocrisie herding in along with them . 't is true , there may be a case , and a weighty one , for keeping us out from church , prayers , sacraments , and what not ; as we find it recorded in a learned discourse publish'd by this orthodox school-man , called , a perswasive to consideration , tender'd to the royalists , particularly those of the church of england , printed in the year , . being a discourse upon this text — in the day of adversity consider — where page we read , as follows . however , i am loth to leave my church ! ( the auditor thus expostulating with him ) you say well . but can you expect to find the church , where it 's peculiar doctrines are disowned ; where it 's authority is opposed , and betrayed to the secular power ? does the being of a church consist in brick and stone ? what would you do if jupiter was worshipped there ? i hope the chiming of the bells would not draw you to the service of the idol . if it is urged , that we may be so planted as to want the advantage of an orthodox pastor ; what is to be done in such circumstances ? must we pray alone , without the assistance of priest or congregation ? to this question , after what has been said , i think the proverb a sufficient return ; better be alone than in ill company . if 't is farther objected , that by this principle we lose the benefit of the blessed sacrament . to this i answer , . that this objection is oftentimes no more than pretence : for if people would take that pains which the regard to the institution requires , it seldom happens but they might receive it from proper hands . but . i answer , that breaking the unity of the church by schismatical communion , and making our selves partakers of other men's sins , ( tim. . . ) is a bad preparation for the sacrament . to break a moral law for a positive ordinance , though never so valuable , looks like robbing in order to sacrifice . and therefore when the case is truly put ; a pious desire of receiving will be equivalent to the thing . this being an allowed rule in instances of necessity . so that we cannot be said to lose the benefit of the blessed sacrament , though we are not so happy as to partake in the administration . now by the same strength of reason he has here carry'd the cause against the whole church of england , and excluded his royalists from all publick devotion ; undoubtedly he may shut up the play-house doors , and exclude 'em from all publick diversion too . the other poet he joyns with ovid , is the author of the plain-dealer . this poet , in his dedication to lady b. some eminent procuress , pleads the merits of his function , and insists upon being billeted upon free quarter . madam , says he , i think a poet ought to be as free of your houses as of the play-houses , since he contributes to the support of both , and is as necessary to such as you , as the ballad-singer to the pick-purse , in convening the cullies at the theatres to be pick'd up and carried to a supper , and bed , at your houses . this is frank evidence , and ne're the less true for the air of a jest. as frank as this plain-dealer's evidence is , here 's nothing but what , with a very grave face of truth , and in as earnest a jest , might have been said upon any other publick places of meeting , viz. the dancing-schools , the mall , the parks , the gardens ; and where not ? and unless this man of morals , would have a law made to suppress all places of general resort , and confine mankind to cells and caves , i know not well how he will prevent all these enormities that the plain-dealer has here rallied upon . nay , this i will positively averr , that both the plain-dealer and mr. collier's argument on this side , lies much stronger against any other publick place of resort than the play-house . for if wantonness and lewdness will creep into all publick societies , though of never so innocent a foundation , the theatres lie least obnoxious to that danger . for in all the other forementioned places of resort , we make our own diversion , have no entertainment but what we give our selves ; and consequently , as idleness is the mother of lust , and when we have least to do , the devil has most ; we lie more open to temptation and irregular desires , than we can do in a play-house , where the diversion is all found to our hands , and the auditor has both his eyes and his ears so employ'd , and is so much taken up with either the pity and concern for the distresses of tragedy , or a mirth and delight from the pleasantry of comedy , that he has hardly the leisure to rove after any imaginations of his own . and therefore if our platonick author is for banishing of plays , for this only grievance within the walls of a play-house , he may as justly vote for the rooting up a garden , for fear the spider should suck poyson from the flowers . next , to proceed to his testimony of the fathers , he begins with theophilus bishop of antioch , who lived in the second century . 't is not lawful ( says this father ) for us to be present at the prizes of the gladiators , least by this means we should be accessary to the murders there committed . neither dare we presume upon the liberties of your other shows , least our senses should be tinctur'd and disobliged with indecency and prophaneness . the tragical distractions of tereus and thyestes are nonsense to us . we are for seeing no representations of lewdness . the stage adulteries of the gods and hero's are unwarrantble entertainments ; and so much the worse because the mercinary players set them off with all the charms and advantages of speaking . god forbid that christians , who are remarkable for modesty and reservedness , who are obliged to discipline , and train'd up to virtue ; god forbid , i say , that we should dishonour our thoughts , much less our practice , with such wickedness as this . tertullian , who lived in the latter end of this century , thus addresses the heathens upon this subject . we keep off from your publick shews , because we cannot understand the warrant of their original . there 's superstition and idolatry in the case ; and we dislike the entertainment , because we dislike the reason of its institution , &c. his book , de spectaculis , was wrote on purpose to diswade the christians from the publick diversions of the heathens , of which the play-house was one , &c. the arguments of tertullian which are too long here to recite , were chiefly upon these two heads , viz. that pleasure was a bewitching thing , and the levity of the theatres for that cause was not consistent with the severer principles of christianity . his second argument was the low character of players , from the magistracy it self , who , though they abetted the stage , discountenanced the players , and crampt their freedoms , &c. to conclude , he insinuates the great danger of being present at those entertainments ; and tells us one sad example of a demoniack possession . a certain woman went to the play-house , and brought the devil home with her . and when the unclean spirit was prest in the exorcism , and ask'd how he durst attack a christian ? i have done nothing ( says he ) but what i can justifie ; for i seiz'd her upon my own ground . before i enter upon any other argument , i shall make some few remarks upon this possession . i shall not dispute tertullian's veracity in this relation ; yet methinks , upon a thorough examination , neither tertullian nor mr. collier have over-well proved the play-house to be the devils own ground , when the title 's supported by no more authority than a bare single affirmative , and that from no other mouth than the father of lies , the devil himself . if the play-house were really a chattellany of lucifer , a fief of the infernal empire , some doctors are of opinion , the devil would be the last would tell us so : for as the subtilty of that cunning seducer strows all his pit-falls with flowers , he has neither that charity for mankind , nor owes that service to god , to play thus booty against himself in so frank a declaration . however , if that restless sworn enemy of man , had any such generous principle in him , the dives in flames had had no occasion of supplicating a monitory messenger , to send to his worldly friends , from abraham : but might e'ne have begg'd the civil favour of that kind errand from one of his own tormentors . this i must say , that this foolish devils imprudent discovery was so capital a piece of treason against the interest of his own infernal kingdom , that really i am of opinion , to set him rectus in curia diabolica , he wants absolution . well , but perhaps you 'll say , this discovery was no blunder in his politicks , but extorted by the divine force of the exorcism . really sir , that may be . however to give this devil and his vouchers their due , all this confession carries a very rank face of a sham still . for if it were substantial verity , that the play-house was truly and firmly the devils own ground , and every christian rambler catch'd upon it his own lawful , and , to use his own words , justifiable seizure ; at this rate , the devil must be soften'd into a spirit of that unaccountable mercy , so very unlike the bible picture we have of him , when among so many thousands and ten thousands , nay millions and millions of christians , that since that day have been caught in a play-house walls , so pat for his clutches ; nevertheless this only single seizure of that kind is all that 's recorded against him . i have several times heard this demoniack story warmly play'd , as not a little formidable battery against the theatres , by some passionate zealots , no very good friends either to our church or our stage ; and to confirm this diabolical authority , those enthusiasts without question had read , that 't was no new thing for the cloven-foot to deliver oracles , and therefore doubt not but this may be one . but in all these declamations of the fathers against stage-plays , st. cyprian , tertullian , and st. augustine , and all of 'em confess 't was the general opinion of the christians that plays were a lawful diversion ; and therefore the whole business of those declamations , is the opening the christians eyes , and refuting that too epidemical erroneous opinion ; and what occasion'd that spreading error amongst them was , that the appearance of that general innocence in those entertainments gave them that reception amongst the christians , that they could not believe them criminal without some express divine precept against them ; and accordingly st. cyprian , the author de spectaculis , argues against those , who thought the play-house no unlawful diversion because 't was not condemned by express scripture . so tertullian reproves the christians , that their faith is either too full of scruples , or too barren of sense . nothing ( he says ) will serve to settle them but a plain text of scripture . they hover in uncertainty , because 't is not said as expresly , [ thou shalt not go to the play-house , ] as 't is [ thou shalt not kill , &c. ] and here , with all due reverence to these christian fathers , the scriptural silence in that case well furnish some more curious speculations than they have been pleas'd to make ; and which i hope will be no unpardonable inquiry to prosecute a little farther then they have done . first then , as our blessed saviour was born in the days of augustus , 't is known , by all historians , that the shutting up of ianus's temple doors in his reign , universally open'd those of the play-houses . theatrick representations in all the provinces of the spacious roman empire , were the then common publick diversion and entertainment , and such they continued many reigns after him . now it may raise a little wonder why the apostles , that went forth by a special command of the almighty to convert all nations , preaching repentance , and the kingdom of heaven ; they that so exactly perform'd that great commission , as to arraign or censure vice and impiety from the highest to the lowest , in all its several branches ; not only pronounced their lowder anathemas against the more crying sins , but read divinity-lectures even upon the wardrobe and dressing-box , correcting the very indecencies of the hair , the apparel , and each uncomely gesture , &c. that these missioners of salvation should travel through so many heathen nations ( the gentiles they were sent to call ) and meet at every turn the theatre and the stage-players staring them in the very face , and not make one reprimand against them , is a matter of very serious reflection . had the play-house been , as st. cyprian calls it , the seat of infection ; or as clemens alexandrinus much to the same sense calls it , the chair of pestilence ; and ( to join the authority of the unclean spirit along with them , ) the devils own ground ; i am of opinion in this case , that those divine monitors , the apostles , that sets bars to the eye , the ear , the tongue , to every smallest avenue that might let in the tempter ; would hardly have left the broad gates to the play-house so open , without one warning to the unwary christian in so direct a road to perdition . such a discovery i believe would have been rather the earlier cautionary favour of some of our kind evangelical guardians , then the extorted confession of our greatest infernal enemy two hundred years after . 't is true , st. cyprian gives a reason for this apostolical silence , viz. that some things are more strongly forbidden because unmention'd . the divine wisdom would have had a low opinion of christians , had it descended to particulars in this case . silence is sometimes the best method for authority . to forbid , often puts people in mind of what they should not do ; and thus the force of the precept is lost by naming the crime , &c. here the world must pardon me , if i presume to say , that st. cyprian plays more the orator than the church-man . i hardly believe that there has been that crime too black to lie upon scripture paper , when the very sin that drew down fire upon sodom and gomorrah has been recorded there : nor can i grant him his consequence , viz. that such black sins are the more strongly forbidden because unmention'd . this i am certain , that the many , the loud , and the repeated fulminations of vengeance from the mouths of the patriarchs , the prophets , and the apostles , denounced against the most tremendous iniquities and abominations , does not very well prove the scriptural silence in such cases . besides , st. cyprian here , under the notion of a reason for such silence , either flies wide from the matter , or else contradicts himself . the charge he all along lays against plays , is the levities and impertinences of the comedies , the ranting distractions of tragedies , that plays were originally the institution of heathen idolatry . that as they are lewd representations , they are of this dangerous consequence , viz. that by using to see such things we shall learn to do them , &c. and that therefore we must draw off our inclinations from these vanities , &c. all this is so far from a blackness too deep for paper , or a monster too hideous for the modesty of divine revelation to expose to light , that nothing can be less . but granting this christian father the liberty of being sometimes cooler , and sometimes warmer upon that subject , and allowing these levities and vanities to be so many gorgons and medusa's ; granting the play-house to be that rock , that quick-sand , or any other more devouring gulph ; however , the divine wisdom in that case , instead of having a low opinion of christians , had it descended to a particular caution against it ; especially when the hidden rock or quicksand lay so unseen by the general eye of christians , that both by tertullian and st. cyprian's confession , the danger appear'd so little , that 't was the publick christian opinion , the play-house was a lawful diversion ; on the contrary , the divine wisdom , i say , had as much occasion of some seasonable admonition , to hang out as a watch-light or sea-mark , against those hidden rocks , as ever aaron had to warn the children of israel from the tents of coran , dathan and abiram , before the earth opened to swallow them : and undoubtedly had there been any such true danger in a play-house , the divine wisdom , without either a low opinion of itself in descending to give such a particular caution , or the weak-sighted christian to want it ; amongst its other many thousand particualar monitory favours and mercies , wou'd have added this one more to that infinite number . i wish this divine author has not himself a much lower opinion of christians , when to crutch his argument against the play-house , he would insinuate , that even a gospel-precept may be sometimes ensnaring , and the very commands of god himself against a sin , a temptation to draw us into it ; and consequently that in some cases it is much safer , and more divine prudence , to leave the sinner to grope out his way to salvation , than to give him a light to guide him thither . besides , these fathers , instead of defending the spiritual silence against plays ( the main argument they drive at , ) the gospel-light being no ways wanted to guard against them , but that even the very light of nature was sufficient in that case ; on the contrary , as they have managed their indictment against the stage , have put it so far out of the power of nature , that they seem to enforce the absolute necessity of a particular revelation pilot even to 〈…〉 danger that lay there . for instance , tertullian . will you not avoid this seat of infection ? the very air suffers by their impurities , and they almost pronounce the plague ! what tho' the performance may be in some measure pretty and entertaining ? what , tho' innocence , yes , and virtue too , shines through some part of it ? 't is not the custom to prepare poison unpalatable , nor make up rats-bane with rhubarb and sena . no , to have the mischief speed , they must oblige the sense , and make the dose pleasant . thus the devil throws in a cordial drop to make the draught go down ; and steals some few ingredients from the dispensatory of heaven . in short , look upon all the engaging sentences of the stage : their flights of fortitude and philosophy , the loftiness of their stile , the musick of the cadence , and the fineness of their conduct ; look upon it only , i say , as honey dropping from the bowels of a toad , or the bag of a spider . let your health over-rule your pleasure , and don't die of a little liquorishness . now if the visible beauties of the stage were made up of all those attracting charms and graces , viz. engaging sentences , morality , philosophy , virtue and innocence , and all so shining ; could nature in this case , as st. cyprian says , so govern , where revelation does not reach , as to discover the latent poison in the pill , and all mix'd up with so many ingredients of heaven , and under so many leaves of gold ? could meer natural light supply the holy text , to warn us against so lovely and fair a face , set forth by tertullian with all these ensnaring enchantments , without any want of a spiritual illumination , to tell us , 't is the syren that wears it ? tertullian however endeavours to palliate this scriptural silence , and tells us , though plays are not expresly forbidden in scripture , we have the meaning of the prohibition , though not the sound , in the first psalm , blessed is the man that walks not in the counsel of the ungodly , nor stands in the way of sinners , nor sits in the seat of the scornful . i hope no man will interpret my amazement at the application of this text to the condemnation of play-houses , to any want of veneration to so celebrated a pillar of the church as tertullian ; nay , and all this the substantial meaning , only the empty sound wanting ! — and here i must declare , had the demoniack woman had no plainer christian light to lead her to heaven , than this to shew her the snares of a play-house , i am very much afraid she had continued under possession still , and never got loose from the infernal talons that seiz'd her there . and here again i must once more beg my reader not to charge me with the ridiculing of divine writ , when i declare from my soul i should as soon quote , and with as reasonable a construction , that verse in the psalm , why does the heathen rage , and the people imagine a vain thing ? for a two-edg'd sword against seneca and terence , the ranting of tragedy , and the fiction of comedy ; and that hercules furens , and the comical davus , were both hewed down together . but to return to the fathers . if the heathen dramatick poetry , in the plays of their times , were so scandalous , so lewd , and infamous a representation , that the very mention of them in divine precept , though to set the mark of cain upon them , [ thou shalt not see a play ] by the venerable tertullian being even rank'd with [ thou shalt not kill ] , were too black a record to foul the very paper with : i am here very much afraid , that this learn'd histriomastix , our author , has thrown away a great deal of oyl and labour in washing the ethiop ; when in his first chapter of the immodesty of the stage , in his comparing the ancient and modern play-wrights , he clears almost the whole body of the greek and latin dramatick poets from every thing so much as tending to lewdness or smut , or even a double entendre that way . in short , what with the native morals and virtues of the poets themselves , and the superiour care of the publick inspectors and censors of the theatre , he sets forth , at large , that modesty and innocence of the heathen stage , so far from encouraging lewdness and debaucheries , corrupting of manners , &c. or any of those hideous phaenomena's through that long and learned harangue of the fathers against them ; that hardly any thing , scarce north and south , can be more opposite , than the sentiments of these doctors of the primitive church in his last chapter , and of this sometimes minister of the english church in the first chapter . for instance , he begins with plautus , an author that , he tells us , has left us intire comedies ; out of which volume of antiquity , he quotes but five censurable passages , and those but moderate ones , viz. lena and bacchis the strumpet are airy and somewhat over-merry , but not obscene . chalinus , in womans cloths , is the most remarkable . pasicompa charinus his wench , talks too freely to lysimachus , and so does sophroclidisca , slave to lemnoselene ; and lastly , phronesiam , a woman of the town , uses a double entendre to stratophanes . this poet , he farther informs us , confesses smut a scandalous entertainment ; that such liberties ought to fall under neglect , to lie unmentioned , and be blotted out of memory . and that this was not a copy of his countenance , we may learn from his compositions . nay , this very plautus , who wrote in an age not perfectly refin'd , has regard to the retirements of modesty , and the dignity of humane nature ; and though he often seems to design his plays for a vulgar capacity , he does not make lewdness his business . of terence , who appear'd when breeding was more exact , and the town better polish'd , he says , that he managed accordingly , and has but one faulty bordering expression , which is that of chremes to clitopho . this single sentence apart , the rest of his book is unfullied , and fit for the nicest conversation . nay , his very strumpets are modest , and converse not unbecoming their sex. then for seneca , he assures us , he is clean throughout the whole piece ; and stands generally off from the point of love. in fine , to dispatch the latins together , he tells you , they had nothing smutty so much as in a song , and kept their language under discipline . to do the same right to the greek poets he tells us , how the stage had both its beginning and highest improvement at athens . — aeschylus was the first who appear'd with any reputation : his genius seems noble , and his mind generous , willing to transfuse it self into the audience , and inspire them with a spirit of bravery . his materials were shining and solid , &c. this tragedian had always a nice regard to good manners , &c. and so govern'd his expressions of love , that they carried a face of virtue along with them . to sophocles , that next succeeded him on the stage , he gives this character , that he was in earnest an extraordinary person ; and among his many eminent and all virtuous qualifications , when he concerns himself with amours , nothing can be more temperate or decent , &c. his descriptions of love are within the terms of honour ; the tendernesses are solemn as well as soft ; they move to pity and concern , and go no farther . in fine , like his predecessor , he lightly touches upon an amorous theam ; and , to use our author 's ingenious allusion , he glides along like a swallow upon the water , and skims the surface , without dipping a feather . next for euripides , his character agrees too with his elder brothers , even to priding himself in virtue and modesty , delivering great thoughts in common language , and being drest more like a gentleman than a player . his distinction lies in the perspicuity of his stile ; in maxims and moral reflection ; in his peculiar happiness for touching the passions , especially that of pity ; and lastly , in exhausting the cause , and arguing pro and con upon the stretch of reason . and for modesty he is intirely in the authors favour , &c. he calls whoring stupidness and playing the fool ; and to be chast and regular is with him , as well as with aeschylus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . as much as to say , 't is the consequence of sense and right thinking , &c. 't is true , he singles out one frail brother of the quill , aristophanes , and finds a very foul blot in his scutcheon , viz. atheism ; and hereupon very passionately declaims upon that topick , viz. upon his ridiculing the gods , and breaking in upon religion , &c. for several whole pages . but as heavy as the atheist lies upon him , still he wipes off the imputation of debauchery , assuring us , that as to the business of love , aristophanes always declin'd it . he never patches up a play with courtship and whining , tho' he wrote nothing but comedy , &c. 't is true , as to the atheism of aristophanes , tho' it may appear somewhat a sin against the athenian light of theology : it happen'd to be a fault on the better side , ( at least in the christian scale ) when only against the libertine houshold of heathen gods , where neither infidelity nor apostacy were altogether so capital . now , as such were the characters of the ancient poets , and those the very founders of the feast in the theatrical entertainments in st. cyprian and tertullian's days , and some ages after them , i cannot but once more repeat my amazement at their over-passionate exclamations against the stage , especially upon the mistaken topick of lewdness and debauchery . after all this honest and faithful review of the ancient stage , taken even by our kind author himself , i fancy he has given us some more substantial reasons for the scriptural silence against plays , than all these fathers have done . for if such , by his own generous acknowledgment , was the stage primitive state of innocence ; ( a confession which we highly stand obliged to him for , though like one of sir martin marral's discoveries , considering how little it makes for his cause , ) i fear we shall thank him for a favour he never intended us . if therefore , as i was saying , or rather our author has said for me , such was not only the innocence of the heathen stage , under all the restrictions of chastity , modesty and decency , not only from the native principles of the authors , but also from the regulation of publick authority ; but even such was the merit ( so i may call it ) of those theatrick representations so little tending to the corruption of manners , that several of them were written with a genius , to speak in his own language , enough to transfuse and inspire a spirit of bravery , so far from a check , as to be rather an excitation to virtue . here , upon all these concessions even from our author himself , ( provided still that as stage-plays are only humane institutions , and worldly diversions , and that that objection shall be found no bar to this plea of innocence , as that i hope we shall make out ; ) this then being the stage , and these the plays that faced the whole travels of the apostles ; here 's a very substantial argument for the evangelical silence , in not one word against them ; for the mouths of those divine oracles open'd only to the correction of vice. nor will it raise any part of an objection against this argument for their silence , &c. that the original innocent constitution of plays was sometimes corrupted , their modesty debauch'd , and abuses crept in amongst them , as this author often observes against them ; for as the very heathens themselves had their censors and inspectors appointed to correct and punish those abuses , and to keep the stage in the bounds of modesty , i hope the christians needed no particular scriptural precept in that case : the divine wisdom must then have most truly had a low opinion of christians , to think they wanted any particular evangelical light to follow , even where the ignorant heathen had led before them . and as to the more horrid representations of the amphitheater , so frequent in the neronian reign , in which st. paul died ; here indeed there wanted no evangelick command , to warn the christian from those execrable bloody walls , where murder upon murder even in cold blooded sport was made a publick entertainment ; the divine wisdom , as st. cyprian says , had had a low opinion indeed to think the christian could want a heavenly caution of entring those shambles of humane butchery . besides , to shew how little the dramatick poetry lay under the gospel censure , our author , ( tho' upon another occasion , ) is pleas'd to quote that text of st. paul , evil communications corrupt good manners , as the expression first of the comick poet menander , years before christ , and afterwards of st. paul the apostle . here i would ask whether st. paul the most learned of the apostles , in delivering the divine oracles of god , would have incorporated the saying of a heathen poet , that possibly had been spoke a hundred times over on the publick stage , by a hireling player , into the gospel of truth , notwithstanding the morality and innocence of the expression it self ; had stage-plays in themselves , and that in their worst capacity of comedies , justly lain under st. cyprian's character of them , viz. that were they not otherwise highly criminal , the foolery of them is egregious and unbecoming the gravity of believers ? for some other instances of st. paul's respect for the poets . in acts . . in him we live and move and have our being ; as certain of your own poets have said , for we are also his ofspring . in his epistle to titus , chap. . ver . , . speaking of the people of crete , he says in the words of epimenides the poet. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . one of themselves , even a prophet of their own , said , the cretians are always liars , evil beasts , slow bellies : this witness is true , &c. here the apostle has not disdain'd to quote a heathen poet , nay , and honour him with the title of prophet . now therefore as the spirit of god spoke by the inspired apostles , we may venture to boast , it gives some reputation to the poet , and sure a little vindication of the innocence of the profession , that the holy ghost himself has spoke in the words of a menander , and an epimenides . but to make a little farther examination into the reason of this over-violent zeal and vehemence of the primitive fathers against the stage . we are to consider the forementioned authority , viz. theophilus , tertullian , clemens alexandrinus , minutius foelix , and st. cyprian , so faithfully translated by mr. collier , lived all in the second or third century , in the mourning minority of the church of god , under the heathen persecutions . for constantine , the first christian emperor , began his reign but in the beginning of the fourth century . had not then those primitive fathers , with stakes , gibbets , cauldrons , gridirons , racks , &c. all before their eyes , a just cause of complaint against the christian inclination for plays , delight and pleasure at that time of day ? does the son from his fathers death-bed go to the musick-house ? or the widow from her husbands funeral to the dancing-school ? was the play-house a seasonable christian diversion , possibly to come from a laurences gridiron to a thyestes feast ? i may here joyn with tertullian . in earnest , christian , our time for entertainment is not yet ; ye are too craving and ill manag'd , if you are so violent for delight , page . besides , was it not a yet greater aggravation to the ill timed christian fondness for plays , to herd , consort and mix with their tyrants , persecutors and murderers the heathens , in their entertainments and diversions ? and therefore is it to be doubted , but that this unseasonable inclination of the christians for plays went a great way in the fathers passionate declamations against them ; and undoubtedly to check the christian fondness in that case , push'd 'em upon the necessity of enlarging upon that stronger argument , viz. the unlawfulness of plays , where the weaker one , the indecency of seeing them , would not prevail ? nay , as clemens alexandrinus joyns the circus and the theatre together , when he says , they may not improperly be called the chair of pestilence . does not therefore the bloody gladiator , the profession of the murder at the prize , as minutius foelix calls it , the secular games , and the pantomimi , and all the rest of the more licentious and barbarous heathen entertainments , go a great way in the condemnation of the more innocent plays , whilst the stage suffers with the ill company it keeps ; all those horrid diversions , being at the same time supported by the tyrant pagan emperors ? nay , does not the very christian horror of those heathen tyrants , the patrons of those plays , go a great way with these fathers to the condemnation of the feast for the founders sake ? and therefore is all this vehemence , though to a stretch of argument , and the racking of reasons against them , any thing to be wonder'd at ? suppose we could parallel the same modern case ; were there , for instance , any such diversion as plays amongst the turks , would not the grecian patriarchs be as tender of the christians mixing in that diversion , more especially if our mahometans were like their heathens , a spirit of persecution ? why then are all these primitive champions brought down to battle our theatres , when their whole ground of quarrel and foundation of complaint , is so foreign to the present state of the english stage ? next , we 'll examine the short account he pretends to give us of the councils of the primitive church concerning the stage . the council of illiberis or collioure , decreed , that it shall not be lawful for any woman , who is either in full communion , or a probationer for baptism , to marry or entertain any comedians or actors ; who takes this liberty shall be excommunicated , anno . can. . the first council of arles , excommunicates players as long as they continue to act , anno . can. . the second council of arles made their th canon to the same purpose , and almost in the same words , anno . the third council of carthage , of which st. augustine was a member , ordains , that the sons of bishops or other clergy-men should not be permitted to furnish out publick shews , or plays , or be present at them . such sort of pagan entertainments being forbidden the laity , it being always unlawful for all christians to come among blasphemers . by the th canon of this council 't is decreed , that actors or others belonging to the stage , who are either converts or penitents , &c. shall not be denied admission in the church , which our author remarks , was a proof that players as long as they kept to their employment were barr'd communion . another african council declares , that the testimony of people of ill reputation , of players , and others of such scandalous employments , shall not be admitted against any person . anno . can. . the second council of chaalon sets forth , that clergy-men ought to abstain from all over-engaging entertainments in musick , or show ( oculorum auriumque illecebris ) ; and as for the smutty and licentious insolence of players , and buffoons , let 'em not only decline the hearing it themselves , but likewise conclude the laity obliged to the same conduct . anno . can. . i have here recited his authority of the councils of the church at this full length , as affording matter for several serious reflections and weighty considerations . first , then it appears by the express words of the council of carthage , that the comedies then acted , were pagan entertainments , and generally perform'd by pagans , viz. blasphemers , and for certain were the composition of the heathen poets ; for we have no record or mention of any christian poet that compiled or wrote any theatrical representations ; for had there been any such christian author , his name at least , if not some of his works would in all likelihood have been transmitted to posterity , as well as so many of the dramatick labours of the heathen poets : besides , had there been any such dramatick christian writers , undoubtedly the several councils that prohibited the performance of plays , and expresly forbid the furnishing or dressing out of shews or plays , would have much more particularly reprimanded the more capital offender , viz. the compiler and composer of such entertainments , it being their equal duty and caution to crush the egg as the cocatrice . nevertheless , though playing then stood upon that heathenish bottom , however the christians were apt not only to entertain comedians and actors , but personally themselves to be actors , nay , and in those very heathen compositions . now here was occasion of just complaint in those divine assemblies , the councils of the church , against this practice of the christians , were the matter of playing it self never so innocent . for much the same reproach ( though not the same apology ) lay against them , as the jews threw upon our saviour , viz. for consorting with publicans and sinners . christianity in those days was in its morning : the sun of righteousness had not fully dispelled the heathen darkness and ignorance . the christians had the unconverted heathen every where round them . and as the great work of calling in the fulness of the gentiles was not yet perfected ; it might reasonably give offence to the fathers of the church , and raise some shadow of fear , that the christian condescension to intermix in the pagan diversions and vanities , viz. their plays , and those originally too of an idolatrous foundation , might give that reputation or at least that countenance to infidelity , as possibly might in some measure retard the great work of universal conversion . now as all these councils commenced from the beginning of the fourth century , at , or after the administration of the roman empire was lodged in the hands of christian princes , those primitive royal sons of the church , those champions of the faith that would never be wanting in their utmost zeal and industry to propagate the gospel of truth : here , i say , it will afford a matter of the nicest speculation , viz. how players and playing should lie under this publick censure of the church , and yet acting it self continued unsilenced and unsuppressed by so many successive christian emperors . that it kept all this while so unsuppress'd , is plain and evident ; otherwise , why so many repeated decrees of councils against them , if the occasion of offence , viz. playing it self , had not continued ? nor can it be supposed , had playing been very much offensive , or had but half the black colours mr. collier has laid upon it , but that some ghostly counsellors would have advised those emperors to such a suppression of the stage ; and undoubtedly they had listen'd to such advice . their power of putting such advice in execution was indisputable , and had the argument been powerful enough to perswade 'em , without question the will would not have been wanting ; and consequently the christian roman empire would never have faln short of the heathen plato in his common-wealth , in banishing the play-house , upon a full conviction of their christian duty to oblige them to such a reformation : at least , had the lenity of those christian emperors , who propagated the faith , not by rods of iron , but beams of mercy , indulged their pagan subjects to continue their heathen plays and vanities ; nevertheless , 't is highly to be supposed , they had either used their own imperial , or commission'd their ecclesiastical authority to forbid that liberty to their christian subjects . but as nothing of all this was done , but the open and publick stage continued unshaken , in defiance of all this holy breath against it ; what can we in all reason conclude , but that these christian princes lookt back to the fore-mention'd father louder thunder against the stage , as only a temporary blast ; the greatest cloud that rais'd all that storm , the main ecclesiastical matter of complaint , was dispell'd ; for the late mourning , now smiling church , had thrown off her cypress , her wounds were all heal'd , and her tears wiped away ; and thus that great stage-stumbling-block , viz. the unseasonableness of mirth and diversion , was removed . the christians too now joining in the heathen diversion , met their friends , not their persecutors there . and for the bloodier gladiators , and all the other lewder and more barbarous theatrick entertainments , they fell in course with the tyrants that supported them . thus all these highest provocations of the primitive christian quarrel against the theatres composed and ended , and nothing but the innocent dramatick stage left standing ; and that to liable to all the inspection and regulation of censors and supervisors , upon any abuse or corruption : how then must these christian emperors look upon these decrees of the councils , but as an over-warmth of zeal , a sort of a iury-presentation , past at their vacat exiguis , not weighty enough to found a state - indictment upon ? nay , their sentence perhaps not worthy the execution , as pronounc'd by not altogether the proper judges of the fact : a true inquisition into the stage being more the states , than the churches province . those reverend divine doctors of their councils , pass their judgment at too far distance ; their gravities come least , or perhaps never into a play-house walls ; and therefore the full cognizance of the matter , and the true merits of the cause , lay not so much in their reach . for these therefore , and whatever other reasons the primitive christian government was induced to continue the stage ; is not here one of the most convincing arguments for the present establishment of the theatres , especially comparing the different circumstances between them ? our plays are no heathen compositions ; our authors and auditors profess one faith ; our stage lies under no ecclesiastical reprimand from the fathers of our church : in short , we have so many more favourable aspects , and all that weight on our side , in ballance between 'em , enough to silence even calumny it self . and thus , as our stage has so leading an example as the primitive christian indulgence to warrant its foundation ; as it has received the protection of crown'd heads , it has sometimes had the honour of their royal presence at its diversions too ; and what 's yet greater , even princes of the most exalted piety have been the royal guests within those publick walls . in a sermon upon the death of the late queen , preach'd by william payne , d. d. rector of st. mary whitechappel , chaplain to his majesty , page and . dilating upon that copious theme , the shining piety of that truly christian princess , we read as follows : she gave patterns of virtue not uncouth or fantastick , affected or unnatural , such as we meet in the legends , but what are agreeable to civil life , and to all the stations of this world , what christianity and the plain law of god require of us ; and those things which they had not forbidden , she did not think necessary to forbid her self . the undue rigours and severities of some indiscreet persons have done great harm to religion and virtue , by condemning those things as absolutely sinful , which are so only by accident , but in themselves innocent ; such as dancing , playing at cards , going to plays , and the like . our admirable queen could distinguish here between duty and prudence , between unlawful and inexpedient . she would not refuse those common diversions , nor use them too much : she would not wholly keep from seeing of plays , as if they were utterly unlawful , &c. here are two christian authorities , one from the theatre and the other the pulpit , of a contrary opinion to mr. collier , viz. that plays in themselves are an innocent diversion . and here i must look back to one argument of the fathers against the theatres . st. chrysostome , to oppose the worldly diversion of the stage , tells us how st. paul exhorts us to rejoyce in the lord. he said , in the lord , not in the devil . and st. ierome on the same subject says , some are delighted with the satisfactions of this world , some with the circus , and some with the theatre . but the psalmist commands every good man to delight himself in the lord. these precepts of the psalmist , and the apostle , are indeed the highest duty of christianity . but as we are but men , 't is a duty too weighty to lye upon humane weakness , without any intervals of some lighter alleviations of the cares and labours of life . were life to be intirely divided between the prayer-book , the psalter and the plough , rejoycing in god is that exercise of piety , requiring so intent and exalted a meditation , that the weakness of humane nature would hardly be able to keep up the soul on so sublime a flight , without flagging her wing , and devotion so severely tyed to the altar , i fear , would make but a very lean sacrifice . but both the psalmist and the apostle did not extend this command to rejoyce only in the lord ; no , their commission reach'd not so far , they neither did , nor could deliver such a precept , because their lord and master , our blessed saviour himself , would have refuted them . for to give us an instance , that temporal and worldly mirth and rejoycing has received a warrant of authority even from christ himself ; we need but read how christ and his mother were called to the marriage in cana of galiiee , where his beginning of miracles was turning water into wine . here we may innocently and modestly presume to suppose , at this marriage festival , when their wine , as the text expresses , was drank out , that cheerefulness and mirth went round with the glass , not spiritual mirth , for that wants not the juice of the grape . and here undoubtedly our saviour would neither have been himself a guest at the feast , or heightned the mirth at the price of a miracle , had either a cheerful glass , a sociable rejoycing , or the innocent delights of life been sinful and unlawful . nor can the end of this miracle , exprest in the text , viz. the manifesting forth his glory , and making his disciples believe on him , be any argument to weaken my assertion . for 't were even impiety to suggest , that our saviour could want occasion or opportunities of exerting the god , to need a poor choice for the ground of a miracle . next , let us examine one of the most capital offences of dramatick poetry arraign'd both by the philosophers , fathers of the church , and the son of the church , mr. collier , viz. the raising the passions , &c. here we 'll begin with tragedy . tragedy indeed does raise the passions ; and its chief work is to raise compassion : for the great entertainment of tragedy , is the moving that tenderest and noblest humane passion , pity . and what is it we pity there , but the distresses , calamities and ruins of honour , loyalty , fidelity or love , &c. represented in some true or fictitious , historick or romantick subject of the play ? thus virtue , like religion by its martyrdom , is rendred more shining by its sufferings , and the impression we receive from tragedy , is only making us in love with virtue , ( for pity is a little kin to love ) and out of love with vice ; for at the same time we pity the suffering virtue , it raises our aversions and hate to the treachery or tyranny in the tragedy , from whence and by whom that virtue suffers . how often is the good actor ( as for instance , the iago in the moor of venice , or the countess of notingham in the earl of essex ) little less than curst for acting an ill part ? such a natural affection and commiseration of innocence does tragedy raise , and such an abhorrence of villany . and that this is truly the entertainment of tragedy , we come on purpose to see virtue made lovely , and vice made odious . that expectation brings us to the play ; and if we find not that very expectation answer'd , instead of any satisfactory delight we receive , or any applause we return , we explode and hiss our entertainment ; the play sinks , and the performance is lost , and we come away with this disrelish as to think both our money and time ill spent . 't is true a character that has not all the perfections of true honour or innocence , nay a vicious one sometimes may move compassion . but then 't is not the vice or blemishes in the character that moves that pity . for instance in the orphan , we pity the vicious and libertine polydore that lyes with his brother's wife . but when do we pity him ? when he 's touch'd with that sense and horror of his guilt , that he gives up his life , ( pick 's a feign'd quarrel with the injur'd castalio , and runs upon his sword ) to expiate . 't is not the criminal but the penitent , the virtue not vice in the character moves the compassion . thus we pity timon of athens , not as the libertine nor prodigal , but the misanthropos : when his manly and generous indignation against the universal ingratitude of manking makes him leave the world and fly the society of man ; when his open'd eyes and recollected virtue can stand the temptation of a treasure he found in the woods , enough to purchase his own estate again : when all this glittering mine of of gold has not charm to bribe him back into a hated world , to the society of villains , hypocrites and flatterers . we pity the evandra too , his mistress , not for the vice and frailty in her character , but for that generous gratitude to the founder of her fortunes , that she sells all she has in the world , and brings it all in jewels to relieve the distresses of timon ; and what heightens our pity , is , that she follows him , not for a criminal or wanton conversation with him : nay , what 's yet greater , she can quit all the vanities and temptations of life , and with an equal contempt of jewels and gold , can embrace his voluntary poverty , eat roots , drink water , and dye with him . however , if the pitying part is not the main offence , there 's another more dreadful danger from tragedy . for as his minutius foelix , upon that subject , tells us , sometimes a luscious actor shall whine you into love , and give the disease that he counterfeits . mr. collier himself is more at large upon this play-house danger : for he concludes his book with this last argument to prove the unlawfulness of plays , viz. were the stage in a condition to wipe off all her other imputations , there are two things behind which would stick upon them , and have an ill effect upon the audience . the first is their dilating so much upon the argument of love. the subject is treated home , and in the most tender and passionate manner imaginable &c. these love representations , oftentimes call up the spirits and set them at work. the play is acted over again in the sense of fancy , and the first imitation becomes a model . love has generally a party within ; and when the wax is prepar'd the impression is easily made . thus the disease of the stage grows catching . it throws its amours among the company ; and forms these passions , when it does not find them , &c. i don't say the stage fells all before them , and disables the whole audience : 't is a hard battle where none escapes . however their triumphs and their trophies are unspeakable . neither need we much wonder at the matter . they are dangerously prepar'd for conquest , and empire . there 's nature , and passion , and life , in all the circumstances of their action . their declamation , their mein , their gestures and their equipage , are moving and significant . now when the subject is agreeable , a lively representation , and a passionate way of expression , make wild work , and have a strong force upon the blood and temper . i cannot well understand what mr. collier means ( and i-fear , he don't over-well understand himself , ) in all this last paragraph . but perhaps he design'd it more for rapsody than reason ; and so 't is no great matter whether it be intelligible or not . for all this nature , passion , life and action ; declamation , mien , gesture , and equipage are purely the actors , and by making such wild work in the blood and temper , and felling so many of the audience before them , plainly tells us , that these unspeakable triumphs and trophies , conquest and empire are all the actors and actresses and the cupids darts come all from their own eyes and charms , and consequently the audiences captivated hearts are all their own ; the enamour'd gentlemen in the pit , and the gay ladies in the boxes , are these victorious players most passionate humble servants . this unspeakable play-house victory , i am afraid is a piece of news that wants confirmation . for as to the men-players , i dare swear for 'em , that all the feminine trophies our triumphant young fellows of both play-houses can boast , is not enough to buy them sword-knots and crevatestrings . and for the ladies of the stage , with all the advantage of paint , plume , and candle-light ; i do not hear they are so very over-stockt with idolaters , or make any such general slaughter-work amongst the audience before them . but for once , we 'll wave this interpretation of mr. collier , and screw his foremention'd rapsody to the sense of his minutius , viz. that the charms of the counterfeit whining love , separate from the charms of the whining lover , shall infuse a true love-sick disease into the audience . now 't is worth one's pains to inquire by what wonderful operation , and by what unaccountable conveyance , this counterfeit disease must infuse the true disease into the audience . first , here 's pygmalion's fable infinitely out-done ; for the pygmalion here does not animate the image , but the image the pygmalion . but let that pass . how then must this love-disease be contracted ! why , thus . here 's a young beautiful actress on the stage , we 'll suppose , by virtue of the attracting graces of carriage , movement , address , tenderness , languishment , and what not , shall make a man fall in love. in love ! with whom ? not the mistress of all these attracting graces ; no , that 's the natural way of falling in love , and that 's none of the operation here . those graces that in any other woman but an actress shall win hearts for her self , shall here have a quite contrary effect . you shall go off as cold as a chaste ioseph to all these visible charms and charmer that gave you the fire , and be all in a flame for some body else . these are indeed unspeakable stage-triumphs and trophies ! thus the charms of one woman wins a heart for another . i have heard indeed of celadon's kissing his mistress upon another woman's lips , but that was nothing to this ; he kiss'd his mistress only in imagination , but here the lover is captivated in true earnest . really the ladies in our boxes stand highly obliged to the women in the play-house , and are in all honour bound to support the stage . for instead of exercising any dint of charms of their own to get lovers , they keep their deputies on the stage to do the drudgery of conquest , and carry off the prize themselves . one thing i would willingly advise mr. collier , viz. to sit chair-man himself at a natural philosophy lecture , and read a little learnedly upon this unspeakable way of catching the disease of love : otherwise i am afraid 't is such a weak-faith'd age we live in , that all his metaphysical divinity will hardly convince 'em of this superlative operation of love. besides , if his minutius , and all the other primitive doctors much of the same opinion , could plead infallibility , and their argument were unquestionable : nevertheless they would hardly carry mr. collier's cause . for if whining love is this unspeakable conqueror , and love never whines but in our tragedies , where the virtuous distress'd love is the darling in the play ; consequently if a man should catch the disease from a iaffeir and belvidira , or a marius and lavinia , or any such character , such an infection would rather recommend then condemn the stage , not corrupt but reform the audience , by refining that noble passion , so depraved in this age , from coldness and libertinism , to fidelity and virtue . well , if the infection from tragedy strikes not altogether so mortal , let us examine the more pestilential air of comedy , and search if possible , which way the more fatal poison enters there . first , then for the subject of comedy , 't is the representation of humane life in a lower class of conversation ; we visit the palace for tragedy , and range the town for comedy , viz. for the follies , the vices , the vanities and the passions of mankind , which we meet with every day . in short , the comedian , may join with the satyrist , quicquid agunt homines , votum , timor , ira , voluptas , gaudia , discursus , nostri est farrago libelli . but to confine our selves into as narrow a compass as we can , under these three heads , viz. folly , knavery , and love , we may not improperly rank the whole characters in comedy . the fools we may divide into three classes , viz. the cudden , the cully and the fop. the cudden a fool of god almighties making ; the cully , of man's making ; and the fop , of his own making . for the first of these fools the cudden , the sr. martin marral , or the sr. arthur addle , &c. i hope the audience is in no danger of taking taint from these characters in comedy ; the made fool may be a catching disease , but not the born one . for the second , one of the made fools , the cully . here 's the least danger of a contagion that way ; for that disease is rather cured than catch'd from the stage . the country ' squire or the knight , the prodigal or the bubble , &c. either cozen'd by sharpers , spungers , dicers and bullies ; or jilted by jades , or snared into any other ruinous folly of this kind ; in exposing these characters , the stage does the work of a philosophy school , it carries the whole force of precept and instruction to warn unwary youth from the snares and quick-sands of debauchery . it points him out the several harpies that devour him , and instead of taking taint from the stage , the very sight of the plague-spots not gives , but expels the contagion . for the third fool , the fop ; this indeed of all fools is the most incorrigible . for the cudden wants no good will to be wiser , and would learn wit if he were capable of it . the cully indeed is capable of being taught wit , but seldom learns it , till he has too well paid for his learning ; sometimes perhaps at no less price than his ruin , when he buys the knowledge of finding himself a chouse , by the same experimental wisdom as sir philip sydney's painter learnt to draw battle-work from musidorus , viz. when his hands were cut off . but of all fools the fop is the blindest ; his faults are his perfections , whilst he looks upon himself as the compleatest of courtiers and gentlemen ; and by that means perhaps , tho' never to be cured of the fondness he has for his own tawdry picture ; however , in all places in the world he will never play the narcissus at the theatres , nor fall much in love with his own painted face , in a sir courtly's or a lord foppington's looking-glass . this i will positively say , he that does not bring the fop to the play-house , shall never carry it from thence . and in all the stage fop-pictures , the play-house bids so fair for mending that fool too , that if the good will fails , the fault 's not in the mirror , the hand that holds it , or the light 't is sets at , but the perverse and deprav'd opticks that cannot see themselves there . as to the second class , &c. the villain , the vsurer , the cheat , the pandar , the bully , the flatterer , and all the rest of their brethren in iniquity ; there 's so little danger from all their stage-pictures , that there 's here no fear of playing the narcissus in the glass ; and therefore we 'll pass to the lewd love-distempers in comedy ; and see what mortality the more dangerous contagion and malignity from these counterfeit diseases may produce . first then , to shew how very little influence the stage-characters and representations of whoredom and debauchery carry to the temptation of the audience , or the corruption of manners ; or to make lewdness look lovely even to the very practisers of it : let us consider , that , he that loves whoredom , loves the harlot purely as the harlot , the sin when it comes singly , in puris naturalibus , with as little a train at the heels of it as possible . for no man loves the levity and fickleness of the harlot , the falseness of her oaths and tears , the profusness of her vanity , the insults of her pride , or the mercynariness of her lust. every man , nay , the greatest libertine himself would have a mistress , ( if such a creature of that kind can be found in the world ) that brings love for love. the man that loves the wanton , loves not the traitress nor the hypocrite ; the syren may be lovely , and her musick pleasing ; but we are not over-fond of her enchantments , her rocks nor her quicksands . the same argument holds on the other side : the dalilah her self loves a character of honour and fidelity in her paramour , not the looseness of the rover and the libertine : the finest gentlemen , one of them in all our comedies ; a dorimant himself is no very tempting character for a young lady to fall in love with . the veriest wanton of that sex is as much for monopoly as the other ; they care not for half hearts , a gallant divided between a lovet , a bellinda , and a harriot . 't is true , we may see a mad florimel upon a stage in love with a wild celadon , for wildness sake ; but that rara avis in terris , is hardly to be found off of the stage . now as the lovers , i mean the vicious characters of love , in our comedies are generally ( i might venture to say , all of 'em ) set forth with some of these foremention'd corruptions , viz. levity , hypocrisie , infidelity , &c. we meet the jilt , the rover , the libertine , false vows , false oaths , love for money , treason for love , or some other ther accumulated sin , more than the bare wanton , in all of them : all these therefore are so far from ensnaring or seducing the unwary auditor , those inviting charmers off of the stage by what he sees presented upon it ; that they are rather the objects of his aversion . the objects of his aversion ! have a care what you say : no , no , says dr. collier at my elbow , don't mistake your self lactantius his testimony in his divine institutions , dedicated to constantine the great , shall confute that argument . the debauching of virgins , and the amours of strumpets are the subject of comedy . and here the rule is , the more . rhetorick the more mischief , and the best poets are the worst common-wealths-men . for the harmony and ornament of the composition , serves only to recommend the argument , to fortifie the charme , and engage the memory . let us avoid therefore these diversions least somewhat of the malignity seize us . well , to answer both the primitive dr. and the modern one together , i fancy some very good and substantial reasons , and proof may be produc'd , that the ornament and composition , the poet and rhetorick may make these amours of strumpets , debauchery , &c. a delectable entertainment to the auditor that hears them upon the stage ; and yet neither recommend the argument , nor leave any charm to corrupt him , or malignity to seize him ; but rather the quite contrary . first then , why is the jilt , the strumpet , or the adultress , an entertaining character in comedy ? why ! because those very characters afford the most ample matter in the conduct of the play , to gain one of the great ends of comedy , and that which chiefly attracts the audience thither , viz. mirth . it gives occasion , matter , and subject to create the laughter of the audience . the jilt for instance , with her windings and turnings , her wheedles to draw in her cully , and her artifices to secure and manage him ; the false wife with her faunings and flattery , to lull the husbands jealousie . her starts and her fears at every danger and alarme , her whole arts to cover the hypocrite ; and her surprize and confusion at her detection and discovery ( for comedy it self does that dramatick justice to bring her to shame , if no other punishment ) as they afford plot design , and contrivance , &c. are the highest jest of comedy . and 't is for that , and that only charme that these characters find so general a reception on the stage . and that this is truly the only charme , is manifest from the success of those comedies . 't is not the lewdness it self in a vicious character , that recommends it to the audience , but the witty turnes , adventures and surprizes in those characters that give it reception . for without this , the play drops and dies . and to shew you , that a vicious character , quatenus as vicious , is no darling of the audience ; but that the mirth only that it raises , is the delight of comedy ; let an ingenious author raise the same mirth upon a virtuous foundation , and that comedy shall be as hug'd a favourite as the other . for instance in a sr. solmon single and several other comedies , where the love is all virtuous . in fine , 't is the wit of the composure , not the vice in the composure , gives life to the comedy . a dull representation of vice or virtue , shall be equally hist off the stage . and tho' even vice and debauchery in a theatrick representation may find applause , 't is never the more a closet darling for being a stage one . nay rather one the contrary , much less the darling of the closet . for the publick exposure of debauchery , with all her treacheries , wills , delusions , impostures and snares , has more of the antidote than the poyson . there 's a great deal of difference betwixt likeing the picture and the substance . a man may be very well pleas'd with a forest work piece of tapestry , with the lyons , the bears , and the wolves , &c. but not over fond of their company in flesh and blood ; and confequently the very worst jilt may be the minion upon the stage , and , as i said before , our aversion off it . nay , i dare be so bold , as to tell this angry gentleman , as highly as he resents the cuckolding of aldermen and quality in our comedies , that i could find him matter of very good instruction , from a character of this kind , in a very ingenious author , though not much in mr. colliers favour . for example , if the reverend gentlemen of the fur would be but half as kind to a play-house as a pin-makers-hall , and step for edification , but so far towards westminster , as to see the old batchelor ; i doubt not but an isaac fondlewife would be a very seasonable monitor to reverend city sixty , to warn against the marrying to sixteen . nor can i think it such a scandalous part of the dramatick poet ; but rather a true poetick justice , to expose the unreasonableness of such superannuated dotage , that can blindly think or hope , that a bare chain of gold has magick enough in the circle to bind the fidelity of so unequal a match , a match so contrary to the holy ordinance of matrimony ; and an itch at those years that deserves the severest lash of the stage . and if an author would pick out such a character for a little stage satyr , where can he meet with it but amongst the city or court quality ? such inequality of marriages are rarely to be found , but under the roofs of honour ; for so antiquated a lover , ( the least he can do ) must bring a coach and six , to carry off such a young bride . one thing mightily offends this divine author , viz. that our modern plays make our libertines of both sexes , persons of figure and quality , fine gentlemen and ladies of fashion , a fault utterly unpractis'd by the ancient poets : for terence and plautus his strumpets are little people . now this is so far from a fault in our comedies , that there 's a necessity of those characters , and a vertue in that choice . for as the greatest and best part of our audience are quality , if we would make our comedies instructive in the exposing of vice , we must not lash the vices at wapping to mend the faults at westminster . and as the instructive design of the play must look as well to the cautioning of virtue from the ensnaring conversation of vice , as the lashing of vice it self . thus the court libertine must be a person of wit and honour , and have all the accomplishments of a fine gentleman . ( the court ladies receive no visits from ruffians . ) besides there needs no cautioning against a don iohn ; every fool would run from a devil with a visible cloven-foot . that devil therefore must have all the face and charms of honour , when it would seduce honour ; and therefore 't is those very pictures the stage must present . the plain-dealer speaks very significantly to this purpose , and very much justifies this choice of characters for plays . who betrays you , over-reaches or cheats you , but your friend ? your enemy is not trusted with your affairs . who violates the honour of your wife , but your friend ? your enemy is not admitted into your family . who therefore are those dangerous friends of quality , but their bosome conversation ? and who that conversation but their equality ; and therefore for an instructive draught for comedy , who so proper to sit to her pencil as quality ? besides , comedy opens a wrong door to let in a taint of lust. lust is the product thought and meditation ; not the child of laughter . the auditor must have a much more serious face than he wears at a light comedy , to take so deep and so fatal an impression . nay , if we could suppose that the jest of a comedy shall open his laughing mouth so wide as to let down a lust like a witches ball of pinns ; or rather that a speaking image in a comedy shall have the same conceptionary force upon us , as the european picture at the mauritanean princesses beds-feet , that made her bring forth a white child ; yet still the picture in comedy , like that in the ladies bed-chamber , does not hang long enough for any such conceptionary impression : for besides twenty other equally diverting objects in the same comical lantscape ; here 's the whole stage new furnish'd every day ; and a new collection of painting for the next entertainment . the venus yesterday is the diana to day , the iuno to morrow , all a quite contrary set of imagery . and if the movement , the gesture , the equipage , have any such dangerous force , here 's not one movement one day but what 's quite alter'd the next ; and so change upon change , &c. so that in the infinite variety of the stage , here 's no dwelling upon one darling object to run any such danger of infection : for the whole stage-mercury is too volatile to fix . but if the stage had any such magical power , ( for no natural one will reach it ) over poor weak mortality to enchant , corrupt , confound , or what else mr. collier pleases ; we 'll try the experiment but in one play : for instance , we 'll take one of the loosest , and to answer the temptation , one of the loveliest of those libertine pictures , mr. dorimant , we named before ; and granting the ladies love proof against such a libertine character ; we 'll suppose some young mad spark as much charm'd with this lovely dorimant , as this divine speculator can fancy him , and consequently shall catch the true disease from this amiable counterfeit ; pray which of all the ignes fatui , in mr. dorimant's character shall be the misleading fire ? for here in one play , in the presentation of poor three hours , we have , first , mr. dorimant's cooling intriegu , all his retreating steps from the tiresome embraces of an old mistress , madam lovet ; next his start of love , an amour , en passant , into the arms of belinda ; and to conclude the character , his last honourable passion for the virtuous mistress harriot . now i say , to which of all these three , shall this mad sparks tarantula dance ? ( for to all three together is a little too mad a gallop : ) if to the first : and consequently ( to copy from the original ) he goes home weaned from an old darling sin , and turns off some bosom dalilah ; if our spark catches fire from this part of the wild dorimant , i hope , our ecclesiastical censor will sind no sin in so harmless an infection . if to the second : if he takes fire from dotrimant's frailty with belinda ; there indeed he may want some church-buckets to quench him ; 't is high time for all hands for his conversion . but if he sums up the character , and copies the whole reforming rover , quits , like dorimant , his old sour grapes and forbidden fruit , for the charming sweets of a chaste harriot , and finishes the picture in the comedy , in an honourable wedlock passion ; then i hope this reverend corrigidore of unruly love , will remit the lash , and hold his whip hand . thus you see what boutefeu does mr. collier make of a poor player , that with the intoxication of a three hours tale of love , shall put a man not only into a whole nights pain of it , but possibly to a total corruption of his whole mass of blood , and the very enflaming of an unquencheable feavor . what quixot wind-mills can an enthusiast raise , and then battle the gyant of his own creation ! the second of the two things he has to object against the stage , is , their encouraging revenge . what is more common then duells and quarrelling in their characters of figure ? those practices which are infamous in reason , capital in law , and damnable in religion , are the credit of the stage , &c. but this subject he tells you he had discours'd of before , — viz. p. . our saviour ( he says ) tells us we must forgive until seventy times seven . that is , we must never be tired out of clemency and good nature . he has taught us to pray for the forgiveness of our own sins , only upon the condition of forgiving others : here is no exception upon the repetition of the fault or the quality of the provocation . i shall not dispute upon our saviours precepts of forgiveness , but acknowledge it possibly , the highest characteristick of christianity , and a perfection that comes nearest to the great original of mercy , that deliver'd it . but to let my reader see upon what stress , mr. collier enforces his scriptural arguments , we 'll examine , what consequence must follow the universal stretch of a divine precept . by these divine commands of our saviour to the literal extent of the precept : in the first place i must neither sue in law nor equity for the recovery of a just right , or the reparation of any wrong whatever . for the prosecution of law is directly opposite to this forgiving doctrine . so here 's westminster-hall shut up immediately . nay , if the precept of god obliges me to the same resignation of my coat to the thief that has rob'd me of my cloak , i am so far from licens'd or authoriz'd to take that christian revenge against the offender , viz. the prosecution of publick justice upon him ; that the very christian judge , instead of arraigning the robber , the cheat or the felon at the bar , for the breach of our humane law ; should rather stand obliged to arraign the prosecutor for the breach of a divine one . so here 's the old-bayly shut up too . nay here 's the very law it self arraign'd , as little less then antichristian for punishing that injury , which the express law of god , even seventy seven times over , obliges us to forgive . i believe this author as bold a sermonist , and as hardy a hero of the rockost , as his perswasive to consideration has prov'd him ; nevertheless has hardly courage enough to preach this doctrine to the gentlemen of st. stephens chappel . nay , by this forgiving unrevenging doctrine push'd home , here 's passive obedience and non-resistance set up with a vengeance , not only in submission to soveraign tyranny to lord it over us , but even to every little diminitive arbitrary thief and ruffain , the lord and master of my purse , my house , my coat , &c. for at this rate of forgiveness , here 's a general goal-delivery , newgate doors set open , oppression , injustice , theft , rapine and villany let loose , and the homo homini lupus at free discretion to spoil , ravage , and over-run the whole world , whilst the meek , humble , resigning , forgiving christian is the tame bleating sheep before him . the gentleman thief at this rate will be as great as an almanzor himself , and may plume in his vanity . i am as free as nature first made man , before the servitude of laws began ; when wild in woods the noble savage ran . in short , how can any man of sense extort such rigorous constructions of the divine commands ; as if the god of concord and peace could set up a doctrine of christianity utterly destructive , not only to all civil government , but even to human society it self . mr. collier is almost as angry at the vanity , as at the greater sins of the stage ; and passes his vote for their exclusion , even for that offence alone . but if he 'll make a fair distributive justice to all other vanities , i am afraid he 'll set up another doctrine almost as pernicious to government as the first . for if the vanity-shop the play-house must go down ; pray let the vanityshops the embroiderer , the laceman , the featherman , the ribband-weaver , cum multis aliis come in for a snack ; for there 's not one of all those professions but is utterly useless to the real wants of life , and perhaps deals in the more dangerous vanities ; for the stage vanities may only raise an innocent tear or a laugh or so ; but these other ther vanities are very often the unhappy nurses of pride , a more capital fault . i confess , a good stretch of this argument for the general retrenchment of vanities would make a terrible city slaughter , and almost as many beggers as the stretch of the other would thieves : however , 't is but dr. collier's preaching them another healing text , being a second perswasive , to poverty , like his first , to consideration , to alleviate their sorrows , and soften their losses , by assuring them , that the poor shall inherit the kingdom of heaven . the remarks upon king arthur and amphitryon examined . to come now to his particular remarks upon the modern plays , i shall begin by seniority , viz. with mr. dryden , and examine his offences in that most capital sin of profaneness and blasphemy . he tells you in king arthur , mr. dryden makes a strange jumble and hodg podg of matters , angels , cupids , syrens , and devils , &c. the hell of heathenism , and the hell of revelation , &c. and why are truth and fiction , heathenism and christianity , the most serious and the most trifling things blended together , and thrown into one form of diversion ? why is all this done unless it be to ridicule the whole , and make one as incredible as the other ? not at all ; learned sir but because his betters have done it before him ; and mr. dryden thinks it no scorn to follow his elder brother gamaliel mr. milton in his paradise lost. four infernal rivers that disgorge into the burning lake their baleful streams ; abhorred styx , the flood of deadly hate , sad acheron , of sorrow black and deep ; cocytus named of lamentation loud , hear'd in the woful stream , fierce phlegeton , whose waves of torrent fire enflame the rage , &c. parad. lost , b. . is not here the fictitious rivers of acheron , cocytus , styx , and phlelgeton , running as directly into the revelation lake of brimstone , as mr. collier is running out of sense , reason , and good nature , to charge such an innocent poetica licentia with so barbarous a design , as to ridicule the revelation , and render christianity , and all that 's serious and sacred , incredible . but to proceed with our remarker , mr. dryden's airy and earthy spirits discourse of the first state of devils , of the chief of their revolt , their punishment and impostures . this , mr. dryden , ( he says ) very religiously calls a fairy way of writing , which depends wholly on the force of imagination . epist. ded. what then , is the fall of angels a romance ? has it no basis of truth , nothing to support it but strength of fancy , and poetick invention ! after he had mentioned hell , devils , &c. and given us a sort of bible description of those formidable things , &c. i am surprized to hear him call it a fairy kind of writing . is the history of tophet no better proved than that of styx ; is the lake of brimstone , and that of phlegeton alike dreadful ; and have we as much reason to believe the torments of titius and prometheus , as those of the devils and damn'd ? these are lamentable consequences ! and yet i cannot see how the poet can avoid them . [ not see ? no , 't is impossible he should , who so blind as — ] but setting aside the dedication , the representation it self is scandalously irreligious , &c. to see hell thus play'd with is a mighty refreshment to a lewd conscience , and a byassed understanding ; it heartens the young libertine , and confirms the well-wishers to atheism , and makes vice bold and enterprizing ; such diversions serve to dispel the gloom , and gild the horrors of the shades below , and are a sort of ensurance against damnation . one would think these poets went upon a certainty , and could demonstrate a scheme of infidelity . thus he runs on for almost forty lines more , all upon this head. i would not have made so long a quotation , only to shew my reader what a iehu champion of religion he is , and how fast and how far he can drive at a breath . to give him his due , he has a mighty copiousness of words ; and to do him right , in the use he makes of 'em , he 's always as liberal as he is rich . i remember an author that tells us , words are the wise man's counters , and the fool 's ready money . now , if this learned master of arts and language , shall be mistaken in his charge against mr. dryden's epistle dedicatory , and mr. dryden's fairy writing , upon full examination , instead of so frightful a goblin , should prove but an innocent harmless spright , and consequently all this effusion of rhetorick should be prodigally thrown away in waste ; however , this plain dealing author gives him that comfort , viz. that his silver eloquence is all current sterling , and not gilt brass . well then , to give mr. dryden's fairys a little examination . because mr. dryden allusively , and very emphatically so , calls his description of hell , and discourse of devils , &c. a fairy way of writing , and as such , it depends upon the force of imagination , that therefore he says , ( or means it ) that the subject is fairy land he writes upon ; that hell is but phantom ; the fall of angels , romance ; and damnation but chimera ; for a fairy way of writing , our author tells you , can be nothing but a history of fiction , a subject of imaginary beings , such as never had any existence in time or nature . good heaven ! how perversly does this angry gentleman scribble ! if the infernal powers are invisible , the devils incorporeal spirits , nay , the very locality of hell it self , and the materiality of the avenging flames , are things disputable amongst the most learned theologists . and if a discourse of hell or devils , with this gentleman's leave , is a subject that a poet may presume to handle , ( his leave , indeed , we ought to beg in this case ; for if treating a mahomet or mufti too boldly , by this author's innuendo's is a profanation of the true divinity , who knows but an intrusion into the affairs of hell , by the same rate of presumption , may be peeping into a sanctum sanctorum ) his leave therefore first beg'd , if mr. dryden may presume to speak a word or two of hell , &c. ( as there 's scarce a poet , either divine or profane that has not presumed upon the same subject ; ) pray let me ask this theological critick , if a poetical draught or imagery of hell and devils , though drawn as near the life as the whole bible light can set them , and done by the ablest master skill of man , can be any thing but a piece of fairy pencil work , all the colours , the features , all by the force of imagination . for how can incorporeal and immaterial beings be set forth to the eye of human apprehension without an array of form and shape ; the ghost must walk with a body , the fiend with a cloven foot , or something of that kind ; or the apparition's lost : and what 's all these but a fairy creation of fancy in the very propperest name he could give it ? nay , in much the same kind of language does not the scripture it self all along speak of almighty god ? what is the eye , the ear , the hand , or the face of god , the common scripture-phrase , any thing more than mere notion ; that infinity and omnipotence whom the skys cannot contain , thus humbly drawn into that human like figure in miniature , purposely adapted to those short-sighted opticks , the narrow capacity of man. but to return to our king arthur , after above lines of the serious consideration of eternal punishment , and the frightful state of the damn'd , &c. let us see , says he , how mr. dryden represents those unhappy spirits , and their place of abode ! why very entertainingly ! those that have a true tast for atheism were never better regaled . one would think by this play , that the devils were mere mormoes and bugbears , fit only to fright children and fools . they rally upon hell and damnation , with a great deal of air and pleasantry ; and appear like robin good-fellow , only to make the company laugh . philidel . is called a puling sprite , and why so ? for this pious reason , because , he trembles at the yawning gulf of hell , nor dares approach the flames , least he should singe his gaudy silken wings . he sighs when he should plunge a soul in sulphur , as with compassion toucht of foolish man. the answer is , what a half devil 's he ? you see how admirably it runs all upon the christian scheme ? sometimes they are half devils , and sometimes hopeful devils , and what you please to make sport with . grimbald is afraid of being whoop'd through hell at his return , for miscarrying in his business . it seems there is great leasure for diversion ! there 's whooping in hell , instead of weeping and wailing . our author , you may observe , almost every where , lashes the poets with a twig of their own birch ; his arguments are every where all high flights of rapture , only his poetical field of fancy is a little too much over-run with the savine and worm-wood ; the rankness of the soil is most fruitful in those bitterer sort of vegetives . but in his last remark , his divine pegasus , as high as he generally flyes , is a little jaded . and perhaps his railery in this place has more of the robin goodfellow then mr. dryden's ; and i am certain has more reason to set us a laughing . for i dare to swear , he is that particular dissenter from the general opinion of every reasonable judge , upon this quotation from mr. dryden ; that neither the character of philidel , though but mr. dryden's own fairy creation , or those pious reasons , as he calls 'em , the before quoted lines , have any thing of that extraordinary air of pleasantry , to set either the atheist agog , or the company a tittering . and here i must desire him once again to read milton , and tell us if his paradise lost has not character'd the whole body of the apostate angels , animating each other into an obstinacy and emulation in wickedness , glorying in the very cause of their fall , their rebellion against god , though in the midst of their torments they suffer for 't better to rule in hell than serve in heaven . reproaching every infernal faintness , daring each other in every new and hardier insult against god , and priding and pluming in every success in their machinations against hated man. nay , does not cowley , in his divine poem of davideis make his infernal envy ( a copy from the original ) speak in the same dialect . — dares none attempt what becomes furies : are ye grown benum'd with fear or virtues sprightless cold , you who were once , i 'm sure so brave and bold ! oh my ill chang'd condition , oh my fate ! did i lose heaven for this ! at thy dread anger the fixt world shall shake , and frighted nature her own laws forsake . do thou but threat , loud storms shall make reply , and thunder eccho't to the trembling sky . heaven's gilded troops shall flutter here and there , leaving their boasted songs tuned to a sphear ; nay , their god too — for fear he did , when we took noble arms against his tyranny ; so noble arms , and in a cause so great , that triumphs we deserve for our defeat . there was a day , oh might i see 't again , thô he had fiercer flames to thrust us in . now with what egregious partiality does he tell us , that what has stood the test of an age in both these shining authors , has met an universal reception and applause , even in divine poetry , yet should now start up for such an impardonable impiety , such a titillation to atheism , and what not . nobis non licet esse tam disertis . dramatick poetry must not dare to handle so dangerous a noli me tangere . hitherto mr. collier has only picqueer'd , skirmisht with a few stragling blasphemies , but he makes a pitcht battle against the whole play of amphitryon . and what does he infer from all this ; but that mr. dryden is blaspheming , even god himself . to what purpose does iupiter appear , but in the shape of iehovah ! why are the incomnunicable attributes burlesqued , and omnipotence applyed to acts of infamy ! to what end can such horrible stuff as this serve , unless to expose the notion , and extinguish the belief of a deity . the perfections of god are himself ; to ridicule his attributes and being , are but two words for the same thing . these attributes are bestow'd upon iupiter with great prodigality , and afterwards execrably outraged . the case being thus , the cover of an idol is too thin a pretence to screen the blasphemy . now to wash off this stain , for 't is a a black one , however 't is but laid in water colours , mr. collier falsly charges mr. dryden with dressing his iuipiter in the shape of iehovah , for he gives him not one trapping , plume , or feather , that the heathens had not given him before . but to call over his whole black list of blasphemy and debauchery together , through that whole play , iupiter says in one place , fate is , what i by virtue of omnipotence have made it : and power omnipotent can do no wrong . i swear , that were i jupiter this night , i would renounce my heaven to be amphitryon . i would not lose this night to be master of the universe , a whole eternity were well emploid to love thy each perfection as i ought . i would owe nothing to a name so dull , as husband is , but to a lover all . that name of wife and marriage is poison , to the dearest ioys of love. whom more then heav'n and all the world i love . mercury , he calls him — king of the gods. in what form will your almighty-ship be pleased to transform your self to night . you have need of all your omnipotence , and all your godship . the devil take jupiter for inventing that hard hearted merciless knobbby wood , a crab-tree-cudgel . here indeed , mr. dryden has furnisht him ( out of his own old heathen heraldry ) with omnipotence and arbiter of fate . but as to the creator of nature , all the functions of providence in his hand , and his being described with the majesty of the true god , i can find nothing of that ; but no great matter , mr. collier draws up his plea like a bill in chancery , 't is not given upon oath nor honour , and half truth , half falsehood , is secundum artem . now any man that reads this almighty-ship and godship , that mr. dryden from the mouth of his familiar mercury gives this iupiter , would swear that the majesty of the true god , was the least thought of in this amphytrion , a god-ship that his own pimp can wish at the devil . nay , though an omnipotent power has been ascribed to iupiter by the heathen theology , yet mr. dryden is so tender of offending any over curious christian , that he purposely burlesqnes his titular attribute to this almightyship , to take off all shaddow of such offence . besides , does not the scripture over and over give the stile of gods to all the heathen idols , though but stocks and stones ; not that the divine inspiration in so expressing it in holy writ , could be supposed to give it as their due , any more then mr. dryden can be supposed to give iupiter his god-ship as his due . and if from mr. colliers own authority , the perfections of god are himself , the same liberty that may give him his titular god-head , may give him his titular perfections too . however , as mr. collier sets up for a play-house scavinger , he 's resolved to sweep cleanest where there 's least dirt. the reader is to understand , that mr. collier is not so much angry at mr. dryden's choice of his subject , as his mismanagement of it : and upon that quarrel , he spends his artillery against him in four long pages together ; and to mend all mr. dryden's capital faults in his iupiter . he tells us , that plautus was the only bold heathen that brought iupiter upon the stage , he wrote upon the same unaccountable design ( his adultery with alcmena ; ) but plautus his methods of persuite are very different ; his iupiter does not solicit in scandalous language , nor flourish upon his lewdness , nor endeavours to set it up for the fashion . plautus had some regard to the height of iupiter's character , and the opinion of his country , and the restraints of modesty , &c. as for the greek tragediens , they mention iupiter in terms of magnificence and repect , and make his actions and his nature all of a piece , &c. virgil's iupiter is always great and solemn , and keeps up the port of the deity . 't is true , homer does not guard the idea with that exactness , but with all , never sinks the character into obscenity . well , and for not following these elder sons of apollo , in his treatment of iupiter , mr. dryden stands irreparably condemned : and to have fenced against all vengeances hanging over his head , he should have modelled his play by mr. collier's plan , viz. he should have had plautus his regard to the height of jupiter's character , that is to say , given him every individual attribute , and twice as many more as he has given him already ; according to the opinion of plautus his country , viz. with all the adoration of the heathens that worshipped him for their true supreme god. in all the terms of magnificence and respect , with a homage as great as if we were the true god of heav'n in earnest , keeping up his whole port of a deity , &c. pluming him with every feather of his whole god-head . this iupiter thus glorified , should set out to court amphytrion's wise , viz. for a nights lodging , in no scandalous language , in all the softest modestest divine courtship , no sinking his character into obscenity , all wrapt up so clean , his actions and his nature , the adulterer and the god , all of a piece . good gracious heaven , has not this enthusiast the whole zeal of an oliver's porter , and bids as fair to succeed him in his moor-field pallace ? this is the innocent , and mr. drydens the blasphemous amphytrion . how ingeniously mr. collier can out-blow the satyr in the fable ! mr. dryden's amphytrion is all a piece of blasphemy for giving too much of the god to iupiter , and has no way to mend that fault but by giving him more of it . this blasphemy of amphytrion , nothing but mr. dryden's absolon and achitophel can out-doe , &c. here we have blasphemy on the top of the letter without any trouble of inference or construction . this poem runs upon all scripture names , upon suppositions of the true religion , and object of worship . here are no pagan divinities in the scheme ; so that all the athestick rallery must point upon the true god. absalom was david's natural son ; so that there 's a blot in his scutcheon , and a blemish upon his birth . the poet will make admirable use of this remark presently . this absalom , it seems , was very extraordinary in his person and performances ; mr. dryden does not certainly know how this came about , and therefore inquires of himself in the first place . whither inspired by a divinier lust , his father got him with a greater gust . this is down-right defiance of the living god! here you have the very essence and spirit of blasphemy , and the holy ghost brought in upon the most hideous occasion . i question whether the torments and despair of the damn'd dare venture at such flights as these ; they are bejond description . i pray god they may not be bejond pardon too . now are here only two unhappy words , that blow the bellows to all this fire , viz. [ inspir'd ] and [ diviner . ] inspire , especially in the verb , is so far from being only appropriated to god , that scarce that human passion , love , joy , or what not , nay , a meer start of fancy , a sudden lucky thought , but shall be said to inspire a man. is this gentleman , as sworn an enemy to all poetry , as to the dramatick , that he willfully forgets , how the poets upon all occasions invoked their muses to inspire them . nay , to go a little further , what if the devil himself has had his inspirations too , for as i take it , the old heathen oracles were of his inspiring . the spirit of false-shood , as well as truth , has had the inspiring power , without intrenching upon the prerogative of god. and though [ diviner ] is here made the epithite to lust , it makes not all to his purpose ; 't is true the expression favours a little too much of the libertine ; yet i defie all the sophistry of malice it self to mount it up to blasphemy , or to make it bear any tendency to that tremendous signification he has given it . for does not this man of letters know , that [ diviner , ] though in the comparative degree , is here infinitely less then the positive [ diviner ] only comparatively to the common raptures of lust. had it been written [ inspired with a divine lust ] it might have given an overcurious cynick some umbrage for so profane a construction , and yet even then too it would not have fully reacht the point , unless [ a divine ] had been changed to the more emphatick [ the divine . ] but here as mr. dryden has worded it , and upon the subject he speaks it , if any thing of a deity was either meant or thought of in this inspiration , 't was that of venus : and indeed , what can the genuine sense of this poor couplet honestly and fairly construed mean , than that his father inspired , or animated with a diviner or sublimer lust , got him with that more then ordinary pleasure and transports , that possibly ( for 't is not affirmatively said ) to that sprightlier vivacity to the generation of his absalom , that young heir ( to continue his supposition ) might owe all those personal graces and beauties , and all that innate bravery , and the rest of the uncommon accomplishments the poet has occasion afterwards to give him . here i must beg my reader 's pardon , that my honest defense of truth has forced me upon this unseemly explanation ; i confess again , this distick carries but a lew'd idea along with it , but so far from a blasphemy against the great god , and so unpardonable , as he fancies it , that i doubt not but a profane oath in his name , is , of the two , the greater crimen laesae majestatis dei , and that upon a fair tryal in a court of justice , the mulct of two good shillings , or as many hours in the stocks would be as much as our law could well give against him . well , this authot has the least reason of quarrelling with mr. dryden's fairy way of writing ; his way of commenting is so far beyond it , that all his own fairys are gyants , whilst mr. dryden in this very distict , is no less then leading up the old host of lucifer , and charging at the throne of god himself . at this rate of remarking , i dare not say , whither this author be inspired by a puny or a full grown sprite ; but this i must say , to come up to all the heights of that christian champion , he professes himself , undoubtedly he must have a double portion of faith and hope , to make up for his diminitive talent of charity . finis . the antient and modern stages survey'd, or, mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaness of the english stage set in a true light wherein some of mr. collier's mistakes are rectified, and the comparative morality of the english stage is asserted upon the parallel. drake, james, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing d estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the antient and modern stages survey'd, or, mr. collier's view of the immorality and profaness of the english stage set in a true light wherein some of mr. collier's mistakes are rectified, and the comparative morality of the english stage is asserted upon the parallel. drake, james, - . [ ], p. printed for abel roper ..., london : . written by j. drake. cf. halkett & laing ( nd ed.). errata: p. [ ]. reproduction of original in union theological seminary library, new york. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng collier, jeremy, - . -- short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. theater -- england. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - jonathan blaney sampled and proofread - jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the antient and modern stages survey'd . or , mr collier's view of the immorality and profaness of the english stage set in a true light . wherein some of mr collier's mistakes are rectified , and the comparative morality of the english stage is asserted upon the parallel . rode caper vitem , tamen hinc cum stabis ad aram , in tua quod fundi cornua possit , erit . ov. london , printed for abel roper , at the black boy over against st. dunstans church in fleetstreet . . to the right honourable charles earl of dorset , and middlesex , baron buckhurst , one of the lords of his majesty's most honourable privy council , lord lieutenant of the county of sussex , and knight of the most noble order of the garter , &c. my lord , in addressing to your lordship , tho i betray my ambition , i shall strengthen the opinion of my integrity . for by appealing to so great , and so impartial a judge , i give the world sufficient demonstration , that i trust more to the merit of my cause , than of my performance , and depend rather upon the matter , than the manner of what i deliver , for my justification . the tyde of prejudice runs high for my adversary , and the less discerning part of the town are so prepossess'd with the specious title , and the plausible pretence of mr collier's book , that they think the whole interest of virtue and religion embark'd on that bottom . immorality and prophaness are things so justly abhorrd , that whoever enters the lists against 'em , has all good men for his seconds . and their zeal for the cause so far blinds many of 'em , that they neither see , nor suspect any defect or treachery in their champion . for men are very unwilling to hear truth , against prejudice , and suffer reason to triumph over inclination . the town is divided in its judgment of the piece , and the whole contest lies betwixt those that are judges , and those that are not , as cardinal richlieu said upon another occasion . the latter are of the opposite faction , and are as much more numerous than the former ; as vanity and presumption are more universal , than understanding . this makes the prefixing your lordships name , by your own permission , whose judgment is as little to be byass'd , as 't is to be question'd , not only matter of honour to me , but of necessary defence . not that i expect any protection for those errors which i may have committed . they must be left to the mercy of readers of far less judgment and candour , than your honour . to be tried by such a grand jury , is a happiness i am so far from expecting , that i know it impossible . but the deference due to so great a name may procure me a fair hearing amongst some , upon whom a bare regard to justice wou'd hardly prevail so far . did mr collier contend only for the better establishment of virtue , and reformation of manners , i shou'd be asham'd to appear against him . but there is a snake in the grass . mr collier undertakes the patronage of virtue , as cunning men do the guardianship of rich orphans , only to make his markets of it . that this is his case , the following sheets will , i hope , sufficiently demonstrate . his vehemence gives us just ground to suspect his integrity , and to believe that he has some conceal'd interest , or pique at the bottom . the disinterested enquiry after truth is always accompany'd with candour ; where that is wanting , there is just reason to suspect some further design . in mr collier's management , the heat and smoke are too great and apparent for the fire to be long conceal'd . his design is manifestly not to argue the poets out of their faults , but to bully his readers out of their understandings , and by violence to alter the impressions already receiv'd of those matters ▪ which he treats of . his style is adapted to his purpose , fierce and bold , full of vehement exaggerations , and haughty menaces , he racks sentences , and tortures expressions , to extort a confession from 'em of things to which they are absolute strangers . the consequence of this way of writing is , that women , and weak men , whose fears are stronger than their judgments , will be aw'd into a perswasion before they are convinc'd of the truth of it . for such people in most cases measure the certainty of assertions by the confidence of him that pronounces 'em , and the importance by the false weight that is laid upon ' em . 't was this consideration , not any extraordinary affection for the stage , that engag'd me in this argument . i look upon it as an attempt towards usurping the soveraignty of men's understandings , and restoring the tyranny of bigottry , whose yoak we have scarce yet sufficiently shaken off . my reason is the dearest , and freest part of me , or at least it ought to be so , and he that puts the dice upon that , affronts me in the most sensible manner . i had rather be bubbled of my money than my intellects , and shou'd chuse rather to be thought his cully , than his fool. 't is true , these tricks are not to be put upon a man that is aware of 'em , and consequently i might have secur'd my self without making a publick discovery . but i think it a cowardly piece of caution , a sort of criminal misprision to connive at the cheating of others ; and while i am able to inform 'em , the clamour of knaves or fools shall never awe me to silence . that this is no extravagant surmise , no hypochondriacal fancy , is evident from the tenour of the whole book , especially the third chapter . every thing is deliver'd with an air so haughty , so magisterial , so decisive , that he seems rather to serve us with an injunction to believe him , than an argument . that this imposition may be the more tamely submitted to , he palms the authority of the church upon us , and pretends her commission to make fools of the laity . the church is by no means oblig'd to him , for endeavouring to cast the odium of his own arrogance and ambition upon her . how great soever his zeal for her service may be , his indiscretion in it does not come a whit behind it . for to extend the power and authority of the priest , he curtails the articles of the church , and denies the king's supremacy , which she has already oblig'd him to swear to the belief of . i shall not trespass so far upon your honour's patience , as to recapitulate the several invidious things , which he fathers upon the church . i will hope well of his design , tho i fear the effects of his performance will not turn to her service . and i cou'd wish his motives were better , or not so apparent . if demetrius was a stickler for the honour of diana , 't was because he made shrines for her , the interest of his trade engag'd him in her party . mr collier's case is not much different . the poets had sometimes made bold to display a vicious , or a foolish priest , and those that were knaves in the world , and drolls in the pulpit , had been made cheats and buffoons upon the stage . the mask of formality and sanctity was pull'd off , and the block-head and the hypocrite shewn bare-fac'd . thus the profane vulgar were suffer'd to peep , and pry into mysteries . this mr collier resents as if he were personally concern'd , and wou'd perswade the world , that to expose hypocrisie is to affront the church , than which her enemies cou'd not have suggested any thing more malicious . however , this mistaken injury has rais'd a flame , which will cost the effusion of abundance of ink before it is extinguish'd . manet alta mente repostum , and is never to be forgiven while mr collier can wag a goose-quill . our clergy deservedly have both at home and abroad the reputation of the most learned clergy in the world , and i shall venture to affirm , that they are the best in the world. their candour towards those that differ from 'em in opinion , their modesty in asserting their own , and their sober conduct in the discharge of their own consciences , and not assuming the dominion of those of other men , will prove what i say to to be no paradox . and therefore mr collier , in making so large a demand in their names , has obliquely traduc'd 'em , by giving occasion to those that don't sufficiently know 'em , to suspect that he acts by their approbation and authority . but i forget , that while i talk to your lordship , i wrong the publick , which claims so great a share in your thoughts and time . i shall not attempt the character of your lordship : for , to write of you , as i ought , to do you justice , i must write like you , which i hope i shall never have the vanity to pretend to . but the name of my lord dorset alone carries more panegyrick than the fruitfullest invention can furnish . those adventurous gentlemen , that have already tried their strength at it , have by their foils taught me caution . their performances fall so extreamly short of the merit of their subject , that when they have exhausted their fancies , their whole stock of rhetorick looks like an ostentation of beggery . this consideration alone is sufficient to deter me from presuming further upon your lordship's goodness , except to ask pardon for my ambition of taking this publick occasion to declare with what profound respect i am my lord , your honour 's most humble and devoted servant . the table . introduction . p. the quarrel to the modern stage first formally commenc'd in spain . shows among the heathens of religious parentage . the drama of the same extraction . tragedy and comedy originally one thing when first distinguisht . the stage under the patronage of bacchus . ibid paganism a religion contrived for popularity . heathen religion all ceremony . idolatry of the stage , the principal argument of the fathers against it . heathen plays dangerous temptations to the new christian converts . zeal of the fathers against them not unnecessary . disingenuity of mr collier . idolatry the main objection of the fathers to the antient drama . mimi c shews among the romans scandalously lewd , the drama not at all . clemens alexandrinus falsly cited against the drama . the fathers sometimes over rigorous . the authority of the fathers short of the case . caution of mr c — ii — r. ibid. plato's authority considered . xenophon ' s. aristotle ' s. plays forbidden to young people upon the score of the temptations from the company . licentiousness not defended . mr collier's character of terence and plautus . this character insidious . his citations patched up of incohe rent fragments . the invention of the roman comic poets barren . poetic justice neglected by them . livie's authority abused . ibid. the luxury and expensiveness of these shews , not their immorality condemned by livy . valerius maximus misquoted . falseness and absurdity of mr collier's paraphrase . his conclusion not to be found in valerius stage allow'd at marseilles . seneca's authority nothing to the purpose ibid yet perverted tacitus , &c. impertinently cited . ovid and mr wycherley say nothing against the stage , but the audience . too great severity of no service to morality . mr collier's licentious method of misquoting unsufferable . the athenians the greatest friends in the world to the stage . the law against judges making of comedies a direct argument against mr collier . the old comedy of the greeks exceeding licentious . comedy , why no proper exercise for a judge . opinion of the spartans . theft tolerated at lacedaemon . character of the spartans . plutarch's authority falsified by mr collier . politeness the objection of the spartans to the drama . all sorts of plays not prohibited at lacedaemon . ibid. morality not the reason of rejecting the stage . adultery tollerated at lacedaemon . ibid. livy's authority considered . antient romans an unrefined people . acting of plays first left off by the roman youth , because of the difficulty . histriones , who so called ibid. conjectural reasons why players were noted with infamy . two first most probable . drama at first necessitated to use the actors of the ludi scenici . the actors of tragedy and comedy therefore only call'd histriones . ibid. the praetorian edict against them . labeos exposition shews the intent of that edict . mr collier's disingenuity in this point . ibid the roman censure extended only to the mercenary actors as such . scipio and laelius writers to the stage , or assisting to it . julius and augustus caesar and seneca did the same . law of the theodosian code considered . meaning of the theodosian law. parallel instance authority from the councils already answered . quarrel to the stage unjust . antient stage infinitely more scandalous and lewd than the modern . stage dancing , as now practised , inoffensive to modesty . mr collier's notion of the extravagant power of music ridiculous . power of music owing to contingent circumstances . influence of sounds indeterminate . mr collier a platonist . not acqnainted with the subject he treats of . his charge rash . comparative morality of the vocal music of the ancient and modern stages . antient vocal music . chorus , its office their mimi . mr ▪ collier's objections from the topic of love a declamatory rant . meer frenzy . revenge not encouraged by the stage . instance in the mourning bride . ibid. passion not proper in comedy . love , jealouly , &c. how to be used in comedy . exposition of an observation of horace . horace's instance from terence examined . tragedy , what in the iudgment of aristotle . duelling and rencounters against the nature and laws of comedy . duell in love in a tub against the rules of comedy . comic poet obliged to draw according to nature . no breach of morality without offending against the laws of the stage . mr collier right in his end of stage poetry . mistaken in his method of prosecuting that end . ibid morals of a play wherein shewn . folly and knavery the subjects of comedy mr colller's character of the antient poets invidious . fable the principal part of a play. fable of the oedipus of sophocles . piety of oedipus . oedipus ' s proclamation . moral of the fable defective . moral of the english oedipus the same . meerly speculative . ibid. not very natural . moral of seneca . seneca the philosopher supposed the author . ibid. his moral neglected by the author of the english oedipus . ibid. summ of seneca's moral oedipus's justification of himself . harmony of the greek , roman , and english authors . levity of fortune not the occasion of the fall of oedipus . opposition of providence . ibid. presumption of laius . another moral . ibid. presumption of oedipus . oedipus in sophocles and the rest of the tragedians , a predestinarian . ibid. french moral . necromancy and all sorts of divination allowed by the heathens . ibid. conjecture of the reasons that induced the authors of the english oedipus to prefer the greek moral to the latin. seneca's moral not proper for the english stage . greek and roman moral unserviceable to virtue . oedipus , why so minutely examined . fable of ajax flagellifer . ibid. the moral somewhat obscure ; two may be guessed at . the first not arising naturally from the action . the second moral not very natural . fable of the electra . the moral of it . fable of antigone . ibid. the moral of it . oedipus coloneus . ibid. the fable of it . . no moral . ibid. trachiniae , its fable . ibid moral of sophocles . philoctetes , the fable no moral . speech of hercules not pertinent to the action . ibid. character of the plays of euripides in general . fable of the orestes . the characters all vitious . not of a piece all through . ibid. the moral of it . the medea , &c. of euripides . fable of the hippolitus . ibid. ion usurp'd by mr dacier , a moral tragedy . fable of ion precedent to the action . fable commencing with the action . ibid. main condition of moral tragedy neglected in this . creusa's a wicked character . ion's character indifferent . ibid. of no service to morality . hercules furens compared with the trachiniae of sophocles . ibid. character of aeschylus . his prometheus immoral . jupiter abused by the poet under the persons of power and force . ibid. the abuse backed by ▪ vulcan . . deficiency of the greek tragedy . tragedy at rome borrowed from the greeks . ibid. seneca the philosopher , supposed the author of some of those plays that go under his name . seneca unjustly aspersed by mr collier . ibid. seneca careless of poetick justice . ajax oileus an improper instance of it . seneca limited by precedent . ibid. hippolytus of seneca examined . more artificial than the hyppolytus of euripides . the rest close copies from the greek . octavia ill-contrived and insipid . ibid. general reflections on the antient tragedy . aristotle's division of tragedy . moral plays not much encouraged at athens . ibid. alcestis of euripides a moral tragedy . antients careless of the general moral of the plays . consequence of mr collier's loose way of writing . ibid. turned upon the antients . socrates by this means condemned . aeschylus arraigned by mr collier's precedent . ibid. and sophocles . extravagance of this way of declaiming . shakespear prefixed to all the rest of the english dramatics . censure of hamlet unjust . fable of hamlet before the commencement of the action . ibid. fable after the action commences . poetic justice exactly observed in this play. moral of hamlet . tragedies of this author generally moral . the orphan . the moral good . ibid. mr collier's zeal for the pagan priesthood in jurious to christian ministry . don sebastian a religious play. reasons of mr collier's quarrel to the cleomenes . moral wanting to the cleomenes . moral inference . the poet too faithful to the history . ibid mourning bride . fable very just and regular . moral excellent . advantages of the moderns over the antients in the morals of their fables . providence not employed to promote villany . ibid. nor to oppress virtue . ibid nor to protect malefactors . ibid modern poets more religious than the antients . the fable of the poets disposal , characters and expressions not so . the fable , if any , the evidence of the poets opinion . mr collier's a false and perverse measure . the fable the engine of the greatest and most secret execution upon the audience . not abused to any ill end by our poets . apology for the antients . moral plays not esteemed at athens . moral and pathetick reconciled , and united by the moderns . ibid. poetick justice neglected by the antients in general monsieur dacier's exception to monsieur corneille answered . poetical justice a modern invention . the modern stage on this account preferable to the antient. fable of comedy considered . in comedy the action and persons low the correction of folly the proper business of comedy . perfect virtue excluded the comic stage . some infirmity required to qualify a character for comedy . no gentlemen , but men of pleasure fit for comedy . ibid. comic poetry , and droll painting compared . such characters real and common . mr collier's mistake concerning the nature of comedy . heads of mr collier's charge against english comedy . his first article examined . this rule repugnant to the nature of comedy ▪ reason why . ibid. indulgence of plautus and terence to vicious young people misplaced by mr. collier . plautus and terence faithful copyers from nature opinion of horace enquired into this not a bare character , but a rule . sense of horace in this place mistaken or prevented by mr. collier parity of reasoning betwixt mr. prynn and mr collier another outrage to horace ibid use of a chorus according to horace mr collier's answer to an objection ibid. a reply to mr collier's answer . ibid. chorus in old comedy double mistake of mr collier about the plutus of aristophanes . tripartite division of the greek comedy . by this the plutus old comedy . ibid. fable of old comedy of what kind . characters of cratinus , eupolis , and aristophanes how differenced . new comedy how differing from the old. ibid. plutus not new comedy . satire of the old comedy particular of the general . aristophanes the beginner of the middle comedy . no chorus in the plutus . office of the chorus in comedy . ibid. the parts essential to a chorus omitted in the plutus . inconclusive inference from aristotle . silence of aristotle no argument in this case . ibid reason of aristotle's silence in this point . his account of the rise of the drama . ibid. progress of comedy obscure . ibid. brevity of aristotle . . a particular treatise of comedy written by aristotle , but lost . chorus not used in the new comedy . chorus altogether improper for the comic stage in england . used at puppet shews . ibid. function assigned the chorus by mr collier . original errour of mr collier . loose characters in comedy no encouragement to debauchery . ibid. ridiculous fear of mr collier . theatres wrongfully accused by him . sense of horace again perverted . horace's advice political , not moral . manners here fignify'd poetical not moral . mr collier ' s description of poetical manners . ibid. defective and equivocal . aristotle ' s description . propriety of manners required . wherein it consists . similitude of manners what . ibid. equality of manners what . faults of characters what . faults of expression manifold . ibid. some heads of mr colliers charge . mistaken in his first point . faults of particulars no reflection upon the sex in general . universals and individuals improper characters . what characters proper . two sorts of resemblances in poetry . quality no just reason for exemption . mr collier's collection from the antients very loosely made . objection to ophelia . character of ophelia . ibid. objection groundless and frivolous . mad song . foolish but inoffensive . ibid. antients more faulty than this . instance in the antigone os sophocles . ibid , &c. instance in electra of the same author . antigone in sophocles not so nice . cassandra not so nice as mr collier pretends . extravagance of cassandra . indecency against character . misbehaviour of hecuba . love and tenderness used by the moderns . lust and violence by the antients . numerous instances of this kind to be found 〈◊〉 euripides . some referred to . ibid. seneca examined upon this article . miscarriage of phaedra . modesty of lycus considered . reference to other instances . these faults less pardonable in tragedy then in comedy . slaves the top characters of the roman comedy . very little variety in their plots . greater liberty taken by aristophanes . aristophanes whether an atheist or not , nothing to the purpose . mr collier's argument in defence ef socrates considered . rigour of the athenians to socrates a sort of acquitment to aristophanes . ibid. mr collier's instances no proof of his assertion . the opinion of the man not measured by the expressions of the poet at athens . ibid. liberties of plautus greater than those of the english stage . instances from the amphitryo . remarkable circumstances of a passage in amphitryo . the disguise under which mercury appears no excuse for his misbebaviour . ibid. jupiter not more modest . instance from the asinaria . ibid. instance of singular morality . plautus's lovers more active than talkative . ibid. instanced from the curculio . comparative modesty of the virgins of the antient stage hence to be observed . mr collier's own exceptions taken notice of . ibid. his instances in olympio grosly mistaken or misrepresented . ibid. another instance from the asinaria . slaves not the only offenders of this kind in plautus . plautus's prologues and epilogues not always inoffensive . this proved from the epilogue to the casina . epilogue to the asinaria an encouragement to lewdness . the epilogue to the captivi somewhat smutty . complaint of the abuse of the clergy not well grounded . their relation to the deity considered . personal representation of the deity considered . the power of the church not lodged with the priest . mission of st paul and the apostles what and how circumstantiated . difference betwixt their commission , and that of the present ministry . importance of their office no exemption . some faults not cognizable by the ordinary . priests not misrepresented , unless faultless . mr collier's plea from prescription examined . instance to the contrary from sophocles . ibid euripides not more tender of priests . seneca meddles little with them . euripides and seneca full of profane expressions . rude treatment of the nobility a false charge . errata . page . l. . r. 'em off : p. . l. ult . add in : p. . l. . r. mulciber : p. . l. . dele not : p. . l. . r. infancy : p. . l. . r. of : p. . l. . r. for : p. . l. ult . r. possibly : p. . l. for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ● . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : p. . l. . r. proud : p. . l. . r. disengage : p. . l. . dele not : p. . l. . r. waving particular : p. . l. . r. shewn . she was : p. . l. . r. push her : p. . l. . r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : ibid. l. . for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p. l. . r indignation : p . . l. . r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : p. . l. . add made : p. . l. . for guge r. jugi : p. . l. . r. conspexeris : p. . l. . r. dare . errata in the margine . p. . for se de r. sed & : p. . for verundia r. verecundia . p. . for ictaeo r. dictoeo : p. . r. ac : for relicta r. relicto : for tribi r. tribu : p. . for victus r. victis : p. . for dio r. dii : p. . r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : p. . dele and : p. . dele the moral : p. . r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p. . r. mr collier's instances . mr. collier's view of the english stage , &c. set in a true light . the aim of all writers is , or ought to be , to maintain or propagate truth , to inform the judgment , improve the vnderstanding , and rectifie the mistakes of others . where this is the real end and design of a writer , no itch of popularity , or awe of faction ought to bear him from his byass , or make him give an inch to his hopes , or fears ; and the more universal and important the truths are , which he discovers , or defends , the greater in proportion ought to be the zeal and application . were these rules constantly , and prudently pursued , we might hope for an honester , as well as wiser world , than it has been my fortune yet to find any memoirs of , since the multiplication of mankind . for tho the declaimers of all ages have inveighed with great bitterness against their own times , and extoll'd the antecedent ; yet even hence we are furnish'd with an argument , that all have been equally culpable , since those times , which we , to humble our own , affect so zealously to commend , our fore-fathers did as vehemently condemn ; and if we do not find the topicks of satyr to be in every age the same ; we can only from thence conclude , that the mode , and not the measure of iniquity is alter'd . but whether the rules be strictly observable , or not , may be matter of doubt . for , besides that grand seducer interest , which few withstand , passion , prejudice , and inclination , have an almost irresistible influence over us ; and even in the coolest , and severest of our deliberations , we are apt to give too much to prejudice , and to humour appetite and passion beyond reason . that this is no uncommon case , most of the present paper-combats demonstrate , in which the war on both sides is carry'd on with an obstinacy and fury , very disproportionate to the trifles generally contended for . the combatants enter the lists against chimerical gyants of their own raising , and lay about 'em like ajax , or cervantes's hero , amongst the sheep , gyants , or windmills , 't is all one , if they stand in their way they must be encounter'd . the most formidable of these , is the author of the short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage . this gentleman , some time or other , between sleeping and waking , had happen'd to hear some of mr durfy's rattles , and perhaps some saucy jack or other of the stage discharge an oath or two , and presently mistaking 'em for a noise of drums , and volley of shot , falls to dreaming of invasions and revolutions , that the church artillery was seiz'd , and turn'd upon it ; of a terrible stage plot , and a huge army in ambuscade behind the play-house scenes ; and therefore he cries out to have the beacons lighted , and the bells rung backward in every parish , to raise the posse of fathers , councils , synods , school-men , and the rest of the church militia , and cast up retrenchments , for the vanguard of parnassus are upon ' em . then he calls for his durindana of a goose-quill , and thunders out anathema's as thick as hail shot . thus instructed and appointed , he draws out his forces , and charges with such violence and fury upon the forlorn-hope of the stage , that it had been impossible for 'em to have sustain'd the shock , if pegasus had not been train'd of old to the service , and very well acquainted with the temper of the enemies fire . this anti-poetick war has been carry'd on with abundance of heat at divers times and in divers countries ; it broke out first in spain , about the close of the last century , under mariana a jesuit , who published a book contra spectacula ; and after that another , by the special approbation of the visitor , and the provincial of the jesuits of the province of toledo ; from thence it travell'd into italy , where it was fomented by francisco maria , a sicilian monk , and p. ottonelli , a jesuit ; and was thence translated into england , about sixty years ago , by dr reynolds and mr prynne ; to france , about thirty years ago , by the prince of conti , the sieur de voisin , &c. and tho bury'd for some years in its embers , broke out again there not many years ago into a flame ; at which mr collier took fire , and reviv'd the quarrel in england . all these disputes have been manag'd with great vehemence and fierceness on the agressor's parts , and had the success been answerable to their resolution , the scatter'd rout of parnassus had been never able to have rally'd , or made head again ; but their onset was like that of the turks and tartars , the noise was much greater than the execution . i cou'd never find that the muses were famous for martial exploits , or that their votaries e're signaliz'd themselves by any extraordinary atchievements in the polemicks . how comes it then , that such impetuous assailants have gain'd no more upon ' em ? for as yet the very outworks of parnassus seem to be in no danger . is it the natural strength of the place , or resolution of the defendants that protects ' em ? before i give a direct answer to these questions , it will be necessary to premise a short account of the occasion , state , and progress of the controversie , in , and from the time of the primitive fathers down to our own times ; by which we may be enabled to make a right judgment , how far the present stage is affected by the authorities , and arguments urg'd from ' em . it is on all hands agreed , that the ludi and spectacula of the greeks and romans , were a great part of the solemn and publick worship of their gods , instituted on purpose to commemorate , or expiate some signal benefit , 〈◊〉 calamity , of which those gods were the supposed authors , or instruments : these plays or shows were usually preceeded by a solemn procession of the gods to whom they were dedicated , and the priests and sacrificers in their formalities , with the victim in all its religious pomp , ( much after the manner of the solemn processions in use amongst the roman catholicks to this day ) this was succeeded by vows made , and sacrifice perform'd upon the spot , whether it were theatre , circus , or any other place of publick shows , or games . after all these were perform'd , or finish'd , the play or show was order'd to begin , which was also a principal part of the religious worship ▪ and concluded the solemnity of the day . the dramatick representations spring both from one original , and were instituted for the same general end and purpose with the rest of the heathen games , that is , for religious worship . these ( if i may be allow'd to use the plural number , for that which in the original , was but one thing ) were invented in honour to bacchus , and consisted of songs in his praise , musick , and dancing about a sacrific'd goat , intermixt with rustick raillery , suitable to the genius and temper of the boors , and villagers , that were the performers . tragedy and comedy were not yet become separate provinces in poetry , but either name indifferently signify'd the same thing , the first being taken from the sacrifice , which was a goat , the other from the performers , which were the peasants , or villagers , or from the nature of the entertainment itself , which was compos'd of rural musick , songs , and dances . by what steps and gradations the improvements were made , how the decorations of the stage were introduc'd , and when the drama first branch'd into tragedy and comedy , as distinct members , are pretty speculations , and afford an occasion , which one , that . like mr. collier , affected to shew much reading to little purpose , wou'd not let slip ; but not being to my purpose , i shall not prosecute 'em any farther . 't is probable the partition of tragedy and comedy was first made , when the poets , quitting the dithyrambi , or hymns to bacchus , betook themselves to the representation of stories or fables of their own invention ; the nature of the subjects then becoming different , according to the poets choice , the names were divided betwixt 'em or perhaps , that part which we now in a restrain'd sense call tragedy , being first refin'd and improv'd , and becoming the study and diversion of more polite men , the other continuing longer in the possession of the villagers , retain'd the name of comedy for distinction sake , even after its utmost improvements . but when , or howsoever this was , tho the sacrifice of the goat at plays was left off , the satyri in praise of bacchus discontinued , and the plays appointed indifferently in honour of any of the gods , as occasion directed , that they were , as the auditors rightly observed , nihil ad bacchum , yet the stage remain'd sacred to and under the protection of its old patron , who had amongst the romans his altar on the right hand of the stage , and the particular god to whom the play was for that time directed , on the left. this was the posture and condition of the stage in the time of the fathers . this being the case , a christian cou'd not be present , or assist at these representations , without openly countenancing or conforming to the idolatrous worship of the heathens ; which the fathers , as became careful and pious pastors , were extremely solicitous to prevent . they were sensible of the difficulties they had to encounter , and the obstacles they had to surmount . the christian religion was yet but newly planted , and therefore till it had taken sufficient root was carefully to be cover'd and defended from the injuries of rude blasts , and the contagion of those rank superstitious weeds that grew about it , by which the root might be kill'd , or the soil infected , and the sap withdrawn . paganism was a religion , invented at first to oblige and captivate the people , and gain'd its credit and authority among 'em by indulging their sensuality , and even gratifying their lusts ; it was augmented by degrees , by ambitious , cunning men , who , to render themselves more popular , and gain an interest among the multitude , recommended to 'em , under the notion of religion , what they found most acceptable to the humour and palate of the populace . by this means , the various processions , games , and shows were introduc'd , and became the most formal part of their solemnities , men being easily perswaded to like what was so conformable to their inclinations , that in the exercise and discharge of their duties , their senses were entertain'd , and their appetites flatter'd . against a superstition thus fram'd for luxury , and contriv'd to cajole the sences , christianity was to make its way , and to drive out those rites , and destroy a title founded upon the prescription of many ages , supported by the authority of the civil government , and fortify'd in its possession by prejudice , inclination and interest ; and all this to be done with the assistance only of truth , and simplicity of doctrine and manners ; the pomp , and magnificence of their solemn worship was absolutely to be taken away , and their licentious practices to be restrain'd , and reform'd ; and instead of 'em severe principles , and an austere course of life were to be establish'd , in an age , and amongst a people , whom the submission and tribute of all the world for some ages , had made wealthy , proud and wanton . it is not therefore to be wonder'd , if those early champions of the gospel proportion'd their zeal and vigilance to the pressingness of the occasion , and the strength of the opposition . the games and shows of the antient heathens were the parts of their religion the most generally engaging , that attracted most , and kept the multitude firmest to ' em . the rest of their religion sat but loosely about 'em , they had no fixt , or necessary faith , aud their devotion consisted only in a frigid compliance with those forms and ceremonies , which were purely matters of worship ; their zeal appear'd for nothing so much as their games and shows . for as varro * and seneca † informs us , the preparatory solemnities were ungrateful to the spectators , who impatiently expected the show . the fathers , who knew where their strength lay , have employ'd all their artillery against these shows , their batteries have play'd incessantly upon 'em , as the only forts that were capable of making resistance , and stopping their progress . tho the antient fathers bent their rhetorick , with all its force , and in all its forms and figures , against the heathen shows ; tho they declaim'd with all their nerves , and vehemence , and display'd all their arguments with the utmost strength of colour and proportion , yet there was nothing in which they so much confided , in which they so unanimously agreed , as the objection drawn from the idolatrous institution and end of ' em . they were unwarrantable , because idolatrous . it was ( in their opinion ) impossible for a christian , how well principled , or dispos'd however , to partake of the entertainment , without sharing the pollution , or to abstract the diversion from the guilt . they thought it dangerous to trust their converts , however fortify'd , to the temptations of so jolly a religion , which was so far from curbing the appetites , and laying any restraint upon the desires of its proselytes , that many of its duties were but pimps to their lusts , and almost all its acts of devotion but so many entertainments of their sences . they knew the frailty of humane nature right well , and were aware , that tho faith might in some be so strong as to triumph over all temptation , yet that multitudes wou'd fall before it , if they were permitted to run the risque . the portion of those that embrac'd christianity was mortification , and suffering , perpetual discouragement , and frequent persecutions ( till the time of constantine ) their reward was in reversion ; their expectation indeed was large , but the prospect was distant . now present ease and enjoyment are very apt to prevail against a remote hope . in our common affairs of the world , futurity maintains itself but ill against the present , and neither the greatness , nor the certainty of the reversion , make good head against immediate possession . this was the case of christianity in its infancy . the heathen priesthood was contented with the countenance and encouragement of the state , and submitted to the directions and appointment of it , even in matters relating to their own mysteries ; they assum'd no dominion , or jurisdiction over private consciences , either in point of principle or practice ; but left those matters wholly to the civil government , which made laws for the regulation , and appointed magistrates for the inspection of men's manners ; in which regard was had chiefly , if not only , to the publick quiet and security , to the preservation and augmentation of the state. if a scrutiny was made into the conduct and behaviour of particular persons , 't was as they were subordinate to the publick , and might be instrumental or prejudicial to the common welfare , either immediately , by their practices , in wronging the state , or those under the protection of it ; or by withdrawing themselves from , or incapacitating themselves for its service ; or consequently by debauching , and corrupting others by their examples . in all these matters the priest had no concern ; and therefore 't was no wonder , if the people receiv'd so easily , and liv'd so contentedly under a religion , which , tho false , gave 'em so little disturbance , and so much satisfaction . for , as for the multitude , their theology was like their worship , suited and adapted to their capacities , the one consisting of surprizing fables , the other of delightful solemnities . those that were wiser among 'em , and saw thro their mysteries , ( who were not a few ) were many of 'em sacris initiati , and engaged in their support ; the rest having no higher warrant than their own reason , and nothing more certain to substitute in the room of 'em , were perhaps unwilling to unsettle matters , and paying a languid complacence , suffer'd things to run on in the old channel ; whose banks shou'd they break down , they knew not what course the stream wou'd take , nor how far the confusion might spread . but the gospel had none of these advantages , it was not contriv'd and modell●d for popularity , it did not humour the inclinations , and indulge the appetites of the people . to the purity of its doctrine , a conformity of life , and manners were requir'd , the passions were to be curb'd , and the desires moderated ; instead of pomp and ceremony , simplicity and sobriety were to be their entertainments : their rampant gods , whose fabulous histories gave countenance to men's lusts , and encouragement to their debaucheries , were to be cashier'd , and the knowledge and worship of the true one to be introduc'd , whose majesty was as awful , as the other was represented frolicksome . these were the conditions of conversion from heathenism , and the change must needs appear disadvantageous to meer flesh and blood the fathers therefore , who knew how hard it was to keep the appetites in entire subjection , took care to fortifie as strongly as possible those parts , in which they expected the rebellion shou●d first break out . the plays , of all the heathen solemnities , were those that gave the strongest temptation to the new converts ; they had so little of the air of religion , that they thought if they did not approve of the end and design of 'em , they might , without imputation , partake of the diversion , in which they met with frequent . examples of innocence and virtue . this alarm'd the fathers , who knew that the transition from one religion to another ( as mr collier observes ) was natural ; and justly apprehended , that from a liking of the entertainments themselves , they might proceed to approve the occasion of 'em ; that the seeming innocence and virtue of 'em might reconcile 'em to a superstition which recommended those excellent gifts after so easie and agreeable a manner , or that perhaps the delights of those places might soften the temper of their mind , and relax the nerves of their zeal , and so unqualifie and indispose 'em for those austerities , which the posture and circumstances of the christian religion at that time requir'd . to obviate these dangers , they summon'd all their prudence , and all their art ; they omitted no topick which rhetorick or satyr cou'd supply , to fright or perswade men from those diversions . nor was all their zeal and caution any more than was necessary , the danger was great , and so was the temptation ; the fort was to be maintain'd not only against an enemy without , but a strong faction within ; the sences , appetites , and passions were already gain'd to the enemy's party , nothing remain'd but religion and reason , to make good the defence ; those generals therefore that wou'd hold out , when the garrison was inclin'd to surrender , must not only display their courage and conduct , but exert their authority likewise to the utmost this the antient fathers did , whose examples have been follow'd by divers in our age , tho without the same reason , authority or success . having thus open●d the case , as it stood in the time of the primitive christians , we shall proceed to examine , whether there be any manner of analogy between the roman theatre ( as to the particulars whereof they are arraign'd by the fathers ) and ours ? whether the satyr of the fathers comes full upon the modern poets ? whether the parity of the case makes their reasons take place , and their authority revive upon us ? thus backt , as he supposes by the worthies of christendom , the flower ef human nature , and the top of their species , mr collier bids defiance to all the stage poets in general : he declares 'em to be gone over into another interest , deserters to the devil , that aim to destroy religion , and whose business is an ana of lewdness and atheism . for he has a huge mind to try his strength with 'em , but he dares not enter the theatres , they are the devils own ground ; but he challenges 'em to a tryal of skill at the laudable exercises of the christian olympicks of moorfields ; which , if they be so hardy as to accept , he 'll call a ring , and for a broken head , or limb , he and his fathers defy both north and west . but hold , mr vinegar ! have you any commission from the fathers to give this challenge in their names ? does it appear , that they have any ground , or reason of quarrel to the present stage ? i believe not ; but as things may be packt together , and translated , an able interpreter may make 'em speak as he pleases . if they don't speak to his mind he knows how to correct 'em , 't is but throwing in a word or two ( as he phrases it ) to clear the sense , to preserve the spirit of the original , and keep the english upon its legs . 't is well he has the knack of scowring the fathers , otherwise their testimonies wou'd look but rustily upon the present occasion . but he can wash as well as scowr , and underprop a failing evidence upon occasion . 't is pity mr collier was not bred to the bar , this extraordinary quality had been of admirable service there , to help a bad memory , and prompt a bashful witness . the fathers , good men , cou'd say but little to the cause , but dexterity and management may do much , and an able sollicitor ( like mr collier ) will make out notable proofs from very slender evidence . the fathers , as they had reason , prohibited christians all resort to the roman games in general , and without distinction upon the account of the idolatry there practised : but what 's that to our theatres , which have no such stain upon ' em ? if the heathen gods appear upon our stage , 't is neither for their own , nor their worshipers honour . idolatry is as much abhorr●d , and more expos'd there , than any where else . why then is the satyr reviv'd upon it ? is there any danger that the spectators should turn idolaters , from our representations ? that which scandaliz'd the fathers most in the dramatick representations of antiquity was , that their gods were represented lewd , and unjust , adulterers , pimps , &c. * st augustine absolves their comedies and tragedies from any fault in the expression , and accuses only the subject matter . the same indictment he prefers against homer , ( viz. ) that he corrupted mens morals by drawing such vicious pictures of his deities . * terence falls under his displeasure likewise , for introducing his young libertine animating himself to , and vindicating himself after a rape , by the example of jupiter , whose intrigue with danae , represented in a picture , afforded him both matter of encouragement and excuse . notwithstanding which objections , this * father confesses himself to have profited by the reading of 'em , tho he thinks the same use might have been made of more pious books , which are fitter for the use of children . thus by the acknowledgment of this father the plays were not so bad . as mr collier wou'd infer from him . the quarrel of the rest of the fathers to the drama , was upon the same account , tho mr surveyor has given a wrong prospect of it . i hope there 's no reason to apprehend , that jupiter or mercury shou'd be drawn into precedent at this time of day , or that any person of quality shou'd turn whore-master , or pimp out of emulation . 't is true , the fathers frequently exclaim against the lewdness of the roman theatres , which mr collier all along endeavours , both by the turn and application , to discharge upon the dramatick representations , in which i admire his dexterity more than his ingenuity . for i can't suppose mr collier to be ignorant , that there were divers sorts of ludi scenici , which were all perform'd at the theatre , of which several were scandalously lewd ; but these he knows were no part of the dramatick entertainment . but he finds comedy and tragedy sometimes condemn'd for company among the other shows of the theatre , and therefore he is resolved , out of his singular regard to justice and ingenuity , that whatsoever is pronounc'd against the theatres in general , shall light upon the drama in particular , which by the unanimous confession of 'em all was the least offensive , and consequently the least deserv'd it . to what purpose else is clemens alexandrinus cited ? he affirms , that the circus and theatre may not improperly be call'd the chair of pestilence . whence does it appear , that the dramatick exercises are here aim'd at ? were the mimi , pantomimi , and archimimi , less concern'd with the stage , or more reserv'd and modest in their practices upon it ? were dancing naked , and expressing lewd postures less criminal , or offensive to modesty ? no , he won't say that ; altho the comparison were made with the english stage , which is , ( according to him ) much more licentious than the roman , yet that by his own confession has nothing so bad . but supposing the father to take his aim from mr collier's direction , and prophetically to have levell'd at our times , what is the wondrous guilt , that provokes this severe judgment ? noscitur ex socio , why 't is e'en as bad as horse-racing ; a very lewd diversion truly . woe be to you inhabitants of new market , that live in the very seat of infection . but the fathers were men , meer men , as well as mr collier , and subject as well as he to be misled by passion , and overacted by zeal , in the transports of which they were apt sometimes to extend their rigour too far , and would upon any terms have ( as a certain learned recorder has it ) enough for a decent execution . thus tertullian , none of the least considerable among the fathers , either for his learning or zeal , in this case especially , tho he had already convinc'd the ancient tragedy of idolatry , a crime sufficient in a christian court of judicature to be capital , yet must needs ex abundanti bring a fresh indictment of blasphemy . the devil , says he , mounted the tragedians upon buskins , because he would make our saviour a liar , who says , that no man can add a cubit to his stature . look to it all ye tiptoe beau's . here the devil shew'd himself an engineer , to lay a trap so long before hand , to contrive and invent these buskins only to falsify in appearance , what was said a thousand years after ; and the father himself was a very matchiavel to detect , and counterplot him at last . i have read of a famous scotch divine , that signaliz'd himself once upon occasion , by much such another discovery , when he found out , that at the dismission of all creatures out of noah's ark , the reason why the hawks were so merciful to the doves , as to let 'em escape unhurt was , that the prophesie of isaiah , the lamb should lye down with the lyon , might be fulfilled . this is the nearest parallel that occurs to me from all my reading , in which the scotch father comes pretty near t'other for a strange reach of apprehension , tho 't is his misfortune to fall short in the importance of the discovery . but to wave all further instances of this kind from the fathers , which are to be found in great plenty among 'em , i leave 'em to be gather'd by those that take more delight in such flowers ; and shall confine my self to those which mr. collier has pickt out for a nosegay for himself . to begin therefore with theophilus antiochenus ; he tells us , that the christians durst not see the prizes of the gladiators , for fear of becoming accessary to the murthers there committed , nor their other shows , upon the account of their indency and prophaneness . here mr collier , as an earnest of his future fair dealing uses the word shows , and because perhaps 't is the only instance to be met with through all his quotations , he is resolv'd not to lose the benefit of it , and therefore for fear it should slip by unheeded , he gives it in a different character , and an asterism along with it , and claps in the margin spectacula . by this sample of his fidelity to his author , he thinks his performance warranted to his readers , of whom he knows the greatest part can't nor the rest he hopes won't , be at the trouble to confront his translation with the text ; and therefore before the end of this very paragraph , he throws off all obligation to truth and just●ce and falls to managing and instructing his evidence * the stage adulteries of the gods and heroes are unwarrantable entertainments . and so much the worse , because the mercenary players set off 'em with all the charms and advantages of speaking . the translator very well knew , that the shews here aim'd at , were not the tragedies and commedies of antiquity , but the shews of the mimi , wherein the amours of the gods or heroes were not related only , but sung to musick in luscious fulsome verse , mimickt in lewd dances with obscene gestures and naked postures , and even the very adulteries and rapes themselves express'd by scandalous actions , for which purpose the very stews were rak'd for publick prostitutes for the service . these were the shews , that provok'd the just resentments of the fathers , which had nothing in common with the dramatick representations , but the place , and the end of their representation , which were the publick theatres , and worship . but of all the publick diversions of the heathens , the drama only remaining to us , to keep the authority upon its legs , it was necessary to give it a new direction , and turn in the version , and therefore the word players was thrust in , to fix the scandal in the wrong place . that these were the indecencies , and lewdness of the theatre , so bitterly inveigh'd against by these pious men , i cou'd bring testimonies innumerable ; but to avoid being tedious in a plain case , i shall single out st cyprian , who being one of the worthies of christendome , and the top of his species , i hope mr collier will not except against his evidence . * the theatres ( says he ) are yet more lewd . there they strip themselves of their modesty , as well as clothes , and the honour as well as screen of their bodies is laid aside , and virginity expos'd to the affronts both of view , and touch. which mr collier knows was not practis'd in the drama . but our histrio-mastix was aware , that there was nothing to be got by square play , therefore he has recourse to slight of hand , and palms false dice upon us . in the very next paragraph we find him prompting tertullian to rail at the play-house , and the bear-garden * . which latter , i suppose , was brought in for the grace and dignity of the conjunction . here the play-house , by his old way of legerdemain , is substituted for the theatre ; and the most innocent of the roman diversions charg'd with the guilt and pollutions of all the rest , with which , by his own confession , it was not so much as soil'd . but the shifting of names levell'd the scandal right for his purpose , and the unlearned reader might perhaps be induc'd to believe , that the father's quarrel lay against lincolns-inn-fields , and covent-garden ; and therefore he was resolv'd not to lose the benefit of so advantageous a cheat , for so small a condescension as falsifying a text. with the same honest view and intention , he forces tertullian to call pompey's theatre * , a dramatick bawdy-house . here , to conceal the fathers age , he shaves off his beard , and dresses him after his own fashion , in a steenkirk and a long wig , that he may look like an acq●aintance of our stage , and keep his evidence in countenance . a just translation wou'd not answer his purpose , and therefore he has taken the usual liberty of adding or altering , and has clapt in the dramatick bawdy-house , to clear , that is , pervert the sense . it is no justification , to say that he has not chang'd the scene , that the place is the same , tho he has made bold to change the terms ; in changing the terms he has chang'd the state of the case , and made the author accuse the drama of those enormities , which were peculiar to the shews of the mimi , and inveigh'd against only by him . thus he uses his father like an irish evidence , and makes him depose with as much latitude , as in a court of record , wou'd even in these corrupt times , cost a man his ears . to trace him through all his quotations from the fathers , were a task much more tedious , than difficult . it may suffice to take notice , that he keeps to his principle , and never quotes any thing right , which he thinks may be made more serviceable by being perverted . to prevent this artifice from being seen through , he endeavours , like a fish in the water , to conceal the bottom by muddying the stream . st. cyprian , lactantius , chrysostome and augustine are all manag'd at the same rate ; mr collier , like a stanch beagle , makes the hits , whilst his fathers , that like whelps newly enter'd , are running riot , have much better mouths than noses , and make up a great part of the cry , but are of no service in the chase . those that have a mind to tumble and sift over mr collier's rubbish of antiquity , may find all his quotations in prynne's histrio-mastix , honestly transcrib'd , and more faithfully translated . to which , or to the fathers themselves , i refer ' em . his translations are all of a stamp , to repeat more of 'em wou'd be tautology ; how different soever the originals might be , the copies have all the same features and complexions ; both draught and colouring agree so well , that a very indifferent judge might infallibly discover 'em all to be copies by one hand , by the harmony of the faults . but to dismiss the fathers , who have been oblig'd to an unnecessary attendance , thro the disingenuity of their translator , i shall once for all observe , first , that the authority of the fathers ought to affect us no farther than their reasonings will come up to our case : secondly , that their arguments drawn from the idolatry , lewd representations , and cruelty practis'd upon the roman stage , and at their shows , do not reach our stage , where those practices are had in abhorrence . thirdly , that as they are cited by mr collier , both their authority and arguments are subverted by the corrupt version . if these three things be fairly made out , as ( i hope ) they already are , we need not be any longer alarm'd at this unseasonable clamour from the fathers . but tho the main strength of this attila of the stage lies in these worthies of christendom , yet , like a cautious commander , lest they shou'd be surpriz'd , or unable to sustain the shock of the stage militia alone , he has provided an auxiliary body of heathen philosophers , historians , orators and poets , to guard the passes , and check the fury of the first onset . here again he shews his care by his choice , he lists the bottom by muddying the stream . st. cyprian , lactantius , chrysostome and augustine are all manag'd at the same rate ; mr collier , like a stanch beagle , makes the hits , whilst his fathers , that like whelps newly enter'd , are running riot , have much better mouths than noses , and make up a great part of the cry , but are of no service in the chase . those that have a mind to tumble and sift over mr collier's rubbish of antiquity , may find all his quotations in prynne's histrio-mastix , honestly transcrib'd , and more faithfully translated . to which , or to the fathers themselves , i refer ' em . his translations are all of a stamp , to repeat more of 'em wou'd be tautology ; how different soever the originals might be , the copies have all the same features and complexions ; both draught and colouring agree so well , that a very indifferent judge might infallibly discover 'em all to be copies by one hand , by the harmony of the faults . but to dismiss the fathers , who have been oblig'd to an unnecessary attendance , thro the disingenuity of their translator , i shall once for all observe , first , that the authority of the fathers ought to affect us no farther than their reasonings will come up to our case : secondly , that their arguments drawn from the idolatry , lewd representations , and cruelty practis'd upon the roman stage , and at their shows , do not reach our stage , where those practices are had in abhorrence . thirdly , that as they are cited by mr collier , both their authority and arguments are subverted by the corrupt version . if these three things be fairly made out , as ( i hope ) they already are , we need not be any longer alarm'd at this unseasonable clamour from the fathers . but tho the main strength of this attila of the stage lies in these worthies of christendom , yet , like a cautious commander , lest they shou'd be surpriz'd , or unable to sustain the shock of the stage militia alone , he has provided an auxiliary body of heathen philosophers , historians , orators and poets , to guard the passes , and check the fury of the first onset . here again he shews his care by his choice , he lists none but men of the first magnitude , he 's so severe that a volunteer under six foot can't pass muster . but after all , the service of these gigantick men does not answer the terror of their bulk and figure ; they are prest men , that enter the service against their wills , and are plac'd in the front , like a swiss painted upon a door , for shew , not action . 't is true , they are forc'd to appear with their fire-locks , and give one charge , but 't is , like a moorfields volley , without ball , or bloodshed . the leaders of these are a triumvirate of antient greek philosophers , plato , xenophon , and aristotle . the first of these appears not in person , nor has his proxy much to say for him , that i can find . yet as little as 't is , he ought to have produc'd his credentials , or his voice may fairly be protested against . for a hear-say evidence ought at least to be as well attested , as a nuncupative will to make it authentick . but , after all , what is it that he says , or rather that eusebius says for him ? why , that plays raise the passions , and pervert the use of 'em , and by consequence are dangerous ●o morality . but since he has not thought fit to specify either the nature or measure of the danger , thus consequentially portended to morality , we need not amuse our selves any longer about it . much such another doughty authority is that of xenophon . * the persians ( he says ) won't suffer their youth to hear any thing , that 's amorous or bawdy . they were afraid want of ballast might make 'em miscarry , and that it was dangerous to add weight to the byass of nature . this quotation is strangely drawn in ; it does not so much as squin● towards his purpose . here 's no mention of any thing relating to the drama . bawdry indeed was forbidden to be talk'd to those , whose reason was not yet grown sturdy enough to curb the looseness of their appetites in those countries , where the heat of the climate , and the warmth of their constitutions inclin'd 'em very early , and hurried 'em very precipitously to irregularities of that nature . but if this passage wou'd not serve his cause , it wou'd his vanity and ostentatation of reading , and therefore was not to be slighted . of as great service is the authority of aristotle , one single doubtful expression of whose , he would wrest to the overthrow of one of the most elaborate and judicious of all that great philosophers works ; i mean his art of poetry ; in which he has taken the pains to prescribe rules for the more easie and regular composition of dramatick poems ; which certainly had been in him as well a scandalous , as a ridiculous labour , if he had not thought the practice of 'em allowable . but he 's so far from any such indifference , that he frequently , both in that piece , and other parts of his works , commends the writing of dramatick poetry , as the noblest exercise of the mind . nor do we find any where in the works of that philosopher , who ( by this author 's own confession ) had look'd as far into humane nature as any man , a greater profusion of rhetorick than in the praise 〈◊〉 of tragedy , which he takes to be the highest exaltation of humane wit. as for this passage , which mr collier has pickt out , and levell'd at the comedy of our age , it amounts to no more than a general * caution against trusting youth into promiscuo●s company , such as resorted to publick places , till they were sufficiently fortify'd against the danger of corruption , to which they might thereby be expos'd . drunkenness was the vice , which the philosopher particularly instanc'd in , by which he plainly shews himself apprehensive of the company , not of the play ; and therefore he would not have young people trusted with the liberty , and opportunity of contracting an acquaintance , before they were arriv'd at some tolerable maturity of judgment . but mr collier with a dexterity peculiar to himself , palms the general term of debauchery , for the particular one of drunkenness upon us , that the suspicion might thereby be shifted from the audience to the peformance . to back this , and cover the conveyance , he brings another authority as little to the purpose , concerning the force and power of musick , from whence he concludes , that where the representation is foul , the thoughts of the audience must suffer . what must they suffer ? wou'd the musick , ( as powerful as he supposes it ) make the audience drunk , or in love with drunkenness ? no , that was no vice of the stage , whatever it might be of the spectators , yet even by them the scene was not laid at the theatres , tho the plot might , and the company perhaps be pickt up there . i suppose this informer , as inveterate as his malice is against play-houses , will scarce charge 'em as schools of intemperance of that kind , 't is not the practice of the stage , not so much as behind the scenes ; and i believe he will acquit pit , box , and gallery of it . for whatever some may bring in their heads , he will find but few with bottles in their hands there . this made him wave instancing in the particular of aristotle ; the retail scandal wou'd not fit our theatres , and therefore he lumps it among 'em by the general name of debauchery , and tacks this citation concerning musick to it , which he hopes will give the reader an idea more serviceable to his cause , than aristotle intended , and make a suitable impression upon him . this philosopher forbad the resort to comedies , only to those whose virtues he durst not trust ; not to hinder their diversion from the stage , but to prevent their corruption from the pit , as king charles the d suppress'd conventicles , for the sake of those , whose principles he suspected ; not to disturb the devotion of a few mistaken well-meaning men , but to prevent the practices of many crafty ill designing ones . tully cries out upon licentious plays and poems , as the bane of sobriety , and wise thinking : that comedy subsists upon lewdness , and that pleasure is the root of all evil . no one , i suppose , will defend plays , that are really licentious , or if they seem to patronize any , wherein some warm-headed enthusiastick zealots pretend to find or make some passages exceptionable , they are willing to leave those passages , if really guilty , to the mercy of mr collier's inquisition , and yet not deny their countenance , and encouragement to the prevailing merit of the main part of the performance . but here i must needs take notice , that either mr collier or tully , are extremely mistaken , or , which is all one to our purpose , that this quotation does not speak the sense of tully . plautus and terence are the only comedians of his acquaintance , whose works have been preserv'd to our times ; and consequently are the only standards , by which we can form any judgment , or take any measure of the roman comedy before , or about cicero's time . these mr collier assures us are modest to a scruple , especially terence , who has but one faulty bordering expression . plautus , who is of all antiquity the most exceptionable ▪ rarely gives any smutty liberties to women , and when he does , 't is to vulgar and prostituted persons . the men who talk intemperately are generally slaves . the slaves and pandars seldom run over , and play their gambols before women . plautus does not dilate upon the progress , successes , and disappointments of love in the modern way . this is nice ground , and therefore he either stands off , or walks gravely over it . he has some regard to the retirements of modesty , and the dignity of humane nature , and does not seem to make lewdness his business . this is a very fair character from an adversary , a friend could scarce have given a more ample recommendation upon this head . here seems to be a run of candour and ingenuity , for at least a dozen pages together ; the ancient dramatick writers are treated with so much civility , 't is all such halcyon weather , so fair a sky , and so smooth a sea , would tempt the cautiousest pilot from his anchor ; he would have no apprehensions of a storm , while all was so serene above , and so quiet and calm beneath him . but this is all out of character , the author forces his temper to serve his design , and caresses the ancients in pure spight to the moderns , as cunning statesmen sometimes court and cajole a party they hate , only to make 'em their tools against another they fear , and so make 'em ruine each other , and save themselves both the trouble , and the odium . this honest policy mr collier has made use of ; for , having routed ( in his own vain conceit ) by the help of these ancients , the present stage poets , he makes head upon his confederates , and those , that in the entrance of his book deserv●d no censure , in the conclusion of it are allow'd no quarter . the more plausibly and securely to put this srratagem in execution , he takes care to destroy his own authority in their favour , by that of much better men against 'em , or that are ( as he manages the matter ) at least in appearance against ' em . this author is a sort of a long-lane writer , a piece-broker in learning , one that tacks ends and scraps of authors together to patch up a slight authority , that hangs so weakly together , that it won't bear the fitting . thus he has linkt together two or three ill sorted sentences out of tully , that make as little to his purpose , as if he had quoted so many propositions out of euclid ; the truth of which , tho every body might acknowledge , yet no body can find the use of in this place . but he found the name of comedy joyn'd with an invective , and therefore he was resolv'd , if he did not find it so , to make it of his party , before he took his leave of it . * tully complains , that the poets gave love , the author of so many follies and disorders , a place among the deities , the irregularities of which were the constant subject matter of the comedies of his time . the severities of a harsh old father , the amours of the rake his son , and the intrigues of the knave his servant , or the wiles of a mercenary prostitute , generally made up the business of those comedies . hereupon cicero cries out , that if 't were not for these love extravagances , the comick poets would be destitute of a plot. in which he seems rather to tax 'em with barrenness of invention , than immorality . 't is true , the moral of such designs cou'd not be very extraordinary , nor cou'd any very edifying doctrine of application be rais'd from the usual catastrophe of these plays . for the poet generally took care , after he had embroil'd matters beyond all seeming possibility of a reconciliation , to disentangle all by some providential ( if mr collier won't quarrel at the expression ) incident , and crown the young libertine with his wishes , reconciling the father to the son , and the master to the servant . by this means poetical justice was eluded , and that which shou'd have been the ground and occasion of moral instruction lost . the antient comedy was not therefore so innocent as his character , nor so lewd and impure as his corrupted quotations wou'd make it . his next authority is from livy , whose evidence , even tho it were faithfully reported by mr collier , comes not near our case . for livy speaks here of the stage representations in general ; but the drama , properly so call'd , was not known amongst the romans at the time of the pestilence , when the ludi scenici were invented . but this is not all , he is not contented to make a false witness only of this historian , but he must add forgery to subornation , and put his hand to what was not his act and deed . the motives are sometimes good , when the means are stark naught : that the remedy in this case was worse than the disease , and the attonement more infectious than the plague . these words livy utterly disowns ; * he says , that the ludi scenici introduc'd upon this occasion , consisted of certain dances , or decent movements to musick , perform'd by artists fetch'd out of tuscany , after the manner of their country . where lay the force of the contagion in this ? what danger of infection from a modest dance ? after this livy proceeds to shew what were the first steps that were made towards the improvement of these ludi scenici , and concludes his short account of their earliest gradations with this reflection . * amongst other things that have risen from small beginnings , i thought fit to take notice of plays , that i might shew from how sober an original this excessive extravagance , which scarce the wealthiest nations can bear , is deriv'd . this mr collier translates , the motives are sometimes good , when the means are stark naught . 't is pretty plain , that 't is not the immorality , but the excess of luxury and profusion at these shews , that livy condemns , by his adding that 't was greater than the wealthiest nations cou'd well bear . for 't is to be suppos'd , that wealthy people have as much need of morality as the poor , tho they are not oblig'd to the same measures of thrift , and good husbandry . whether mr collier's construction and application of this passage be the effect of his malice or ignorance , i leave the world to judge . the following is yet a more perverse misconstruction , to which both malice and ignorance have clubb'd their utmost , even to emulation , so that 't is hard to distinguish which has the better title to it . livy tells us * , that the romans were so solicitous about methods of appeasing the gods , that the anxiety of it was a greater affliction to their minds , than the disease to their bodies . this our remarker , who out of his superabundant understanding , knew better than the author himself what ought to have been said , thinks fit to render thus , the remedy in this case is worse than the disease , and the atonement more infectious than the plague . of the same stamp is the citation from valerius maximus , whom he has quoted , whither with less faith or uuderstanding , is matter of doubt , for he has given great cause to suspect both . this author , speaking of the prizes of their gladiators , expresses his resentments of that barbarouscustom , ( in which citizens of rome were often butcher'd ) after this manner . * these things which were at first invented for the worship of the gods , and delight of men , were converted totheir destruction , staining both their religion and diversions , with the blood of citizens , to the scandal of peace . 't is plain , that by the animosae acies this author meant nothing but the nurseries of caestiarii , and gladiators , and that by the civilis sanguis he intended no more of it , than was spilt in arena at those prizes in quality of gladiators or gaestiarii , in which the spectators had no concern further than in the barbarity of countenancing , and encouraging so cruel a practice . this , tho bloody and abominable enough to give an abhorrence to honest considerate heathens , won't suffice mr collier , he despises single sacrifices , and calls for hecatombs ; he 's for breathing the veins of the state , and slucing the vitals of the whole commonweath at once . they were the occasion of civil distractions ; and that the state first blush'd , then bled for the entertainmeut . this is rare paraphrasing , mr. collier allows himself a very christian latitude in his interpretations . but less wou'd not serve his turn , the drama and arena lay at some distance in old rome , and therefore this gentleman was resolv'd to correct the map , and bring 'em together . but what occasion for bloodshed at a comedy ? why mr. paraphraser wou'd insinuate , that the spectators and the actors , like don quixot and the puppets , fell together by the ears , and so embroiling the state , engaged the whole commonwealth in a civil war. if i could be perswaded of this , i should allow this divrsion to be altogether as antichristian , as bear-baitings or ridings , and could be content , that mr collier , like hudibrass shou'd reduce both actors and spectators by force of arms ; the prowess of the champions seems so so exactly equal , that i see no cause to doubt , their atchievements and success proving parallel . he concludes ( says our paraphraser ) the consequence of plays intolerable ; and that the massilienses did well in clearing the country of ' em . where he finds this conclusion i can't tell , i am sure not in either of the chapters cited by him , nor i doubt through the whole book . but he 's a discoverer , and has good eyes , that will shew him at a vast distance what others can't see with the help of the best telescopes . what he says of the massilienses ( as he calls 'em ) is no more to his purpose , than the former evidence against the gladiatorial shews . valerius maximus in his sixth chapter says * , that the marseillians were a very severe people , that wou●d not suffer the mimicks to appear upon their stage , whose business generally it was to present the action of rapes to publick view , lest the sight of such licentious practices , shou'd debauch the spectators to the imitation of ' em . 't were needless to insist long upon this passage , having already shewn the vast difference between the mimick and dramatick representations . i shall only observe , that this author , by saying that the people of marseilles deny'd the mimi the liberty of their stage , intimates that they allow'd the stage there , tho under severer restrictions than at rome . now if they permitted it amongst 'em at all , there is no doubt but tragedy and comedy ( which by the unanimous confession even of their adversaries , were the most innocent , and instructive of all the ludi scenici ) took their turns upon it . s●neca , who is next produc'd , has but little to say to the matter : he is a little angry that the romans were so fond of their diversion , as to bestow their whole time upon it , and neglect the study of philosophy , and the improvement of their reason . nor was his complaint unreasonable ; for the romans , who were never much addicted to philosophy , or any kind of speculative learning , were yet more averse to 'em than ever under the reign of nero , when all sorts of arts and literature , those excepted which contributed to the prince's pleasures , lay under publick discouragement ; on the other hand , the stage , and all those arts that gratify'd and indulg'd the sences , had not only the countenance , but the practice and example of the emperor himself to encourage 'em , and to excel in any of 'em was the high road to his favour , and to preferment● it is not therefore to be wonder'd , if the roman youth under that general corruption slighted those studies , the severity of which made 'em as well unpallatable as unregarded . nor are we to be surpriz'd , if seneca declaim'd against these entertainments , which drew away , and alienated the minds of the people from those studies , upon the merit of which he peculiarly picqu'd himself . the summ of this philosopher's evidence amounts to no more than * that he thought idleness a great corrupter of manners , and that the shows in use among the romans , contributed to the making the people idle , and tainting 'em with luxury , and thereby rendring 'em more dispos'd to vice. his charge against the shows is in this place general , and respects indifferently any of 'em , many of which were in their own natures innocent , and void of offence , yet were equally submitted to censure in this passage with the most scandalous seneca was not so mean a judge of men , or things , as to think all their shows equally reprehensible , but he found all liable to the same abuse , that is , detaining the people from their business , and giving them too great an itch after diversions . but this had not been worth our notice , were 't not to shew , that our modern reformer , tho he has been us'd to greater stakes , can play at small game rather than stand out . for in the latter part of this short citation he has made a shift to steal in two falfications * . for there vice makes an insensible approach , and steals upon us the disguise of pleasure . here he wou'd insinuate that the vice , of which the philosopher seems so apprehensive , was of the growth of the place , to which purpose he translates the words . tunc enim , for there , by which he endeavours to make the infection local , and renders the words , per voluptatem , in the disguise of pleasure , that it may seem to come artificially , and industriously recommended . whereas , all that he says imports no more , than that , when men's minds , by the flattery of those diversions , were disarm'd of that severity , that the stoicks ( of which sect he was ) think requisite to the guard of virtue , they were more easily prevail'd upon , and led away by vitious inclinations . there are yet behind in the train , tacitus , plutarch , ovid , and mr. wycherley , whom ( whether to shew his judgment or his manners i know not ) he has rankt amongst , and under the head of pagan authorities ; and truly i think he may as well make a pagan of him , as an evidence in this case . but that ingenious gentleman ought not to take it amiss ; for since all those great men of antiquity , nay , even the fathers themselves , the worthies of christendom , the flower of human nature , and the top of their species , are obliged every one of 'em to wear a fool 's coat , he has the less reason to repine at the livery . these are all summon'd to make up the parade of learning , and have no more business than an ambassador's coach of state at his publick entry . tacitus tells us , that nero did ill to make the necessities of decay'd gentlemen pimp to the betraying of their honour and dignity . and that the germans did well to keep their wives out of harms way . the complaint of tacitus is nothing to us ; his caution indeed may be of service , as matter of instruction to mr collier , and his proselytes , if he has any , who i hope will reap the benefit of the german example . plutarch thinks , that licentious poets ought to be checkt : ay , and licentious criticks too , and corrected into the bargain : tho sancha pancha and his critick were both submitted to the lash , till one learnt wit , and t'other manners , and both modesty . for saw●y reformers , as well as lewd poets , require abundance of discipline to keep 'em within bounds . ovid , and mr wycherley , as poets , and men of wit , may be joyn'd , tho not as heathens ; and their evidence , being exactly of a piece , is the more properly consider'd together . this amounts to a proof , that at the theatres , as well as at all other places , where there is a promiscuous resort of company of both sexes , the business of intrigue will go forward . it were much to be wish'd , that no body came to the play-house for a less innocent diversion , than that of the stage ; to churches and conventicles with a less pious intention , than that of devotion ; to the park for a less wholesome refreshment than that of air , &c. but 't is as much to be fear'd , that this universal reformation will never be brought about , till the accomplishment of the prophesie ( if i may call it so , without offending mr collier ) of one of our poets till women cease to charm , and youth to love. so long as there are appetites , there will be means found to gratify ' em . i won't deny , but that the promiscuous conflux of people of all ages , sexes , and conditions , facilitates enterprizes of this nature . but i question whether an absolute restraint wou'd not more inflame the desire , than it cou'd prevent the practice ; and whither the morals of the public wou'd not suffer more by vitiating the imaginations of the people in general this way , than they cou'd gain by the severest methods of prohibition the other . spain and italy are countries as jealous and vigilant in this point , as any in the world , and yet the people so generally lascivious , that there is no place where virtue has less interest in the chastity of either sex. whereas on the contrary , in many places under the line , where the people go constantly naked , the familiarity of the objects takes away all wantonness of imagination , which the artificial difficulties of some countries promote . but ovid , it seems , does in some measure plead guilty , and owns , that not only the opportunity * , but the business of the place sometimes promotes lewdness . nor is it to be wonder'd at , since some of the representations there were so scandalously lewd , as to give offence to the loosest of their poets . * martial tells us ● , that he saw the story of pasiphae acted upon their stage . but these were the representations of their mimi , the scandal of which reflects no way upon the drama , either antient or modern , and will therefore give us no occasion to dilate upon 'em here . i have at length run thro all his private authorities against the stage , wherein i can't find so much as one , which is not either impertinently , or falsely cited , as i doubt not , but will upon collation appear . for which reason i have all along put the words of the original , or of the most approv'd version in the margin , that they might without trouble be collated , and my charge justified . he owns , that he has taken the liberty of throwing in a word or two , ( in translating the fathers ) to clear the sense , to preserve the spirit of the original , and keep the english upon its legs . i hope by this it appears , that he has confounded the sense , corrupted the spirit , and set the english upon stilts . his modesty's too plain a counterfeit , to cheat those that are not wilfully blind , 't is so slightly wash'd over , that the brass appears at first view ; so that whatever denomination he may give it , like an irish half crown , 't will soon fall to its intrinsick value . after all , his pains in citations are as unluckily bestow'd , as the malefactors fee , who , after he has brib'd the ordinary , is call'd to read over again to the court , and suffers at last for his ignorance . to close all , and crown his victory , mr collier gives us some state censures ( as he calls 'em ) to shew how much the stage stands discourag'd by the laws of other countries , and our own . to begin with the athenians . this people , tho none of the worst friends to the play-house , thought a comedy so unreputable a performance , that they made a law that no judge of the areopagus shou'd make one . 't is something surprizing to find the authority of the athenian state produc'd against the drama , of which they of all the people of the world were the greatest encouragers . and this very law , which is urg'd against comedy in particular , is an argument of the general esteem it was at that time possest of . for , had the writing of comedy been so unreputable a performance , as mr collier from this passage of plutarch wou'd insinuate , there had been no reason to suspect , that any of the judges of the areopagus wou'd have been so madly indiscreet , as to have forfeited his character and reputation , by so open and publick a scandal ; and consequently a provision by law against a folly of that nature , must have been as senseless a caution there , as an act here wou'd be , to forbid any of the twelve judges dancing upon the ropes , or tumbling thro a hoop in publick . but this law makes directly against the purpose it was quoted for , and seems plainly to argue , that comedy was in so great reputation amongst em , that persons of the highest condition sought the applause of , and made their court to the people by performances of that nature . for which reason they found it necessary to restrain their judges by a law , from running into those popular amusements . that these performances were not in fact dishonourable amongst the athenians , might be made appear from a million of instances , were it necessary . but the credit that aristophanes had among the athenians , which was powerful enough to ruine socrates , is singly sure sufficient to destroy an assertion so weakly founded . so far were they from having comedy in disgrace , that they encourag'd , and maintain'd it at vast expence to the publick , and thought it so proper an instrument of reformation * , that they gave it free liberty of speech , and priviledg'd it to say any thing , and of any body by name ; and this not by connivance , but by law ; there lay no action of scandal either against poet or actors . this probably gave occasion to the excessive liberties of the old comedy , which at length grew so offensive , as to make way for a reformation , and the introduction of the new comedy upon the athenian stage . and here the reason why the areopagites were not allow'd to meddle or engage in comedy , appears pretty plain ; for the liberties , allow'd to the old comedy , naturally engag'd 'em in parties , factions , and personal quarrels , which a judge ought , to the utmost of his power , to keep himself clear of . beside , the ancient dramatick writers were generally actors in their own plays , which by no means befitted the gravity of a judge . these reasons ( since plutarch is silent ) may suffice to shew , that the athenians might have a very great honour for their comick writers and yet forbid their judges to be of the number . the avocation from their proper studies , the laws of the republic , the quarrels , and consequently the partialities they were by the exercise of that sort of poetry liable to be engag'd in , and the indignity to their office , are sufficient to justify such a prohibition , even amongst a people , that had the highest respect for all other persons that excell'd in this kind . nor was their kindness extended only to the drama ; for the bacchanalian games , even after the abdication of tragedy and comedy , tho they held not an equal rank with the other , yet had some share of their favour ; and aeschines , who , according to the testimony of * demosthenes , and † plutarch , was but a third rate actor * , yet was so well consider'd by the state , as to be sent on several embassies , and particularly to conclude a peace with philip of macedon , than which the state cou'd not have given him a more honourable employment . this , i suppose , may almost amount to a demonstration , that the athenians had no such scandalous opinion of the stage , as mr collier wou'd insinuate , making even plutarch himself judge in the case . it wou'd be impertinent after this to insist upon the great employments , with which sophocles , and some other of their poets were honour'd ; since the already mention'd honours and privileges are a sufficient evidence of the publick esteem . his next state opinion is that of the lacedemonians ; and here after a flourish of his own , he appeals to plutarch again . the lacedemonians , who were remarkable for the wisdom of their laws , and sobriety of their manners , and their breeding of brave men : this government wou'd not endure the stage in any form , nor under any regulation . i find , if this author can but make his reading appear , 't is no matter whether his sense does or not . here is a period of five lines and a half , without any principal verb. but the author is got into his rhetorical strain , and 't is no matter for grammar . for when his fury's up , priscian had best stand out of his way ; or take a broken head quietly , or woe be to his bones . but who told him , that the lacedemonians were so remarkable for the wisdom of their laws ? they were indeed notorious for the unreasonable severity and singularity of ' em . but i beg mr collier's pardon , if ill nature and singularity ben't arguments of wisdom , a certain sowre , singular remark●r may have written a book to call his own understanding in question . the gentleman , i suppose , had heard of a famous law-giver call'd lycurgus , who was a lacedemonian , and left his country several wholesome laws , the just commendation of which particular ordinances he was resolv'd to transfer to the whole body , or system of their laws , in which violence , rapine , and theft were not only tolerated , but recommended to practice and imitation ; but all ingenious arts , lay together with the stage , under discouragement . the spartans were a people something of mr collier's kidney , cynicks in their temper , morose , proud , and ill natur'd , that hated mortally , as well the improvements , as the persons of their polite neighbours the athenians , were fond of their primitive rust , and barbarity , had an aversion to elegance , or neatness of any kind ; their principal virtues were a senseless inflexible obstinacy , whether in the right or wrong , and a sullen sufferance under adversity . they were in short incorrigible humorists , a people that would neither lead nor drive , men that were as hard to be perswaded to reform an old abuse , as the irish formerly to leave off drawing by their horses tails , or a spaniard would be to part with his mustachio's , or mr collier to retract an error . this frame and constitution of mind , might perhaps recommend and endear 'em , as it seems to ally 'em to a person of the authors complexion . but why did this scourge of the stage suppress the reason of this aversion of the spartans to the drama ? was it not for his purpose ? well , if he●s resolv'd not to to tell us , plutarch is better natur'd , and will. he says , * that the lacedemonians allow'd neither tragedy nor comedy , that they might not hear any thing contradictory to their laws . here was an authority in appearance as serviceable to his purpose , as the old broad money was to the clippers , but he , like some of those unconscionable artists , that when they had clipt a six-pence , woud clap a nine-penny stamp upon it , cou'd not be contented with the advantage of diminution , but he by covetously endeavouring to raise the value , spoiled the currency of his authority . this government ( says he ) wou'd not endure the stage in any form , nor under any regulation . what warrant has he from plutarch for this assertion ? plutarch tells us , that they did not admit comedy nor tragedy , but he says not a syllable of forms or regulations . the lacedemonians were a rough unpolish'd people , that were afraid , if the study of politeness ( the inseparable companion of the drama ) were introduc'd , their laws , which were as clownish , and unlickt as themselves , shou'd be affronted , and therefore kept tragedy and comedy , like enemies , at a distance . but what does he mean here by the stage ? wou'd he insinuate , that all sorts of shews and games were prohibited ? if so , his position is absolutely false ; for all the rough bear garden play ( if i may call it so ) was not only tolerated , but very much encouraged by the state. their women too had their religious plays , a memorable stoy of which pausanias * tells . and 't is probable , that the plays in use over all the rest of greece , were permitted there too in their primitive rudeness and simplicity , conformable to the humour of the people , and the drift of their policy . in the exclusion of the drama , they aim'd only to preserve that martial spirit , which by the whole course and method of their education and exercises , they endeavour'd to infuse into , and nurse up in their youth , which they were afraid the delicacy and luxury of the drama , as 't was practic'd at athens , might soften , and that the elegancy and pleasure of those diversions wou'd breed a niceness , which wou'd insensibly create a disgust in their youth to the manners and customs of their country , and consequently make 'em think their laws harsh and unpolish'd . it was not therefore the virtue of the spartans , nor their care of morality , that made 'em reject the drama , but an austerity of temper , which render'd 'em ambitious only of military glory . in which , notwithstanding their neighbours and rivals the athenians , with all their delicacy and luxury , were their equals , if not superiours . what infection of manners from the stage , cou'd that state fear , which tolerated theft and adultery ? t is plain , their fear was , lest the natural asperity of their humours , which they industriously cultivated , should be softned , and their minds enervated . for the same reason all sorts of learning lay under neglect and discouragement . whatever were the reasons that induc'd 'em to banish the drama , if virtue was not , 't is nothing to mr collier's purpose . as for their breeding brave men , i believe they may be match'd from the opposite state of athens , both for number and quality . but if the athenians rivall'd 'em in military glory , they infinitely excell'd 'em in all other valuable qualities , and had as much more manners , as they had wit or wealth . so that if mr collier will needs have them for his champions , i must oppose their old antagonists to 'em , and leave them to decide the fate of greece . for i think the opposition as unequal , as that of ovid , mulieber in trojam , pro trojâ stabat apollo . the next step he takes is into italy , and there indeed he endeavours to draw a mighty republick into a league offensive and defensive . and here , by the means of st austin , he draws tully in ; but since tully does not appear in propriâ personâ we shall not spend time and ammunition upon him , but pass on to livy : who , making his personal appearance , is more formidable . we read in livy , that the young people in rome kept the fabulae atellanae to themselves . they wou'd not suffer this diversion to be blemish'd by the stage . for this reason , as the historian observes , the actors of the fabulae atellanae were neither expell'd their tribe , nor refus'd to serve in arms. both which penalties , it appears , the common players lay under . here mr collier has us'd a piece of ingenuity uncommon with him , and put the words , ab histrionibus pollui in the margin to justifie his translation . this is a strain of fair play , that he has not been persuaded to come up to , since his first quotation from theophilus antiochenus . not but that he was satisfy'd of the reasonableness of the conduct , ( as appears by his using it , when 't is for his turn ) but because he had cause to fear the service of it . in this translation is another of his elegancies of speech : were neither expell●d their tribe , nor refused to serve in arms. he means , i suppose , prohibited , or denied the liberty of serving in arms : for refus'd to serve in arms is not english . to understand this passage of livy rightly , we must consider that the romans in the infancy of their state were a severe sort of people , not much unlike in that particular to the lacedemonians , ambitious only of empire , and sollicitous for nothing so much as the glory of their arms : this humour lasted some ages , and grew and encreas'd with their acquisitions ; every augmentation of their state animated 'em to new conquests , and their ambition rising with their hopes , success made 'em fierce and haughty . 't was the universality of this spirit , ( which wou'd be dangerous to any other than a popular government ) that laid the foundation , and was the instrument of their future greatness . to support , and keep up this spirit , all manner of arts here , as at lacedemon , lay under neglect and contempt , except such as contributed to the forming of their youth to hardiness , and military virtue * . so that when there seem'd to be a necessity of instituting expiatory plays , the romans were such absolute strangers to things of that nature , that they were forc'd to fetch artists out of tuscany . it is no wonder if the romans , who * were a people very proud , and conceited of their own performances , treated all those arts , and artists , which were not adapted to their proper genius with contempt , especially after they had receiv'd those improvements , which render'd 'em more artificial , and consequently more difficult . by which means the roman youth , who at first began to imitate the tuscan players , were forc●d to throw up those refin'd diversions to their † slaves , and stick themselves to the old , rude , simple way of mixing indigested verses , and crude extempore raillery . thus the ludi scenici being refin'd , fell wholly into the hands of mercenary players , who were upon this occasion distinguish'd by the name of * histriones , the roman youth retaining to themselves only the fabulae atellanae , which , ●ecause of their rudeness and simplicity , requir'd no great skill or application , as the other did ; which , for that reason , perhaps they were either too saturnine , or too proud to learn of those , whom they esteem'd as vassals , or slaves . that this was the reason of their giving over the acting their other plays , and not any turpitude , or dishonesty in the things themselves , livy himself declares , by saying * , that after the introduction of the fable , they became too artificial for the practice of their youth , and therefore reserving to themselves the atellanae only , they left the rest of the shews to those that made it their sole business . 't is observable , that the historian in this account of plays includes not the drama at all ; for he speaks here only of the fables , which , after the satyrae , were introduc'd by one livius , and were repeated in verse with action and gestures to musick . tragedy and comedy were not known to the romans till some ages after , the progress of their arms had not made them acquainted with the learning of greece , and the wealth and luxury of asia . this mark therefore of infamy , which was set upon the histriones ( from which ( as mr collier observes ) the actors of the fabulae atellanae were exempt , can't properly stick upon the actors of tragedy , and comedy as such , that law having been made long before the drama was brought to rome from greece but it was the misfortune of the drama to make its publick entry into rome , not only long after this voluntary , and unanimous secession , or separation of the youth of rome from the mercenary players , but even after the law had branded these latter with infamy and disgrace , by excluding 'em from their tribes , and denying 'em the liberty of bearing arms. whether , because making a business , and profession of diversion only , the roman state , which encourag'd those exercises only that tended towards hard'ning their youth , for labour and military action , as partly thro inclination , so also out of necessity and state interest , being in its infamy surrounded by neighbours more potent than themselves , and oblig'd to subsist almost altogether upon the purchase of their swords , thought fit , by a publick discouragement , to deter their youth from giving themselves up to an employment , that so little suited the posture , and condition of their affairs at first , and the vastness of their ambition afterwards . or , that after the first separation , occasion'd ( as livy hints ) rather by the incapacity and unfitness of the romans for elegancy , and polite exercise , the practice of the stage , fell wholly into the hands of slaves , and mercenary foreigners , to joyn with whom , the magistrates and people , who were extremely proud , and jealous of the honour , and dignity of their citizens as such , thought it so great an indignity and debasement that they made provision by this law against it . or , lastly , that their mimes & pantomimes were already , before the making of this law , arriv'd at that lewd heighth of impudence , that we have already taken notice of , which obliged the government to take this method to fright their citizens from mixing in the proctice of such impurities . of these reasons the two first seem joyntly to have contributed to the production of this law : and livy , tho he does not formally assign any reason for this severe usage of the players , yet seems implicitely to intimate 'em to us in the notice that he has taken of 'em , tho not as causes , yet as circumstances considerable at that time . the silence of livy concerning any such licentiousness in their shews at that time , is a sufficient argument against the last cause . for that historian , who upon all occasions shews abundance of zeal for the honour of his country , would not have fail'd to have done 'em justice upon this occasion , had this rigour been the product of their morals , and regard to virtue . it is apparent therefore , that this discouragement of the shews , or rather this restraint of the action to servants and strangers , was the result of their policy , not manners , and is therefore an impertinent instance to mr collier's purpose , who i suppose writes for the reformation of men's morals , not politicks . 't is probable , that when tragedy and comedy came upon the roman stage , being destitute of able actors of a higher character , they were necessitated to make use of the actors of the scenic shews , who , tho us'd to representations differing very much both in their manner and end , yet by their practice and pronunciation and gestures , had both voice and motion under great command ; which made the exercise of the tragick or comick stage , tho new and unknown to 'em before , not difficult . by this means the actors of tragedy and comedy , who cou'd not be aim'd at by a law made long before any such were in being , might yet be brought under the censure of it in quality of histriones , or scene players before noted . thus these different characters meeting constantly in the persons of the same men amongst the undistinguishing crowd , the infamy of one might affect the other . but granting the meaning and intention of that law to reach the dramatick actors , and that using a craft , which submits 'em to those compliances , for which the other are censur'd ; they also are offenders against the design of it , and consequently are comprehended within the intent of it , and liable to the penalty . yet even thus this instance , giving it all the scope that may be in the utmostlatitude of construction , is no way serviceable to this reformer's purpose . this would have appear'd very plain , had the law itself , instead of the instance from livy , been produc'd . * † the pretorian edict runs thus whoever appears upon the stage to speak , or act , is declar'd infamous . which labeo expounds thus . the stage is any place fitted up for the use of plays , where any one is to appear , and by his motion make himself a publick spectacle . this law being conceiv'd in general terms against all that speak or act , upon the stage for the diversion of the people , seems indeed naturally to include comedians , and tragedians , who do both speak , and act upon the stage , and make a show of themselves to the people too . yet it does not serve our adversaries cause at all , who must shew , that their profession was branded for the immorality of it , or he talks nothing to the purpose . this exposition of labeo's upon this law , like the preamble to one of our acts of parliament , may let us into the meaning of the letter , and the motives that induc'd 'em to make it . what this learned roman lawyer here observes as matter of offence , is only , that they did , spectaculum sui praebere , make a shew of themselves for hire ; which the pride of the romans might very naturally make 'em think to be a prostitution of the dignity and character of a citizen of rome , which deserv'd to be punish'd with the privation of that which they had dishonour'd . to secure this point , the words , ab histrionibus pollui , which he renders to be blemish'd by the stage , are ( as has already been observ'd ) put into the margin , by which he hopes to cast that blemish upon the morality of the performance , which in strictness regarded only the persons , and dignity of the actors , and that not upon any moral , but a political consideration . by these instances it may appear , what violence of construction is used to rack and torture these antient authors to confess , and depose against their consciences . stretching the text is nothing with him , to serve his purpose it must be dismember'd , that he may have the cementing the fragments as he pleases ; by which means he has shewn 'em in more unnatural figures , than even posture clark knew ; heads and tails are so promiscuously jumbled together , that the most familiar posture you find 'em in , is that of a dog couchant , with their noses in their a — s. but if after all , this censure shou'd reach the mercenary or hireling actors only , and meerly upon that account , i think 't will be pretty evident , that 't was not the exercise of their mystery that made 'em scandalous , but the motives that induc'd 'em to it . to clear this point , let us look a little forward , and to the former law , we shall find the following subjoyn'd . * those that enter the lists for the sake of gain , or appear upon the stage for reward , are infamous , says pegasus , and nerva the son. here 't is plain that 't was not the nature of their profession that drew the censure upon 'em , but the condition of their exercising it , which was for hire , whereby they became mercenaries . this disgrace , affecting only the mercenary actors , reflects no way upon the poets of the drama , and their performances . for had they been scandalous , 't is not to be imagin'd , that so many of the greatest men that ever rome bred , and the tenderest of their honour , wou'd have amus'd themselves about works , in which they must have employ'd abundance of time , learning , and judgment , to forfeit their reputation and dignity . scipio africanus and laelius were publickly suspected to have assisted terence in the composition of his plays ; and the poet , when tax'd with it , is so far from vindicating his great patrons , ( which had it been matter of reproach and diminution of honour to those noble persons , he certainly would have done ) that he does in a manner confess the charge to be true , and with a dexterity , in which he was singularly happy , converts what was intended as an imputation , to a complement upon himself , and values himself more upon the condescension , and friendship of men of their high character and station , than upon the merit of his performance ; which , this objection was rais'd to lessen , by dividing the honour . julius and augustus caesar , are both said to have busied themselves at vacant hours in tragedy ; and even seneca the philosopher . however , mr collier ▪ has lately seduc'd him over to his party , and made a malecontent of him , was once very well contented , and easy at a play , and that too , not a sober tragedy or comedy , * but one of their noonday drolls , a kind of their ludi senici , more wretched and contemptible , than our smithfield farces , and less modest . yet his gravity was it seems refresh'd by it , tho he 's grown so very squeamish , since his acquaintance with mr collier that it would be a h●rd matter to reconcile 〈◊〉 to a grave tragedy , tho of his own wri●ing ( before his rigid new friend , mr collier ) some of which are suppos'd to be yet extant amongst his name sake●s collection of tragedies . brutus , who left behind him ( notwithstanding his fatal engagement in the assassination of caesar , ) as high an idea of his virtue , and as a perfect character of an excellent moral m●n , as even ca●o himself , was as great an admirer and encourager of the drama , as any roman of 'em all . and tully himself , who had as much vanity and pride as any man breathing , thought it no diminution of his dignity and character , to contract an intimate friendship with roscius an actor , and publickly to espouse his interest , and defend his cause , which a man of his vanity and caution would not have done , had the censure of that law upon his profession , any way affected in the publick esteem the reputation of those among 'em , that had any personal merit , as roscius , aesopus , and some others . but tho these , and many others of the most eminent among the romans , were avow'd patrons , and the suppos'd at least , if not the real author of many of their dramatick pieces , yet our remarker finds , that in the time of theodosius all sorts of players did not come up to the reputation of those great men , and make the top figures of their time , and therefore he claws 'em away with another swinging authority . in the theodosian code , players are call'd personae inhonestae , that is , to translate it softly , persons maim'd and blemish'd in their reputations . their pictures might be seen at the playhouse , but were not permitted to hang in any creditable * place of the town . so says mr collier , but the emperors theodosius , arcadius , and honorius , by the authority of whom this law was enacted and continued in force , were somewhat less severe , and something more particular , and this gentleman●s version of that law , however soft he may pretend it to be , is no very fair one . faithfully render'd it runs thus . if , * in the publick porches , or other places of the city where statues use to be dedicated to us , the picture of any mean habited pantomime and charioteer with his ruffled garment , or base droll actor be put up , let it be immediately pull●d down : nor shall it be lawful for the future to represent persons of such despicable characters in places of honour . but in the entrance of the circus , or before the stage of the theatres they may be allow'd . this , when produc'd faithfully , and at length , is a worshipful authority for mr collier●s purpose , and the strowlers all over the kingdom must needs be extreamly mortified , when they reflect upon this article , and find , that they are not yet so proper companions for the king , as to be hail fellow , well met with him at a publick entry , or audience . these emperours , it seems , thought it a sort of indignity to have every scoundrel hackney coachman , antick tumbler , or droll actor set up in effigie by their own statues , which in the times of paganism were the objects of solemn worship , and afterwards of the highest veneration imaginable below it . they thought it a derogation to majesty ( as well they might ) to have objects of ridiculous mirth and scorn plac'd so near 'em , and that the tickling to laughter , which these produc●d in the people , wou'd lessen the awful respect and reverence expected to be paid to the other . but not to carry matters so high ; if any one shou●d take a fancy to set tom dogget's effigies in his sailors dress , familiarly cheek by jole in the same , or the next niche to the king upon the exchange ( tho that ben●t so solemn a place of honour to our kings , as the roman porticus to their emperors ) i suppose it wou●d be resented as an affront , and be by order pull'd down . but if any man should take a fancy to the sign of the king●s head , and his next neighbour to mr be●terton's , i hardly think there would come any order from whitchall to demolish or lamb-black the sign . and tho perhaps the two first may actually be found at murray●s or some other eminent limners in the same room yet i fancy the painter will hardly incur the penalty of crimen laesae majestatis , tho he should happen to have drawn 'em both with the same pencil too . princes , tho very zealous and tender of their honour , ( as they have reason to be ) yet are not half so nice and scrupulous as mr collier . these instances are exactly parallel to , and shew the difference between the drift of the theodosian code , and of his extravagant paraphrase , which having already given the words of , i leave the reader to judge of the intention . his instances from our english statutes and the petition of his godly citizens , i shall take no notice of , both because i find it sufficiently done already to my hands , and because i think em nothing to his purpose , as i think indeed of the greatest part of what i have already examined ; but hitherto they seem'd to carry a face of learning and authority , which might mislead the unlearnd , or surprize the unwary , if they were not warn'd in time of his disingenuity in quotation . his authorities drawn from the several canons of some councils , are liable to the same reprehension with the rest of his citations . but i am willing to compound with my reader for my past prolixity , and to dismiss 'em without any further trouble , or examination ; especially since the formal reasons of em are contain●d in the objections from the fathers , and already answerd there . since therefore the idolatry , lewdness , and cruelty of the roman shews , ( which provok●d the indignation of the fathers , and the censure of those councils ) are banisht our stage , i see no reason , why the batteries , that were rais'd only to demolish them , shou'd be continu'd against it . but mr collier , and the bishop of arras are gotten into confederacy , and are resolv'd , that tho the theatres have long since perform●d their articles on their parts , not to allow 'em the benefit of the capitulation , and surprizing 'em , lull'd into security by a long cessation of arms , to raze 'em utterly to the ground . delenda est carthago , was the word , the ruin of the stage was agreed upon between 'em , but they wanted a fair pretence of quarrel ; and therefore general collier publishes a tedious manifesto , fill'd with specious pretexts , to give a colour to his proceedings , and at the same time makes his invasion . his quarrel to the stage is like that of the wolf to the lamb , when the prey was ready , the varnish of justice was but a formality , that serv'd like a hypocrite's grace , to make his meal the more decent ; when the personal accusation proves too light , the family differences are thrown into the scale , and he runs years backward to make weight . thus he makes a true italian grudge of it , no change of air , or soil can can make it degenerate , but it remains entail'd upon the posterity , aud successors of those , between whom it first began , tho the true reason why it ever began , were long since ceas'd , and perhaps forgotten . but after he has , like a hot mettled car , with a bad nose , over-run the scent , and cry'd it false thro all the ●ields of antiquity , he begins to be afraid of being whipt home , and therefore begins to draw towards it of himself . he 's sensible , that the comparison betwixt the roman and english stages will not hold water , and to answer the leaks , he begins to ply the pump , in order to keep it afloat , but it works as hard , and refunds as little as a usurers conscience . but it may be objected , is the resemblance exact between old rome and london ? will the parallel hold out , and has the english stage any thing so bad as the dancing of the pantomimi ? i don't say that . the modern gestures , tho bold , and lewd too sometimes , are not altogether so scandalous as the roman . here then we can make 'em some little abatement . ay! is that your conscience ? can you make but little abatemant ? i find you 've a stomach like a horse , nothing rises upon it , let it be never so provoking either , for quantity or quality . dancing naked with gestures , expressive of lewdness between both sexes at a time , and publick and open prostitutions in the representations of the rapes and adulteries of their gods , were frequently the diversions of the roman theatres . all these provoke no qualms in him ; he can scarce make any abatement . what wou'd a queasie stomach'd atheist give for his digestion . but where 's the boldness , and lewdness of the modern gestures ; which mr collier makes bold to charge 'em with ? i dare answer for the audience , that cou'd they find any such thing in our dancing , they wou'd be so much more reasonable than he , that they wou'd part with all that part of the entertainment . but perhaps he suspects some intentional lewdness , which is not expressed any way , and thinks that monsieur l'abbe is fallen into sir fopling flutter's stratagem , and is sparing of his vigour in private , only to be lavish of it in publick , and thinks no one woman worth the loss of a cut in a caper , which is designed to make his court to the whole sex. this indeed is a dangerous design , and the discovery is worth mr collier's time and pains , t is a plot upon the virtue of the whole sex ; therefore if he has any such thing in the wind , e●en let him follow his nose , and cry it away as loud as he pleases . well , but he begins to relent again already , these wamblings are a certain sign of breeding , he 's in a longing condition , that 's plain . come t'other strain sir , and up with 't . so now it 's out . and to go as far in their excuse as we can , 't is probable their musick may not be altogether so exceptionable as that of the antients . really sir this is very kind , and condescending . but do you truly , and from your heart think , that our theatre musick is not altogether so pernicious , as the musick of the antients ? now were i as cross , and captious as a stage reformer , and as full of mr. collier's own devil of opposition , as himself , i cou'd raise his , and divert the spleen of other people . but foolery apart , i desire to know wherein consists this imaginary force of musick , that charms , and transports , rufflles , and becalms , and governs , with such an arbitrary authority , that can make drunken fellows , as soler , and shame-faced , as one wou●d wish . if he can tell me this , erit mihi magnus apoll , or , what 's but one remove from him , first knight of his own order of the welch harp. our fiddlers find to their cost sometimes the want of this coercive power , but perhaps they can't play a dorion , and for that piece of ignorance deserve the fate they sometimes meet with , when they unluckily fall into the company of these drunken fellows , and get their heads broke with their own fiddles , in return for their musick . yet to do the gentleman all the justice , ay and the favour too , that we can , in return for his late civility , i must own , that i have seen at a country wake , or so , one of these harm onious knights of the scrubbado , or a melodious rubber of hair and catgut , lug a whole parish of as arrant logs , as those that danced after orpheus , by the ears after him , to the next empty barn , frisking , and curvetting at such a frolicksom rate , that they could scarce keep their legs together ; nay , such was the power of the melody , that even the solitary deserted gingerbread stalls wagged after ; and all this without the help of one illegal string , and but four very untunable ones . what cou'd timotheus , or even orpheus himself do more . however i wou'd not have the gentleman swell too much in the pride of his victory , i wou'd not have him insult too soon . for , tho possibly these knights of the harp and catgut might know , how to arm a sound , and put force and conquests in it , yet had there not been a favourable conjuncture of circumstances , the harmony , as charming as it was , had not succeeced so miraculously , nor produc'd such extatick raptures . for example , had this descendant from orpheus surpriz'd 'em at a time , when the holyday clothes were laid up in lavender , when the hay , or harvest was abroad , or the snow upon the ground , and the cattle wanted foddering , when the calf was to be suckled , and the cheese to be set , he might have thrummed his harp out , and cou'd no more have stirred those very clods , that leapt as mechanically before at the first twang , as if they had been meer machines ( instruments strung , and tuned to an unisone ) then he cou'd have raised the turf , they trod upon , by vertue of ela , and f-ffaut . the critical juncture mist , roger had not jogged a foot out of his way , nor madge out of her dairy , they had been as regardless of his harmony , as a london milk maid , after the first week in may ; 〈◊〉 ●ntient britto●● 〈◊〉 as easily have been charmed from his scrubbing post . there are indeed certain opportunities to be found by those that skilfully watch 'em , wherein mens souls are to be taken by surprize , wherein they give themselves up wholly to the direction of their senses , when reason tired with perpetual mounting the guard , quits her post , and leaves 'em to be drawn away by every delightful object , every pleasing amusement . at these times sound , colour , taste , and smell have all an unusual influence ; a face , a voice , or any thing else , that gives us pleasure for the time , commands us , and we are hurried , like men in dreams , we know not how , nor whither . yet this is easily accounted for , without recourse to natural magick , or any suitable power in those agents , that work upon us . our souls are at these times , like vessels adrift , at the mercy of waves and winds , from what corner soever they blow ; our senses are the compass they sail by , from whence those blasts of passion come , that drive us so uncertainly about , but 't is without any peculiar inherent force of direction more in one point than another . thus far musick , as well as other things that gives us delight , and flatter the senses , may influence us . it may when we are under a lazy disposition of mind , produce a degree of satisfaction something above indolence , but the motions of it are languid and indeterminate , that incline us only to an unactive easiness of mind , a barren pleasure , that dies without issue , with the sounds that begat it ; so little danger is there that it shou'd be in the power of a few mercenary hands , to play the people out of their sences , to run away with their understanding , and wind their passions about their fingers , as they list . i suppose few will take it upon this gentlemans word , that musick is almost as dangerous , as gunpowder ; and requires no less looking after , than the press or the mint . this gentleman sure has a noise of musick in his head , that has put the stumm in his brain into a ferment , and caused it to work over into all this windy fancy and froth . he has been a tale-gathering among the antients , and wou●d put his romantick rhapsody upon us for authentick . but what is yet more unreasonable is , that without offering one argument to prove either the reasonableness of his opinion , or the reality of his instances , he dogmatically asserts things monstrously , exceeding the stretch of the most capacious faith , and yet expects that , which alone is sufficient to destroy the credit of things infinitely more probable , the vast distance of time shou'd warrant the truth of them . as if he believed all mankind to be proselyted to the paradox of a certain father certum est quia impossibile . but if the power of the antient music was so great , as he would perswade us , certainly timotheus was a fool for suffering his harp to be seized for having one string above publick allowance . for if altering the notes , were the way to have the laws repealed , and to unsettle the constitution , he might with a twang , instead of taking a string from his harp , have put one about the magistrates neck , and for a song have set himself at the head of commonwealth . but this author , who is all along a platonist in his philosophy , is in this point an arrant bigot . the whole scheme and strain of the platonick philosophy , is very romantick and whimsical , and like our author's works , savours in every particular more strongly of fancy than judgment , yet in nothing more , than in the imaginary power of harmony , to which he ascrib●d the regulation , and government of the universe , and other powers more fantastical and extravagant , than that of the pythagorean numbers . now were i in as cross a mood , and as much at leisure to be impertinent as this admirer of the antient musick , who has ventur'd to affirm it as certain , that our improvements of this kind , are little better than ale-house crowds , with respect to theirs . i cou'd with a cërtainty of evidence , next to demonstration , maintain just the reverse of his assertion , and prove that the musick of the antients fell infinitely short of the modern in point of perfection , as well in theory as practice , and that , waving the fabulous accounts , ( which none but an enthusiastick bigot can seriously insist upon ) all our memoirs from antiquity will scarce make the harps of orpheus and arion , &c. to triumph over a jew's harp , or rival a scotch bagpipe . but after all , it seems that he has been raving all this while in pedantick bombast , at he knows not what . he confesses that he is not acquainted with the play-house musick , and that he is no competent judge . i don't say this part of the entertainment is directly vitious , because i am not willing to censure at vncertainties . how long , i wonder , has he been thus modest ? had he been thus tender all along , he had suppress'd his whole book , and the truth had suffer'd nothing by the loss of it . but in earnest , is he deaf ? or does he wax up his ears when he goes to a play , as ( he says ) vlysses did , when he sail'd by the syrens ? no , neither ; but , if we may believe him , he never comes there . those that frequent the play-house are the most competent judges . why that 's honestly said , they are so ; keep but to this , and there 's some hope of an accommodation . but alas ! tho his zeal is a little aguish now , the hot ●it comes on apace , and then right or wrong , he must say , that the performances of this kind are much too fine for the place . tho he has never heard of one , nor seen t'other , yet he cries hang scruples , the musick must be bawdy , atheistical musick , and the dancing bold and lewd too sometimes . now whether he means that the fiddler himself is an infidel of a fiddler , or that he has an unbelieving crowd , he is desir'd to explain ; for they are both left to be catechiz'd by him . but as for the sounds produc'd betwixt them , care has been already taken to clear 'em , not only from guilt , but from all manner of meaning whatsoever . as for the dancing , which he calls bold , it may in one sense be allow'd him ; for it must be granted , that he that ventures his neck to dance upon the top of a ladder , is a very bold fellow . if this concession be of any use to him , 't is at his service , whether the fraternity of rope-dancers take it well at my hands or not . but for the lewdness , i must remind him of his appeal to those who frequent the play-houses , ( whom he allows to be ) the most competent judges . but as their judgment in these matters appears to be indisputable , so the modesty of the better part of 'em at least , ( i mean the ladies ) who are the particular favourers of this part of the entertainment , is unquestionable . their countenance therefore in so plain a matter , which being a question of fact , admits of no other decision , ought to be lookt upon as a definitive judgment against him , and a sufficient vindication of our stage-dancing . i should here dismiss this point without further debate , if i did not find him closing it on his side with a notorious false assertion concerning the comparative morality of the vocal musick of the ancient and modern stages , which , not designing to resume this branch of the controversie any more , i am bound here to take notice of , and rectifie . if the english stage is more reserv'd than the roman in the case above-mentioned . if they have any advantage in their instrumental musick , they lose it in their vocal . their songs are often rampantly lewd , and irreligious to a flaming excess . here you have the spirit , and essence of vice drawn off strong scented , and thrown into a little compass . now the antients , as we have seen already , were inoffensive in this respect . here again i am at a loss to know whether this is a fault of ignorance or design . but be it whether he pleases , the falseness of his assertion is unpardonably scandalous ; for whether he has ventur'd to affirm beyond , or contrary to his knowledge , 't is manifest he did it with an intention to impose upon his readers , by asserting that which he could not know to be true , if he did not certainly know it to be false . the vocal musick of the antient stage was of two sorts , one whereof was interspers'd among their dramatick writings , and consisted of hymns , and praises of their gods , which were sung and danced by the chorus to certain grave aires and measures . here indeed the poets must have been more impertinently and perversely lewd , than mr collier ●s own corrupt imagination can positively make the moderns to be , if they cou'd have found room for any thing very indecent ; tho an ill natur'd critick , with much less gall or straining , than mr collier has made use of , might shew , that they were not so absolutely inoffensive , as he affirms . the chorus represented the spectators , and their business was to make occasional reflections upon the several incidents and turn of the fable , which was the artificial instrument , the antient poets us'd to convey the moral into the audience , and teach 'em what to think upon such occasions , and how to behave themselves in reference to their gods and religion , and were therefore suppos'd to speak the sense of the poet , or what at least he desir'd should be taken for such . now i dare answer for the meanest of those poets , upon whom this author has made his reflections , that taking our estimate of their understandings by his own diminutive survey of 'em , there is not amongst 'em one so arrant a blockhead , as under the circumstances of the antients to have taken more liberty , than they did . but if their chorus was modest and harmless enough ; the other part of their stage vocal musick will make ample amends , and make the lewdness of our poets appear , as demure as a quaker at a silent meeting . the antients had lustier appetites , and stronger digestions , than the moderns , and their poets cookt thei● messes accordingly , they did not stand to make minc'd meat , or artificially to steal in their ribaldry , and disguise it in nice ragou's after the modern way ; they were for whole services , substantial treats of bawdy . nor do i find , that it recoil'd upon the stomachs of the generality of their guests for many ages together . the reader i suppose will immediately guess that i mean the ludi scenici , which made the amours of their gods , and heroes their subject , in which the lewdest actions were represented in the lewdest manner , and sung in the most fulsome luscious verse . upon our stage no such practices are allow●d , if a light wanton thought happens to creep into a song , 't is not suffer'd to shew its face bare , but is presently maskt , and cloathed decently in metaphor , that many wou'd not suspect the modesty of it , and even the most squeamish can't take offence without offering violence ; for it comes into your company like a bashful young sinner , she 's civil company amongst sober people . the antients , 't is plain , were not by abundance so scrupulous ; if they had , those lewd drolls had never been compos'd , much less represented . but they were for all naked , without the vail of figure or dress , they requir●d nudities in speech , as well as action , the audience went away with satisfaction , and the poet with applause . by this we may see , that our stage upon the comparison is not so rampantly lewd , as mr. collier represents it , nor the ancient so inoffensive . to dilate upon this head , would be both improper and impertinent ; but these few hints , which , all that are acquainted with the practice of the roman stage , know to be true , whether mr collier does or not , may suffice to shew what an unfair adversary the stage has met with ; and to prove that he is not an upright , or not a competent judge of these matters , in which he unauthoriz'd undertakes to determine , and arrogantly obtrudes his false judgment upon us . another of his objections to the stage in general , is their dilating so much upon the argument of love. upon this article he is very lavish of his rhetorick , and lays about him in tropes and figures , he is got into his old road of declamation , and posts whip and spur thro his common place upon the subject . his fancy , like a runaway-horse , has got the bit between her teeth , and ramps over hedge and ditch , to the great danger of his judgment ; no bars or fences of sense or reason can stop her cariere , till jaded and out of wind she flags of her self . here then , let us come up with him . i don't say the stage fells all before 'em , and disables the whole audience : 't is a hard battle , where none escape . however , their triumphs and their trophies are unspeakable . neither need we much wonder at the matter . they are dangerously prepar'd for conquest and empire . there 's nature , and passion , and life in all the circumstances of their action . their declamation , their mein , their gestures , and their equipage , are very moving and significant . now when the subject is agreeable , a lively representation , and a passionate way of expression , make wild work , and have a strange force upon the blood and temper . what means all this unseasonable cry fire , fire , where there is not so much as a spark ? if the audience were meer tinder , they were out of danger . sure the author had wildfire in his brains , that the thoughts of the players could put him into such an uproar . 't is granted the actresses may appear to advantage upon the stage , and yet their triumphs and trophies not be so unutterable neither . for as dangerously as they are prepar'd for conquest and empire , the highest of their acquests , that i could ever hear of , was a good keeping , which has fallen to the share of but a few of 'em ; when multitudes of their sex have arriv'd at greater matters without any such formidable preparations . however , here 's mein , and equipage , and the author seems afraid , lest the raw squires of the pit should take em for quality in earnest , and be dazled with the lustre of the inestimable treasure of glass , and tinsel , and so catch the real itch of love from their counterfeit scrubbado . and truly there 's as much reason to fear , they shou'd be pursu'd for their fortunes , as their love off the stage . to answer this rant of whimsie and extravagance seriously , were as ridiculous an undertaking as hudibras's dispute with the managers of his west country ovation , and by the sample we have of our antagonist , the issue wou●d probably be as cleanly . but if any one thinks an answer to this charge necessary , he may see as much as it will bear , and more than it deserves , in a late piece entitled , a review of mr. collier ' s view , &c. he has yet another charge upon the stage left , and that is their encouraging of revenge . what is more common than duels and quarrelling , in their characters of figure ? those practices , which are infamous in reason , capital in ●aw , and damnable in religion , are the credit of the stage . thus rage and resentment , blood and barbarity are almost deified ; pride goes for greatness , and fiends and heroes are made of the same metal . and thus the notion of honour is mis-stated , the maxims of christianity despised , and the peace of the world disturb'd one would think he had found out another passage in valerius maximus , and that the civilis sangu●s was abroach again . but rome contented him then , now nothing less than the peace of the whole world must be disturb'd about a bawble . sure he thinks all the world of the country-wife's opinion , that the player men are the finest folks in it . but so far is revenge from being encourag'd , or countenanc'd by the stage , that to desire and prosecute it , is almost always the mark of a tyrant , or a villain , in tragedy , and poetick justice is done upon 'em for it ; it is generally turn'd upon their own heads , becomes the snare in which they are taken , and the immediate instrument of their miserable catastrophe . thus in the mourning bride , don manuel , to glut his lust of revenge , puts himself into the place and habit of his unhappy prisoner , in order to surprize , betray , and insult his own pious , afflicted daughter , over the suppos'd body of her murther'd husband . in this posture poetick justice overtakes him , and he is himself surpriz'd , mistaken for him whom he represented , and stabb'd by a creature of his own , the villanous minister of his tyranny , and his chief favourite . nothing is more common than this sort of justice in tragedy , than which nothing can be more diametrically opposite , or a greater discouragement to such barbarous practices . comedy indeed does not afford us many instances of this kind ; rage and barbarity are crimes not cognizable by her ; they are of too deep a dye , and the indictment against 'em must be preferr'd at another bar. if she admits of any thoughts of revenge , they must be such as spring from the lowest class of resentments ; that flow rather from a weakness of judgment , or a perverseness of temper in the parties that conceive 'em , than from the justice of the cause , or the greatness of the provocation . accordingly they ought to have no great malignity in 'em , they ought to spend themselves in little machinations , that aim no farther than the crossing of an intrigue , the breaking of a match , &c. and never to break out into open violence , or ravage in mischief . the passions have little to do in comedy , every one there according to his capacity acts by design , or carelessly gives himself up to his humour , and indulges his pleasure and inclinations . this equality of temper of mind , with the diversity of humours , is what makes the business of comedy . for while this general calm lasts , all busily pursue their several inclinations ; and by various ways practise upon one another . and the man of pleasure follows his design upon the rich knave 's wife , or daughter , while the other is working into his estate . the cully is the sharper's exchequer , and the fop the parasite's , or jilt's , &c. which , were the passions too much agitated , and the storm rais'd high , wou'd become impracticable ; the commerce wou'd be broken off , and the plot wholly frustrated . besides that both the thoughts and actions of men , very much disorder'd by passion , or fill'd with too deep resentments , are naturally violent and outrageous , and absolutely repugnant to the genius , and destructive of the end of comedy . i grant that some passions , such as love , jealousie , anger , are frequently , and sometimes justly employ'd in comedy ; but then they are to be kept under , and must not be suffer'd to get the ascendant , and domineer over reason ; if they do , they are no longer comick passions . love must not carry 'em beyond gallantry , and gaiety of spirit in the pride of success , nor further than a light disquiet , such as may excite their industry , and whet their invention under disappointments . jealousie must not hurry 'em beyond their cunning , or make their impatience betray their plot. nor must their anger break out into flames , and push 'em upon rash unadvis'd actions . such revenges therefore , as are the result of passions so moderated , and circumstantiated , are allowable in comedy ; which can never produce any such terrible effects , as to deserve all these furious claps of thunder , which mr collier has discharg'd upon ' em . horace indeed tells us , that comedy will raise its voice sometimes , and scold , and swagger violently . interdum tamen & vocem comoedia tollit , iratusque chremes tumido delitigat ore . but this very instance shews , that the passion of comedy shou'd proceed no farther than scolding , or menaces . nor do these fit every one's mouth , a father , a husband , or a master , when they conceive their authorities to be outrag'd , may be allow'd to vent their indignation , to unload their stomachs , and in the discharge of their choler to break out into expressions of threatning , or reproach . but this is not to be allow'd upon slight provocations , or to every person in comedy , who by their place and character can pretend to no such power , or authority . these rants of passion are not to be indulg'd amongst equals in comedy , much less to inferiours ; because such provocations naturally produce effects too great , and too like tragedy . chremes , in the heautontimorumenos of terence , who is produc'd by horace as an example of the heighth of comick passion , was a husband , a father , and a master , injur'd ( at least in his own opinion ) and abus'd in all these capacities by his wife , his son , and his slave ; his authority slighted , and what was worse , his understanding , ( of which he was not a little conceited ) affronted , and he practic'd upon , and made a cully of by his son , and his slave , even in the exaltation of his wit , and cunning , by his own plot and management . these were provocations as high as comedy could well admit , and consequently the rage , which they must naturally produce in a man of his temper , and opinion of his own prudence , must be in proportion . yet , what follows ? chremes does not lose his reason in his anger , * his son ( he tells you ) shall be reduc'd by words to reason : but as for syrus , that rogue , that had made him his sport and his laughing-stock , he would take such care of him , and put him in such a trim , he should not dare to put his tricks upon a widow hereafter , as he had done upon him . what is there in all this , that mr collier with all his scruples about him can quarrel with ? 't is true , a scene or two after he falls upon his son , in very opprobrious terms , and calls him drunkard , blockhead , spendthrift , rake-hell , &c. but his fury spends itself in a few words , and he comes immediately to composition with his son , and is easily wrought to forgive even syrus too , so that all his fury is spent , not to revenge the affront receiv'd , but to reclaim his son. but mr collier's resentments are of another nature ; rage , bloud and barbarity are the ingredients of 'em , and consequently they 're no composition for the ingredients of comedy ; and tragedy , as we have already shewn , is no encourager of 'em , but just the contrary . i can't see how he can make 'em to be of the proper growth of the stage . for tragedy , by giving 'em so odious a dress and air , and so calamitous a catastrophe , as it always does , takes the most effectual course absolutely to eradicate 'em , and to purge the minds of the audience of those turbulent guests . upon this prospect it was , that aristotle pronounc'd so largely in favour of tragedy , that it made terror and compassion the instruments , by which it purified and refined those very passions in us , and all of the like nature . but , if tragedy be no encourager of such disorders , much less can comedy , which meddles not at all with 'em , be with any colour of justice accus'd . comedy has nothing to do with either fiends , or heroes , whatever stuff , or metal they may be made of . 't is indeed a fault to bring duels and rencounters upon the comick stage , from which some of our poets can't excuse themselves . but 't is a fault rather against the rules of poetry , and true dramatick writing , than those of morality . for , in poetry as well as painting , we are oblig'd to draw after the life , and consequently to copy as well the blemishes as the beauties of the original ; otherwise the finest colours we can bestow , are no better than gay dawbing . the fault therefore of the poet lies not in shewing the imperfections of any of his persons , but in shewing them improperly , and in the wrong place , which is an error of his judgment , not his morals , and wou'd be as great if he shou'd untowardly produce in comedy the highest examples of heroick virtue and fortitude . an instance of this kind we have in the comical revenge , or love in a tub , of sir george etherege , in which the duel , and the action of bruce after it are of a strain above comedy . those niceties of honour , and extravagancies of jealousie and despair are unnatural on the comick stage ; and the rescue from the ruffians , for which bruce in the same scene is oblig'd to his rival , however brave and generous an action it may appear , consider'd simply in it self , is a trespass against justice and propriety of manners in that place . indeed that whole walk of the play , and the set of characters peculiarly belonging to it , are more nearly related to the buskin , than the sock , and render the play one of those which we improperly call tragicomedies . the other walk , as 't is one of the most diverting , so 't is one of the most natural , and best contriv'd that ever came upon the stage . this may suffice to shew that a comick poet can't trespass against the laws of morality in this nature , without offending against the laws of his own art ; and consequently that such a fault ought rather to be lookt upon as an error of his judgment than of his will , which may deserve the correction of a critick , but not of a moralist . but supposing that a writer of comedy shou'd ( as many of 'em have done ) either thro want of skill or caution in the conduct and management of his plot , so embroil his gentleman as to reduce him to the hard choice either of accepting or refusing a challenge , the question is , whether the poet ought to allow him to accept , or answer it , like ( what the world calls ) a man of honour , or to introduce him and his friend playing the casuists like philotimus and philalethes , and argue him out of his resentments . in this case the poets business is to draw his picture , not to inform his conscience ; which wou'd be as ridiculous in him , as for sir godfrey kneller to set up for taking confessions , and enquire into the principles of any man , in order 〈◊〉 true draught of his face . the poet , as well as the painter is to follow , not to pretend to lead nature : and if custom and common practice have already determin'd the point , whether , according to equity , or not , the poet exceeds his commission , if he presumes to run counter to ' em . so that if a comick poet be so far overseen , as to bring his gentlemen into the field , or but so far towards it as a challenge , there is no taking up the matter without action , or ( which is all one to mr collier's objection ) shewing a readiness , and disposition for it on both sides . and the poet stands in need of all his skill , and address to save their honour , and reconcile 'em without engagement . since therefore both by the nature of his subject , and the rules of his art , a dramatick poet is limited , and oblig'd , he can't reasonably be charg'd with any thing , as a trespass against morality , in which he does not offend likewise against them . for dramatick poetry , like a glass , ought neither to flatter , nor to abuse in the image which it reflects , but to give them their true colour and proportion , and is only valuable for being exact . if therefore any man dislikes the figures , which he sees in it , he finds fault with nature , not the poet , if those pictures be drawn according to the life ; and he might as justly snarl at the wise providence which governs the world , because he meets more ugly faces than handsome ones , more knaves and fools than honest and wise men in it , and those too , generally more prosperous and fortunate . but because some of those gentlemen , that have taken pains to proclaim war against the present stage , and have publish'd their censures of it , seem to have no true idea of the business of a dramatick poet , and have arraign'd some of the present writers for the stage , either through malice or misunderstanding , of high crimes and misdemeanours , in many particulars for doing those things which the duty of a poet oblig'd 'em to ; it may not be amiss , for the information of mr collier more especially , and those whom his furious misgrounded invectives may have mis-led , to enquire into the nature and laws of stage poetry , and the practice of it , both among the antients and moderns , as far as concerns morality , and the depending controversie only , and no farther . and here we may joyn issue with mr collier , and allow , that the business of plays is to recommend virtue , and discountenance vice ; to shew the vncertainty of humane greatness , the sudden turns of fate , and the unhappy conclusions of violence and injustice . 't is to expose the singularities of pride and fancy , to make folly and falshood contemptible , and to bring every thing that is ill under infamy and neglect . thus we set out together , and are agreed upon the end of our journey , but we differ about the road to it . here therefore we part , and whether we shall meet again is the question . mr collier , by the tenour of his discourse thro the whole book , seems to think , that there is no other way of encouraging virtue , and suppressing vice , open to the poets , but declaiming for or against 'em , and wou'd therefore have plays to be nothing but meer moral dialogues , wherein five or six persons shou'd meet , and with abundance of zeal and rhetorick preach up virtue , and decry vice. hereupon he falls upon the poets with all the rage and fury imaginable , for introducing in their plays vicious characters , such as in tragedy , tyrants , treacherous statesmen , crafty priests , rebellious subjects , &c. in comedy , libertines , whores , sharpers , cullies , fops , pimps , parasites , and the like . now , whether this conduct of the poets , or his censure of it be more justifiable , is the subject of our enquiry . to facilitate which , it will be proper to establish some certain standard , by which we may measure the morality or immorality of a dramatick poem , and try thereby some of the most celebrated pieces , as well of the antients as moderns ; that their beauties and deformities of this kind , either absolute or respective , may appear either severally , or upon collation , and the poet be accordingly justified or condemn'd . the parts therefore of a play , in which the morals of the play appear , are the fable , the characters , and the discourse . of these the fable ( in tragedy especially ) is the most considerable , being ( according to aristotle ) the primum mobile by which all the other parts are acted and govern'd , and the principal instrument by which the passions are weeded and purg'd , by laying before the eyes of the spectators examples of the miserable catastrophe of tyranny , usurpation , pride , cruelty , and ambition , &c. and to crown suffering virtue with success and reward , or to punish the unjust oppressors of it with ruine and destruction . in comedy , as it acts in a lower sphere , so the persons are less considerable . knaves , misers , sots , coquets , fops , jilts and cullies , all which comedy corrects by rendring 'em unsuccessful , and submitting them in her fable , to the practices and stratagems of others , after such a manner , as to expose both knavery , vanity , and affectation , in the conclusion , or winding up , to the scorn and derision of the spectators . and thus by making folly and knavery ridiculous to the view , comedy gains her end , stops the contagion , and prevents the imitation more effectually than even philosophy herself , who deals only in precept can do , as horace , and before him aristotle have observ'd , by presenting that lively to the sight , which the other can only inculcate in words . segnius irritant animos demissa per aures , quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus . thus while in the large forest of humane affections , tragedy labours to fell those sturdy overgrown plants the passions , comedy employs itself in grubbing up the underwood of vice , folly and affectation ; and if its operations are of less importance than those of the former , they make ample amends by their more extended , and almost universal influence . but this it seems is not the design of the modern stage poets ; virtue and regularity are their great enemies ; and to promote lewdness and atheism , and to destroy principles is their business , if we may believe mr collier , who has taken abundance of malicious pains to incense the world against 'em ; and like an experienc'd incendiary , not only gives the fire , and blows the coals , but furnishes fuel of his own too , to encrease the flame . to inflame the reckoning of the modern poets , especially the english , by the comparison , he enlarges very much upon the great modesty and regard which the antients had to vertue , and decorum , falsly insinuating thereby as great neglect and violation of 'em among the moderns . what he has said in commendation of the antients , simply and abstractedly taken , without any application of comparison , or relation to those that have exercis'd themselves the same way in this age , and in our country , may be allow'd as their due ; and mr collier's deference to the just merits of those great genius's of antiquity wou'd turn to his own praise , if it were paid only as a debt to justice . but proceeding from a disingenuous design , invidiously to depreciate the worth , and blacken the reputation of others , the justice is sunk in the malice of it , and the venom couch'd under it gives an ill complexion to the fairest part of his productions . that this was the motive that induc'd mr collier to speak honourably of the stage poets , is apparent from his perpetual grumbling , and snarling at 'em , ●ven in the midst of his most favourable account of ' em . for tho upon many occasions he declares very largely in their favour , yet 't is only to balance and sway the competition betwixt them and the moderns on their side , and by raising the value of their characters , to depress the others in the esteem of the world. this partiality will plainly appear upon the examination of some of those pieces of antiquity , which mr collier so justly commends , with some of those of later production , which he so unjustly decries . mr collier is not content to charge the english poets with faults of negligence , or even of licentious wantonness ; but he treats 'em with the utmost despight , and brands 'em with the infamy of a profess'd hatred to virtue , a studied lewdness , and of subverting the end and use of their art. if this were really their aim , unquestionably the fable , which is the principal part , and of greatest influence and operation , is contriv'd and modell'd so as to be serviceable to their grand design . that this may more certainly appear , we shall take the pains to analize some of those plays , at which mr collier takes greatest offence , together with some of the most celebrated of antiquity . the oedipus tyrannus of sophocles has by the universal consent of the learned of all ages , the greatest reputation of the dramatick performances of antiquity , i shall therefore begin with that , and shew that the fable of that deservedly admir'd piece is by no means so noble , instructive , and serviceable to virtue , by its main or general moral , as many of those plays , against which and their authors mr collier inveighs with so much bitterness . the fable of the oedipus is this ; laius , the father of oedipus , and king of thebes , was inform'd by an oracle , that it was his fate to be slain by his own son , who should be born of his wife jocasta . to elude the threats of the oracle , laius , as soon as the child was born , delivers him to one of his servants to be murder'd . this man , mov'd to compassion by the innocence of the babe , instead of taking away his life , perforating both his feet , and passing a bend thro 'em , hang'd him up by the heels , and left him to the disposal of providence . in this posture he was found by a domestick of polybus king of corinth , who , taking him down , carried him to his master , who being childless , receiv'd , educated , and own'd him as his own . oedipus being at length grown up , and being in a contest of words with a corinthian , he reproach'd with his unknown birth , and being a foundling , of which till that moment he had by the express order of polybus , been kept in ignorance , resolves to consult the oracle at delphi about his parentage , and is order'd by the oracle to seek no further , for that it was his destiny to kill his father , and beget children upon his mother . upon this answer , he resolves for ever to abandon corinth , his suppos'd country , and in order thereto , takes his way towards thebes , and on the road meets laius , and a quarrel arising between 'em , he kills him , and all his followers , one excepted , to whom upon his supplication he gives quarter . arriving at thebes , he finds that city in great confusion , both for the loss of their king , whom he knew not to be the person slain by him upon the road , and for the prodigious ravage and waste committed by the monster sphinx , who distress'd 'em so , that they durst scarce stir out of their walls . to rid themselves of the terrour of this monster , the thebans offer their queen and crown to any man that could resolve the riddle propounded by the sphinx , upon the resolution of which only they were to be quit of her . this oedipus , notwithstanding the miscarriage of divers before him , who failing in their attempt were destroy'd by her , undertakes , and succeeding in it , the monster breaks her own neck , and he in reward , receives the crown , and queen to wife . for some time oedipus governs with great prudence , and has several children by jocasta . at length a furious plague arising , and making great havock in the city , oedipus deputes creon to the oracle , to consult about the causes of , and means to be deliver'd from the pestilence . thus far the history of oedipus proceeds before the action of the play commences ; and tho the whole action of the play naturally arises from this antecedent part , yet sophocles had very artificially reserv'd it to be deliver'd by way of narration at the unravelling of the plot , which is the most natural and beautiful of all antiquity . but what is only considerable to our purpose is , that hitherto oedipus bears the character of a just and a wise man ; and if he be involv'd in any thing that bears an appearance of guilt , invincible ignorance ( which the schoolmen hold to be a good plea ) is his excuse . but if he is hitherto innocent of any intentional guilt , he is thro the whole course of the action exemplarily pious . at his first appearance upon the stage , he shews an extraordinary concern for the calamities of his country , and an anxious solicitude for a remedy . jupiter's priest addresses to him , as if he were their tutelar deity , and tells him , that 't was this miserable experiment of his being unable to relieve 'em , that had convinc'd him , and those with him , that he was not equal to the gods , and had made 'em have recourse to their altars . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this was a bold complement from a priest , and the priest of jupiter too , the soveraign of the gods. but not to insist too much upon this passage , creon enters , and breaks off the parley betwixt 'em ; he brings word from the oracle , that the murtherer of laius must be expell'd the territories of thebes . who was this murtherer was yet a secret , the oracle not making that discovery . oedipus hereupon summons a meeting of the people , and makes proclamation , that if any one privy to the fact wou'd come in , and make a discovery , he shou'd , if concern'd therein , be indemnified in his person , and be oblig'd only to leave thebes . but that if he cou'd inform of any other person therein concern'd , he shou'd be liberally rewarded , and purchase his favour by such discovery . and if any one , conscious of this matter , did out of fear for himself or his friend , obstinately refuse to break silence , he requir'd all his subjects not to give him harbour or sustenance , or to hold any manner of commerce or correspondence with him . after this he proceeds to imprecate the actor or actors of this regicide , and extends the curse to his own house , if with his privity he was protected there . but this method failing to produce the desir'd effect , he consults tiresias the prophet , by whom oedipus himself is accus'd of killing his father , and committing incest with his mother ; which accusation being afterwards confirm'd by the concurring report of the old servant of laius , by whom he was expos'd in his infancy , and of the domestick of polybus , despairing in the horrour of these involuntary crimes , he tears out his own eyes ; and jocasta , who equally ignorant was involv'd in the guilt of incest , hangs herself . this plot , however noble and beautiful to admiration , for the structure and contrivance of it , is yet very deficient in the moral , which has nothing great or serviceable to virtue in it . it may indeed serve to put us in mind of the lubricity of fortune , and the instability of human greatness . and this use sophocles himself makes of it ; for the chorus closes the tragedy with this remark , by way of advice of the audience , that they should not rashly measure any man's felicity by his present fortune , but wait his extremest moments , to make a true estimate of his happiness . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . mr dryden , who has borrow'd this story from sophocles , has summ'd up his moral in the two concluding lines of his play , in which not only the application seems to be the same , but the lines themselves are a contracted paraphrase of sophocles own conclusion . let none , tho ne're so virtuous , great , and high , be judg'd entirely blest before they dye . this moral , as it carries nothing in it but a lazy , unactive speculation , can be no great incentive to virtue ; so on the other hand , as it lays before us the miseries and calamitous exit of a person of so heroick virtue , it seems to carry matter of discouragement along with it ; since the most consummate virtue meets with so disproportionate a return . but with reverence to the ashes of sophocles , and submission to the better judgment of mr dryden , this does not seem to be the true and genuine moral of this fable . for according to this moral , the misfortune of oedipus ought to have been the result of a kind of negligent oscitation in the gods , and a loose administration of providence . whereas on the contrary it appears , that all the actions of oedipus , as well those that were pious , wise , and brave , as those that were criminal , or rather unfortunate , were the necessary and unavoidable consequences of a fixt decree of fate , backt by several oracles , carried on , and brought about by variety of miraculous or providential incidents . this tiresias seems to hint plainly to oedipus , when he tells him . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . fortune herself , ( or fate ) destroys and oedipus himself , finding by the relation of jocasta , that the circumstances of the death of laius , agreed with those of the persons slain by him on the road , and beginning to be convinc'd of his own guilt , ushers in his account of that action , with the fatal necessity that oblig'd him to leave his own country ; and relates his piety , as 't were by way of alleviation for what follows . he pleads , that being inform'd by the oracle , that he should kill his father , and commit incest with his mother , he had quitted the expectation of a crown , and made himself a voluntary , and perpetual exile from corinth , to avoid the crimes he was threatned with . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the english oedipus is more plain , and expresses himself more clearly in defence of his innocence , ev'n while he suspects himself to have been an actor in the tragedy of laius . to you good gods , i make my last appeal , or clear my virtues , or my crime reveal : if wandring in the maze of fate i run , and backward trod the paths i thought to shun , impute my errours to your own decree ; my hands are guilty , but my heart is free . here oedipus seems to suspect the truth of the matter , and alledges his own ignorance , and the decree of the gods in his justification ; but the ghost of laius clears the point of fatality , and makes a better apology for oedipus , than 't was possible for him to do for himself . but he who holds my crown , oh must i speak ? was doom'd to do what nature most abhors ; the gods , foresaw it , and forbad his being , before he yet was born . i broke their laws . and cloath'd with flesh , the pre-existing soul. some kinder power , too weak for destiny , took pity , and indu'd his new form'd mass with temperance , justice , prudence , fortitude , and every kingly virtue ; but in vain . for fate , that sent him hoodwinkt to the world , perform'd its work by his mistaken hands . these instances consider'd , together with the order , contrivance and nature of the fable , as well of the greek , as the english poem , will readily point out to us a greater moral , and more naturally arising from the subject , than that which the two poets have assign'd . for it seems plainly to hold forth to us , the irresistable power of fate , and the vanity of human wisdom , when oppos'd to the immutable decrees of providence , which converts to its own purposes , all our endeavours to defeat 'em , and makes our very opposition subservient to its own designs . seneca , who has taken this fable from sophocles , with very little alteration , has however given this turn to the application , in conformity to the doctrine of the stoicks , who were the predestinarians of antiquity , and held as ours do , a fatality , that directed and controul'd all human actions , that all things came to pass by pre-ordination and invincible necessity , and that there was no such thing as a free agent in the world. some learned men are of opinion , that this tragedy was written by seneca the philosopher , and this change of the sophoclean moral , in favour of his principles , seems to be no despicable argument on their side . but whether they be in the right or wrong , i can't but wonder that mr dryden should overlook this alteration , or rather amendment to sophocles's moral , it being the principal part of the play , and the mark at which all is levell'd . but perhaps mr dryden being justly prepossessed for the performance of sophocles in preference to seneca's , his aim was not so much to enquire after any improvements , as additions to sophocles's design , and by that means let slip this , which was not to his purpose , which was to fit it up to the english stage ; for the use of which it needed not correction , so much as enlargement ; the simplicity of the original fable and the chasms , which the omission of the chorus must necessarily make , requiring to be fill'd up , and supply'd with an vnderplot and proper episodes . and indeed he seems to confess as much , when he says , that seneca supply'd 'em with no new hint but only a relation , which he makes of his tyresias raising the ghost of laius . but having declar'd for the moral of seneca , as more natural than that of sophocles , considering the disproportion both of reputation and merit of these two authors in the dramatick way , i must expect the censure of those criticks , that judge by wholesale , or hear-say , that will admit of no errour in any author , that themselves , or those , in whom they have an implicit faith , admire ; nor allow any graces to him , that has not the good fortune to be their favourite . i shall therefore produce seneca's application at large in his own words , as i have already done sophocles's , and then back my opinion with an observation or two , drawn from the state of the fable , as it lies in these authors , and leave 'em to the courtesie of the reader . the last song of the chorus in seneca , which is what the poet delivers by way of instruction , or application to the audience , runs thus . cho. fatis agimur : cedite fatis . non solicitae possunt curae mutare rati stamina fusi . quicquid patimur mortale genus , quicquid facimus , venit ex alto : servatque sua decreta colus lachesis , dura revoluta manu omnia certo tramite vadunt ; primusque dies dedit extremum , non illa deo vertisse licet , quae nexa suis currunt causis . it cuique ratus , prece non ulla mobilis , ordo . multis ipsum timuisse nocet . multi ad fatum venere suum , dum fata timent . the summ of this is ; that there is ( according to the doctrine of the stoicks ) an over-ruling providence , or fate , that disposes and governs all things ; that the sources of mens fortunes , and the springs of their actions are plac'd out of their reach , inaccessible to human prudence , and inflexible to entreaties ; that they move in a constant course , inviolable even to the gods themselves ; that causes and their effects are inseparably linkt , the first day ( of life ) determining the last ; that the caution of many has been destructive to 'em , and that in shunning their fate , they have run upon it . that this is the most natural application , the very contrivance of the fable in all these three plays , will sufficiently make out . seneca , and the english authors have , in imitation of sophocles , made the parricide and incest of oedipus the proper act , and deed of fate , of which he was only the unhappy and unwilling instrument . both his father and himself had been forewarn'd , and had us'd their utmost endeavours to evade the calamities that threatned ' em . but those very efforts , however seemingly prudent , became the snare in which they were taken , and the means of verifying the prediction of the oracle . for the exposing oedipus in his infancy , was the occasion of his ignorance of his true parents , and that ignorance of all his ensuing miseries . all these authors give us a high idea of his virtue and prudence ; and seneca as well as the aforecited authors , makes him sacrifice his expectations of a crown , and become a voluntary exile out of an abhorrence of those crimes , which were predicted of him . hic me paternis expulit regnis timor . this fear has banish'd me my fathers realm . and when he had been accus'd of the murder of laius , upon the information of the gods , he appeals to his own conscience for his innocence . obiisse nostro laium scelere autumant superi inferique sed animus contra innocens . sibique melius quam deis notus , negat . the gods accuse me ; but my guiltless mind the better judge acquits me . and in the next scene upon the news of polybus's death , he cries out , genitor sine ulla caede defunctus jacet , testor , licet jam tollere ad caelum pie puras nec ulla scelere metuentes manus . extinct my father by a bloudless death ! now i may stretch to heaven my guiltless hands fearless of any stain . thus they all agree to make him just and virtuous in his intentions to an heroick pitch , yet they involve him in a fatal necessity even before his birth , of acting those things , to which in his nature he had the greatest abhorrence , and make his piety and aversion to wickedness , the very means to entrap and entangle him in that guilt , which he so industriously fled from , and which occasioned the calamities , that afterwards befel both himself and family . the structure and disposition of this fable , afford no occasion of complaint , or reflection upon the levity of fortune , or the instability of human affairs . for nothing is more evident , than the steady and regular administration of providence thro the whole course of the misfortunes of oedipus , and his family . nothing befel them , which was not predicted long before hand , and of which they had not a terrible apprehension , as well as a certain expectation . and when they bent their endeavours to defeat the decrees of fate , such a manifest series of providential incidents attends their management , as suffices not only to baffle their cunning and devices , but likewise to shew the uncontrolableness and superiority of that power , which influenced their counsels , and serv'd itself of their presumption , as the immediate instrument to accomplish , and effect its purposes , and at the same time to demonstrate the vanity of humane opposition to the will of destiny . had laius submitted himself to the pleasure of providence , and not presum'd to have thwarted the divine appointment , and triumphed over his destiny , his son had not been ignorant of his true parentage ; and being a person of inclinations so extraordinary virtuous , 't is morally impossible he should willingly have incurr'd the guilt of two crimes of so monstrous a size as parricide and incest . or had oedipus submissively resigned himself to the conduct and direction of fate ; whatever his regret and abhorrence of his predicted fortune had been , he had return'd to corinth , and his patience , and resignation had avoided that misery , which his mistaken piety and opposition brought afterwards upon his head . this consideration may supply us with another moral to this fable , different from any ( that i know of ) hitherto rais'd upon it by any poet , either antient or modern . it may instruct us , that the will of heaven is not to be disputed by mortals , how severe soever , even to injustice , the conditions of it may seem to us ; and that whoever sets up his own wisdom in opposition to it , shall in that presumption meet both his crime and his punishment . nothing , if we consider it simply in itself , could be more heroically pious than the resolution of oedipus to abandon a crown , his parents and country , rather than suffer those pollutions with which he was threatned . but if we consider the impiety of advancing his own judgment in his conceit above that of his gods , and thinking by his own wisdom , to reverse the immutable decrees of destiny , his vanity deserv'd the heaviest chastisement . the same may be said of his father . it may be objected , that this irresistible predestination was not so universally receiv'd an opinion among the antient heathens , but that many held the contrary ; and that consequently 't is but supposing oedipus one of the number , and my moral falls to the ground . i grant it does so , if he were , but the contrary appears from the story itself . for if oedipus did not believe such a fatality , why did he upon the credit of an oracle , which must signifie no more to him than one of partridge , or gadbury's astrological banters , leave his friends , and his great expectations ? but this supposes him a rank fool , to abdicate for a tale of a tub , a story that he did not believe ▪ if he did believe , he ought not to escape the censure and punishment of a rash presumptuous man , for suffering his vanity to triumph over his faith , and daring upon an insolent opinion of his own ability to insult his religion , and hope ●o prevail against , and defeat the purpose of fate . some french criticks , that seem sensible of the defect of the moral in sophocles , have endeavoured to supply that want , by starting an imaginary guilty , and impute as a crime to oedipus , his curiosity to know his fate . i call it an imaginary guilt , because i think it is urg'd against him without foundation . for certainly it could never be a sin in him , when his parentage was become doubtful to him , to have recourse to such means , as his religion allow'd , to clear up his doubts , and take off the reproach that was thrown upon him . divination was so far from being a criminal art among the ancient heathens , that it was practic'd with great reputation in all its several kinds , and the professors of any part of it , were esteemed as prophets , and held in great veneration . it could not therefore be scandalous to consult 'em upon any occasion , much less the oracle of apollo ; to repair to which , was thought an act of high devotion , and was the constant practice of all the cities and states of greece , upon all great and sudden emergencies . but their mistake lies in raising a christian moral upon a pagan bottom ; to fill up , they have grafted a doctrine many ages younger upon the old stock , and piec'd out a defect with an absurdity . i am apt to think upon consideration , that the authors of the english oedipus , in adhering to the simple old greek moral , acted rather by judgment and choice , than oversight . for the moral of seneca , tho more naturally deducible from the story , is yet less serviceable , or ( to speak more properly ) more destructive to practical morality , as preaching up the doctrine of absolute and universal predestination , by which men are denied the liberty of so much as a thought , as free agents , and are suppos'd to be acted , and workt like machines by an invisible , irresistible agent , which winds 'em up like watches , and orders their several movements . this doctrine , as it destroys all title to merit from the best , so it takes off all fear of guilt from the most villanous actions , and must necessarily ( if heartily believ'd ) discourage men from the severer and more troublesome duties of religion , and morality at least , and dispose them to resign themselves loosely up to the government of their appetites , and indulge their sensual inclinations ; to gratify which could be no sin , to oppose 'em no virtue , and deserve neither blame nor thanks , according to this principle . besides the unserviceableness of this moral to the general end of dramatick poetry , it was upon that score disabled for the particular service of the english stage , where it could not hope for a favourable reception ; and might therefore be by these authors judiciously rejected . for tho this musty rag of heathen stoicism be still worn by a party amongst us , that affect to distinguish themselves by opposition , and contradiction , tho to their own principles , and that pretend to act contrary to the natural result of their opinion , and profess a severer morality than their neighbours ; yet by the more polite and civilized part of the nation , who are the chief frequenters , and support of the dramatick performances , it has been long left off , as a principle destructive to humanity , virtue , and all good manners ; and consequently would have been exploded upon the stage , and hazarded the success of the whole piece . but whether this moral were neglected by 'em out of design or oversight , is not much to our purpose . 't is evident , that neither the greek nor latin moral , have any tendency to the promotion of virtue , and the reformation of manners , but rather to the contrary . so that if mr collier has any thing of this nature to object against any of the present stage poets , they may defend , or at least excuse such a slip by this precedent , which being the master-piece not only of sophocles , but of all antiquity ; for that reason , i hope mr collier ( who has already declard , that this author has nothing but what is great and solemn throughout ) will not charge him with any ●ill design , or acting upon malice prepense against virtue . but if he should , he has already taken his tryal before aristotle , a more competent and more upright judge , and stands acquitted on record , and must be allow'd to be rectus in curia . i have been the more particular in examining the general moral of this play , and have consider'd not only what has been made of it , but what might have been drawn from it , that i might for the remainder be excusd from the trouble of descending to minute circumstances , and for the future be allow'd to summ up what i have to say to any other plays of antiquity upon this general head of the fable , and so proceed to our poets , with whom also i shall be as brief as the matter will allow me . the rest of sophocles's plays , being much less considerable for their success in the world , i shall dispatch the consideration of 'em in as few words as possible . his ajax flagellifer stands first in order , and affords us no great matter to reflect upon . ajax , disappointed and disgrac'd in his suit for the arms of achilles , resents extreamly the injury and indignity , and resolves to be reveng'd upon the whole grecian army . in order thereto he makes a sally from his quarter by night , in order to kill all the principal officers . minerva , to divert the mischief intended , infatuates him , and turns him loose upon some herds of cattle , amongst whom , mistaking 'em for greeks , he makes most terrible havock ; and returning to his tent and sences in the morning , he perceives his errour , thro the confusion , shame , and vexation of which , he grows desperate , falls upon his sword , and dies . this is the whole of the fable . for the contest that follows between teucer , menelaus , and agamemnon , is an episode detach'd from , and has nothing to do with , and scarce any dependance upon the main action . here we see a man of impetuous , ungovernable passion , and of a nice , capricious honour , that conceives himself injur'd in the most sensible part , his honour , and meditates a revenge proportioned to the fierceness of his temper , and the imagin'd greatness of the affront . minerva interposes , and turns his rage , and fury , first to his further disgrace , and then to his destruction . the moral of this play is not very obvious , and sophocles himself does not hint it at or near the conclusion of the play , but leaves it to be pickt out by the audience , or readers ; which may be done two ways . first , by considering the quality of the instrument of engine of ajax's ruine , which was a goddess ; and the manner of bringing it about , which was by making him ridiculous thro a deceptio visus , or an illusion of the sight ; and then the moral will be , quos deus vult perdere , prius dementat . when the gods resolve upon a mans ruin , they make away his wits . or dly , we may consider the character of the person , a man of undaunted boldness , and turbulent head-strong passions , and the nature of his attempt , which was to kill all the grecian chiefs ; and then the moral may be — qui non moderabitur irae infectum volet esse dolor quod suaserit . — he that suffers himself to be precipitated into action by his rage , will have cause to rue the effects of it . the first of these is the most genuine , and natural . for the misfortune of ajax seems not to arise so much from a repentance of his undertaking , as from indignation , and a bitter sense of the scorn and contempt he had drawn upon himself by so ridiculous a miscarriage , and the trick put upon him by minerva . this is all that naturally arises from the action ; and the author , who seems sensible of the barenness of his plot , forages without his lines to subsist his moral . by this means he has provided himself of a noble moral , which he intimates in the close of the first scene , betwixt minerva and vlysses , where the goddess , after having inform'd vlysses how she had besotted ajax , advises him to take warning , and not to be so far transported upon any good fortune , or presume so far upon his own prowess as to provoke the gods by insolent language ; who lov'd modesty , and hated arrogance . and about the middle of the play , a messenger relates to the chorus , what pass'd between chalcas and teucer about the quarrel , and hatred of minerva to ajax , which was for presuming upon the sufficience of his own strength and courage , and refusing her protection and assistance , which she offer'd him against the trojans . but this is wholly without the action ( which cannot properly suggest any such thing ) and is introduc'd by way of narration , only to justifie the proceeding of minerva against ajax , and is no longer insisted on after the death of ajax . the other moral , as it does not seem to flow so naturally from the fable , as the first , so it seems never to have been in sophocles's thoughts . for the last disgrace , and the desperate action that follow'd it , are the effect of a supernatural agent , ( viz. ) minerva , and produc'd by a sudden infatuation after a supernatural manner ; and therefore the poet cou'd have no just occasion to reflect upon the natural ill consequences of passion , how outrageous or ungovernable soever . for this reason i shall pursue the consideration of it no farther . the next in order is the electra , in which there is scarce the shadow of a plot , nor much more of a moral . orestes ( who after the murther of his father agamemnon , had by the care of his sister electra escap'd the fury of his mother clytemnestra and her paramour aegisthus , ) comes to argos with his tutor , whom he sends to deceive his mother with a sham story of his death , and in the mean time discovers himself to his sister , with whom he consults about means to revenge the death of his father ; is introduc'd to his mother as a stranger , kills her , and afterwards aegisthus . thro the whole play the poet does not so much as squint toward a moral , he lets nothing fall by which the audience may so much as guess what he drives at . but by the contrivance of the fable , wherein a wife , that had embrued her hands in her husbands blood , after having abus'd his bed , is , together with her adulterer and fellow murtherer , after a succession of some years of prosperous villany , overtaken by vengeance from the hands of the son , and slain ; we may conclude with horace , raro antecedentem scelestum deseruit pede paena claudo . that divine vengeance seldom fails to overtake great villanies . this is all the moral that i can find in this play , nor do i perceive that sophocles himself took care by any overt expression to intimate it to the audience . the antigone is something better contriv'd . antigone , contrary to creon's order , buries her brother polynices . creon orders her to be shut up in a cave alive , and commands , that no body shou'd relieve her . haemon his son pleads for her , and unable to prevail , goes to the cave , and finds that antigone his mistress had hang'd herself . in the interim tyresias comes to creon , and tells him , that he did amiss , and that he ought with all expedition to repair his fault . creon continues obstinate , and reviles the prophet , who returns the complement , and threatens creon with the calamities that shou'd come immediately upon his family for his impiety and obstinacy , and so leaves him . creon after his departure relents , and makes haste to save antigone , but comes too late , and finds his son raving for the loss of his mistress , and hardly escapes being killed by him . haemon kills himself , and his mother upon the news herself . here sophocles speaks out for himself , and tell his audience what judgment they are to make of these surprizing events , which had in a moment overturned a flourishing family . the chorus in the conclusion says 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . — wisdom is the first step to happiness . the gods must not be irreverently treated . for the great punishments , that attended the profane liberties of speech of insolent men , were lessons of humility at last . the oedipus coloneus is a play , that we are told was very much admir'd at athens ; and it is no great wonder . for it was written on purpose to flatter , and do honour to the athenians , and therefore cou'd scarce fail of a good reception . this policy of sophocles will furnish us with both a plot , and a moral , which 't will otherwise be hard to find in this play. the poet was now in his old age , and had long out-lived mr dryden's fumbling age of poetry , and perhaps began to be sensible of some decay , and therefore to support the weight of that reputation , which he had acquired in the vigour of his poetry , he pieces out the lyons skin with the foxes tail , and suspecting his own power to move their passions as formerly , makes use of their vanity to scrue them up to the desired pitch of admiration and satisfaction . this , if the reader pleases , may serve instead of a plot , and the success of it may afford us this moral ; that no people is so strongly fortified against flattery , but that , if their vanity be skilfully tickled , it will be rous'd , and exert itself in favour of the flatterer . this is , indeed , beside the action , and in probability was not the moral , which sophocles intended for the publick ; but 't is plain , that 't was the secret motive upon which he acted , and the genuine moral of his conduct . the fable of oedipus coloneus , such as it is in this . oedipus , under the conduct of his daughter antigone , arrives at a grove near athens consecrated to the furies , whither he had been directed by the oracle to go . creon , endeavours to fetch him away by force ; theseus intervenes , and rescues him . oedipus dies at last in the place appointed by fate and the oracle . this is a plain story , without either turn or consequence , upon which there is no possibility of raising a moral . sophocles seems to have endeavoured at something like one in the conclusion . for when the daughters of oedipus lamented immoderately his death , the chorus tells 'em , that they ought not to bewail any longer one that was come to his desir'd end . the trachiniae seems almost as little contriv'd for edification as the foregoing . dejanira being inform'd that hercules grew amorous of his captive jole , to retrieve and ensure his affection to her , sends by lichas an envenom'd shirt , which she suppos'd to have been dipt in a philtre . this unhappy present being upon his back , immediately corroded the flesh in such manner , that in a rage he dash'd out lichas the bearers brains . dejanira hearing the fatal effects of her errour , kills herself . hercules having charged his son hyllus to marry his concubine jole , burns himself . the reflection that sophocles makes upon all this , is , that , 't is all jupiter ' s doing . hyllus , in the close , boldly accuses the gods of * injustice , for deserting their own off-spring . he adds , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . these things are a heavy affliction to us , but a scandal to them . the chorus seconds his complaint , and says , that all their calamities are of jupiter ' s sending . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this fable and application afford very little matter of moral instruction ; and the use that the poet himself makes of it , is rather a discouragement to virtue , since neither the heroick qualities , nor actions of hercules , nor the relation to jupiter , could exempt himself or family from such lamentable disasters . however , the misfortune of dejanira may serve as a caution against jealousie and adultery , which two failings in conjunction , occasion'd her ruin . and hercules himself may be an instance of the dangerous consequenees of a licentious ungovern'd flame , which at last was the destruction of him , who had withstood , and baffled the utmost malice and invention of juno . the fable of the philoctetes is this . philoctetes having an incurable ulcer in his foot , from the bite of a serpent in his voyage to troy , was deserted , and left by the greeks alone upon the desart shore of lemnos . but his presence being declar'd absolutely necessary to the taking of troy , vlysses and pyrrhus are sent to fetch him . he refuses obstinately to go along with 'em , but hercules appearing , and perswading him , he complies . this likewise is a barren story , of which sophocles himself has made no moral use , and has scarce given occasion for any one else to do it . philoctetes had been barbarously expos'd by his confederates the greeks , for which he was irreconcilably angry with 'em , especially vlysses , who had been the executioner of their resolutions in relation to him . he therefore refuses obstinately to go with , or to those that had serv'd him so basely ; but hercules appearing , and telling him , that upon those terms , and no other , he must expect his cure , and prosperity , the man had so much wit in his anger , as to prefer health and fame before sullen revenge , which must be his own as well as their disappointment . mr collier wou'd pass the speech of hercules upon us for a moral . but by his leave , how remarkably moral soever the conclusion of this play may be , the morality of it no way depends upon the action foregoing . hercules prevails with philoctetes to go with vlysses , and pyrrhus promises him health , honour , and riches , and recommends the care of religion to him . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . which , says he , jupiter regards above all things . this was indeed good advice , and matter of instruction to the audience , as well as philoctetes ; but not arising any way from the main action , it might as properly have been said at any other time , and upon any other occasion , as this ; and if it must serve for a moral , might as justly have been the moral of any other play. thus i have run through sophocles , whose plays ( by mr collier ' s own confession ) are form'd upon models of virtue , joyn innocence with pleasure , and design the improvement of the audience . upon this account , and the great reputation of this author , i have been more particular with him upon this head , than i design to be with any of the rest of the antient tragedians . i have set before the reader the several models of all his remaining plays , and have enquir'd into the disposition of the fable in relation to the service of morality , that upon collation we may with more certainty measure the comparative morality of his and the modern plays on this article . euripides , who came nearest him both in time and reputation , is yet more defective in this point . aristotle has tax'd him with want of conduct in the oeconomy of his fable ; but this censure being levell'd rather at the want of artifice , than of moral in the plays of euripides , i shall make no further use of it here . the character of this author's works wou'd make us naturally expect , that he shou'd be more careful of this article , than either aeschylus , or sophocles , who aim'd more at the pathetick . the plays of euripides betray all along an affected ostentation of learning , and as great an ambition to be thought a philosopher , as a poet. for this reason he abounds more in points , and sentences of morality , florid harangues , and subtle speculations , than sophocles ; but he does not touch the passions , or raise the concern of an audience like him . and therefore whatever we may think of his dialogues consider'd separately , and independant of one another , his plays in the aggregate are far inferiour to those of sophocles . euripides has yet remaining nineteen tragedies , to examin all which , as we have done those of sophocles , wou'd be an impertinent , as well as a tedious labour , both to the reader and my self . i shall therefore content my self to instance in a few of 'em , and refer those that have the curiosity and patience , to proceed further to the author himself . the orestes challenges the first place upon the score of its reputation , and the great success it had on the revival of it , five hundred years after the death of the author . this play commences , where the electra of sophocles and his own conclude . orestes , by the help of his sister electra , having slain his mother , is very much troubled in mind , and haunted by furies , and desponds upon the account of his guilt . tyndarus , his mother's father , endeavours to revenge her death , and excites the people against him , who vote him to be ston'd to death with his sister . menelaus , with his wife helena , and daughter hermione , arrives in the mean time and offers his assistance to his nephew in this exigence , but is over-aw'd by tyndarus , and deserts his party . pylades comes opportunely , and perswades orestes to appear , and make his defence in person , which he does , but without success , yet upon his promise that his sister and himself shall be their own executioners , he is let go by the mob upon parole . being return'd to his sister , they consult about means of safety . electra advises him and pylades to seize upon helen and hermione , to kill helen , and to article with menelaus for their own safety , with a sword at hermione's throat ; and if her father wou'd not comply with their demands , first to dispatch her , then themselves . this project is put in execution , and the ladies are surpriz'd , apollo rescues helen , and appearing , reconciles menelaus and orestes , and makes a match betwixt him and hermione , and betwixt pylades and electra , and promising happiness to 'em all , tells 'em , that helen is made a goddess , and so concludes the play. in this play most of the characters are wicked , orestes and electra are parricides ; tyndarus is ( in his heart at least ) the murtherer of his grand-children ; menelaus , the betrayer of his nephew , and niece , whom he ought to have protected ; helen , an infamous woman , and the accidental cause at least of the miseries of a great part of asia and europe , yet clear of any intentional guilt in this case ; pylades is engaged with his friend in an unjust attempt to murther helen and her daughter ; hermione , who is next to a mute in the play , is the only unexceptionable character . this play begins well , the agonies of a guilty conscience , the despair , and the horrors of orestes promise a good moral : but the hopes of that soon vanish ; for the first word of comfort from menelaus dispels all his anxiety for his crime , and converts it to a solicitude for his safety . in order to this , he enters upon a piece of villany , more execrable than that for which he was then prosecuted , because 't was without provocation : a feint of that kind had been an allowable stratagem to have brought menelaus to articles ; but to project it in earnest was an unparallell'd piece of barbarity . but what after all is more surprizing and unnatural is , that the catastrophe is happy , and the parricides rewarded , and all this seems to be the result of electra's latter contrivance , which however wicked was successful and prosperous . the moral ( if i may call it so ) of this story is properly this , that there is no dabbling in villany , but that those that are once enter'd , must wade thro , if they will be safe , and justify one crime by another . but that which makes the winding up of this play more notorious , is , that the gods are made the arbiters of all ; apollo appears in person , and justifies orestes , and promises him his protection , and ensures the happiness of pylades and electra , who had been the sole incendiary and contriver of all this mischief ; which is adding impiety to the want of poetick justice , and making providence accessary to parricide , and the gods abbetors of violence and injustice , not to take notice of the deifying of helena , who , tho jove's daughter , is a woman of a very infamous character all through the play. i suppose the moral of this play will hardly rise in judgment against the moderns . nor has the electra of of the same author any more reason , it being liable to the same exceptions with the former , only in this the murther is perpetrated , in that but designed ; in short , this play is the ground work of the former , and the action of this gives the reason , and occasion of all that happens in t'other . here likewise the gods are impertinently brought in to finish that , which wou'd of it self have closed very naturally without ' em . for after the death of aegisthus and clytemnestra there was nothing more to be done . but this poet , who is very fond of machines , tho● unnecessary , after all 's over brings down castor and pollux to condemn the fact , acquit the murtherers of their sister , and transfer the guilt to apollo , whom they accuse of * uttering a foolish oracle . however the fable of this play being the same with that of the electra of sophocles , we may do it the same grace , and allow it the benefit of any moral that may be raised out of it , tho not without some violence , as this author has managed it . what that is i have already observed in the foregoing remarks upon the electra of sophocles . the medea , hippolytus , ion , hercules distracted , and several other are likewise built upon various models . in these , as in most of euripides's plays , the gods are always at one end or t'other of the business , they are either the promoters of the crime , or the protectors of the criminals . all is acted by machine , the action is frequently forced , and the catastrophe generally unnatural . yet notwithstanding this extraordinary licence , which this poet assumes in almost all his plays , but very few of 'em are so modell'd as to be serviceable to virtue upon that score . medea , after a course of murthers , having slain her own brother , and children with her own hands , and pelias , creon , and creusa by her charms , is taken particular care of by phaebus , and provided of a flying chariot to make her escape from justice in . hippolitus has the character of a just , and a pious person , and his conduct all thro the play , both in relation to his mother in law phaedra , and his father , by whose curse he is devoted , and brought to ruine , justifies this character , and he in the agonies of death expresses a greater concern for , and a more sensible impression of his fathers misfortunes and afflictions , than his own . a disposition so extraordinarily pious , one wou'd think , shou'd , if it might not exempt him from those disasters that attend the infirmity of humane nature , and the malignity of his fellow mortals , at least protect him from any supernatural calamities , and ensure the favour of heaven to him . but he was a votary to diana , and his vow of chastity gave such offence to venus , who thought herself slighted , that she resolves his ruine , and declares her resolution , and the methods she intends to take to effect it , in the prologue which she speaks . and she lays her plot so , that by means of an antecedent promise to theseus she engages neptune in the destruction of an innocent young man , whose only crime is an obstinate , inviolate chastity ; and phaedra , who is her instrument , is involv'd in the guilt of a heinous , but involuntary crime . the consideration of the several fables of these plays cou'd furnish the audience with no venerable ideas of their gods , who cou'd be the promoters , or protectors of such horrid actions ; nor cou'd any encouragement to justice and morality be drawn from 'em , which afforded such examples of partiality , and prejudice among their deities , that the blackest crimes cou'd not forfeit their favour , nor the most exemplary virtue ensure it . the ion is reckoned by the learned monsieur dacier among that kind of tragedies , which aristotle calls moral , and which this judicious commentator defines thus ; the moral tragedy is a sort of tragedy contriv'd purely for the formation of mens manners , whose catastrophe is always happy . and in the page immediately foregoing , the moral tragedy ( says he ) treats neither of death , torments , nor wounds , but of the happiness of some persons recommendable for their virtue . here therefore one might reasonably expect a perfect model of virtue , and a exact scheme of manners ; for which reason it may seem justly to challenge our consideration . ion , a slip of creusa by apollo , is privately born , and expos'd by his mother , is taken up by mercury and conveyed to delphi , where he is found by the priestess , and brought up in the temple of his father , of which he is at length made the treasurer , or keeper of the rich moveables , in which office he discharges his trust faithfully . thus far the prologue spoken by mercury informs the audience of the history of ion before the play commences . creusa his mother , having no issue by her husband xuthus , repairs with him to the oracle at delphi , to petition for an heir . the husband puts up his request according to form , and is answered , that the first man he shou'd meet in his return from the altar , was his son ; this happens to be ion , who is upon the faith of the oracle received by him as his son. ion , who being a foundling , was ignorant of his parentage , in return joyfully acknowledges him to be his father , and is proved of so honourable an extraction . this enrages creusa , who not suspecting the relation of ion to herself , supposes him to be some by-blow of her husbands , as xuthus himself does , but begotten before his marriage to creusa . in this rage she resolves and attempts to poyson ion , which is discovered , and ion in revenge pursues her life . she takes refuge at the altar , from whence while ion is endeavouring to force him , the prophetess interposes , and produces the swathing bands , and other things in which ion was wrapt when found . these creusa knows , and discovers him to be her own son by apollo ; minerva appears , and confirms her story , and advises 'em both to conceal this circumstance from xuthus , and concludes with a sort of epilogue , predicting the happiness of ion , and other children , which creusa was to have by her husband . if this was designed for a moral tragedy , as monsieur dacier thinks , and as the contrivance of the fable , as well as the catastrophe seems to argue , it must be confessed that euripides has forgot the main circumstance . for the good fortune of those persons , whom he makes happy in the conclusion is not owing to their virtue or prudence , but to the favour of phaebus , who had too great a personal interest in 'em , to suffer 'em to miscarry . creusa's character is vitious all along , she was with child by apollo , and privately delivered , and to conceal her shame , she exposes the infant as a prey to the wild beasts , as she herself confesses to her old servant , and confident , the contriver and instrument of her intended villany afterwards . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . he died a prey to the wild beasts . here she confesses herself guilty of a crime , that is capital in our law , and is so far from repenting , that she engages immediately in the design of another of a dye something deeper , because treachery and violence enter the composition ; in this she is active in the murther , in the former she was only passive . this character can hold forth nothing of instruction , except it teach women , that have given up their honours , to secure their reputations by murthering their bastards ; and furious , jealous wives to destroy their husbands children and heirs by other women . the character of ion is indeed not so criminal ; his highest commendation is , that he had not imbezzled the stores of apollo committed to his keeping . now , tho faithfulness be very commendable in a servant , yet his was never exercis'd in so superlative a way , or endur'd any such severe tryal , as might upon that score entitle him to the great fortune and preferment which befel him afterwards . his highest merit was bare honesty , enough to have procur'd him a certificate now adays upon change of service ; not to challenge any considerable reward . he laid claim to no active virtues , his innocence was his strongest plea , and that too seems to be a little sullied at last by his too eager prosecution of revenge upon creusa . a generous heathen ( without reaching the pitch of christian morality ) wou'd have forgiven , or slighted the feeble malice of a woman , especially at that critical juncture , when he ought to have shewn himself worthy of his sudden exaltation by some extraordinary act of generosity . but his collusion at last with his mother to cheat xuthus is a piece of condescension so base , as forfeits all pretence to common merit or honesty . for he that is content to hold his good forrune by trick and imposture , don't deserve it . thus we see in this moral play , of the two fortunate persons , one is wicked , and ought not to be drawn into precedent , much less to be propos'd for an example ; t'others virtue is of so dwarfish a size , and so weakly a constitution , that 't is not very likely to propagate , and by no means a proper standard to measure full grown worth by . and therefore this play ( tho we shou'd , with monsieur dacier , allow it to be of the moral kind ) is like to do no great service to morality by the design and management of its fable . because i have mention'd the hercules furens , i will not pass it absolutely over in silence , tho it affords no great matter of reflection ; having had occasion to take notice of the character and sufferings of hercules in the trachiniae of sophocles . there is indeed this considerable difference to the disadvantage of this play , in regard to the moral , art , and beauty of it , that here the misfortunes of hercules are wrought altogether by machine : juno , iris , and lyssa or madness ( which is here supposed a daemon ) are all , and only concern'd in the contrivance ; whereas in sophocles things are naturally brought about , and made the result of jealousie and credulity . what therefore in that is but obliquely charg'd upon the gods , is here directly laid upon ' em . so that , what from the last speech of hyllus , and the chorus is there urg'd against the moral of that play , holds more strongly against this . besides the atrocity of the fact , which extending here to the lives of his wife and children , aggravates the guilt of iuno , who cou'd not limit her malice to his person , without comprehending those innocents , who by no crime of their own cou'd have incurr'd her displeasure . these few instances may suffice to give us a true estimate of the care of euripides , in the formation of his fables in general , in relation to the grand or general moral . aeschylus shou'd follow , who , tho first in order of time , comes naturally last into consideration , as affording very little upon this topick . this author seems scarce to have design'd any moral to his fables , or at least to have regarded it very little . his aim was wholly at the pathetick , and he deals almost altogether in objects of terror ; accordingly his flights are frequently lofty , but generally irregular , and his verse rumbles , and thunders almost perpetually , but it usually spends itself , like a wind-gun , in noise and blast only . he sets out gloriously , launches boldly , blown up with a tympany of windy hyperboles , and buckram metaphors ; but he carries more sail than ballast , and his course is accordingly uneven ; he is sometimes in the clouds , and sometimes upon the sands . in short , aeschylus's sole care and ambition seems to have been ( as mr bays has it ) to elevate and surprize ; in the eager pursuit of which , he has miss'd many things , which are the lasting graces of his more temperate successors . the ground work of his plays are plain simple stories , without either plot or moral , told only in the most pompous formidable manner the poet cou'd invent , to strike a pannick terror into the audience ; and consequently they afford no great matter of reflection here . i shall therefore dismiss this poet without any formal examination to this article , and only present the reader with one instance of his neglect of moral , which stares me in the face in the very first page of his prometheus . power and force , two poetical persons , are sent by jupiter to assist vulcan in the chaining prometheus to a rock . they begin the prologue , and declare his crime , which was communicating the celestial fire to mortals ; and the reason of his punishment , which was that he might learn to acquiesce in the administration of jove , and shake off his tenderness for mankind . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this reason is pretty singular and extravagant , that a brother immortal shou'd be treated so inhumanely by jupiter , and his fellow gods , only for his philanthropy , or love to mankind ; and must needs have a very serviceable effect upon mortals . for no doubt but jupiter's altars must smoak very plentifully , when men were inform'd , that so well he stood affected towards 'em , that 't was capital in any of his under-gods to bear 'em any good will. this must needs impress upon 'em a great veneration for his person , and zeal for his service ; their gratitude must needs work over abundantly for so signal a grace . that this was all prometheus's offence vulcan assures us in his reply . seems to have some bowels of commiseration for this poor devil of a god , and in a compas●sionate sort of remonstrance tells him , that this comes of his fondness of mankind , and thereby provoking jupiter , who was fierce , and implacable , as all new governours are . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , this account of iupiter seems to countenance a harsher translation , than i have given of the fore-going words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and to expound 'em in the scandalous sense of tyranny , rather than of a just and equal administration of affairs . after this prologue i suppose no good moral will be expected from this fable ; the rest of aeschylus's fables are manag'd after a manner little more serviceable , for which reason i shall not tire the reader with the examination of ' em . after the decease of this triumvirate of poets , the tragedy of athens disappears . not but they had many tragedians after 'em , but neither did they rise to a heighth of reputation equal to these , nor did their works very long survive 'em that i know of . here therefore we lose the view of the ancient tragedy , for above five hundred years together . the next sight we have of it is at rome , where we find in all but ten tragedies , which are all collected under the name of seneca's , tho belonging ( as many learned men think ) to several authors . of these nine are of greek extraction , all but one taken from plays yet remaining to us . the medea , hippolytus , troas , and hercules furens are taken from plays all bearing the same names in euripides , except the troas , which , tho it bears the same name , yet is not upon the same argument with the troades of euripides , but is taken from the hecuba , another play of the same poet. the oedipus , and hercules oetaeus , are descended immediately from the oedipus tyrannus , and trachiniae of sophocles . and 't is very probable the thyestes is owing to the same author , tho the greek original be now lost . for 't is not only certain that sophocles wrote three plays which bore that name , but the model seems to bear more resemblance to the manner of sophocles , than either of the other tragedians . the agamemnon plainly belongs to aeschylus , as does likewise the thebais , in right of his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , tho the thebais of seneca being imperfect , it does not so plainly appear whether he copy'd it immediately from thence , or at second hand from the phaenissae of euripides . the octavia only is of roman original , its author is uncertain . for 't is justly suspected to belong to neither of the seneca's . this author , ( for mr collier seems to take all these plays to be the work of one man ) is censur'd and stands in some measure condemn'd , by mr collier , and therefore i should wave any other scrutiny into his conduct , if i did not find him in some measure justified , and in a manner absolv'd upon the comparison with the moderns . but , if we believe with those prodigies of letters , lipsius , joseph scaliger , and heinsius , and divers others very eminent for their learning , that we are beholding to the famous seneca the philosopher , for three at least of these plays , the medea , hippolytus , and troas , to which farnaby adds the oedipus , we shall be oblig'd to pay more deference or respect to 'em , and not to pass a rash and unmannerly censure upon any of the remains of so illustrious an author . but seneca is not at present in mr collier's favour , he is declar'd an injudicious , licentious poet , upon whose liberties the modern poets proceed ; and therefore he is not to be receiv'd into grace , till he has had the penning of a recantation for him if mr collier did believe that seneca the philosopher was the author of any of those plays , he ought upon the merit of his other works , ( by which he may at least pretend to vie with mr collier both zeal and service in the cause of virtue ) to have treated so excellent a person with more respect and honour , than to have rank'd him with , and made him the ringleader of those , whom he reckons atheists and buffoons . if he did not , he cou'd in justice have done no less than set him clear of the imputation , which by so rude and indiscreet a charge he has brought him under . for he cou'd not but know , that the learned persons before-mentioned , whose authority is of great weight amongst men of letters , had deliver'd their opinions , that he was the author of some of those plays , especially the judicious heinsius , whom he cites , and i shou'd suppose he is well acquainted with , unless he does ( which i suspect ) like some persons , that boast of their familiarity with great men , whom they have not the honour to know . had he known their opinions in this matter , it had but been a becoming piece of modesty to have laid his reasons for his dissent from 'em before his reader ; and not haughtily to have slighted their authorities as not worth his notice . or at least he ought not in good manners to have treated the memory of that philosopher at so scoundrel a rate . i suppose he will hardly justifie this indignity from the misrepresentations that have been given of him . for , not to enter improperly into a dispute about the validity of those reports here , whatever his private infirmities might be , we are sure from his works , that he bent his studies and endeavours to the service of morality as heartily and successfully , as some christians who with greater helps and stronger invitations , seem to value their services much higher , with less reason . however seneca , tho he cannot without extream injury be accus'd of writing for the encouragement of debauchery , has been very careless of poetick justice in winding up his fables . phaedra in the hippolytus , and lycus in the hercules furens are only the malefactors that are brought to condign punishment . for , as for oedipus , we have had occasion already to clear him from the aspersion of guilt , tho his misfortunes are the most notorious , and his calamities the most deplorable of any upon the antient stage . ajax oileus , whom mr. collier produces as the only instance of this kind , is indeed none . for he is no person of the drama , nor has his fate any influence upon the success of the action either way . he is only mention'd by eurybates , in the relation which he makes of the voyage of the greeks from troy , to encrease the horror of that storm , of which he was then giving a description ; which is no more to the business of the play , than 't wou'd have been , if mr congreve in his mourning bride shou'd have taken occasion from the wreck of his hero on the same seas , to have brought in the storm that cast away the turkey fleet , and describ'd the manner of sir francis wheeler's wreck . but if seneca has been remiss upon this article he sins at least by precedent , and may plead in his justification , that he leaves the story generally no worse than he found it . he built , as we have already observ'd , upon other mens bottoms , and cou'd not make any great alterations in the foundations they had laid , without endangering the superstructure . aristotle observes , in favour of the poets of , or near his time , that taking the fables of their plays from stories vulgarly known either from history , or the works of some precedent poet , they had not the liberty of receding so far from the receiv'd tradition in the contrivance , and disposition of their fables , as was frequently requir'd to the forming a just and truly artificial model . this may be urg'd with more justice in defence of seneca , who , taking his . models from authors of great reputation , wou'd have been thought guilty of a high piece of presumption , if he had varied too much from originals so well known and received . besides , had he chang'd the fortune of his principal persons he had effac'd the images of 'em , which had been impress'd upon the audience , who wou'd not have own'd , or acknowledg'd 'em for the persons they pretended to represent , who were best , or perhaps only by those marks to be distinguish'd . however , it must be granted , that in his hippolytus , wherein he has ventur'd to deviate a little from the original , he has done it very judiciously , and very much to the advantage of the moral ; the application of which he has thereby render'd not only more easie and natural , but it self likewise more useful , and instructive . in euripides the gods do all . his persons move like puppets by wires ; venus contrives and acts all . phedra's a meer machine , a passive vehicle , that serves purely for the more cleanly conveyance of the goddesses malice . the unraveling likewise is perform'd by machine , pallas descends to clear the innocence of hippolytus , and accuses venus . in short , the action is all forc'd and unnatural , and of consequence , the moral , if any , must be strain'd . seneca has artfully avoided these inconveniences , by making the incestuous love of phaedra spring from her own infirmity , and the death of hippolytus , the effect of her revenge of his scornfully rejecting her passion , and her fear of his making a discovery of her infamy to his father . her punishment by this means becomes just , which was not so in the greek , and her rage , despair , confession and death , are the natural result of her guilt and folly. from the unhappy catastrophe of this lady , , matter of fair instruction may be drawn to check such licentious flames in their first birth , which if indulg'd draw after 'em such fatal consequences . and from the rash misplac'd imprecation of theseus , parents may be caution'd against too easie a credulity in such extraordinary cases , and to guard against such violences of passion , as may extort curses from 'em , that may return upon their own heads , and involve themselves in the conclusion . this plot , as it stands in seneca , is one of the neatest of antiquity , and had the author taken care to disencourage himself as happily from neptune , as he has from venus and minerva , i see nothing inartificial in the disposition of it . but neptune performing his part extra scenam , this fault is the more pardonable , especially since 't is originally the oversight of euripides . the rest of this author's plays varying little or nothing in the fable from the greek originals , ( those i mean , that we know , for the thyestes of sophocles is lost ) whatever the faults of 'em may be in that respect , the latin author is not so properly accountable for ' em . the octavia , being the only tragedy of roman stock that remains to us , seems to challenge upon that score some regard , whosoever was the author of it . but being rather a relation by way of dialogue between the several parties concerned of an unjust tyrannick action , in which there is neither plot , turn , moral , nor consequence , it wou'd be time lost to bestow an examination upon it here . having thus run through the tragedies of antiquity , perhaps something more minutely , than may be thought requisite upon this article , i shall not make many reflections upon the whole , but leave 'em to the further consideration of the reader , after a remark or two , concerning the practice of the ancients in general , in this respect . it is observable , that the ancients in the disposition of their fables , seem to have had such very little regard to the moral of 'em , they contented themselves with delivering their instructions in wise sayings , scatter'd here and there up and down the dialogue , or at the close of all ; and only sought in their fables matter and occasion of moving the passions , which was generally done by way of narration ; to which end they furnish'd out their dialogue with all the force , pomp , and terrour of expression they could , in which how well they have succceded , is not to the present purpose to take notice . aristotle had , no doubt , this practice of theirs in view , when he divided tragedy into moral and pathetick . by this division of tragedy ( ratione subjecti ) aristotle plainly indicates , not only that the subjects of the ancient tragedy were not all moral , but likewise that it was not necessary , that they should be so . he instances in the phthiotides , and peleus , two tragedies that are lost , as examples of the moral kind ; and besides this mention of 'em , i do not remember any notice that he has taken of this sort of tragedy . for all his rules seem to be calculated for the service of the pathetick and implex kinds . from this silence of aristotle , and the scarcity of 'em amongst the remains of the greek tragedy , we may reasonably collect , that this sort of tragedy was not much in use amongst the ancients themselves . for of all the pieces of antiquity the alcestis of euripides alone in my opinion deserves the name of a moral tragedy . in this play both admetus , and his wife alcestis are persons of strict probity , and great piety . alcestis out of a singular piety , offers her self to death a voluntary sacrifice , in lieu of her husband . in the depth of admetus's grief while his wife was yet in the house , and the rites of funeral unperform'd , comes hercules , who observing the family to be in mourning , desires to be excus'd from troubling his house at so unseasonable a time . admetus , unwilling to turn away such a guest , dissembles the real cause of his grief , and receives him nobly , but hercules enquiring , and being inform'd of the truth of admetus's loss , combats death , recovers alcestis , and restores her to her husband . the fable of this play is truly moral . alcestis first by her piety redeems her husband from death ; and admetus afterwards by his generosity and hospitality , by means of hercules , rescues her from the grave . thus they reciprocally owe their lives to each others virtue . but if this play be remarkably moral , it is on the other hand monstrously unnatural , and consequently on that account is incapable of affording any extraordinary pleasure , or improvement . this probably might be the reason , why this sort of tragedy was so little in request . from the whole it appears , that the antients were not so careful of their models , as mr collier pretends ; but were on the contrary extremely negligent of the moral in the fables of their tragedies . so that if one or two do afford a tolerable one , we may conclude by the slight notice they take of it , that they did not see it , or but casually found it there , rather than industriously sought it ; and that we are more beholding to their luck , than judgment or good intentions for ' em . i grant this way of arguing not to be demonstrative , but it is not therefore unconclusive . for since the sense of the antients , is not any where ( that i know of ) delivered in express terms concerning this matter , i take their practice , backt by the authority of aristotle , to be a sufficient warrant for any conclusions , that shall be drawn naturally from ' em . but if i wou'd indulge my self in the liberties of mr. collier , and charge the antiens at that loose rate , that he does the english dramatick poets , i might not only tax 'em with negligence of their morals , but with maliciously discouraging vertue , and industriously promoting villany , and impiety . nor wou'd the poets suffer alone , all the great men of antiquity , that have commended their works , must share both the guilt , and the sentence ; and aristotle above the rest wou'd be even capitally criminal , his art of poetry is an inexhaustible spring of corruption , an everlasting source of infection , that has diffus'd its venome over the whole world , and poison'd mankind almost universally with villany , impiety , lewdness , and debauchery , of all kinds , for above sixteen hundred years together . this wou'd be high treason among the admirers of the antients , yet 't is nothing to one of mr collier's declamatory rants , when he is in one of his rhetorical fits , and about to dress up a character for aristophanes , or any of the english poets . after this disingenuous rate 't were easie to turn the satyr upon ages long since past , and railly in his own words , those whom he himself recommends to the imitation of our present writers . an instance of this kind mayn't be amiss to shew how easie 't is to misrepresent the fairest intentions , and to improve peccadillo's into crimes of the blackest dye , to make a hellish plot of an oversight , and plunge men over head and ears in brimstone , for humane infirmities . 't is a jest , that the antients wou'd make us believe , that their design was virtue and reformation . in good time ! they are likely to combat vice with success , who destroy the principles of good and evil. wou'd euripides perswade us that his aim is virtuous , and his design moral ? why then does he make choice of means so disproportionate to the end he pretends to drive at ? why is vice represented successful , and villany triumphant , but to encourage men to the practice of it ? why is medea , the betrayer of her father , and country , a poysoner , a sorceress , and a murtherer , one that had run thro the whole compass , and measur'd all the paces of villany , suffer'd to make her escape ? or if she must not be punish'd , why are the gods engaged in the matter , and she taken into the care of providence , and furnished with means of escape at the expence of a miracle ? why are orestes and electra , parricides , taken immediately into the protection of heaven , under despondency , and the lashes of a guilty conscience ? why are they encourag'd to bear up against the convictions of their own minds , and promis●d prosperity from heaven ? why is hippolytus maliciously persecuted , and no less then two deities employ'd in his ruine , only for being chaste by vow ? unless it be to shew us , that the world has been mistaken in its notions of providence , that wickedness is meritorious , and innocence a crime , that virtue , and vice , of which the philosophers prate so much , are but the whimseys of hypocondriacks , the dreams of speculative enthusiasts . are these the socratick dialogues , and this the result of the philosophers lectures ? is this the admirer of socrates , that was reciprocally so admir'd by him , that he cou'd sit whole days with patience at the recital of his plays ? if we may judge of one by the other , the scholar was an atheist , and his master little better . why else did he not reprove him for his blasphemous fictions , and making the gods the actors , and patrons of villany , and reprehend him for mistaking the notions of providence , confounding the ideas of virtue and vice , and subverting the maxims of morality ? thus we see at this rate of declaiming not only euripides , who affected philosophy a little too much in his poems , but even socrates himself , the boast of antiquity , and the glory of the heathen world stands condemn'd , as an abettour of murther , incest , and blasphemy . let us see whether aeschylus or sophocles can acquit themselves any better . if aeschylus had taken due care of his designs , and built only upon models of virtue , we had never heard of his prometheus . this poet strikes at the root of all moral virtue . he scorns to trifle , and pluck it down piece-meal , but blows it up all together . philanthropy , or charity is the ground and foundation of all morality . this in the prometheus is made a crime , and a god sentenc'd to perpetual punishment for his love to mankind , which is all that is objected to him . this must needs create in mankind a great veneration , and impress a suitable reverence for the gods , who are so very tender of 'em , in return for their oblations , that 't is high treason to bear 'em any good will. no doubt . but religion must shoot , and flourish mightily under such a hopeful prospect of reward . sophocles has been altogether as careful of religion in his philoctetes . that spark , with his carcass rotten , and full of aches and ulcers , hectors the gods at a strange rate , and they think it worth their while to cajole him into their service . hercules is sent to make him a fine speech , and large promises to invite him to obedience , and allure him over to their party . oedipus is made virtuous , just , and wise , but unhappy thro a fatality , against which his virtue is no security ; justice requires that he shou'd be rewarded and encouraged , but providence will have him afflicted , and punisht with extremity of rigour . can any thing be more disserviceable to probity and religion , than these examples of injustice , oppression , and cowardice in their gods ? they cherish those passions , and reward those vices , which 't is the business of reason to discountenance . they strike at the root of principle , and draw off the inclinations from virtue , and spoil good education : they are the most effectual means to baffle discipline , to emasculate people's sprits , and debauch their manners . how many of the unwary have these syrens devoured ? and how often has the best blood been tainted with this infection ? what disappointments of parents , what confusion in families , and what beggary in estates have been hence occasioned : and which is still worse , the mischief spreads , and the malignity grows more envenom'd . the fever works up towards madness , and will scarce endure to be touch'd . i doubt not but the sober admirers of the greek tragedy will think that the fumes of mr collier's stumm'd rant are got into my head , and work me out of my wits . and had he so far debauch'd my judgment , as to make this my serious opinion , i wou'd grant , that he and i were only fit to lead a collony to settle at * anticyra , and dyet upon hellebore . but tho i have no such lewd thoughts of the great men of antiquity , yet so far i shall presume to venture , ( without trespassing against modesty , or breaking rudely in upon the harmonious judgment of the learned for a long succession of ages ) as to say , that mr collier's unreasonable satyr comes as full upon the antients whom he admires and commends , as upon the moderns , whom he vilifies and condemns . the modern tragedy is a feild large enough for us to lose our selves in , and therefore i shall not take the liberty of ranging thro 'em at large , but for the most part confine my self to such as mr collier has already attackt . upon presumption therefore that these are the weakest , if these can be defended , the rest i suppose may hold out of themselves . i shall begin with shakespear , whom notwithstanding the severity of mr rhimer , and the hard usage of mr collier , i must still think the proto-dramatist of england , tho he fell short of the art of johnson , and the conversation of beaumont and fletcher . upon that account he wants many of their graces , yet his beauties make large amends for his defects , and nature has richly provided him with the materials , tho his unkind fortune denied him the art of managing them to the best advantage . his hamlet , a play of the first rate , has the misfortune to fall under mr collier's displeasure ; and ophelia who has had the luck hitherto to keep her reputation , is at last censur'd for lightness in her frenzy ; nay , mr collier is so familiar with her , as to make an unkind discovery of the unsavouriness of her breath , which no body suspected before . but it may be this is a groundless surmise , and mr collier is deceived by a bad nose , or a rotten tooth of his own ; and then he is obliged to beg the poets and the ladies pardon for the wrong he has done 'em ; but that will fall more naturally under our consideration in another place . hamlet king of denmark was privately murther'd by his brother , who immediately thereupon marry'd the dowager , and supplanted his nephew in the succession to the crown . thus far before the proper action of the play. the late kings ghost appears to his son young hamlet , and declares how and by whom he was murther'd , and engages him to revenge it . hamlet hereupon grows very much discontented , and the king very jealous of him . hereupon he is dispatched with ambassadors to england , then supposed tributary to denmark , whither a secret commission to put him to death , is sent by 'em : which hamlet discovering writes a new commission , in which he inserts the names of the ambassadors instead of his own . after this a pirate engaging their vessel , and hamlet too eagerly boarding her is carried off , and set ashore in denmark again . the ambassadors not suspecting hamlet's trick , pursue their voyage , and are caught in their own trap. polonius , a councellour to the king , conveying himself as a spy behind the hangings , at an enterview between hamlei and his mother , is mistaken for the king , and killed by him . laertes his son , together with the king contrive the death of hamlet by a sham match at foyls , wherein laertes uses a poyson'd unrebated weapon . the king , not trusting to this single treachery , prepares a poysoned bowl for hamlet , which the queen ignorantly drinks . hamlet is too hard for laertes , and closes with him , and recovers the envenom'd weapon from him , but in so doing , he is hurt by , and hurts him with it . laertes perceiving himself wounded , and knowing it to be mortal , confesses that it was a train laid by the king for hamlet's life , and that the foul practice is justly turn'd upon himself . the queen at the same times cries out , that she is poysoned , whereupon hamlet wounds the king with the envenom'd weapon . they all die . whatever defects the criticks may find in this fable , the moral of it is excellent . here was a murther privately committed , strangely discover'd , and wonderfully punish'd . nothing in antiquity can rival this plot for the admirable distribution of poetick justice . the criminals are not only brought to execution , but they are taken in their own toyls , their own stratagems recoyl upon 'em , and they are involv'd themselves in that mischief and ruine , which they had projected for hamlet . polonius by playing the spy meets a fate , which was neither expected by , nor intended for him . guildenstern and rosencraus , the kings decoys , are counterplotted , and sent to meet that fate , to which they were trepanning the prince . the tyrant himself falls by his own plot , and by the hand of the son of that brother , whom he had murther'd . laertes suffers by his own treachery , and dies by a weapon of his own preparing . thus every one's crime naturally produces his punishment , and every one ( the tyrant excepted ) commences a wretch almost as soon as a villain . the moral of all this is very obvious , it shews us , that the greatness of the offender does not qualifie the offence , and that no humane power , or policy are a sufficent guard against the impartial hand , and eye of providence , which defeats their wicked purposes , and turns their dangerous machinations upon their own heads . this moral hamlet himself insinuates to us , when he tells horatio , that he ow'd the discovery of the design against his life in england , to a rash indiscreet curiosity , and thence makes this inference . our indiscretion sometimes serves as well , when our dear plots do fail , and that shou'd teach us . there 's a divinity , that shapes our ends , rough hew 'em how we will. the tragedies of this author in general are moral and instructive , and many of 'em such , as the best of antiquity can't equal in that respect . his king lear , timon of athens , macbeth , and some others are so remarkable upon that score , that 't wou'd be impertinent to trouble the reader with a minute examination of plays so generally known and approved . the other tragedies upon which mr collier lets his indignation fall so heavy , are so recent , and so common in the hands of every play reader , that 't is almost an affront to their memories to trouble 'em with too particular a recapitulation . but since we have oblig'd our selves to make good the comparative innocence of the moderns by instances upon the parallel , mr collier can never desire fairer play , than for us to undertake the defence of those very plays , which he himself has markt out , and assigned us ; of which the next in order is the orphan , against which he enters the lists as the chaplains champion , in whose quarrel and upon whose account he is most implacably enraged . the model of this play is something like that of oedipus , except that in this the crime of polydore , being voluntary , his guilt is real , and by consequence poetick justice is observ'd in his punishment , which is just . in this tragedy likewise acasto , castalio , and monimia are innocent , virtuous characters , and their misfortunes undeserv'd , which made 'em naturally objects of pity and commiseration . the fatal consequences of polydore's intemperate lust , and base rash action , afford matter of terrour and example . this play is exactly constituted according to aristotle , who requires only that tragedy shou'd move terrour and compassion , which are the proper springs , by which it works upon the audience . in this it excells the fable of the oedipus , that it bears naturally a good moral , and in the wretched catastrophe of polydore , and the miseries which his incontinence brought upon his family , preaches chastity to the audience after the most effectual manner . but mr collier's in the humour now , and he scorns to circumscribe his kindness to the limits of the christian priesthood , whether orthodox , or heterodox . for even the mufti is allowed the benefit of his clergy , and shares his patronage . he is furiously provok'd at mr dryden for saying that priests of all religions are the same , when he himself at the same time makes no distinction , but treats the priests of god almighty , mahomet and anubis with the same respect . he is for strengthening his party , and contracting an alliance with all faiths and complexions ; he ransacks europe , asia , and africa , and enters into a religious league offensive and defensive with sun-burnt africans , and monsters of the nile . to this end , he labours hard to find out some relation between the mufti and the bishops , and very dutifully strains to extend the scandal from africk to england , that what is said of their arch-priest may reflect upon our prelates . the most bigotted mussulman of 'em all cou'd not have acted more for the service of their priests , than to have shifted the reproach from them to ours . but i hope there is no such sympathy between 'em ( as mr collier injuriously fancies ) and that to break the mufti 's wou'd not make our bishops heads ach , or his black and blue be seen in their faces . those worthy great men , who are the honour of both our church and nation , have little reason to thank him for endeavouring to ally 'em to those , that must of necessity , putting the mildest construction upon their actions , be either gross fools or rank knaves ; fools if they believe , and knaves if they help on the cheat and imposture of mahomet without believing . thus mr collier puts a grosser affront upon our religion and clergy , than any mr dryden has done , and his reproof deserves a severer correction , than t'others fault . this perhaps is a liberty too great to be indulg'd in any one but mr collier's dear self , and therefore to chastize mr dryden's presumption and insolence for but seeming to invade his fancied property , he falls most outrageously upon his don sebastian . the subject of this play bears a very religious moral , and consonant to the tenour of the d commandment shews , that the punishment of mens crimes , shall extend not only to their own persons , but if unrepented shall reach their posterity likewise . in this fable muley moloch , a tyrant and an usurper , benducar a crafty villain and a traytor , the mufti a rascally hypocrite and a traytor . these three therefore are justly rewarded for their own proper demerits . the tyrant falls by treachery , the treacherous minister by publick justice , and the hypocrite is unmaskt , depos'd , and his estate confiscated . sebastian and almeyda are characters of extraordinary virtue , sebastian appears just and brave , and almeyda chaste and constant to an heroick pitch . their offence was involuntary , and a sin of ignorance , the unhappy consequence of the transgression of their parents , and their punishment is proportion'd very well to the nature of their trespass . for tho incest be a sin of a very black dye , yet their ignorance of the nearness of their blood washes away their guilt , and makes it their misfortune , not their crime . in this case a bare separation wou'd be a sufficient justification of their innocence . but a judgment hanging over their heads for the sin of their parents , to divert that something more mortifying was necessary , and therefore a voluntary abdication , exile , and a recluse religious life are thrown in by way of pennance to make weight , and give the attonement its due complement . but lest the true moral shou'd escape the audience , the poet has taken care to fix , and summ it up in the four concluding lines let sebastian and almeyda's fate this dreadful sentence to the world relate , that unrepented crimes of parents dead , are justly punish'd on their childrens heads . this moral needs no defence , and wou'd plead successfully for its author , and excuse many little slips before any judge less partially severe than mr collier . the cleomenes of the same author stands indicted upon the same score , that is , for being to free with the priests of apis. for tho that been't the only allegation against this play , 't is apparently the sole ground . thus mr collier as well as mr dryden , sets priests of all religions upon the same foot. so they be but priests , 't is no matter to whom , he expects they shou'd be respected and reverenc'd ; the compliment must be paid to their livery , whether it be christs or the devils . else why are the mufti , and the priests of apis so much his concern ? why all this heat in the cause of infidels and idolaters , and those none of the simple deluded rout , but the arch jugglers , and managers of the cheat. in this play he has forgot , or overlook'd his greatest advantage , which is the want of moral . his passion had got the upperhand of his judgement , and push'd him headlong on to the attack , no matter where . in this play poetick justice is altogether neglected , virtue is every where deprested , and calamitous , and falls at last unreveng'd in the ruine of cleomenes , pantheus , cleanthes , cleonidas , cratisiclea , and cleora . vice revels all along , and triumps at length in the persons of ptolomy , casandra , and sosybins . the fidelity of cleomenes to his nuptial vows is the destruction of himself and all his friends , while the luxury of ptolomy , the wantonness and infidelity of casandra , and the treachery of sosybius , insult in security unfortunate virtue . 't is true , sosybius in the close seems to become a convert , and pretends to pay extraordinary honours to the body of the dead hero. from whence we may draw this inference , that virtue has its altars tho neglected , even in the most profligate breasts , and that the most inveterate of its enemies will confess its charms , when they no longer dread its power . mr dryden has confin'd himself a little too near the story , had he ass●rted his right , and taken the liberty of a poet , he might have improv'd the moral very much by sending sosybius , casandra , and ptolomy to attend cleomenes to the other world. for ( with submission to mr dryden's better judgment ) i see no necessity for letting the curtain fall so immediately upon the death of cleomenes . the fall of his hero ought to have drawn after it a train of consequence fatal to the contrivers of it ; the ruines of a hero of his size and weight ought to have crush'd those feeble aegyptians . had the rage and despair , that might naturally be supposed in a woman of cassandra's furious temper , upon the disappointment of her licentious ungovernable flame , been wrought up to the destruction of sosybius and herself , magas might have made his appearance in person , to have finish'd the business , and dispatch'd ptolomy . all this might have been done without unnaturally stretching , or making the action double . by this means treachery , lust , infidelity , luxury , cowardice , and cruelty , had all met their due reward . but the poet by tracking too closely the steps of the historian has lost the moral , which , had he been guided by , and depended absolutely upon his own judgment , we had no doubt been indebted to him for . the next and last tragedy i shall instance in is the mourning bride . i have had occasion already to say something of the observation of poetick justice in this play , but this being the proper place , i shall take it a little more particularly into consideration . the fable of this play is one of the most just , and regular that the stage , either antient or modern , can boast of . i mean , for the distribution of rewards , and punishments . for no virtuous person misses his recompence , and no vitious one escapes vengeance . manuel in the prosecution and exercise of his cruelty and tyranny , is taken in a trap of his own laying , and falls himself a sacrifice in the room of him , whom he in his rage had devoted . gonsalez villanous cunning returns upon his own head , and makes him by mistake kill the king his master , and in that cut off , not only all his hopes , but his only prop and support , and make sure of his own destruction . alonzo , his creature and instrument , acts by his instructions , and shares his fate . zara's furious temper and impetuous ungovernable passion , urge her to frequent violences , and conclude at last in a fatal mistake . thus every one 's own wickedness or miscarriage determines his fate , without shedding any malignity upon the persons and fortunes of others . alphonso in reward of his virtue receives the crowns of valentia and granada , and is happy in his love ; all which he acknowledges to be the gift of providence , which protects the innocent , and rewards the virtuous . almeria , whose virtues are much of the same kind , and who sympathiz'd with him in his afflictions , becomes a joynt partner of his happiness . and garcia , tho a servant of the tyrant , and son of the treacherous , ambitious statesman , yet executing only his soveraigns lawful commands , and being untainted with his fathers guilt , and his principles undebauch'd , is receiv'd into alphonso's favour . all this as well as the moral is summ'd up so fully , and so concisely in alphonso's last speech , that 't were injustice not to give it in the poets own words . ( to alm. ) thy father fell , where he design'd my death . gonsalez and alonzo , both of wounds expiring , have with their last breath confest the just decrees of heaven , in turning on themselves their own most bloody purposes , to garcia — o garcia seest thou , how just the hand of heaven has been ? let us , that thro our innocence survive , still in the paths of honour persevere , and not for past , or present ills despair : for blessings ever wait on virtuous deeds ; and tho a late , a sure reward succeeds . these i think are all the english tragedies , which mr collier has by name excepted against . taking therefore our view of the modern tragedy from that quarter , which he has alotted to draw a prospect of it in , i shall leave it to the reader to judge , whether have raised the more beautiful structures . but if we can with these forces , which our enemies have raised for us , make head , and maintain our ground against the united strength of all antiquity , what might have been done , had we had the lasting , and sizing 'em our selves . i shall only take notice of two or three things which are apparently the indisputable advantage of the moderns over the antients , in respect of the general moral of their fables . st , that they never are at the expence of a machine to bring about a wicked design , and by consequence don't interest providence in promoting villany ; as the antients have notoriously done in many of their plays ; of which number are the electra of sophocles ; the electra , orestes , hippolytus , ion , and others of euripides , and the thyestes of seneca . dly , that they never engage providence to afflict and oppress virtue , by distressing it by supernatural means , as the antients have manifestly done , by making their gods the immediate actors in or directors of the misfortunes of virtuous persons , as in the prometheus in chains of aeschylus , the oedipus of sophocles , the hippolytus and hercules furens of euripides , the oedipus and hercules furens of seneca , and divers others of antiquity . dly , that their malefactors are generally punished , which those of the antients seldom were ; but if they escape the moderns don 't provide 'em with a miraculous delivery , or have recourse to such extraordinary methods as exceed the reach of humane force or cunning , so as to entitle providence to the protection of 'em , which was the frequent practice of the antients ; as in the electra of sophocles ; the medea , the orestes , the electra , and others of euripides ; the medea of seneca , &c. from this short review of the different conduct of the antient and modern tragedians , we may see with how much more respect to providence , and the divine administration , our poets have behaved themselves , than they ; and how far the ballance of religion inclines to our side . i suppose no one can be so silly , as to think , that i argue here for the truth of their faith , but the measure of it in their respective perswasions , in which the advantage is infinitely on the side of the english stage . the fable of every play is undoubtedly the authors own , whencesoever he takes the story , and he may model it as he pleases . the characters are not so ; the poet is obliged to take 'em from nature , and to copy as close after her , as he is able . the 〈…〉 be said for the thoughts and expressions , they must be suited to the mouth and character of the person that speaks 'em , not the poet 's . it is not what is right or wrong in the poet's judgment , but what is natural , or unnatural for a person of such a character upon such an occasion to say , which he is to consider , and for which he is accountable only , as well by the rules of moral as poetical justice . when therefore we find any thing in plays that sounds amiss , we must examine whether it be proper to the character or not , before we condemn the poet , whom we may otherwise arraign as mal a propos , as a judge wou'd the kings evidence , if he shou'd prefer an indictment against 'em for speaking treason in their depositions . the fable therefore being the main spring of the machine in tragedy , and the poet 's own proper workmanship● 't is by the temper and disposition of that , that we are to feel the poets pulse , and find out his secret affections . not but that we may err sometimes in our judgments of the poet's morals o● other hand . for 't is possible , that the poet's morals may be very good , yet the man's stark naught , that is , that a man may be a good moral poet , yet a bad man. so on the other hand we may falsly measure his manners by his management , and impute to malice and design those faults , which flow from want of judgment or indiscretion . this is hard measure , but such as mr collier has been very liberal of to the poets . it wou'd be a very uncharitable error , shou'd we at any time hear the sacred mysteries of our faith poorly explained , or weakly defended out of the pulpit , if we shou'd conclude , that the preacher played booty and betrayed the cause he pretended to plead for : and i doubt it wou'd fall heavy upon many , that now pass for honest and good christians , i hope with justice , if their faith were to be measured by their performance , and their integrity by their parts . but it wou'd be much more unjust to rate all the rest of their order by the deficient standard of a few . yet thus mr collier proceeds against those , to whom he thinks fit to oppose himself . and yet even thus they wou'd not have much occasion to fear his malice , if he wou'd proceed against 'em the proper way , and not charge as their private and real sense , the sentiments , which they are obliged sometimes to furnish villains and extravagants with in conformity to their characters , while he denies 'em the benefit of those many excellent and pious reflections abounding in their works . certainly had our poets any such lewd design of confounding the distinctions between truth and fiction , between majesty and a pageant ; of treating god like an idol , and bantering , the scriptures like homer's elysium and hesiod's theogonia , it wou'd appear in the fable , which is the part , as we have observ'd , that discovers most of the poets proper opinion , and gives him the fairest opportunity of stealing it artificially in , and poys'ning the audience most effectually with least suspicion . for tho the fable , if skilfully contriv'd , be the part which operates most powerfully , yet it works after a manner least sensible . we feel the effects without suspecting the cause , and are prejudiced without looking after a reason . if the poets have any such villanous plot against virtue and religion , they are certainly the most negligent fellows , or the most unexperienced in the world to overlook the only place of advantage upon the whole stage for their mischievous purpose , where they might work their mines unmolested , and spring 'em undiscover'd to most , and do the greatest execution with the least alarm to the enemy . but they make war like dutchmen , and sell their enemies ammunition to spend upon themselves . for all their fables are contriv'd and modell'd for the service of virtue and religion , and levell'd against themselves , if they be such great enemies , and so remarkably disaffected , as mr collier says they are . but perhaps he may , either thro mistake or malice , misrepresent the matter ; and what was scoffingly said by the turks to the poles , may be seriously applied to the case before us by both parties , that they did not know of any war betwixt ' em . from the management of the fables of our poets , which , being the principal , and most efficacious part of their plays , undoubtedly employ'd most their care , 't is plain that mr collier has given the world a false alarm , and endeavours to set 'em upon those as subverters of religion and morality , that have with abundance of art and pains labour'd in their service , and rack'd their inventions to weave 'em into the most popular diversions , and make even luxury and pleasure subservient and instrumental to the establishment of moral principles , and the confirmation of virtuous resolutions . before i take leave of tragedy upon this head , i must take notice to the reader , that in this parallel betwixt the antient and modern tragedy , i have not wrested any thing to the unjust prejudice of one , or favour of t'other . nor , tho i find most of the antient fables defective in the general moral , do i charge 'em with any design of under●ining the interest , or lessening the credit and esteem of virtue . the moral and the pathetic were in their days distinct branches of tragedy ( as we have already observ'd from aristotle ) of which their poets in all probability made choice , according to the encouragement they observ'd 'em to meet with . if therefore we find few moral plays amongst the remains of those extraordinary persons the greek tragedians , we may fairly presume , that they did not take at athens , otherwise they wou'd have been more cultivated . for this reason probably it was , that aristotle took so slender notice of moral tragedy , as not thinking it worth while to lay down rules for the practice of that , which was no longer in use , or esteem amongst his countrymen in his time. nor did this dis-esteem of moral plays proceed from any propensity to , or habit of vice peculiar to that age , which might give 'em a disrelish for virtuous entertainments . the contrary of this is evident from several of those tragedies , which succeeded at athens , the discourse in which is frequently moral and instructive , tho the fable it self be not . but moral tragedy not admitting such incidents as were proper to move terrour or compassion , the springs of passion were wanting , and consequently the audience were but weakly affected with such sort of representations . the moderns , who were sensible of the use of one , and the power of t'other sort of tragedy , have taken a happy liberty of compounding 'em , and throwing the simple tragedy quite aside , stick altogether to an implex kind , which is at once both moral and pathetick . wherein they must to their honour be acknowledg'd , to have made a considerable improvement of tragedy , and to have had a singular regard to probity and virtue ; which ( without injustice to antiquity , i may venture to affirm ) had very little interest in the fable before . nor can the most partial admirer of the antients , with any colour of justice deny this advantage to the moderns ; since neither aristotle , nor horace , amongst all their excellent rules , and observations for dramatick writing , have taken the least notice of poetick justice , which is now become the principal article of the drama ; which questionless they wou'd never have forgotten , had the practice of the stage in their own , or preceeding ages , or even their own thoughts suggested the necessity of it . nay so far is aristotle from thinking it a requisite condition , that he recommends * the misfortunes of a person unhappy thro his mistake , not his fault , as the most proper subject for tragedy ; which is directly opposite to this rule , which requires , that the fortune of every one shou'd be adjusted to his merit , whether good or bad . 't is true , aristotle thinks , that 't is inconsistent with the regard that is due to mankind , to represent such revolutions in the fortunes of men , as shall make persons eminently virtuous unhappy , or notoriously wicked successful and prosperous . but i don't find that he made their proper demerits the standard , or immediate rule for squaring their future fortune . and if we consider the examples he produces to his own rule , we shall perhaps be induc'd to believe , that he did not insist upon a very rigorous observation of it . for of his two instances , oedipus was ( as we have already observ'd ) a very virtuous person , and thyestes , according to the traditions remaining concerning him , a very wicked one. so that even while he is laying down his rule , he seems to indulge a latitude in the observance , and to justifie any liberties , that may be taken with it , by the precedent of the best play , not only of sophocles , but of all antiquity . monsieur dacier ( who , according the humour of most commentators , will allow no slips in his author ) strains hard to reconcile the examples to the rule . he charges monsieur corneille with making an unjust exception , for want of understanding rightly , the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . i shall not undertake to arbitrate the point of monsieur corneille's learning , but i think his observation just , and yet in full force , and monsieur dacier's answer , however learned , no better than an evasion . in ennumerating the good qualities , and summing up the character of oedipus , mr dacier omits his piety towards his country , and places the service of destroying the sphinx to the account of his ambition , and the reward of the crown tacked to it . his piety i have already taken sufficient notice of elsewhere , and for his ambition let sophocles answer , who tells us otherwise in the concluding lines ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . who affected not base popularity , nor courted fortune . this may suffice to clear him from the imputation of vanity and ambition , with which monsieur dacier loads his character , and added to the rest , prove him an excellent person ; one that , according to aristotle , was too good to suffer in so extraordinary a manner . to digress no farther , i think we are obliged to the modern tragick poets for the introduction of poetick justice upon the stage , and must own , that they were the first that made it their constant aim to instruct , as well as please by the fable . the antients brought indifferently all sorts of subjects upon the stage , which they took from history or tradition , and were therefore more solicitous to make their stories conform to the relation , or to the publick opinion , than to poetick justice , or the propriety of tragick action . by this means all hopes of a moral was cut off , or if by chance the story afforded any , we are more obliged to the poets luck for it , than to his skill or care. thus the moral , the highest , and most serviceable improvement that ever was , or ever can be made of the drama , is of modern extraction , and may very well be pleaded in bar to all claim laid in behalf of the antients , to preference in point of morality , and service to virtue , as likewise in answer to all objections made to the manners and conduct of the modern stage in general . thus the modern stage , against which mr collier maliciously declaims with so much bitterness , is upon this account infinitely preferable to the athenians , which he commends and admires , and that which he rails at as the bane of sobriety , and the pest of good manners , is prov'd the most commodious instrument to propagate morality , and the easiest , and most palatable vehicle to make instruction go down with effect . but the violence and partiality of some observe no bounds of justice , and admit of no check from modesty or reason . but i shall take leave here , and pass on to the fable of comedy , against which mr collier's spight is more particularly levelled . the fable of comedy will give us very little trouble , if we consider rightly the nature and business of this part of the drama . comedy deals altogether in ridicule , and its subject consequently must be such as affords matter of ridiculous mirth . all its machinations tend to the exciting that ill natur'd titillation , which carries scorn and contempt along with it . it s business is to correct , and hinder the spreading of folly and knavery , by making 'em ridiculous , and to reform rascals and coxcombs by exposing ' em . aristotle therefore has has very judiciously defined comedy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the imitation of the baser sort of people , not in all kinds of villany , but in the ridiculous part , which is one sort of turpitude . the action of comedy must be suited to the actors , who are the baser sort of people , and consequently can't be of any great importance either in its nature or effects , and therefore can afford no extraordinary moral . by the baser sort of people , persons of low extraction or fortune are not heremeant , but persons who by their practices and conduct have expos'd themselves to scandal and contempt . from the nature therefore , and quality of the actors nothing great or generous can be expected from comedy . the duping of an old knave , the cullying of a coxcomb , the stealing of an heiress from a mercenary guardian , are the usual exploits of comedy ; wherein tho gentlemen are sometimes concerned , yet they are , or ought always to be such , as have some blemish , or other upon 'em , otherwise they are not fit for the business they are engag'd in . comedy seems to be designed to teach men civil prudence , and a convenient management in respect of one another , rather than any thing of morality ; and their private duty . there their misfortunes and disgraces are all the immediate result of their own folly and mismanagement , and may therefore very well cause men to reflect upon that want of wit and caution , which caused themselves or others to miscarry , and teach 'em to be more wary for the future ; but it wou'd hardly confer any grace , or mend their principles . the business of comedy being ridicule , those vices only fall under its correction , that are capable of being made ridiculous , and those only after such a manner as may raise scorn and contempt . for this reason comedy seems to be more naturally disposed for the cure of mens follies , than their vices , those running more naturally into ridicule than these , which are more apt to raise indignation and aversion , and are the proper instruments of tragedy . not but that vice too may sometimes be seasonably corrected in comedy , but then it must be join'd with , and wear the livery of folly , to help to make it ridiculous , and the object of scorn , rather than indignation . hence it will appear , what sort of persons are most proper to be employed in comedy , which dealing altogether in stratagem and intrigue , requires persons of trick and cunning on one hand , and easie credulous folks on the other , otherwise the plot will but go heavily forward . by this means all characters absolutely perfect are excluded the comick stage . for what has a man of pure integrity to do with intrigues of any kind ? he can't assist in the execution of any design of circumvention without forfeiting his character ; and to bring such a character upon the stage to be practic'd upon , is such an outrage to virtue , that the most licentious of our poets have not dar'd to venture upon it . i grant that 't is neither necessary , nor convenient , that all the characters in comedy shou'd be vicious , that were to abuse mankind , with a scandalous representation . but i maintain , that they ought all to have some failing or infirmity , to qualifie 'em for the business of the place . men of honour may be made use of to punish knaves , as knaves to cure fools , but their honour ought not to be too strait-laced , too squeamish and scrupulous . they must be persons of some liberty , that out of an over-niceness will not balk a well laid design , and spoil a project with too much honesty . men of hononr may be men of pleasure ; nay , and must be so too , or we do 'em wrong to make 'em appear in such company , as comedy must bring 'em into . what other natural occasion can be assigned for embroiling a gentleman of quality , with usurers , pimps , sharpers , jilts and bullies , but the extravagance of his pleasures ? which they may all serve in their several capacities . the usurer with his wife , his daughter , or his money ; the pimp in his intrigues ; the jilt , the sharper , and the bully in their respective offices may assist his revenges , and be useful engines in those designs , where 't is not proper for himself to appear . that no gentlemen but of this sort shou'd be brought upon the comick stage , i think , is so plain , as well from aristotle's definition , as from the nature and business of the place ; that he that disputes it forfeits all pretence to judgment in these matters . i mean no gentlemen of wit and sense , but such as these . for fools of what quality soever are the proper goods and chattels of the stage ; they are the wrecks of understanding , which poets , as lords of the mannor of wit from immemorial prescription , have an uncontested title to , and may dispose of , as they see fit . a true comick poet like a good droll painter , ought not to make his whole piece ridiculous , and consequently ought not to draw any face that is so regular , as not to have something amiss either in feature or complextion . to put a gentleman of sound sense and perfect morals into comedy , wou'd be as unnatural , as to draw cato dancing amongst the boors at a dutch wedding . it does not therefore follow , that none but rakes and scoundrels must pass for gentlemen in comedy . a gentleman of wit and honour may be judiciously introduced into it , but he must be a man of wild unreclaim'd honour , whose appetites are strong and irregular enough , to hurry him beyond his discretion , and make him act against the conviction of his judgment on the return of his reason . such a character as this no more is unnatural , than to see a drunken gentleman frolicking with the mob , or kissing a link-boy . nothing is more frequent than to meet in our common conversation , and affairs of life , with gentlemen of this sort , who , tho they may be men of excellent parts , temper , and principles , yet in the heat of their blood , and pride of their fortunes , are apt to be byassed a little towards extravagance , and not to consult the severity of reason , or the exactness of justice on many occasions especially in matters relating to their pleasures . what therefore is so common and obvious in the world , can't be unnatural upon the stage , but by using it improperly . to put a gentleman upon the office of a villain or a scoundrel , or to make a man of sense a bubble or a cully in the conclusion , is an abuse to the character , and a trespass against the laws of the drama . if therefore the poet employs any of this character , he is obliged to give him success , notwithstanding the blemishes of his character . for , with all his faults , he is the best , as well as the most considerable person , that 't is lawful for him to make bold with . and if he is at last brought to a sense of his extravagance and errours , and a resolution of amendment , the poet has exerted his authority to the utmost extent of his commission ; and the laws of comedy exact no more . had mr collier known and consider'd sufficiently the nature of comedy , i am apt to think , that we had never seen his whole fourth chapter , which runs altogether upon this mistake , that no liberties are to be indulg'd in comedy , and that the principal characters ought to be in all respects exemplary , and without blemish . that this a mistake i hope is very plain from what has been already said . but because mr collier has taken the pains to back , and assert this erroneous opinion with a tedious harangue , and some seemingly plausible arguments , it may not be amiss to abstract one from t'other , and consider the latter distinctly , without amusing our selves about his pompous expressions , and formal rhetorick . the whole summ of mr collier's long extravagant charge against the english poets , especially the present comick poets , against whom this chapter seems to be particularly levelled , may be reduced to these two heads . st . that by making their protagonists , or chief persons licentious or debauched they encourage vice , and irreligion , and discourage virtue . dly . that the rich citizens are often represented as misers and cuckolds ; and the universities as schools of pedantry ; and thereby learning , industry and frugality ridiculed . mr collier , whose business all thro his book is invective , not argument , lays himself forth with all the pomp of formal eloquence , and vehemence of expression , that he is able , to aggravate the crime , and amplifie the guilt of the poets not to prove it . he is more sollicitous to possess his reader , than convince him , and for that reason le ts slip the circumstance of proof as not very material , because he found it wou'd tye him up to strict argument , and close reasoinng , which is not for his purpose , and insists upon the general charge of debauchery and impiety ; which allowing him all the liberties of declamation and harangue , give him ample field-room to publish , and display his parts , and his malice together ; which he does most egregigiously , and flourishes most triumphantly . never did learned recorder insult poor culprit in more formidable oratory , than he does the poets . 't is true , he offers several instances in confirmation of his assertion , which he draws from divers of our english comedies , which , with the untoward gloss he puts upon 'em , seem to favour his malicious purpose . these i shall consider in their proper places , as far as is absolutely requisite to our purpose , and leave the farther justification of 'em to the gentlemen more immediately concerned , who i suppose will not be wanting to their own necessary defence . we shall therefore proceed to the examination of the main branch of his accusation , contained in the first article , which is the neglect of poetick iustice , the encouraging of vice with success , and the discouraging of virtue . the whole weight of this objection turns upon this hinge , that the protagonists , or chief persons in comedy are generally vicious and successful , which he pretends to be against the law of comedy , which is to reward virtue and punish vice. this objection , as he observes , was started by mr dryden against himself in his preface to his mock-astrologer . but he objects against the answer , which mr dryden there makes to it . that he knows no such law constantly observed in comedy , either by the antients or moderns . this mr collier calls a lame defence , and i agree with him , tho we go upon different grounds . for i think mr dryden has clogg'd his answer with an unnecessary restriction , and by the over modesty of it weakned the sufficiency of it . i grant , that the neglect , or contempt of a law , does by no means destroy the authority of it . but i shall carry it something farther , and say that no such law ever was at all observ'd , or so much as prescrib'd to comedy . nor do i herein trust to the strength of my own memory , or presume upon the extraordinary reach and extent of my enquiries . but i draw this conclusion from the nature of comedy itself , which will admit of no such rule in the latitude mr dryden proposes , and mr collier maintains it . comedy , which deals altogether in ridicule , can take no cognizance of , and give no correction to those vices and immoralities which it cannot expose on that side . for this reason , the sallies of youth , and the licentiousness of men of sense and fortune , uniess they be such as bring their understandings into question , and make 'em ridiculous , how ever unjustifiable , immortal , and offensive they may be to sober people , escape the censure of comedy , because they can't be tried in her way . this consideration it was , that induc'd terence and plautus to indulge their young men so far as they did , and afford so many instance of favour to vicious young people , as mr collier allows they did . he is mistaken , when he fancies , that because those poets had a greater compass of liberty in their religion , and that debauchery did not lie under those discouragements of penalty and scandal with them , as it does with us ; therefore their poets indulg'd themselves in those liberties , which otherwise they durst not have taken . plautus and terence , especially the latter , were nice observers of mankind , and greater masters of their own art , than to take an improper liberty , only because 't was not dangerous . but their religion , false as it was , and the laws of their country , which were very severe at rome in this case , requir'd strict morality , and regularity of life . if therefore they had suspected , that these indulgences had tended any ways to the debauching of their youth , and the corrupting of their manners , they durst not have ventur'd 'em into publick view . nor wou'd their magistrates , to whose censure they were particularly submitted , have suffer'd examples of such ill consequence to have been produc'd openly . besides , cato , whose virtue was as sowre and austere , and perhaps as great as mr collier's , was a great encourager of 'em , which 't is non probahe wou'd have been , had he smelt any such dangerous plot in ' em . so that the authority of these precedents may stand , and be of service , notwithstanding the wide difference betwixt heathenism , and christianity , and mr collier's opinion to the contrary . but plautus and terence have taken no such unjustifiable liberties , as he imagines . they have copyed faithfully from nature , and their draughts come incomparably near the life . no outrage is done to the original , by enlarging or contracting the features , in order to entertain the audience with monsters of dwarfs , but humane life is depicted in its true and just proportion . if therefore the images , which their plays reflect , displease any froward cynic , the fault is in the face , not the glass which gives a true representation ; and he quarrels with providence , whose creature mankind is , if he dislikes the fight . any liberties therefore , which these poets have taken , wherein nature is not wrong'd , descend undoubtedly to all those that succeed 'em upon the comick stage , who have a right to all the priviledges of their predecessors upon the same terms . but plautus and terence made their young fellows , as nature frequently does , wild and extravagant ; at which mr collier is scandaliz'd , and appeals from their judgment to horace , who ( he says ) was as good a judge of the stage , as either of those comedians , yet seems to be of another opinion . let us see how far the precept of horace for the drawing of youth in general differs from the practice of those comedians . horace tells us , that the young squire , as soon as he has shaken off the yoak of a tutor , is for dogs and horses , ( and whores too , as appears by the sequel of his character ) that he is cereus in vitium flecti , monitoribus asper vtilium tardus provisor , prodigus aeris , sublimis , cupidusque , & amata relinquere pernix . prone to vice , impatient of reproof , careless of things necessary , prodigal , proud , eager , and inconstant in his desires . this is not a bare character , a simple description of the humours of young people ; but 't is a precept , a rule for artists to draw 'em by . and therefore ought to include nothing contingent , or unnecessary ; but every thing contain'd in it ought to be the inseparable adjunct of the species , such as a true idea of the generality cannot be given without , tho perhaps some individuals may be met with , that want it . upon this rule let mr collier arraign these authors if he can . for tho they wrote before horace , and consequently can't plead his precept in their defence , yet the observation of nature was common to them with him , and the reason of the rule as well known to ' em . i suppose therefore , if horace be made their judge in this case , they must be acquitted , otherwise he will condemn himself . but mr collier tells you , that horace condemns the obscenities of plautus , and tells you that men of fortune and quality , in his time , wou'd not endure immodest satire . this i believe is a discovery of mr collier ' s own , for i don't find any such accusation in horace ; he tells us , that he did by no means admire the versification and raillery of plautus , as their ancestors had injudiciously done , that his numbers were not true , nor his wit gentile . an nostri proavi plautinos , & numeros , & laudavere sales ; nimium patienter utrumque , ( ne dicam stultè ) mirati : si modo ego , & vos scimus inurbanum , lepido seponere dicto , legitimumque sonum digitis callemus , & arte . here he excepts against the numbers , and raillery of plautus , and arraigns the taste , and judgment of their ancestors , that approved ' em . but i don't find that he lays immodesty , or obscenity to his charge . but this seems to be a strain in emulation of his famous predecessor mr prynne , whose arguments and way of reasoning mr collier inherits as well as quarrel , with a double portion of his spirit . mr prynne was offended at the appearance of actresses upon the stage , and in the fervour of his zeal finds it forbidden in scripture ; because , says he , st paul expressly prohibits women from speaking publickly in the church . mr collier in a fit of criticism something like this , takes occasion from this passage of horace , to shew how apt a scholar he is ; and not to be behind hand with mr prynne , for a reason , has recourse to his usual method of construction , ( in which we have already seen he has a singular dexterity ) and converts horace's charge of inharmonious verse and clownish jests , to obscenity and immodest satyr . to cover this piece of legerdemain , he confounds this passage with another as little to his purpose . horace from talking of tragedy proceeds to lay down some maxims for the better regulation of the satyrae , then in use upon the roman stage . these satyrae were a sort of interludes introduced betwixt the acts in tragedy to refresh , and divert the audience . the persons represented were the satyri or fauni , or train of bacchus or pan ; persons supposed to be of very loose and virulent tongues , and rustick behaviour . and accordingly the matter of these poems was generally scandal , and clownish raillery , in which to gain the applause of the mob , they often took such sawcy liberties in point of scandal and undecency , that they people of better quality were offended at ' em . and horace assures us , that the quality and mob cou'd never agree in their verdict about ' em . sylvis deducti caveant ( me judice ) fauni , ne , velut innati triviis , ac pene forenses , aut nimium teneris juvenenter versibus unquam , aut immunda crepent , ignominiosaque dicta offenduntur enim , quibus est equus , & pater , & res : nec , siquid fricti ciceris probat , & nucis emptor , aequis accipiunt animis , donantve corona . but what 's all this to plautus and comedy , who never had any dealings with these satyrae . after this notable exploit , he launches out into the wide sea of poetry , and flourishes with the character that horace gives of the first poets , orpheus , amphion , &c , whom he celebrates as the civilizers of mankind ; but as that affords little matter either of honour or reproach to these , that came so long after them , when the muses , tho they might have kept their virtue , yet had lost very much of their power , and instead of commanding the passions of their auditors , were forced on many occasions to comply with and submit to their whimsies , and humour their capri●ious appetites : it will be impertinent ( whatever licence mr collier may assume ) to insist any longer upon a case no way paralell . for this character , which horace bestows upon those poets , was intended as a complement of poetry in general , but not to reflect any honour upon the drama in particular , ( much less comedy , the more recent branch of it ) which was not invented till long after the time of orpheus and amphion . his next use that he makes of the authority of horace , he draws from his instructions about the office of the chorus . the chorus ( horace tells us after aristotle ) ought to bear the part of an actor , and take care to say nothing incoherent , or incongruous to the main design , but to make his song of a piece with the whole . from hence ( mr collier infers that ) 't is plain , that horace wou'd have no immoral character have either countenance or good fortune upon the stage . but here he foresees an objection , that the chorus was left off in comedy before horace's time , and that these directions must needs therefore be intended for tragedy . to which he answers , that the consequence is not good . for the use of the chorus is not inconsistent with comedy . the antient comedians had it . aristophanes is an instance . i know 't is said the chorus was left out , in that which they call new comedy . had mr collier consider'd who 't was that said this , he ought to have acquiesc'd in his authority ; but since he is so unwilling to confess , he must be convicted , and therefore we shall endeavour to prove the validity of the consequence upon him . i shall trouble the reader with the depositions of but one evidence , but he shall be , like conscience in this case , mille testes . horace tells us , that the old comedy grew so intolerably abusive and scandalous , that a law was made to curb it , and that from that time the chorus was silenc'd . successit vetus his comaedia , nonsine multâ laude , sed in vitium libertas excidit , & vim dignam lege regi . lex est accepta , chorusque turpiter obticuit , sublato jure nocendi . this testimony of horace is full against mr collier , and a plain argument that he never intended his directions for a chorus for the use of comedy . the chorus in the old comedy had the greatest freedom of speech , and took the boldest liberties of any part of the play , and consequently gave the greatest offence , and stood most in need of correction . and horace seems to insinuate , that the chorus was not only scandalously offensive , but that it was expressly filenc'd by law , when he says , — lex est accepta , chorusque turpiter obticuit , sublato jure nocendi . as if the whole business of the chorus in comedy had been scandal , and the law levell'd against the chorus only . the event justifies this exposition ; for after the publication of the laws against the liberty of scandal , which was grown so rampant in the old comedy , the chorus vanish'd and appear'd no more upon the athenian stage in comedy , that we know of . this mr collier denies , and fortifies himself and his assertion with matter of fact. for aristophanes his plutus is new comedy with a chorus in 't . in this assertion there are two mistakes , which being critical ones , i don't much wonder at , because they contribute towards making the book uniform , and preserve the integrity of the piece . yet he building with so much assurance upon 'em , 't will be but charity to let him see , that his foundation is too weak to support the weight of the superstructure he has laid upon it . the first of these is , that the plutus of aristphanes is not new comedy . dly . that in the plutus , there is no chorus . the learned ( whom i suppose mr collier means by they ) divided the greek comedy into the three classes , the old , the middle , and the new ; not to mention that the old comedy it self is subdivided into two ages ; the latter of which commences with cratinus , who first distinguisht the parts , disposed the acts , and fixt the number of actors ; and comprehends eupolis , aristophaenes , and the rest of the comick poets till the conclusion of the popular authority , and the beginning of the oligarehy , from which time to the time of alexander , that which is now called the middle comedy flourished , till menander , and the poets of his time , philemon , diphilus , apollodorus , and others , quite altered the face of the comick stage , and introduc'd that which is now call'd the new comedy . by this divifion , which is both just , and accurate , the plutus falls to the share of the old comedy ; to which , notwithstanding the deviations therein from the former practice of aristophanes , it does most properly belong . but if mr collier will have the plutus of aristophanes to be the first step towards the reformation of comedy at athens , i shall not much dispute the matter with him . because he has in that abridged himself of much of that liberty , which he has used in his former plays . but granting even this , aristophanes can at most but lead up the van of the middle comedy ; and is very far distanc'd by the new. for tho aristophanes has in some measure altered his conduct in his plutus , yet he retains absolutely the form and stamp of the old comedy , and retrenches only some offensive liberties . the fable of the old comedy was altogether chimerical , and the characters romantick and whimsical , neither of 'em drawn from the observation of nature , or the business of humane life , but pumpt out of the extravagance of the poets brain . the spirit of these entertainments consisted in the piquancy of the raillery and jests , and the boldness of the scandal , in which they took excessive liberties with particular persons , especially the chorus , and to which the success of 'em was wholy owing . cratinus is said to have been very bold , and to have taxed people freely by their names , without miucing the matter , ( i had almost said without fear or wit ) and charged them with all sorts of crimes , without respect to persons . eupolis was somewhat more discreet , couching real crimes and persons under sham names , and lashing his fellow citizens on the backs of feigned offenders . aristophanes was frequently no less plain than cratinus in respect to names , but his wit was of another sort , less sullen and chagrine . he turned all into jest , and bantered those things , which the others reprehended after a manner more serious and severe . menander and the new comedians formed their models after a very different manner . for having particularly scandal , which had given so much offence in the old comedy , they began to furnish themselves from observation and experience , rather than invention , and to employ their judgments more than their fancies . they raised the structure of their plays upon the foundations of nature , and made the intrigues of the world , and the common affairs of life the subjects of 'em , and the different orders of mankind . a hard father , a difficult master , a wild son , a crafty servant , an impudent pandar , a mercenary courtezan , and a captive virgin , were the most usual characters ; which being opposite to , and concerned with one another , set the plot naturally to work , and give occasion to set all the wheels of the machine a going . this may suffice to give us an idea of the difference between the old comedy and the new , and to convince us that the plutus of aristophanes , which deals altogether in unaccountable designs and surprizing events , and works by unnatural machines to a chimerical , romantick end , is not new comedy ; tho the poet contrary to his custom makes use of feigned names , and lays aside the chorus . for tho these innovations be here made in comedy , yet both the matter and the form ( wherein consisted the main difference between the old comedy and the new ) remaining still the same with the rest of his plays , it can by no means be admitted into the new , both matter and form of which were different , if not directly opposite to the former . for in the old comedy they proceeded from generals that were chimerical and false , to argue particulars that were real and true . in the new from particulars that were imaginary and false , they reprehended generals that were real . the old comick poets generally devised some extravagant and unnatural , or at least improbable tale , into which they took occasion to thrust particular facts and persons that were real , and well known . the new made use of such intrigues and persons as were frequent and familiar amongst mankind , and thereby corrected the common faults , such as avarice , fraud , &c. but copyed neither the actions , nor manners of individuals ; and so reflected not particularly upon any one. the first resembled a limner , that cou'd copy the features of a face , but cou'd only draw individuals like , ye cou'd not design ; the latter a true historical painter , that aim'd rather at expressing the manners , and passions of mankind than the countenances . in whose pieces you shou'd not amongst a thousand meet one face , that you distinctly knew , yet none but what were natural and significant , and such as you must acknowledge you saw every day . the difference therefore betwixt the old comedy and the new is as great and evident , as betwixt the paintings of raphael vrbin , or michael angelo , and those of sir anthony vandike , or sir peter lely . i shall not therefore insist upon those lesser differences of phrase and metre , those already given , being sufficient to inform a very indifferent judge . however , as aristophanes has in this play varied his conduct in some things from the practice of the rest of the old comedians , and of himself in his former pieces , he seems to challenge the first place in the middle comedy , which the learned have found it necessary to distinguish both from the old and the new. because several alterations were made in comedy , of which perhaps the omission of the chorus was none of the least considerable , yet neither the model or design were totally changed till the time of menander , and his cotemporaries . mr collier's second mistake in relation to the plutus of aristophanes is , that it has a chorus in 't . if he means that there is a part in this play , which is sustained by a person or persons under the name of chorus , matter of fact is directly for him : but if he thinks that there is any such thing as a true chorus in it , it is as plain against him . this matter will easily be decided , if we consider the nature , and office of a chorus in the old comedy . the chorus in comedy , was a person consisting of divers , either men or women , or both , and assisted in two capacities . one as an actor , or party concern'd to promote and carry on the main design , and help forward the action of the play , which is common to the chorus with the other actors , and does not distinguish it from ' em . the other , as the poet 's representative , to make the parabases , or transitions from the actors , ( with whom only as an actor the chorus is concern'd ) to the gods , or to the audience . to the gods , to invoke their aid , or celebrate their praises , as the occasion suggested . to the audience , to inform 'em of what was suppos'd to pass extra scenam behind the scenes , to make the action of the play entire , or to make reflections on what pass'd upon the stage for the instruction of the audience , and to tax the evil practices of such citizens , as were obnoxious to the poet , and the publick . this was the part by which it at least gave offence , by the disorderly liberties which it took ; and sometimes to acquaint the audience with the poet's hopes and fears , his acknowledgments and complaints , which last part of the business of the chorus is answer'd by the prologue among the romans . i shall not trouble the reader with the grammatical division of the parts of the chorus , ( viz. ) ode , antode , strophe , and antistrophe , &c. which signify nothing to the point before us . but i shall desire the reader to take notice that in the plutus of aristophanes , this part which alone constitutes the office , and business of a chorus , and which only distinguishes it from a common actor is entirely omitted . the chorus in this play appears but as an ordinary actor , and addresses itself to the other actors only , comes on , and goes off without once singing or speaking apart from the rest . the chorus therefore , as it is called , in this play might more properly have been personated by a single man , and called by any other name , since it performs nothing of the office . the observation of this defect of the essential part of the chorus , made the learned * julius scaliger think , that this play had been castrated , and that the chorus ( which he confesses to be wanting ) was not omitted , but taken away since the writing of it . but whether it were , as scaliger suspects , taken out after it was finish'd , or omitted in the writing , is not very material ; 't is plain we have it not , and 't is very probable that 't was the author's own fear of offending , that depriv'd us of it ; the want of which caution in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cost cratinus his life . for had the chorus of the plutus ever been made publick , i see no reason why that , as well as the rest of his chori , should not have been transmitted to us . i would advise mr collier in the next greek play he cites , to read farther than the list of the persons of the drama . for 't is apparently negligence , that has led him into this errour , and made him think , that because he found a chorus there , it must needs be in the play , which he would not have allow'd to be a legitimate chorus , had he read the play , and known the business of a chorus . 't is yet in his election which excuse shall stand for him . mr collier's instances therefore signifies nothing to his argument , because it does not prove a chorus consistent with the new comedy . st , because the plutus in which he instances is not new comedy . dly , because ( tho it were new comedy ) it has no chorus . so that , i suppose , we may lay the authority of aristophanes aside in this case . we shall not trouble the reader with a particular of the fables of aristophanes , which are so extravagantly romantick , that 't is impossible they should be edifying . and therefore i suppose mr collier will not play the morality of the greek comedy upon us from that quarter . but he proceeds to prove the continuance of the chorus in comedy by an oblique inference from aristotle , who lived after this revolution of the stage , ( yet ) mentions nothing of the omission of the chorus . but in mr collier ' s opinion , rather supposes the continuance of it , by saying the chorus was added by the government long after the invention of comedy . here the silence of aristotle concerning the omission of the chorus in comedy , is made an argument of the continuance of it ; and by an odd sort of sophistry , he concludes , that because he has taken notice of the first institution of it , he must needs do the same for the disuse of it , had he been acquainted with it . by the same way of arguing he might have prov'd , that aristophanes was the the last of the comic poets before aristotle , because he has made no mention of any that succeeded him ; and yet we are sufficiently inform'd , that there were divers between aristotle and aristophanes . but if at this distance we must needs be conjecturing at reasons , for that which pass'd so long ago , a much more natural account may be given of this silence , than that which mr collier strains so hard for . aristotle was a man of extraordinary capacity and judgment , and did not talk so impertinently as mr collier supposes he would have done , if he had had opportunity . aristotle , in this treatise of tragedy , gives a very brief account of the rise and progress of the drama , and as his subject obliged him , tells us , that the two branches , tragedy and comedy , arose both from the same spring , viz. the hymns to bacchus , the former from the dithyrambi , which contain'd his praises and exploits , the latter from the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , * a sort of obscene songs compos'd of the same deity , which in conformity to the law were still continued his time in the villages . in the next chapter he proceeds to the definition of comedy , in order to illustrate the difference betwixt that and tragedy ; and then informs us , that the first steps towards the reducing comedy to form and order , were made in the dark , and the marks of 'em too far obliterated to be trac'd backwards , through publick neglect , that 't was long e're it came to be acted at the expence of the publick . for that 's the meaning in this place , of the magistrates giving the chorus , that is paying the actors . for he immediately subjoyns , that all before that time were volunteers in this service , that is , acted gratis . in this account of the growth of comedy , aristotle according to his usual method , is very concise , and does not make one step out of his way to gratifie any curiosity , which he foresaw that some of his readers might have . but mr collier , who reasons after a manner very different from the philosopher , wou'd lead him a wild goose chase quite out of his road , to tell when the chorus in comedy was silenc'd , tho 't was nothing to his purpose , and a long way from his text ; or force him to confess against his conscience that he knows nothing of the matter . but aristotle , who was a better judge than mr collier of what was proper and necessary to his subject , reserves this point to another occasion , and in the preceding chapter reprimands the unseasonable curiosity and impatience of those , that require decisions out of time and order . which had mr collier carefully read , this argument probably had been suppress'd . however , to oblige him with a little scratching where it itches , i must desire him to take notice , that at that time aristotle had actually written , or design'd at least to write another book concerning comedy in particular , and therefore prudently forbore to use those materials here , which he knew wou'd be more serviceable in another place . this book has been long lost , and therefore there lies no appeal to it on this occasion . yet because he has such a mind to make aristophanes the father of the new comedy , we 'll stretch a point farther than we are bound by the laws of polemicks ; and to shew that we are fair adversaries , point him out a play , that may perhaps serve his turn somewhat better than the plutus . the cocalus , one of the last plays of aristophanes , which is lost , is said by some learned men to have been the model , which menander copyed exactly , and took his design of the new comedy from . if this be true , aristophanes may in some sense claim the new comedy as his issue . but then mr collier must not say a word more of the chorus . for 't is certain that menander used none , and very probable , that the cocalus had none neither , if that were his model . by this it may appear , that whether a chorus be consistent with new comedy or not , it was not used in it by the antients . nor was it indeed fit to be used according to the liberties of aristophanes . and we may conclude from the practice of all ages and nations ever since , that they thought those freedoms essential to the chorus of comedy , when they chose rather to lay it wholly aside than to reform it . if moliere has , after two thousand years discontinuance , ventur'd to bring a chorus again upon the comick stage , i don't find that his performances of that kind have any extraordinary effect , or that they stir up many imitators to follow his example . moliere was arrived at the second infancy of his poetry , and might want these helps to keep his plays upon their legs , which by the first comick poets were made use of to teach theirs to go upright . his more vigorous productions scorn'd those crutches , which the issue of his old age , that brings the infirmities of its parent along with it into the world , is forc'd to have recourse to for its support . but to what end wou'd mr collier introduce the chorus into the english comedy ? we have no hymns , no anthems to be sung upon the stage ; nor no music , or dancing , but what it as well or better perform'd by the ordinary method now in use , than it could be by a chorus . the main business of a chorus is cut off by our religion , and the rest render'd useless and unnecessary , by the method and disposition of our comedies . something like it we have still in use , tho not in our theatres , yet at our puppet shews ; where chorus stands before the scenes , and explains to the spectators what they see , and informs 'em what shall happen afterwards , makes his wise reflections on what is past , and sometimes enters into dialogue with his little actors , as a party concern'd , and talks to the purpose like one of them . this is exactly the office of a chorus , and therefore i don't see why the fellow that discharges it mayn't wear the title ; except it be , that the authors of that sort of drama , are generally too illiterate to know from whence they originally fetcht their precedent . here is nothing of the duty of a chorus omitted , except the singing , dancing , and idolatrous part , which , as we have already observ'd , are all either better supply'd otherwise , or absolutely inconsistent with our religion and stage . mr collier indeed seems to assign the chorus another office. he wou'd have it to be a sort of monitor , or chaplain to the play , to preach to the audience , and correct the disorders of the stage . this is a new function , for which i doubt he can produce no warrant from aristophanes , or precedent from moliere . 't is an office of his own creating , and therefore he wou'd do well to execute it a while himself , to instruct the players , and teach 'em the knack of preaching , in which they are yet unexercis'd . but all this torrent of misreasoning and false rhetorick flows from one spring , one original error has branch'd itself out thus amply . mr collier knows , that the business of comedy is to instruct by example ; and he mistakenly imagines , that these ought to be examples for imitation . whereas , if he considers the nature of comedy , he will find just the reverse of this fancy to be true . for , as we have already taken notice , it can employ no perfectly upright characters , and consequently can afford no examples , but for caution . nor is comedy therefore to be thought imperfect , any more than the law , which makes no other provision for the encouragement of virtue and good actions , than by punishing vice and villany . what mr collier objects in this case is groundless , that the poets , by dressing up an imperfect , or debauch'd character , with the embellishments of wit and sense , and other good qualities , and crowning it with success at last , pave the way to licentiousness and debauchery . for , whether the poet brings such a character to a sol●mn resolution of reforming at last , or not , which yet they generally do , 't is evident , that the success which attends it , is not given to the licentiousness , but to the wit and sense , or other good qualities , which are predominant in the character . he therefore that can take success so bestow'd , and circumstantiated as it is usually in comedy , for an encouragement to debauchery must have a very deprav'd apprehension . but mr collier is implacably enrag'd at the poets , for mixing such beauties and such blemishes in one piece ; and is in a pannick fear , lest the beauty of the whole shou'd tempt folks to ape the deformities of it . this is as ridiculous an apprehension , as if any awkard fellow shou'd see a beau in all his glory with dirty shoes , and shou'd fancy that he made that splendid figure purely by virtue of the dirt upon his shoes , and resolve never to have his own clean'd again . a fine face , with a cast of the eyes , may move the beau's and the ladies to wish for such features , and such a complexion , yet it wou'd scarce win 'em to endeavour to squint like it . whatever mr collier may think , the understanding of our youth is not so very depress'd and low , but they can very readily distinguish between the obvious beauties , and defects of a character , and are not to be fool'd like dottrels into a vicious imitation . if a man shou'd know a pick-pocket that was an excellent accountant , or a forger of false notes that was an incomparable writing-master , it were very easie , and very commendable , for any one to imitate their good qualities , without receiving any taint or impression from their rogueries . however , mr collier observes abundance of licentiousness and impurity in the world , and is resolv'd to lay it all at the doors of the theatres . he sees up and down a great number of figures like those that are expos'd upon the stage , and he wisely concludes , that the models must needs be taken from thence , and that these men are but the players apes , which is directly contrary to the truth . for these are the originals , of which those upon the stage are but the copies , the images , which that , like a glass , reflects back upon 'em chorus , or non chorus , mr collier pushes still forward upon the mistaken , authority of horace ; and maintains that horace having expressly mentioned the beginning and progress of comedy , discovers himself more fully . he advises a poet to form his work upon the precepts of socrates and plato , and the models of moral philosophy . this was the way to preserve decency , and to assign a proper fate and behaviour to every character . now if horace wou'd have his poet govern'd by the maxims of morality , he must oblige him to sobriety of conduct , and a just destribution of rewards and punishments . to try the validity of this argument , we must have recourse to the original , which will shew us some misapplication , and some mistake of horace's meaning in this short paragraph . mr collier links this advice of horace immediately to his account of the rise and progress of comedy ; and that he may appropriate it solely to comedy , skips over a transition of twenty lines , by which the poet artificially passes from the particular of comedy to poetry in general ; and takes occasion to say , that a good poet ought to be a wise man , and acquainted with the writings of the philosophers . for socrates appears in this place as the representative of the whole body of moral philosophers , and not for himself and plato only , as mr collier imagines . scribendi recte sapere est principium & ●ons . rem tibi socraticae poterunt ostendere chartae . the reason of this he immediately subjoyns , which will also make the application for us . for , says he , the man that knows what is due to his country , and his friends , his obligations to parents and kindred , the laws of hospitality , and the duty of a senator , a judge , and a general , knows enough to enable him to do justice to every character . qui didicit patriae quid debeat , & quid amicis : quo sit amore parens , quo frater amandus & hospes , quod sit conscripti , quod iudicis officium , quae partes in bellum missi ducis : ille profecto reddere personae scit convenientia cuique . this list of qualifications seems prepar'd only for tragick and epick poetry . comedy , which concerns none but the lesser intrigues of mankind , and the private affairs of particular families , or persons , has no dealings with the publick , or its magistrates ; and therefore does not seem to be comprehended in the aim of these directions . yet , if mr collier will have it included , he ought to have shewn how far it was affected in particular upon a fair exposition . but that method wou'd not serve his turn . for horace in this passage , does not advise the study of morality , but politicks , which could best satisfy demands of this nature . he did not expect that the poets shou'd tye their characters up to severe duty , and make every one act up to the strict rules of morality , and be guided by the dictates of right reason and justice , or otherwise to punish 'em always in proportion to the deviations they made from 'em , as mr collier insinuates . all that he requir'd was , that a poet shou'd know how it became the several orders of men to behave themselves in civil societies , according to their respective ranks , degrees , and qualities ; that they might thereby be qualify'd to give distinct images of every kind , whether good or bad , without mixing of characters , or confounding ideas . rectum est index sui , & obliqui , was his rule in this case , and 't is a true one , a right notion of things will certainly discover a false one . for this he advis'd his poet , to consult the philosophers , and to dive into the political reasons of these matters , without which their view of 'em wou'd be but superficial and confus'd . yet after all he gave him very large priviledges , and extended his charter , as far as the observation of humane nature , he allow'd him the liberty of saying any thing that providence laid before him , provided he kept close to the original . to this end he bids him look upon the examples that men set him in their lives and manners , and thence learn to draw true pictures of mankind . respicere exemplar vitae , morumque jubebo . doctum imitatorem , & veras hinc ducere voces . the mores , or manners here mentioned by horace , are the poetical , not moral , the distinction betwixt which mr collier very well knows , as appears by his making use of it , when 't is for his turn , tho he wilfully over-looks it in many other places , where the notice of it would be more natural , but less for his malicious purpose . however , since he has given a sort of definition , tho an imperfect one , of poetical manners , i shall give it the reader in his own words . and because 't is the only statute law of parnassus , by which the poets can fairly be tried for any misdemeanour , either of character or expression , i shall supply the defects or mr collier's report of it from aristotle , who is more full and clear . manners , in the language of poetry , is a propriety of actions and persons . to succeed in this business there must be a regard had to age , sex , and condition : and nothing put into the mouths of persons , which disagrees with any of these circumstances . 't is not enough to say a witty thing , unless it be spoken by a likely person , and upon a proper occasion . in this account i observe many things deficient , something equivocal , which i shall first take notice of , and then proceed to supply the defects . the three things , mr collier recommends to a poet 's , or reader 's careful observation , and regard , are age , sex , and condition . of these , the first and the last , age and condition , are equivocal terms . the author has not taken care to explain , whether he means by age , the age of a person , or the age of the world , which he is suppos'd to live in . for to both these great regard is to be had , because they difference the characters equally . a noble roman of four and twenty in the first ages of the commonwealth , was no more like one of the same age under the emperors , in humour and inclinations , than either of 'em was like his grandfather of fourscore . as great , or greater is the ambiguity of the word condition , whereby he has not signify'd whether he means condition , as to estate , quality , vnderstanding , or circumstances , as to the action of the play , at the juncture when the person does or says any thing . yet these have all an equal share in the propriety both of words and actions , and ought to be consider'd , otherwise the manners can never be preserv'd in their propriety and integrity . but by supplying the defects of this account , we shall remedy the danger of mistakes from the equivocal expressions contained in it . aristotle requires four conditions to the perfection of poetick manners . st , that they be good . by the goodness of manners the philosopher does not here understand any moral goodness ; for he declares in this very article , that he means only * that they should be expressive of the character , and carry both in words and actions , the distinguishing marks of the humour and inclinations of the person , whether they be morally good or bad. so that if the humour or natural inclinations of the persons be sufficiently markt in the words and actions , the manners are good , according to aristotle , let 'em be never so vicious . horace understands manners the same way , when he tells us , that sometimes plays of little elegance , without ornament , or art , yet wherein the manners were well express'd , took better than others , wherein they were neglected for tinsel and bombast . interdum speciosa locis , morataque recte fabula , nullius veneris sine pondere & arte valdius oblectat populum , meliusque moratur , quam versus inopes rerum , nugaeque canorae . dly , * that they be proper . wherein this propriety consists aristotle has not told us , except in one negative instance , that courage is a quality improper , or unbecoming a woman . mr collier's account of poetical manners above-cited , relates to this particular condition only , yet is both defective and equivocal in that . horace has been very full upon this , and takes care to describe at large the different humours of man in the several stages of his life . the same he does to the several orders and degrees of men , according to their respective capacities , either natural or political , and gives the poets a great charge not to confound ' em . to repeat his words upon this occasion wou'd be tedious , upon the score of length . however , i shall endeavour to give the reader as good an idea of this poetical propriety , as the narrow compass i am oblig'd to will permit . the propriety of manners consists in an exact conformity both of words and actions to the supposed age both of the person and the world , to the humour , fortune , quality , understanding , and present condition , as to the business of the play , of the person acting or speaking . horace as well as aristotle , has express'd all this in one word , convenientia , both which i have render'd proper . this place does not afford me room for instances for each particular , and therefore i shall desire the reader 's patience , till the subject calls for 'em in their proper places . dly , that they be like . this condition relates only to characters taken from histories , or poetical traditions very well known . when the poet makes use of names , or stories with which the audience is well acquainted , he must be sure to make 'em conform to the receiv'd opinion . otherwise the audience , who will not endure to have their own notions contradicted , will never acknowledge 'em to be the persons they wou'd be taken for . for this reason horace bids his poet , follow common fame , famam sequere . and if he meddled with known names , to keep to the known characters , and accounts of ' em . — honoratum si forte reponis achillem : impiger , iracundus , inexorabilis , acer : iura neget sibi nata , nihil non arroget armis . sit medea ferox , invictaque flebilis ino , perfidus ixion , io vaga , tristis orestes . the likeness here design'd , is not a natural , but a historical likeness . however monstrous a character were , if it was form'd upon , and adjusted to common fame , the poet was justify'd . thly , that they should be equal . here likewise aristotle puts in his caveat , lest any one by equality of manners shou'd understand such a steadiness of temper and resolution , as would exclude from the stage the uncertainty of fickle humours , which he very well knew to be the case of a very great part of mankind . all that he requir'd was , that they should be all of a piece , that there might be no dismembring of characters , no repugnancy to themselves in any part of ' em . horace , his best interpreter , says , let the character be maintain'd , and let the person appear the same at his exit , that he did at his entrance , and be consistent with himself . — servetur ad imum qualis ab incepto processerit , & sibi cons●et . the philosopher did by no means intend to cut off so considerable a branch from the revenue of comedy as levity ; than which nothing deserves her correction more , nothing fits her purpose better . but he cautions the poets , whenever they make use of any of these unequal , or uncertain tempers , to represent 'em * equally , or alike unequal thro the whole piece ; and not to make 'em fickle and inconstant in one act , and resolv'd and steady in another . upon these rules we may proceed to try the characters , and expressions of our poets , either in conjunction with the antients , or separately by themselves . the characters and expressions have such a natural dependance upon one another , that they can't be examin'd apart , each being justifiable or condemnable upon the evidence of the other only . the character may offend two ways ; first , by being unnatural , and consequently monstrous ; dly , by being inconsistent with itself , and not all of a piece . these faults , when committed , are likewise two ways discoverable , by the actions , and by the expressions , when any thing is done , or said unnatural , or improper , a fault is committed against character , which is thereby broken , and becomes double . the faults of expression are as various as the circumstances against which it may offend , which are already summ'd up under the head of propriety , which may again be every one subdivided into so many branches , that it would be endless to particularize the several ways of trespassing in this kind . i shall therefore content my self to take notice of 'em severally , as occasion shall present it self , and wave ▪ any further notice of those which shall not be found to my present purpose . mr collier might unquestionably have found our poets remiss enough in the observation of these rules , and consequently guilty of faults deserving his or any one's correction . but he chose rather to brand 'em with crimes of a blacker dye , tho with less justice and truth , and like an irish . evidence , by his forwardness to charge , and the monstrousness of his allegations , destroys the credit of his depositions . his charge against our stage for the mismanagement of their characters consists of three general heads . . misrepresentation of women . . abuse of the clergy . . rude treatment of the nobility . to all these i shall say something general , with regard to the argument , without entring into a discussion of the merits of those particular instances which he brings to back his assertions . not but i think many of 'em easily to be apologiz'd for , or rather to be justify'd ; but because it would spin out this discourse to an unreasonable length , and likewise because there are those whose abilities in this dispute are as much greater than mine , as their interest in it , to whom i leave it . the poets ( says mr collier ) make women speak smuttily . they bring 'em under such misbehaviour , as is violence to their native modesty , and a misrepresention of their sex. for modesty , as mr rapin observes , is the character of women . they represent their single ladies , and persons of condition , under these disorders of liberty . this makes the irregularity still more monstrous , and a greater contradiction to nature and probability . here again , according to his usual method , mr collier mistakes his point , and runs away with a wrong scent ; however he opens , and cries it lustily away , that the musick may atone for the mistake , and draw all those that are not stanch in partners to his error . mr rapin observes that the character of women is modesty , and therefore mr collier thinks , that no woman must be shewn without it . aristotle has given courage or valour as the characteristick or mark of distinction proper to the other sex , which was a notion so antient , and so universally receiv'd , that most nations have given it a denomination from the sex , as if peculiar to it . the greeks call'd it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , we manhood . yet 't is no solecism in poetical manners to represent men sometimes upon the stage as cowards ; nor did any man ever think the whole sex affronted by it ; how near soever it might touch some individuals . if the poets set up these women of liberty for the representatives of their whole sex , or pretended to make them the standards to measure all the rest by , the sex wou'd have just reason to complain of so abusive a misrepresentation . but 't is just the contrary , the sex has no interest in the virtues or vices of any individual , either on the stage , or off of it ; they reflect no honour or disgrace on the collective body , any more than the neatness and good breeding of the court affect the nastiness and ill manners of billingsgate , or are affected by ' em . in plays the characters are neither vniversal nor general . marks so comprehensive are the impresses and signatures of nature , which are not to be corrected , or improv'd by us , and therefore not to be meddled with . besides , they give us no idea of the person characteriz'd , but what is common to the rest of the species , and do not sufficiently distinguish him . neither are they so singular , as to extend no farther than single individuals . characters of so narrow a compass wou'd be of very little use , or diversion . because they wou'd not appear natural , the originals being probably unknown to the greatest part , if not the whole audience ; nor cou'd any of the audience sind any thing to correct in themselves by seeing the infirmity peculiar to a particular man expos'd . this was indeed the method of the old greek comedy ; but then they pick'd out publick persons , whom they dress'd in fools coats and expos'd upon the stage , not in their own own shapes , but those of the poet's fancy ; an insolence , that never would ▪ have been endur'd in any , but a popular government , where the best of men are sometimes sacrificed to the humours and caprices of a giddy multitude . yet even by them it was at last suppressed . the characters therefore must neither be too general , nor too singular , one loses the distinction , the other makes it monstrous , we are too familiar with that to take notice of it , and too unacquainted with this to acknowledge it to be real . but betwixt these there is an almost ▪ infinite variety ; some natural and approaching to generals , as the several ages of the world , and of life , sexes and tempers ; some artificial , and more particular , as the vast varieties and shapes of villany , knavery , folly , affectation and humour , &c. all these are within the poet's royalty ▪ and he may summon 'em to attend him , whenever he has occasion for their service . yet tho these make up perhaps the greatest part of mankind , he is not fondly to imagine , that he has any authority over the whole , or to expect homage from any of 'em , as the publick representatives of their sex. yet even granting to the poets such an unlimited authority ( which i shall not do ) mr collier's argument falls to the ground nevertheless . for as in painting , so in poetry , 't is a maxim as true as common , that there are two sorts of resemblances , one handsome , t'other homely . now comedy , whose duty 't is not to flatter , like droll painting . gives the features true , tho the air be ridiculous . the sex has its characteristick blemishes as well as ornaments ; and those are to be copied , when a defective character is intended , as the others are for a perfect one . and yet , for the reasons already given , when the virtues or vices of any particular women are represented , the sex in general have no share either in the complimeut or the affront . because any particular instances to the contrary notwithstanding , the sex may be in the main either good or bad . so that mr collier's charge of misrepresenting the sex in general is groundless . but he pursues his argument to particulars , and takes notice , that even quality it self is not excepted from these mismanagements . if dignities conferr'd true merit , and titles took away all blemishes , the poets were certainly very much in the wrong to represent any person of quality with failings about her . but if birth or preferment be no sufficient guard to a weakly virtue or understanding . if title be no security against the usual humane infirmities ; i see no reason , why they mayn't as well appear together upon the lesser stage of the theatre , as upon the grand one of the world. but this will be more properly consider'd in another place . from these more general exceptions , he descends to particular expressions . which , that he may render the more inexcusable , he flies out into extravagant commendations of the antients upon the score of their modesty , and the cleanness of their expressions . in this employment he bestirs himself notably , and pretends not to leave one exceptionable passage unremarked . but either he has had a prodigious crop , or is a very ill husband ; for he leaves very large gleanings behind him . we shall make bold to walk over the same ground , and pick up some of his leavings , ( for all wou'd be too bulky to find room in this place ) and restore 'em to their owners , whether left by him out of negligence or design . one thing i must desire the reader to take notice of , which is , that i don't charge these passages as faults , or immoralities upon the antients , but only instance in 'em , to shew the partiality of mr collier , who violently wrests the words and sense of the moderns , only to make that monstrous and unsufferable in them , which he either excuses or defends in the others . nor do i here pretend to present the reader with a compleat collection of the kind . i assure him , that i shall leave untouch'd some hundreds of those instances which i have actually observ'd amongst the greek and latin dramatists , and only give him so many , as are indispensably necessary to shew how unjustly mr collier has drawn his parallel . for since both antients and moderns , as poets are submitted to , and ought to be govern'd by the same laws , 't is but reason , that one as well as t'other , shou'd be allow'd the benefit of ' em . shakespear's ophelia comes first under his lash , for not keeping her mouth clean under her distraction . he is so very nice , that her breath , which for so many years has stood the test of the most critical noses , smells rank to him . it may therefore be worth while to enquire , whether the fault lies in her mouth , or his nose . ophelia was a modest young virgin , beloved by humlet , and in love with him . her passion was approv'd , and directed by her father , and her pretensions to a match with hamlet , the heir apparent to the crown of denmark , encouraged , and supported by the countenance and assistance of the king and queen . a warrantable love , so naturally planted in so tender a breast , so carefully nursed , so artfully manured , and so strongly forced up , must needs take very deep root , and bear a very great head. love , even in the most difficult circumstances , is the passion naturally most predominant in young breasts but when it is encouraged and cherish'd by those of whom they stand in awe , it grows masterly and tyrannical , and will admit of no check . this was poor ophelia's case . hamlet had sworn , her father had approved , the king and queen consented to , nay , desired the consummation of her wishes . her hopes were full blown , when they were miserably blasted . hamlet by mistake kills her father , and runs mad ; or , which is all one to her , counterfeits madness so well , that she is cheated into a belief of the reality of it . here piety and love concur to make her affliction piercing , and to impress her sorrow more deep and lasting . to tear up two such passions violently by the roots , must needs make horrible convulsions in a mind so tender , and a sex so weak . these calamities distract her , and she talks incoherently ; at which mr collier is amaz'd , he is downright stupified , and thinks the woman's mad to run out of her wits . but tho she talks a little light-headed ▪ and seems to want sleep , i don't find she needed any cashew in her mouth to correct her breath . that 's a discovery of mr collier's , ( like some other of his ) who perhaps is of opinion , that the breath and the understanding have the same lodging , and must needs be vitiated together . however , shakespear has drown'd her at last , and mr collier is angry that he did it no sooner . he is for having execution done upon her seriously , and in sober sadness , without the excuse of madness for self-murther . to kill her is not sufficient with him , unless she be damn'd into the bargain . allowing the cause of her madness to be partie per pale , the death of her father , and the loss of her love , which is the utmost we can give to the latter , yet her passion is as innocent , and inoffensive in her distraction as before , tho not so reasonable and well govern'd . mr collier has not told us , what he grounds his hard censure upon , but we may guess , that if he be really so angry as he pretends , 't is at the mad song , which ophelia sings to the queen , which i shall venture to transcribe without fear of offending the modesty of the most chaste ear. to morrow is st valentine's day , all in the morn betimes , and i a maid at your window to be your valentine . then up he , he arose , and don'd his cloaths , and dupt the chamber door , let in a maid that out a maid never departed more . by gis , and by st charity : alack , and fie for shame ! young men will do 't , if they come to 't , by cock they are to blame . quoth she , before you tumbled me , you promis'd me to wed : so had i done , by yonder sun , and thou hadst not come to bed . 't is strange this stuff shou'd wamble so in mr collier's stomach , and put him into such an uproar . 't is silly indeed , but very harmless and inoffensive ; and 't is no great miracle , that a woman out of her wits shou'd talk nonsense , who at the soundest of her intellects had no extraordinary talent at speech-making . sure mr collier's concoctive faculty's extreamly deprav'd , that meer water-pap turns to such virulent corruption with him . but children and mad folks tell truth , they say , and he seems to discover thro her frenzy what she wou'd be at . she was troubled for the loss of a sweet-heart , and the breaking off her match , poor soul. not unlikely . yet this was no novelty in the days of our fore-fathers ; if he pleases to consult the records , he will find even in the days of sophocles , maids had an itching the same way , and longed to know , what was what , before they died . antigone , whom he has produc'd as an instance of the temperance , and decency of the ancients in this respect , may upon the parallel serve us as an example of the contrary . the distinguishing parts of this ladies character , are piety and resolution , and she makes both sufficiently appear , she buries her brother , tho she knew she must die for it . and when she receives her sentence from creon , which was immediately to be put in execution , she makes light of death , and insults the tyrant . but as she is led to execution , she is unexpectedly concerned about the toy her maidenhead ; 't is her great affliction , that she must go out of the world with that great burthen about her . upon this occasion she is very clamorous , and that it may be taken notice of as her main grievance , she repeats it divers times over , and chews the cud upon it liberally . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 — poor girl , she does not relish her sentence half so well as an epithalamium . she thinks a soft bed , and a warm bed-fellow more comfortable by abundance , than a cold grave . and who can blame her ? but matrimony runs strangely in her head . for a little after she 's at it again , complaining of her want of a husband , and is very sorry that she must cross the styx , and visit her parents with her maiden-head about her . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and immediately after she 's at it again . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vnmarried is still the burthen of the song . nay , she is so full of it , that she can't forbear talking of a second husband , in case she were a widow . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this thought of a second husband is such a refreshment to her , that she can't forbear dilating upon it . one wou'd think by the odd frolicksomeness of her complaints , and the whimsical comforts she finds out , that she was only going to dance bare-foot at a sisters vvedding . but within a few lines , she relapses again into her agonies of despair , and is more afraid of leading apes in hell , than e're a hopeless antiquated damsel within our bills of mortality . she is not so much concern'd at dying , but to go out of the world , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and not to have one honey moon , not so much as a merey bout before she went , was a hardship she cou'd not bear with any temper . vve may find by this lady's complaint , that she was very desirous to dispose of her maiden-head ; but for any thing that appears from her complaint or behaviour , she was very indifferent to whom . 't was a burthen she long'd to be rid of , and seem'd not to care who eas'd her ; for she does not mention her contract with haemon , which she decently might , but laments her want of a husband in general terms , without giving the least hint of an honourable love for any particular person . these are extraordinary speculations for a dying person . however , mr collier admires the poets conduct in this case , and were he ordinary no doubt but we shou'd have these flowers transplanted in great plenty to the last speeches of his dying females . he thinks 't is out of pure regard to modesty and decency , that antigone takes no notice of haemon in her complaints . i shall not dispute , whether 't were the fashion in the days of sophocles or not ; but i am sure 't is accounted but an ill symptome of modesty in our age , when a young lady shews an impatience to be married , before she has made a settlement of her affection upon any individual man. however , antigone's carriage is not singular ; electra , another lady of much the same quality and character , ( tho not under those immediate apprehensions of death ) declares her self of the same opinion . she 's in great distress too for want of a husband , and complains very heavily upon that score . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . nor is euripides a whit more tender in this point . the royal polyxena , just before she was to be led away as a victim to the manes of achilles , harps upon the same string . it lies very heavy upon her spirits , that she must go out of the world in ignorance . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this princess's complaint is yet more unreasonable than either of the former , and more unbecoming the modesty of her sex , and the greatness of her birth and courage , as 't is both before and afterwards shew . shewn as a captive , a part of the plunder of the sack'd city , one that besides her own unhappy destiny , which hung immediately over her head , had the ruin and miseries of her country and family fresh in view , to put all wanton thoughts out of her head . besides , she cou'd not expect to ascend the insolent conquerors bed any otherwise than as his vassal , the slave of his lust and pleasure , which , as it was below her to comply with , but upon force , so it must be a slavish baseness , as well as wantonness and incontinence , to desire it under her circumstances . it were easy to bring many instances more of this kind , but i think . it wou'd be tedious and unnecessary to multiply instances in a plain case . i think it likewise a labour altogether as superfluous to spend more words to shew the vast disproportion between the innocent extravagance of ophelia's frenzy , and the sober rants of antigone , electra , and polyxena . to suppose the reader cou'd over-look that , were to affront his understanding . but before i part with antigone , i shall beg leave to make one observation more . mr collier takes notice , that cassandra , in reporting the misfortunes of the greeks , stops at the adulteries of clytemnestra and aegiale . and gives this handsome reason for making a halt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . foul things are best unsaid . from whence he observes , that some things are dangerous in report , as well as practice , and many times a disease in the description . this euripides was aware of , and manag'd accordingly , and was remarkably regular both in stile and manners . this was indeed an extraordinary piece of niceness in euripides , more i think by a great deal , than he was oblig'd to , and i am sure more than he has shewn upon other occasions . cassandra might have foretold the discovery of the adulteries of clytemnestra and aegiale , without any indecencies of language , or shocking the most tender ear , had the poet so pleas'd . sophoclcs , who was as good a judge and as careful an observer of decency as euripides , gives his antigone more liberty ; tho had he thought it indecent , he might with better reason have excus'd her . st , because what antigone says is no way necessary , being neither provok'd by any thing that preceeded , nor of use to the promoting of the action , or the information of the audience . dly , because she thereby revives the infamy of her parents , and refreshes the scandalous impressions , which her own incestuous birth must needs have made upon the audience to her disadvantage . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . if antigone might be thus free with her own family without breach of modesty , i can't see why cassandra shou'd be so tender of an enemy , whom she was just going to supplant in her bed ; and in the divulging of whose faults , as well as misfortunes , she might be allow'd to take some pleasure , as a sort of anticipation of the satisfaction , which she took in the revenge of the destruction of her family , which she foresaw was to come . but casandra lov'd doing better than talking . for in the speech foregoing to this , which mr collier commends so much for the modesty of it , casandra runs almost mad for joy , that agamemnon wou'd take her to his bed , and calls in an enthusiastick manner upon hymen , upon hecate , and apollo to grace the ceremony . she desires her mother , and the miserable phrygians about her to adorn themselves , be merry , and dance , and sing , as if her father were in the heighth of his prosperity . the chorus hereupon desires hecuba to curb her , and keep her from running voluntarily to the grecian camp. her mother accordingly reprimands her , and tells her she thought their calamities might have made her more modest , that tears better became their fortune , than nuptial songs or torches . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this reproof has a strange operation upon casandra . for instead of reclaiming and reducing her to reason , it makes her ten times madder . she falls to cross purposes with her mother , and as if she had been pandress in the case , calls upon her to crown her victorious head , and wish her joy of her royal match . she bids her lead her , and if she does not make hast enough , she wou'd have her push violently on . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . is this the modest , the bashful casandra , so demure , that she can't name adultery , tho in an enemy , and yet so forward to act it , that no restraints of shame or misery can keep her within bounds . it may perhaps be objected in defence of casandra , that her joy and transport springs not from any pleasure or satisfaction , that she shou'd take in this match , but from the prospect she had of revenging the quarrel of her family , and the ruine and destruction which she foresaw shou'd thence come upon the house of atreus her mortal enemies . admit this to be true . yet casandra pushes her resentments too far , when she sacrifices her virtue and modesty to her revenge . had casandra been represented as a woman of a furious vindicative spirit , she might in a sudden fit of rage have rashly sacrificed all considerations to the violence of her present fury . but then if the character be virtuous in the main , such outrages are not offered to modesty , till after prodigious struggles , and racking convulsions of mind . passion must not triumph over reason and honour , but with vast labour and difficulty , and in those breasts only , where it is the ruling , uncontrollable power , and where the prospect of its success is great , and immediate , and is in women provoked as well by appetite as inclination . but this is none of casandra's case . she shared indeed amongst the rest the common fate , and became a slave , and a prey to the victors lust and avarice . this might naturally make her wish the utter confusion of the destroyers of her country and family ; but not at the expence of her fame and virtue . 't was all she had left to comfort her ; and as andromache in the same play cou'd inform her , of infinitely more worth , than the wretched remainder of a servile life . this therefore shou'd not have been parted with at any rate , much less upon a slender consideration . had she submitted to necessity only , and comply'd as a slave with reluctance to the desires of agamemnon , as andromache does to pyrrhus , she had saved hes modesty , and secured her revenge ev'ry whit as well . the disasters of agamemnon and his house , interpreted as a punishment of her's , and her family's wrongs , tho they were only prophetically fore-known by her , had given a sullen s●rt of comfort , and afforded a reason for her resignation of her self to the conquerors pleasure . but if the poet designed her for so implacable a character , as to take such great satisfaction in , and purchase at so dear a rate a prospect only of revenge at such a distance , by which she herself must be crushed , and all her friends either dead , or so dispersed as to have no interest in the accomplishment of it : he ought to have prepar'd the audience for so unaccountable an extravagance , by some notice of the violence of her temper , either by something from her own mouth or conduct previous to this , or from the mouth of some friend of her's , that might have abated the surprize of such a resolution . especially since he was resolved she shou'd appear no more by her future modest behaviour to qualify the scandal of this misdemeanour . this lady being set up by mr collier as the standard of modesty , i have examined her conduct the more at large ; and am very willing to leave it to the decision of the reader , whether casandra or ophelia wou'd best become the cloyster , or most needs the discipline of the nunnery in moorfields . we have seen how this lady can behave her self upon occasion . let us examine her mother , that corrected her wantonness so seasonably upon this occasion . she as older shou'd have more wit , and yet she forgets herself extreamly too sometimes . in the play that bears her name , hecuba comes to agamemnon , complains of the murther of her son polydorus by polymestor , and to move him to compassion begins a wanton discourse of the pleasures of love to him , tho she thinks at the same time , that 't is impertinent , yet she 's resolv'd it shall out . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . as an old woman she had the priviledge of tattling . but as a prudent woman , she ought to have handled her daughters disgrace a little more tenderly . the good old lady ne'r minces the matter , but outs with all roundly , and is concerned , that any thing shou'd abate of the satisfaction casandra might have in so good a bedfellow . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this is plain dealing , but something below the dignity of the queen of asia , at the lowest ebb of her fortune . what follows is fit only for the mouth of a drunken midwife at a christening in wapping . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . after these remarkable instances of the regularity of euripides , both in stile and manners , i suppose our poets may venture to shew their faces in his company , without danger of putting him to the blush with their want of modesty . but the antients , it seems , had very little love or courtship in their plays . perhaps so . but they had lust and violence , which mr collier thinks more eligible . the fault of the modern lovers , it seems , is too much tenderness and fooling away their time in idle talk. the vigorous antients went more roundly to work , their's were like spanish intrigues , two words struck the bargain betwixt ' em . 't were easie to multiply instances of this nature from euripides , were that my design . but i love not to rake into the ashes of the dead for that which isn't worth finding . yet that the reader , if he has the curiosity , may have the satisfaction , i shall refer him to the places where they are to be found ; where he that has a mind to a more ample collection , may be abundantly furnished . hermione rails at andromache in terms very misbecoming her sex , quality , and years . andromache reproves her for it in terms yet less beseeming a sober matron , and casts a scandalous aspersion upon her whole sex. creusa makes a foul relation of her rape by apollo , and descends nauseously to particulars with her servant . ion her son civilly questions his mother , whether she had not play'd the whore with some base groom , and to cover her disgrace laid her bastard ( himself ) falsly to apollo's charge . electra's manners are much of the same size and complexion ; when she is urging her brother orestes to the murther of aegisthus ; she bids him ring in his ears the whoring of her mother , and tell him , that since he had a whore of her he must expect sharers in her , and be the cuckold of other men , as her father had been his . that he was notorious for her cully all the town over . this sort of stuff she lets run over without regard to decency , and rambles as wantonly thro the infamy of her family , as is if 't were only scandal pickt up at a gossipping , in which they had no particular concern . whoever consults these and divers passages , as well in sophocles as euripides , will find the most exceptionable passages in our poets , whether comick or tragick very excusable , upon a fair construction , let it be never so severe within the bounds of justice . seneca has received absolution , and is pronounced clear of the sin of uncleanness . yet with mr collier's leave , since he is introduced to vilify and depreciate the moderns , he is bound to confront 'em , and answer for his own conduct , before he takes upon him magisterially to censure and correct others . but since 't is not so much his act as mr collier's , who has ventured to be his godfather , and answer for him , a slight inquisition shall excuse him . we shall not require so severe a proof of his chastity as the ordeal tryal . it shall be sufficient for him to enter his protestation against what has been done in his name . in his hippolytus , phaedra is possessed with a scandalous , incestuous passion , and she indulges it at as loose , a scandalous rate . she enters first with her resolution , as strong as her desires . she is not concerned at the nature or consequences of so vile a passion , but at the difficulty of satisfying it . she appears at first sight full grown and confirm'd in wickedness , and instead of condemning and endeavouring to stifle so lewd , a licentious flame , she animates her self to the accomplishment of her design by a recrimination upon her husband , and rips up , amongst others , even those of his faults , to which herself had been accessary , and the sole occasion of his guilt . but what is more strange and unnatural , she draws matter of comfort and encouragement from the monstrous lewdness of her mother , and the infamy of her house . but what 's most wonderful of all , she 's come to this heighth of impudence , before she well knows what ails her ; she is but just arrived at the discovery of her malady . she can neither eat , sleep , work , nor pray ; but she burns , and boils inwardly like aetna it self , and is all agog on the sudden for hunting and handling the boarspear : she knows not why , till at length she finds , that she 's her mother 's own daughter , and so the mystery comes out . quo tendis anime ? quid furens saltus amas ? fatale miserae matris agnosco malum , peccare noster novit in sylvis amor . genetrix , tui me miseret , infando malo correpta pecoris efferi saevum ducem audax amasti . torvus impatiens guge adulter ille , ductor indomiti gregis . sed amabat aliquid : quis meas miserae deus , aut quis juvare daedalus flammas queat ? non si ille remee● arte mopsopia potens , qui nostra caeca monstra concluset domo , promittat ullam casibus nostris opem . — nulla minois levi defuncta amore est : jungitur semper nefas . 't was the fate of her family , it seems , and she was by no means for contending with her destiny , and therefore surrenders upon the first summons of her passion . her mother , she thinks , was much oblig'd to daedalus , whose ingenuity brought her and her horned lover together . but alas ! poor soul , she 's hard put to 't . her mother's bull was a gentle tender-hearted gallant , to her savage obdurate son-in-law ; and she , good woman , had no such necessary helps for her consolation . what must she do ? he nurse advises her to strangle this incestuous brat , her passion , in the birth . but she bravely resolves to push on , whatever comes on 't . quemcunque dederit exitum casus , feram . is this the modest phaedra , whose language is under such discipline ? can she be so free with the infamy of her house , make such fulsome descriptions , and envy her mother the caresses of a bull ? but the nurse mends the matter , and reproves her severely . here therefore we may expect a sample of strict and exemplary modesty , and chaste expression . sed ut secundus numinum abscondat favor coitus nefandos — and immediately after — metue concubitus novos . miscere thalamos patris , & nati apparas , vteroque prolem capere confusam impio . is this the disciplin'd language mr collier boasts of ? such we have indeed sometimes under the discipline of bridewel and bedlam , but seldom elsewhere . the most accomplish'd disciple that ever came out of the late famous academy of the virtuous mrs meggs of notable memory , cou'd not have been more free in her language , as well as thoughts . the antients , good men , did not puzzle their heads about double entendre's to screen a foul thought , or labour for allegories and allusions , but honestly called a spade , a spade , whenever they had occasion . i believe these ladies wou'd be better company for joan of naples , than mr dryden's leonora , if fulsome descriptions be so toothsome to her . but mr collier is mightily pleased , that there is no courting , except in the hercules furens , where the tyrant lycus addresses megara very briefly , and in modest remote language . here he has pointed us a specimen of what he calls modest and remote . the tyrant had courted megara , the wife of hercules , to no purpose , she obstinately repulsed him ; and therefore he turns him about , and modestly ( as mr collier thinks ) thus addresses himself to amphitruo . you have pimpt for jupiter to your wife , and shall do as much for me to your daughter-in-law , having so expert a master it can be no novelty either to her , or her husband , to be civil to their betters . but if she obstinately refuses to comply , i 'll force her , and beget a generous race . jovi dedisti conjugem , regi dabis . et te magistro non novum hoc discet nurus , etiam viro probante , meliorem sequi , sin copulari pertinax taedis negat , vel ex coacta nobilem partum feram . this , according to mr collier , is distance and modesty , old stile . if he will make these allowances to our poets , i 'll engage to prove there never was an immodest thing said upon the english stage ; a task i shou'd be loth to undertake upon any other terms , as much as i am perswaded of their comparative innocence . but 't is not in his judgment only , that mr collier can be partial ; his memory can be favourable too upon occasion . for tho he does non omnibus dormire , yet he can wink at the faults of his old friends , while he sees ev'ry slip of the moderns double . he says , that seneca has no courting but this of lycus ; but i suppose , he wilfully forgets the shameful solicitations which phaedra uses to corrupt her son-in-law hippolitus , against the charter of her sex , and the rules of decency . they , whose curiosity invites 'em to a further enquiry , may find matter in abundance for their speculations , in the agamemnon , particularly in the scenes between clytemnestra and her nurse , aegisthus and clytemnestra , electra and clytemnestra ; and in divers others places of the rest of the plays of that collection . if we should examine the ancient comedy with the severity that mr collier uses to the moderns , we should let in such a torrent of citations , as wou'd almost over-whelm us . but for the reasons already given , there are grains of allowance to be made to comedy , to which tragedy can lay no claim . tragedy deals with persons of the highest condition , by and before whom the strictest severity of manners and decorum is to be observ'd . the business is of great importance , and requires serious consideration , and gives no opportunity for wantonness , or light indecencies . whenever therefore the poet suffers snch persons to talk such fooleries themselves , or others to talk 'em to 'em , he stoops 'em below their characters and business . but in comedy the case is quite different , both the persons and business are little , and exact neither state nor ceremony . most of the persons are such , as either don't ●now , or don't regard forms and punctilio's of good breeding . this we have a plain proof of in all the comedies of antiquity , whether of the old or new cut. the slaves ate so familiar with their masters , that by the freedoms they take , 't is hard to distinguish one from t'other , except that the slave bears the character of advantage , and appears generally to have more wit than his master , whom he is to assist if he be young , and cheat if he be old . accordingly we find 'em almost always bantering , quibbling , drolling , and jesting upon their masters , when they are together . their employment is usually to purchase their young master a mistress , with the hunks their old masters money . by this means the slaves become the principal character in the antient comedy , and are the main spring , by which the whole machine of the fable is set a going . the rest , which are usually in the new comedy , a covetous old fellow , an extravagant young one , a bawd , a whore , a stolen virgin , are but the under wheels , whose motions are regulated altogether by those of the slave , who is the man of intrigue , and carries all the brains the poet can spare about him . the old man is froward , suspicious , severe , and close-fisted ; and sometimes he is represented easy and indulgent , but has a scolding , turbulent , griping wife , a churlish , parsimonious brother , or relation , or conceited wise friend , that takes upon himself to correct and govern him . the young fellow is in love , extravagant , and in want of money . the bawd , whether male , or female , is faithless , imposing , and acted only by present profit . the whore , if an experienc'd one , is altogether mercenary , if raw in her trade , she is dotingly fond and loving , but under the care of the bawd. the stoln virgin is always next to a mute . their plots are confined to as narrow a compass , as their characters . the young man is in love with a slave , and wants money to purchase her of the bawd , who is about to sell , or prostitute her to another . the young man in this exigent has recourse to a crafty servant , who helps by some stratagem to squeeze the money out of the old spunge his father , or to cheat some other body . a discovery at length is made to his father , who is vehemently provoked at his sons folly and extravagance , and threatens to difinherit him . young master and man are at their wits end , to reconcile themselves to the old man , and no fetch , no contrivance left to bring themselves off , when in comes some merchant or stranger , who discovers that this maiden is a citizen , and well born ; which pacifies the old fellow , the young man thrives in his amours , a match is struck up by consent of all parties , and all 's well again . 't is true , aristophanes took a much greater compass , and brought not only mankind , but gods , brute animals , and even inanimate bodies within the pale of the stage . this , as it inlarg'd his walk , encreas'd his liberty , which he sometimes abuses at a scandalous unjustifyable rate . mr collier , to obviate all objections that might be rais'd from the practice of aristophanes , whose comedies are the only pieces of that kind remaining of the greek stage , by way of prevention excepts against his credit , and endeavours to invalidate his evidence by accusing him of atheism . but tho i think mr collier's arguments to prove him an atheist to be of no validity , as i could easily shew , were it not an impertinent digression in this place ; yet i shall wave the particular refutation of 'em , because i think it not material to the point in hand , whether he were so or not . for tho we should grant , that the poet himself was an athiest , yet mr collier himself will not pretend that his audience , the people of athens were so too . on the contrary it appears that they were as arrant bigots , as mr collier himself could wish to trade with . they put socrates to death , only because he would not be cullied out of his reason , and be the priest's fool , to countenance and encourage a senseless extravagant superstition . this made some christian fathers reckon him among the martyrs for the unity of the deity . but mr collier , who has a much better hand at supposing than proving , takes a very odd method to clear the reputation of that great man from the suggestions of aristophanes , and the censure of his country , by whom he was condemn'd for atheism . that socrates was no atheist is clear from instances enow . to mention but one . the confidence he had in his daemon or genius , by which he govern'd his affairs , puts it beyond dispute . that socrates held , and believ'd the existence of daemons or genii , may be an argument , that he was no atheist . but that he pretended to have any familiarity , or hold any correspondence with such a daemon or genius , gives me but a very indifferent notion of his faith and integrity . it smells rank of imposture , and must needs make but a bad impression upon men of integrity , and understanding of those principles , which want the support of such dishonest shifts . but this was plato's report of him , and perhaps was neither the real practice nor opinion of socrates , whom therefore we shall dismiss , as having been brought in only to shew how unluckily mr collier is gifted for argument . but if the athenians could proceed with such rigou●● against a man so much rever'd for his virtue and wisdom , and supported by the favour of their best and greatest men only , for holding opinions contrary to their notions of religion , 't is not to be imagin'd , that they who were so very tender in this case , so extreamly sensible of any affront to the common faith , would with so little concern , or rather so much satisfaction , have heard it publickly insulted by aristophanes . they shew'd in the case of socrates , that their blood could rise and ferment upon such occasions as high as any people's . how comes it then , that they who were so outrageous and impatient with socrates , are so tame , and passive as to bear much greater provocations of the same nature from aristophanes without the least sign of resentment ? was the interest of the poet so much superiour to the philosophers , that what was capital in one shou'd deserve no manner of correction , or notice in t'other ? no such matter , for he was call'd in question , and took his tryal for a thing of much less moment , viz. for assuming the liberties of a citizen of athens being a foreigner . now there is 〈◊〉 doubt , but his enemies who had the malice and the power to get him thus arraign'd , would have strengthen'd their charge , with an article so considerable as atheism , and blasphemy against their gods , before such superstious bigotted judges as the athenians , had there been any ground or colour of suspicion . the power and malice of cleon wou'd have reach'd , him , had there been any plausible pretence , to have fixt the guilt of a crime so unpopular upon him . mr collier pretends to maintain his assertion by divers instances of irreverent passages in relation to their gods , to be found in the plays of aristophanes . i grant there are such passages , even more than mr collier has cited , tho many of those which he has selected to prove his allegation by , will by no means bear the weight of such a charge . but the people of athens , who were in these matters much more delicate , than mr collier seems to be , had the niceness to distinguish justly between the private sentiments of the man , and the publick one's of the poet. in this latter capacity almost all sorts of characters belong ' 〈◊〉 to him , and he must of consequence be frequently necessitated to make use of thoughts and expressions very contrary to his own proper opinion . the athenians therefore did not lay these liberties of the stage , which they knew the nature of those characters which he represented must of course oblige him to , as blemishes either in his faith or morals , to his charge . had mr collier been master of as much understanding and justice , as these heathens , not only aristophanes , but our english poets too had met with a fairer adversary , and found civiller and honester treatment . 't were easie to enlarge in the justification of aristophanes ; but mr collier gives him up , and therefore we need no parallel between him , and the english comick poets , to prove the comparative modesty of the latter ; for which reason we shall proceed directly to plautus whom he justifies upon the comparison . plautus , by reason of the narrow circle that he moves in , affords no great variety , yet there is plenty enough in him , to make mr collier blush for his defence , if it were all produc'd at large . for what he calls very moderate , and says , that our single plays shall far out-do all this put together , wou'd in his microscopical way of observing appear monstrous , and infinitely exceed the most malicious collection he can make out of the english poets . but he presumes upon the ignorance of his readers , and imposes arbitrarily and magisterially what sense he pleases upon every thing , and despotically coins citations , which he forces upon 'em for genuine , upon no better warrant than his own will and pleasure . but to proceed to instance . in the amphitruo , mercury , after a long scene of gross drollery upon amphitruo , bids him be gone , and not disturb his master's pleasure with his wife . abscede moneo , molestus ne sies , dum amphitruo , cum uxore modo ex hostibus adveniens , voluptatem capit . upon this amphitruo asks , what wife ? and is answer'd alcumena . this does not satisfy his curiosity , but he must know whether he lies with her or not ; and is not contented till he has doubl'd the question , and must be inform'd , whether they lie in the same room both or not . hereupon mercury , to cut the debate short , gives him this plain answer . corpore corpus incubat . upon this amphitruo bewails his misery , and mercury in mockery says , lucri'st , quod hic miseriam deputat . nam uxorem usurariam perinde est praebere , ac si agrum sterilem fodiendum loces . the man 's a gainer by what he calls his misery . for 't is as profitable to have ones wife , as ones field till'd by another . at this rate mercury drolls on ; wherein there is this remarkable , besides the quality of the persons , one a god , t'other a heroe , that the words last cited are suppos'd to be spoken aside out of the hearing of amphitruo ; and consequently are immediately address'd and peculiarly recommended to the audience , as containing something very edifying or very entertaining . i defy mr collier to prove any such licentious freedoms upon the english amphitruo , as angry as he is with it . but perhaps mr collier thinks the disguise of sosia , may excuse the ribaldry of mercury . but this excuse won't serve his turn . for mercury is under no disguise to the audience , to whom this last speech is particularly address'd . but lest he should think mercury a mad god , and allow him the liberty of ribaldry , let us hear how cleanly iupiter will express himself . it the last scene this soveraign of the gods appears in state , owns his quality and intrigue , and bids amphitruo receive his wife . for , says he , mea vi subacta'st . mr collier knows the meaning of the word subigo in this case , and must strain as hard in this place , as he thinks lambin has done in another , if he will defend it . the asinaria , the next play in order , affords besides the scene betwixt cleareta the bawd , and argyrippus , ( which mr collier confesses to border upon rudeness , and i think down-right bawdy in several places ) two more , one betwixt argyrippus , philenium , leonida , and libanus , which is very loose , and another , which is singularly instructive , between argyrippus and demaenetus his father . the old man , like a good father , purchases a whore for his son , upon condition that himself may come in for snacks , and withal tells him , that it becomes a young man to be modest , and let his betters go before him , that he had provided a mistress for him to solace himself with all the year , if he could but be content , to let his father be his taster . this is wholesom doctrine , and season'd with such grave morality , no doubt very edifying . this mr collier finds no fault with , and therefore we may very well pass it by ; since , if it will bear the test of his hypothesis , it will unquestionably of ours . tho , had this been of english growth , it had found no favour , but had smarted unmercifully under his discipline . one thing 't is necessary to take notice of before we go any further , and that is , that whether plautus's lovers talk love , or not , they act it very plainly and vigorously before folks , where-ever they come together . an instance of this kind we have in the curculio at the meeting of phaedromus , and planesium , ( who by the by is suppos'd to be a modest virgin ) . at their purchas'd opportunity of coming together , they are so active and boisterous , that palinurus the slave stands amaz'd , and cries out , — uterque insaniunt . viden ' ut misere moliuntur , nequen nt complecti satis . these words are more expressive of action than passion , though indeed they imply both . planesium , to mend the matter , expresses her discontent , that the servant did not withdraw , but staid to be a check upon ' em . iam huic voluptati hoc adjunctum odium est . the servant replies with indignation , and reprimands his master for behaving himself so immodestly , — ut immodestis hic te moderere moribus i mention this only to shew how much even the modest virgins of the antient stage valued an opportunity . this , according to mr collier's hypothesis , would have been a capital misdemeanour upon the english stage , whatever it was upon the roman . many more instances of this kind , and more plain ones might be produc'd , but i have not room for 'em here . however , this may serve to shew what sort of nun's flesh mr collier wou'd be at , when he makes vestals of such lasses as this . mr collier is so very fond of the sobriety of plautus's plays , that he defends even then conduct of the pandars and slaves , and maintains , that they don't misbehave themselves before women . he is sure at least , that there are but four instances to the contrary , as he remembers , olympio , palaestrio , stratilax and dordalus are the persons . and the women they discourse with , are two of them slaves , and the third a wench . i 'm sorry mr collier's memory is so bad , when he has so much occasion for a better . he takes notice of but three women thus freely dealt with , two whereof , as he tells us by way of mitigation of damages , were slaves , and the third a wench . from whence he seems to infer , that before women of modesty and condition , these slaves and pandars were more cautious and reserv'd in their language . but olympio , whom he has subpaena'd as an evidence for himself , will tell him otherwise . the persons he plays his gambols before , are cleostrata and murrhina , two principal citizens wives , matrons of as great quality and virtue as any , that e're trod the roman stage in comedy ; alcumena excepted . these matrons had shamm'd him with a man in woman's cloaths for a bride , and big with the expectation of the issue of their jest , fell to catechizing him about the business . the clown , without regard to their quality , which was the more considerable in cleostrata , because she was his proper mistress , and might severely chastise any rudeness , yet the clown , i say , makes a very rank description , and what 's worse , the women were pleased with it , and urge and prompt him forward . ol. — illa haud verbum facit , & sepit veste , id qui estis , ubi illum saltum video obseptum , rogo , ut altero sinat adire . enim jam magis jam appropero , magis jam lubet in casinam irruere . — this , instead of rebating the edge of his mistresses appetite , inflames her curiosity yet more ; she 's impatient till he proceeds . cl. perdis , quin pergis . cl. — continuo stricto gladio : atat babae papae . cl. quid papae . ol. — gladium ne haberet metui , id quaerere occaepi dum gladium ne habeat quaero , arripio capulum , sed quem cogito non habuit gladium , nam id esset frigidius . here the booby began to mince the matter ; and his mistress , that lov'd plain-dealing , corrects him for it , and bids him speak out , but he is asham'd , he says , cl. eloquere . ol. at pudet . the slave however has some grace . his mistress can't be satisfy'd so , she 's for every thing in as proper terms , as if he was giving evidence in a court of record . but not prevailing that way , she prompts and pumps him with interrogatories as loosely as a waggish councel at a bawdy tryal . cl. nam radix fuit ? num cucumis ? the woman , 't is plain , had a true apprehension of the matter , but she did not like his clownish bashfulness . still the fellow boggles at naked imagery ; however he improves , and comes on apace . ol. profecto non fuit quicquam olerum nisi quicquid erat , calamitas profecto attigerat nunquam : ita quicquid erat , grande erat . volo , ut obvortat cubitissim , verbum ullum mutit , surgo ut ineam . if we measure the conversation of plautus's ladies of quality by this standard , the ladies of our stage , taking even the loosest , need not be asham'd of their breeding . nay , they wou'd blush for their company if they were brought together . but cleostrata and murrhina are not singular . in the asinaria , artemona , upon the discovery of her husbands intrigue , reflects upon his failings towards her , and makes a very odd discovery of her own wants . art. — ego censeo eum etiam hominem senatui dare operam , aut clientibus ibi labore delassatum noctem totam stertere . ille opere foris faciundo lassus noctu advenit . fundum alienum arat , incultum familiarem deserit . he was ( says she ) so taken up with tilling another's ground , that he let his own lye fallow . this frankness of the lady's complaint gave the slave her informer the boldness to put a very homely question to her . possis si forte accubantem tuum virum conspecteris cum corona amplexum amicam , si videas cognoscere ? cou'd you know your husband , if you shou'd see him and his mistress in a posture that wou'd not shew his face . this passage ( to use a phrase of mr collier's ) i have translated softly , but very fairly . yet even thus the image , which in the original is express'd in the proper vulgar terms , appears too gross and plain , and is such as wou'd not be endur'd upon our stage , as lewd as mr collier thinks that and the age. however , the men who talk intemperately are generally slaves , says mr collier ; and he can't find any gentleman guilty of an indecent expression , except lusiteles , who is once over airy . i shall help him to another , out of a great number , that are ready upon demand , which is the more authentick , because it comes from a grave old gentleman in no very airy mood , but while he is correcting another for his lewd ness and debauchery . in the miles gloriosus , periplectomenes asks pyrgopolinices the souldier , cur es ausus subagitare alienam uxorem , impudens ? the gravity of the man here makes the grossness of the expression the more remarkable . after these instances i hope mr collier may upon second thoughts have a better opinion of the gentlemen and ladies of our stage , than heretofore , at least that he will do 'em more justice in his next parallel . but mr collier has one hold to retreat to yet , from whence he must be driven before we part . plautus his prologues and epilogues are inoffensive . if this can be maintain'd , he has gain'd a great point ; but here , as in other places , he triumphs before victory . the prologue and epilogue are properly the speeches of the poet , and 't is in them , if any where , that we discover the morals of a comick poet. lambin finds a double entendre in the prologue to the paenulus ; mr collier thinks there is a strain in the construction . i must own my self of lambin's opinion ; but , since mr collier does not here deliver himself after his usual dogmatical way , i shall not insist upon this passage , but proceed to instances , which no violence of construction can wrest to a wrong sense . here let us return to the casina , to which the poet gives a very smutty conclusion , and a more smutty epilogue . grex , that speaks the epilogue , advises the audience to clap lustily and give the poet his due , and to those that did it , he wishes as many whores as they pleased , unknown to their wives ; but to those that did not clap , he wishes a he-goat besmear'd with the filth of a ship for a concubine . nunc nos aequum est , manibus meritis meritam mercedem daffre , qui faxit , clam uxorem ducat scortum semper quod volet . verum qui non manibus clare , quantum poterit , pluserit , ei pro scorto suppon●tur hircus unctus nautea . here we have a sample of the poet's morals , which mr collier has warranted , as we have already seen . in the epilogue to the asinaria , if we may take plautus's word , we may have a taste of the manners of his age and country , which mr collier is likewise very fond of . from both which put together , we may give a reasonable guess at mr collier's own palate in such matters . demaenetus his wife had caught him in a bawdy-house , whoring in his son's company , and rated him home , which concludes the action of the play. hereupon grex by way of application thus accosts the audience . hic senex siquid clam uxorem suo animo fecit volupe , neque novum , neque mirum fecit , nec secus quam alii solent , nec quisqua st tam ingenio duro , nec tam firmo pectore quin ubi quicquam occasionis sit , sibi faciat bene . here the poet justifies whoring , even in an old married man , and pleads the common practice in defence of it . he thinks no man can withstand a fair temptation to do himself good . for with that phrase , he sweetens the business and qualifies the offence . let mr collier compare these two epilogues with those english ones to which he refers , and then condemn them , and absolve these if he can . nay , even the play of which plautus himself makes his boast , that 't was written up to the strictest rules of chastity ; that few such comedies were to be found , by which those that were already good , might be made better , has a very broad touch of smut in the epilogue , even at the time he is valuing himself upon his modesty , spectatores , ad pudicos mores facta haec fabula est . neque in hac subagitationes sunt — hujusmodi paucas poetae reperiunt comaedias , vbi boni meliores fiant — such instances as these crowd themselves so upon us almost every where in plautus , that 't is hard to pass 'em over , and endless to take notice of ' em . but having already far transgressed the intended limits of this discourse , i shall trespass no farther upon the reader 's patience on this head . his next complaint is the abuse of the clergy . were this complaint justly grounded , it would merit not only his , but all honest men's indignation , and resentments . but this charge does not seem to be sufficiently made out . for 't is raised upon a very weak foundation , a mistaken notion , that priests above all the rest of mankind , are by priviledge exempted from having their faults taken notice of this way ; his reason for this shall be consider'd by and by . i suppose , if mr collier's band hung awry , or his face was dirty , he would use the assistance of a glass to make all right and clean . why then does he reject the use of that which might do the same office for his mind , and help him to correct the follies and management of his life ? the case is plain , he is blind to his own faults , and mad that any one else should see ' em . this makes him call the shewing any of their failings , exposing the clergy , as if thereby only they became publick , not considering that the glass shews our faults to our selves only ; other people can see 'em as plainly and as readily without its help . but mr collier , who takes every thing by the wrong handle , looks upon a correction as a reproach , and had rather a fault should pass unmended , than be taken notice of . but because he pleads a peculiar charter for the exemption of the priesthood , let us see how he makes out his title . the considerations , upon which he founds it , are three . first , because of their relation to the deity . this relation to the deity he swells to a monstrous size , and blows himself presumptuously up in his own conceit , to a condition something above mortal . he pretends to no less , than to be one of the principal ministers of gods kingdom , to represent his person , to publish his laws , pass his pardons , and preside in his worship . mr collier's pride has here hurried him into prodigious insolence and folly. to raise his own character , he has made a pope of every individual priest , and given that to the meanest of 'em , which the most orthodox part of the christian world deny to the pretended successor of st peter ? is not the whole world god's kingdom ? what then , are its kings , princes , and rulers , if every priest be before 'em in authority ? mr collier , i believe , is the first bold mortal , that ever pretended to represent the person of god almighty seriously . this to me sounds more like blasphemy , than any thing in the most profane poet. the pope indeed presumes to stile himself christ's vicar general , but he does not presume to be the representative of his person . as mr collier has assum'd a higher title , so , i suppose , he expects more reverence . 't is strange that enthusiasm should shoot to such a heighth in our cold climate , which it scarce ever reach'd in rome its native place . but mr collier keeps a hot bed , where he forces up violent notions , in spight of the opposition of an unnatural soil and season . but i should be glad to know , wherein this personal representation consists . does he pretend , like the pope , to possess any of the divine attributes ? infallibility , even of the church itself , has been long since justly exploded by all sober christians , that know , and dare to use their reason in the guidance of their consciences . and the pope himself in the heighth of his pride and usurpation , never pretended to more . but in what does this vain creature resemble his creator ? can a groveling mortal sustain the majesty and figure of omnipotence . if notwithstanding all these magnificent expressions of himself , and his order , mr collier means no more , than than that a priest derives a subordinate authority from the church , to exercise his function in spiritual matters conformably to her directions , then all this insolent profane bombast dwindles to nothing . for tho a very great power and trust is repos'd in the church , yet i don't find , that this power was ever lodg'd entire with the priest , or any other single person whatsoever . and therefore mr collier grasps at too much , when he claims the same respect , and deference for every priest , that is , or ought to be paid to the church , and the governours of it . but mr collier finds , that st. paul calls himself and the rest of the apostles the ambassadors of christ , and thinks himself thereby sufficiently warranted to take upon him to represent the person of god. the word which st paul employs , cor. . . is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which signifies to come by commission from another , and consequently may probably enough be render'd , we are the embassadors , tho it does not always import so much . mr collier lays hold of the word embassadour , and fancies himself in the highest , and most honourable post that can be , under god almighty , that is , to represent his person , to publish his laws , pass his pardons , and preside in his worship . all this indeed , except the personal representation , was the office of st paul , and the rest of the apostles . but without affronting , or lessening the authority of the clergy , i think i may lawfully question whether mr collier's commission be of equal extent or validity with theirs . they were call'd to the ministry immediately by god himself , endued with supernatural and miraculous faculties , and powers both of discerning , and operation by inspiration from the holy ghost himself . they were to plant in the world a new faith , which had not yet been heard of , except in a very small part of the world . their doctrines were reveal'd immediately to themselves , and had no other evidence than their own affirmation , and the works that they did , to back and confirm what they taught . they had occasion for a spirit more than naturally discerning to be assur'd of the sincerity of their converts , and for a commission and power extraordinary , to remit the sins of those that they found to be true penitents , and to support themselves and their proselytes against the oppressions of the civil power . these circumstances , as i take it , make a very wide difference between the ministry , and commission of the apostles , and the other immediate disciples of our saviour , and the christian ministry at this time . for first , they have now no immediate call to the ministry , whatever some enthusiastick or knavish sectaries may pretend . secondly , they have no natural gifts above other men , to warrant a pretence to an extraordinary mission . thirdly , they have now no peculiar revelation , nor any other rule of faith , or source of doctrine , which is not common to all mankind with them . the scriptures lie open for all that will look into 'em , and our clergy pretend to no supernatural gift of exposition above the laity , and consequently can offer no new matter of faith. fourthly , they pretend to no spirit of discerning above the condition of meer humanity to enable 'em to see into mens hearts , and judge of the sincerity of their repentance , and consequently must dispose of pardons blindfold , if they exercise any such power , otherwise than conditional , and upon the terms express'd in scripture . but the pronouncing an absolution on those terms , is not passing a pardon , any more than allowing the benefit of the clergy to a malefactor in a court of judicature is an act of grace in the bench. lastly , since the world became christian , those extraordinary commissions , which the apostles and primitive christians had , ceas'd with the reasons of ' em . for when the princes and rulers of the world became the proselytes and protectors of christianity , there was no further occasion to propagate the gospel by extraordinary methods , which had the civil power on its side . by this means the care of the church devolv'd upon the state , and the priesthood became subordinate to it . for tho no state or prince can make any thing a rule of faith , which was not so before in its nature , or by some higher obligation , yet in matters of practice in things indifferent towards which the scriptures leave us at liberty , they have in all countries ( not under the usurpation of the pope ) asserted their authority by ordering and directing the forms and models of church government , and appointing the persons of the governours , who are therefore undoubtedly subordinate to those , by whose authority they govern . from these differences 't is plain , that the ministry at present stands upon quite another foot , than it did in the time of the apostles ; and that mr collier challenges a relation to the deity which he has not , and in right of that a greater reverence and respect than is due to him . his second consideration is , the importance of their office. what that is , has been in great measure laid down in the preceding article . how far they are concerned in publishing gods laws , and passing his pardons has been already examin'd . there was indeed a time , when the priests had a monopoly of faith and salvation , and retail'd out articles and indulgences to the laity , who repair'd to the bank of implicit faith and merit for as much as their occasions requir'd . but the weakness of their fund being discover'd , that bank is broke long since in england . and the laity have taken their consciences into their own custody again , to mr collier's great disappointment . however they preside ( he says ) in the worship of god. if he means by presiding , officiating , he presides over his congregation , as a clerk in parliament presides over the house , because he reads the bills , petitions , &c. to ' em . that to officiate in the house of god is an employment of great importance and honour , i shall readily grant . and as they that perform their duty in that station conscientiously and well deserve all due respect and honour ; so on the other hand , those that prostitute their character to base ends , and make the cassock a cover for pride , ambition , avarice , hypocrisie , knavery , or folly , deserve to be corrected , and expos'd to the publick . the importance of the office , which mr collier pleads in bar to any lay censure upon 'em , is a strong argument for it . for in proportion to the weight of the trust , ought to be the check upon it . there may be many faults amongst the inferiour clergy , which escape the notice , or do not fall properly under the cognizance of the ordinary , which 't is convenient shou'd be amended , for the reputation of the order , and the good of the offenders themselves . mr collier thinks otherwise , he owns that they ought not to be seen , but he would have the people's eyes put out , rather than the offence remov'd . a blot's no blot till 't is hit ; so the reputation of the clergy be safe , 't is no matter for their manners ; for the sin lies in the scandal . else why is he so angry with the poets , for taking notice , that there is such a thing now and then to be seen in the world as a faulty clergy-man ? the order does not pretend to be any more exempt from failings , than other men . then where 's the offence in shewing what those frailties are , to which they lie most expos'd ? 't is true , this can't be done in the dramatick way , without the appearance of the offender by his proxy ; which stirs mr collier's blood , who would have the laity believe 'em absolutely without fault . 't were well if they were so indeed , but since they are not , i think it not just nor reasonable , that the laity shou'd be cheated into such a belief . the man that labours too much to conceal his faults , shews that he aims rather at impunity than repentance . for men seldom think of reformation , while they can run on in a prosperous course of undiscover'd villany . upon this account mr collier's reasoning appears very odd and singular . for if the concealing and covering of men's vices , be the means to advance and promote their corruption , he seems to take a sort of retrograde way to reformation . but his fear is , that the vices of some few thus publickly shewn , shou'd reflect upon the whole order , and weaken their credit and authority in the ministerial function . this objection is already answered in the article of the misrepresentation of women ; what has been there said holds good here , and needs no repetition . it can therefore be of no ill consequence ; for those that are just , and conscientious in the exercise of their functions will lose no credit or authority ; and those that are not , have too much , if they have any . if priests be without fault , then to paint 'em with any is a misrepresentation , and an abuse , a malicious slandering of the order . but if they be not , 't is fit that the rotten sheep shou'd be mark'd and driven from the flock , to prevent the contagion , whether of the disease or the scandal , which are equally catching . but mr collier has learnt politicks of hudibras , and wou'd have priests whipt by proxy ; their faults shou'd be chastised on laymens backs . we thank him for his kindness , and are very willing to be his deputies , provided he can prove that the physick will have its effect that way . i have been told , that a purge given to a wet nurse , wou'd operate with the child ; but i never heard of a med'cine that wou'd work vice versa . i grant , that they ought not to be corrected on the stage for lay follies . their characters must be proper , in order to which , whether they play the fool or the knave , it must be seasoned with a cast of the profession ; otherwise they are lay fools and knaves in masquerade . but as the characters ought not to be so general , as to represent whole bodies of men , so neither ought they to be so particular , as to stigmatize individuals , as they did in the old comedy . if this c●ution be observed , not only the coll●ctive body of the clergy , but every individual man amongst 'em is safe from scandal from that quarter . if the poets have not observ'd it , mr collier in vindication of the clergy has a just provocation to lash 'em severely . but if they have , then mr collier does 'em wrong , and the poets ought to resume the whipcerd , and return the compliment . his last , and , as it appears by his dilating so largely upon it , his strongest consideration is , that they have prescription for their priviledge . their profession has been in possession of esteem in all ages and countries . that it has been in esteem , and that it ought still to be so , more than it is , i believe the poets themselves will allow . but that it has always been esteemed so sacred , that the antient poets durst never suffer any of their persons of the drama to make bold with it , i deny ; and i think i shall demonstrate the contrary . i shall confine my self to the dramatick poets , and only observe , that so the priest be well treated 't is no matter how his god is served . for homer is caressed at a high rate , for putting a crown upon chryses's head , tho he uses the whole tribe of the gods like scoundrels . the first poet , that i shall produce is sophocles . in the close of his ajax the chorus gives us the moral of the play in these words ; experience teaches us much , but before the event is seen , ne'r a prophet of 'em all can tell what things will come to . x. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this is a plain reflection upon the profession , and so remarkably circumstantiated , that there is no doubt , but 't was the poets real sense . for 't is spoken by the chorus , and made the moral of the play. i shall pass by the reproaches which oedipus makes tiresias , because mr collier says they relate only to his person , tho he himself in his defence will allow no distinction betwixt the man and the priest . if you make the man a knave , the priest must suffer under the imputation . however in the same play● jocasta says , she wou'd not give a rush for divination . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 — in the next play creon amongst other reproaches tells tiresias , that they were all a pack of mercenary corrupt fellows . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . we have not room to multiply instances so far , as we might , but these may suffice to shew , that sophocles was not so much afraid of a priest as mr collier pretends . euripides is not a whit more tender of 'em , agamemnon calls the whole tribe of 'em a vain-glorious rascally race . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . achilles in the same play ( the sobriety of whose character mr collier is much in love with ) threatens calohas the prophet before spoken of , and breaks out into this exclamation ; what are prophets ? fellows that by guess sometimes tell truth , but generally lies . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . pentheus in the bacchae uses tiresias very ruggedly . he charges him with being mercenary , and an impostor , with seducing the people , and introducing a new false superstitious worship , and orders the seats from whence he took his augural observation to be pull'd down , with abundance of other menaces , and hard words . these may suffice for euripides at this time . seneca makes little use of the prophets , or priests ; tiresias appears twice in his oedipus , and calchas once only to deliver an oracle . oedipus charges tiresias with confederating with creon , and charging a false crime upon him , and traiterously endeavouring to supplant him in his throne . these instances sufficiently demonstrate , that the antients were not afraid to make their persons of the drama speak pertinently to their character , tho they should thereby happen to bear hard upon their priests . nay , they thought it no offence to make 'em speak things inconsistent with piety , and the religion of their country . the instances of this are innumerable . the rants of ajax , creon , and philoctetes in sophocles are extravagant . this tragedian affords abundance , but to make a collection of scattered expressions , would require more room than we can at present spare ; however , euripides and seneca afford divers so very remarkable , that i can't pass 'em over absolutely without notice . in the hecuba , talthybius exclaims at a strange rate upon the consideration of the turn of hecuba's fortune . o jupiter ! what shall i say ? should mankind address themselves to you : or have we been cheated with a sham story of gods , and providence , while chance governs all things ? 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . polymestor is much such another sort of a comforter , he cries out in the same play , and upon the same occasion , oh what a slippery thing is human grandeur , which is never secure . the gods perplex and harrass mankind , that our ignorance may support their altars , and worship . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . electra , for a short one has a very pithy ejaculation . o nature , what a curse art thou upon mortals . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . her brother orestes is allied to her in principles as near as in blood ; he can't tell what to make of the gods , any more than the two gentlemen before . yet he serves 'em whatever they be . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 all that he knows of 'em is , that they are naturally dilatory . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . hecuba is much of his mind ; she thinks the gods but bad friends , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the cyclops tellvlysses , that riches were the wise mans only god , and that he did not care a fart for jupiter ; but thought himself as great a god as he . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . in the ion , which is pretended to be a moral play , creusa addresses herself directly to apollo , and cals him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , lewd whoremaster . her servant afterwards calls him rascal , and advises her to set fire to his temple . with such flowers as these euripides abounds , which i leave for others to gather . seneca is as full of 'em as he , but i shall refer the reader only to the chorus of the second act of his troas , which being spoken by the chorus looks more like the poet 's own opinion , than if it had come from any other person of the drama . post mortem nihil est , ipsaque mors nihil , velocis spatij meta novissima . spem ponant avidi , soliciti metum . quaeris quo jaceas post obitum loco ? quo non nata jacent . tempus nos avidum devorat , & chaos . mors individua est noxia corpori , nec parcens animae . taenara , & aspero regnum sub domino , limen & obsidens custos non facili cerberus ostio , rumores vacui , verbaque inania , et par solicito fabula somnio . which is thus translated by the earl of rochester . after death nothing is , and nothing death , the utmost limits of a gasp of breath . let the ambitious zealot lay aside his hopes of heaven ( whose faith is but his pride ) let slavish souls lay by their fear , nor be concern'd which way , or where , after this life they shall be hurl'd , dead they become the lumber of the world. and to that mass of matter shall be swept , where things destroy'd with things unborn are kept . devouring time swallows us whole , impartial death confounds body and soul. for h●● , and the foul fiend that rules the everlasting fiery goals , devis'd by rog●●s , dreaded by fools , with his grim griezly dog that keeps the door , are senseless stories , idle tales , dreams , whimseys , and no more . another exception , which mr collier makes to the stage is , that they treat the nobility rudely . i must confess 't is no complement to make a fool of a lord. but if birth or any other chance shou'd make a lord of a fool , i suppose the rest of that noble order wou'd not think themselves accountable for his follies , or abus'd in his picture . shou'd the poets presume to make such a one the representative of his order , and propose him as a common standard , by which the endowments of quality in general were to be measur'd , their insolence wou'd deserve the severest chastisement that cou'd be given . or shou'd any one of 'em dare to characterize too nearly and particularly any of those noble persons , no doubt but he wou'd soon feel the weight of his resentments , and smart sorely for his sawcy liberty . but while the poet contents himself with feign'd persons , and copies closely after nature , without pressing upon her in her private recesses , and singling out individuals from the herd , if any man , of what quality or employment soever , fancies himself concern'd in the representation , let him spoil the picture by mending the original . for he only is to be blam'd for the resemblance . if men of honour and abilities cou'd entail their wisdom and virtues upon their posterity , then a title wou'd be a pretty sure sign of personal worth , and the respect and reverence that was paid to the founders of honourable families ought to follow the estate , and the heir of one shou'd be heir of t'other . but since entails of this kind are of all kinds the most liable to be cut off , 't is not absolutely impossible but there may be such a thing in the world , as a fop of quality . now if there be such a thing , it does not appear to me , that because the persons are great , and elevated by their dignity above the rest of mankind , and draw the eyes of the people upon 'em , more than other men do , that therefore their faults or imperfections will be less visible , or less taken notice of , or that the splendour of their figure is an infallible antidote against the infection of their examples . unless it be so , it is convenient that some reasonable expedient shou'd be allow'd to prevent the mischief of imitation , and that those who are too big to be aw'd out of their follies , may be sham'd out of ' em . but this is only hypothetically offer'd . mr collier perhaps will tell us , that there are no such persons , that a fool of quality is a meer poetical animal , and ought to be rank'd amongst the harpyes , hippogryphs , centaurs , and chimaera's of antiquity . if he proves this , my hypothesis in this point falls to the ground , otherwise i think it may stand in opposition to any thing that has yet been said . if these and abundance of other passages in the antient poets were compar'd with those which mr collier produces out of the moderns , the comparative rudeness and prophaness of the latter wou'd vanish . but he presumes upon the laziness , or ignorance of the majority of his readers , and does not expect that any of 'em shou'd be at the pains to confront his arbitrary , and unfair accounts , with genuine quotations . but 't is time to have compassion upon the reader , who has run the gauntlet thro a tedious refutation ; in which if his satisfaction equals his patience , the author thinks his pains sufficiently recompenc'd . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e introduction . the quarrel to the modern stage first formally commenc'd in spain . shows among tbe heathens of religious pare●tage . the drama of the same extraction . tragedy & comedy originally one thing . when first distinguisht the stage under the patronage of bacchus . paganism a religion contriv'd for popularity . heathen religion all ceremony . * pompa populo ingrata fuit , quia ludis mora . var ro de ling. lat. lib. . † non igno ras quam sit odiosa circensibus pompa . idolatry of the stage , the principal argument of the fathers against it . heathen plays danger●●s temptations 〈◊〉 new christian converts . zeal of the fathers ●g●inst 'em not u●ne●es●ary . view p. . p. . p. . p. . praef. p. . disingen●ir● of mr. collier . praef. idolatry the main objestions of the fathers to the ancient drama . * et haec suntscenico r●m ●●erabilior● 〈◊〉 do rum comoediae scilicit & tragoediae hoc est fabu lae poetarum agendae in spectaculis , multa rerturpitudine sed nulla , saltem , sicut alia multa verborum obscoenitate compositae quas etiam inter studia quae honesta , & liberalia vocantur , pueri , legere discereque a senibus coguntur . de civit. dei lib. . * aug. conf. lib. . cap. . * didici in eis multa verba utilia se det in rebus non vanis disci possunt & via tuta est , in qua pueri ambularent . lib. confess . cap. ●v . mimick shews among the romans scandalous● lewd , the drama no at all . clemen's alex●ndri●us c●ted against the drama . view p. nec inconcine stadia & theatra pestilentiae c●thaedram quis vocaverit . paedag . lib. . cap. ii . view p. . the fathers sametimes over rigorous sic & tragaedos cothurnis extulit diabolus , quia nemo potest adjicere cubitum unum ad staturam suam , men dacem face re vult christum . tert. de spectac . cap. . view . p . * ibid. nec fas est nobis audire adulteria deorum hominumque quae suavi verborum modulantur mercede . ad autolyc . lib. . * theatra ●unt faediora , quo convenis verundia illic omnis exuitur simul cum amictu , vestis honor corporis , & pudor ponitur , denotanda ac contrectanda virginitas revelatur . de habit virg. * nihil nobis &c. cum insania circi cum impudicitia theatri cum x●sti vanitate . apolog. adv . gent. cap. . * itaque pomperius magnus solo theatro minor , cum illam arcem omnium turpitudinum extruxisset , veritus quandoque memoriae suae censoriam animadverfionem , veneris aedem superposuit , &c. the authority of the fathers short of the case . caution of mr c-ll-r the authority of the fathers short of the case . caution of mr c-ll-r plato's authority consider'd . xenophon . * ita de venereis etiam rebus advalde juvenes verba non facimus , ne accidente ad vehementem in eis libid . levitate , immodice huic libidini suae indulgeant cyropaed , lib. . p. aristotle . plays forbidden to young people upon the score of the tempta●●ns from the company . * adol●scentulos autem & ●amborum & comaediarum spectatores esse lex prohibeat , prius quam ●●tatem attigeri●t , 〈◊〉 qua & 〈◊〉 caeteris accubar● jam 〈◊〉 rit , & ab omnibus , vel ebrietatis , vel aliarum inde nascentium rerum incommodis discip●lina liberos efficiat pol. lib . c. . view page . view p. . licentiousness not defended . mr coll. character of terence & plautus . view p. . ib. p. , , &c. this character in●idious . the a'sci●ation● patch'd up of incoherent fragments . * o praeclaram emendatricem vitae poeticam , quae amorem flagitii , & levitatis autorem in concilio deorum c●llocandum putet ! de comaediâ loquor quae si haec flagitia non probaremus , nulla esset omni●ò . quaest . tusc . lib. . the invention of the roman comick poets barren . ●oetick justice neglected by them . livie's authority abus'd . p ▪ . * sine carmine ullo sine imitandorum carminum actu , ludiones ex hetruria acciti , ad tibicinis modos saltantes , haud indecoros motus more thusco dabant . dec. . l. . * inter aliarum parva principia rerum ludorum quoque prima origo ponenda visa est , ut appareret , quam ab sano initio res in hanc vix opulentis regnis tolerabilem insaniam venerit . ibid. the luxury and expensiveness of these shews , not their immorality , condemn'd by livy . * itaque c● . genutio , l. aemylio mamerco secundum coss . cum piaculorum magis conquititio animos quam corpora morbi afficerent , &c. ibid. valerius maximus misquoted , * proximus militaribus institutis ad urbana castra , id est theatra gradus faciendus est , quoniam haec quoque saepenumero animosas acies in struxerunt ex cogitataque cultus deorum , & hominum delectationis causa , non sine aliquo pacis , rubore voluptatem , & religionem civili sanguine , senicorum portentorum gratia , macularunt . lib. . cap. . falseness and absurdity of mr c — r ' s paraphrase p. . ibid. this conclusion not to be found in valerius . * eadem civitas ( viz. massi●a ) severitatis custos acerrima est : nullum aditum in scenam mimis dando , quorum argumenta majore ex parte stuprorum continent actus , ne talia spectandi consuetudo etiam imitaudi licentiam sumat . cap. . stage allow'd at marseilles . seneca's authority nothing to the purpose . * nihil vero tam damnosum bonis moribus , quam in aliquo spectaculo desidere ; tunc enim per voluptatem vitia facilius surrepunt . epict. . 〈◊〉 p●●verted . * tunc enim per voluptatem , &c. p. . 〈◊〉 , &c. impertinently cited . ovid and mr wycherly say nothing against the stage , but the audience . too great severity of no service to morality . * ludi quoque semina praebent nequitiae . de trist . lib. . * junctam pasiphae● ictaeo credite tauro , vidimus , accepit fabula prilca fidem . mart. mr c — 's licentious method of misquoting unsufferable . p . the athenia●s , the greatest friends in the world to the stage . this law a direct argument against 〈◊〉 collier . * apud graecos fuit lege concessum ut quod vellet comaedia nominatim , & de quo vellet diceret . cic. de rep. apud s. august . de civit dei , cap. . the old comedy of the greeks exceeding licentious . comedy , why no proper exercise for a iudge . * locata opera tua illis histrionibus , qui suspiriosi cognominantur , tertias partes actitabas . demosth . orat. de coron : and in the same oration he calls him tertianum historionem . † aeschines tertias partes in bacchanalibus apud aristodemum actitavit . plut. aeschine . * aeschines legationes obiit , & multas alias , & ad philippum de pace . ibid. opinion of the spartans - p. . theft tolerated at lacedemon , character of the spartans● * comaedias , & tragaedias non admittebant lacones , ut ntque serio , eos qu●legibus contradicerent audirent . instit . lacon . this authority falsified likewise . politeness , the objection of the spartans to the drama . all sorts of plays not prohibited at lacedemon . lib. . morality , not the reason of rejecting the stage . livy's authority consider'd . p. . postqu●m lege 〈◊〉 fabularum ab risu , 〈◊〉 soluto i●co res avocabatur , & ludus in artem paulatim verterat , juventus histrionibus fabellarum actu relictu , ipsa inter se more antiquo ridicula intexta versibus jactitare caepit , quae inde exodia postea appellata , conserta● ; fabellis potissimum atellanis sunt , quod genus ludorum ab oscis acceptum tenuit juventus : nec ab histrionibus pollui passa est . eo institutum manet , ut actores atellauarum nec tri●a moveantur , & stipendia tanquam expertes artis ludicrae faciant . dec. . l. . ancient romans an unrefined people . * virtus superstitione animis ludi quoque scenici nova res bellico●o populo , instituti dicuntu● . et ea ipsa percgrina res suit . ludiones ex hetruria acciti . ibid. * imitari deinde eos juventus , simul inconditis inter se jocularia fundentes versibus , cepere . ib. acting of plays first left off by the roman youth , because of the difficulty . † vernaculis artifiribus . ib. histrio●e● , who so called . * vernaculis artisicibus , 〈◊〉 hister 〈…〉 ibid. * postquam lege conjectural reason why players were noted with inf●my . two sins most probable . drama at first necessitated to use the actors of the ludi scenic● the actors of tragedy and comedy , therefore only call'd histriones . * praetorian edict . † infamia notatur qui artis iudicae , pronunciandive causa in scenam prodierit . scena est , ut labeo definit quae ludorum faciendorum causa quolibet loco , ubi quis consistat , moveaturque spectaculum sui praebiturus , posita est . l. . & . f. de iis qui notantur infamia . labeo's position shews the intent of that edict mr coll●ers disingenuity in this point . the roman censure extended only to the mercenary actors as such . * eos enim qui quaestus causa in certamina descendunt , & omnes propter praemium in scenam prodeunres , famofos esse pegasus , & nerva filius responderunt . l. . de iis qui notantur infamia . scipio and ●●lius writers to the stage , ●r assisting to it . julius and augustus caesar , and seneca , &c. * in meridianum spectaculumincidi lusus spectans , & sa●les , & aliquid laxamenti epist . . law of the theodosian code considered . p. . * in loco honesto . * siqua in publicis porticibus , vel in his civitatum locis , in quibus nostrae solent imagines consecrari pictura ●●●cmimum vest● hum●●i , & rugosis sinubus agitatorem , aut vilem offerat histrionem , illico revellatur : neque unquam , post hac liceat in loco honesto personas in honestas ad no●are . in aditu vero circi , vel in theatri prosceniis ut collocentur , non vetamus , l. siqua . cod. de spectac . meaning of the theodosian law. parallel instances . authori●ies from the councils already answere●d . quarrel to the stage unjust . p. . ancient stage infinitely more scandalous , and lewd than the modern . stage dancing as now practiced inoffensive to modesty . p. . mr coll's notion of the extravagant power of musick ridiculous . collier's moral essay vol. d p ib. p. . moral essay vol. . p. . power of musick owing to contingent circumstances . influence of sounds indeterminate . p. . p. . p. . the author a platonist . moral essay , vol. . p. . not acquainted with the subject he treats of . p. . p. . ibid. his charge rash . comparative morality of the vocal music of the antient and modern stages . p. . antient vocal musick . chorus , its office . their mi●i . p. . his objections from the topick of love , a declamatory rant . p. . meer frenzy . p. . revenge not encouraged by the stage . instance in the mourning bride . passion not proper in comedy . love , jealousie , &c. how to be used in comedy . hor. art. poet. exposition of horace's observation . instance from terence ex * hic , ita ut liberos est 〈…〉 contutabitur . sed syrum — si vivo adeo exornatum dabo , adeo depexum , ut dum vivat meminerit semper mei : qui sibi me pro ridiculo , ac delectamento putat . non ( ita me dio ament ) auderet facere haec viduae mulieri , quae in me fecit . p. . tragedy in the judgment of aristotle . arist . p●et . lib. cap. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. . du●●g and rencounters against the nature and laws of comedy . duel in love in a tub , against the rules of comedy . comick poet obliged to draw according to nature . collier's moral e●say about duelling . no breach of morality without offending against the laws of the stage . p. . mr collier in his end of stage poetry . mistaken in his method of prosecuting that end . morals of a play wherin shewn . poet. c. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . folly and knavery , the subjects of comedy . de art. poet. praef. pag. , . mr. collier's character of the ancient poets invidious . fable the principal part of a play. fable of the oedipus of sophocles . piety of oedipus . sophocl . oedip. tyrann . oedipus ' proclamation . 〈…〉 . moral of the english oedipus the same . meerly speculative . not very natural . oed p. . oed. p. . proper moral . moral of seneca seneca the philosopher suppos'd the author . his morals neglected by the authors of the english oedipus . preface to oedip. senec. oedip. p. . summ of seneca's moral . oedipus's justification of himself . harmony of the greek , roman , and english authors . levity of fortune not the occasion of the fall of oedipus . opposition of providence . presumption of laius . another moral . presumption of oedipus . oedipus in sophocles , and the rest of the tragedians a predestinarian . french moral . n●cromancy a●d all sorts of divin●tion allowed by the religion of the heathens . conjecture at the reasons that induc'd the authors of the english oedipus to prefer the greek moral to the latine . seneca's moral 〈◊〉 proper for the english stage . greek and roman moral unservi●●● to virtue . p. oedipus , why so mi●●●ly examined . fable of of ajax flagelli●er . moral somewhat obscare . moral . d moral . moral of the author not arising naturally from the action . d moral not very natural . fable of the electra . moral . fable of the antigone . moral . oedipus coloneus . fable of oedipus coloneus no moral . trachiniae its fable . moral of sophocles . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which signifies folly or injustice . philoctetes , the fable . no moral . speech of hercules not pertinent to the action . p. . ibid. art. poet. cap. xiii . character of the plays of euripides in general . fable of the orestes characters all vicious . not of a piece all through . moral . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . media , &c. fable of the hippolitus . ion a moral tragedy . remarques surle xix chapitre de la poetique d' aristote . fable of ion precedent to the action . fable commencing with the action . main condition of moral tragedy neglected in this . creasa's a wicked character . ion's character indifferent . of no service to morality . hercules furens compar'd with the trachiniae of sophocles . character of aeschylus . edit . hen. steph. his prometheus immoral . jupiter abus'd by the poet under the persons of power and force . the abuse back● 〈◊〉 vulcan . deficiency of the greek tragedy . tragedy at rome . bo row'd from the greeks . seneca the philosopher suppos'd the author of ' em . seneca udjustly aspers'd by mr collier . p. . seneca careless of poetick justice . ajax and oileus . an improper instance of it . seneca limited by precedent . hippolytus of seneca examined . more artificial than the hippolytus of euripides . the moral . the rest chose copies from the greek . octavia illcontriv'd and insipid . general reflections on the ancient tragedy . aristotle's division of tragedy . moral plays not much encouraged at athens . alcestis of euripides a moral tragedy . antients careless of the general moral of the plays . consequence of mr collier's loose way of writing . turn'd upon the ancients . p. . socrates by this means condemned . aeschylus arraign'd by mr collier's precedent . sophocles p. ● . extravagance of this way of declaiming . * an island famous for plenty of hellebore , used in the cure of madness . shakespear preferr'd to all the rest of the english dramatics . censure of hamlet unjust . fable of hamlet , before the commencement of the action . fable after the action commences . poetick justice exactly observed in this play. moral of hamlet . tragedies of this author generally moral . the orphan . the moral good . mr collier's zeal for the pagan priesthood injurious to the christian ministry . don sebastian a religious play. reason of mr collier's ●ua●rel to the cleomenes . mor●l wanting to the cleomenes . m●●al●● ference . the poet too faithful to the history . mourning bride . fable very just and regular . moral excellent . advantages of the moderns over the antients in the morals of their fables . providence not employed to promote villany . nor to oppress virtue . nor to protect malefactors . modern poets more religious than the antients . the fable of the poets disposal . characters and expressions not so . the fable if any , the evidence of the poets ●●nion . mr collier's a false , and perverse measure . the fable the engine of greatest and most secret execution upon the audience . p. . not abused to any ill end by our poets . apology for the antients . moral plays not esteem'd at athens . moral and pathetick reconciled , and united by the moderns . poetick justice neglected by the antients in general . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . monsi●ur dacier's exception ●●o monsi●ur corneille answered . po●t●ck justice a ●●odern ●●vention . modern stage on this account pr●f-rable of the antient . fable of comedy 〈◊〉 in comedy the action and persons l●w . the correction of folly the proper business of comedy perfect virtue excluded the comick stage . some infirmity required to qualifie a character for comedy . ne gentlemen but men of pleasure sit for comedy . comick poetry and droll painting compar'd . such characters real and common . mr collier's mistake concerning the nature of comedy . heads of mr collier's charge against english cody . his first article examined . this rule repugnant to the nature of comedy . reason why . indulgence of plautus and terence to vicious young people misplaced by mr collier . p. . plautus and terence faithful copyers from nature . opinion of horace enquir'd into . p. . art. poet. this not a bare character but a rule . p. . sense of horace in this place mistaken or perverted by mr collier . parity of reasoning betwixt mr prynn and mr collier . another outrage to horace . art. p●●t . use of a chorus according to horace . objection . mr collier's answer . reply to mr collier's answer . art. poet. chorus in old comedy . plutus of aristophanes . p. . double mistake of mr collier . by this the plutus old comedy . fable of old comedy of what kind . characters of cratinus , eupolis , and aristophanes how differenc'd . new comedy how differing from the old. plutus not new comedy . satire of the old comedy particular . of the new general . arisstophanes the bginner of the middle comedy . no chorus in the plutus . office of the chorus in comedy . the parts essential to a chorus omitted in the flutus . * etiam in ●jusdem pluto chori desiderantur , quod & alibi monebamus : ita tamen ut non omissus , sed exemptus videatur . poetic . lib. . cap. viii . unconc●●●● inf●r●nce from aristotle . p. . silence of aristotle no argument in this case reason of aristotle's silence in this point . his account of the rise of the drama . cap. . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . progress of comedy 〈◊〉 . brevity of aristotle . cap. . a particular treatise of comedy written by aristotle , but lost . chorus not used in the new comedy . chorus altogether improper for the comick stage in england . used at puppet shews . function assigned the chorus by mr collier . original errour of mr collier . loose characters in comedy no encouragement to debauchery . ridiculous fear if mr collier . theatres wrongfully accused by him . sense of horace again perverted . p. hor. art. poet. ibid. this advice political , not moral . manners here signified poetical not mor●● mr collier's description of poetical manners p. . def●ctive and esiv●cal . aristotle's description . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . hor. art. poet. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . propriety of manners requir'd wherein it consists . similitude of manners hor. art. poet. equality of manners what . art. poet. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . faults of characters what . faults of expression manifold . some heads of mr collier's charge . p. , , . this point mistaken . faults of particular no reflection upon the sex in general . universals and individuals improper characters . what characters proper two sorts of resemblances in poetry . quality no just reason for exemption . mr collier's collect in from the antients very loosely made . objection to ophelia . character of ophelia . objection groundless & friv . ●o● . ● . mad song . ●oolish but ●●ffensive . antients more faulty then this . instance in the antigone of sophocles . instance in electra of the same author . p. . antigone in sophocles not so nice . casandra not so nice as mr collier pretends . e●travagance of casandra . indecency again●● character . misbehaviour of hecuba . love and t●nderness used by the moderns . lust and violence by the antients . numerous instances of this kind to be found in euripides . some referr'd to . seneca examin'd upon this article . miscarriage of phaedra . modesty of lycus consider . references to other instances . these faults less pardonable in tragedy , than comedy . slaves th● top charact●rs of the roman comedy . very little variety in th●●●r plots . greater liberty taken by aristophanes . aristophanes whether an atheist or not 〈◊〉 to the purpose . this argument considered . rigour of the athenians to socrates a sort of acqui●ment of aristophanes . mr collier's ●o proof of 〈◊〉 assertion . the opinion of the man not measured by the expressions of the poet at athens liberties of plautus greater than those of the english stage . p. . instances from the amphi●●io . remarkable circumstances of this passage . the disguise under which mercury appears no excuse for his misbehaviour . jupiter not more modest . instances from the asinaria . instance of singular morality . plautus's lovers more active than talkative . instanced from the curtulio . comparative modesty of the virgins of the antient stage hence to be observed . mr collier's own exceptions taken notice of . p. . his instance in olympio grosly mistaken or misrepresented . casina act scen. . in●●ance from the as●naria . slaves not the only off●nders of this kind in plautus . miles glo●iosus . 〈…〉 logues and ●pilogues no● always ●noff●ns●● . p . this prov'd from the epilogue to the casina . epilogue to the asinaria an encouragement to lewdness . captivi . epilogue to the captivi . complaint of the abuse of the clergy not well grounded . their relation to the deity to considered . p. . . personal representation of deity absurd . the power of the church not lodged with the priest . mission of st. paul , and the apostles what and how circumstantiated . difference betwixt their commission and that of the present ministry . importance of their office no exemption . some faults not cognizable by the ordinary . priests not misrepresented unless faultless . his plea from prescription examined . instance to the contrary from sophocles . ajax flagellifer . oedipus tyrannus . antigone . eurip●des not mo●e tender of priests . iphigenia in aulid ▪ . ibidem . s●neca meddles little with 〈◊〉 . ajex an●igone and ph●●octetes . euripides and seneca full of prophane expressions . hecuba . ibidem . orestes . ibidem . ibidem . troades . cyclops . ion. troas . rude treatment of the nobility a false charge . an ordinance of both hovses of parliament for the suppressing of publike stage-playes throughout the kingdome, during these calamitous times. england and wales. parliament. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription b of text r in the english short title catalog (wing e aa). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo b wing e aa estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an ordinance of both hovses of parliament for the suppressing of publike stage-playes throughout the kingdome, during these calamitous times. england and wales. parliament. sheet ([ ] p.) printed for iohn wright, london . caption title. initial letter. reproduction of original in: universität göttingen bibliothek. eng theater -- great britain -- th century -- law and legislation -- sources. great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . broadsides -- england -- london -- th century b r (wing e aa). civilwar no an ordinance of both houses of parliament, for the suppressing of publike stage-playes throughout the kingdome, during these calamitous time england and wales. parliament a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an ordinance of both hovses of parliament , for the suppressing of publike stage-playes throughout the kingdome , during these calamitous times . whereas the distressed estate of ireland , steeped in her own blood , and the distracted estate of england , threatned with a cloud of blood , by a civill warre ; call for all possible meanes to appease and avert the wrath of god appearing in these iudgements : amongst which , fasting and prayer having bin often tryed to be very effectuall , have bin lately , and are still enjoyned : and whereas publike sports doe not well agree with publike calamities , nor publike stage-playes with the seasons of humiliation , this being an exercise of sad and pious solemnity , and the other being spectacles of pleasure , too commonly expressing lacivious mirth and levitie : it is therfore thought fit , and ordeined by the lords and commons in this parliament assembled , that while these sad causes and set times of humiliation doe continue , publike stage-playes shall cease , and bee forborne . instead of which , are recommended to the people of this land , the profitable and seasonable considerations of repentance , reconciliation , and peace with god , which probably may produce outward peace and prosperity , and bring againe times of joy and gladnesse to these nations . die veneris , septemb. the . . ordered by the lords and commons assembled in parliament , that this ordinance concerning stage-playes be forthwith printed and published . john browne cler. parliament . septemb. . london printed for iohn wright . , histrio-mastix the players scourge, or, actors tragædie, divided into two parts. wherein it is largely evidenced, by divers arguments, by the concurring authorities and resolutions of sundry texts of scripture ... that popular stage-playes ... are sinfull, heathenish, lewde, ungodly spectacles, and most pernicious corruptions; condemned in all ages, as intolerable mischiefes to churches, to republickes, to the manners, mindes, and soules of men. and that the profession of play-poets, of stage-players; together with the penning, acting, and frequenting of stage-playes, are unlawfull, infamous and misbeseeming christians. all pretences to the contrary are here likewise fully answered; and the unlawfulnes of acting, of beholding academicall enterludes, briefly discussed; besides sundry other particulars concerning dancing, dicing, health-drinking, &c. of which the table will informe you. by william prynne, an vtter-barrester of lincolnes inne. prynne, william, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc a estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) histrio-mastix the players scourge, or, actors tragædie, divided into two parts. wherein it is largely evidenced, by divers arguments, by the concurring authorities and resolutions of sundry texts of scripture ... that popular stage-playes ... are sinfull, heathenish, lewde, ungodly spectacles, and most pernicious corruptions; condemned in all ages, as intolerable mischiefes to churches, to republickes, to the manners, mindes, and soules of men. and that the profession of play-poets, of stage-players; together with the penning, acting, and frequenting of stage-playes, are unlawfull, infamous and misbeseeming christians. all pretences to the contrary are here likewise fully answered; and the unlawfulnes of acting, of beholding academicall enterludes, briefly discussed; besides sundry other particulars concerning dancing, dicing, health-drinking, &c. of which the table will informe you. by william prynne, an vtter-barrester of lincolnes inne. prynne, william, - . [ ], - p., - leaves, - , [ ] p. printed by e[dward] a[llde, augustine mathewes, thomas cotes] and w[illiam] i[ones] for michael sparke, and are to be sold at the blue bible, in greene arbour, in little old bayly, london : . mathewes printed quires b-m; cotes n-z; allde a- z, a*- k*, and v to end; jones the title page, preliminaries and a- t, including a cancel for x , (stc). the first leaf is blank. includes index. this state has errata on * v. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately 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text creation partnership web site . eng theater -- england -- moral and ethical aspects -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion histrio-mastix . the players scovrge , or , actors tragaedie , divided into two parts . wherein it is largely evidenced , by divers arguments , by the concurring authorities and resolutions of sundry texts of scripture ; of the whole primitive church , both under the law and gospell ; of synodes and councels ; of fathers and christian writers , before the yeare of our lord ; of above foraigne and domestique protestant and popish authors , since ; of heathen philosophers , historians , poets ; of many heathen , many christian nations , republiques , emperors , princes , magistrates ; of sundry apostolicall , canonicall , imperiall constitutions ; and of our owne english statutes , magistrates , vniversities , writers , preachers . that popular stage-playes ( the very pompes of the divell which we renounce in baptisme , if we beleeve the fathers ) are sinfull , heathenish , lewde , ungodly spectacles , and most pernicious corruptions ; condemned in all ages , as intolerable mischiefes to churches , to republickes , to the manners , mindes , and soules of men . and that the profession of play-poets , of stage-players ; together with the penning , acting , and frequenting of stage-playes , are unlawfull , infamous and misbeseeming christians . all pretences to the contrary are here likewise fully answered ; and the unlawfulnes of acting , of beholding academicall enterludes , briefly discussed ; besides sundry other particulars concerning dancing , dicing , health-drinking , &c. of which the table will informe you . by william prynne , an vtter-barrester of lincolnes inne . cyprian . de spectaculis lib p . fugienda sunt ista christianis fidelibus , ut tàm frequenter diximus , tàm vana , tàm perniciosa , tàm sacrilega spectacula ●quae , essi non haberent crimen , habent in se et maximam et parum congruentē fidelibus vanitatē . lactantius de verò cultu cap. . vit●●da ergo spectaculo ●●●xia , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ne quid vitiorum pectoribus i●side et , &c. sed ne cuius nos voluptatis consuetudo delineat , atque à deo et à b●ri● operibus ●ve●tat . chrysost. hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . b & hom. de poenitentia , tom. . col . ●mmo vero , ●is theatralibus ludis eversis , non leges , sed iniquitatem evertetis , ac emnem civitatis pestem extinguetis . ●etenim theatrum , communis luxuriae officina , publicum incontinentiae gymnasium ; cathedra pestilentia ; pess●●us locus ; plurimer●mone mo●herum plena babylonica fornax , &c. augustinus de civit. dei , l. c. . si tontummodo boni et honesti homines in civitate essent , nec in rebus humanis ludi scenici esse debuissent . london , printed by e.a. and w.i. for michael sparke , and are to be sold at the blue bible , in greene arbour , in little old bayly . . to his mvch honovred friends , the right worshipfvll masters of the bench of the honourable flourishing lavv-society of lincolnes-inne . right worfvll , the due respect i owe unto your famous nurserie both of law and piety , as my last nursing mother , and to your worships in particular , as my especiall good friends ; hath at this time imboldened me to commend this histrio-mastix to your worthy patronage ; which being wholly compiled within your walls , implores no other sanctuary but your benigne protection ; of which your former play-oppugning actions promise it good assurance . for whereas other innes of court ( i know not by what (a) evill custome , and (b) worse example ) admit of common actors and enterludes upon their * two grand festivals , to recreate themselves withall , notwithstanding the statutes of our kingdome ( of which lawyers of all others should be most observant ) (c) have branded all professed stage-players for infamous rogues , and stage-playes for unlawfull pastimes , (d) especially on lords-dayes and other solemne holy-dayes , on which these grand-dayes ever fall : yet such hath beene your pious tender care , not only of this societies honour , but also of the young students good , ( for the advancing of whose piety and studies , you have of late erected a magnificent chappell , and since that a library ; ) that as you have prohibited by late publike orders , all disorderly bacchanalian grand-christmasses , (e) ( more fit for pagans thā christians ; for the deboisest roarers , than grave civill students , who should be patternes of sobriety unto others ; ) together with all publike dice-play in the hall ; ( a most pern●cious , infamous game ; condemned in all ages , all places , not onely by (f) councels , (g) fathers , (h) divines , (i) civilians , (k) canonists , (l) politicians , and (m) other christian writers ; by (n) divers pagan authors of all sorts , and by (o) mahomet himselfe ; but likewise by (p) sundry heathen , yea christian magistrates edicts , and by the (q) statutes of our kingdome ; as the occasions of much idlenesse , prodigality , cursing , swearing , forswearing , lying , cheating , mispence of money and time , theft , rapine , usurie , malice , envie , fretting , d●scontents , quarrels , duels , murthers● covetousnes , acquaintance with ill company , povertie , ruine of many young g●ntlemens , yea & tradesmens fortunes and estates ; with a world of such like mischiefes : which as they proclaime all publike dice-play unsufferable in a republike ; so much more in an innes of court : which cannot more dishonour it selfe , than in turning a professed christmas dice-house , or publike receptacle of all sorts of dicers , of purpose to enrich the butlers , or to defray their christmas expences ; as if innes of court gentlemen were so beggerly , that they could neither maintaine their officers , nor christmas commons , without the infamous almes , or turpe lucrum of their dice-boxes ; which empty many a young students , trades-mans , apprentices , unfortunate gamesters purse , and (r) bring divers unhappy dicers yearely to the goale , if not the gallowes , whiles they seeke to repaire their losses by robbery , cheating , and unlawfull meanes ; leaving the guilt of all their sinnes , with many a bitter execration upon those societies where they have lost their money : ( all which your worships have piously prevented to your deserved honour , by suppressing dice-play : ) so likewise in imitation of the (s) ancient lacedemonians and massilienses , or rather of the (t) primitive zealous christians , you have alwayes from my first admission into your society , and long before , excluded all common players with their lewd ungodly enterludes , from all your solemne festivals ; not suffering them so much as once to enter within your gates , for feare they should (u) corrupt the mindes , the manners , the vertuous education of those young hopefull vertuous gentlemen committed to your care , by drawing them on to idlenesse , luxurie , incontinencie , prophanesse , and those other dangerous vices which playes and play-houses oft occasion : they being no other , as the fathers phrase them , but (x) the very plagues and poysons of mens mindes and soules . which praise-worthy imitable act of yours , assures me of your kinde entertainment of this my last-borne issue : which though ( by reason of some intervenient subjects diverting my studies into another channell ) it be ultimus in executione , yet it was primus in intentione , of all my printed treatises , as some scattered passages against stage-playes in my (y) former impressions , evidence . for having upon my first arrivall here in london , heard and seene in foure severall playes ( to which the pressing importunity of some ill acquaintance drew me whiles i was yet a novice ) such wickednes , such lewdnes as then made my penitent heart to loath , my conscience to (z) abhorre all stage-playes ever since : and having likewise then observed some wofull experiments of the lewd mischievous fruits of playes , of play-houses in some young gentlemen of my acquaintance , who though civill and chast at first , became so vitious , prodigall , incontinent , deboist , ( yea so farre past hopes of all amendment ) in halfe a yeares space or lesse , by their resort to playes , where whores and lewd companions had inveagled them , that after many vaine assaies of their much desired reformation , two of them were cast off , and utterly disinherited by their loving parents , whom i heard oft complaining even with teares ; that playes and play-houses had undone their children , to their no small vexation : ( a good caveat for all young students to (a) keepe themselves from play-houses by these two youngsters harmes : ) hereupon i resolved ( out of a desire of the publike good ) to oppugne these common vice-fomenting evills : for which purpose about some yeares since , recollecting those play-condemning passages which i had met with in the fathers and other authors , i digested them into one entire written discourse ; which having since that time enlarged beyond its intended bulk , because i saw the number of players , play-books , play-haunters , and play-houses still increasing , there being above forty thousand play-books printed within these two yeares , ( as stationers informe mee , ) they being now more vendible than the choycest sermons ; * two olde play-houses being also lately reedified , enlarged , and one * new theatre erected , the multitude of our london play-haunters being so augmented now , that all the ancient divels chappels ( for so the fathers stile all play-houses ) being five in number , are not sufficient to containe their troopes , whence wee see a sixth now added to them ; whereas even in vitious nero his raigne there were but (b) three standing theaters in pagan rome , ( though farre more spacious than our christian london ) and those three too many : hereupon i first commended it being thus augmented to the licencer , and from him unto the presse , where it hath lingred longer than i did expect . which being now at last brought forth into the world in such a play-adoring age , that is like to bid defiance to it , i here bequeath it to your pious patronage , to whom it was at first devoted , not caring how it fares abroad , so it may doe good and please at home . thus wishing all grace , all happines and prosperity to your worships , and to the whole society of lincolnes inne , together with all prosperous successe to these my unworthy labours , i commend both you and them to gods owne blessing . ever resting your worships , in all devoted service and respect , william prynne . to the right christian , generovs yovng gentlemen-students of the famous innes of court , and especially those of lincolnes inne . right a vertuous , pious , and most accomplished gentlemen , the present hope , the future prop and honour of our english nation ; that cordiall longing desire of your temporall and eternall felicity , which hath a long time harboured in the very innermost receptacles of my soule , hath , as at first provoked me to pen , so now at last to publish this histrio-mastix for your common good , which here lieth prostrate at your feet , imploring not onely your naked acceptations , but your unprejudicated affections too ; that so you may thorowly scan it with an impartiall scrutinie , before you preposterously fore-judge it out of a misinformed prejudice . it is not i suppose unknowne to any , b what favour , what estimation playes and players have lately purchased in the opinions and hearts of most ; which i feare are so strangely forestalled , so desperately infatuated with their syrenian enchantments , that they will hardly brooke the sight , much lesse the reading of this play-scourging discourse , whose very title will be a sufficient warrant for many to condemne it , if not a supersedeas to them to peruse it : such being the froward disposition of prejudicated persons , ( especially when their popular universall overspreading pleasures of sinne in which they most delight , come once to c be controlled by some one private person , which is now the case of stage-playes : ) that let the truth be never so evident , the arguments , the authorities against them never so convincing , yet they will quite reject and precondemne them , ere they have once examined them . what therefore d minucius felix , that famous christian lawyer , and e st. cyprian complained of long since , against the pagans of their age , in the name of all the christians : sic occupant animos et obstruunt pectora , ut ante nos incipiant homines odisse quam nosse , ne cognitos aut imitari possint , aut damnare non possint : or what f tertullian writes in the selfesame case ; nolunt audire quod auditum damnare non possint . malint nescire , quia jam oderint , adeo quod nesciunt praejudicant id esse , quod si sciant odisse non poterant , quando si nullum odij debitum depraehendatur , optimum utique si● , desinere injustè odisse . quid vero iniquius , quam ut oderint homines quod ignorant , etiamsi res meretur odium ? tunc etenim meretur cum cognoscitur an mereatur . vacante autem meriti notitia , unde odij justitia defenditur ? quae non de eventu , sed de conscientia probanda est , &c. or what g lactantius of olde lamented upon the like occasion : student damnare tanquam nocentes quos utique sciunt innocentes ; itaque constare de ipsa innocentia nolunt ; quasi vero major iniquitas sit probatam innocentiam damnare quā inauditam : the same i feare may be the just complaint of this my histrio-mastix now● many , i doubt , will censure , if not exclaime against it ere they reade it ; h because it reprehends their vices : and some perchance will purposely disdaine to cast their eyes upon it , for feare they should approve it , at leastwise be unable to controll it . but however others may chance thus ignorantly or maliciously to forejudge it ; yet i hope it shall finde no such ungenteile discourteous entertainment frō you deare fellow-brethren , whose generous ingenuous education hath taught you thus much courtesie , whose religion and profession have learned you this good lesson ; to heare and know , before you sentence : since gods law , & ours too , * doth not judge any man , before it heare him , and know what he doth . what i medea therefore requested of creon ; si judicas , cognosce : or what k seneca desired of his friend lucilius ; adhibe diligentiam tuam , et intuere quid sint res nostrae , non quid vocentur ; shall be my present suite to you ; * to peruse my histrio-mastix first , and then to censure it as you finde it . perchance it may seeme some paradox , some meere fantastique novalty , or strang● monster at the first in this play-admiring age ; wherein most men like the l athenian epicurean stoicke philosophers , who encountred s. paul , will be ready to demand in scorne , what will this babler say ? may we know what this new doctrine whereof thou speakest is ? for thou bringest certaine strange things to our eares ; wee would therfore know what these things meane . but if you will doe it so much honour as considerately to revolve it , you shall finde it to containe nought else but resolved , uniuersally receiued ancient ( though now forgotten ) truthes ; so farre from any suspicion of factious novalty , or puritanicall singularity , that they have the concurrent testimonies , the unanimous resolutions of m sundry sacred texts of scripture , of the n whole primitive church and saints of god , both before and under the law and gospell ; o the canons of severall oecumenicall , nationall , provinciall synods and councels of divers ages and countries : together with the canonicall , the imperiall constitutions of the apostles themselves , of emperours , popes and other bishops , p the workes of fathers and ancient christian writers of chiefest note , from our saviours nativity to the yeare . the suffrages q of above christian authors of all sorts , from the yeare to this present ; the sentence of r heathen philosophers , orators , historians , poets ; together with the play-condemning t lawes and edicts of sundry christian , yea pagan nations , republikes , emperours , princes , magistrates in severall ages ; with the u statutes , magistrates , vniversities , writers and preachers of our owne renowned kingdome ; to back , to second them in all particulars ; who all have long since passed this heavie censure against stage-playes : that they are the x very workes , the pompes , inventions and chiefe delights of the divell , which all christians solemnly abjure in their baptisme : y the most pestilent corruptions of all mens ( especially young mens ) minds & manners ; z the chiefe fomenters of all vice and wickednesse ; the greatest enemies of all vertue , grace and goodnesse ; the most mischievous plagues that can be harboured in any church or state ; yea lewd infernall pastimes not tollerable among heathens , not sufferable in any well-ordered christian republike ; not once to be haunted or applauded by any civill vertuous persons , who are either mindfull of their credits , or of their owne salvation . which as it controlls the grosse mistake of divers voluptuous paganizing christians in our dayes , who dote on stage-playes as the most laudable , generous , if not necessary recreations ; so it should now at last ingage all christians for ever to abandon them ; as the a very best of saints , of pagans have done in former ages . alas , what goodnesse , what profit doe men reape from stage-playes , that should any way ingage their affection● to them ? doe b they not enrage their lusts , adde fire and fewell to their unchast affections ; c deprave their minds , corrupt their manners , d cauterize their consciences , obdurate their hearts , multiply their heinous transgressions , e consume their estates , mispend their time , f canker their graces , blast all their vertues , interrupt their studies , indispose them to repentance and true godly sorrow for their sinnes ; make all gods ordinances ineffectuall to their spirituall good , draw downe the guilt of sundry play-house abominations on their persons , incorporate them into lewd ungodly company , and without repentance damne their soules● doe g they not dishonour their most holy god , abuse their most blessed saviour sundry wayes , blaspheame and grieve gods holy spirit , prophane the sacred scriptures and the name of god , deride and jeare religion , holinesse , vertue , temperance , grace , goodnesse , with all religious , vertuous persons , advance the divels scepter , service , kingdome , by sowing , by cherishing the seedes of atheisme , heathenisme , prophanesse , incontinency , voluptuousnes , idlenes , yea , of all kind of wickednes both in their actors and spectators hearts ? how many thousands have stage-playes drawne on to sinne , to lewdnesse , to all sorts of vice , and a● last sunke downe to hell , with the weight of those prodigious evills which they had quite avoided , had they not haunted play-houses ? how many novices and youngsters have beene corrupted , debauched , and led away captive by the divel , by their owne outragious lusts , * by panders , players , bawdes , adulteresses , whores , and other lewd companions , who had continued studious , civill , hopefull , towardly and ingenious , had they not resorted unto stage-playes , the originall causes of their dolefull ruine ? which bring no other benefit to their actors , their spectators at the last , but this , h to post them merrily on to hell with a greater loade of soule-condemning sinnes ; i quasi vivendi sensum ad hoc tantum acceperant ut perirent ; as if they had received life for no other purpose , but to worke out their owne eternall death , which needes no other instruments to effect it , than lewd lascivious enterludes . o therefore ( deare brethren ) as you tender gods honour● the publike welfare , or your owne soules safety , abominate these glittering gawdy pompous snares , these k sugered poysoned potions of the divell , by which he cunningly endeavours your destruction when as you least suspect it : and if any of you have formerly frequented stage-playes , either out of l childish vanity , or injudicious ignorance of their oft-condemned mischievous lewd effects ; or through the m over-pressing importunity of voluptuous carnall acquaintance ; or by reason of that popular erronious good opinion which our wicked times conceive of stage-playes which humour them in their lusts ; or because such n multitudes resort now daily to them , that they carry one another headlong to these sinfull pleasures without any sense of danger , or hopes of reformation ; be you henceforth truly penitent for what is past , o quem delectaba● spectare , delectet orare ; quem delectabant cantica nugatoria et adulterina , delectet hymnum dicere deo , currere ad ecclesiam , qui primo currebat ad theatrum : as st. augustine sweetly councels : and wholly abandon them for all future time . and so much the rather , that you may now at last falsifie that ignominious censure which some english writers in their printed workes have passed upon innes of court students ; of whom they record● p that innes of court men were undone but for players ; that they are their chiefest guests and imployment , & the sole busines that makes them afternoons men : that this is one of the first things they learne as soone as they are admitted , to see stage-playes , q & take smoke at a play-house , which they commonly make their studie ; where they quickly learne to follow all fashions , to drinke all healths , to weare favours and good cloathes , to consort with ruffianly companions , to sweare the biggest oaths , to quarrell easily , fight desperately , game inordinately , to spend their patrimony ere it fall , to use gracefully some gestures of apish complement , to talke irreligiously , to dally with a mistresse , and hunt after harlots , to prove altogether lawlesse in steed of lawyers , and to forget that little learning , grace and vertue which they had before : so that they grow at last pas● hopes of ever doing good , either to the church , their country , their owne or others soules . which heavie censure , if any dissolute play-haunters have justly occasioned heretofore , to the dishonour of those famous law-societies wherein they live , i hope their subsequent reformation will reverse it now ; that so all england may henceforth experimentally discerne , that stage-playes and actors are as well condemned , detested by her lawyers , as by r her lawes and statutes , which brand all stage-playes for unlawfull pastimes ; all common actors , for notorious rogues ; too base companions for generous spirits to beholde or dance attendance on , who were created for more noble objects , more sublime imployments than base infamous enterludes , or most abject players . o therefore let the serious consideration of your owne native generositie , of your heroicke studies , elevated with the sublimer contemplations of your transcendent christian nobility ; which makes you s heires of heaven , coheires with christ , yea , t kings and priests unto god your father , ( who hath not onely u crownes of glory , but likewise an x heavenly eternall kingdome to bestow upon you ) raise up your depressed mindes and thoughts so farre above these earthly childish vanities , as with a kinde of holie magnanimitie to trample them under feete y as drossie filthie pleasures , unworthy any christians presence , much lesse his approbation , who hath farre better , farre sublimer spectacles to beholde ; even those which i shall here commend unto you in cyprians words , in his elegant booke against stage-playes : z habet christianus spectacula meliora , si velit ; habet veras et profuturas voluptates , si se recollegerit , et ut omittam illa , quae nondum contemplari potest , habet istam mundi pulchritudinem , quam videat atque miretur ; solis ortum aspiciat , rursus occasum , mutuis vicibus dies noctesque revocantem , globum lunae , temporum cursus incrementis suis , decrementisque signantem , astrorum micantium choros , et à summo de summa mobilita●e fulgentes , anni totius per membra divisa , et dies ipsos cum noctibus per horarum spatia digestos , et terrae molem libratam cum montibus , et proflua ●lumina cum suis fontibus , extensa maria cum suis fluctibus atque littoribus : interim constantem pariter summa conspiratione nexibusque concordiae , extensum aërem medium tenuitate sua cuncta vegetantem , nunc imbres contractis nubibus profundentem , nunc serenitatem refecta raritate revocantem , et in omnibus istis incolas proprios , in aëre avem , in aquis piscem , in terra hominem . haec inquam , et alia opera divina , sint christianis fidelibus spectacula . quod theatrum humanis manibus extructum istis operibus poterit comparari ? magnis licet lapidum molibus extruatur , crusta sunt montium ; et auro licet ●ecta lucanaria reluceant , astrorum fulgore vincentur : nunquam humana opera mirabitur quisquis se cognoscerit filiū dei. dejicit se de culmine generositatis suae qui admirari aliquid post deum potest . * scripturis in quam sacris incumbat christianus : ( let papists , and those who are given so much to play-bookes co●sider this : ) ibi invenie● condigna fidei spectacula . videbit instituentem deum mundum suum , et cum caeteris animalibus hominis illā admirabilem fabricam melioremque facientem : spectabit mundum in delicijs suis , ●justa naufragia , piorum praemia , impiorumque supplicia : maria populo sicca●a , et de pe●ra rursus populo maria por●ecta : spectabit de coelo descendentes messes , non ex areis : inspiciet flumina transitus siccos refraenatis aquarum agminibus exhibentia : videbit in quibusdam fidem cum igne luctuantem : religione superatas feras , et in mansuetudinem conversas : intuebitur et animas ab ipsa morte revocatas : considerabit etiam de sepulchris admirabiles ipsorum consummatorū jam vitas corporum redactas : et in his omnibus jam majus videbit spectaculum , diabolum illum qui totum detriumphaverat mundum , sub pedibus christi jacentem . quàm hoc decorum spectaculum fratres ? quàm jucundum ? quàm necessarium ? intueri semper spem ●nam , et oculos aperire ad salutem suam . hoc est spectaculum quod videtur etiam luminibus amissis . hoc est spectaculum , quod non exhibet praetor , au● consul , sed qui est solus et ante omnia , et super omnia , immo ex quo omnia , pater domini nostri iesu christi , cui laus et honor in saecula saeculorum . these ( my beloved brethren ) are the true celestiall worthie spectacles of every pious christian : o let your hearts , your mindes , your affections , your eyes and eares be wholly ravished and taken up with these , which will onely bring true comfort to our soules . let mee therefore ●lose up my epistle to you with st. augustines words : * intendite ad magna haec spectacula . ista sunt spectacula utilia , salubria , aedificantia non destruentia , imò et destruentia et aedificantia : destruentia recentes deos , aedificantia fidem in verum et aeternum deum : let other men therefore who love their stage-playes * better than their god , their soules , resort to theatres whiles they please ; ( * illi habeant mare in theatro ; nos habeamus portum in christo : ) but let christ iesus be your * all in all , your onely solace , your onely spectacle , and joy on earth , whose soule-ravishing heart-filling presence , shall be your eternall solace , your everlasting * visible all-glorious most triumphant spectacle in the highest heavens ; whither god bring us all at length for this his sonne and mercies sake . amen . your loving christian friend , and brother to command : william prynne . to the christian reader . three things there are , beloved readers , in this my histrio-mastix , for which i am necessitated to make some apologie , to prevent all causelesse cavills . the first , is its tedious prolixitie ; which as it far exceeds its primitive intended brevity , so it may somewhat derogate from its welcome acceptation , as being too large for so slight a subject : but as it was no disparagement to phaebus his pallace ; that a the workmanship of it did exceede the matter ; so i hope it will be no prejudice to this treatise , if b malo nodo malus cuneus , may be allowed for a plea. hee who intends to encounter a potent enemie , c had neede provide a puissant armie : hee who will cure a large spreading gangrene , must proportion his plaister to the maladie ; he who would discover or refute an inveterate generally received error , must come strongly armed with convincing reasons and authorities , else he is like to do more harme than good . players and stageplaies , with which i am now to combate in a publike theatre in the view of sundry partiall spectators , are growne of late so powerfull , so prevalent in the affections , the opinions of many both in citie , court and country ; so universally diffused like an infectious leprosie , so deepely rivited into the seduced prepossessed hearts and judgements of voluptuous carnall persons , who swarme so thicke in every play-house , that they leave no empty place , and almost crowd one another to death for multitude ; as they did in * augustines time , chusing rather to fill the theatre than the church ; that had not this my histrio-mastix overgrowne its first intended pigmies stature , it had d never beene able to foyle those many giantlike enemies with which it is now to grapple ; neither could it have borne any geometricall proportion with those festring ulcers , those many practicall applauded errors , whose cure and refutation it indeavours . * some play-books since i first undertooke this subject , are growne from quarto into folio ; which yet beare so good a price and sale , that i cannot but with griefe relate it , they are now e new-printed in farre better paper than most octavo or quarto bibles , which hardly finde such vent as they : and can then one quarto tractate against stage-playes be thought too large , when as it must assault such ample play-house volumes ? besides , our quarto - play-bookes since the first sheetes of this my treatise came unto the presse , have come forth in such e abundance , and found so many customers , that they almost exceede all number , one studie being scarce able to holde them , and two yeares time too little to peruse them all : and this made this treatise swell the greater , because these play-bookes are so multiplied . againe , i considered with my selfe , that our players , our play-haunters are now more in number , more various in judgements , in humours , in apprehensions , than they have beene in former ages ; whereupon i thought good to produce * more store of different play-refelling arguments and authorities than else i should have done ; that so i might satisfie every reader to my power , and meete with all evasions . all which being l●id together , will easily excuse my overmuch p●ines ; which if it seeme irkesome to any reader , i am sure it ●as farre more troublesome to me the author , who if i am peccant in this kinde , it is onely out of too much lo●e to doe the readers greater good : who if they complaine for want of time , may soone peruse it without any losse , by devoting their play-house houres to it , till they have read it over . the second , is some passages , termes and phrases , which may give offence to such , who consider not the grounds and reasons of them : and these are of different natures . some of them may seeme to be over sharpe and virulent against players , playes , and play-haunters : others of them may be constr●ed to be over malepart and censonious : others , too immodest , too amorous , and obscene : others , heterogeneall , and impertinent to the intended theame . to the two first of which i answer : first , that i have used no more tartnesse against players , playes , or play-haunters , nor passed no other● censures upon them● than the fathers themselves , with sundry appro●ed writers have done before me , whose phrases and invectives i have onely revived : you must therefore lay the blame on them , not me , who onely speake in their language . * novi enim quod et praesens aetas corrigitur , dum praeterita suis meritis objurgatur . secondly , inveterate f gangrend ulcers , as playes and players are , neede sharpe emplaisters , bi●ing corrosives , else they will not be cured ; because gentle lenitives cannot cleanse them . thirdly , the greatest virulency is onely against players and play-haunters vices , not their persons ; g hostes plane sumus , non generis humani tamen , sed erroris : yea i have therefore censured their errours , their vices so severely , because i love their persons , whose happinesse , salvation and amendment i here onely seeke , by withdrawing them from playes and play-houses , the very greatest corruptions of their mindes and manners . * hoc enim interiora maximè corrumpit , quod exteriora delectat . what therefore st. augustine writes to macedonius in this very case ; g facile est atque proclive malos odisse , quia mali sunt , rarum autem et pium eosdem ipsos diligere quia homines sunt , ut in uno simul et cu●pam improbes , et naturam approbes ; ac propterea culpam justius oderis , quod ea faedatur natura quam diligis . non est igi●ur iniquitatis , sed potius humanitatis societate devinctus , qui propterea sit criminis persecutor ut sit hominis liberator : the same shall be my apologie now . and if any play-a●tors or spectators thinke themselves injured by any censure i have here past upon them , i must returne them an answer in st. bernards words : * cum carpuntur vitia , et inde scandalum oritur , ipse sibi scandali causa est , qui fecit quod argui debeat , non ille qui arguit : or at leastwise in h st. hieroms language : aut enim nihil scribendum fuit , ne hominum judicium subiremus , aut scribentes nosse , cunctorum adversum nos maledicorum ●ela esse torquenda . quos obsecro , ut quiescant , et definant maledicere . non enim ut adversariis , sed ut amicis scripsimus ; nec invecti sumus in eos qui peccant , sed ne peccent , monuimus . nullum laesi , nullius nomen mea scriptura designatum est . neminem specialiter meus sermo pulsavir . generalis de vitijs disputatio e●t . qui mihi irasci voluerit , prius ipse de se , quod talis sit , confitebitur . wherefore , since all i aime at in this treatise is mens eternall good ; * sustinete hanc virgam corripientem , ne sentiatis malleum conterentem : remembring that good lesson of salomon : i he that hateth reproofe , is brutish ; yea , he despiseth his owne soule , and he shall surely die . to the third of these , i answer ; that hee who stirres a noysome kennell , must needes raise some stench ; he who would lively portraiture ● divell , or a deformed monster , must needes draw some gastly lines , and use some sordid colours : so he who will delineate to the life , the notorious lewdnesse of playes , of play-haunters , is necessarily enforced to such immodest phras●s as may present it in its native v●lenesse ; else he shall but conceale or masque their horrid wickednesse that none may behold it , not rip it open that all may abhorre it . this is the onely reason of those more uncivill or seemingly immodest passages and phrases that are here and there scattered in this discourse ; which as they are for the most part the fathers , or some other authors , not mine owne , and so the more excusable ; so necessity onely hath enforced mee to them ; the impurity and lewdnesse of stage-playes being such , that a man can hardly remember , much lesse reprove them without sinne or shame . k talia autem sunt ( writes salvian ) quae in theatri● fiunt , ut ea non solum dicere , sed etiam recordari aliquis sine pollutione non possit . quae quidem omnia tam flagitiosa sunt , ut etiam explicare ea quispiam atque eloqui salvo pudore non va●eat . quis enim integro verecundiae statu dicere queat illas rerum turpium imitationes , illas vocum ac verborum obscaenitates , illas motuum turpitudines , illas gestuum faeditates ? quae quanti sunt criminis , vel hinc intelligi potest , quod et relationem sui interdicunt . nonnulla quippe m●xima scelera incolumi honestate referentis et nominari et argui possunt , ut homicidium , latrocinium , sacrilegium , ca●teraque hujusmodi . solae theatrorum impuritates sunt , quae honest● non possunt vel accusari : ita nova in coarguenda harum turpitudinum probrositate res evenit arguenti , ut cum absque dubio honestus sit qui accusare ea velit , honestate tamen integra ea loqui et accusare non possit . it was this fathers preface to his play-condemning treatise , and it shall be my apologie . to the fourth of these , i answer ; that there are severall passages in this discourse , which prima facie may seeme heterogeneous to the present subject , as * those concerning dancing , musicke , apparell , effeminacy , lascivious songs , laughter , adultery , obscene pictures , bonefires , new-yeares gifts , grand christmasses , health-drinking , long haire , lords-dayes , dicing , with sundry pagan customes here refelled : but if you consider them as they are here applied , you shall finde them all materially pertinent to the theame in question● they being either the concomitants of stage-playes , or having such neare affinity with them , that the unlawfulnesse of the one are necessary mediums to evince the sinfulnesse of the other . besides , though they differ in specie , yet they are homogeniall in their genericall nature , one of them serving to illustrate the quality , the condition of the other : it is no impertinentie therefore for me to discourse at large of all or any of these , the better to display the odiousnesse of stage-playes , with which they have great analogie , to which they have more or lesse relation , as the passages themselves sufficiently manifest . but admit that some of them are heterogeniall , yet it is no absurdity by way of digression , to touch on such parti●ulars , as * other writers oft times doe , yea and the fathers too , who have their digressions as well as others , in their commentaries , homilies , and morall treatises ; where they oft times lash out into collaterall discourses against stage-playes , dancing , drunkennesse , effeminacy , lascivious songs , fantastique costly apparell , pagan customes , and those other particulars which i have now discoursed against , as their passages here● recited plentifully manifest . their practise therefore may be my excuse . and so much the rather , because the particulars i have thus lightly glanced upon in the by , are universall overspreading still-increasing evills , which neede some present opposition , especially out of those pregnant venerable authorities of councels , fathers and ancient writers that are almost forgotten in the world , ( whose memory i have here in part revived a● farre as opportunity would permit : ) which manifest to all mens judgements , m that effeminate mixt dancing , dicing , stage-playes , lascivious pictures , wanton fashions , face-painting , health-drinking , n long haire , * love-lockes , periwigs , womens curling , pouldring and cutting of their haire , bone-fires , new-yeares-gifts , may-games , amorous pastoralls , lascivious effeminate musicke , excessive laughter , luxuriovs disorderly christmas-keeping , mummeries , with sundry such like vanities which the world now dotes on , as la●dable , good , and christian , are meere sinfull , wicked , unchristian pastimes , vanities , cultures and disguises , which the primitive church and christians , together with the very best of pagans quite abandoned , condemned ; however we admire , applaud them now to gods dishonour and religions shame : my short digressions therefore against these new-revived old-condemned spreading evills , which most men countenance , few can or dare oppose , may well be pardoned in this my histrio-mastix , most of them being either concomitants or fruites of stage-playes : by the present censures of which , the reader shall be sure to reape , either fuller satisfaction , or greater variety of knowledge than else hee should have met with in this treatise . the third , is the repetition of some quotations , some passages of fathers and others which are twice or thrice recited in severall places of this discourse , where the same things are oft debated . to which i answer : first , that though the same things in effect are oft times touched upon ( especially * the idolatrous originall of stage-playes , and o that they are the very pompes of the divell which christians have renounced in their baptisme ) yet it is either to different purposes , or where they are amplified and confirmed by new-recited a●thorities ; which as i could not couple all together , so i was unwilling to omit , for feare of doing prejudice to the cause . secondly , though the same authorities and qu●tations are oft reiterat●d , yet it is onely in these two cases , where the words and ends for which i cite them are divers , or where one sentence , one discourse tending to severall purposes , is so intire , that it could not be sundered into fractions without perverting the sense , or blunting the life , the edge and vigour of it . thirdly , what ever is oft repeated , is something or other worth remembring : if therefore seneca speakes truth , p nunquam nimis dicitur quod nunquam satis discitur ; this fault may easily bee excused . the scripture it selfe ( wee know ) q where there is no superfluity nor defect ; hath oft times r precept upon precept , line upon line , yea frequent repetions of the selfesame things , ( especially in the bookes of moses , the bookes of the kings and chronicles , the psalmes of david● the proverbs , the prophets , the foure evangelists , and st. pauls epistles ) in such cases where men are either dull to learne , apt to forget , ●●ow to beleeve , or when as the things repeat●d are very observable . the like repetitions with little variation , we shall finde in divers authors : and in most of those who write of the selfesame subject , ( but principally in commentators a●d the schoolemen ) wee finde the selfesame matter clothed in a different method or dresse of words ; s there being no new thing u●der the sunne , et nihil dictum quod non dictum prius : all being but reiterations of what hath beene written or spoken in former ages . this therefore may excuse my short rei●erations of the selfesame passages against stage-playes , with which men are so farre inamoured , that they neede many oft repeated arguments to divorce their affections from them . having thus farre apologized for this treatise , i shall here by way of advertisement for thy better satisfaction informe thee , christian reader , something concerning the authorities quoted in it . as first , that i have cited the very words of the fathers themselves , for the most part , in the margent , which i have faithfully englished in the discourse it selfe , and sometimes alledged them in the margent at large , when as i have but touched them in the page : whence i shall advise thee to reade the margent and the page together . secondly , that i have oft times onely quoted the names , the workes of fathers and other authors for brevity sake , omitting their words , which the studious reader may doe well to t peruse at leisure in their workes ; whose severall passages had i transcribed , i should have oft repeated the selfesame things , and augmented this quarto treatise into many folio volumes . thirdly , i have faithfully recorded the books , the chapters , columes and pages of those authors here alledged , together with the impressions which i follow ; all which you shall finde expressed , part. . act. . scen. , , , & . which editions if any reader want , let him then onely examine the number of the bookes , the chapters , homilies or sermons here quoted , in those editions which he hath , omitting the pages , and he shall finde every quotation true , save onely where the editions varie . and if any shall here quarrell with me for the multitude of authors and quotations : let him know , that i produced them u onely for the readers better satisfaction , to evidence the damnable odiousnesse of stage●playes in all ages , not out of any vaine-glorious ostentation , which i much abhorre . which advertisements being thus premised , i shall now beseech thee , courteous reader , in the feare of god , to peruse this histrio-mastix with an impartiall eye , and even seriously to consider with an unprejudicated affection , what all the primitive christians , what all the councels , fathers , emperours , magistrates , and authors here enumered have constantly thought of stage-playes , and other particulars here recited : and then i doubt not but what a noble earle of this kingdome in his late dangerous sicknesse , professed publikely ( even with detestation ) of his effeminate fantastique love-locke ; that he sensibly perceived it to be but a cord of vanity , by which he had given the divell holdfast to leade him captive at his pleasure ; who would never let goe his holdfast of him as long as hee nourished this unlovely bush : whereupon hee comanded his barber to cut it off : ( a speech , a president well worthy those x womanish ruffians consideration , who yet are peccant in this kinde : ) the same wilt thou affirme of these lascivious enterludes ; y that they are the very divels pompes and * snares , by which he captivates and inthralls mens soules ; who can never enfranchise themselves from his infernall vassalage , till they have cordially renounced these his sugered gins , which detaine them captive in his service , and binde them over to damnation : as the here recited councels , fathers and other authours witnesse : whose workes if play-haunters would but study , at those vacant times which they sinfully waste on playes , on play-bookes , and such like unprofitable pleasures of sinne , z which will end in horrour at the last ; they would speedily abandon all enterludes , all play-houses , as the most execrable pernicious corruptions , which now they so much dote on as their chiefe delights . the lord therefore open all such blinde stage-haunters eyes by these my poore endeavours , who are yet so besotted with ignorance and these enchanting spectacles , that they cannot discerne those infinite mischiefes that attend them , a wasting their precious time upon them even from day to day , and quarrelling with all such pious christians as would reclaime them from them : of whom i may fitly use st. augustines memorable passage : b quem itaque comprehendam istorum insanorum ? quis me audia● ? quem eorum nos non miseros dicat , quia cum eis non insanimus ? amisisse nos putant varias et magnas voluptates in quibus ipsi insaniunt , nec vident quia mendaces sunt . quando illis ovum invito , vel calicem salutarem porrigo saucio : et quomodo reficiam ? hortor ut reficiant , pugnas parant ; saevire volunt in medicum . et si percusserint , diligantur ; et si injuriam fecerint non relinquantur ; redituri sunt ad mentem , gratias acturi . oremus itaque pro ipsis fratres charissimi ; inde crescit numerus sanctorū , de numero qui erat impiorum . it was this fathers speech of those play-haunters whom he indeavoured to reclaime in his time ; and it shall be mine of ours now ; whose conversion i shall truly pray for , how evill soever they intreat mee or this worke of mine ; which if it doe no good to others , or purchase nought but hatred , but contempt unto my selfe , yet symmachus his speech shall be my comfort : c saluti publicae dicata industria , crescit meritò cùm caret praemio : or if not his , the prophet isaiah's : d then i said , i have laboured in vaine , i have spent my ●trength for nought and in vaine : yet surely my judgement is with the lord , and my reward with my god : to whose onely blessing i shall now commend this treatise , and thee true christian reader ; whose spirituall good being the primum mouens , that set my thoughts upon this subject ; i hope it shall finde thy favourable acceptation : e sciens , quia sicut non habet unde placeat ex venustate , sic ex devotione scribentis non pot●rit displicere . and so i rest , thine in the lord , william prynne . autor ad opus suum . * si mihi credideris , linguam cohibebis , et aulae , limina non intret pes tuus , esto domi . aspectus hominum cautus vitare memento , et tibi commissas claude libelle notas . omnia sint suspecta tibi , quia publicus hostis et maiestatis diceris esse reus . ignis edax , gladiusque ferox tibi forte parantur , aut te polluta subruet hostis aqua . cum tamen exieris faciem velabit amictus , deformentque tuam pulvis et aura cutem . sit gradus et cultus habitus peregrinus eunti , non nisi barbariem barbara lingua sonet . de pictavorum dices te gente creatum , nam licet his lingua liberiori loqui . nusquam divertas , ne quis te laedat cuntem , nugarumque luat garrula lingua notas . omnia si nescis , loca sunt plenissima nugis , quarum tota cohors est inimica tibi . ecclesia nugae regnant , et principis aula ; in claustro regnant , pontificisque domo . in nugis clerus , in nugis militis usus ; in nugis i●venes , totaque turba senum . rusticus in nugis ; in nugis sexus uterque : s●rvus et ingenuus , dives , egenus in his . accelera gressus , cauto diplomate perges ; vt valeas , esto sobrius , esto gravis . gens penetranda tibi perlarga , bibaxque loquaxque , et cui ni morem gesseris , hostis eris . i ci●us atque redi ; ne quorum carpere nugas aususes , infligant tela , necemque parent . hospiti●que fidem quaeres super , omnia , quo sii● tutus ab insidiis , quas tibi quisque parat . stultos , prudentes nimium , pravosque cave●is , et quos insignes garrula lingua facit . si quis amat verum , tibi sit gratissimus hospes , et quem delectat gloria vana , cave . iuie patronatus illum cole , qui velit esse , et sciat , et possit tutor ubique , tuus . sperne malos , venerare bonos , ignos●e volenti laedere ; nulla bonis ultio grata magis . et nisi festinus fugeres , te plura monerem , vix pateris dici pauca , vel ista tene . errataes . courteous reader , i shall desire thee ere thou read this treatise to correct these several following errataes which in my absence through the correctors and printers oversight have escaped the presse . in the pages , pag. , l. . for ready reade , readily . p. . l. . for contr. r. ad . p. . l. . their : his . p. . l. . r. displaied . p. . l. . r. protervos . p. . l. . r , whence . p. l. . for . p. r. & . p. . l. . r. inflections . p. . l. . r. those p. . l. . f. ground , r. grand p. . l. . r. euclid . p. . l. . r. melania . p. . l. . r. perfumed . p. . l. . f. . r. , . p. . l. . r. christians . p. . l. . f. two , r. rare . p. . l. . r. those . p. . l. . r. muliebribus . p. . l. . f. which , r. with . p. . l. . f. c. . r. c. . p. . l. . & p. , l. , r. stage players . p. , l. , r. maiors . p. , l. , r. avocated . p. l. . f. or , r. of . p. , l. , f. done , r. not . p. , l. , r. those . p. , l. , r. gosson . p. , l. , r. christians . p. , l. , f. this , r. his . p. , l. , r. comforts . p. , l. , f. christ , r. christian. p. , l. , r. catechumenist . p. , l. , r. defend . p. , l. , r. militibus . p. , l. , f. in , r. in three . & l. , r. displeased . p. , l. , f. and , r. but. p. . l. , r. chaire . p. , l. , r. persons . p. , l. , r. kinde . p. , l. , f. in , r. of . p. , l. , r. originally . fol. , l. , f. perfecting , r. protecting . fol. , l. , f. that , r. fit . fol. , l. , f. which , r. with . fol. , l. , r. returning . f. , b , l. , f. polycarpus , r. pollio . fol. , l. , f. nisina , r. misnia . fol. , b , l. , f. and not , r. not . fol. , l. , f. washed , r. crushed . ibid. b , l. , f. might , r. nigh . fol. , b , l. , f. their , r. our . fol. , l. , f. new , r. now . & b , l. , r. vitiated . f. , l. , f. & the , r. the. & b , l. , f. these , r. such . fol. , l. , f. them , r. men . p. , l. , r. inconsistent . p. , l. , f. , r. . p. , l. , r. procedente . p. , l. , r. intercidit p. , l. , f. it be , r. it . p. , l. , r. viz. of altisiodorum . p. , l. , r. prescription . p. , l. , r. praecolorant , & l. , r. helleboro . p. , l. , f. and r. are . p. , l. , f. carnemque r. carmenque . p. , l. , f. malum , r. bonum . p. , l. , f. and teaching , r. teaching . l. , f. that , r. that they . p. , l. , . f. the sinne , r. your sin . p. , l. , f. the , r. your . in the margent , p. , l. , reade gubernator . p. , l. , r. quod . p. , l. , for cap. r page . p. , l. , dele ad . p. , l. , r. loci . p. , l. , r. legatio . p. , l. , r. cap. . & l. , dele cap. p , , l. , r. numerantur . p , l. , & , r. liberioris & fastorum . p. . l. , r. flagitiosissime . l. , r. inquietaret . l. , r. aluarus . l. , r. dierum . p. , l. , r. . p. , l. , r. , & l. , r. . p. , l. , r. cassiodorus . l. , r. r●med . p. , l. , r. rideat . p. , l. , r. vnus . p. , l. , r. deteriora . l. . , r. vua , liuorem . p. , l. , r. from playes . p. , l. , r. decipientes , & l. , propitios . p. , l. , r. inextinguibiles . p. , l. , r. tondeat quos . l. , r. amatorius p. , l. , r. . l. , r. submouens . p. , l. , r. perficiunt . p , l. , r. ultro . p. , l. , r. . p. , l. , r. . p. , l. , r. aperto , l. r. tim. . p. , l. , r. sempiternam . p. , l. , r. letali . p. , l. , r. rerum , l. , r. ad . p. , l. , r. quaeso . p. , l. , r. sic. p. , l. , r. c. , l. , r. minus . p. , l. , r. idoneus . p. , l. . r. igitur . p. , l. , r. contaminent . p. , l. , r. aelij , l. , r. sunt p. , l. , r. babingtons . p. , l. , r , nobilium . p , , l , , , dele haeter . p , , l , , r , c , . p , , l , , r , ● , . p , , l , , r. et. fol , , b , l , , r , iuvenes . f , , l , , r , seruitus . f , , b , l , , r , callist : f , , l , , , cornelius . b , l , , r , musicae . f. , b , l , , r. fl●tibus . f , , l , , r , tom. , pars . p , , l , , r , blasphematur . p , , l , , , r , waldensia . p , , l : , r : tuenda . p : , l : , r : vrbis . p : , l : , r : setinum . p : , l : . r : prouidentia . p : , l : , r : delinquunt . p. , l : , dele pro. p : , l : , r : adultis . l : , r. nen●ea . p. , l. , r. theodosius & l. , prateus . p. , l. , r. ●aledicendi , dicam . l. , r. fol. . l. , r. oblectare . p. , l. , r. l : , c : . p : , l : , r. casares . p. , l. , r. hostes . p. , l. , r. l. . histrio-mastix ; or , the actors tragedie . the prologve . svch hath alwayes beene , and yet is , the peruerse , and wretched condition of sinfull man , a the cogitations of whose heart are euill , and onely euill before god , and that continually : that it is farre more easie to estrange him from his best , and chiefest ioyes ; then to diuorce him from his b truest misery , c the pleasures of sinne , which are but for a season , d yet set in endlesse griefe : man alwayes hugges his pleasurable sinnes so fast , out of a preposterous , and misguided loue , e which makes his reformation desperate : ) that if any soule-compassionating christians attempt to wrest them from him ; hee forthwith takes vp armes against them ; returning them no other answere , then that of ruth to naomie , in a farre better case : f the lord doe so to mee , and more also , if ought but death part them and mee : where they dye , i will dye , and there will i bee buried● and thus alas hee liues , g nay , dies , and lies ( as too too many dayly doe ) intombed both with , and in , his darling crimes . how naturally prone men are to cleaue to worldly pleasures , and delights of sinne , in despite of all those powerfull attractiues , which might withdraw them from them ; to omit all other particular instances : wee may behold a reall , and liuely experiment of it , in prophane , and poysonous stage-playes ; the common idole , and preuailing euill of our dissolute , and degenerous age : which though they had their rise from hell ; yea , their birth , and pedegree from the very deuill himselfe , to whose honour , and seruice they were at first deuoted : though they haue beene oft condemned , and quite exploded by the whole primitiue church , both vnder the law , and gospel : by the vnanimous vote of all the fathers , and sundry councells from age to age : by moderne diuines , and christian authours of all sorts : by diuers heathen states , and emperours ; and by whole grand iuries of prophane writers , as well historians , and poets , as philosophers● h as the incendiaries , and common nurseri●s of all villany , and wickednesse ; the bane , and ouerthrow of all grace , and goodnesse ; the very poyson , and corruption of mens mindes , and manners ; the very fatall plagues , and ouertures of those states , and kingdomes where they are once tollerated , as i shall prooue anon : yet wee , we miserable , and gracelesse wretches , after so many sentences of condemnation passed vpon them : after so many iudgements already inflicted on , and yet threatned to vs , for them : after so many yeres , and iubilies of the glorious gospel-sun-shine : i which teacheth vs to deny vngodlinesse , and all worldly lusts , and to liue soberly , righteously , and godly in this present world , looking for the comming , and appearance of the great god , and our sauiour iesus christ ; yea , after our very vow , and sacred couenant in baptisme , which bindes vs , k to forsake the deuill , and all his workes , the pomps , and vanities of this wicked world , and all the sinfull lusts of the flesh , l of which these stage-playes are the chiefe : as if wee were quite degenerated , not onely from the grace , and holinesse of christians ; but euen from the naturall goodnesse , and moralitie of pagans in former ages ; doe now , euen now , in the middest of all our feares at home● and the miserable desolations of gods church abroade ; ( the very thoughts of which should cause our hearts to bleed , and soules m to mourne ; much more our hellish iollitie , and mirth to cease : ) as if wee had made a couenant with hell , and sworne alleageance to the deuill himselfe ; n inthrall , and sell our selues to these diabolicall , and hellish enter-ludes , notwithstanding , all that god , or man haue said against them : and would rather part with christ , religion , god , or heauen , then with them . yea so farre are many mens affections wedded to these prophane , and heathenish vanities ; that as it was in saint augustines time , euen so it is now : o whosoeuer is but displeased , and offended with them , is presently reputed for a common enemie : he that speakes against them , or comes not at them , is forthwith branded for a scismaticall , or factious puritan : and if any one assay to alter , or suppresse them , he becomes so odious vnto many ; that did not the feare of punishment restraine their malice , they would not onely scorne , and disgrace ; but euen stone , or rent him all to pieces , as a man vnworthy for to liue on earth : whereas such who further these delights of sinne , are highly magnified , as the chiefe contriuers of the publike happinesse . there was once a time , p if tertullian , with some other ancient fathers , may bee credited : ) when as it was the chiefest badge and character of a christian , to refraine from stage-playes : yea , this q was one great crime which the pagans did obiect against the christians in the primitiue church ; that they came not to their enterludes . but now , ( as if stage-playes were our creed , and gospel , or the truest embleme of our christian profession , ) those are not worthy of the name of christians ; they must be puritans , and precisians ; not protestants , who dislike them . r heu quantum mutatus ab illo ? alas , how ●arre are christians now degenerated , from what they were in ancient times ; when as that which was their badge and honour heretofore , is now become their brand and shame ? s quantus in christiano populo honor christi est , vbi religio ignobilem facit ? how little doe we christians honour christ , when as the ancient character ; and practicall power , of religion , ( i meane the abandoning , and renouncing of sinne-fomenting stage-playes ) subiect men vnto the highest censure , and disgrace ? t conquerar ? an taceam ? this being the dissolute , and vnhappy constitution of our depraued times , it put mee at the first to this dilemma ; whether to sit mute and silent still , and u mourne in secret for these x ouerspredding abominations , ( which haue got such head of late among vs ; that many who visit the church scarce once a weeke , frequent the play-house once a day : ) or whether y i should lift vp my voyce like a trumpet , and crie against them , to my power ? if i should bend my tongue , or pen against them , ( as i haue done against some other sinfull , and vnchristian vanities , ) my thoughts informed me ; that i might with the vnfortunate disciples , z fish all night , and catch iust nothing at the last , but the reproach , and scorne of the histrionicall , and prophaner sort , a whose tongues are set on fire of hell , against all such as dare affront their hellish practises ; and so my hopes and trauell would bee wreckt at once : if i should on the other side , neglect to doe my vttermost , to extirpate● or withstand these dangerous spectacles , or to withdraw such persons from them , as my paines , and briefe collections in this subiect might reclaime , when god had put this oportunitie into my hand , and will into my heart , to doe it : my conscience then perswaded me ; that my negligence , and slackenesse in this kinde , b might make mee guiltie of the death of all such ignorant , and seduced so●les , which these my poore endeuours might rescue from these chaines of hell , and cordes of sinne : and c interest me● in all the euill which they might suppresse : whereupon i resolued with my selfe at last , d to endure the crosse , and despise the hate , and shame , which the publishing of this histrio-mastix might procure mee , and to e asswage ( at least in my f endeuours , if not otherwise , ) these inueterate , and festred vlcers , ( which may endanger church , and state at once , ) by applying some speedy corrosiues , and emplaisters to them , and ripping vp their noxious , and infectious nature on the publike theater , in these ensuing acts , and scoenes : which i thought good to stile , the players , or actors tragoedie : not so much for the stile , or method of it , ( for alas , here is neither g tragicke stile , nor poeticall straines , nor rare inuention , nor clowne , nor actor in it , but onely bare , and naked h trueth , which needes n● eloquence , nor straine of wit for to adorne , or pleade its cause : ) as for the good effects i hope it may , and will produce , to the suppression , and extirpation ; at least the restraint , and diminution both of playes , and common actors , and all those seuerall mischieuous , and pestiferous fruites of hellish wickednesses that issue from them : which much desired successe , and reformation , if i could but liue to see ; i should deeme my selfe an happy man , and thinke my labour richly recompenced . the argument , parts , and method , of the ensuing tragaedie . bvt not to spend more time in prologues ; i shall now addresse my selfe vnto the argument , or subiect , of this tragicall discourse , which is no more in briefe , then this conclusion . that all popular , and common stage-playes , whether comicall , tragicall , satyricall , mimicall , or mixt of either : ( especially , as they are now compiled , and personated among vs , ) are such sinfull , hurtfull , and pernitious recreations , as are altogether vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . a paradoxicall , new , and strange conclusion , or probleme vnto many , and yet an ancient ; and resolued trueth , acknowledged at first by heathen emperors , states , and writers , yea , and iewish authors , both before , and after christ ; and since that , ratified by the concurrent voyce , and verdict of the whole church of god , from age , to age , euen to this present day : as the venerable records of all the fathers ; the irrefragable decrees of sundry councells ; and the learned treatises of diuers moderne christians , both protestants , and papists , doe at large declare ; a catologue of whose names , and workes shall bee presented to you in its proper scaene . not to enter into any curious diuision , or enumeration of such playes , or enterludes , as were vsuall among the greekes , and romans : such as were their ludi circenses with chariots : their ludi gladiatorij , or sword-playes : their ludi compitalitij , florales , gymni●i , lupercales , megalenses , cereales , martiales , appollinares , consuales , capitolini , laquearij , retiarij , troiani , plebeij , and the like : since i diuers now of late , as well as heretofore , haue discribed them to the full , in sundry treatises : nor yet to shew you the exact differences betweene comicall , tragicall , satyricall , or mimicall enterludes , together with their seuerall circumstances , inuentions , parts , or properties , ( delineated likewise by the marginall authors , ) which differ more in substance , then in forme , or action , in which they neere accord : i shall onely informe you of one moderne distinction , which some haue pleased for to make of stage-playes . k of stage-playes ( say they ) there are two sorts : the one popular , or publike , acted by hired , and professed stage-players : ( the playes wee haue now in hand , ) and these they all confesse to be abominable , and vnlawfull pas-times : the other academicall , managed on●ly by schollers in priuate schooles , and colledges at some certaine seasons : and these they hold at least wise tollerable , if not lawfull , so as these sixe prouisoes be obserued : l first , that there bee no obscenitie , scurrilitie , prophanenesse , amorous loue-toyes , wantonnesse , or effeminacy mixed with these playes : secondly , that there bee no womans part , no dalliance , no lustfull , nor lasciuious complements , clippings , or embracements in them : thirdly , that there be no mention , or inuocation of heathen gods , or goddesses in them : fourthly , that there be no putting on of womans apparell , or any sumptuous , or costly attire : fiftly , that these playes produce no prodigall , or vnnecessary expence , either of money , or time : sixtly , that they be not ordinarily , but very rare , and seldome acted ; and that for the most part in the latine tongue , for vtterance , and learning sake alone ; not for any gaine of money , or vaine-glory . if all , or any of these conditions faile ( as what achademicall enterludes faile not , either in all , or most ? ) these very scholasticall spectacles , become vnlawfull , euen by the most moderate mens confession . for the lawfulnesse , or illegitimacy of our achademicall stage-playes , i shall discusse it in its proper place : in the meane time , i shall addresse my selfe vnto the probate , of my precedent conclusion : by reasons , by authorities . my reasons to euince the vnlawfulnesse of stage-playes , i shall branch into these sixe seuerall acts. the first , is drawne from the originall authors , and inuentors of them : the second , from those impious endes , to which they were destina●ed , and ordained at the first : the third , from their ordinary stile , or subiect matter , which no christian can euer iustifie , or excuse : the fourth , from the persons that act , and parties who frequent them : the fift , from the very forme , and manner of their action , and those seuerall parts , and circumstances which attend them : the sixt , from the pernitious effects , and sinfull fruites , which vsually , if not necessarily , and perpetually , issue from them . my authorities doe marshall themselues into seuen seuerall squadrons : the first , consisting of scriptures : the second , of the whole primitiue church , both vnder the law , and gospel : the third , of councells , and canonicall , or papall constitutions : the fourth , of the ancient godly fathers : the fift , of moderne christian writers of all sorts , as well diuines , as others : the sixt , of heathen philosophers , orators , historians , and poets : the last , of the acts , and edicts of sundry christian , and heathen states , and emperours . all which , accompanied with the irrefragable , and plaine defeates of those pretences , which giue any colourable iustification to these theatricall enterludes ; will giue no doubt a fatall , if not a finall ouerthrow , or catastrophe to playes , and actors , whose dismall tragoedie doeth now begin . actvs . scaena prima . that all popular , and common stage-playes , whether comicall , tragicall , satyricall , mimicall , or mixt of either , ( especially , as they are now composed , and personated , ) are such sinfull , hurtfull , and pernicious recreations , as are altogether vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians : i shall first of all euidence , and prooue it , from their originall parents , and primary inuentors : which were no other , but the very deuill himselfe ; or at leastwise , idolatrous , and voluptuous pagans , impregnated with this infernall issue from hell it selfe : from whence i argue in the first place , thus . that which had its birth , and primarie conception from the very deuill himselfe , who is all , and onely euill ; must needes be sinfull , pernicious , and altogether vnseemely , yea , vnlawfull vnto christians . but stage-playes had their birth , and primary conception , from the very deuill himselfe , who is all , and onely euill . therefore they must needes bee sinfull , pernicious , and altogether vnseemely , yea , vnlawfull vnto christians . the minor , ( which is onely liable to exception , ) i shall easily make good : first , by the direct , and punctuall testimony of sundry fathers . clemens alexandrinus , oratio exhortatoria , ad gentes . fol. . tertullian de spectaculis . cap. . . . . clemens romanus , constitutionum apostolorum . lib. . c. . . s. cyprian , de spectaculis . l. & epist. l. . epist. . eucratio , arnobius disputatio● aduers . gentes . l. . lactantius , de vero cultu . c. . cyrill of hierusol . catech. mystag . . s. chrysostome , hom. . . & . on mat. s. augustine , de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap. . l. . c. . to . saluian . de gub. dei. lib. . pag. . . a all excellently learned in all the learning of the heathen , and therefore , best able to determine of the originall of stage-playes , especially , since they liued so neere vnto their birth-day . ) all these , i say , to whom i might adde : pope innocent the first , epistolarum decretalium . epist. . ad victricium . cap. . ( which you shall finde in surius , conciliorum . tom. . pag. . and in gratian. distinctio . . cap. praeterea , frequenter : ) ludouicus vi●es , comment . in augustinum , de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. . lib. . cap. . to . coelius rhodiginus antiquarum lectionum . lib. . cap. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . ioannes mariana , doct. reinolds , gosson , with sundry others in their bookes , and treatises against stage-playes : doe expressely testifie : that all theatricall playes , or enterludes , had their originall birth from the very deuill himselfe , who inuented them for his owne honour , and worship , to detaine men captiue by them , in his infernall snares : whence they all condemne them , as sinfull , hurtfull , abominable , and vnlawfull pleasures : stiling all play-houses : the b temples , chappels , chaires , shops , and school●s of satan : and playes , the deuils spectacles , lectures , sacrifices , recreations , and the like . if all these seuerall witnesses then haue any credit : ( as their testimony in our present case , was neuer contradicted to my knowledge , by any christian , or pagan author : ) my minor , ( yea , my maior likewise , ) neede no farther proofe : but yet to satisfie vncredulous spirits in this point , i shall here in the second place , recite some two , or three histories of note , and credit , which prooue my assumption to the full . memorable to this purpose , is that story c in tertullian ; who informes vs : that a christian woman in his time , going to see a stage-play acted , returned from it possessed with a deuill : which deuill being interrogated by the exorcists , and christians that came to dispossesse him , how he durst assault a beleeuing christian in such a presumptuous manner ? returned them this answere , with much boldnesse : that he had done most iustly in it , in meo enim eam inueni : for i found her in my owne temple , negociated , and imployed in my seruice : whence this acute , and learned author doeth ( as we also from it may ) conclude : d that playes , and play-houses came originally from the deuill himselfe , because hee claimes both them , and those who doe frequent them for his owne . e adde wee to this , the storie of one valesius a wealthy roman : whose three children being desperately sicke of the plague , and afterwards recouered by washing them in hote water , taken from the altar of proserpina : which remedy , was prescribed vnto him by an immediate voyce from his deuill-gods , after his earnest prayer to them , to translate their sickenesses on himselfe : these infernall spirits , in recompence of this their cure , appearing to those recouered patients in a dreame : commanded them to celebrate playes vnto them ; which valesius did accordingly : this story i shall couple with that of f titus latinus , as some ; or tiberius atti●ius , as others stile him : to whom the great deuill-god iupiter capitolinus , vnder the consulship of qu. sulpitius camerinus , & sp. largius flauus , in a great mortality both of men , and beasts , appeared in a dreame : commanding him , to informe the senate ; that the cause of this fatalitie , was , their negligence , in not prouiding him an expert , and eminent presultor in their last playes , that they celebrated to him : and withall , to enioyne them from him , to celebrate these playes afresh vnto him , with greater care and cost , and then this plague should cease : he supposing it to be a meere dreame , and fancy of his owne , neglects his arrant ; vpon which this great master-deuill appeares vnto him the second time , threatning to punish him for his precedent neglect , and charging him to di●patch his former message to the senate : who neglecting it as before , as being ashamed , and with all affraide , to relate it to the senate , * left it should prooue nothing but his own● priuate fancy● some few dayes after , his sonne was taken away from him by sodaine death , and a griping sickenesse seised vpon euery part , and member of his body , so that he could not so much as stirre one ioynt , without intollerable paine and torture . where vpon , by the aduice of some of his friends , to whom he did impart these dreames , hee was carried vp out of the countrey in a litter , into the senate house , where he deliuered his former message : no sooner had he ended his relation , but his sickenesse foorthwith leaues him ; and rising out of his bed , he returnes vnto his house an healthie man : the senate wondring at it , commanded these playes to bee againe renewed , with double the former pompe and cost ; and so the pestilence ceased . these two precedent parallell histories , ( the trueth of which the fathers in the margent testifie , ( doe insallibly demonstrate , the deuill hims●lfe to b●e the authour of these stage-playes , since he inioynes his pagan worshippers to celebrate them to his honour , and takes such pleasure , and contentment in them . to these , i shal annexe one story more , which though most protestants may chance to slight , as a fable ; yet all our roman catholiques , ( who are much deuoted to these . theatricall spectacles , ) will ready subscribe vnto it , as an vndoubted trueth : and that as our rare historian , f mathew paris at large relates it , is briefely this : saint dominicke , saint iulian , and one thurcillus a plaine husband-man , being in the church of saint maries , about the middle of the world , where there were many soules of saints departed , in endlesse blisse , others● in purgatory : on a saturnday euening neere night : saw a deuill towards the north part of the church , riding post towards hell on a blacke horse , with many damned soules : saint dominicke chargeth this deuill to come presently to him : who delaying to doe it , out of ioy for the great bootie of soules which he had gotten , saint dominicke takes a rod , and whips him well , causing him to follow him to the north side of the church , where soules were vsually freed ; where the deuill among other things informes him , that euery lords day at night , ( a time which some men consecrate and set apart for stage-playes , and such infernall pastimes , whereas g saint paul did spend it all in preaching : ) the deuils did vse to meete in hell , and there did recreate , and exhilarate themselues h with stage-playes : which saint dominicke , and the others hearing , they desired the deuill , that they might goe along with him to hell , to see their enterludes : who putting by thurcillus , per●itted saint dominicke , and saint iulian to accompany him : the deuill brings them into a large , but smokie house towards the north , enuironed with three wals ; where they see an ample theater with seates round about it , where sundry deuils sate in a row laughing , and making themselues merry with the torments , and sinnes of the damned , whom the prince of the deuils commanded to bee brought vpon the stage , and to act their parts in order . and first of all , the proud man is brought vpon the theater : next an i idle nonresident , who did not feede his flocke , neither by life , nor doctrine : then a souldier , who had liued by murther , and rapine : then an oppressing , and bribe-taking lawyer , who was once an officer in the kings exchequer , and did much oppresse the subiects : next a● adulterer , and an adulteresse : then a sclanderer : next a theife : and last of all , a sacrilegious person , who had violated sanctuaries ; all these comming in their seuerall garbes , and postures , did act their proper parts , and had seuerall tragicall tortures inflicted on them by the deuils ministers , who were likewise spectators of-these ludibrious spectacles . if then the deuils recreate themselues thus in hell with stage-playes , as this historian reports ; if they thus proiect , and puruay for them ; they may be well reputed the primary authors , and inuentors of them . lastly , that which is vtterly displeasing vnto god , and wholy fraught with scurrility , prophannesse , sinne , and wickednesse : that which was at first de●oted to the deuils immediate worship , and cannot any wayes bee deemed the inuention , or product , either of god himselfe , k who is infinitely holy , l and therefore , no proiector of such vnholy pleasures : ) or of christians , or ciuill pagans ; m must of necessitie be fathered on the deuill himselfe , who is the common seed-plot of all vncleannesse , and prophannesse whatsoeuer : but such are stage-playes : as n hereafter i shall prooue at large : therefore they must of necessitie , call the deuill father , and be reputed as his of-spring● so that the assumption of my former argument is irrefragable . for the maior : that things which had their birth , and primary conception from the deuill himselfe , who is all , and onely euill , must needes bee sinfull , pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians : i presume , no christian dares gaine-say it : for what honest , profitable , good , or lawfull thing , can flow , or issue from him , o who is wholy euill , p and walkes about in an indefatigable , and restlesse manner , like a roring lyon , seeking whom he may deuoure ? q can a bitter fountaine , send foorth sweete ; and pleasant streames ? r or can a corrupt tree bring foorth good , and holesome fruite ? s who can bring a cleane thing out of filthinesse ; or a good thing out of wickednesse ? it is past the skill of any chymicke , or artist to effect it . certainely , t such as the mother is , such is the daughter : u that which is borne of the flesh , is flesh , and that which is borne of the spirit , is spirit : now the x deuill , is an vncleane , a wicked , a sinfull , and pernicious spirit : there is no good at all within him : his inuentions , workes , and of-spring , therefore must resemble him : y they must be euill , vncleane , pernicious , and abominable , like himselfe : z men doe not , men cannot gather grapes of thornes , or figges of thistles : such as the stocke is , such must bee the fruite ; as scripture , nature , reason , and experience teach vs. since then the deuill himselfe , is all , and onely euill , abominable , polluted , and pernicious ; i meane in his qualitie , as a deuill , a not in his ●ntitie , as a creature : these stage-playes ( which are his proper , and immediate issue ) must bee so too : if not to pagans , b inthralled to his bondage , and captiuated at his pleasure in his snares : yet at least to such , as lay any title to the name of christians : who haue vowed in their very baptisme , and first admittance into the church of christ : c to forsake the deuill , and all his workes : of which these stage-playes , are well-nigh the chiefe : d oderis itaque christiane , quorum auctores non poteris non odisse : needes then must all christians hate these stage-playes , whose author they cannot chuse but hate : needes must they repute them euill , abominable , and pernicious ; e yea , altogether such ; since the genitor , and parent of them , is wholly , onely , alwayes such . f can any good thing come out of nazareth ? was a question , that sincere nathaniel demanded once of philip , when hee brought tidings to him of christ : can any good thing come out of hell ? out of satan ; out of that wicked , and vncleane infernall spirit , g who plots the ruine of mens soules , and nothing else ? is the demand i make to such who are inamoured with these stage-playes . alas , what christian , or pagan heart , can so much as once conceiue ; h that the professed enemie of mankinde , of god , of goodnesse : the fountaine of all sinne , and wickednesse : the very sincke , and center of all vncleannesse , should be the author , propagator , or contriuer of any reall good : of any thing that furthers the happinesse , or well-fare of the sonnes of men ? was it euer knowne since the world was framed ; that this onely author of all euill , was the cause of any good ? of any inuention that might benefit the bodies , or soules of men , or further their temporall , or eternall well-fare ? oh no : the experience of all ages , all men , all christians prooues it : for though the deuill may sometimes commend some seeming good vnto vs : yet i latet anguis in herba : there is alwayes poyson , in his best , and sweetest potions : there is a soule-intangling snare , in all his inuentions : a dangerous , and ineuitable hooke in all his baites : all his workes , contriuances , and delights , k what euer glittering out-side , or honie tasts , they seeme to haue ; are but so many l trapp●s , and poysons , to captiuate , and indanger soules : they are all abominable , and pernicious , like himselfe : and so are stage-playes too , as well as others : o then let this conuince them to bee vnlawfull , vnseemely , and pernicious vanities : ( as the fore-quoted fathers , and authors in the minor haue deemed them for this very reason ; ) and now at last perswade all christians , all pagans , ( vnlesse they will sweare homage to the deuill , and renounce the seruice , and protection of the liuing , onely god ; ) for euer to abominate them , as the very product of satan , and the broode of hell. scaena secvnda . bvt admit , that the deuill himselfe were not the immediate forger , and parent of these theatricall enterludes , which no man can disprooue by any orthodox recordes : yet this must needes be granted : that idolatrous infidels , and the deboisest pagans , were the first actors , and contri●ers of them , and that by the m very instinct , and tutorship of the deuill , whose instruments they were : and this alone doeth brand them for euill , and vnlawfull pleasures , which christians may not practise ; as this second argument will cleerely euidence . that which had its rise , its pedigree , and being from idolatrous infidels ; and the deboisest pagans , ( who were the deuils agents in this seruice : ) must needes bee sinfull , vnlawfull , vnseemely , and pernicious ; at least wise vnto christians . but stage-playes , if wee take them in their very best conception , had their rise , their pedigree , and being , from idolatrous infidels , and the deboisest pagans , who were the deuils factors in this seruice . therefore they must needes be sinfull , vnlawfull , and pernicious ; at least wise vnto christians . for the maior , i shall clearely euidence it , by authentique recordes ; which though they somewhat vary in the particular persons , yet they all concurre in this : that pagans , and infidels , were the first contriuers of these stage-playes . n athenaeus , with others , informes vs : that the athenians were the primary composers of comicall enterludes , in imitation of those drunken husband-men , who sacrificed , and made playes to bacchus , the god of their vineyards : * plutarch relates , that comedies , and tragoedies , tooke their originall from homer : o clemens alexandrinus records : that one thespis : p quintilian , that aeschylus , was the first who brought tragoedies to light . who euer he was , that first inuented these playes among the graecians ; yet all concurre , that the romans ( who as it seemes , q deriued them from the greekes , ) did first imbrace them vpon this occasion . r when as there was a great plague in rome , which could not be aswaged by any diuine , or humane helpes , the romanes to appease the wrath of their enraged deuill-gods , sent into tuscanie for stage-players : among whom , one hister , being more eminent , and expert then the rest , as most : or the aetrurian word hister , which signifieth a play , as others : gaue the name of histrio , which denominates an actor , or player , to all succeeding stage-players : how stage-playes , which were more rude , and plaine at first , came to be more refined , and inlarged afterwards , i shall referre you , to these marginall s authors , which will at large informe you : onely this i shall say in briefe ; that both the inception , and grouth of stage-playes , by the consent of all recordes , was from idolatrous infidels , and voluptuous pagans , whose wayes , and workes , we christians must not follow . for the maior , i willingly acknowledge ; that t those inuentions of infidels , and pagans , which may further gods glory , or the good of men : as musicke , poetrie , husbandry , nauigation , architecture , letters , writing , and the like : are lawfull vnto christians ; because they issue from those common gifts , which god himselfe implanted in them : but as for all their noxious , improfitable , and vaine productions , which dishonour god ; which preiudice mens soules , and were destinated at first to sinfull endes , ( which is the case of stage-playes : ) these christians must auoyde : if for no other reason , yet for this one alone : that the heathen gentiles were the authors , fomentors , and frequenters of them . hence god himselfe doeth charge the israelites : u that when they were possessed of the land of canaan , they should beware , that they committed not any of those abominable customes , which were committed before them , by the cananites : that they should not defile themselues therein , but take heede , lest they were taken in a snare after them , lest they should aske after their gods , saying : how did those nations serue their gods , that i might doe so likewise : hence christ himselfe enioynes all christians , x not to vse vaine repetitions when they pray , as the heathen doe , who thinke to be heard , for their much babling : be ye not therefore ( saith hee ) like vnto them : not to take thought , what wee shall eate , or what we shall drinke , or wherewith we shall bee cloathed : and what is his reason ? for after all these things doe the gentiles seeke : hence saint paul doeth exhort the thessalonians , y to possesse their vessels in holinesse , and honour ; not in the lust of concupiscence , as the gentiles doe : hence saint peter informes vs : z that the time past of our liues , may suffice vs to haue wrought the will of the gentiles : hence saint paul exhorts the ephesians , a that they should not hencefoorth , walke as other gentiles in the vanities of their mindes , in lasciuiousnesse , and all vncleanenesse : hence the prophet ieremie , speakes thus vnto the house of israel : b thus saith the lord , learne not the way of the heathen , and be not dismayed at the signes of heauen , marke his reason : for the heathen are dismayed , at them . hence god himselfe , doeth c oft times in the scriptures , reprooue , and blame the israelites , manasseh , and others , and likewise threaten iudgements against them , for going after the heathen , that were round about them : for running after their vanities , customes , fashions , and abominations , conc●rning whom the lord had said , that they should not doe like them , nor learne their workes : hence is it , d that god reputed the desire of a king , which in it selfe is lawfull , a hainous sinne in the israelites , because it issued from an apish imitation of other people : that they also in this respect , might be like all other nations : and hence , e did hee threaten to visit , not onely the inferiour ranke of the israelites ; but euen the children , and courteours of their kings , for wearing strange apparell , and taking vp the garbes , and fashions , of those pagans which bordered round about them . if then it bee vnlawfull to imitate , not onely the abominations , rites , and ceremonies : but euen the prayers , cares● and feare : the gouernment , and strange apparell , of infidels , and pagans , as all these scriptures strongly euidence : much more must it bee vile , and sinfull , to trace their foote-steps , in practising , approouing , and frequenting , their histrionicall stage-inuentions , which haue no good , nor profit in them . how chary , and fearefull the saints of god in former ages were , of admitting the festiuities , customes , ceremonies , reliques , or inuentions of idolatrous pagans ; how ready they were to disauow them ; may appeare by sundry instances , that are parallell with stage-playes . f tertullian , cond●mnes the wearing of a laurell crowne , or flowrie garland by way of triumph , in a christian souldi●r ; because those crownes , and garlands , were first inuented by the deuill , and g worne by his minions , to his honour . h the councell of africk● , canon . prohibits christians to make feasts , or morrice-daunces , on the birth-dayes of martyres , because such feasting , and dauncing , i had their originall from gentilisme . k the councell of ancyra , or engury , canon . exposeth all christians to fiue yeeres penance , who shall obserue any prophesies , dreames , diuinations , or fortune-tellers , after the customes of the gentiles , or should entertaine such diuiners , or south-s●yers in their houses . l the second councell of towers , canon . the councell of antisyodorum , canon . saint augustine , de rectitud . cathol . conuersationis . tract . tom. . pag. . m saint ambrose , oration . . gratian , causa . . qu●st . . condemne the obseruation of newyeeres-day , and the sending of new-yeeres-gifts , as a sinne , threatning excommunication , both from the church , and sacraments , to such who should obs●rue it : because they were but the reliques , and obseruations of pagans , n who cons●●rated this day , to the honour of ianus their deuill-god , and sent reciprocall newyeeres-gifts to their friends vpon it . o the first councell of braga , canon . prohibits all such , who are ordained readers in the church , to sing in a secular habit , or to giue ouer their degree , after the manner of the gentiles : p the french synod vnder pope zacharie , in the yeere . enioyned all bishops , to giue all diligence to inhibit , and keepe backe christians , from all the reliques of paganisme , and g●ntilisme : as pageants , southsayings , diuinations , lot-fortunes , sacrifices to saints , and martyres , neere to churches , after a pagan manner ; sacril●gious fires , called n●dfire , or bonefires , with all other heathenish obseruations , and ceremonies ; because they are vnbeseeming christians . q the canons of the greekes synods , collected by martin , bishop of braga , can. , , , , . prohibit the entertainement of southsayers , fortune-tellers , and diuiners , into christians houses , after the custome of the pagans , ●ither to expell some euill out of them , or to purge them by some pagan spelles , vnder fiue yeeres pennance . yea , they say expressely : that it is vnlawfull for christians , to retaine the traditions of the gentiles , in r obseruing the course of the elements , moon● , or starres , or the vaine fallacies of signes ; in building houses , in sowing corne , in planting trees , or solemnizing marriages : that it is vnlawfull to obser●e calends , or to addict themselues to heathenish feastiualls , and delights ; or to decke vp their houses with laurell , s yuie , and greene boughes , ( as we vse to doe in the christmas season : ) because all this obseruation is descended of paganisme : and that christians ●ay not obserue , or vse any spelles , or ceremonies , in gathering medicinall hearbes , or in their lanifices ; because the heathens did obserue them . t the fourth councell of carthage , canon . together with saint hierom● , epist. . cap. . prohibit christian bishops , to read the bookes of the gentiles . u the councell of laodicea , canon . . the councell of ancyra , canon , , . saint ambrose orat. . tertullian de spectaculis . lib. with sundry others informe vs : that it is a great sinne to obserue the feastiualls , or solemnities of pagans ; to be present with them at th●ir feasts ; to retaine their feastiuall-gifts ; or to communicate with them in their ceremonies , which are not of god : whence they prohibit christians from them , vnder paine of excommunication , and two yeeres penance . x the sixt councell of constantinople , canon . excommunicates all such as shall sweare the oathes of the gentiles : yea , the same generall councell , canon . disanulles , and condemnes the obseruation of the y calends , and winter votes : all meetings , on the first of march ; all publike dauncing of women : all mummings , dauncings , sportes , and ceremonies , which might prouoke laughter , vnder the name of bacchus , or any other , which was falsely named a god among the graecians : inflicting excommunication , and deposition on those that sh●uld from thence obserue them , because they were the impostures of satan , and the sportes , and vanities of the heathen : yea , canon . it prohibits the making of z bonefires on new-moones , before the houses , or shops of christians ; together with all skipping , iesting , and fooling about them , after the ancient custome , vnder the foresaid penaltie ; as being a pagan practise , condemned in manasseh : in the chro. . . , . and can. . it informes vs : that christians who are taught the lawes of god , ought not to vse the manners , tumblings , playes , and vestments of the graecian infidels . a saint basil , and b saint augustine , condemne the drinking , and pledging of healthes , from this very ground ; that they were the inuention of the deuill , and the obseruations , or reliques of infidels , and pagans : clemens romanus , constit. apostol . lib. . cap. . c the third councell of arles : the third councell of toledo , canon . nazienzen . oratio . . p. , . cyrillus . hierusol . catech. mystag . . with sundry other councells , and fathers , which i might enumerate , prohibit , and condemne all lasciuious dauncing , all scurrilous songs , and iests , with sundry other sportes● and mer●●ments , because they were the recreations , ceremonies , and inuentions of heathen men . the councell of eleberi● , canon● . . the second councell of arles , canon . tertullian in his apologie against the gentiles : and his booke against idolatrie . lactantius de vero culta . lib. . cap. . cyrillus hierusolomitanus . catech. mystagogica . together with ormerod in his pagano-papismus . semblance . , , . condemne the burning of tapers in church-yardes , or churches , d especially in the day-time , as the papists doe ) vpon the selfe-same reason : euen because the pagans practised it : as i● euident by baruch . . by plinie . nat. hist. lib. . cap. . suetonij c●lig . cap. . virgil. aeneid . lib. . p. . copa . p. . & tatianus oratio aduers. graecos . and yet the papists are not ashamed for to vse them : saint hierome , and theodoret , in their commentaries , and interpretations on ezech. . . which inioyne the priests , not to shaue their heads , but onely to poll them ; make the ground of this iniunction , the practise of the idolatrous priests of isis , and serapis , e who did vse to shaue their crowne , and beards , and make bald their heads . yet notwithstanding , this expresse command of god himselfe , which is likewise seconded by l●uit . . . and . . f all popish priests , and friers , doe shaue their heads , and beards , in imitation of these , and other idolatrous g priests , and nations ; yea , they doe h inioyne this to●sure to them by sundry councells , and decrees : for which not onely i protestants , but euen their owne k popish writers doe condemne them , as heathenish , and absurd ; pope anicetus was the first that made this innouation : as gratian. distinctio . . polyd. virgil. de inuent . rerum . lib. . cap. . and lorinus on leuit. . . record : contrary to the expresse word of god ; and the fourth councell of carthage . canon . which inioyneth clerkes , or clergie-men : neither to let th●ir haire grow long , nor yet to shaue their beards : which their binius , surius , carranza , and crabb , haue miserably corrupted : as iohn valerian in his booke , de sacerdotum barbis , witnesseth : rendring it in this manner . clerici nec comam nutriant , nec barbam ; shauing away this word radant , from the latter clause , as a superfluous excrement ; because it expressely condemnes their l effeminate , vnnaturall , heathenish , and popish shauing . if then these seuerall fathers , and councells haue vtterly condemned , these morrice-daunces , bonefires , newyeeres-gifts , newyeeres-dayes , diuinations , lotteries , mummings , dancings , healthes , tapers , m shauen-crownd , and bare-chind priests , together with all the other fore-recited ceremonies , customes , and obseruations , ( which are now too frequent among christians , ) as sinfull and abominable , because they were in vse among the gentiles , and had their rise , and birth from pagans : then certainely , by the same analogie of reason ; wee must needes reiect , and censure stage-playes , as pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians , because they had their birth , their authoritie , vse , and progresse from idolatrous heathens , and the deboisest pagans . vpon this very ground , among sundry others : tertullian , and cyprian , in their bookes de spectaculis . clemens romanus constit. apost . lib. . cap. . . clemens alexandrinus oratio . adhort . ad gentes . fol. . . tatianus oratio . aduersus gr●cos . bibliotheca patrum . coloniae agrip. . tom. . p. , . athen●goras , pro christianis legatio . ib. pag. , . theophilus antiochenus contr. autolichum . lib. . ib. pag. . arnobius disput. aduersus gentes . lib. . pag. . to . lactantius de vero cultu . cap. . diuinarum instit. epit. cap. . cyrillus hierusol . catech. mystag . . fol. . b. minutius foelix octauius . pag. . . . hierom. epist. . cap. . com. in ezech. lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . h. chrysostome , hom. , . & . on mat. ambrose , sermo . . & . augustine de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. , , . lib. . cap. . to . de rectitudine cathol . conuersationis tractatus . de doctrina christiana . lib. . cap. . saluian . de gub. dei. lib. . ioannis salisburiensis . de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. , . concil . constantinop . . can. . the councell of africke . canon , . d. r●inolds , gosson , and northbro●ke , in their bookes gainst stage-playes ; together with sundry other councells , and authors , which i shall muster vp hereafter ; condemne these stage-playes , as vnlawfull , and misbese●ming christians ; euen because they were the inuentions , sportes , and ceremonies of gentiles , which christians must not entertaine . now there is in trueth great reason , why christians should not imitate , nor imbrace the pleasures , sportes , and ceremonies of the heathen , though many libertines , and n licentious christians , who make their will , and lusts their law , may deeme it puritanisme , or brand it for ouer-strict precisenesse , in this dissolute , and vnruly age . for first , the scriptures doe positiuely informe vs ; o that righteousnesse● hath no fellowship with vnrighteousnesse ; nor light with darkenesse : that christ hath no co●cord with belial ; that he that beleeueth , hath no part , nor portion with an infidell : that the temple of god hath no agreement wi●h id●les : and that we cannot drinke the cup of the lord , and the cup of de●ils , nor be partakers of the lords table , and of the table of deuils . if then christ , if christians , and infidels haue no communion ; great reason is it , p that they should not intercommon in these heathenish spectacles , and delights of sinne . secondly , all christians haue vowed in their baptisme : to forsake the deuill and all his workes , the pompes , and vaniti●s of this wicked world , and all the sinfull lustes of the flesh : and haue they any reason then , to harbour , or retaine the ceremonies of worldlings , or enterludes of pagans , which they haue thus seriously renounced ? thirdly , all true and reall christians , are redeemed by the red , and precious blood of iesus christ , from q the ordinances , rudiments , and customes of the world : r from their vaine conuersation receiued by tradition from their fathers : s they are purchased from off the earth , and from among the sonnes of men : t they are ransomed , and taken out of this world , and made m●n of another world , that so u they might haue their whole conuersation with god in heauen ; x and walke on in all holy conuersation , and godlinesse , seruing god in holinesse , and true righteousnesse , all the dayes of their liues : christ iesus himselfe hath bought them at the dearest rate for this very end , y that they should no longer liue to the world , or to the will , and lusts of men , but vnto him alone : z that they should cast off the workes of darkenesse , and put on the armor of light : a that they should not hencefoorth walke as other gentiles , in the vanitie of their mindes , following the desires of the flesh , and of the minde , giuing themselues ouer to lasciuiousnesse , and vncleannesse : b that the time past of their liues might suffice them to haue wrought the will of the gentiles , when as they walked in lasciuiousnesse , lusts , reuellings , banquetings , and abominable idolatries : * that they should now denie vngodlinesse , and worldly lusts , and walke soberly , righteously , and godly in this present world , looking for the blessed comming , and appearance of their lord and sauiour iesus christ : d that they should not hencefoorth walke according to the course of this world , according to the power of the prince of the ayre , which now worketh in the children of disobedience : * but that they should be pure , and vndefiled before god , keeping themselues vnspotted from the world : since therefore ie●us christ ha●h thus redeemed all christians from the world , and all i●s pagan customes , pleasures , ceremonies , and delights of sinne , f that so they might be holy , and blamelesse before him in loue , g and become a peculiar people to him , zealous of good workes : great reason is there , that they should abominate all pagan practises , enterludes , and ceremonies , as vnlawfull , and misbeseeming christians : else they should but euacuate , and make voyde vnto themselues the death of christ : h yea trample vnder feete his precious blood , and put him vnto open shame : and would any christian be so ingratefull , so dispitefull to his blessed sauiour , ( whose i bleeding wounds doe preach saluation to his fiercest enemies , ) as thus to wrong , and shame him ? fourthly , mans nature is exceeding prone to paganisme , and heathenish superstition ; as is euident , not onely by the frequent apostasies of the israelites to grosse idolatrie , recorded k in the scriptures ; but likewise by that generall deluge of heathenisme , mahometisme , and hideous idolatrie , which now , and alwayes heretofore , hath ouerspred the greatest part of all the world : god l therefore out of his fatherly care , and compassi●n ●o his children , to anticipate all occasions , which might withdraw them from him , to idolatrie ; doeth oft times prohibit them , to imitate the fashions , customes , vanities , habites , rites , or ceremonies of infidels , and heathen gentiles ; for feare lest one thing should draw on another by degrees , till they were quite ap●statized to idolatrie , and seduced from the faith. whereupon , m saint augustine exh●rts all christians , to prohibit the vse of all diabolicall enterludes , vacillations , and songs of the gentiles : and that no christian should exercise any of these , because by this he is made a pagan . since therefore the imitation of pagan customes , pleasures , and delights , are but so many ingredients , and n allectiues to paganisme , and grosse idolatrie ; and since they alienate , or at least in some degree , disioyne our affections from god , and heauenly things ; there is ground , and cause enough , that christians should reiect them , as sinfull , and pernicious . so that vpon all these authorities , and reasons , ( the force of which no pious heart is euer able to withstand : ) i may safely conclude this second scaene , with this short corollary : that stage-playes are sinfull , vnseemely , pernicious , and vnlawfull , at least wise vnto christians ; because they were the inuentions , ceremonies , and pastimes of idolatrous infidels , and the most licentious heathens , ( who were no other but the o deuils purueyers , ) whom christians must not imitate . actvs secvndvs . secondly , as stage-playes are thus sinfull , vnseemely , pernicious , and vnlawfull vnto christians , in regard of their originall , and primitiue inuentors : so likewise are they such in respect of those idolatrous , vnwarrantable , and vnchristian ends , to which they were destinated , and designed at the first . the chiefe and primarie end of inuenting , instituting , or personating stage-playes ; was the * superstitious worship , or at least wise , the pacification , or attonement , of iupiter , bacchus , neptune , the muses , flora , apollo , diana , venus , victoria , or some such deuill-gods , or goddesses , which the idolatrous pagans did adore ; to whose honour , names , and memories , these playes ( which were alwayes acted , and celebrated heretofore , as the insuing authours testifie , on those festiuall , and solemne dayes , which were dedicated to the speciall seruice , and commemoration of these idoles : ) were at first deuoted . that stage-playes , ( yea , and theaters , or play-houses too , ) were primarily inuented for the honour , and dedicated to the seruice ( or at least-wise oft times celebrated in times of pestilence , to appease the anger , ) of these idole-gods , whose images , and pictures , were carried about , and represented in them : wee haue the expresse authorities , not onely of plutarch , in the life o● romulus , and romanae quaest. quaest. . of dionysius hallicarnasseus antiq. roman . lib. . cap. . . & lib. . cap. . of valerius maximus . lib. . cap. . of thucidides . hist. lib. . of liuie . rom. hist. lib. . sect. . l. . sect. . . l. . sect. . . l. . sect. . lib. . sect. . lib. . sect. . of demosthenes orat. aduersus midi●m . of horace de arte poetica . lib. of athenaeus dipnos . lib. . cap. . diodorus siculus . histor. lib. . sect. . with sundry p other pagan authors : but likewise of tatianus . oratio . aduersus graecos . of theophilus antiochen●s aduers. autolicum . lib. . of clemens alexandrinus . oratio . exhort . ad gentes . fol. , . of tertullian . de spectaculis . cap. , , . of cyprian . de spectaculis . lib. of arnobi●s aduersus gentes . lib. . of lactantius diuinarum . instit. epit. cap. . & de vero cultu . cap. . of saint chrysostome . hom. . in mat. & hom. . de dauide & saul . of saint hierom. comment . in ezech. lib. . cap. . epist. . cap. . & . cap. . & . cap. . & . cap. . of saint augustine de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap. , . lib. . cap. . . , . lib. . cap. . of theodoret. contr. graecos infideles . lib. . of saluian . lib. . de gub. dei. of orosius . lib. . historiae . cap. . of isiodor . hisp. etymolog . lib. . cap. . of cassiodorus variarum . lib. . cap. vel . epist. . . lib. . cap. . lib. . cap. . with other fathers : of iohn mariana , master northbrooke : doctor reinolds , and master gosson , in their bookes against stage-playes : of ludouicus viues . comment . in lib. . & . august . de ciu. dei. of alexander , ab alexandro . gen. dierum . lib. . cap. . of polydor virgil. de inuentor . rerum . lib. . cap. . of coelius rhodiginus . antiq. lect. lib. . cap. . of alexander sardi● . de inuent . rerum . lib. . of master godwins roman antiquities . lib. . sect. . cap. . to . with many other moderne writers ; who all giue punctuall , vnanimous , and vncontrouleable testimonie : that stage-playes were at first inuented , and celebrated to the honour : and for many hundred yeeres together appropriated to the solemne worship , and seruice of these idole-gods ; who oft times called for them to attone their anger , diuert their iudgements , demerit their protection , or reward their fauours . the originall end , and primary vse of stage-playes then , was odious , and idolatrous , as all these authours testifie : therefore these playes themselues , ( as the recited fathers , and christian writers doe from thence inferre , ) must needes be sinfull , and vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians . i confesse , that since ●he natiuitie , and birth of stage-playes , they haue beene sometimes wrested by the heathen , to some other distorted , and vnchristian ends , besides the worship , or pacification of their idole-gods . sometimes they haue beene instituted , and performed , by way of victory , and triumph ; and that commonly , in execution of a preuious solemne vow , made to some deuil-god , by the victorious generall , before the battell ioyned : of which wee haue frequent examples in the q roman histories : whose chiefe commanders , did vsually vow some solemne playes , and sacrifices to their gods , if they would be so propitious towards them , as to giue them the honour of the field , and chasing of their enemies : which vowes they did performe accordingly , vpon their wished successe . other times they haue beene purposely celebrated , to bee a kinde of pander to mens lusts : r witnesse the playes that romulus made , to betray the sabine virgines , to the rape , and lusts of his vnmarried souldiers : ( vpon whose rauishment , there arose a bloody warre : ) to which end , and vse , they serue as yet . other times s they haue beene acted for lasciuiousnesse , delight , and pleasure sake , ( the onely vse which men pretend for stage-playes now : ) hence t polidor virgil obserues ; that comedies tooke their denomination from the greeke words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : which signifies , to play the wanton , or lasciuious person . u others deriue their name , from comus ; the god of wantonnesse , and riot : x others from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : because they were lasciuiously acted heretofore in wayes , being fraught with petulant , and wanton words : all of them concurring in this ; * that their end is nothing else , but lasciuious , carnall , and vnchristian mirth ; and therefore euill , and vnlawfull . if then this bee yeelded to mee , ( as of necessitie it must be : ) that stage-playes were originally , destinated , yea , appropriated , to the fore-recited idolatrous , and vnlawfull ends , but more especially , to the honour , and seruice of abominable idoles , to whose solemne worship they were actually deuoted , for many hundred yeeres together , and that by their owne speciall command , which makes them y wholly theirs : i shall hence inferre a third argument . that inuention which was primarily ordained , yea , for many hundred yeeres together , appropriated , and deuoted , to the immediate worship , and solemne gratification of deuil-gods ; z must of ne●essitie be pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians , especially , if it be not necessary , or vsefull vnto men . but stage-playes were primarily ordained , yea , for many hundred yeeres together , appropriated , and deuoted , to the immediate worship , and solemne gratification of deuil-gods , and they are no wayes necessary , nor vsefull vnto m●n . therefore they must of necessitie be pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . the maior is euident by the cloud of witn●sses , recited in the premises ; by those seuerall historicall authorities , recorded in the first act , and scaene of this tragedie , to prooue the deuill , the author of these enterludes : and by the generall acknowledgement of all a learned writers : so that i may spare all further proofe . the maior , no christian can , or dares denie , vnlesse hee will turne professed proctor for the deuill : if any bee so heathenish , or atheisticall , as to gaine-say it , i shall easily euict the trueth of it , by these ensuing reaso●s . first , it must bee acknowledged , that those things , which euery christian doeth solemnely renounce in his very baptisme , must needs be pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull , else why should he renounce them ? but euery christian doeth seriously abiure in his very baptisme , all such inuentions , which were b primarily ordained , and for many hundred yeeres together appropriated , to the solemne worship , and gratification of deuil-gods , ( as stage-playes were : ) for hee couenants by his sureties ; to forsake the deuill and all his workes : therefore the maior must be yeelded . secondly , that which god himselfe commanded in a more speciall manner , to be abolished and reiected ; that must needes be pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . but god himselfe , hath in a speciall manner , commanded all reliques , monuments , parts , and appendices of idoles , ( especially , such as were primarily consecrated , and wholly appropriated to their vse , ) to bee vtterly abolished , and reiected . hence hee enioynes the israelites : c not to follow the customes of the canaanites , nor yet to inquire after them , saying : how did these nations worship their gods , that i might doe so likewise ? hence hee commanded them , d to burne the groues , the images , with all the appurtenances of idole-gods , with fire : to destroy their altars , pull downe their temples , cut off their priests , and worshippers , abolish their memories , abandon their ceremonies , and not s● much as ●o saue , or reserue any remnant of them , but vtterly to abhorre , and detest them , as an accursed thing . yea , hence hee obligeth them , e to destroy euen the very names of their idoles : not to make mention of the names of other gods : not to suffer them to be heard out of their mouthes : nor yet so much , as to participate of any of their sacrifices , rites , or ceremonies . therefore since god hath giuen such speciall charge against the reliques , and monuments of idolatrie heretofore : it cannot but be sinfull , vnseemely , and vnchristian , for vs to foster , or admit of f stage-playes , or any other inuentions now , which were originally ordained , and for many hundred yeeres together appropriated , to the solemne worship , and gratification of idole-deuill-gods . thirdly , the scriptures doe peremptorily enioyne all christians , g to abstaine from things offered , or consecrated vnto idoles : as these stage-playes were . first , h because the things which the gentiles sacrifice , they sacrifice to deuills , and not to god : therefore those that participate of them , must needes haue communion with the deuill : and i would not ( saith the apostle ) that ye should haue fellowship with deuills . secondly , i because christians cannot drinke the cup of the lord , and the cup of deuills : they cannot be partakers of the lords table , and the table of deuills : for what fellowship hath righteousnesse , with vnrighteo●snesse ? what communion hath light with darkenesse ? what concorde hath christ with belial ? what part hath hee that beleeueth with an infidell ? or what agreement hath the temple of god with idoles ? god , and the deuill , christ , and belial , are contrary , are inconsistent : therefore the seruice , and ceremonies of the one , are altogether incompatible with the other . thirdly , k because christians must not bee vnequally yoaked with vnbeleeuers , with whom they haue no part nor fellowship : now if they should communicate with the gentiles in stage-playes , or things consecrated to their idoles : they should bee then vnequally yoaked , they should haue part , and fellowship with infidels , in this respect : which god will not allow of . fourthly , l because the consciences of the weaker brethren , should not be grieued , offended , defiled , or emboldened , by others participation of these idolatrous sacrifices ; to their ruine , and the gospels scandall : fiftly , m because all the sacrifices , reliques , and ceremonies of idoles , are an abomination to the lord , n and therefore prouoke him vnto wrath , to our destruction . lastly , o because they are a ready meanes to withdraw our hearts from god vnto idolatrie : therefore p wee must seperate from them , and not so much as touch them , else god will not rec●iue vs as his people . since therefore god vpon all the former reasons doeth thus seriously , and frequently prohibit , such ceremonies , and inuentions , as were instituted , and destinated to the deuills seruice at the first : my maior is irrefragable , and my conclusion true : that stage-playes are pernicious , vnseemely , and vnlawful * vnto christians ; because they were at first deuoted to the honour , and for many hundred yeeres together , designed to the worship of some idole-gods , by the very deuils fauourites . all that can bee here replied to euade this argument , is reducible to these two heads . first , that the dedication of stage-playes to these deuill-gods , did onely contract a guilt , or sinfulnesse vpon those particular playes , that were really appropriated to their worship , and celebrated to their honour : but q not vpon all the kinde . secondly , that though pagans , or others haue abused stage-playes , to idolatrous , and vnlawfull ends , yet this is r no impediment , but that christians may reduce them to a commendable , and lawfull vse , so that we cannot well conclude : that all popular stage-playes are vnlawfull , because the first of them were inuented , and for a long tract of time deuoted , to the deuills worship . to the first of these , i answere with s tertullian : that though the consecrating of any profitable , and vsefull inuentions to idole-gods : t as of letters , and trade to mercurie : of musick● , and poetri● to apollo : of physicke , to aesculapius : of ships , and nauigation to neptune , and minerua : of wins to bacchus : of corne , and husbandrie to ceres : of fire , and smitheri● to vulcan : and the like , by whom they were inuented , as heathen poets , and historians faine : doeth no wayes vitiate , or defile them in the generall , but that they are , and may be lawfull vnto christians ; because they are absolutely necessary , at least●ise vsefull , vnto men : for whose benifit by gods prouidence , they were at first inuented : euen as the sacrificing of u a male-goate to bacchus : of a cocke to aesculapius : of a bull to iupiter : of a lambe , or she-goate vnto iuno : of an horse to mars : of a doue to venus : of a swine to pan : of a doe , or heifer to minerua : or of myrre , and frankincense to other idoles , did stampe no impresse of vnlawfulnesse , or vnholinesse , on the whole kindes , or species of these seuerall creatures ; ( which did still retaine their entiti●e goodnesse in them : ) though it did * so defile th●s● indiuiduall , and particular creatures that were immediately offered vp in sacrifice to them , that christians might not lawfully eate of them . though , i say , it bee alwayes true in case of profitable inuentions , or gods good creatures : that the peruerting of them to idolatrous ends , doeth lay a blemish vpon the depraued indiuidualls onely , not impose an vnlawfulnesse on the whole species , or other indiuidualls of their kinde : yet it is vndoubtedly true ; x that the destinating , and deuoting of vnprofitable , pleasurable , heathenish , infamous , scandalous , and vnnecessary inuentions , which neither the scriptures , nor primitiue church approoued , to idolatrous , and sinfull ends , ( and that from their very first conception , which is the case of stage-playes , ) doeth make not onely the deuoted indiuidualls ; but likewise the whole kinde it selfe , vnlawfull vnto christians● so that no particulars of this nature may be vsed . hence tertullian concludes ; y that it is vtterly vnlawfull for christians to weare a laurell crowne , or flowrie garland in any case , though it be by way of triumph : because these crownes were first inuented for the honour , worne to the worship , and consecrated to the seruice of z pagan deuill-gods : hence the selfe-same father affirmes ; a that it is no wayes lawfull , for christians to retaine the names of iupiter , bacchus , apollo , or other idole-gods , or to impose them on their children : because they were the names of idoles at the first : therefore vnlawfull to bee vsed now : hence b the fathers , councells , and fore-recited protestant authors , condemne all diuinations , morrice-dances , bonefires , newyeeres-gifts ; the obseruation of newyeeres-day ; or the calends of ianuary : effeminate mixt dauncing ; c especially , at weddings , where it is now most in vse : burning of d tapers in churches , especially in the day-time , as the papists vse : shauing of priests crownes , and beardes , &c. as vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians now ; e because they were reliques of idolatrie ; yea , sacrifices , appendices , and deuoted ceremonies of idoles heretofore : if then it bee true in all these cases ; that the appropriating of some particulars to idolatrous vses , doeth wholy vitiate , and defile , not onely the indiuidualls thus deuoted , but likewise the whole species of them , vnto christians : then needes must it be true of stage-playes , ( which bring no glory at all to god , nor good to church , or state : ) that the idolatrous , and vnchristian ends , to which they were first inuented , and for many hundred yeeres designed , must make them altogether vnlawfull , abominable , and vnseemely vnto all gods children . and good reason is there , that it should bee so : f for where the fountaine is polluted , the streames are alwayes filthy : where the roote is bitter , and corrupt , the fruite , and branches are so too : where the foundation is decayed , the building must bee ruinous . if adam be but once defiled by his fall , g all his posteritie must of necessitie be borne sinners . the first inuented stage-playes , were the fountaine , the roote , the foundation , and common father of all the rest : now these were wholy idolatrous , and polluted : they had the deuill , and his instruments for their fathers ; the deuills , honour , worship , adoration , and recreation , for their maine , and vtmost end : h therefore all subsequent playes which issue from their materialls , or example ; must needes be detestable , vnseemely , pernicious , and vnlawfull vnto christians , in despight of this euasion , or all that any libertines , or voluptuous persons ( who are but sathans proctors ) can aleadge against it . to the second reply : that though pagans did peruert these stage-playes to an idolatrous , yet christians may purge out their corruptions , and reduce them to a lawfull vse : i since that which was ordained impiously at the first , may weare out that impietie in tract of time , and then the vse thereof may stand without offence . i answere , that though it may bee true in some particular cases ; ( as perchance k in case of needfull ceremonies ; or of temples built , and dedicated to idolatrie , ) that their impietie in tract of time may vanish , and then they may be consecrated to gods seruice , and reduced to a lawfull vse ; as the cathedrall church of pauls , afore-time the temple of diana , as l some record : ) and most of all our english churches , at ●ir●t deuoted vnto masse , and popish idolatrie , are now designed to gods publike worship ; whence the m brownists stile them , idole synagogues , baals temples , abominable sties , and would haue them rased to the ground ; for which wee all condemne them : yet it cannot hold in case of stage-playes . first , because they are altogether vnnecessary vanities , n and superfluous pleasures , which may bee better spared , then retained . secondly , because they haue beene , are , and alwayes will be , o scandalous , offensiue , and of ill report among the church , and saints of god , who haue alwayes declaimed against them , yea , censured , and reiected them , from age , to age , as i shall prooue at large hereafter . thirdly , because from their very first inuention , to this present , ( which is at least p . yeeres , or more , ) they were neuer yet in any age , or countrie , that i can heare , or reade of ; so regulated , or reformed by lawes , or other wise ; as to be thorowly defaecated , and purged from their filthinesse , or reduced to such honest , commendable , profitable , necessary , or christian ends , as might iustly pleade in their defence . q many are the lawes which haue beene enacted ; much the care that hath beene taken by sundry states , and censors in all ages● to loppe off the enormities , allay the poyson , purge out the silth , and grosse corruptions of these stage-playes , and so to reduce them to a laudable , and inoffensiue vse : but yet these r aethiopians , still retaine their blacke infernall hue : these vipers keepe their soule-deuouring poyson still : these augaean stables , are as polluted s yea , more defiled ) now , as euer heretofore : no art , no age , no nation could euer yet abridge , much lesse reforme , their exorbitant corruptions , and enormities : their hurt doeth farre transcend their good ; their abuses ouerpoyse their vse : they are so t crooked , and distorted in themselues , that no art can make them straite : there is no other meanes left to reforme them , but vtterly to abolish them : it is u bootelesse , it is hopelesse therefore for any christian to attempt , or vndertake their reformation : and so this replication is but vaine . fourthly , these stage-playes are very like to poyson : x vt laedant , nullo indigent ; vt prosint multis : they are y poyson of themselues , but they must haue many ingredients to make them holesome : yea , the most accurate chymist cannot so refine them , so compound them , but that they will bee more poysonous then holesome ; more pernicious then vsefull , in their best condition : their vanitie , and frothie discourse : their lasciuious complements , and wanton dalliance ; their mispence of money , and that which farre transcends all treasures , z of pretious , peerelesse time , ( to omit all other circumstances ; ) will ouer-ballance all the good , that the most refined stage-playes can produce : it is then but a folly , and madnesse , yea , sinne in christians to retaine them ; though they haue hopes for to reforme them , because b their euill would still exceede their good . fiftly , it is but a meere sophisticall , and deceitfull apologie , to argue thus for stage-playes : c they may be regulated , and reduced to good , and lawfull vses ; therefore they are lawfull vnto christians now : i take it for my owne part ; that christians should rather argue thus : they are onely reduceable to good , and lawfull ends , but they are not yet reduced : their abuses may bee reformed , but as yet they are not corrected : therefore d wee must take them as we finde them now , vnpurged , vncorrected ; and so we must e needes auoyde them , yea , condemne them . he that will pleade for stage-playes thus : let him first reforme them , then iustifie , and embrace them : else let him ioyne with vs in their deserued condemnation , till hee can euidently f demonstrate to vs their actuall hopelesse reformation . sixtly , if playes may bee reformed , and reduced to their lawfull ends ; what parties are there , that should vndertake their cure ? good men will not : they rather g wish their ruine , then their hopelesse , vselesse welfare . bad men will not , because they approoue them not , h but for their pleasing corruptions , which feede their carnall lusts : yea , both of them together cannot cleanse them from those inueterate corruptions , and natiue obscenities , which adhere vnto them . for my owne part , i cannot possibly conceiue , how all our popular stage-playes should bee so refined , as that their vse , and practise should be euery way christian , and legitimate ; because i see no meanes , no persons to effect it : therefore i cannot but conclude them , to bee desperate , hopelesse , i and incorrigible euils , vncapable of any cure , vntractible by any christian , vnsufferable in any christian state. seuenthly , admit they might bee reformed , and reduced vnto honest , necessary , and christian vses ; what ends , and vses should these bee ? if carnall mirth , and riotous iollitie ? ( the onely vse that i know for them : ) all christians know , k that these are sinfull : but admit they were not : yet if all ribaldrie , wantonnesse , and scurrilitie , were exploded out of stage-playes ; this mirth , and iollitie would quickly wither . l if honest recreation onely ? what neede of any stage-playes for this purpose , since there is so great varietie of farre honester , cheaper , pleasanter , shorter , and more obuious recreations , which would more refresh vs then stage-playes would doe , m if all their filthinesse , and vanitie were expunged ? since therefore stage-playes , can haue no such necessary , or vsefull ends , n but that they may bee better omitted , then retained : since they alway haue beene , are , and will bee scandalous , and offensiue to the church , and saints of god : since their reformation is hopelesse , their o cure hard , and desperate , but their extirpation easie : since their refining cannot purge out all their drosse , but that they will bee more poysonous then holesome : alwayes euill , though p lesse euill , but not intirely good : since their present condition makes them odious ; and there is no censor , no person likely to reforme them : ( for priuate persons cannot effect it : and suppose the king , and state might doe it : q as it would take them off from more eminent , and weightie affaires , to the publique preiudice ; and r misbeseeme their grauities , to spend many serious , and teadious consultations vpon such toyes as these : so the reformation of them , ( which would bee alwayes dubious , ) would neuer counteruaile the care , the time , and cost that must be spent about it : s and no sooner should their corruptions be exiled , but they would presently reuert againe , without redresse : ) i may safely auerre ; that they are irreducible , vnconuertible to any lawfull , good , or christian purposes , which may benefit church , or common-wealth , or the bodies , soules , estates , or names of men : and so conclude ; that they t are vtterly vnlawfull , vnseemely , and pernicious vnto christians ; because they had their alpha , and omega ; their beginning , and end : their birth , and vse from hell ; being not onely inuented by the deuill himselfe : but likewise by his owne speciall command , and his greatest minions aduice , appropriated , and de●oted to his peculiar honour , and immediate worship for many hundred yeeres . stage-playes they had their rise from hell : wee christians u our natiuitie , and descent from heauen : they were at first deuoted , ( yea , yet continue destinated ) vnto satan : x we were at first baptized into , yea , consecrated wholy vnto christ : they were , they are the deuills ; we were , y yet now we are not his , but gods , but christs alone : z this must , this cannot therefore but perswade vs , to abominate them , to condemne them , both in words , and deedes , as sinfull , and vnlawfull . chorvs . and here before i passe to the ensuing act , i shall propound a fourth argument against these stage-playes , ( which seuerall fathers haue framed to my hands , ) as a chorus , or corollarie to the premises . if stage-playes bee those workes of satan , those pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , a which euery christian hath seriously renounced , and solemnely vowed against in his very baptisme ; they must then of necessitie be pernicious , abominable , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . but stage-playes are those workes of satan , those pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , which euery christian hath seri●usly renounced , and solemnely vowed against in his very bapt●●me . therefore they must of necessitie bee pernicious , abominable , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . for the former part of the assumption : that stage-playes are the workes , and pompes of satan ; it is infallibly euident : for first , b they were inuented by him : secondly , he did exact , and require them of , and extort them from his worshippers . thirdly , they were consecrated to his honour , and appropriated to his seruice , by his owne speciall command : fourthly , they were c vsually celebrated by his followers on the feastiualls , and birth-dayes , of ; or at the solemne dedication of some new erected temples , to those dunghill deuill-gods , which pagans did adore : fiftly , the d primiti●e church , and christians , did not onely constantly condemne , but likewise , vtterly reiect them , as the workes , and pompes of the very deuill : all which is irre●ragably confirmed in the premised acts : sixtly , they e neuer issued from god , or from his children ; but from the factors , and minions of the deuill , who onely did frequent , and act them heretofore , and applaude , performe , and haunt them now : seauenthly , god gaines no glory by them , men no good ; onely the deuill workes his endes , fulfills his pleasure , both in vs , and of vs ; and propagates his kingdome by them , as i shall prooue anon . if wee will but seriously● suruay the end , and fruite , or summe vp the losse , and gaine that comes by stage-playes , we shall finde that f all are losers ; none gainers by them , but the deuill , whose endes they doe accomplish . g god the father , he loseth his honour , his worship , his loue , his feare , his obedience , the fruite of all his ordinances , and the labour of his faithfull ministers by their meanes . christ iesus , hee loseth his glory , his respect ; the worth , and dignitie of his person , the e●ficacy , and merits of his blood : the honour , h and true solemnizing of his natiuitie , his circumcision , his resurrection , and ascention : which stage-playes i trample vnder feete , as despicable , and vnholy things , and cause men for to vilifie : yea , hee loseth the k desired fruite of his gospel , his sacraments , his ambassadours , and of all his trauell , whereby hee doeth sollicite , and wooe vs to come in , and match our soules with him , who is happinesse , pleasure , comfort , and delight it selfe . the holy ghost by meanes of playes , doeth oft times l to his griefe , euen lose his blessed residence in , his heauenly influence into , his sweete regiment ouer , his flexanimous sollicitations to , those good perswasions , purposes , resolutions , and sparkes of grace , which hee hath kindled in , our hearts : the angels they lose m their ioy , in our conuersion ; n their office , in our protection : o their happinesse in our saluation : p their fellowship , in our association : the church shee loseth her outward beautie , and splendor , her honour , q her puritie , her ioy , her externall tranquillitie , and prosperitie ; her members , her fruitfulnesse , and fulnesse by them . the r word , and sacraments , they lose their powerfull efficacy , their reuerend respect , their due esteeme , their spotlesse puritie , their fruitfulnesse , and their frequent resort . the s ministers , they lose their prayers , their preaching , their exhortations , and reproofes , their reuerend respect , and loue ; their rewards , incouragements , and resort : together , t with the ioy , and fruite of all their labours : the saints of god , they lose their kinred , their friends , their companions , their ioyes , their hopes , their prayers , their admonitions , their good names , yea , the glory of their christian profession , and the praise , and innocency of their holy conuersation , u which are oft times vilified , traduced , and derided on the stage : the x common-wealth is put to preiudice , by the generall corruption of mens mindes , and manners ; the abundance of idl●nesse , prodigalitie , riot , pride , effeminacy , treachery , cruelty , whoredome , adultery , wickednesse , and prophanenesse , which these playes produce . the poore are spoiled of that almes , that succour , and reliefe which should refresh their bow●ls , and make glad their hearts . the miserable spectatours , and frequenters of these infernall pleasures , they y sometimes● and if all this be not enough , z their very soules , and bodies too , without repentance : too deere a price god-wot , for such momentany shadowes , and delights of sinne , a of which wee must of necessitie repent , or bee ashamed , vnlesse wee will be damned . as for the prof●ssed actors of these enterludes , they gaine perchance a little vaine applause vpon the stage , which they put off with their players robes : or at the most , b a little filthy gaine , or ill gotten estate , ( which they are bound in conscience to restore , as i shall prooue anon , ) and that c so blasted with the curse of god vpon it ; that it either turnes wormewood , gall , or poyson to the owners , d or meltes away like snow before the sunne in their very life time : or else , e it prooues rottennesse , and consumes to ashes in their next heires hands : but alas , their losse transcends their gaines : f they lose their credit , their respect , their good names , their time , their ciuilitie , their modestie , their chastitie ; and all that was commendable in them heretofore : yea , they lose their god , their heauen , their sauiour , their sanctifier , and oh that i could not say their very soules , and bodies for all eternitie , vnlesse god miraculously call them g to repentance , and cause them to renounce their vnchristian , and infernall profession . thus all are losers by their stage-playes , none gainers by them , but the deuill , and hell : the one gaines vassals to ●ffect his will , and lusts here ; and damned soules , to associate him in his euerlasting torments hereafter : the other fewell to nourish those scorching , and eternall flames , in which the soules , and bodies of all h impenitent stage-frequenting christians , shall haue th●ir portion . since therefore , the deuill is the onely gainer by these stage-playes ; which saint hierome rightly stiles i the deuils foode : since k hee is onely honoured , and enriched by them , serued in them , delighted with them , puruaying for them : we may safely , yea , infallibly conclude on all the premises ; that they are his proper workes , and pompes . for the second branch of the assumpsion : that stage-playes are the pompes , and vanities of this wicked world ; these impregnable reasons will euince it . first their very inchoation , and conception , as my first act prooues , was meerely from the deuill , l the god , and prince of this world ; ●rom ●nfide●s , and idolaters , the m naturall , and most genuine , if not the principall parts , and agents of this world , n which lyes in wickednesse : secondly , the common actors , frequenters , and admirers of them , both now , and hereto●ore , are no other but o the men of the world , who haue their portion onely in this life , p being louers of pleasures , more then louers of god : thirdly , their q subiect matter , their seuerall partes , and passages , as experience teacheth , doe sauour onely of worldly pompe , and vanitie , if not of sinne , and all prophanenesse : fourthly , those pompous , and stately shewes , and scenes ; that effeminate , rich , and gorgious attire : that glittering , and glorious apparrell ; those mimicall , antique , clownish , hellish , amourous , filthy , foolish , ridiculous , obsceane , and wanton parts : those licencious complements , clippings , and embracements , withall those other r ceremonies , and circumstances , which attend our stage-playes ; what are they but the chiefest pompes , and vanities which this world affordes ? fiftly , is not the very ground , and end of all theatricall spectacles , ( especially , such as are acted in priuate houses , and societies , ) a vaineglorious desire of some worldly pompe , and state ? or an o●ficious compliancy to the course , and fashion of this wicked world ? why doe men send for stage-players to their houses ; why doe they flocke vnto their theaters s thicke , and threefold , on feastiuall , and solemne seasons , especially in the christmas time ? is it not out of worldly pompe , and state ? out of a prodigall , and vaineglorious humour ? a degenerous , and vnchristian symbolization with this present world ? a voluptuous , and base seruilitie to our filthie carnall lusts ? or at least wise , out of an affected desire , to post , and passe away our peerelesse time , ( which t flies too faest without these winges , and spurres to speed it : ) to banish god , and christ out of our hearts ; grace out of our soules ; all thankefull remembrance of gods fauours to vs on such times as these , out of our mindes , and thoughts ? and wholly to auocate , and estrange vs from all true christian ioy , and heauenly solace ? which expresseth it selfe , u in psalmes , and hymnes , and spirituall songs ; in diuine meditations , and discourses of gods mercie towards vs : in powring out heartie praises , prayers , and thankesgiuings vnto our gracious , and euer blessed god , with inflamed , and inlarged spirits , for all his superabundant fauours , and compassions to vs : not in hellish playes , and carnall merriments , which christ , and christians doe abhorre : if this then bee the vse , the end , and ●ruite ; these the appendices , and parts of stage-playes : needes must wee now subscribe : that they are , if not the greatest , and most assiduous ; yet not the meanest pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , to whose vse , and ends they onely serue ; as their x owne professed apologist doeth acknowledge . now to prooue vnto you further ; that stage-playes are the very workes , and pompes of satan ; yea , the very selfe-same pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , which christians haue renounced in their baptisme : i shal vouch vnto you the expresse resolution of sundry fathers : stage-playes , ( saith y tertullian , ) are the pompes of the deuill , against which , we haue renounced in our baptisme ; because their originall , and the materialls of which they are composed , consisteth wholy of idolatrie : whence he stiles play-houses , z the deuills church . a clemens romanus , ( if the worke bee his , ) calls stage-playes ; the pompes of idoles , and spectacles of the deuill ; wishing all christians to shunne , and auoyd them . the deuills pompe , ( saith b cyril of hierusalem , ) which wee renounce in our baptisme ; are those spectacles , or playes in theaters , and all other vanities of this kinde : from which the holy man of god desiring to bee freed , saith : turne away mine eyes from beholding vanitie . be not therefore diligent in the assemblies of playes . saint augustine likewise stiles these stage-playes the pompes of the deuill , which we renounce in baptisme . c thou art apprehended , thou art detected oh christian , ( saith he ) when thou doest one thing , and professest another : when thou art faithfull in name , faithlesse in worke , not keeping th● faith of thy promise : going one while into the church to pray ; and a while after , running to the play-house , to crie out impudently with stage-players . you haue professed to renounce the deuill ; in which profession , you haue said : i renounce : not onely men , but euen god , and his angels subscribing together with you . what then hast thou to doe with these pompes of the deuill , which thou hast renounce ? saint chrysostome , who of all the fathers is most copious , most zealous , and diuinely rhetoricall , against all theatricall enterludes , endeauoring out of an holy zeale , to withdraw all christians from them , vnto god : doeth oft times stile these stage-playes : d the deuills pompes : the fables of satan : daemoniacall mysteries : the im●ure foode of the deuill : and play-houses : the deuils conuenticles : and from hence hee doeth seriously , and frequently persuade all christians to auoyde them . yea , saith hee , ( such was his implacable indignation , and holy detestation against stage-playes ; not out of passion , or puritanisme , but true christian zeale , ) i will neuer giue ouer preaching , vntill i haue dissipated , and rent a sunder , that diuelish theater ; that so the assembly of the church may bee made pure , and cleane ; freed from its present filthinesse , and enioy eternall life hereafter , by the grace , and mercy of iesus christ their lord : a memorable , and christian resolution . that holy man of god , and professed enemie of stage-playes , saluian bishop of marcelles , is very elegant , and copious in this theame . e in stage-playes , ( writes hee ) there is a certaine apostasie from the faith , and a deadly preuarication , both from the symboles of it , and the heauenly sacraments : for what is the first confession of christians in their wholesome baptisme : what else , b●t that they protest they doe renounce , the deuill , his pompes , his spectacles , and his workes ? therefore playes , and pompes according to our profession , are the workes of the deuill . how then , oh christian , doest thou follow stage-playes , after baptisme , which thou confessest to be the worke of the deuill ? thou hast once renounced the deuill , and his spectacles , and by this thou must needes know , that thou doest returne to the deuill , when thou doest wittingly , and knowingly returne to stage-playes : for thou hast renounced both of them together , and thou hast professed both of them to bee one . if then thou reuert to one , thou hast returned vnto both ; for thou sayest , i renounce the deuill , his pompes , his spectacles , and hi● workes . and what followes ? i beleeue , sayest thou in god the father almighty , and in iesus christ his sonne . therefore the deuill is first renounced , that god may be beleeued in : because he , who doeth not renounce the deuill , doeth not beleeue in god : and therefore hee who returnes to the deuill , forsaketh god. now the deuill is in his playes , and pompes : ( yea the play-house , the temple of all deuills , as f tertullian obserues , is alwayes full of deuills : ) and by these meanes , when we returne to stage-playes , wee r●linquish the faith of christ , and returne to the deuill . by this meanes then , all the sacraments of the creed are abrogated , and all that which followes in the creed is demolished . if then the crime of stage-playes seemes but small to any man , let him reflect on all this which we haue said , and hee may see , that there is no pleasure in stage-playes , but death : all which , if our actors , play-poets , and stage-haunters , would but a whiles consider , it would make them for euer to abominate , and renounce all stage-playes , g as they ought to doe , because they were consecrated to the deuill , as his chiefest pompes . you see now by all these concurrent testimonies of the fathers : that stage-playes are those very workes , those pompes , and vanities of the deuill , which euery christian hath solemnely renounced , and seriously vowed against , in his baptisme , in the very presence of god himselfe , and all his angels . that they are likewise , those pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , which they haue then , and there renounced ; the former reasons , together with the expresse , and punctuall suffrages of saint hilary , saint ambrose , saint chrysostome , and saint augustine in their comments , and expositions on the , alias the . psalme , verse . turne away mine eyes from beholding vanitie : ( to whom i might adde , h saint cyprian , i lactantius , k cyril of hierusalem , l clemens alexandrinus , m saint bernard , n macarius aegyptius , o saint basil , p nazianzen , and q saluian , omitting all those r moderne writers , which are copious in this theame , ) doe abundantly testifie : and indeed , what are , what should bee the workes , and pompes of satan ; the spectacles , pleasures , pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , which we renounce in baptisme ; if stage-playes are exempted from that order ? if then this my assumption be yeelded to me , as of necessitie it must , ( for who can , or dares controle it , against such punctuall , and pregnant euidences ? ) my sequell , and conclusion must bee granted without any more dispute . for what man , who dares to stile himselfe a christian , can bee so diabolically absurd , so audaciously impious , or desperately prophane , as to denie that s to be abominable , pernicious , vndecent , and vnlawfull vnto christians , which they haue all renounced , and abominated in their baptisme ? doubtlesse , if there be any odious , hurtfull , vnseemely , or illegitimate thing in all the world ; if there bee any euills , any vanities , or delights of sinne that christians must refraine ; t then certainely those which they haue vowed , sworne , and solemnely protested against , in the very house , and presence of god himselfe , and that in the audience both of men , and angels ; those whom they haue euerlastingly abiured , in that init●atory sacrament of baptisme , which giues them their primarie admission into the visible church of christ , must needes bee they ; no man , no christian , no deuill can gaine-say it . since then i haue prooued by irrefragable testimonies ; that stage-playes , are those very workes , u and pompes of the deuill ; those very pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , which euery christian , hath solemnely disclaimed , and seriously u renounced in his baptisme ; who can , who dares stand out to iustifie them ? who can , who dares denie them , to bee abominable , incompatible , and vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians ? god forbid , that any who haue beene dipped in the sacred lauer of regeneration ; any who haue beene bathed , and purified in the soule-cleansing , and sinne-purging blood of the lord iesus christ , any who haue pledged their faith , and troth to god in baptisme ; any who haue beene baptized with the name of christians ; any who haue either by themselues , or others , x renounced the deuill , withall his pompes , and workes : together with all the pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , y from which christ iesus hath redeemed them ; should prooue such desperate , z incarnate deuills ; such mo●sters of impietie ; such atheisticall , prodigious , and infernall miscreants ; such treacherous iudasses to their lord , and master ; such periured , and professed rebells to their god ; a such blemishes , and cut-throates to their religion ; such apostates , and vnderminers to their faith , and baptisme : such vnnaturall , and deplored enemies to their owne saluation ; or such will-full bloody murtherers to their owne soules ; as to approoue , to iustifie , to practise , or frequent these stage-playes , which they haue thus abiured ; or to deeme them tollerable , or lawfull vnto christians . alas , b what haue christians any more to doe with idoles ? what will the deuill ? what with the pompes , and workes of satan ? what with the shewes , the pleasures , and vanities of this wicked world ? yea , what with stage-playes , which they haue abiured ? is there any late , or new agreement signed betweene christ , and belial ? betweene righteousnesse , and vnrighteousnesse ? beleeuers , and infidels ? is there any peace , or contract newly made betweene god , and satan ? betweene christians , and the deuill ? betweene heauen , and hell ? betweene the citizens of the new hierusalem , and this present euill world , which c are euerlasting enemies , vncapable of any truce , or mixture ? or hath god dispensed with our vow in baptisme ? or haue we lately renounced our couenant with our god , and sworne alleageance to the world , the flesh , and the deuill ; or else beene d rebaptized in their names ? if so , then let vs flocke , and runne to stage-playes , and take of them our fill , i will not interrupt , or keepe backe any . but if the deuill , the world , and god be as farre at var●ance now , as 〈◊〉 : e is righteousnesse , and vnrighteousnesse ; christ , and belial ; beleeuers , and infidels ; the temple of god , and the temple of idoles ; yea , the world , the flesh , the deuill , and christians , bee yet at irreconcilable , and euerlasting enmitie , as they are : if the ancient contract betweene god , and vs in baptisme , f confirmed , and ratified in the precious blood of our blessed sauiour iesus christ , ) stand good : and there bee no new league , nor couenant betweene the world , the deuill , hell , and vs : how can , how may wee then approoue of stage-playes ? how can wee tolerate , act , admire , or frequent them , as alas we doe ? what , shall we renounce the deuill , and all his workes ? g shall wee abiure the pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , ( which serue onely to feed the sinfull lusts of the flesh ; ) and yet shall wee pleade for them with our tongues , cherish them with our purses , runne to them with our feete , h applaud them with our hands , magnifie them in our iudgements , harbour them in our houses , yea , lodge them in our hearts ? alas , poore sinfull wretches , who are thus grosely deluded , thus miserably periured ; how , how shall we answere , how excuse , or iustifie this our notorious , and will-full periury to our great creatour ? how shall , how can we looke our god , our iudge , our sauiour , or any of the blessed saints , and angells in the face ? i where can we appeare , how can wee stand in iudgement , what shall we doe , or which way shall we turne our selues , when god himselfe shall challeng vs , when christ iesus shall arraigne vs , and hee * together withall his holy saints , and angells , condemne vs , in that great , and terrible day of iudgement , for breach of this our vow ? o let vs now at last remember , that there is an audit , a day of iudgement comming , k wherein we must all appeare , before the great tribunall of the 〈◊〉 iesus christ , 〈…〉 all the breaches of this our solemne couenant : and what will then become of vs , if wee thus treacherously infringe it now , in frequenting stage-playes ? excuse our selues we cannot ; perish , perish we must , and that eternally without recouery ; without all pittie . for is it not equall , that such who readily serue the deuill , in practising all his workes , and resorting to his pompes , which they haue couenanted to abiure , l should participate of his wages , and euerlasting torments ? that such who follow the pleasures , pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , m should likewise be condemned with the world , and be partakers of its punishments ? who can commiserate , or pittie such a one , or deeme him worthy of saluation , who leaues his euer-blessed god , n to whom hee owes himselfe , and all his seruice ; to serue the deuill whom hee hath defied ? or willingly parts with heauen , and eternall glory , by departing from the o wayes of grace , which lead men to it , to embrace the very vainest vanities , and enterludes of this wretched world , which hee hath thus abiured ? certainely such a mans damnation is exceeding iust , and his saluation , ( without repentance ) desperate : and is not this the case of all such persons , who resort to stage-playes after baptisme ? o then good christian readers , in the name , and feare of god , and in tender compassion to your owne distressed soules , i beseech y●● , i intreate you , euen with sobs , and teares proceeding from a bleeding , and lamenting spirit , anxious of nothing but your eternall good ; that you would now at last , consider seriously what you are , and what you haue done . p you are all christians in name ; and it is my desire , my prayer , that you may bee such q in trueth . you haue all proclaimed a solemne defiance to the deuill , and all his workes , and openly renounced the seuerall pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , of which stage-playes are the chiefe , and most assiduous : as being the r seruants , and saints of god , the s heires of heauen , the t vessels of holinesse , the u liuing temples of the holy ghost , the x fellow citizens of the saints in glory , and the inhabitants of a better world then this : oh answere therefore your profession with a correspondent conuersation : if you are , or would be christians , doe not you hencefoorth liue like pagans : y but as you differ from them in your faith , be you likewise distinguished from them by your workes . if you haue renounced the deuill , and all his workes ; o liue not any longer to them : if you haue abiured the pompes , and vanities of this wicked world ; o then returne not to them , as dogges vnto their vomit : z why should you serue , why should you re-embrace , how can you tollerate , or approoue the things , which you haue thus abiured ? god commands you , a not to giue place to the deuill , but to resist him stedfastly in the faith , that so hee may flie from you● how dare you then to entertaine him in these enterludes , which are his chiefest pompes , and workes ; against this precept , and your vow ? god commands you , b not to loue the world , nor the things of the world ; c not to conforme your selues to the course , the fashions , pompes , and vanities of this present euill world , d which lyes in wickednesse ; e but to keepe your selues vnspotted from it : f because the friendship of the world , is enmitie to god , and the friends of this world , g which is not of god , ) are professed enemies vnto god : how can you then admit , or harbour stage-playes , ( the greatest pompes , and vanities , that this world affords , ) against these precepts , and your co●enant , without the danger of rebellion , and the highest periury ? christ iesus informes you ; h that you cannot serue two contrary masters , as the deuill , or the world , and him : and therefore you disclaime the one in baptisme , that so you may appropriate your selues , and seruice to the other . and can you then yoake , and serue them all together ? can you serue christ iesus , and the deuill ? i christ , and the world ? christ , and stage-playes ? or can you be so besotted by the deuill , ( as alas too many are , ) as to thinke to please , to honour , court , and entertaine christ iesus , to welcome him into the world , or celebrate his natiuitie , with infernall stage-playes , k the very monuments , and insignes , with which the pagans did gratifie , and l court their deuill-gods vpon their feastiualls , and solemne birth-dayes : ) as if christ , and the deuill , christians , and pagans were accorded ? as if stage-playes , were the chiefest workes of the lord iesus christ , ( who was m borne of purpose to redeeme vs from them , and to destroy out of vs these workes of the deuill : ) the principall recreations , and delights of christians ; not the inuentions , pompes , and solemnities of satan ; not the remainders of idolatrie ; not the n soule-poysoning pleasures , shewes , and vanities of this sinfull world , which wee haue all o renounced . beloued christians , consider i beseech you , that god himselfe commands you : p to keepe your selues from idoles ; q and to flee from all idolatrie , as r being the most capitall , and dangerous sinne of all other : and can you then embrace these stage-playes , ( which were originally s consecrated vnto idoles , as holy , and religious things ; as parts , and ornaments of their pompe , and worship : and haue therefore beene condemned by the t fathers ; as the issues , limbes , and monuments of idolatrie , from whence they had their birth : ) without any breach of these commands , or of your vow in baptisme ; wherein you did renounce all idoles , and idolatrie , with all their pompes , and reliques ? o therefore , as you are christians ; as you haue soules to saue , or lose for euer ; be you now at last entreated , to lay all these considerations close vnto your soules ; before it bee to late . the time will come ere long , ( and who can tell how soone , since the apostle hath long since forewarned vs ; u that the lord is at hand : that the comming of the lord draweth nigh ; and that the iudge standeth before the doore ; ) when x that last , and dismall trumpe , ( which should be y alwayes sounding this into your eares● arise ye dead , and come to iudgement , ) shall summon you before christs glorious tribunall , z to render an account of your selues to him , how well you haue kept this vow , these precepts , which now i presse vpon you : and then alas , what can you pleade , or answere for your selues ? can you replie , that you haue kept , or a at leastwise endeauoured for to keepe , to the vtmost of your power , these seuerall iniunctions , or your vow in baptisme ? that you haue renounced the world , the flesh , the deuill , or idoles , and idolatrie , with all their seuerall vanities , pompes , and workes ; whiles you thus iustifie , magnifie , and harbour stage-playes , which not onely b fathers , but euen c pagans themselues , repute , and stile ; the worlds , and deuills pompes ? alas , d how haue you renounced the deuill , world , or idoles , whiles you retaine their shewes , or doe their workes ? what diuorce haue you giuen to all , or any of these , with which , by which you liue ? what enmitie haue you taken vp against them , whiles you are thus obliged to them ? can you denie that ( thinke you , ) with your tongues , which you confesse with your hands ? or doe you destroy that in word , which you support in deed ? o my beloued , how can you euer say , e that you haue liued like christians , not like pagans ? that you f are the saints of god , and citizens of heauen ; not satans minions , or burgers of this present wicked world ? that you haue in trueth renounced the world , the flesh , and the deuill , with all their pompes , and workes ; whiles you wast your time , and your affections , on those heathenish , and infernall enterludes , and delights of sinne , which are the chiefest workes , and pompes of satan ; the eminentest pompes , and vanities of this wicked world ; to which infidels , and worldlings haue beene most deuoted ? can you plead not-guiltie of periurie , and rebellion in all these particulars vnto god hereafter , when as you cannot plead thus , now to men , g or to your owne condemning consciences ? if you hope to prooue not-guiltie then ; why doe your h liues , your workes , your consciences crie guiltie now ? if you confesse your selues guiltie now , how can you plead guiltlesse , i or escape christs doome , and iudgement then ? since therefore it is vndeniably e●ident by all the premises : that stage-playes are those pomps , and workes of the deuill , and idoles ; those pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , and heathen pagans , which euery christian hath euerlastingly renounced , and solemnely abiured in his baptisme : let this , yea this alone , perswade all such as are baptized with the name of christians , ( vnlesse , k they desire onely to seeme christians , not to bee christians , as many doe , ) to l abominate , and condemne all stage-playes ; not onely in iudgement , but in practise too ; as per●icious , vnchristian , and vnlawfull pompes , and vanities , m as the church , and saints of god haue alwayes done in former ages . ( and so much the rather ; because christians in the primitiue church , ( how euer the times are changed now , ) were n especially knowne , and discouered to bee christians , by their abstinence , and diuorce from stage-playes . ) else if they approoue , applaude , and haunt these stage-playes still ; let them know this to their endlesse terrour : that though they beare the name of christians , or yeeld some superficiall worship vnto god ; yet they doe in trueth renounce their christianitie , o annihilate their baptisme , abiure their religion ; denie their faith , their god , their iesus : p and bequeath themselues wholly to the deuill : yea , they forfait● heauen , and their owne saluation , and wrecke their deare immortall soules for all eternitie . and who is there that beleeues a god , a heauen , a hell , so desperately prodigall of his owne saluation , as to incurre all these , or to put himselfe to such a losse , to fauour stage-playes ? but of this enough . actvs . scena prima . thirdly , as stage-playes are thus odious , vnseemely , pernicious , and vnlawfull vnto christians in all the precedent respects : so likewise are they such in regard of their ordinary stile , and subiect matter ; which no christian can , or dares to patronize : if we sur●ay the stile , or subiect matter of all our popular enterludes ; we shall discouer them , to bee q either scurrilous , amorous , and obscene : or barbarous , bloody , and tyrannicall : or heathenish , and prophane : or fabulous , and fictitious : or impious , and blasphemous : or satyricall , and inuectiue : or at the best but frothy , vaine , and friuolous : if then , r the composure , and matter of our popular stage-playes , be but such as this , the playes themselues must needes be euill , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . not to insist vpon this generall : that the subiect matter of most comedies , and tragedies is some vile , and odious sinne : s which should bee rather a griefe , and abomination , then a recreation vnto christians : i shall for the present confine my selfe to the particulars here specified . first , i say , that the stile , and subiect matter of most popular , ( especially comicall ) stage-playes , is amorous , scurrilous , and obscene , vnbeseeming all chast , and christian eares : from whence i raise this fift argument . that whose very stile , and subiect matter is lasciuious , scurrilous , and filthy , t must needes bee vnseemely , vnlawfull , and pernicious vnto christians . but the very stile , and subiect matter of most , if not of all our popular stage-playes is such . therefore they must needes be vnseemely , vnlawfull , and pernicious vnto christians . for the maior , i hope no christian , no pagan dares to question it . for god himselfe , hath laid this peremptorie iniunction vpon men : u to keepe their tongues from euill , and their lips from speaking guile : yea , he hath giuen this in speciall charge to christians . x let your speach bee alwayes gracious , seasoned with salt : y let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth , but that which is good for the vse of edi●ying , that it may minister grace to the hearers : let all euill speaking be put away from you : and as for fornication , and vncleanenesse , ( the common subiects , and principall ingredients of our comedies , ) neither foolish talking , nor iesting , which are not conuenient , let them not bee once named , ( much lesse then acted , or applauded ) among you , as becommeth saints : z it is a great solecisme , yea , a sinne among christians , either to relate , or doe , ( much more , to personate , penne , or pleasingly to behold , ) any obscene , or filthie thing : christians they are , at leastwise should be , * saints ; yea , a chast , and holy virgins , temples , and vessels for the lord : b cleansing themselues from all pollution , both of flesh , and spirit : c stopping their eares from hearing blood , sh●tting their eyes from seeing euill : yea , not so much , d as touching any vncleane thing : therefore they must abandon all vnchast , all scurrilous , and filthie things : their eyes , t●eir eares , their hands , e their tongues , their hearts , must know nothing but christ , intermeddle with nothing but pure● and holy things : f their god is holy : g their sauiou● iesus christ is holy : h their holy ghost is holy : i their religion , k their scriptures , l their sacraments , m their companions , n their faith , o their inheritance , and p profession holy , chast , and vndefiled : and so must q they be too , in all manner of con●ersation , at all times : therefore all amorous , all lasciuious , filthie , and polluted things , which haue no analogie , nor proportion with them , must needes bee sinfull , hurtfull , and vnseemely , yea , odious , and displeasing to them . obscenitie , or rotten discourse : ( which the fathers in the margent who condemne it , define to be nothing else , r but a narration of some vitious , amorous , adulterous , and filthie action , to passe away the time , or to prouoke , and stirre vp laughter : of which sort , are all ribaldrie songs , and iests ; all theatricall , complementall , poeticall , or table-discourses of the adulteries , incests , loues , and vile obsenities of gracelesse wicked men , or heathen-gods , s who transcended others in their vices , as much as in their deitie : ) was alwayes detestable , and odious vnto pagans : hence gellius informes vs , t that the romans did publikely punish , not onely obscene , and petulant deedes , but words : hence u romulus inacted this law : ne quis praesentibus foeminis obscaena verba facito : let no man vse any obscene speach in the presence of any women : hence sophocles informes vs , x that it is not seemely , nor honest , to speake such things , which are vnseemely to bee done : hence was that ingenious checke● which diogenes gaue to a beautifull youth , when hee heard him vttering some obscenities : y doest thou not blush , ( saith hee ) to draw a leaden sword out of an iuorie scabbard ? hence was that brand , which seneca stamped vpon all scurrilous persons , which i would such christians whose tongues are tipt , and hearts delighted with ribaldrous songs , and iests , would seriously apply vnto their consciences : wheresoeuer ( saith he ) thou z meetest with corrupt discourse , there doubt not but the heart , and manners are depraued : and no wonder : for out of the abundance of the heart , the mouth speaketh , and euill words corrupt good manners , a as the scriptures teach vs hence b aristotle magnifies the modestie of that ingenuous pagan , who when he was about to vtter an vnchast obscenitie , was tongue-tied out of modest shame : c the citizens of marcelles though pagans , would admit no stage-playes into their citie , least their filthinesse , and obsceniti● should corrupt their youth : yea , the very d heathen poet himselfe , would haue all scurrilitie , and ribaldrie , exiled from such places where youthes , and children were , for feare they should depraue their mindes , and manners . if then god himselfe , if the fathers , yea , if all these pagans haue vtterly condem●ed all filthie , scurrilous , vncha●t , and amorous speaches , iests , and poemes , as misbeseeming chast , and modest eyes , or lips , or eares ; my maior cannot but be granted : and so much the rather , e because vnchast , obscene , and amorous wordes , are but so many vehiculaes , to carrie m●n on to adulterous , and sinfull deedes , both which , all christians must abominate . for the maior ; that the stile , and subiect matter of most f comicall , and theatricall enterludes , is amorous , and obscene ; it is as euident , as the morning sunne : first , by the expresse , and punctuall testimonie of sundry fathers . read but g tatianus oratio . aduersus graecos . h theophylus antiochenus contra autolicum . lib. . clemens romanus constit. apostolorum . lib. . cap. . . clemens alexandrinus oratio . exhort . ad gentes . fol. . . paedag. lib. . cap. . . & i lib. . cap. . tertullian de spectac . cap. . . to . apologia aduersus gentes . cap. . de pudicitia . cap. . minucius felix octauius . pag. . philo iudaeus de agricultura . lib. pag. . de vita mosis . pag. . de vita contemplatiua . lib. pag. . cyprian k de spectac . lib. & epist. lib. . ep. . donato . origen in rom. . lib. . tom. . pag. . arnobius aduers-gentes . lib. . pag. . lib. . pag. . . lib. . pag. . & lib. . pag. . to . lactantius de vero cultu . cap. . diuinarum institutionum l epit. cap. . basilius magnus hexaemeron . hom. . de legendis libris gentilium oratio . & ascetica . tom. . pag. . . gregorie n●zianzen oratio . . pag. . . ad seleuchum de recta educatione epist. pag. . . gregorie nyssen . vitae moseos enarratio . pag. . ambrose de paenitentia . lib. . cap. . & enarratio in plasm . . octon . . cyrillus hierusolomitanus catechesis mystagogica . . hilarie enarratio in psal. . & in psal. . he. hierom comment . in ezech. lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . h. & epist. . cap. . chrysostome hom. . de dauide & saul . hom. in psal. . hom. . . m & . in mat. hom. . in acta . apost . hom. . in cor. hom. . in ephes. . & hom. . ad pop. antiochiae . augustine de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap. . . lib. . cap. . to . cap. . . de consensu . euangel . l. . cap. . confessionum . lib. . cap. . . prosper aquitanicus de gloria sanctorum peroratio . pag. . orosius historiae . lib. . cap. . isiodor hispalensis . etimolog . lib. . cap. . . saluian de gubernat . dei. n lib. . & . bernard oratio ad milites templ● . cap. . o ioannes salisburiensis de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . & lib. . cap. . . cassiodorus variarum . lib. . cap. . & lib. . cap. . to whom i may adde , concilium parisiense sub ludouico & lothario . lib. . cap. . concilium agathense . canon . . synodus turonica . . canon . . . synodus cabilonensis . . canon . . synodus moguntina sub rabano . canon . . concilium coloniense . anno. . pars . . cap. . pars . . cap. . concilium . coloniense sub adolpho . anno. . & gratian. distinctio . . . . peruse , i say , these seuerall fathers , and councels ; ( whose words , if i should at large transcribe them , would amount vnto an ample volume : ) and you shall finde them all concurre in this : p that stage-playes are wholly composed of , or at leastwise fraught with ribaldrie , scurrilitie ; vnchast , and amorous streines , and passages : obscene , and filthie iests , which inquinate the mindes , corrupt the manners , and defile the soules of men , q yea pollute the very places , and common ayre , where they are but acted : whence they all condemne , these theatricall enterludes , as vnseemely , pernicious , abominable , and vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians : as exceeding odious , and displeasing vnto god ; stiling them , r the very sinckes of all vncleanenesse , the lectures of obscenitie , the meditations of adultery , the examples of dishonestie , the exhortations , and instructions of ●ilthinesse , and the like : and play-houses , s the temples of venery ; the st●wes of modestie , the schooles of ribaldry , and obscenitie : the dennes of filthinesse : the chaires of pestilence , and corruption : the seates , the places , and mansions of all filthinesses , and vnchastitie : and the common , and publike shops of all wickednesses , and defilements whatsoeuer . adde wee to these in the second place , the expresse , and punctuall testimonies of pagan authours , whom none dares taxe of puritanisme , or precisenesse in this point . suruay but zenophon in his conuiuium . plato de republ. lib. . & . legu● dialogus . . aristotle politicorum . lib. . cap. . diogenes laertius . lib. . socrates . isocrates oratio ad nicoclem ; & oratio de pace . tullie t de republica . lib. . tus● . quaest. lib. . & . de legibus . lib. . ad marium . epist. . seneca . epist. . . & . plutarch de audiendis poetis . lib. de gloria atheni●nsium . lib. symposiarum . lib. . quaest. . liuie romane hist. lib. . cap. . . dionysius . hallicar . rom. antiq. lib. . sect. . lib. . sect. . valerius maximus . lib. . cap. . cornelius tacitus . annal. lib. . sect. . . lampridii heliogobalus . plinie . epist. lib. . epist. . ouid de arte amandi . lib. . tristium . lib. . & fastorum . lib. . pag. . horace de arte poetica . epist. lib. . epist. . iuuenal satyr . . . . yea , plautus himselfe , ( as obscene as he is ) captiuei prologus . pag. . you shall finde all these u acknowledging , yea , condemning the amorousnesse , scurrilitie , and lewdnesse of stage-playes , as i shall prooue x anon . if any now reply , that the playes of our age are defecat●d from these grosse obscenities , and purged from all ribaldrious , amorous , vnchast , and filthie passages : let him then consider in the third place ; that many moderne authors of all sorts , doe not onely indite our popular enterludes of the self●-same crimes , but likewise passe a fatall , and finall sentence of condemnation on them , for this very cause : cast but your eyes on learned , and laborious gualther . hom. . in nahum . . pag. . ● on petrarch . de remedio vtr . fortunae . lib. . dial. . on bodinus de republica . lib. . cap. . on polydor virgil de inuentoribus rerum . lib. . cap. . on alexander sardis de inuent . rerum . lib. . pag. . . on ludo● . vines , de caus● corrupt . arti●m . lib. . on iohannis mariana , & barnabas bristochius , in th●ir bookes de spectaculis● on doctor reinolds his ouerthrow of stage-playes . on master northbrookes treatise against vaine playes , and enterl●des . pag. ● to● . on master gossons confutation of playes . act. . ● on master stubs his anatomy of ab●ses . edit . . pag. . to● . o● i. g. in his refutation of haywoods apologie for actors . on master iohn brinslies true watch . part . . abomination . . pag. . . on bishop babington . master perkins , master dod , and master elton , on the . commandement . on doctor laytons spec●lum belli sacri . cap. . on the co●e●ant betweene god , and man , by i. p. london . . pag. , . on master iohn downhams guide to godlinesse . lib. . cap. . sect. . on master robert bolton , in hi● discourse of true happinesse . pag. . . you shall see our moderne stage-playes , euen copiously anatomized , yea , condemned by them : as being fully fraught , and wholly composed , of ribaldrie , obscenitie , lasciuiousnesse , vnch●st , and lustf●ll parts , and passages , which misbeseeme all modest eyes to see , all christian eares to heare , or tongues to vtter : whence they stile all playes , y the grand empoyso●ers of grace , iugemio●●●esse , and all manly resolution : the lectures of obscenitie , the seedes of vices , the foode of wickednesse , yea the plagues , and poyson of mens soules , and manners : z and theaters , the oratories of the deuill● the synagogues of satan ; the schooles of lewdnesse ; and the very ●inckes of filthinesse , and all other vices● which christians should abhorre , yea feare , and flie , as much , nay more then any pest-house : as these their writings , will at large demonstrate . if then these seuerall fathers , councells , pagan authours , and moderne christian writers , ( with sundry others , which i shall receit hereafter in their proper places : ) conclude the very structure , stile , and subiect matter of popular stage-playes , to bee amorous , scurrilous , and obscene ; and thereupon passe this iudgement on them : a that they are altogether vnfit for chast , vnlawfull for christian , vnseemely for gracious , or modest eares to heare , or lips to vtter : i hope that none will bee so obstinately incredulous , as not to beleeue them in the one : or so desperately impious , as not to giue sentence with them ; not to conforme their practise to them , in the other . but if all these seuerall testimonies are not sufficient to conuince the most incredulous play-haunters of the obscenities of stage-playes ; i appeale for finall proofe of my assumption vnto euery mans experience . not to record those seuerall prophane , and grosse b obscenities , those amorous streines , lasciuious passages , and vnsauourie iests , which are scattered in aristophanes , terrence , plautus , catullus , tibullus , propertius , c ouid , and other ancient comedians , and wanton poets ; which euery chast , and gracious christian must condemne : i shall confine my selfe vnto the comedies , and popular enterludes of our present age , * which farre exceede them in all these . alas , what are the maior part of all our moderne stage-playes , but so many lectures of ribaldry ; so many abstracts , compendiums , or miscellaines of sublimated , elegant , wittie , or more accurate , and choyce obscenities ? which d the more refined , and accute they are , the more doe they empoyson , endanger , and depraue the auditors : doe not the ordinary theames , and subiects of our moderne comedies , being nothing else but the adulteries , fornications , rapes , loue-passions , meritricious , vnchast , and amorous practises , of lasciuious wicked men , e or heathen idole-gods ; f which should not be so much as named , ( much lesse then acted ) among christians ? doe not those g wanton , whorish , lustfull parts ; those ribaldrous songs , and filthie ditties : those meretricious , and vnchast attires , lookes , and gestures : those amorous , and lustfull complements , kissings , clippings , and embracements : those liuely , if not reall representations , or ocular demonstrations of the very acts of whoredome , and adulterie , which are vsually represented to vs on the theater : together with all those obscene , and filthie iests ; those scurrilous , and beastly passages , those quaint , subtile , rhetoricall , and flexanimous streines of contemplatiue , elegant , and wittie obscenities , with which our playes are fraught , and enterlaced : h the very sight , and hearing of which , should cause all modest eyes to blush , and weepe ; all christian eares , to glow , and tingle ; all chast , and gracious hearts , to mourne , and bleede : ) doe not all these ( i say ) proclaime and testifie to the world ; that the stile , and subiect matter ; yea , the very action , circumstances , and appendices of our popular stage-playes , are scurrilous , and obscene ? what need we then any further witnesses ? doubtlesse , the obscenitie of our playes is such , that if the very stones , and pillars , which support the play-house ; if the seates , and scaffoldes , which adorne it : or the very theater , and stage it selfe , had tongues to speake ; they would presently exclaime against it , and reprooue it . and dares any christian then , be so audaciously absurde , as to gaine-say it ? so wil-fully blinde , as not to see it ? so desperately prophane , as not to loathe it ? when as his owne experience must acknowledge , and his very coscience doeth , yea cannot , but condemne it ? since then the very stile , and subiect matter of our playes are such ; this must , this cannot but enforce vs to reiect them , as pernicious , vnseemely , yea , vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians ; yea , as i grieuous , and offensiue to gods blessed spirit , who hath sanctified , and sealed vp our mouthes , and eares from all scurrilitie : as all the fore-recited fathers , and christian authors haue already done , vpon the selfe-same grounds . scena secvnda . secondly , as the stile , and subiect matter of stage-playes is scurrilous , and obscene , so likewise it is bloody , and tyrannicall ; breathing out malice , k fury , anger , murther , crueltie , tyrannie , treacherie , l frensie , treason , and reuenge , ( the constant theames , and chiefe ingredients , of all our tragedies , ) which m efferate , and enrage the hearts , ●nd mindes , of actors , and spectators ; yea , oft times animate , and excite them to anger , malice , duels , murthers , reuenge , and more then barbarous crueltie , to the gre●t disturbance of the publike peace . from whence i frame this sixt argument . that whose stile , and subiect matter is bloody , and tyrannicall , breathing out malice , anger , fury , crueltie , tyrannie , piercenesse , treason , rapine , violence , oppression , murther , and reuenge , must needes be odious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . but such is the stile , and subiect matter of most , ( but especially of our tragicall ) stage-playes . therefore they must needes be odious , vnseemely , and vnlawfull vnto christians . the minor is euident : first , by experience : secondly , by n expresse authorities ; both which doe testifie : that the stile , and subiect matter of our tragedies are bloody , and tyrannicall ; abounding with enuie , malice , furie , clamours , wrath , crueltie , treacherie , frensie , murthers , treasons , villany , vnplacablenesse , discordes , mutinies , rebellions , conspiracies , rapes , duells , and reuenge , which prouoke , and whet on the spectators to all these barbarous , and inhumane vices , which they should abhorre . the maior is vncontrouleable : first , because the scriptures doe expresly enioyne vs : o to put away all malice , anger , wrath , contention , sedition , strife , cruelty , violence , rapine , and reuenge ; together with all p truculent , clamorous , furious , irefull , tragicall , bloody , fierce , malicious , and reuengefull speaches : and that for sundry reasons : first , because such words , and actions as these , q are earthly , carnall , diuelish ; proceeding from the world , the flesh , and the deuill , ( who are fraught r with rage , and crueltie : ) not from the wisedome of god from aboue , which is pure , peaceable , gentle , easie to be intreated , full of mercy , and good fruites : secondly , because such speaches as these , s are the fomenters of contention , yea , the chariots of anger , crueltie , and reuenge : thirdly , because such tragicall , fell , and bloody discourses as these , are altogether vnsuitable vnto christians ; who are , or should bee , t men of a quiet , peaceable , gentle , meeke , and tender-hearted disposition , being kinde , and louing one towards another , and forgiuing one another , euen as god for christs sake , hath forgiuen them . the god of christians , u is a god of peace : the head of christians , x is a prince of peace : the guide of christians , y is a spirit of peace , and vnitie : the rule of christians , is a z word , a gospel of peace , a which bringeth , and proclaimeth peace to all , b and perswadeth peace with all men : the way of christians , b is a way of peace ; yea , their c vocation , d life , e and end , are peace : therefore all irefull , truculent , ●ierce , and tragicke spectacles , or poemes , which breathe out nothing but crueltie , blood , vnmercifulnesse , discorde , vnplacablenesse , and reuenge , must needes bee vnseemely , and vnlawfull to them ; as being opposite , and repugna●t to their peaceable , meeke , and courteous constitution . secondly , such barbarous , bloody , tyrannicall , fierce , and cruell spectacles , and enterludes as these , where tyrannie , enuy , malice , murther , furie , and reuenge , are acted , and applauded to the life , f must needes inrage , imbitter , exasperate the spectators , and prouoke them to crueltie , passion , rage , reuenge , and discontent , vpon very small occasion , as i shall prooue at large g anon : therefore they must needes bee euill . vpon this very ground , h irenaeus , i tertullian , k cyprian , l athenagoras , m theophylus antiochenus● n tatianus , o lactantius , p nazianzen , q epiphanius , r chrysostome , s augustine , * minucius felix , t saluian ; together with all the christians in the primitiue church , as these record , did vtterly condemne , and auoyde all sword-playes , tragoedies , and bloody spectacles of crueltie ; as fightings , and combates of men , with men , or men , and beasts together , ( which the u lacedemonians , together with x plato , and y seneca , though pagans , did likewise censure , and reiect : ) because z they did excite , and stirre men vp to murther , crueltie , and reuenge ; and make them guilty of the wounds , and blood of all those combatants , and sword-players , which they did behold . and hence likewise was it , that the good emperour a constantine ; together with b nerua , c arcadius , and honorius ; prohibited all sword-playes , duels , and such like cruell , and bloody spectacles ; as misbeseeming christian hands to act , or eyes to see ; because they were but so many incendiaries , and fomentors of crueltie , quarrells , murthers , and reuenge . since therefore the stile , and subiect ma●ter of our playes , together with the consequences of them , are such as these , wee must , wee cannot but reiect them , on the fore-said reasons , as those fore-quoted authors haue already done . scena tertia. thirdly , the stile , and subiect matter of most popular stage-playes , is heathenish , and prophane , consisting of the d actes , the rites , the ceremonies , names , and persons ; yea , the very rapes , adulteries , murthers , thefts , deceites , lasciuiousnesse , and other exc●rable villanies of dung-hill , idole , pagan-gods , and goddesses , or wicked men which should be buried in euerlasting obliuion lest the memorie , and reuiuall of them should defile the light : from whence i raise this seauenth argument . those stage-playes , whose stile , and subiect matter is heathenish , and prophane , consisting of the parts , the persons , ceremonies , rites , and names ; yea , the imprecations , inuocations , adorations , and applauses ; together with the very loue-passions , lusts , adulteries , incests , rapes , impostures , cheates , conspiracies , treacheries , murthers , thefts , debates , and other abominable villanies , and execrable practises , of demoniacall , incestuous , adulterous , and infernall heathen-gods , or men whose very names , and practises should rot , and perish in obliuion ; must needes be odious , vnseemely , yea , vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians . but such is the stile , and subiect matter of most theatricall enterludes . therefore they must needes bee odious , vnseemely , yea , vtterly vnlawfull vnto christians . for the minor ; not onely our owne e experience , which is a thousand witnesses , and the truest index ; but euen sundry fathers , and moderne authors : as clemens alexandrinus oratio exhort . ad gentes . clemens romanus constit. aposto . lib. . cap. . . tatianus oratio aduers . graecos . theophylus antiochenus contr. autolicum . lib. . tertullian de spectac . lib. cyprian de spectac . lib. & epist. lib. . epist. . arnobius aduers . gent. lib. . . & . pag. . to . lactantius de vero cultu . cap. . diuinarum instit. epit. cap. . basil de legendis libris gentilium oratio . nazianzen ad seleuchum . eusebius de praeparatione euangelii . lib. . theodoret de sacrificiis . lib. . chrysostome hom. , . & . in matth. augustine de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap. , . lib. . cap. . to . saluian de gubernat . dei. lib. . minucius felix octauius . together with doctor reinolds , master northbrooke , mr. gosson , iohn mariana , in their bookes against stage-playes : ludouicus viues de causis corruptionis artium . lib. . & comment . in lib. . augustini de ciuitate dei. master stubs in his anatomie of abuses : with sundry others , doe expressely testifie : f that stage-playes are fraught with the genealogies , ceremonies , images , reliques , imprecations , inuocations , names , adulteries , whoredomes , incests , rapes , loue-prankes , furies , lusts , lasciuiousnesse , thefts , murthers , cheates , persons parts , histories , and abominable villanies of heathen idole-gods : and for this very cause , they vtterly condemne them , as sinfull , and pernicious : and so much the rather : g because these demonicall , and infernall deities , being delighted with these their true , or feined wickednesses ; did purposely command them to bee acted on their solemne feastiualls ; that so men might be encouraged to imitate them , and to proceede , yea perseuere without redresse , in these their adulterous , inhumane , and infernall vices , which were countenanced , authorized , yea legitimated , and commended by their practicall , and diuine examples . all times , all ages , yea all ancient , and moderne stage-playes , and experience , subscribe , and suffragate with these our authors to our minor : therefore we must , we cannot but acknowledge it . for the maior , it is cleerely euident by its owne light , and by the luster of the scripture . for first of all ; god himselfe , enioynes his people : h not to make mention of the names of other gods , not to let them be heard out of their mouthes , i but to ouerthrow their altars , breake their pillars , burne their groues , hew downe their grauen images , and to destroy their very names out of their places : whence dauid doeth solemnely professe : k that hee will not offer the drinke offerings of idole-gods , nor yet take vp their names within their lippes . the very names of pagan-gods are so odious , and displeasing vnto god , so vnsuiteable vnto christian mouthes , and eares ; that god himselfe protesteth ; l he will cut off the name●d of ioles out of the land , and they shall be no more remembred : yea , m that he will take away the names of baalim out of his peoples mouth , and they shall bee no more remembred by their name . hence was it , n that the christians in the primitiue church , would rather die , then call ioue a god ; as hee is oft times stiled in our stage-playes : ( and truely they o had little reason for to deeme him a god , whose adulteries did exceede his issues in their number : ) yea , such was their reuerence , and pietie towards god , that they would not so much as apply any poeticall names vnto him ; as we christians to our shame , and his dishonour , oft times doe : christians haue beene alwayes coy , and charie of the very naming of heathen idoles , vnlesse it were with detestation , and dislike . p god forbid ( saith saint hierome ) that omnipotent ioue , o my hercules , my castor , or other such monsters rather then gods , should euer ●ound out of a christian mouth . q a faithfull christian , writes clement of rome ; ought not to sing any heathen verse , or meretricious song ; because hee may chance in singing to make mention of the names of diuelish idoles ; and so insteed of the holy ghost , the euill spirit may seise vpon him . r saint basil , and s nazianzen , persuade , and aduise all christians ; t to auoide all heathen poemes , and writings , which treate of heathen gods ; relating either their genealogies , histories , adulteries , loues , or rapes ; as being the doctrine of deuills , or so many traps , and snares , to endanger them . * saint augustine , inhibites christian women , so much as to name minerua , or any such vnluckie persons , in their spinning , dying , or any other worke . x saint gregorie the great , and y gratian , informe vs : that the praises , histories , or mention of ioue , doe not beseeme any godly lay-mans mouth , much lesse a byshops : whence they blame desiderius a bishop of france , for teaching the art of grammer , in which he must discourse , both of the names , and praises of heathen gods : vpon which ground , the fourth councell of carthage . canon . together with saint hierome epist. . cap. . isiodor pelusiota . epist. lib. . epist. . tertullian de idololatria . lib. cap. . to . isiodor hispalensis de summo bon● . lib. . cap. . & gratian distinctio . . prohibit bishops , and other christians from reading the bookes of the gentiles ; z least by applauding the names , and approouing the speaches of their idole-gods , they should incurre idolatrie . and good reason is there , that christians should not admit of the names , and histories , ( much lesse of the imprecations , and abominable practises , ) of heathen gods. first , because god himselfe , with all these fathers , doe thus inhibit them . secondly , because the a second commandement , as philo iudaeus well obserues ; doeth not onely prohibit the images , and pictures , but euen the histories , and fables of the marriages , birthes , and casualties of heathen gods. thirdly , because the recitall of their names , and histories , by way of approbation , or d●light , doeth b giue a tacite , or secret allowance of them to be gods : where as in trueth , they are c but deuills ; d or wicked men ; or rather as saint paul informes vs , e nothing in the world. fourthly , because f the hearing , and reading of such histories , and fables as these , which are oft times sugred , and guilded ouer with the very quintessence of art , and rhetoricke , ) doeth alienate , and coole our loue vnto the sacred , and soule-sauing word of god , which runnes in a lesse elegant , and more humble stile . fiftly , because the recitall , acting , and personating of their names , their histories , and notorious villanies , doeth reuiue their names , and memories , which should rot , and perish in obliuion : it is the will , and pleasure of god : g that the names of the wicked should rot : h that the memories , reliques , ceremonies , names , and monuments of idole-gods , should vtterly be abolished from of the earth , and quite exiled from the tongues , and pennes of christians ; as being the originall authors , and chiefe fomentors of idolatrie ; i the propagators of all sinne , and villany ; and the very k corriualls of god himselfe , whose soueraigne deiti● they would , yea , did vsurpe : the reuiuall therefore of their names , and memories , the varnishing of them with fresh , and liuely colours in our stage-playes , with affectation , and delight , must needes bee euill ; because it thwartes the lords good pleasure . sixtly , because those playes , and poemes , which are fraught with the genealogies , names , and histories of heathen gods , are a meanes to reuiue that heathenisme , and propagate that idolatrie , which the light , and power of the gospel , hath long since abolished : it is the vnanimous resolution of l sundrie fathers : that these comicall , tragicall , and theatricall poemes , wherein the genealogies , marriages , birthes , ceremonies , histories , and lasciuious actions of heathen gods , were but f●inedly , and sportingly desciphered , were the chiefe , and primary cause of that paganisme , prophanenesse , and execrable , or atheisticall idolatrie , which did formerly ouerspred the world : which poemes the gentiles dis● oft times embrace , for good diuintie . if then these playes , and poemes haue hatched , haue propagated idolatrie , and paganisme heretofore ; they may likewise resuscitate , and foment it now , vnlesse gods grace withhold vs from it ; since wee are m all by nature prone vnto it , as the sundrie exhortations , and cau●ats to auoyde it testifie : n no sinne more naturall , more pleasing , and agreeable to man then this ; o no sinne so generally practised , p so hardly auoyded , so ensely entert●ined , as this one alone ; which hath alwayes captiuated , the greatest portion of the world ; and oft times conquered , and bewitched the very chosen people of the lord himselfe , who q oft reuolted to its loue , and seruice . it is dangerous , it is sinfull therefore to applaude such playes , admit such poemes , which may withdraw vs christians from our god , to grosse idolatrie , as they haue oft seduced others , as able , r as resolute to withstand this insinuating , and bewitching sinne , as wee : these authorities● these reasons then should cause , yea , force vs to condemne them . secondly , the scriptures doe expressely condemne all imprecations , all adiurations , all admirations by , all inuocations of , all heathen gods : god himselfe commands vs : s to sweare by his owne name : t not by the names of idoles , ba●l , or malcham , u or any creature whatsoeuer : he enioynes vs to x inuocate , imprecate , and admire none but himselfe alone ; y not pagan idoles , not z saints , or angels , who can neither heare , nor help● vs at our needes . how then can it bee lawfull , to inuocate , or implore the alde , or helpe of ioue , of iuno , apollo , minerua , neptune , bacchus , or such like heathen idoles ? how can a we sweare by ioue , by mars , by venus , by hercules , by the celestiall gods , or such like pagan oathes ? how can we exclaime , ( as oft we doe in stage-playes , ) * o ioue ! o muses ! o cupid ! o venus ! o neptune ! o ye gods ! o vulcan , hercules , mars , apollo , minerua , castor , pollux , lucina , and the like ; without a great offence ? certainely , if these infernall deities may b not be named , much lesse may they bee inuocated , imprecated , or sworne by among christians : their very names are odious , and worthy highest indignation ; how then can we approoue their oathes , and ●mprecations , their praises , and applauses , c which our god condemnes ? how execrable , and vile these names haue beene to christians in the primitiue times , the former section can informe you : and shall not then their oathes , and inuocations , bee much more detestable , and loathsome vnto vs ? the sixt councell of constantinople , canon . d subiects all such to the penaltie of excommunication , who should sweare the oathes of the gentiles : and shall wee then approoue them in our enterludes , as elegant , and comely ornaments ? certainely wee cannot doe it , without the perill of idolatrie , or affronting god vnto his face . for first these heathenish oathes , and imprecations , or inuocations of pagan gods , e doe giue a kinde of tacite , yea , attribute a manifest diuinitie to these idoles , since nothing is ●o bee inuocated , or sworne by , either in sport , or earnest , f but god alone . now to attribute a deitie to these pagan gods , g whose villanie did manifest them to bee worse then men , h is grosse idolatrie . certainely , if the reading of a lecture of some heathen god : if the stiling of an idole by the name of god , without this addition● heathen idole , or dung-hill god : if the receite of a blessing from a pagans mouth , i which , in trueth , is rather a cursing , then a blessing , ) in the name of an idole , without reiecting , or disapproouing it , bee flat idolatrie , as k ●ertullian , with l others , hath affirmed ; because it giues an approbation to these idoles , and ascribes a couert diuinitie to them : then much more must the admirations , the inuocations , the imprecations , and exclamations in these idoles names , which are frequent in our stage-playes , be palpable , and grosse idolatrie ; m which is the highest sinne , and iussells god out of his throne . secondly , these oathes , and imprecations , as they are exceeding heathenish , and prophane , vnbeseeming christian mouthes , or eares ; as they are ridiculous , vaine , and foolish , and so within the verge , n of vaine , and foolish words , which god condemnes , and will at last seuerely iudge : so they are a direct breach of the third commandement : o thou shalt not take the name of the lord thy god in vaine ; in that they attribute the name , and prerogatiue of god to p idoles , which are the greatest vanities of the world , yea vanitie it selfe : and a manifest violation of these peremptory iniunctions : q sweare not at all : and aboue all things my brethren sweare not : no , r not by the name of god , vnlesse wee are lawfully called to it : much lesse , by the names of pagan deuill-idoles ; which is s the worst , the vainest , and prophanest oath : therefore they must needes be odious , and abominable ; yea , displeasing vnto god , and dangerous vnto vs. thirdly , these oathes , these inuocations , and imprecations , as they renew those heathenish , and infernall deities , t whose memories should for euer rot : so they doe likewise ingender heathenisme , and prophanen●sse in mens liues , and speeches : u they alienate mens hearts , and thoughts from god , and heauenly things : they tip their tongues with vanitie , and prophanenesse , which x should flow with grace , and holinesse : they stampe their liues , and actions with dissolutenesse , and gracelesnesse : they cause them , y to liue without god , in this world ; and to admire , z and relish heathen deities , and discourses , more then god , or his soule-sauing word : how may , how dare wee then approoue them ? how can wee but condemne them ? yet loe the impious , and strange prophanen●sse , yea , the impudent , and sottish idolatrie of our sinfull age , which not onely tolerates , and applaudes , but likewise iustifies , and defends the naming , and inuocating of ; the swearing , and exclaiming by these hellish , heathenish deuill-idoles , in despight of gods command , with these two wittie , or rather a impudent pretences , and euasions . first , that these idoles are inuocated , adiured , named , imprecated , and sworne by , in sport , and merriment onely ; not seriously , or in earnest . secondly , that they are vttered by way of proxie , or representation onely ; not as the words , or oathes of the actors , but of some feined persons , whose parts they represent : so that they are not with in the compasse of the scriptures , and reasons fore-alleadged . to the first of these i answere : first , that the heathen poets did nominate , inuocate , adiure , adore , and supplicate these idoles , and discourse of all their genealogies , villanies , and obscenities , b but in a fabulous , and sporting manner , and that in theatricall enterludes , and poemes , as we now doe : yet this the fore-recited c fathers taxe in them , as grosse idolatrie ; as an abominable , and filthie crime . if then this were detestable , and idolatrous in them who knew not god , must it not bee much more so in vs , who not onely know him , but professe him too ? certainely , if their fabulous , and iesting discourses of these idoles , were a notorious crime , d ours cannot be lesse then an abominable , and transcendent wickednesse . secondly , the scriptures know no such distinction betweene iest , and earnest : they enioyne vs peremptorily : e not to make mention of the names of idoles ; f not to inuocate , or adiure them ; g not to sweare by them , h but vtterly to abolish both their memories , names , and reliques : which precepts being vniuersall negatiues , admit of no euasion : if then we may not name them , implore them , or sweare by them at all , i much lesse may wee doe it by way of sport , or merriment : since it is more tolerable , lesse hainous , to sinne in earnest vpon some pretended necessitie , k though no necessitie can once authorize or force vs for to ●inne , ) then thus to sinne in iest . thirdly , if this distinction of breaking gods commandements in iest , or earnest , should bee warrantable ; then euery man l as many doe , ) would dayly violate them by way of sport , and merriment , not in earnest , and yet they should bee no sinners , because they sinne in iest : and so all gods lawes should bee euacuated , religion vndermined , and sinne made a iest . fourthly , this inuocating , naming , and swearing by these heathen gods in iest , is farre more odious , and sinfull , then to doe it in good earnest , out of ignorant superstition , or blinde deuotion . he that sinnes thus in iest , and merriment , m sinnes more wittingly , wilfully , contemptuously , and presumptuously , then hee that sinnes in earn●st ; he contemnes , and slights both god , and these his precepts more ; hee loues , and approoues sinne more , n hee feares , and hates it lesse ; hee sinnes vpon fewer , and lesse weightie prouocations , then those who sinne in earnest : therefore his sinne is farre more hainous , and abominable then theirs is , or this his owne had beene , had hee committed it with greater seriousnesse , as the pagans did . fiftly , king solomon informes vs : o that it is the propertie of fooles to make a mocke of sinne , and a pastime to doe wickedly : p that hee who deceiueth his neighbour , ( much more then hee who q thinkes to deceiue god , yea deceiues himselfe , ) and saith : am i not in iest : is as a mad-man who casteth abroade fire-brandes , arrowes , and death . if then wee make a mocke , and sport of the names , and oathes of idoles , wee prooue our selues r but fooles , and mad-men , and cast abroade fire-brandes , arrowes , and death to our owne eternall ruine . sixtly , these lusorie , and sporting oathes , and imprecations by , or discourses of these idole-gods ; may now as well ingender heathenisme , and idolatrie , or foment a secret atheisme in mens hearts , s as they did in former times ; yea , they doe as really reuiue the names , the reliques , and memories of cursed idoles , ( which ●hould putrifie , and perish in obliuions lethe : ) and as t effectually propagate all prophanenesse , as if they were vttered in the most serious earnest . this iesting distinction therefore , of iest , and earnest , can neither palliate , nor salue this festered sore , nor iustifie these pagan , and infernall oathes , and passages , which christians must abominate , vnlesse they meane to deifie the deuill , and adore these idoles . lastly , the taking of gods name in vaine , is simply euill ; yea , so euill , u that god will not hold him guiltlesse , that taketh his name in vaine . but the attributing of a diuinitie to these idoles ; the stiling of them gods : the supplicating , and adiuring of them , together with the swearing by them , as god , with approbation , and delight ; and that by way of sport , and merriment onely , without any necessary , or vrgent cause , ( which is frequent in our stage-playes , ) is the x highest taking of gods name in vaine ; since both the m●rriments , passages , idoles , o●thes , imprecations , yea , the y very actors , spectacles , and enterludes themselues are wholly vaine ; therefore it must needes be sinfull in despite of this euasion . to the second , that they are vttered by way of proxie , or representation onely , not as the words , the oathes , and imprecations of the poets , or actors , but of those feined persons , whose parts they represent : i answere : first , that z it is sinfull to vtter , yea , to heare , and read such heathenish discourses , oathes , and imprecations as these , with approbation , and applause ; because the fore-quoted scriptures doe condemne them . secondly , it is infallibly true , a that euery man shall beare his owne iniquitie , and answere for his sinne : it is likewise as vnquestionably true ; b that these pagan oathes , and passages● are sinnes ; and that c they shall be● imputed as sinnes to some men , because no sinne can euer subsist without its proper subiect . if then all this bee granted : on whom shall all these oathes , these heathenish discourses , and imprecations light ? on the persons whose parts they helpe to fill ? why these are eith●r feined , or long since departed : or suppose they are aliue , d yet they giue no allowance to them , therefore they cannot rest on them : nee●es then must they rest vpon the poets , actors , and spectators heads , e their soules shall answere for them all at last , and then this vaine euasion will not helpe them . thirdly , this absurd delusion , hath neither colour , ground , nor warrant in the scripture ; which giues commission vnto none , to act an oth●rs part , or p●rson on the stage ; f much lesse , to personate anothers sinne , which is it selfe , an hainous sinne , well worthy of a thousand deathes . suppose that god should enter into iudgement with any play-poets , or actors , for these idolatrous imprecations , prophane , and pagan oathes , or heathenish stage-plaies , g as he will surely doe at last , ) what answere could they make ? can they say , that all was done in sporting mirth , or in the part , and person of some other , who gaue no such commission to them ? alas , this plea will not a●aile them then , let it not therefore g●ll , and cheate them now : questionlesse , all such incarnate deuills , who dare to countenance , admit , applaude , or act these idoles persons , parts , names , or oathes in iest , shall bee damned for them , in good earnest : as it was wittily , and truely said of nonresidents , and pluralitie ministers , who put ouer their flocke to hirelings : h that he who feedes his flocke by curate , shall perchance , goe to heauen by his vicar , but vndoubtedly to hell by himselfe : so hee who personates these heathen gods , or supplicates , or sweares by any of their names , by representation onely , in anothers person , may chance to enter heauen in that others person , but hell vndoubtedly , in his owne : these euasions therefore are but vaine , and cannot iustifie that they pleade for . thirdly , the scriptures doe expresly prohibit , the i personating of any sinne ; much more then , the acting of adulteries , incests , rapes , murthers , thefts , loue-prankes , or leaude , and execrable vanities of iupiter , bacchus , cupid , venus , and others of that diuelish , and infernall crew , which pester , and defile all theaters ; which saint chrysostome rightly stiles ; k the deuills shop . if wee did but suruay the scriptures , as seriously , as frequently , as wee behold these hellish enterludes , wee should there finde god himselfe commanding vs : to l absteine from all appearance of euill , yea from the very resemblances , and shewes of sinne : and can wee then personate , or act these grosse , and odious sinnes to the very life , ( whose representations are at leastwise , the appearances , and resemblances of sinne , ) without offence ? god himselfe enioynes vs , m not so much , as to make an idole , or the likenesse of any thing that is in heauen , or earth : and can we then lawfully take up , not onely the n interdicted names and rites , but even the very persons , images , habites , shapes , and representations of d●vill-idols ( expresly o prohibited by the second command●ment ) that so we may the p more liu●ly personate their most execrable wickednesses ; when as not onely q tertullian , and r st. basil ; but even an whole s generall councell , have both prohibited and condemned all representations , either of idols or divels , under the s●verest censures : because such representations , doe not onely cause men to frame the very images and portraitures of pagan deities , t which is grosse idolatry ; but likewise transforme even men themselves , ( the v most lively image of the living god ) into the very portraiture of those divell-idols , whose parts they are to act : and so turne the expresse image of god himselfe into the very image of the devill ; a sinne beyond expression : ) and yet deeme our selves guiltlesse of the breach of this most sacred precept ? it is the apostles peremptorie command : x but fornication and all uncleann●sse , and filthinesse and foolish talking , let it not be once named among you as becommeth saints : and can we then practise or approve , not onely the a●siduous commemoration of the names , but likewise the artificiall , if not reall acting , not onely of the parts , but also of the y incests , rapes , adulteries , whoredomes , and such like execrable abominations of the beastliest divell-gods , or infernall men-monsters ( which were z anciently exiled all such places where christs gospel came , as inconsistent with it , ) and yet thinke to passe for pious christians ? it was davids importunate prayer unto god ; a turne away my eyes from beholding vanity ( which b the fathers generally apply to stage-playes ) and quicken me in thy way : and can we , dare we then once turne our eyes , and eares ( which c should be alwayes centred upon god and heavenly objects , that might meliorate , nourish and refresh our soules , ) unto those matchlesse obscenities of pagan idols that are daily acted on the stage ( the d very filthinesse of which might cause even divels themselves to blush and tremble ) and yet flatter our selves , that we are in davids pious condition ? certainely , every true christian indeed ( if wee may beleve the scripture ) e doth feare and tremble , not onely at the act , but likewise at the very appearance and thought of sinne : yea , f he stoppeth his eares from bearing blood , and sh●tteth his eyes from seeing evill . and can wee then prove our selves to be christians , either in gods , or our owne consciences account , when as we are so fa●re from trembling , that we doe g even rejoyce at the sight , the hearing of these lewd theatricall enterludes : being so farre from shutting our eyes , or stopping up our eares against them , that we doe readily open them with greedinesse and delight to these infernall , diabolicall , prodigious stage-abominations , which h would pierce an heart of steele with gri●fe , and dissolve even eyes of adamant into brinish teares ? it was david● religious protestation , i i will set no wicked thing before mine eyes , i will not know a wicked person : and shall we k who ought to follow davids steps in this his pious practise , be never better recreated , more delighted , then when the laruated persons , parts and wickednesses of the very worst of men and devils , ( that are l every where abominable in the eyes of all men , but onely on the stage , m which hath n● such sanctifying vertue in it , as to make ill things good , when once they are brought upon it , ) are most emphatically represented to our eyes and eares at once ? it is registred of righeeous lot ; n that he dwelling among the wicked s●domites , vexed his righteous soule from day to day , in seeing and hearing their unlawfull deeds : and can any players or play-haunters then perswade themselves , that they are in lots condition , when as their unrighteous soules , are so farre from being vexed at the sight and hearing of those-more then sodomiticall uncleannesses of pagan deities , which are acted on the stage , o that they are more aboundantly recreated and delighted with them , then with all the soule-ravishing pleasures , of gods house , or the most delightfull consolations of his word and spirit , p before which they oft preferre them ? o the q horible incests , the execrable adulteries , rapes and whoredomes ; the vnparalleld wickednesses , the infernall practises of those lewd pagan-deities , and stupendiou● men-monsters that are daily acted on our theaters ? what chaste , r what modest christian heart can once recount , what tongue relate , what eye behold , what eare receive , what pen diseypher them ( unlesse s necessi●ated to display their filthinesse ) witho●t shame and horror , if not sinne it selfe ? are t not the very master-peeces , dregs and off-sceuring of all those horrid adulteries and transcendent wickednesses , that either the prauitie of man , or the wit of h●ll could hitherto invent , epitomized and diplayed on the stage ? doe not play-poets and common actors ( th● u divels chiefest factors ) rake earth and hell it selfe ; doe not they travell over sea and land ; over all histories , poemes , countries , times and ages for unparalleld villanies , that so they may pollute the theater with x all the hideous obscenities , with all the detestable matchlesse impieties , which hitherto m●n or divels have either actually perpetrated , or fabulous●y divulged ? what shall i record the severall y abominable adulteries of venus ; the i●finit suparlative incests , rapes , fornications , love-prankes , sodomies , murthers , cheats , with other such ex●crable wickednesses of iupiter , the very worst , though greatest of the pagan deities ? what shall relate the several b●astly flagitious practises , ceremonies , obsceniti●s , of iuno , bacchus , cupid . p●iapus , mars , serapis , atys , flora , the mother of the gods , or of the rest of that infernal crew , which come so frequen● on o●r theaters ? is not their fil●hinesse , their lewdnesse so barbarously , so stupendiously impious , z that it even strikes mens h●arts and tongues with horrour , forbidding them to relate it ? and can any then behold , or act these gros●e abominations with delight , ( the very relation of which is suf●●●ient to pollute the eares that heare them , the common aire that receives them , yea the breath that utters them ) and yet be innocent , be untainted by them ? alas , we cannot but with shame and griefe acknowledge , that our moderne play-poe●s doe not onely record and publish to posterity in their lascivious enterludes , the execrable lewd examples of our present age ( which a parallell or surpasse all those of former times ) but likewise b dive into oblivions deepest lethe , resuscitating those obsolete putred wickednesses of former ages , which hell had long since buried in ●er lowest cels , lest present and future times should be so happy as not to imitate them , or finally to forget them . and can we then act , or see the action of these moderne , these ancient , these moth●eaten filthy crimes , without a crime ? no verily . o therefore let stage-players c perish , yea , for ever perish , which thus revive the cursed memory of pagan idols , and their infernall wickednesses , whose remembrance should for ever be forgotten lest we perish by them : o let those filthy enterludes , those shamelesse actors , who feare not to display those shamefull workes of da●kenesse in the sight of thousands on the open theater , with more then d blushlesse impudency , which their very pagan , yea , infernall authors did even blush , ●id tremble to commit in sec●et , where no eye was present to behold them , but their owne , and that e omniscients , who is f omnipraesent , beholding both the evill and the good ; be ever execrable to all pious christians , g whose eyes and eares ●re for ever consecrated to that holy god , h who is p●rer of eyes then to behold the least iniquity , then to i approve our filthy stage●playes ; which might cause even heaven , earth , nay , hell to blush for shame , and move the very sunne it selfe to vaile his cristall beames for feare they should defile their light . the k scriptures , l fathers , m two famous councels , with n sundry protestant divines , have utterly condemned the making , the beholding of all obscene lascivious pictures ; as being a meane to enflame mens hearts with lusts , with filthy pleasures , and to draw them on to actuall uncleannesse . and shall not then those o lively , if not reall pictures and representations of the adulteries , rapes , incests ; love-prankes , murthers●●reasons , and other such practises of pagan idols , which ar● so artificially acted on the stage , that a man can hardly difference the representations of them from the sinnes themselves , be much more liable to condemnation on the selfe-same grounds ? doubtlesse , if the substance be evill , the p shadow of it cannot be good : if the person be odious , the picture will be such : if the thing acted be simply evill , the representation of it will resemble it . q all sinnes ( much more the r loathsome facts of devill-idols ) are detestably evill in themselves , s therefore the personating , the imitation of them on the stage , the characterizing of them in their freshest colours in our theatricall poems , must needs be sinfull , yea , abominable , unto all good christians . the t perpetrating of such sinnes is evill , therefore the personating . v quod in facto reijcitur , in dicto non est recipiendum . since then wee cannot but abominate these odious transcendent sinnes themselves , which sunke their originall authors , downe as low as the uery deepest depthes of hell it selfe , from whence there is no returne for ever , let us not justifie their representations , nor applaud their action . and so much the rather , x because these filthy divel-idols , ( as the fathers testifie , ) did heretofore , either really commit those beastly crimes that are acted in their persons on the stage ; or else purposely admit them to be poetically forged of them , and then openly to be divulged to the people o● the theater in their names , that so they might give a kinde of divine approbation or publicke allowance to these their notorious wickednesses by their owne personall examples , to animate and draw on the spectators more securely , more boldly to commit the selfesame sinnes , to the eternall ruine of their soules . whence athanasius informes us from his owne experience , y that the proclaiming of the vices of pagan idols on the stage , did much increase the sinnes of men . for when as they perceived their idol-gods to be delighted with such filthy sinnes , they presently fell to imitate them . insomuch that almost euery citie was fully fraught with all the filth and dregges of wickednesse , whiles they studied to conforme themselves to the sinnes and vic●s of their idols : there being not one chaste or sober man among all the worshippers of such vitious idol-gods ( as there are now few such among players and play-haunters ; those onely being appla●ded by them , whose lewdnesse was most notoriously knowne unto all men . if then the personating of the wickednesses of h●athen idols , be but a meere stratagem of satan , to encourage , to precipitate and allure men to the selfesame sinnes : if it revives the execrable memory of those infernall crimes z which should be buried in eternall oblivion : if it worke a loue , a liking , at lest-wise a slighting or lesse hating , of such hellish abominations in the hearts of men : if it be alwayes attended with the very lively a appearances , or , resemblances of evill , from which christians should absteins . if it doth b more advance the divels service , ( the originall author of stage-playes , c as himselfe , and d others testifie , ) then recreate the spectators ; which none can contradict , since satan gaines more soules , more service by them , then play-frequenters pleasure : this must , this cannot but enforce all christians for ever to abandon stage-playes , because they are thus pestered with the very grossest impurities of devill-idols , and the wor●t of men , e which should not once be named , ( much lesse then acted ) among christians . objection . but here our actors and play-haunters , f that they may seeme in this case to sinne honestly , or rather not to sinne at all ; frame these two justifications for the personating , the beholding of these their stage-obscenities . first , that in the personating of the vices of idol-gods and men , they alwayes introduce their virtues ; to the end that their virtues may be imitated , and their ●innes eschewed . secondly , that these their notorious wickednesses are thus personated , thus divulged on the stage to this very purpose , that the beholding of their filthinesse might learne men to * detest them : therefore the acting of them in this nature must needs be commendable , not unlawfull . answer . . to the former of these two allegations , i answer , first , that the virtues of idol-gods , or wicked men , are seldome brought upon the stage , but as they are vshered in by their very grossest sins : for in all our tragicall , in most of our comicall enterludes , g sinne is the primary , adequate and most proper subiect of the play , virtue , a parenthesis onely in the by : sinne is the mistresse , virtue but the handmaid , which occasionally sometimes attends it . vice hath the whole , at least the greatest share in all our stageplaies ; poore virtue hardly findes a part in any , most parts in none . the virtues therefore that are acted in our theaters , as they doe not ballance , so they cannot justifie nor excuse the vices . secondly , vice oft times acts it part alone upon the stage with great applause , whereas virtue seldome comes upon it but accompanied with a cloud of sundry spredding vices ; which as h they sooner pierce the hearts , a●d insinuate into the affections and liues of men then virtues ; so they i deprave their minds and manners more , then all the virtues of heathen men or idols can ever rectifie them , were they onely acted , alwayes magnified on the stage . as therefore k dead flies corrupt the oyntment of the apothecary , or as poyson vitiates holsome food ; so the contempering of some inferior virtues with more transcendent vices in our stage-playes , doth either turne these virtues into l poyson , or else deprive them of their efficacie . thirdly , the v●rtues magnified on the theater , are onely those of devill-gods , of gracelesse pagans , or desperate wicked men , who never had true virtue in thē . m no men are truly virtuous , but those who are truly religious : others ( as scypio , cato , fabritiꝰ , regulus , fabius , aristides , & the like ) may hav● the shadowes of virtue in thē , not the substance ; n which growes not in a devils , an idols , a pagan , or wicked persons , but in a * reall christians heart , wherein christs spirit dwels . it is the pr●perty of all true virtue , p to conquer , to expell all vice ; not to cohabit with it , or submit unto it : so that there can be no true vir●ue seated in such persons hearts , whose vertues are inferior to , or coexistent with t●eir vices . nay , all the vertues of those divell-idols , or heroicke pagans which players use to act , p were contaminated , deformed and controlled by their vices , to which they were inthralled ; therefore they are not true , but onely r bastard virtues , which have scarce the very huske of virtue in them . since then their virtues , are in truth no virtues , but meere empty s shadowes of virtue , or rather glittering sinnes , as the t fathers , and v some others stile them ; but their vices grosse and reall sinnes which plunge mens soules in endlesse misery● the acting of these feigned virtues ( which are as farre from reall virtues , as players are from those whose parts they act ) can never ballance , much lesse excuse , the personating of such execrable vices , which hel it selfe can hardly parallell . fourthly , the mutilated outside virtues of divell-gods , or gracelesse pagans , x as they can never make their imitators , or spectators truly ver●●ous ; so they are no fit patternes for a christian , who hath christ himselfe , the paragon of all virtue , together with all those saints and blessed martyrs , who tread his footsteps , for his platforme . christians , y as they must excell all pagans ( much more then divell-idol● ) in their virtues ; so they have farre more transcendent patternes of true virtue for to follow , then the best of pagans are . christ iesus is their z guide , a their way , b their example : c his virtues , his graces must they imitate ; him onely must they follow , and none else but him , or those d glorious saints of his , who walke as he hath walked . the supremest virtues of the most renowned pagans are to inferiour precedents for the meanest christians . the very worst of christians who shall ever enter heaven gates , must transcend the virtues of the best of pagans : for the scripture is peremptory : e that except our righteusnesse exceed the righteousnesse of the scribes and pharisees ( much more then the degenerate copper virtues of heathen infidels ) we shall in no case enter into the kingdome of heaven . how then can we take those heathen virtues for our examples f which we must farre excell ? the copie must surpasse the hand ; the sampler , the needle-worke which doth but imitate it . the rule must needs bee more exactly perfect , then that which is squared or directed by it ; else all will bee erronious . for christians then , who g should soare above all others , to stoope to pagan virtues , or to allay their sublimer mettall to their * courser temper , is to degenerate into pagans ; to prove worse , yea , lesse then christians . it is all one , as for an expert artificer to lay aside his skill , to imitate a bungler : or for a schoole-master to give over teaching , and to subject himselfe to the tutorship of his rudest scholler . pagans and devill-idols ( whose parts come frequentest on the stage , ) h are the very worst of creatures ; there is no such grace or virtue in them , as is either seemely , necessary , or essentiall to a christian. and shall christians then resort to play-houses , to learne true virtue from such sinkes of sinne ; i such glowormes , shadowes or carcasses of virtue , as these idols , these pagans were , whose very virtues led them but to hell ? doubtlesse it is but a very heathenish , gracelesse , divellish practise ; yea , a very shame and blemish to religion thus to doe ; as if christs own example , the examples of his saints , the precepts of his word , were not k sufficient to teach christians virtue ; but that they must resort to divell-gods , to infidels , to stage-playes for to learne it . the acting therefore of such counterfeit virtues , for the ends pretended , is no plea to justifie stageplayes , much lesse the action of the forenamed vices . fiftly , if there be such virtues taught and acted in our playes , as is surmised , i wonder much why our l eminentest actors , our most assiduous play-haunters , are more generally , more desperately vitious then most other m●n , as i shall proove m anon ? certainly , if there were any virtue to bee learnt from stageplayes , or those pagan virtues that are acted in them , our players , our play-hunters would have been good proficients , not retrogrades , in the schoole of virtue , long ere this ; whereas they are now nought else but graduates , but chiefe artists in the schoole of vice. either therefore there is no good , no virtue to be learnt from stage-playes , ( as in truth n there is not ) or else their vices are farre more active , more infectious then their virtues , or else the actors , the spectators of our playes are past all grace , all virtue which our playes can teach them , o since they learne it not . sixtly , admit there be some virtues acted in our stage-playes , yet there are farre more vices . now as p men by nature are more propense to imitate mens vices then their virtues ; even so it fares with stage-playes . all practise , all take up their vices , none their virtues : all prove the worser , none the better by them . the q hurt , the sinnes , the vices which they hatch and foster , are obvious unto all mens view ; wee see , we reade them both in the actors and spectators liues , who make a daily progr●sse in the wayes of vice : the good , the virtue which they teach is yet unknowne to the world ; we heare , we see it not . since then our stage-playes are so barren in producing virtue , so strangely fruitfull in ingendring vice ; their goodnesse will not , cannot ballance , nor assoile their ill . seventhly , suppose there are some reall virtues acted in our enterludes ; yet who can be so grosly stupid , as to thinke , to learne any grace or virtue from a play-house ? who * ever sought for gold , for pearles in dirt ? for a s chrystall spring in filthy mire ; for holesome water in a noysome kennell ? who ever resorted to a pest-house to looke for health , or drunke downe poyson to preserve his life ? who ever posted to a tippling alehouse to seeke sobriety ; or to a stewes to learne true chastity ? v play-houses , ( as the fathers testifie , ) are the very nurseries , schooles and marts ; the very shops and sinkes of all vice and wickednesse whatsoever : they are the very devils temples , venus her synagog●es , vices oratories , sinnes pallaces , hels ware-houses , pollutions thro●e , religions slaughter-house , virtues pesthouse ; and shall wee then flocke to them to learne true virtue ? can gaull yeeld hony , or a flintstone milke ? can sinne beare virtue , or prophanesse grace ? then playes and play-houses , ( the very x grand empoysoners of all grace , all vertue , yea , the very y devils ●ets to catch mens soules ) may make men truly virtuous . let vs not therefore seeke for vertue in a play-house where it growes not , as too many doe , for feare we fraught our selves with nothing but a load of vice , which will sinke our soules for ever to the dephes of hell. lastly , the church of god , not the play-house , is the onely schoole ; the scriptures , sermons , devout and pious bookes ; not playes , not play-books , are the onely lectures , the ministers and saints of god , or rather z god himselfe ; not common actors , not those divell-idols , a who rule and worke in stage-playes , the onely tutors of true virtue : true b virtue is a plant that comes from heaven , growing onely in the churches , not the stages garden . c philosophy and phylosophers could not teach it ; and can playes or players doe it ? o no : it is the prerogative royall of the king of heaven , d to teach men virtue ; and that not by stage-playes , or lascivious poems , e but by his word and spirit onely , which breathe not in our theaters : it is then a f sacriledge , ye● , a madnesse , to relinquish god , his church , his word , his ordinances , his saints ( the onely fountaines of true virtue ) as too many doe , to seeke out virtue in playes , in play-houses , which are no other but the sinkes of vice. answer . to the second objection ; that stage-playes doe not teach , g but discover vices , that so men may learne to hate them , not affect them : i answer first ; that it is h god onely by his word and spirit , who must teach vs to abhorre all vice ; not stage-playes , the very i fuell of all sinne and lust . secondly , if there were any such virtue in stage-playes , as to alienate mens affections from the vices which they personate , they would then no doubt , not onely haue reclaimed the ancient play-admiring pagans and comedians , but likewise our moderne play-poets , players , and play-haunters from all those lewd and filthy vices which come most frequently on the stage . but i never yet could heare or reade of any ancient or moderne actor , composer , or spectator of any theatricall enterludes , whom playes recalled from the love , the practise of any vices , that were ever acted on the stage , wheras they have drawne milions for to imitate them . therefore there is no such k hidden virtue in them . to cause men to abandon vice : which if there were , it would have emptied our l vicious play-houses long ere this , and have made our lascivious , adulterous , amorous playes , so odious , that none durst approch them , for feare of being polluted by them . thirdly , stage-playes are so farre from working an abhorring , that they produce , not onely a loue and liking , but also animitation of those pernicious vices that are acted in them , m which are commonly set forth with such flexanimous rhetoricall pleasing , ( or n rather poysoning ) streines ; with such patheticall , liuely and sublime expressions , with such insinuating gestures ; with such variety of wit , of art and eloquence , o that if ever men did hate them from their hearts before , they cannot affect , at least approve , or but lesse detest them now : they being p prone enough by nature for to practise them , without any allectives to edge them on . this practise therefore of acting vices , doth onely propagate them , not restraine them . fourthly , if stageplayes had beene fit lectures , play-houses apt schooles to instruct men to abandon vice , the q primitive church , together with sundry councels , fathers , and moderne christian writers of all sorts , would never have so frequently condemned , so constantly avoyded stage-playes , as the fruitfull nurseries of all sinne and wickednesse ; prophane and vitious persons would never flocke so fast unto them , as they use : yea , the very devill himselfe , ( whom r not onely nature , but likewise long experience hath made exceeding politick ) would never have bin so improvident as to s invent , to propagate , so inconsiderate as to multiply , to perpetuate stage-playes to his owne great preiudice , were they such disswasiues from vice , from wickednesse , such attractiues unto virtue , as these pleade they are , how truely let all men iudge . fiftly , stageplayes themselves , as the t sequell will at large demonstrate , are pernicious sin-producing , vice-fomenting pleasures , which all godly christians have condemned : for any man then to vndertake to make men hate vice by frequenting stage-playes , is but v to cure one vice with another , or to prevent a lesser mischiefe with a greater ; yea , it is in truth nought else , but to make vice a balme , an antidote against it selfe ; and x to make ill men good againe , with that selfe-same thing which made them evill at the first : a paradox beyond my stupid apprehension . sixtly , the acting of forreine obsolete , and long-since forgotten villanies on the stage , is so farre from working a detestation of them in the spectators mindes ( who perchance were utterly ignorant of them , till they were acquainted with them at the play-house , and so needed no dehortation from them ; ) that y it oft excites degenerous dunghill spirits , who haue nothing in them for to make them eminent , to reduce them into practice , of purpose to perpetuate their spurious ill-deserving memories to posteritie , at least-wise in some tragicke enterlude . it is z storied of herostratus ; that hee set the great and famous temple of diana at ephesus on fire , for this very end ; ut nomen memoria sceleris extenderet ; that the very m●mory of this his villanous exploit might eternize his base obscure name , and adde vnto his fame . a aude aliquid brevibus gyaris & carcere dignum sivis esse aliquis : is the onely rode , the best , the speediest passage , that sordid desperate obscure spirits know or take to honour , wealth or fame , especially in declining , b vi●ious , turbulent or discontented times . wherefore since obsolete c unknowne sinnes , are alwayes freest from imitation , and more d ●asily avoyded then sinnes divulged , though with shame , disdaine or punishment ; whence e wise lawgivers , have rather chosen , to inact no publike lawes against vnnaturall rare-committed crimes , then to prohibit them by publike edicts , vnder the severest punishments , for feare the publike knowledge of them , by meanes of knowen edicts , should make them more f frequent in mens practise ; it were g farre more commodious , lesse dangerous , lesse pernitious , that those vnparalleld forgotten villanies , whose memory is revived on the stage , were for ever drowned in oblivion , then re-imprinted in mens mindes by vice-perpe●uating stage-playes : * ne exempla fiant quae iam esse facinora destiterunt ; least our depraved times should make those moth-eaten wickednesses , the patternes of their imitation , which all-devouring antiquitie had expunged , out of the much enlarged catalogue of moderne sinnes . lastly , if stage-playes doe onely discover vices for to make them odious , then those lascivious pagans who most delighted in them , should have beene meliorated and mor●alized by them . but the best christian and pagan authors vnanimously agree : that theatricall playes and poems were the chiefe corrupters of their mindes and manners , the most effectuall propagators of all kinde of vice , k there being none so vitious and lascivious , as those pagan greekes and romans , who most frequented stage-playes . therefore the acting of such vices doth daily propagate and diffuse them , not decrease them . since therefore the subiect matter of stage-playes is thus heathenish , vitious and prophane , consisting of the fabulous histories , ceremonies , vices , names , and execrable wickednesses of pagan gods and men , l which should not once be named among christians ; we may hence also conclude them to be sinfull , and utterly unlawfull unto christians . scena qvarta . fourthly ; the subject matter of our stage-playes , is for the most part , false and m fabulous ; consarcinated of sundry merry , iudicrous , officious artificiall lies , to delight the eares of carnall auditors . from whence i forme this eight argument . that whose subject matter consists of sundry forged fables , of artificiall , merry affected lies , must needs be odious and unlawfull unto christians , n who must abandon lies . but such is the subject matter of most comicall , of many tragicall enterludes . therefore they must needs be odious and unlawfull unto christians . the minor is evident , not onely from experience , and the concurrent suffrages of o sundry fathers , and p pagan authors , who stile stage-playes , fabulous , artificiall , sporting lies , from whence they take occasion to condemne them : but likewise by the copious testimony of sundry ancient q play-poets , who stile their playes by the very name of fables , lies , and figments . the maior needes no large dispute . for since every lye is diametrally contrary to r the god of truth : ●ince s it proceedes originally from the very devill , who is a lyer , and the father of lies : since it is dir●ctly opposite to the t spirit and v word of truth , which enjoyneth every man , ( especially the children of god ) : x to speake no lies ; to put away lying : y to refuse prophane and oldwives fables , with all idle fabulous tales and babblings : x to hate all such who delight in lying vanities ; and to speake nought else but truth ; a because whosoever loveth and maketh a lie , shall be excluded the new ierusalem , and have his portion in that lake which burnet● with fire and brimstone for ever : since b sundry of the fathers recorded in the margent , have abundantly condemned all sorts of lies ; as well officious , fabulous and sporting , as pernicious : and since divers c paga● authors haue positi●ely c●nsured , all ●udicrous lies and poems composed onely for delight ; we cannot but sub●scribe unto the maior , as an undoubted truth , and so by consequence to the conclusion too . since therefore stage-playes are d but merry lies ; and since e saint ambrose informes us ; that all those who loue a lie , are the children of the devill , the father of lies ; let this cause us to detest all fabulous lying stageplayes , as f the very snares and traps of satan , ●or feare we prove the divels of-spring , who hath no inheritance but hell to leave us . scena qvinta . fiftly , the subject matter of stage-playes is oftimes impious , sacrilegious , blaspemou● , and that in sundry respects . first , in that the sacred names of god the father , sonn● , and holy ghost ( which g ought n●t to be mentioned but with reverence and holy feare ) are frequently recited on the stage , ( too prophane , too impious a place for such dreadfull holy names to come into ) and that in a sacrilegious , blasphemous , ridiculous , impious sporting manner , to their great dishonour and h pollution . hence was that passionate exclamation of clemens alexandrinus against the gentiles : i o impietie : you have made the theater heaven : you have made god himselfe an act ; that which is holy haue you also derided under the person of divels ; you have lustfully and fili●ily polluted religion and the true worship of god , with the superstitions of devils . hence was it , that tertullian in his booke , de spectaculis cap. . chrysost. homilie . on matthew : salvian de gubernatione dei lib. . the k third councell of carthage , canon● . with sundry others , did long since stile all stage-players , l blasphemers : because they did not onely m deride , abuse , and personate their owne idol-gods upon the stage , for which the christians taxed them : but likewise n blasphemously prophane , satyrically traduce the very sacred names of god the father , sonne , and holy ghost , in their publike enterludes ; whence the fathers laid no lesse then blasphemy to their charge . a sinne to frequent in our moderne stage-playes , where these dreadfull names ( to our shame , playes ruine be it written ) are most desperately prophaned , most athei●tically blasphemed . witnesse our owne late religious o statute , of tertio iacobi chapter . where our soveraigne lord the king , together with the lords spirituall and temporall , and commons in that parliament ●ssembled , for the preventing and auoyding ●f the great abuse of the holy name of god in stage-playes and enterludes , which then grew common , enacted this pious law ( which is p seldome or never put in execution , because few else but such who delight in blasphemy , and therefore are unlikely to prove informers against it , resort to stage-playes ; ) that if at any time or times after that session of parliament determined , any person or persons in any stage-play , enterlude , may-game , or pageant should jestingly or prophanely speake or use the holy name of god , or of christ iesus , or of the holy ghost , or of the trinity , which are not to be spoken but with feare and reverence● that for every such offence by him or them committed , he or they should forfeit q ten pounds . the one moitie thereof to the kings majestie , his heires and successors : the other moitie thereof to him that will sue for the same in any court of record in westminster , wherin no essoigne or wager of law shall be allowed . a sufficient evidence to testifie the execrable blasphemy of our domesticke enterludes ; since , r ex malis moribus optimae oriuntur leges : & emendari quam peceare posterius est . secondly , as these sacred names , even so the histories , texts , and sacred passages of holy scripture ( which s should not so much as come within the polluted lips of gracelesse actors , especially t in sports , in plac●s of prophannesse ) are oft-times most atheistically , irreligiously , blasphemously acted , vttered , prophaned , derided , mis-applied , j●sted at , and sported with in stage-playes . this v authors , this experience largely testifie , to the griefe of all good christians , and if this bee not sufficient , we haue the expresse authority of an act of parliament , even x of● ● and of henry the . chapter . which irrefragably confirmes this truth . now for christians thus to abuse the word of god , and scripture histories on the stage , what is it but the very height of all impietie , which well deserves gods heaviest judgements : it is y storied , of theopompus an historian , and of theodect●s a tragaedian ; tha● god strucke the one of them with madnesse , the other with blindnesse for a season : the one , for inserting a part of moses sacred writing into his prophane story ; the other of them for intermixing some passages and histories of the old testament with his lascivious play-poems ; neither were they restored to their sight , or senses , till they had particularly repented of this their wickednesse . if then these pagans , for these their scripture prophanations did undergoe so sharpe , so exemplary a judgement ; what a severe punishment may those christian play-poets , actors and spectators looke for , who wilfully prophane those sacred scriptures on the stage , by which they must be z sanctified and directed now , and a judged at the last ? what a stupendious impietie , a desperate blasphemy and prophannesse is it , for m●n , for chri●tians , to turne the most serious oracles of gods sacred word into a play , a iest , a fable , a sport , a may-game ? b to temper the c purest scriptures with the most obscene lascivious play-poems , that filthinesse or prophannesse can invent ? to pollute those sacred histories on the theater , d the very house and synagogue of the devill , which the sanctifying spirit of god hath for ever consecrated and e bequeathed to the church of god ? to make the f sin-slaying , the lust-mortifying , g soule-converting word of god , the h onely evidence of our salvation ; a meere pander to mens beastly lusts , their ribaldrous mirth , their gracelesse wits , and carnall jollity ; yea , a meere instrument to the very devill himselfe i , who rules in stage-playes ; and so an k obsignation of their just damnation . doubtlesse , as the damnablenesse of this most execrable impietie , ( which is next of kinne to that l unpardonable sinne of blasphemy against the holy ghost , the m author of the script●res ) transcends my narrow expressions ; so the eternall tormens alotted to it , doe surpasse mens largest thoughts . and yet it now acts it's part so frequently , so pla●sibly on the stage , that many cease , not onely to apprehend no sinfulnesse , no danger in it , but also deeme it worthy of their best applause . alas , with what face or confidence ; with what joy or hope can such heare or reade the scriptures in the church , who thus actually * prophane them , or heare them thus prophaned in the play-house ? with what assurance can they call upon the name of god , of christ for mercy at th● last , who delightfully resort unto those theaters , where they ar● frequently blasphemed and prophaned now ? can any thus abuse , pollute gods holy name , or word ; and yet hope for consolation , for absolution , for salvation from them at the last ? can any thus blaspheme the name of god , of christ , or patiently indure the audience of such blaspemies as are belched out against them on the stage ; and yet dare to invocate them in their greatest exigencies ? certainly , n god will not , christ will not thu● be mocked . let not such blasphemers then as these o expect any thing from gods hands , but wrath , & vengeance , th● onely portion of their cup , unlesse they speedily repent of these their damnable , prophane , blasphemous stage-playes , which thus abuse the sacred scriptures , in a transcendent manner . thirdly , as the historicall passages of the old testament , so the historie of christs death , and the celebration of his blessed sacraments , are oft times prophaned in theatricall enterludes , especially by popish priests and iesuites in forraigne parts : p who , as they have turned the sacrament of christs body and blood into a masse-play ; so they have likewise trans-formed their masse it-selfe , together with the whole story of christs birth , his life , his passion , and all other parts of their ecclesiasticall service into stage-playes . this , not onely q protestant writers , but even their owne records ( where the index epurgatorius hath not clipt their tongues ) doo largely testifie , to their shame . aeneas silvius , surnamed pope pius the second : as the records of himselfe , that he was much given to wine , to ven●ry , belly-cheere and other beastly lusts , . and that he begot a bastard sonne on the body of an e●glish woman , whose chastity he oft solicited before hee could prevaile ; in which fact , which sonne of his , he much rejoyced , as his owne epistle witnesses : such was his pius papall chastitie . so he is not ashamed to publish to the world ; that in his younger yeeres he penned the wanton comaedie of crisid , with other am●rous poems : and in his elder dayes in honour of corpus christi feast , he caused a shew or stage-play to be acted , wherein was represented the court , of the king of heaven , and god the father sitting in majestie : together with god the sonne , ( o blasphemie , o prophannesse beyond all expression ) offering up the blessed virgin his mother , taken out of her sepulchre , unto his aeternall father . what wickedness● , what blasphemie like to this , as thus to deifie a player , and to bring the very throne , the majesty of god himselfe , yea , the persons of the eternall father , sonne , and god of glory on the stage . but peace , it was an vn-erring pope that did it , and so perchance it was no sinne at all in him . honorius augustodunensis , an author of some credit among the romanists , in his booke , r de antiquo ritu missarum . lib. . cap. . the title of which chapter is , de tragaedijs : to signifie to the world , that the popish masse is now no other but a tragicke play , writes thus , q wee must know that those who rehearsed tragedies on theaters , did represent unto the people by their gestures , the acts of fighters . so our tragedian ( thus hath he stiled the masse-priest , how aptly the ensuing words enforme us ) represents unto the christian people by his gestures , the combate of christ in the theater of the church , and inculcates into them the victory of his redemption . therefore when the presbyter saith , ( pray yee ) he acteth or expresseth christ , who was cast into an agony for us , when he admonished his apo●tles to pray . by his secret silence , he signifieth christ led to the slaughter as a lambe without a voyce . by the stretching out of his hands , he denotes the extension of christ upon the crosse. by th● song of the pr●face , be expresseth the cry of christ , hanging vpon the crosse , &c. loe here a roman masse-priest becomes a player , and in stead of preaching , of reading , acts christs passion in the masse ; which this author stiles , a tragedy . lodovicus vives complaines , r that it was the custome of the priests and papists in his age , when as the solemnity of christs death was celebrated , to exhibite playes unto the people , not much different from those ancient pagan ent●rludes ; of which practise ( saith he ) though i say no more , whosoever shall heare , he will repute it discommendable enough , even in this regard , that playes should be made in a thing most serious , there iudas is derided , uttering the most foolish things he can devise , whiles he betrayeth christ. there the disciples flie , the souldiers pursuing them , and that not without the dirision and laughter , both of the actors and spectators . there peter cu●s off the eare of malchus , the ignorant multitude applauding him , as if by this meanes the captivity of christ were sufficiently revenged . and a little after , he who had fought so valiantly , being affrighted with the questions of one little girle , denies his master , the multitude deriding in the meane time the maide that questions him , and hissing a● peter who denies him . among so many players , among so many shoutes and ridiculous fooleries christ onely is serious and grave : and when as hee endeavours to eliciate sorrowfull affections ; i know not by what meanes , not there onely , but likewise at the sacraments and holy ordinances he waxeth cold , with the great wickednesse and impiety , not so much of those who behold or act these things , as of the priests , who appoint these things to be done . loe here their owne author declaiming against popish priests for their frequent acting of christs passion , in the very selfe-same manner , as the pagans of old did vse to act the lives and practises of their devill-gods . a sufficient testimony , how little papists really estimate the bitter passion of our blessed saviour , since they make a common play or pastime of it . this passage of vives hath so offended the histrionicall masse-priests , that s gaspar quiroga in his index expurgatorius , commands it to be expunged out of all new impressions of saint augustine , and the divines of lovan , in their impression of saint augustines workes , antwerp● . and in other of their editions since that time , have razed it out accordingly , that so they might still proceed to act chri●ts passion without controll . to passe by t ioannes langhecrucius , a popish author , who makes mention of this playing of christs sufferings , and seemes for to approve it . as also to pretermit the v statute of primo edw. . chap. . which informes us , that divers papists ●ad then of late marveilou●ly abused , contemptuously depraved , despised and reviled , the most holy sacrament of christs body and blood , in sundry rimes , songs , playes , and iests ; calling it by such vile and unseemely words as christian eares doe much abhorre to heare rehearsed : an uparalleld blasphemy and prophannesse : the provinciall popish x councell of colen under adolphus , in the yeere . cap. . and . not onely impliedly allowes the acting of sacred histories , but likewise expresly records ; y that when as the church carryed about the consecrated hoste of christs body and blood in long processi●ns ( the reason of which processions are there at large expressed ) the secular vanity of worldly men did creepe into those processi●ns ; in so much , that they joyned with them prophane and scurrilous playes with a great noyse ; and as if they were going to warre , drummes and fiffes were strucke up , and idle spectacles which suite not with these things were exhibited : with which the people being delighted , they were wholly avocated from the things done in procession , whence this councell commands all clergy men to absent themselves from such processions , which were turned into playes . yea , the popish * synodus carnotensis , an . . & synodus turvinra . . informes vs , that catholicke priests , in the dayes of the first masses of their new presbyters , after their merry feasts , their great and unhallowed banquets , did goe forth in publike to exhibite most grosse unchaste comaedies to the people , and that in the feast of saint nicholas , i●nocents , and on other festivals , they did put on visars , and act some ridiculous or foolish thing , ( and sometimes the passion of our saviour , or these of their sai●ts & martyrs either in their churches or some other place . it is true , that some few italian bishops , being ashamed of this diabolicall practise , of the z paganizing church of rome , in acting christs passion , did in a councell at millaine , under their archbishop borrhomaeus , in the yeare of our lord , . decree for their province ; a that the passion of our saviour should not be hereafter acted in any sacred or prophane place whatsoever , because of the scandall which it did occasion : but yet to qui● the credit of their church which might justly be taxed for approving this ungodly practise , b they put this faire glosse upon this so execrable villany ; that the acting of christs passion , however it came to be abused , was a custome religiously practised and brought in at first : * a most irreligious evasion of ambitious spirits , who would rather audaciously justifie their greatest errours to their greater infamy ; d then ingeniously acknowledge them to their praise . but hath his provinciall councell or * synodi●s carnotensis , . and synod●●s turonica , . which are much to the like effect , abolished this abuse out of the antichristian church of rome ? no verily , for the iesuites themselves are not ashamed to publish to the world , e that in stead of preaching the word of god● the fall of adam and eve , with their exile out of paradise , and the history of our saviour , they acted and played them among their indian proselites . a true iesuiticall practise , beseeming well this histrionicall infernall society , f who have turned the very truth of god into a lie , and the * whole service of god into an enterlude . and no wonder is it that papists and iesuites thus turne christs passion into a meere ridiculous stage-play , ( a practise yet in use among them , especially on * good-friday : ) since g pope leo the tenth , ( such was his unerring pious blasphemy ) reputed the whole history of our saviour , a meere cheating gai●efull fable ; as we may justly seare these acting priests and iesuites doe , or else they durst not thus to play it , to abuse it as we see they doe . and as ●hey thus act the sacred passion of our blessed saviour , even so ( if * fitz-stephen h polydor virgil , bochellus , or francis de croy , may be credited ) they act the lives , the miracles , the martyrdomes torments and legions of their saints upon their solemne festivals , and that within their churches in their mother tongue ; not out of any devotion , but for mirth anb recreation sake , after the manner of the ancient pagans . saint augustine , writing of the honour ( not of the adoration , a thing not then in vse ) which the christians gave the martyrs in his age ; informes us ; i that they did neither exhilerate them with their crimes ; nor yet with filthy playes , with which the gentiles did vsually delight their idol-gods . yet our novellizing romanists , ( who k vaunt so much of antiquity , though their whole religion , ( wherein they varry from us ) be but novelty ) abandoning the pious practice of these primitive christians , ( conscious to themselves no doubt , that many of their late canonized tiburne-martyrs , were no other , no better then the devil-gods of pagans , l who were oft-times deified for their notorious villanies , as popish saints are for their matchlesse treasons ; ) have not onely m adored them as gods , erecting temples to their names and worship : but likewise solemnized their anniversary commemorations , by personating in their severall temples , the blasphemous lying legends of their lives and miracles , ( so fit for no place as the stage it selfe ) in some theatricall shewes ; adoring and honouring them in no other manner , then the very pagans did their devil-gods , with whō these ●ell-saints are most aptly n paralleld . such honour , such worship give the papists to our blessed saviour , to these their idolized saints , as thus to turne , not onely o their priests into players , their temples , into theaters ; but even their very miracles , lives , and sufferings into playes . to leave the papists and close up this scene . it is p recorded of one porph●ry a pagan stage-player , that he grew to such an height of impiety , as he adventured to baptize himselfe in ●est upon the stage , of purpose to make the people laugh at christian baptisme , and so to bring both it and christianity into contempt : and for this purpose he plunged himselfe into a vessell of water which he had placed on the stage , calling aloud upon the trinity : at which the spectators fell into a great laughter . but loe the goodnesse of god to this prophane miscreant ; it pleased god to shew such a demonstration of his power and grace upon him , that this q sporting baptisme of his , became a serious lauer of regeneration to him : in so much that of a gracelesse player , he became a gracious christian , and not long after , a constant martyr . the r like i find registred of one ardalion , another heathen actor , who in derision of the holy sacrament of baptisme , baptized himselfe in jest vpon the stage , and by that meanes became a christian ; gods mercy turning this his wickednesse to his eternall good : not any wayes to justifie playes or players , or to countenance this his audacious prophannesse ; but even miraculously to publish to the world the power of his owne holy ordinaces , which by the co-operation of his spirit , are even then able to regenerate those s who most contemne them , when they are used but in scorne . these notable histories , with the premises , sufficiently evidence , the subject matter of stage-playes to be oft-times impious , sacrilegious , blasphemous : from whence i raise this ninth argument . that whose subject matter is impious , sacrilegious , blasphemous , must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto christians . witnesse levit. . . to . kings . . . isay . . . c. . . matth. . . luke . . tim. . , but such oft-times , is the subject matter of stage-playes : witnesse the premises . therfore they must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto christians . scena sexta . sixtly , stage-playes are for the most part satyrically invective against the persons , callings , offices and professions of men ; but more especially against religion and t religious christians , the chiefest objects of the divels malice . from whence i deduce this tenth play-oppugning argument . that whose stile , whose subject matter is ordinarily satyricall and invective , being fraught with bitter scoffes or jests against religion , virtue , and religious christians ; against the persons , callings , offices , or honest professions of men ; must needs be odious and unlawfull unto christians . but such is the ordinary stile and subject matter of most popular stage-playes . therefore they must needs be odious and unlawfull unto christians . the major needeth little proofe , since god himselfe injoynes all christians , v to put away all bitternesse , anger , wrath , clamour , and evill speaking , with all maliciousnesse : to be courteous and tender-hearted one towards another ; x not rendring railing for railing ; y but forbearing one another , and forgiving one another , if any one hath any quarrell against another , ( much lesse then when as there are no personall variances betweene men ) even as god for christs sake hath forgiven them , the scripture requires , z that christians should be patient , peaceable , gentle , easie to be entreated , full of mercy , and good fruits without grudging or calumny , without hypocrysie or backbiting , a without rayling or slanders , especially against b godly men , whose lives , whose persons , whose graces should no where be traduced , much lesse upon the stage . mens persons c are the worke and image of g●d himselfe ; their honest callings , offices and imployments , the very d ordinances of god : their graces , their holinesse ( to omit their credit and good names , e which are better then precious oyntment , yea , more desirable by farre than great riches ) the very beames f that flow from the sunne of righteousnesse : wherefore , to personate , deride , revile , or scoffe at all , or any of these , upon the theater , g must needs be sinfull ; because it not onely brings them into contempt and scorne , but also offers open h indignitie to god himselfe , from whom they issue . the minor is abundantly evident . first , by the expresse testimony of prophane author● : it is i storied of aristophanes , that scurrilous carping comaedian , that he personally traduced and abused virtuous● socrates on the stage , by the instigation of some lewde athenians● who maligned him for his resplendent vertues ; accusing him both for a trifler , an atheist , who did neither know nor reverence the gods ; of purpose to bring him into derision with the people . k eupolis the comaedian , did the like to that famous graecian worthy , alcebiades , for which he commanded him to be drowned in the sea. l aristotle writes of comaedians , that they are wholly occupied in surveying , in deriding the vices of other men , which they proclaime upon the stage , whence he rankes them in the number of traducers , and evill● speakers . m isocrates blames the athenians much , for preferring comaedians who did nothing but carpe at them , and blaze abroad their vices to their infamy , before such who best deserved at their hands . diogenianus in n plutarch , reputes it an unbefitting thing , to entertaine players , or their comedies at any solemne feasts ; because their virulent invectives , scoffes , and jests , would occasion sudry quarrels and debates . the o lacedamonians banished all stage-playes , players , and play-poets , out of their territories ; because they could not endure to heare their lawes carped at , or spoken against in jest or earnest . p tiberius exiled all stage-players out of italy , by reason of those many commotions which their insolent personall invective playes occasioned . to passe by that famous q gracian p●ricles , who was oft times personated and traduced on the theater : r dionysius ha●●icarnasseus describing the ancient enterludes of the romans , records : that cavillatorie and satyricall playes were of old received among the romans : in which playes it was lawfull for the actors to cast iambickes , scoffes and floutes upon the most illustrious persons , yea , upon the emperors themselves : as it was lawfull heretofore among the athenians , for those who accompanied their triumphes and shewes in wagons , to scoffe at any they met withall , which liberty of ●c●f●ing , ( as * ovid testifies ) was likewise vsed in the floralian stage-playes . so that invective playes were common , both with the romans and athenians . s athenaeus records : that comaedians abound in personall scoffes , reproaches , taunts ; which are frequent in the comaedies of aristophanes : yea , t horace the poet , is very copious in describing the personall invectives of playes in former times , v especially the fescennia , and the ancient comedy , which spared neither friends nor foes ; whose personall invectives grew so excessive , so odious and intollerable , that the romans inacted a law against them , to suppresse their vile abuses ●n this kinde . this concurrent testimony then of pagan authors , is a sufficient justification of my minors truth . secondly , as these heathen writers , even so the fathers , with sundry ancient and moderne authors doe positively affirme the truth of this assumption . witnesse philo iudaeus , his punctuall testimonie , de vit● contemplativa ; page . clemens alexandrinus oratio adhortatoria ad gentes , fol. , . tatianus oratio adversus graecos , bibl. patr●m tom. . p. . . x tertullian de spectaculis cap. , . cyprian epist. lib. . epist. . donato , & de spectaculis lib. arnobius adversus gentes . lib. . p. . . & lib. . p. . to . hierom. epist. . cap. . ambrose de officijs , lib. . cap. . chrysostome homil . . in matth. nazianzen . oratio . p. . d. . d. augustine de civitate dei lib. . cap. . . and . and ● sancti valeriani homilia . de otiosis verbis , bibliotheca patrum : tom. . pars . p. . . ludovicus vives , notae in august . de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . . . . bulli●gerus de theatro lib. . cap. . . and . gosson in his playes confuted , action . the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , p. . . doctor iohn whites sermon at pauls crosse , march . . section . ( to which i may add● our owne statutes of . edw. . chapter . of . and . edw. . chap●er . of . eliz. chapter . which precisely prohibit the satyricall depravi●g , traducing , or derogation of the common prayer-booke , and of the sacrament of the lords supper in any enterludes , playes or rimes , ( in which kinde playes had beene formerly peccant ) und●r severe penalties . ) y all these , i say , with sundry others which i pretermit , expr●sly tax● , yea , utterly condemne all playes , in regard of these their personall invectives against particular persons , functions , offices , callings , and the like , concurring fully in my minors truth . but to passe by authorities , our owne particular experience , is a thou●and witnesses to this assumption . survay we all our moderne stageplayes with an impartiall eye , z there is hardly one of them among an hundred , wherein religion or religious men , or som● particular persons , offic●rs , callings , professions , are not notoriously , satyrically derided , personated , traduced , defamed , by such a who neither consider nor bewaile their owne iniquities , whiles they curiously survay , and maliciously divulge the faults of others . not to particularize those late new scandalous invective playes , wherein b sundry persons of place and eminence have beene particularly personated , jeared , abused in a grosse and scurrilous manner ; the c frequent scoffes , reproaches , scandals , satyrs , and disgracefull passages that are darted out in stageplayes , against ministers , lawyers , courteours , phisitions , marchants , citizens , tradesmen of all sorts ; against iudges , iu●tices , maiors , and such like officers ; but especially against all zealous practicall professors of religion , d who seldome scape the players lash : ( by meanes of which , both governours , government , religion , and devotion are brought into contempt● ) doe abundantly confirme the satyricall invectivenesse of stageplayes . which vitious quality is sufficient to make them odious unto christians . objection . if any here object in defence of stage-playes ; e that they inveigh not against particular persons , offic●rs , or professions ; but onely against their vices ; which is not onely law●ull , but usefull , but commendable . answer . to this i answer . first , that the objection it selfe is meerely false ; since not onely * cyprian , and the fore-quoted authors , but even players and play-haunters themselves can testifie , that all sorts of persons , of professors are abus●d often on the stage : their virtues , their graces being there more frequently censured , derided , traduced , then their vices . secondly , admit the objection true ; yet for g players to censure , to proclaime mens vices or abuses on the theater , must needs be sinfull . first , because they have no authenticke commission , either from god or man to doe it . for though h every private man may secretly admonish or reprove another for his sinnes , as opportunity shall require : yet * none must publikely censure sinnes or sinners , but magistrates , ministers , and such like publike persons , who are deputed by god himselfe to this very office ; vpon which no common● players must encroach . secondly , because players are of all others , the unmeetest pers●ns to reprove mens vices . i he , who will effectually rebuke the sinnes , the enormities of other men , must be ●ree from open crimes himselfe ; else his reproofes will wa●t authority , and rather exasperate or encourage the reproved in their sinfull courses , then reclaime them from them . v now players are commonly the most criminous and enormious persons of all others , x being for the most part deepely guilty of all those vices , those abuses which they condemne in any : therefore their reproofes are vaine and fruitlesse . thirdly , because players are alwayes peccant in the manner of their reproofes . he , who reprehends anothers faults in a lawfull christian way , must be sure to observe these circumstances . first , he must doe it y with the spirit of m●●kenesse , of compassion , without wrath or passion . secondly , * he must doe it with discretion , in a decent , and prudent manner ; having a due respect both to the person , time , and place , to the vice or fault reproved . thirdly , he must doe it a out of conscience , loue , and friendship : with an unfained desire to reforme the persons , the vices reprehended ; b not to vent his owne private spleene , ●r to disgrace the party rebuked . fourthly , c he must openly reprove the delinquents to their faces , that so they may take notice of their vices to reforme them : not covertly behinde their backes , for this is meere detraction , not reproofe : a publication of mens vices vnto others to their great disgrace ; not a discouery of them to themselves for their amendment . now our vice-censuring , sinne-proclaiming actors , ( who d commonly discover , but not correct their owne enormities , whiles they display and censure others , e which makes them truely miserable ) transgresse in all these circumstances . their reproofes are alwayes satyricall , edged with private malice , or pointed with revenge : they are never serious , seasonable , private , discreet : f their ayme is onely mens defamation , not their reformation : sin●e they proclai●e mens vices unto others , not lay them open to themselves : they dare not looke the delinque●ts in the face , but are alwayes clamouring behind their backs : their rebukes proceed not from true christian love , which delights to cover , not propalate and divulge menssinnes : therefore they must needs be evill . fourthly , ( as a g reverend worthy of our church observes ) there is nothing more dangerous in a state , then for the stage and poet to deride sinne , which by the bishops and pastors of the church is gravely and severely to be reprooved ; because it causeth magistrates , ministers , and state●men to lose their reputation , and sinne to be lesse feared . lastly , admit that players had sufficient authority to censure the vices , the abuses of particular persons , o●ficers , and professions ( which i cannot beleeve they have , till they can shew me an act of state , or a commission for it in the scripture , ) yet this is infallible , h that they ought not to receive or raise an ill report of any : i to deride or scoffe at any mans vices , and k so to make a mocke of sinne , l or to speake evill of any one , as they doe : since god himselfe prohibites it , since m michael the archangel , ( whose example all mu●t imitate ) disputing with the divell about the body of moses , durst not bring any railing accusation against him , but said ; the lord rebuke thee : yet our desperate wicked players ( who n in this are worthy the severest penalty , that ●eing so superlatively vitious thēselves , they dare presume to censure others ) to testifie to the world , that they are within the number of these o scoffers , and p dispisers of those who are good , which are prophecied of in the latter times ; dare open their blacke q infernall mouthes , in bitter invective enterludes , against all gr●ce and goodnesse ; against the very prof●ssion and professors of religion ; against all qualities , callings and degrees ●f men , scarce glancing lightly at their vices . therefore their playes must needes be inexcusably sinfull , even in this respect . scena septima . lastly , admit the stile or subject matter of stage-playes be no wayes such , as i have ●●●●erto demonstrated it to be ; yet at the very best it is * but idle , frothy , superfluous , unprofitable ; as vaine , as e●pty , as vanity it selfe . from whence i raise this eleventh dispute . that whose stile and subject matter , in its very best acception , is but vaine , but frivolous , and ridiculous , bringing no glory at all to god , nor good to men ; must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto chri●tians . but such is the stile and subject of most stage-playes , as * saint cyprian excellently writes . therefore they must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto christians . the major is uncontroulable ; since god himselfe inhibits christians , r to utter vaine knowledge ; to reason with unprofitable talke , or with speeches which will doe no good , s to walke in vanity , or things that will not profit ; and t to follow after vaine things which will not profit , because they are but vaine . christians v must not lay out their money for that which is not bread , and their labour for that which satisfieth not , x ●hey must not delight in vanitie , or in things that increase , vanity , and make not man the better ; but they must pray with david ; y turne away mine eyes from beholding vanity : since the scripture is expresse ; z that the speaking , loving , or lifting up of the soule to vanity , folly , and unprofitable things , is an a undoubted character of such wicked men , who shall not ascend into gods holy hill ; not any property of gods children : who as b they must abandon all idle , fabulous , unprofitable discourses ; c because that for euery idle word that men shall speake they shall give account at the day of judgement : so they must likewise direct even all their actions , speeches , recreations d to gods glory ; e the edification of others , and f their owne spirituall good ; to which stage-playes , no wayes tend . therefore the major is vnquesti●nable . for the minor ; th●● the stile and subject matter of stage-playes is in its very best acception , but vaine , but frivolous and ridiculous , bringing no glory at all to god , nor good to men : is most apparant . first , by the concurring testimony of sundry fathers , and other learned writers , hence hilarie , ambrose , chrysostome , augustine , bruno and others , in their commentaries and expositions on the . alias the . psalme verse . turne away mine eyes from beholding vanity : together with iohn salisbury , lib. . de nugis curialium , cap. . master gosson , doctor reinolds , master northbrooke , and others in their treatises against stage-playes ; interpret this f vanity in the psalmist . of stage-playes , and such like spectacles , which they g condeme as vanity . hence clemens alexandrinus writes of playes ; h that they are fraught with obscene and vaine speeches , rashly uttered : hence gregory nazianzen stiles playes ; i the vanities of life , and the hydra of pleasures . hence chrysostome writes of playes : k that they are fraught with laughter , wantonnesse , and words ●ull of folly and vanitie . hence anastatius sianita writes of the severiani : l that their positions were more ridiculous , absurd and foolish , then those things that are acted in any stage-playes . hence bernard writes , m that the true souldiers of christ , reject and abominate players and stage-playes , as vanities and false frenzies . hence iohn salisbury stiles playes , n the spectacles and rudiments of vanitie . hence cyprian , lactantius , cyril of hierusalem , augustine , basil , salvian , macarius aegyptius , and others , o formerly quoted , have utterly condemned stage-playes , as the very pompes and vanites of this wicked world , which christians haue abjured in their baptisme . if then we beleeve these severall fathers , together with p plautus , q maecrobius , r apuleius , three heathen authors ; or master gosson , master northbrooke , master stub● , and doctor reinolds , in their bookes against stage-playes : or the third blast against stage-playes and theaters , together with caesar bulingerus de theatro , lib. . cap. . de ludis p. . we must needs acknowledge , both playes themselves , together with their stile and subject matter , to be meere idle uselesse vanities ; since all these repute and stile them such . secondly , our owne experience , will readily subscribe unto it as an undoubted truth . for what are all our stage-playes , but the frothy excrements of superfluous idle braines ; which being impregnated with some s swelling words , or high-towring conceited plots of vanitie , ( which they secretly adore with highest admiration , as being worthy the most suparlative stage-applause , ) doe travell in paine untill they have brought forth their long-conceived issues on the theater , which prove but t ridiculously vaine at best ? wha● are they , but meere miscelanies of over-studied , well-expressed vanities ? their subiect , their action , their circumstances ; what else are they but vanitie of vanities , but ridiculous follies or frensies in the highest degree , unworthy of a v wise-mans sight , much lesse his approbation ? their actors , their ordinary spectators , what are they but ridiculous , foolish , vaine , fantasticke persons , who delight in nothing more then toyes and vanities ? their very fruits , their ends , what are they else , but either the nourishing , or the increase of sinne and vanitie ? if we survay the good , the profit which accrues from stage-playes , we shall find , that they are good for naught ; that they bring no glory at all to god , no benefit , no comfort unto men ; x therefore they must needs be vaine . if we respect gods glory ; where shall we finde god more dishonoured , more provoked then in stage-playes ? which had the y divell himselfe for their author , subject , and composer , who proves sometimes their actor too . where are gods name , his word , his attributes , his ministers , his saints , his substitutes , his children , his wor●hip , his graces , more blasphemed , prophaned , traduced , or derided , z then in stage-playes ? where is god more offended , more affronted with swarmes of crying sinnes , then in the play-house ? and how can it bee otherwise ? we know it was the received opinion of the ancient pagans ; that their a devill-idols ( to whose * solemne honour and worship , all stage-playes were at first devoted ) were so well pleased with these theatricall enterludes , that if they did but honour and adore them with them , they would forthwith pardon , yea , forget their sinnes against them , and of enemies , become propitious , kinde , and friendly to them . and can any christian then conceive such base conceits of god , or b so farre derogate from his majestie , his purity , his deitie , as to deeme him honoured or delighted , not grieved , not offended with such stage-playes c wherewith devill-idols were attoned ? doubtlesse , that which the devill himselfe hath invented , appropriated to his owne honour and advantage , d can never bring any praise or glory unto god : therefore our stage-playes cannot doe it . if we reflect upon the good they bring to men , alas , what is it ? e where doe they sucke in more poyson , more corruption ; where doe they mere blunt their virtues , or make greater shipwracke of all their christian graces , then a● stage-playes , the grand-empoysoners of mens soules ? i have knowne , heard , and read of thousands , who have wrackt their credits , their estates , their virtues , yea , their very bodies and soules at playes , at play-houses : but never could i yet heare or read of any who have beene meliorated or reclaimed by them . i have read of sundry pestiserous ●ff●cts , and sinfull fruits of stage-playes , of which you shall heare at large f heereafter : but never could i finde in all the fathers , in any mod●rne writers , so much as any one necessary virtue , grace or reall benefit that hath resulted from them . i have read of g divers republicks , emperours , magistrates , and authors of all sorts , who have suppressed stage-playes , as intollerable evils in a christian or well-ordered common-weale ; they being the seminaries of all kinde of vices ; the chiefe corrupters of mens minds and manners : but never could i meet with any , who affirmed them to be good or use●ull in a state. since therefore it is evide●t by all the premises ; that stage-playes in their best condition , are but h meere nugatorie , ridiculous , superf●uous van ties , which lead● to serious evils ; and bring no glory at all to god , nor good to men ; we may conclude them to be not onely incongruous , but unlawfull unto christians , i who must not cast their eyes upon the vanities of this wicked world , since christ himselfe hath crucified them in his flesh , that we for ever might abandon them . you have seene now , christian readers , the common stile and subject matter of popular stage-playes , and i dare confidently averre , that there is scarce one stage-play this day acted ( our k moderne playes being farre more lewd then those of former times . ) whose subiect , parts and pass●ges are not reducible to all , to some , or one at least of these recited particulars : therfore we must needs passe sentence of condemnation against them , even in this respect . actvs . scena prima . fourthly , as stage playes are sinfull , and utterly unlawfull unto christians in regard of their stile and subiect matter , so likewise are they in respect both of their actors and spectators . if we seriously survay the lives , the practises , the conditions of our common stage-players , we may truely write of them , as l william of malmesbury doth of edricke ; that they are the very dregs of men ; the shame , the blemish of our english nation ; ungracious helluoes ; craf●y shifting companions , who purchase money , not by their generositie , but by their tongues and impudency ; they being wise to dissemble , apt to counterfeit , prone to dive into the secrets both of king & state , as faithfull subjects ; and more ready to divulge them on the stage as notorious-traitors . what m tully records of catiline ; that there was never so great a faculty of corrupting youth in any man , as in him ; he bearing a most lewd affection to other mens wives himselfe , and serving likewise as a most wicked pand●r to the unchaste desires of others ; promising to some the fruite of their lusts , to others the death of their parents , not onely by instigating , but likewise by assisting them . or what a grave historian reports of n vortiger a british king ; that he was prone to the enticements of the flesh , and a bond-slave almost to every vice , &c. may be truely verefied of most common actors ; who are usually the very filth and off-scouring , the very lewdest , basest , worst and most perniciou●ly vitious of the sonnes of men ; as all times , all authors have reputed them . the ancient pagan romans , ( as o histories , as p fathers both relate ) accounted stage-players such infamous , vitious , base , vnworthy persons ; as they did by publicke edicts , not o●ely deprive them of all honour and preferment in the common-weale ; but likewise disfranchise and remove them from their tribe ; as degenerating from that roman stocke , and noble parentage from which they were descended . the ancient q councels , r fathers and christians in the primitive church , did ipso facto , excommunicate all stage-players , till they had utterly renounced , relinquished their diabolicall profession : reputing them the very pollution● shame , and blemish of the church ; the very depravers and destroyers of youth ; the very instruments of sinne and satan ; yea , such accursed miscreants , as were altogether unworthy , both of the society of christians , and of th●se blessed sacraments , those holy ordinances of the lord , which are not to be s given to such unholy dogs , nor cast before such filthy swine as they . plato , aristotle , the massillienses , with sundry christian , yea , pagan states and emperours , ( as i shall prove t hereafter ) exiled all professed stage-players out of their common-weales , as the iewes and primitive christians excluded them from the church . needs therefore must they be extremely vitious , intollerably pernitious ( and so by v consequence their very s●age-playes to ) whom church and state have thus joyntly vomited out as putred , noysome and infectious members , vnfit to live in either ; as x ludovieus vives well concludes . what polycarpe , once replyed to marcion the h●retique ; y i know thee to be the first-borne of satan ; may be fitly appliable to our common-actors ; the arch-agents , in●truments , and apparitors of their origi●all founder and z father , the devill ; their very profession being nothing else , as a bodine well observes , but an apprentiship of sinne , a way or trade of wickednesse , which leades downe to hell ; and their lives ( a badge of their profession ) much like the life of vor●iger , b which was tragically vitious in the beginning , miserable in the middest , filthy in the end . what the conditions , lives , and qualities of stage-players have beene in former ages , let cyprian , nazianzen , chrysostome , augustine , nicholaus cabasila , cornelius tacitus , marcus aurelius , with c others , testifie . the first of these informes us ; d that stageplayers are the masters , not of teaching , but of destroying youth , insin●ating that wickednesss into others , which themselves have sinfully learned . whence he writes to eucratius , to excommunicate a player who trayned up youthes for the stage ; affirming , that it could neither stand with the maiestie of god , nor the discipline of the go●pel , that the chastity and honour of the church should be defiled with so filthy , so infamous a contagion . the more than sodomiticall uncleannesse of players lives , he farther thus discyphers . e o ( writes he ) that thou couldest in that sublime watch-tower insinuate thine eyes into these players secrets ; or set open the closed dores of their bed-chambers , and bring all their innermost hidden cels unto the consci●nce of thine eyes ; thou shouldest then see that which is even a very sinne to see : thou mightest behold that , which these groaning under the burthen of their vices , deny that they have committed , and yet hasten to commit : men rush on men with outragious lusts . they doe those things which can neither please those who behold them , nor yet themselves who act them . the same persons are a●cusers in publike , guilty in secret , being both censurers and nocents against themselves : they condemne that abroad , which they practise at home . they commit that willingly , which when they have committed , ' they reprehend . i am verily a lyar , if those who are such abuse not others : one filthy person defameth others like himselfe ; thinking by this meanes to escape the eensure of those who are privy to his sinne , as if his owne conscience were not sufficient both to accuse him and condemne him . thus farre saint cyprian , f gregory nazianzen records of stage-players ; that they repute nothing filthy or dishonest but modesty ; that they are the servants , the furtherers of all lewdnesse ; this being their onely art and profession , exceedingly to magnifie themselves for severall kinds of wantonnesse ; they being imitators and actors of ridiculous things , accustomed to blowes and buffets , who have shaven off as with a razor , all their modestie , before ever they had cut their haire , in the wanton shop of all lewdnesse and impuritie ; accounting it a kinde of art , as well to ●uffer , as to personate , on the stage all horrible beastly wickednesses whatsoever , in the open view of all men . and so he proceedes against them● saint chrysostome , as he writes of stage-players ; g that they are infamous persons , &c. well worthy of a thousand deathes , because they personate those villanies , obscenities , adul●eries , which all lawes command men to avoyd . so he informes vs likewise , h that the players and play-haunters of his time were most notorious adulterers , the authors of many tumults and seditions , filling the peoples eares with idle rumors , and cities with commotions : that they were ready both to speake , and act all wickednesses whatsoever , it being their whole profession thus to doe ; and that they were farre more savage than the most cruell beasts . saint augustine , as he at large informes us ; i that the ancient romans accounting the art of stage-playing and the whole scene infamous , ordained , that this sort of men should not onely want the honour of other citizens , but also bee disfranchised and thrust ou● of their tribe , by a legall and disgracefull censure , which the censors were to execute : because they would not suffer their vulgar sort of people , much lesse their senators to be defamed , disgraced or defiled with stage-players : which act of theirs , he stiles ; an excellent true roman prudence to be enumerated among the romans prayfes . so he likewise gives this ignominious epithite unto players : k scenici nequissi●i , most wicked stage-players : intimating thereby , that players commonly exceed all others in all kinds of wickednesse . nicholaus ●abasila hath published upon record . l that nothing can be found more wicked , more detestable then a stage-player . l cornelius tacitus relates : that in tiberius his reigne , the roman actors grew so immodest , so exorbitant , that they attēpted many things seditiously in publike , many things dishonestly in private houses : & that they gre● at last to such an height of wickednesse , as that after many complaints against them by the pretors , they were by tiberius and the whole senate exiled out of italy . m marcus aurelius himselfe doth testifie , that the adulteries , rapes , murthers , tumults and other o●t-rages which stage-players did occasion and commit , were so excessive ; and the mindes which they corrupted with their lewdnesse , sonumtrous ; that he was enforced to banish them out of italy into hellespont , where he commanded lambert his deputie , to keepe them close at worke . we n reade likewise , that nero , traian , with divers other roman emperours , did quite exile all stage-players out of their dominions , because their lives , their practises wire so vitious , so hurtfull and pernitious to the publike good . such were the lives , the insolencies , the exorbitances of stage-players in former times . what the lives , the qualities of our owne domestique actors are , or have beene heretofore ; o two severall acts of parliament , which adjudge and stile them rogues ; together with two penitent reclaimed play-poets of our owne , ( who were thorowly acquainted with their practises and pe●sons too ) will at large declare . the first of these two play-poets , who out of conscience renounced his prof●ssion , and then wrote against the abominations of our stage-playes , writes thus of stage-players : p as i have had a saying to these versifying play-makers , so likewise must i deale with shamelesse inactors . when i see by them yong boyes , inclining of themselves to wickednesse , trained up in filthy speeches , unnaturall and unseemely gestures , to be brought up by these schoolmasters , in bawdry and in idlenesse , i cannot chuse but with teares and griefe of heart lament . o with what delight can the father behold his sonne bereft of shamefastnesse , and trained up to impudencie ? how prone are they of themselves and apt to receive instruction of their lewd teachers , which are the * schoolmasters of sinne in the schoole of abuse ? what doe they teach them , i pray you , but to foster mischiefe in their youth● that it may alwayes abide with them , and in their age bring them sooner unto hell ? * and as for these stagers themselves , are they not commonly such kinde of men in their conversation , as they are in profession ? are they not as variable in heart as they are in their parts ? are they not as good practisers of ba●dery , as inactors ? live they not in such sort th●mselves , as they give precepts unto others ? doth not their p talke on the stage , r declare the nature of their disposition ? ●doth not every one take that part which is proper to his kinde ? doth not the s plough-mans tongue walke of his plough : the sea-faring ma●s of his mast , cable and saile ; the souldiers of his ha●nesse , speare and shield ; and bawdy mates of bawdy matters ? aske them , if in the laying out of their parts , they choose not those parts which are most agreeable to their inclination , and that they can best discharge ? and looke what every of them doth most delight in , that he can best handle to the contentment of others . if it bee a roisting , bawdy , or lascivious part , wherein are unseemely speeches , and that they make choyse of them as best answering , and proper to their manner of play : may we not say , by how much the more he exceds in his gesture , he delights himselfe in his part ? and by so mach it is pleasing to his disposition and nature ? if ( it be his nature ) to be a bawdy player , and he delight in such filthy and cursed actions , shall we not thinke him in his life to be more disordered , and to abhorre virtue ? but they perhaps will say ; that such abuses as are handled on the stage , others by their examples are warned to beware of such evils to amendment . indeed if their authority were greater then the words of the scripture , or their zeale of more force than of the preacher , i might easily be perswaded to thinke , that men by them might be called to good life . but when i see the word of truth proceeding from the heart , and uttered by the mouth of the reverend teachers , to be received t of the most part into the eare , and but of a few rooted in the heart , i cannot by any meanes beleeve , that the words proceeding from a prophane player , and uttered in scorning sort , enterlaced with filthy , lewde , and ungodly speeches , have greater force to move men unto virtue , than the words of truth uttered by the godly preacher , whose zeale is such as that of moses , v who was contented to be rased out of the booke of life , and of paul , x who wished to be separated from christ for the welfare of his brethren . if the good life of a man be a y better instruction to repentance than the tongue , or word , why doe not players , i beseech you , leave examples of goodnesse to their posteritie ? but which of them is so zealous , or so tendereth his saluation , that he doth am●nd himselfe in those points ; which as they say , others should take heed of ? are they not notoriously knowne to be those men in their life abroad , ●s they are on the stage , roisters , brawlers , ill-dealers , bosters , lovers , r●ffians ? so that they are alwayes exercised in playing their parts , and practising wickednesse , making that an art , to the end they might the better gesture it in their parts . for who can better play the ruffian , than a very ruffian ? who better the l●ve● , than they who make it a common exercise ? to conclude , the * principall end of all their enterludes , is to feed the world with sights and fond pastimes ; z to iuggle in good earnest the money out of other mens purses into their owne hands . what shall i say ? they are * infamous men , and in * rome were thought worthy to be expelled , allbeit there was libertie enough to take pleasure . in the primitive church they were kept out from the communion of christians , and never remitted till they had performed publike pennance . and thereupon a saint cyprian in a certaine epistle counselleth a bishop , not to receive a player into the pension of the church , by which they were nourished , till there was an expresse act of penance , with protestation to renounce an art so infamous . some have obiected ; that by these publike-playes many forbeare to doe evill , for feare to be publikely reprehended ; and for that cause they will say it was tollerated in rome , wherein emperours were touched , though they were present . but to such it may be answered ; that in disguised players , given over to all sorts of dissolutenesse , is not found so much as to will to doe good , seeing they care for nothing lesse than for virtue . and thus much for these players . thus this play-poet , and sometimes an actor too . master b stephen gosson , another reclaimed play-poet , writes thus of stage-players . that they are uncircumcised philistims , who nourish a canker in their owne soules : ungodly masters , whose example doth rather poyson then instruct men . wherefore ( writes he ) sithence you see by the example of the romans , that playes are ra●s-bane to government of common-weales , and that players by the iudgement of them are infamous persons , unworthy of the credit of honest citizens , worthy to be removed their tribe ; if not for religion , yet for shame , that the gentiles should iudge you at the last day , or that publicans and sinnes should presse into the kingdome of heaven before you ; withdraw your feet from theaters with noble marius ; set downe some punishment for players with the roman censors ; shew your selves to be christians , and with wicked spectators be not puld from discipline to libertie● from virtue to pleasure , from god to mammon : so shall you prevent the scourge by repentance , that is comming towards you , and fill up the gulfe , that the divell by playes hath digged to swallow you . thus he . to him i will annex the testimonie of i. g. in his * refutation of the apologie for actors . therefore ( writes he ) let all players and founders of playes , as they tender the salvation of their owne soules , and others , leave off tha● cursed kinde of life , and betake themselves to such honest exercises and godly mysteries as god hath commanded in his word to get their living withall . for who will call him a wise man that playes the foole and the vice ? who can call him a good christian that playeth the part of the devill , the sworne enemy of christ ? who can call him a iust man that playeth the dissembling hypocrite ? who can call him a straight dealing man , that playeth a cosoners tricke ? and so of all the rest . the wise man is ashamed to play the foole ; but players will seeme to be such in publike view to all the world : a good christian hateth the devill , but players will become artificiall divils , excellently well . a iust man cannot endure hypocrisie , but all the acts of players is dissimulation , and the proper name of player ( witnesse the apologie it selfe ) is hypocrite . a true dealing man cannot indure deceit , but players get their living by craft and cosenage● for what greater cheating can there be , then for mony , to render that which is not monies worth . then seeing they are fooles , artificiall divels , hypocrites and coseners , most evident it is that their art is not for christians to exercise , as being diabolicall , and themselves infamous : such indeed as the lacedaemonians had , & we also have great reason to extrude out of our common-wealth : for they are idle , vitious , dishonest , malicious , preiudiciall and unprofitable to the same . they are idle , for they can take no paines , they know not how to worke , nor in any lawfull calling● to get their living : but to avoide labour and worke , like brave and noble beggers , they stand to take money of every ●●e that comes to see them loyter and play . hence is it that they are vitious , for idlenesse is the mother of vice , and they cannot exercise their offices but in vices , and in treating of and with vitious men . they are dishonest , for they get not to eate by doing good workes , but by speaking filthie , vile , and dishonest words : they are malicious , for they are accustomed , either for their friends or themselves , when they love not a man to speake evill of him ; and colourably underhand to mocke and flout at any . they are preiudiciall and ●nprofitable to the common-wealth , for they cosen and mocke vs with vaine words , and we pay them good money , &c. from all which ancient and moderne testimonies , i may not unfitly write of stage-players , as saint bernard doth of the ancient irish in con●ereth in malachias his time . c nusquam adhuc tales expertus fuerat in quantacunque barbarie . nusquam repererat si● propteruos ad mores ; sic ferales ad ritus ; sic ad fidem impios ; ad leges barbaros ; ce●vicosos ad disciplinam ; spurcos ad vitam , christiani nomine , re pagani . and no wonder is it , that players are so transcendently vitious and unchaste , since they are trained up from the●r cradles , in the very d art , the schoole of venerie , lewdnesse and prophannesse ; which quickly eates out e all their honesty , their modestie , their virtues , and fraughts them full with vice . since then it is abundantly evident by the premises , as also by experience ; that common actors are thus excessively vitious , unchaste , prophane , and * dissolute in their lives , which drawes them on to a dissolute religion ; the most of our present english actors ( as i am credibly informed ) being professed papists , as is the founder of the late erected new play-house : the playes which issue from them must needs resemble these their actors , g the fruit being never better than the tree that beares it ; the stream no purer than the springs that feed it . from whence i deduce this twelfth syllogisticall argument against stage-playes . that whose ordinary actors and composers , are for the most part dissolute , infamous , unchaste , prophane , deboyst , and vitious men , must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto christians , h because no good thing can proceed from such . witnesse , matth. . , . levit. . . . iob. . . eccles. . . but such are the ordinary actors and composers of stage-playes : witnesse the premises . therefore they must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto christians : even in this respect . scena secvnda . secondly , as the vitiousnesse of the actors , even so the evilnesse of the most assiduous spectators of stage-playes , infallibly evidenceth them to be evill . if we looke backe to former ages , we have the expresse testimony of sundry i fathers and k councels , that all the godly christians in the primitive church , did wholly withdraw themselves from stage-playes ; that all those pagans who either acted or frequented playes , did immediately upon their conversion to the christian faith , and their very first admittance into the church of christ , even publikely renounce all future acting , or resort to plaies : and that none but pagans , unchaste , prophane , and gracelesse persons , l who were cast out of the church by publike censures , did use to flocke unto them . hence was it that tertullian writes thus harshly : m so many persons as there are sitting in the play-house , so many uncleane spirits are there present : intimating , that all the play-hunters of his age , were little better than incarnate devils ; whence he seriously dehorts all christians from playes . hence , not onely n clemens alexandrinus , o cyprian , p lactantius , q nazianzen , r hierom , s chrysostome ; t augustine , v salvian , x iohn salisburie , the third councell of carthage , canon . . with divers other y ancient and z moderne christian authors : but even a tully , b seneca , and the lascivious poet c ovid , with sundry other pagans ; doe earnestly disswade men from resorting unto playes and theaters , because none but infamous , vitious , dissolute , unchaste , prophane , and gracelesse persons ( d whose company was apt to poyson , to corrupt , all such who durst come nigh them ) did frequent them . it is observed by e sundry historians , that tiberius , nero , caligula , heliogabalus , verus , commodus , gallienus , carinus , ( the most execrably vitious , and unchaste of all the roman emperours ) delighted most in playes and actors ; for which they deepely taxe them : whereas the f better sort of emperours were not addicted to them ; g but did either banish them their dominions ; or else h deminish or withdraw their publike stipends . suruay we all the christian , all the pagan antiquities this day extant , we shall finde the i very best of christians , iewes and pagans of all ages , all places , not onely wholly absteining from , but likewise censuring and condemning stage-playes , the very worst , the dissolutest and unchastest onely of them resorting to them with delight . k saint chrysostome , l ovid , with sundry others informe us , that adulterers , whore-masters , panders , bawdes , whores , and such like effeminate , idle , unchaste , lasciuious , gracelesse persons , were the most assiduous play-haunters in their times , whence m isiodor hispalensis , n primasius , o remigius , p haymo , and q anselme write , that the play-house and the stewes were one and the same in ancient times ; because after the playes were ended , the whores who resorted to the play-houses , or were harbored in them , did prostitute themselves upon the theater , unto the lust of others , they when all derive the word fornication ; a fornicibus , seu locis theatralibus ; from brothels and play-houses , where whores were kept and prostituted after the playes were acted . such and no other were play-houses is stage-frequenters in former ages . and are they not now the same ? if we seclude those children , those novices , whose ignorance , childishnesse , vanitie , folly , or injudiousnesse allure them to playes or such like gugaes , r which men of riper yeares and iudgement doe contemne ; together with some few sociable ingenuous dispositions , whom the s pressing importunitie of carnall friends , or vehement sollicitations of lewde acquaintance doe casually draw to stage-playes , against the t secret reluctances of their owne gain-saying consciences ; v what else are the residue ( at least the maior part ) of our assiduous play-haunters , x but adulterers , adulteresses , whore-masters , whores , bawdes , panders , ruffians , roarers , drunkards , prodigals , cheaters , idle , infamous ; base , prophane , and godlesse persons , who y hate all grace , all goodnesse , and make a mocke of piety ? what are they but the very filth , the drosse , the scumme , of the societies and places where they live ? the very z mothes , the drones and cankerwormes of the common-weale ? the a shame and blemish of religion ? the most putred , scandalous , noxious , and degenerate branches both of church and state , which should be spued out , bee lopped off from both , had they their iust demerits ? if any play-haunter deeme this censure over-harsh , his own conscience must subscribe unto it , b if selfe-love hath not blinded it ; since hee can hardly cull out any who dis-●ffect or come not vnto stage-playes , so suparlatively vitious , or unchaste , as those who most frequent them . this , all the fore-quoted authors largely testifie in their quotations in the margent : to whom i shall onely adde the suffrage of i.g. in his refutation of the apologie for actors . p. . . but now ( saith he ) to draw to the conclusion of my discourse , i will onely describe briefly , who for the most part they are who runne madding unto playes . in generall the vulgar sort , in whom cicero pro planco , saith , there is no reason , counsell or discretion . but to particularize some onely among all . the prophane gallant to feed his pleasure ; the citie dames to laugh at their owne shames ; the countrey clown● , to tell wonders when hee comes home , of the vanitie he hath seene ; the bawdes to intice ; the whores and curtezans to set themselves to sale ; the cutpurse to steale ; the pick-pocket to filtch ; the knave to bee instructed in cosening trickes ; youth to learne amorous conceits ; some for one wicked purpose , some for another ; none to any good intent , but all fruitlessely to spend their time . but among any others , that goe to the theaters , when shall you see an ancient citizen , a chaste ma●ron , a modest maid , a grave senator , a wise magistrate , a iust iudge , a godly preacher , a religious man not blinded in ignorance , but making conscience of his wayes . you shall never see any of those at playes , for they count it shamefull and ignominious , even an act of reproach that may redound unto them . i shall close up this with that of petrarch , c the way to the play-house is altogether unknowne to good men ; to which when any ill man goeth , hee returnes the worst of any : and if any good men goe thither ignorantly by accident , they shall not want contagion ; so infectious , so vitious is the company that usually resorts to plaies : the very best of them in their best condition , d being for the most part , lovers of pleasures , more than lovers of god ; having onely an outward forme of godlinesse ( and most sca●ce so much ) but denying the power thereof . from all which premises , i shall derive two unanswerable arguments , ●o prove the unlawfulnesse of stage-playes . the first of them , being the thirteenth in number , may be cast into this forme . that which the very best , the holiest christians , have alwayes constantly avoyded , condemned as evill ; the very worst and most notoriously vitious only of christians , of pagans , of ancient and moderne times , affected , applauded , frequented with pleasure and delight ; e is certainely evill , and so unlawfull unto christians . but such is the case of stage-playes . therefore they are certainely evill , and so unlawfull unto christians . the minor is evident by the premises , by experience , and by the seventh act ensuing . the major is manifest by its owne ligh● . for first the primitive christians and godly men , ( whose f steps we ought to follow ) g abhorre , reject , condemne nought else but sinfull , scandalous p●rnicious pastimes , ( not christian , laudable or lawfull recreations ) repugnant to the scriptures , ●o the inward principles of grace implanted in their soules ; or to the discipline , puritie and honour of the church , the saints of god who went before them ; the onely rules by which their lives , their iudgements , their affections are directed . secondly , unregenerate gracelesse persons , h as they commonly hat● nought else but goodnesse , so they i most really affect , admire , frequent the pleasures , the delights of sinne , which ●re most homogeneous to their lusts , most suitable to their sinfull dispositions . no man can finde ●ny true contentment or delight in any thing , k but that which is sutable to his nature ; because l all pleas●re , all complecency whatsoever , ariseth from simili●ude and proportion . now nothing is so connaturall , so consonant to the corruptions of depraved stage-haunters as sinfull , lustfull , or polluted objects . therefore theatricall enterludes , which wicked men most delight in , and many of them so adore , as to make theaters their chappels , yea , playes their weekely sermons ; must needs be sinfull and polluted , as their natures are : else they could never flocke unto them daily with delight , to their no small expence . so that this first argument is unanswerable . the second , ( in course the fourteeenth ) argument against playes , from hence , is this . those things to which lewde company , uncha●●e , deboist prophane , and gracelesse persons , flocke by troopes , with greedinesse and delight , is undoubtedly sinfull , yea , utterly unlawfull unto christians . but such company , such persons as these , ( especially strumpets , pandors , bawdes , adulterers , whoremasters , drunkards , prodigals , ) doe flocke by troopes to stage-playes , with greedinesse and delight . therefore they are undoubtedly sinfull , yea , utterly unlawfull unto christian : the minor is su●ficiently confirmed by the premises ; by the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , pag. . and by the suffrage of nazianzen ; who stiles stage-playes l the miserable spectacles of wicked men . the major is irrefragable . first , because the scriptures enjoyned all christians ; m not to keepe company with wicked men ; n not to have concord , fellowship or communion with them , in wicked things especially : o not to walke in the counsell of the ungodly , to stand in the way of sinners , nor sit in the seat of the scornefull , p but wholly to withdraw and turne themselves from every one who walkes disorderly : a●ter the example of david ; q who hated the assemblies of the ungodly : and r would not know a wicked person ; giving them this resolute farewell : s depart from me all ye workers of iniquity , for the lord hath heard the voyce of my weeping . secondly , because christians must t not conforme themselves to the wicked of the world , much lesse comply with them in v their unlawfull pleasures of sinne , which are but for a season ; since x christ hath suffered for them in the flesh to this very end , that they should no longer live the rest of their time to the y lu●ts of men , but to the will of god : the time past of their lives , being sufficient for them to have wrought the will of the gentiles . thirdly , because ill company , are not onely an evident z appearance of evill , which christians must avoyd ; but likewise a most a dangerous insinuating , bewitching temptation ; a prevalent perswasive provocation unto evill ; and so much the more dangerous ; by how much the more numerous . lewde companions ( especially such as haunt our theaters ) are of a most b infectious , leprous , captivating e●snaring qualitie : they are all of c catilines disposition , they will quickly corrupt all those who entertaine their friendship , or intrude into their fellowship ; making them as unchaste , deboyst , and vitious as themselves at last , though they were d vertuously disposed at the first ; how much more then will they poyson and corrupt all such who are naturally inclined unto vice ? to entercommon therefore with such contagious persons in their play-house conventicles , their theatricall enterludes must needes bee ●infull , because it is a strong allective , a vehement temptation unto sinne . object . if any here object , that many good divines , many gracious , prous christians resort oft-times to stage-playes , as well as vitious persons ; with whom men may accompany without any danger : therefore there is no such hazzard , such pravity or infection in play-haunters society as is suggested . i answer , first , that perchance some few exorbitant , scandalou● histrionicall , ( but farre from good ) divines , at leastwise from good christians , may sometimes visit theater● and publike enterludes , to the scandall of religion , the blemish of their function , e and ill example of others ; for which they should , they ought to receive an heavy censure , were ecclesiasticall discipline duly exercised . but i dare presume there is not one zealous , faithfull , concionable , painefull mi●ister this day living , who dares to grace a play or play-house with his presence : fince not onely f divers fathers : but likewise g twenty five severall councels , besides h sundry canonicall constitutions , have expresly inhibited all sorts of clergie-men whatsoever , under paine of suspension , and perpetuall deprivation , to be either actors or spectactors of any publike stage-play , or to countenance it by their presence : which i would all scandalous * play-haunting ecclesiastickes ( of which there are now too many ) would cordially con●ider ; that so they might reforme their errour , for feare of degradation , which they well demerit , and good diocesans may justly inflict for this their crime . secondly , i answer ; that perchance some puny new-converted christian novices , being altogether unacquainted with the hurtfulnesse , the wickednesse of stage-playes , may sometimes be occasionally drawne unto stage-playes ; partly to beare others company , whose displeasure they might el●e incurre : partly through the importunate , solicitations of lewde acquaintance ; partly by the novalty or subject of the play it selfe ; partly to i acquaint themselves the better with the dangerous consequences and fruites of play-houses , that so they may more iustly condemne them , more peremptorily abandon them for future times ; yet principally because they are not fully convinced of their sinfulnesse . but that many , that k any gracious , godly , growen , faithfull christians , who are thorowly instructed in the wayes of godlinesse , or in the noxious qualities of playes , doe constantly , doe frequently resort to play-houses , to stage-playes , ( especially out of a loue or liking unto playes themselves ) i utterly deny . first , because l no truely sanctifyed christian ( who cannot possibly delight in any knowne evill ) can ever patiently hea●e , or de●ghtfully behold , the severall grosse abominable wickednesses that are daily acted and committed on the stage , but his very heart would forthwith boyle within him , yea , his eyes gush forth with teares , out of an holy indignation against them . secondly because it is m impossible , that true godly christians should take any reall pleasure in these theatricall enterludes which wicked men most affect : since the n gracious , the gracelesse , are as contrary one to the other in their chiefe delights , as light and darkenesse ; righteousnesse and unrighteousnesse ; christ and belial ; beleevers and infidels . thirdly , because o all godly christians in the primitive church , have wholly abandoned stage-playes , as sinfull , as us christian pleasures ; therefore all pious christians must needs abhorre them now ; they being p guided by the selfe same word and spirit as the primitive christians were ; so that they q cannot chuse but have the very selfe-same judgement with them in all things , and so in case of stage-playes , as well as in other things . thirdly , admit some godly christians do commonly resort to play-houses , ( which i cannot beleeve ) ● yet these are few in number ; and those for the most part r children , not onely in spirituall , but even in naturall understanding ; being s babes in yeares , as well as in grace : yea , they are nought else but * blemishes of religion , and scandals to the church , to all their fellow seints , who v blame , who much condemne them for their play haunting . the saints who flocke to stage-playes ( if there be any such ) are but a despicable , undiscernable company , unable to draw others unto goodnesse ; where as the gracelesse wicked ones who daily visit them , are many in number , contagious in quality , more apt to poyson , to infect all those who dare approach them , than one who is full of running plague-sores . therefore it must of necessity be x dangerous to resort to stage-playes . we all know by wofull experience , y that mans corrupt nature is farre more pendulously propense to vitious , than to good examples : and that evill things are farre more apt to defile that which is good , than good things● to rectifie that which is evill . whence it alwayes comes to passe ( as z chrysostome well observes ) that as oft as good and bad men associate themselves together , the ill are never meliorated by the good , but the good are alwayes contaminated , corrupted by the evill : even as when clay and meale are kneaded together , the clay defiles the meale , not the meale refines the clay . saint paul informes us ; a that a little leaven , leaveneth the whole lumpe : king solomon ; b that one sinner destroyeth must good ; and the sententious satyrist ; that one scabbed sheepe destroyes a whole flocke , one dandraffe swine , the whole heard ; one rotten grape the whole cluster : d much more then will these troopes of wicked ones● who meet at theaters ( which are able to corrupt the strongest christian ) deprave those few unstable tender babes in christ , who intrude into their company ; as seneca well argueth in our present case : it is a good observation of a grave historian : e that is farre better for a kingdome , to have a bad king and good councellors to advise him , than a good king and bad counsellors : his reason is ( and it is f saint bernards too ) because one bad man , may happily be reformed by many good ; but many evill men can by no meanes be over-ruled , or rectified , by any one man be he never so good . i may aptly accomodate this reason to our present purpose thus . admit some few good christians resort sometimes to stage-playes ; yet since they alwayes meet with farre more , farre greater troopes of lewde , deboist companio●s there , who ( withou● gods preventing grace , which play-haunters cannot challenge ) will certainely corrupt them in a g moment : it must needs be sinfull , be dangerous to resort unto them : since the fewer good ones , are h more likely to be vitiated , by the major multitude of wicked ones , whose wickednesse exceeds their goodnesse ; than the wicked ones to be reclaimed by their goodnesse , of which they are vncapable . lastly , the presence of some godly men at stage-playes , can never make play-assemblies good , in god or mans esteeme . when good and bad men ioyne together in religious duti●s ; the goodnesse of i the lesser part denominates the whole , and makes it good in gods , in m●ns account : because the end , the cause of this convention , is gods glory . but when good and bad confederate themselues together in any delights of sinne , k god lookes not on the goodnesse of the good , but upon the wickednesse of good and bad , condemning all for a l congregation of euill doers , because the obiect , the end of these their conventicles are unlawfull . when gracious and gracelesse persons shall fit promiscuously together in a play-house , beholding some prophane lascivious enterlude with delight ; not onely god himselfe , but even saints and angels frowne upon them , as a fraternitie of evill doers ; and a satanicall unchristian assembly , ( as the m fathers testifie ; ) because the most of thē are such , & the end for which they meet is such . wherefore , since the whole conventicle of play-haunters in gods , in angels , in holy mens esteeme , is alwayes evill , notwithstanding the pres●nce of some few godly ones ; these playes themselves must certainely be execrably odious to all good christians , ( who n must abandon all lewde companions ) even in this respect . actvs . scena prima . fiftly , stage-playe● must needs bee abominable , unlawfull unto christians , both in regard of their manner of action , and of all those severall parts , concomitants and circumstances that attend them . from whence i raise this fifteenth argument . that whose manner of action , parts , concomitants , and severall circumstances are sinfull ; must certainly be o abominable and u●lawfull unto christians , thess. . . but such are the manner of action , parts , concomitants , and severall circumstances of stage-playes . therefore they are certainly abominable and unlaw●ull unto christians . the major needs no confirmation ; because such as the forme , the parts and circumstances are , such questionlesse is the whole . the minor i shall evidence by a particular discussion . first , of the very manner of acting stage-playes : wherein i shall examine : first , the hypocrisie ; secondly , the obscenitie and lasciviousnesse ; thirdly , the grosse effeminacy ; fourthly , the extreame vanitie and follie , which necessarily attends the acting of playes . secondly , of the severall parts that are usually acted in stage-playes ; which are as sinfull as various . thirdly , of the ordinary apparell wherein playes are acted : which is , first of all , womanish , belonging ●o the female sex : secondly , costly , fantasticall , strange , lascivious , whorish , provoking unto lewdnesse . fourthly , of the severall concomitants or circumstances of stage-playes : which i shall reduce to these foure heads . lascivious da●cing . amorous obscene songs : effeminate lu●t-exciting musicke . pro●ufe , inordinate lascivious laughter , and vaine theatricall applauses : omitting all other adjuncts , shewes , and circumstances of playes , which p horace , and some others mention , as not so pertinent to our present purpose . to begin , with the first branch of the first particular , to wit , the hypocrisie , faining , or dissimulation that is exercised in acting stage-playes . if we seriously consider the very forme of acting playes , we must needes acknowledge it to be nought else but grosse hypocrisie . q all things are counterfeited , feined , dissembled ; nothing really or sincerely acted . players are alwayes counterf●iting , representing the persons , habits , offices , callings parts , conditions , speeches , actions , lives● ; the passions , the affections , the anger , hatred , cruelty , love , revenge , dissentions ; yea , the very r vices , sinnes , and lusts ; the adulteries , incests , rapes , murthers , tyrannies , thefis , and such like crimes of other men , of other sexes , of other creature● ; yea , oft-times of the r divell himselfe , and pagan divell-gods . they are alwayes * acting others , not themselves● they vent notorious lying fables , as undoubted truthes : they put false glosses upon histories , persons , virtues , vices , all things that they act , representing them in feined colours : the whole action of playes is nought else but feining , but counterfeiting , but palpable hypocrisie and dissimulation which god , which men abhorr● : there●ore it must needs be sinfull . if any here obiect : that the acting of playes is no hypocrysie , no dissimulation , it being onely done in sport , in imitation , with no sinister intent at all , to hurt , to cheate , or circumvent men . i answer ; first , that admit it be but a meere ●mitation of other mens persons , parts and vices , yet it must needs bee sinfull : because the very imitation of wicked men , of pagans , of idols , of idolaters , especially in their lewdest wickednesses ( the most vsuall subject of our enterludes ) is without all question evill , s as the scriptures plainly teach us . secondly , i answer , that by the ●eining used in our stage-playes , many of our spectators are deceived , all cheated . deceived , with forged fabulous histories instead of truthes ; with false represen●ations of true stories : t with palliated vices in lei● of virtues : with virtues vizarded under the names of vice ; with bad playes oft-times which all dislike , instead of good , as some in some respects account them . cheated , with shadowes instead of substance : with sinfull , heathenish , unchristian spectacles , in place of honest recreations . these stage-hypocrisies , which at the very best , are pure vanity , and so not valuable ; doe cheate many of their hon●sty , their civility , their chastity , their estates , their reputation , their virtues , their salvation● v most , of their money● all , of their time : too deare a price for so fruitlesse , so wretchlesse a purchase . besides , x they involve men in the guilt of sundry sinnes , which they little feared or suspected , to the eternall hazzard o● their soules , which is a great deceit . yea , the very end why players act their enterludes , is y onely to cheate mens money out of their purses by dishonest meanes , not giving quid pro quo : the very ground-worke therefore of this objection , is but forged . thirdly , admit that no man were cheated , or prejudiced by that counterfeiting , which accompanies the acting of all stage-playes ; yet the meere acting of the persons , parts , gestures , offices , actions , passions ; especially of the sexes , vices , anger , furie , love , revenge and villanies of other men , be it in sport , in representation onely , is hypocri●i● . for what else is hypocrisie in the proper signification of the word , z but the acting of anothers part or person on the stage : or what else is an hypoc●ite , in his tru● etimologie , but a stage-player , or one who acts anothers part : as sundry authors and gramarians teach us . hence that common epithite in our latine authors : a histrionica hypocrisis : and hence is it , that not onely divers moderne b english and latine writers , but likewise c sundry fathers here quoted in the margent , s●ile stage-players hypocrites ; hypocrites , stage-players , as being ●ne and the same in substance : there being nothing more familiar with them , then to describe an hypocrite by a stage-player ; and a stage-player by an hypocrite . if therefore we give any credit to the fathers , or authors here alleadged ; we must needs acknowledge , the very acting of stage-playes to be hypocrisie ; and d players themselves to be meere hypocrites , ( their very profession being nothing else , but an artificiall hypocrisie , ) and so an abominable , and unchristian exercise . for god , e who is truth it selfe , f in whom there is no variablenesse , no shadow of change g no feining , no hypocrisie ; as he hath given a vniforme distinct and proper being to every creature , h the bounds of which may not be exceeded : so he requires that the actions of every creature should be i honest and sincere , k devoyde of all hypocrisie , as all his actions , and their na●ures are . hence he enioyes all men at all times , l to be such in shew , as they are in truth : to seeme that o●twardly which they are inwardly ; to act themselves , not others : to m imitate those men , those graces which his word prescribes them ; not those accurs●d villanies , which wicked men ( who are now in hell ) haue left behinde them . n god requires truth in the inward parts ; in the soule , the affections ; yea , in the habit , speeches , gestures , in the whole inti●e man. now this counterfeiting of persons , affections , manners , vices , sexes , and the like , which is inseparably incident to the acting of playes ; as it transformes the actors into what they are not ; so it in●useth falshood into ev●ry part of soule and body , as o all hypocrisie doth ; in causing them to seeme that in outward ●ppearance which they a●e not in truth : therefore it must needs be● odious to the god of truth ; as well as the common accursed hellish art of face-painting , which t●e p fathers , with others much condemne , even from this very ground ; because it sophisticates and perver●s the workes of god , in putping a false glosse upon his creatures . and this the personating of stage-playes alwayes doth , as much , nay more then it . neither will this qualifie the matter , that this stage-hypocrisie is onely in merriment . for q if davids counterfeiting of himselfe to be mad before achish king of gath , for the safe-gard of his life ; or r iosephes iesting dissimulation with his brethren , were sinfull , as good divines repute it ; s because there was a li● involved in it . much more must this wanton acting hypocrisie be abominably sinfull , because it is meerely voluntary , there being no impulsive cause to move men to it . if t the damnation of those who doe evill , that good may come of it , be iust : much more must their condemnation be righteous , their sinne exceeding great , who commit hypocrisie ( a great , a v double iniquity ) on the open theater , to no other end , but to make others sinfull sport to passe away their precious time . since then it is evident by the premises , that the very acting of stage-playes is hypocrisie , as x tertullian and y cyprian , together with irenaeus , basil , ambrose , augustine , chrysostome , tatianus , pascatius ratbertus , and the other z fore-quoted author largely teach us : we may hence conclude them to bee odious unto god. wherefore i shall here close up this scene , with this sixteenth play-condemning argument . that , whose very action is but meere hypocrisie● but grosse dissimulation , must questionlesse bee execrable and unlawfull unto christians ; witnesse , matth. . , , . , , , . c. . . luke . . gal. . . tim. . . iam. . ● and that excellent passage of of a tertullian to our purpose , recited in the margent . but such and no other is the very action of stage-playes : as the precedent authors : together with the third blast of retrait of from stage-playes and theaters , p. . to . expre●ly testifie . therefore they must questionlesse be execrable and unlawfull unto christians , even in this respect . scena secvnda . secondly , as the hypocrisie , even so the lasciviousnesse of acting stage-playes , doth draw an inexpiable guilt upon them , as this seventeenth argument will demonstrate . that whose very action is * obscene , lascivious , amorous , and unchaste , must needs be hatefull and unlawfull unto christians . but such is the very action of stage-playes . therefore they must needs be hatefull and unlawfull unto christians . the maior is without all controversie , since god himselfe enjoynes all christians , b to live chastly , soberly , holily , and godly in this present world , as becommeth saints ; c. not walking in lasciviousnesse , lusts , or wantonnesse , as the gentiles , or other carnall persons doe : but d absteining from these and all other fleshly lusts which warre against the soule● e lasciviousnesse ( together with all amourous wanton gestures , complements and imbracements which issue from it ) is a fruit of the flesh ; f an evill that proceeds from within , and so defiles the heart of man from which it springs . it is a g sinne of which god takes especiall notice , and will certainly charge it on mens consciences at the last . a h sinne to be seriously rep●nted of . a sinne to which the i gentiles and other wicked men were given over . a sin●e , k for which god threatens to punish the daughters of zion . a sinne which l disinherits and shuts men out of heaven . a sinne which sundry m fathers have plentifully condemned , as mis-beseeming christians , whose very outward gestures and deportment ought to be modest , chaste , and holy , n as becommeth the gospell of christ. the maior therefore is unquestionable . the minor is abundantly ratified ; first , by the concurrent testimony of sundry fathers and moderne authors , who from hence condemne all stage-playes , because the acting of them is obscene , and amorous . witnesse tertullian . despectaculis lib. cap. . o we are commanded ( writes he ) to put away all wantonnesse and incontinency● by this meanes therefore we are divorced from the theater , the private consistory of uncleannesse , where nothing is approved , but what in all other places is disapproved . yea , its greatest praise is for the most part conci●nated of that lasciviousnesse , that filthinesse which the stage-player acteth ; which the actor likewise representeth by women , who have banished the modesty of their sex , that so they may more easily blush at home , than ●n the stage . which finally the patomimus doth suffer in his body from his childhood , that so h● may be expert in his profession . yea , the very stewes themselves , the sacrifices of publike lust , are brought forth upon the stage , they being more miserable in the presence of women , from whom alone they were concealed ; and before the eyes of every age , of every degree , the place , the hire , the testimoniall are represented , yea , published unto those to whom there is no need p i forbeare to mention more , it being meet they should lie obscured in darknesse , in their dungeons , lest they should defile the light . let the senate blush , let all degrees blush at this , since those very murtherers of their owne chastity , fearing their actions should be manifested to the people , blush once a yeere . now if all unclearnesse must be execrable to us , why should it be lawfull to heare those things which it is unlawfull to speake ? for since we may know that all scurrillity , and every vaine word is condemned by god , how can it be lawfull to heare those things which are a wickednesse to commit ? why should those things which defile a man being uttered onely with his mouth , not seeme to pollute him , when they passe through his eyes and eares by his consent ? since the eyes and eares , lie open to the soule : neither can he be made or reputed , cleane , whose appariters are defiled . thou hast therefore an interdiction of the theater , from the interdiction of uncleannesse . thus tertullian . q clemens alexandrinus , r cyprian , s arnobius , t lactantius , v tatianus , x cyril of ierusalem , y saint basil , z gregory nyssen , declaime much against the lasciviousnesse , the lewdnesse which attends the acting of playes ; especially the a floralian enterludes , whose transcendent filthinesse , was so execrably odious , as i dare not to relate it . gregory nazianzen , considering the filthinesse that accompanies playes ; doth from thence stile play-houses , b the lascivious shops of all filthinesse and impuritie playes c ; the petulancies of players , fraught with all incontinency : the dishonest and unseemely disciplines of lascivious men , who repute nothing filthy but modesty : and players d the servants of filthinesse , the counterfeiters of ridiculous things , who are ready in the open view of all men , to suffer or act all detestable things whatsoever . e eusebius pamphilus from the selfe-same ground , cals stage-players , men of waton and lewde-gestures , who did wonderfully delight the spectators , and made maximinus the tyrant sport . saint chrysostome writes , f that all things which are acted on the stage , are most filthy and lascivious : the words , the apparell , the gestures , the tonsure , the musicke , the glances of the eyes , the ditties , the pipes , the very arguments of the playes themselves ; all things , i say , are full of filthy lasciviousnesse . whence they infuse so great lasciviousnesse into the hearers and spectators minds , that all of them may seeme to endevour , even with one consent to eradicate all modestie out of their hearts , and to satisfie their lusts with pernicious pleasure , saint augustine , as he much declaimes against the obscenity of acting of playes , g in sundry places ; so hee informes us from his own experience ; h that on the solemne day of the lotion of berecynthea , the mother of the gods , such things were publikely chanted by most wicked stage-players ; as did not beseeme , i say not , the mother of the gods to heare ; but even the mother of any of the senators , or of any honest men ; yea , the mothers of the stage-players themselves . for humane modestie hath such a respect towards parents which wickednesse it selfe cannot wholly take away . the players themselves might blush , to act in private at their owne houses for exercise sake before their owne mothers , that filthinesse of obscene words and deeds , which they did publikely act before the mother of the gods , in the sight and hearing of a most numerous multitude of both sexes : which if ●he being inticed by curiosity could bee circumfusedly present at these playes , she ought at l●ast to depart ashamed from them , her chastity being offended with them . i what things are sacrileges , if these were sacrifices ? or what is pollution if this were lotion ? and these were called dishes , as if some feast were cel●brated , wherewith the uncleane devils might be fed , as with their banquets . for who may not disc●rne what spirits they are which are delighted with such obsceniti●s ? unlesse ●e be ignorant whether there be at all any uncleane spirits deceiving men under the name of gods , or unlesse ●e leade such a life , in which ●e may rather desire th● favour and feare the wrath of these , than the true god. thus he . that pious father k salvian , records the obscenity of acting stage playes to be such , that no chaste , no modest face could once behold it , no gracious tongue relate it , without sin or shame . if then we will give any credit to these recited fathers , with sundry other here recited in the ensuing scene . or to the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters ; to master northbrooke against vaine-playes and en●erludes ; to master gosson his playes confuted , to master stubs in his ano●omie of abuses , p. . to . to doctor reinolds in his overthrow of stage-playes , to barnabas● brissonius , ioannis mariana , or bulengerus , de spectaculis & ludis sc●nicis l. . c. , , . or to bishop babington , bishop andrewes , osmund lak● , master perkins , master elton , master dod , master downham ; with sundry others on the seventh commandement , who concurre with the alleaged fathers in the lacivious filthinesse of play-acting ; we must needs acknowledge the very acting of stage-playes , to be necessarily obscene , and so unlawfull unto christians , as they all conclude . secondly , those severall l ●eretricious amorous passages , ditties , parts , and complements which we meet with both in m ancient and moderne play-poems , ( which can neither be acted nor vttered without much obscenity , ) will evidently evince the very acting of playes to be lascivious . and doth not daily experience testifie as much ? survay we but a whiles , those venemous unchaste , incestuo●s kisses , ( as the n fathers●tile ●tile them : ) those wanton dalliances , those meretricious imbracements , complements ; those enchanting , powerfull , overcomming sollicitations unto lewdnesse ; o those immodest gestures , speeches , attires , which inseparably accompany the acting of our stage-playes ; especially where the bawdes , the panders , the lovers , the wooers , the adulterers , the womans , or love-sicke persons parts are lively represented , ( whose p poysonous filthinesse , i dare not fully anatomize , for feare it should infect , not mend the reader , ) must needs at first acknowledge , the very action of our stage-playes to be execrably obscene ; to be such as none but persons desparately lewde , unchaste , immodest , can seriously affect , much lesse approve or act . therefore stage-playes themselves must questionlesse be abominable unto christians , even in this regard : scena tertia. thirdly , as the hypocrisie , and obscenity , even so the eff●minacy of acting stage-playes , doth manifestly evince them to be evill ; as this eighteenth argument will demonstrate . that whose very action is effeminate , must needs be unlawfull unto christians . but the very action of stage-playes i● effeminate . therefore , it musts needs be unlawfull unto christians : the major is evident , by the authority of q scriptures , fathers , r and other s authors who condemne effeminacie , as an unnaturall , odious , shamefull sinne , t which not onely mis-beseemes all christians , all persons whatsoever , v making them vile and detestable unto others , but x likewise s●uts men out of heaven , and without repentance damnes their soules . the minor is ratified by the concurrent suffrages of sundry fath●rs , who for this very cause among divers others , condemne all stage-playes . witnesse clemens alexandrinus , padagogi lib. . cap. . where he stiles players y effeminate enervated dancers , & padagogi lib. . cap. . where he writes thus . z now verily the intemperanc● of life is growne so excessive , in●quity insulting and sporting it selfe , that whatsoever is lascivious and unchaste , is diffused into cities . ●●yes being taught to deny nature , doe counterfeit the female sex , &c. o miserable spectacle ! o horrible wicked exercise ! o how g●e●t is this iniquity ! &c. witnesse philo iudaeu● . de vita contemplativa , p. , . those ( writes he ) who onely please with scurrilous jests to recreate mens mindes , a transforme yo●thes into the very habit and order of strumpets , to the great injury and dishonour of their age and sexe : a thing which moses doth much condemne . witnesse tertullian de spectaculis , lib. c. . p. . together with isiodor hispalensis . originum lib. . cap. . b in all scenicall arts ( say they ) there is plainely the patronage of bacchus and venus which are peculiarly proper to the stage . from the gesture and flexure of the body , they sacrifice effeminacy to venus and bacchus ; the one of them being effeminate by her sexe , the other by his f●nx , &c. witnesse saint cyprian , de spectaculis lib. where he writes thus . c to this vile shamefull deed , another equall wickednesse is super-added . a man enfeebled in all his joynts , resolved into a more than womanish effeminacy , whose art it is to speake with his hands and gestures , comes forth upon the stage : and for this one● i know not whom , nei●her man nor woman , the whole citie flocke together , that so the fabulous lusts of antiquity may be acted . yea , d men ( writes he in another place ) are unmanned on the stage : all the honour and vigour of their sex is effeminated with the shame , the dishonesty of an unsin●ed body . he who is most womanish and best resembles the female sex , gives best content . the more criminous , the more applauded is he ; and by how much the more obsene he is , the more skilfull is he accounted . what cannot he perswade who is such a one ? &c. and in another epistle of his , he writes to eucratius , to excommunicate a player , e who did traine up boyes for the stage , for that he taught them against the expresse instruction of god himselfe , how a male might be effeminated into a female , how their sex might be changed by art , that so the divell who defiles gods workemanship , might be pleased by the offences of ae depraved and effeminated body . i thinke it will not stand with the majestie of god , nor the discipline of the gospel , that the modestie and honour of the church should be polluted with such a filthy and infamous contagion . for since men are prohibited in the law to put on a womans garment , and such who doe it are adjudged accursed . how much more greater a sinne is it , not onely to put on womans apparell , but likewise to expresse obscene , effeminate womanish gestures , by the skill or tutorship of an unchaste art ? the most unchaste gestures and actions of stage-players ( writes f lactantius ) what else doe they but teach and provoke lust ? whose enervated bodies , effeminated into an womanish pace and habit , resemble unchaste women by their dishonest gestures , &c. one being a youth ( writes g saint chrysostome ) combes backe his haire , and effeminating nature with his visage , his apparell , his gesture , and the like , strives to represent the person of a tender virgin : which he condemnes as a most abominable effeminate act : there is another sort of actors ( writes h nazianzen ) more unhappy then these , to wit , those who lose the glory of men , and by unchaste infections of their members● effeminate their manly nature , being both effeminate men and women , yea , being neither men nor women , if we will speake truely . for they continue not men , and that they should become women , they attaine not . for what they are by nature , that they * continue not , in regard of manners : and that which they wickedly desire to be , that they are not by nature . by which it commeth to passe , that they are certaine riddles of luxurie , and intricacies of vices , being men among women , and women among men . whether doe these things rather deserve applauses , aspections and mirth , or teares and sighes ? verily laughter raignes in these ; nature is vitiated and adulterated , and a various flame of pleasures is kindled . to these i might acumulate the parallell testimony of * athanasius contra gentes oratio p. . a. b. of theophylus antiochenus ad autolicum , lib. . of tatianu● oratio adversus graecos . of minucius felix . octauius , p. . . . of augustine de civitate dei lib. . cap. . to . and lib. . c. . of salvian . lib. . de gubernatione dei. of hierom. epist● . cap. . . k epist. . cap. . epist. . c. . epist. . c. . epist. . c. . epist. . cap. . of eusebius apud damascenum parallelorum lib. . cap. . of cassiodorus variarum , lib. . cap. . . lib. . cap. . and lib. . cap. . of damascen parallelorum lib. . cap. . of iohn salisbury , de nugis curialium lib. . cap. . together with the concurrent suffrages of ludovicus vives de causis corrupt● artium lib. . p. . . & notae in augustinum de civit. dei. lib. cap. . to . of radolphus gualther homilie . in nahum . . p. . . of francis petrarcha de remedio vtriusque fortunae lib. . diologus . of agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . ● . . of peter martyr , locorum communium classis . . cap. . sect . . . cap. . s●ct . . . and commentary on iudges . page . . of bodine , de republica . lib. ● cap. ● . of ioannis mariana , barnabas brissonius , and * bulengerus , de t●eatris , spectaculis & ludis scenicis ; of the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , page , , . of master northbrooke , master stubs , master gosson , and doctor reinolds in their severall treatises against stage-playes . of bishop babington , master perkins , master dod , l master lakes , master downeham , and sundry other on the seventh commandement . yea , of l plato , m cicero , n senica , o tacitus , p iuvenall , q marcus aurelius * plinie , and other pagan authors ; who all with one consent , not onely testifie , but likewise positively condemne the grosse , the execrable effeminacy which attends the acting of all stageplayes ; which the very r cynicke himselfe would blush for to behold . and must not our owne experience beare witnesse of the invirillity of play-acting ? may s we not daily see our players metamorphosed into women on the stage , not only by putting on the female robes , but likewise the effeminate gestures , speeches , pace , behaviour , attire , delicacy , passions , manners , arts and wiles of the female sex , yea , of the most petulant , unchaste , insinuating strumpets , that either italy or the world affords ? what wantonnesse , what effeminacy parallell to that which our men-women actors , in all their feminine , ( yea , sometime in their masculine parts ) expresse upon the theater ? was ever the invirility of nero , heliogabalus , or sardanapalus , t those monsters , if not shames of men and nature : was ever the effeminate lewdnesse of v flora or thais , comparable unto that which our artificiall stage-players ( trayned up to all lasciviousnesse from their cradles ) continually practise on the stage , without blush of face , or sorrow of heart , not onely in the open view of men , but even of that x all-eyed god , who will one day arraigne them for this their grosse effeminacie ? and dare wee men , wee christians yet applaud it ? y pitty is it to consider , how many ingenuous , witty , comely youthes , devoted vnto god in baptisme , to whom they owe themselves , their service ; are oft-times by their gracelesse parents , even wholy consecrated to the stage , ( the z divels chappell , as the fathers phrase it ) where they a●e trained up in the a schoole of vice , the play-house , ( as if their natures were not prone enough to sinne , unless● they had the helpe of art to backe them ) to the very excesse of all effeminacy , to act those womanish , whorish parts , which pagans would even blush to personate . and is this a laudable , as many ; a b triviall , veniall , harmelesse thing , as most repute it ? is this a light , a despicable effeminacie , for men , for christians , thus to adulterate , emasculate , metamorphose , and debase their noble sexe ? thus purposely , yea , affectedly , to vnman , vnchristian , vncreate themselves , if i may so speake , and to make themselves , as it were , neither men nor women , but monsters , ( a sin as bad , nay worse than any c adultery , offering a kinde of viol●nce to gods owne worke , ) and all to no other end but this ; a to exhilerate a confluence of unchaste , effeminate , vaine companions , or to become competent actors on a stage ; e the greatest infamy that could befall an ancient pagan roman , or a christian ? is this a meane , a pardonable wickednesse , to violate the lawes of god , of nature ? to educate those in the very discipline and schoole of satan , f who should be trained vp in the admonition , feare , and nurture of the lord ? that so they may be more deepely g enthralled to the devils bondage all their dayes , ( since h custome is another nature , i it being as difficult a thing for such who are accustomed to evill , to doe good , as for an aethiopian to change his skin , or a leopard his spots , ) and be made more sure partakers with him in his eternall torments at their deathes ? o therefore let vs now at last consider with our selves , the execrable effeminacy which attends the very acting of our stage-playes ; together with the danger accompanying this sinne , ( which is no lesse , without repentance , then the k eternall losse of heavens ; ) and then we shall , we cannot but abhorre all stage-playes , even in this regard . scena qvarta . fourthly , as the grosse effeminacie , even so the palpable vanitie , the ridiculous folly of acting playes ; doth manifest them to be evill ; as this nineteenth play-affronting argument will evince . that whose very action , in its best acception , is but ridiculous folly and vanity , l must certainly be vnseemely , yea , unlawfull unto christians . but such is the very action of stage-playes . therefore , they must certainly be unseemely , and unlawfull unto christians . the major is evident : first , because the scriptures condemne m all vanity , and n follie ; together with o all vaine , all foolish actions , persons , speeches , words , gestures , as dangerous , and pernicious evils , p which draw men by degrees to greater sinnes , q to serious mischiefes ; commanding men with all * not to returne againe to folly , s there being wickednesse and madnesse in it , t to abandon-folly and vanities , which v promote not the eternall beatitude of their soul●s : x to depart from the presence of a foolish man , when as they perceive not in him the lips of knowledge . secondly , because y vanitie and folly are the very matter , seminaries , and seeds of sinne , of wickednesse , there z being nothing worse then they . the minor , as it is evident by the concurrent testimony of the fore-quoted fathers , acts . scene . so it is such an experimentall knowne truth , that it were lost labour for to prove it . for what else is the personating of the clownes , the fooles , the fantastickes , the lovers , the distracted , discontented , lascivious , furious , angry persons part , but professed vanitie , or ridiculous affected folly ? yea , what else is the whole action of playes , but well personated a vanity , artificiall folly , or a lesse bedlam frenzie ? he who shall seriously survay b the ridiculous , childish , inconfiderate , yea , mad and beastly actions , gestures , speeches , habits , prankes and fooleries of actors on the stage , ( if he be not childish , foolish , or frentique himselfe ) must needs deeme all stage-players children , fooles , or bedlams ; since they act such parts , such pranks , yea , use such gestures , speeches , rayment , complements , and behaviour in iest , which none but children , fooles , or mad-men , doe act , or vse in earnest . there is c ●o difference at all betweene a fool● , a fantastique , a bedlam , a whore , a pander , a cheater , a tyrant , a drunkard , a murtherer , a divell on the stage ( for his part is oft-times acted ) and those who are such in truth , but that the former are farre worse , farre more inexcusable than the latter , because they wilfully make themselves that in sport , to foment d the more then childish folly , of some vaine spectators , which these others are , perchance from naturall necessity , or at least from colourable grounds ? e flendas dixerim , an ridendas ineptias ? the foolery , the ridiculousnesse of acting playes is such , that i know not whether men should more bewaile it , or deride it . sure i am , though ●ew spectators can finde teares to deplore the sin●ulnesse , yet most of them can afford laughter to deride the vanity , the folly of acting playes . since therefore * vanitie and folly are the genuine proper objects of derision , and mens voluptuous smiles ; the laughter playes occasion , ( which is their chie●est end , ) is a sufficient evidence of their excessive folly ; and so ground enough for christians , for all men to condemne them as vanities , as fooleries , as g clemens alexandrinus , and other fathers doe at large declare . and thus much for the first considerable thing in the manner of acting stage-playes . scena qvinta . the second circumstance considerable in the forme of acting playes , is the severall parts and persons sustained in them : which suggests this twentieth play-oppugning argument . those playes , whose very parts and persons are sinfull , yea , abominable , are certainly unseemely , unlawfull unto christians . but h such are the parts , the persons most frequent in all stage-playes . therefore they are certainly unseemely , unlawfull u●to christians . the maior is irrefragable , because i such as the parts are , such is the whole , which is composed of them : if the parts then be evill , the intiretie that springs out of them must bee such . the minor i shall evidence by this induction . in all our stage-playes , we have most vsually the parts and persons of k divel-gods and goddesses ; of iupiter , mars , apollo , venus , vulcan , saturne , cupid , neptune , mercurie , esculapius , hercules , pluto , bacchus , ceres , minerva , diana , iuno , proserpina , flora , priapus , and others : yea , sometimes the very part and person of the l divell himselfe ; whose workes , whose pompes and vanities all christians have renounced in their baptisme : adde we to these , the parts and representations of m satyres , silvanes , muses , nymphes , f●ries , hobgoblins , fairies , fates , with such other heathen vanities , which christians should not name , much lesse resemble ; together with the parts , the persons , n of whores , whoremasters , adulterers , bawdes , panders , tyrants , traitors , theeves , murtherers , paricides , drunkards , parasites , prodigals , hypocrites , fooles , ruffians , wooers , epicures , fantastiques , pennie-fathers , vsurers , scolds , drabbes , ravishers , wantons , bedlams , turkes , infidels , and o all other desperate wicked persons whatsoever . o there is sca●c● one divell in hell , hardly a notorious sinne or p sinner upon earth , either of moderne or ancient times , but hath some part or other in stage-playes . and can they then be lawfull , be tollerable unto christians , being consarcinated of such polluted parts and persons as these ? doubtlesse , he who will but cordially , but christianly survay those filthy pagan divel-gods and goddesses ; those outragious beastly lusts , unparalleld abominations , and execrable sinners , which have their acts , their scenes , their parts , in stage-playes ; must necessarily abandon playes , ( as q all ancient christians did ) as pastimes more fit for devils than for christians : else hee must needs justifie , not onely sinne and sinners , but even hell it selfe ● which abounds not with r more polluted deuils , and devill-idols ; with more prodigious monsters of impietie , with more stupendious matchlesse villanies , than the stage , whose wickednesse oft-times , transcends even that of the infernall lake . for there , men onely suffer and bewaile with teares , the eternall tortures which their sinnes occasion : whereas men in theaters , are so farre from sinne-lamenting sorrow , that they even delight themselves with the representations of those wickednesses , which the originall authors of them now deplore in hell. and is not this s a desperate matchlesse madnesse , for men , for christians , to sport themselves with those individuall sinnes upon the stage , which the parties acted in the very bitternesse of their soules , are condoling now in hell ? to make that their chiefest earthly pleasure , which is now the damned acted parties greatest paine , and without repentance may prove theirs too ? to raise up damned soules or devils out of hell ; with all those horrid sinnes that sunke them thither , to no other end but this , to play them on the stage for laughter-sake : and yet never cordially to consider the dolefull t condition of the persons , nor seriously to lamen● the damnablenesse , the eternall punishment of the sinnes thus acted in their sight ? o that our playe●s , our play-haunters would now seriously consider , that the persons whose parts , whose sinnes they act and see , are even then ye●ing in the v eternall flames of hell , for these particular sinnes of theirs , even then whiles they are playing of these sinnes , these parts of theirs on the stage ! o that they would now remember the sighes , the groanes , the teares , x the anguish , weeping , and gnashing of teeth , the cryes , and shreekes , that these wickednes●es cause in hell , whiles they are acting , applauding , committing and laughing at them in the play-house ! and this , if there be any sparke of humanity , of christianitie ; any feare of god , of sinne , of hell , remaining in them ; would soone embitter the most sugred stage-playes to their soules , and engage them to detest them ( unlesse they are marked ou● for hell ) for such like torments as these now sustaine . certainely , he can never have a share in heaven , that makes a mocke , a play , a pastime of the parts , the sins of those devils , pagans , and flagitious persons who are now in hell. he who can thus make sinne , or hell , or devils , y his earthly solace here , shall undoubtedly enjoy no other heaven but hell hereafter . let the consideration therefore of these parts , these persons sustained in our stage-playes , perswade us to renounce them , as z mis-beseeming christians to sport themselves withall ; from whose hearts they should rather draw mournfull teares , than foolish laughter . scena sexta . the third thing considerable in the very action of stage-playes , is the apparell in which they are acted , which is first of all womanish and effeminate , belonging properly to to the femall sex ; therefore unlawfull , yea , abominable unto men . from whence this twenty one argument is deducible . these playes wherein men act any womens parts in womans apparell , must needs be sinfull , yea , abominable unto christians . but in all , or at least in most stage-playes whatsoever , men act the parts of * women in womans apparell . therefore they must needs be sinfull , yea , abominable vnto christians . the minor is a notorious experimentall truth which all players , all play-haunters must acknowledge : which a sundry fathers , and approved b moderne auth●rs testifie . the maior is undeniably confirmed by deuteronomie . verse . the woman shall not weare that which pertaineth ●nto a man , neither shall a man put on a womans garment ; for all that doe so , are abomination to the lord thy god. god himselfe doth here expresly inhibit men to put on womans apparell , because it is an abomination to him : therefore it must certainly be unlawfull , yea abominable for players to put on such apparell to act a womans part . if any here obiect ( as c some play-patrons doe ) that this scripture extends to those alone , who usually clothe themselues in womans array from day to day ; or to those * who put it on with a lewde inten● to circumvent or inamor others : or to satisfie their lusts : in which case the synode of augusta inhibits women , who put on mans apparell , from the sacrament , till they have repented : not to such who only weare it now and then to act a womans part , or d in case of necessity to saue their liues , as some haue done . to this i answer ; first , that sundry common actors doe usually once a day , at leastwise twice or thrice a weeke , attire themselues in womens array to act their female parts ; yea , they make a daily practice of it to put on womens attire , it being inseparably incident to their lewde profession : therefore they are within the expresse condemnation of this scripture , and their owne most fauourable glosse vpon it , as the obiection it selfe doth euidence . secondly , the very putting on of womans apparell to act a play , though it be but now and then for an houre or two , d is directly condemned by this scripture : which prohibits , not onely the frequent wearing , but the very putting on of womens apparell , for the words are not : a man shall not ordinarily or frequently put on a womans garment , nor yet weare it now and then to a lewde intent , as the obiectors e glosse it : but , neither shall a man put on a womans garment . the originall word iilbosch , which signifieth to put on : is the very same ( as f two worthies of our church obserue ) with that of the sam. . , . where it is written ; that savl clothed david with his armor , and put an helmet of brasse upon his head , &c. if then dauid in the scripture phrase , were said to put on savls armor , though g he put it off immediately , because he had it once upon him , though for a little space ; then he who puts on a womans rayment but to act a part , though it be but once , is doubtlesse a putter on of womens apparell , within the very litterall meaning of this scripture ; and so a ground delinqvent against god : because the very putting on of a womans garment , not the frequent or long wearing of it , is the thing this text condemnes , as the word put on imports . thirdly , the very reason of this precept expressed in the text , will take off this evasion : the woman shall not weare that which pertaineth unto a man , neither shall a man put on a womans garment : marke the reason . for all that doe so , are abomination to the lord thy god. that which makes a man an abomination to the lord his god , must be such a thing as is sinfull and abominable in its owne nature , not in its abuse or circumstances onely , as the h scriptures , and i alexander alesius testifie : if a mans putting on of womans apparell were not simply euill in it selfe , the frequent wearing of it , or the putting of it on to a sinister intent , could not make him an abomination vnto god. for the vse k of apparell being to clothe and adorne the body ; if the putting on of it were not vnlawfull , the frequent putting on of it , being the true vse of it , could not bee sinfull , and so not abominable ; there l being nothing odious vnto god but sinne , and sinfull things . since then this putting on of womans apparell is an abomination to the lord : not onely the frequent wearing of it , or the putting of it on to lewde intents , but euen the bare putting of it on to act a vicious play , * though it be but once , must needs be within the verge of this sacred inhibition . fourthly , this precept ; neither shall a man put on a womans garment , as it is a branch of the morall law , hauing a relation to the . * commandement , and to seueral m scriptures in the new testament , concerning modesty and decency in apparell : as good n diuines obserue . so it is a vniuersall negatiue , which by the rules o of theologie bindes all men , in all cases , in all places , both semper & ad semper ; alwayes , and at all times whatsoeuer : therefore a man putting on of womens apparell at any time vpon any occasion ( yea in case of sauing life , p as some affirme ) but especially to act a bawdes , a sorceresses , whores , or any other lewde females part vpon the stage ; must vndoubtedly be within the expresse letter of this universall negative text ; and so an abomination to the lord. neither will this q poore evasion of acting in womans apparell but now and then , take off its guilt ; for since mens putting on of such aray is here prohibited by a negative precept , which bindes at all times , as an abomination to the lord , and a thing that is sinfull in its owne nature ; the r rarity of it can no wayes expiate the sinfulnesse that is in it . s that which is sinfull in it selfe , is no where , no time lawfull vpon no occasion . it is t no iustification , no excuse at all for a murtherer , an adulterer , swearer , lier , theefe , drunkard , or the like , to pleade , that he commits these sinnes but seldome upon some special causes , because gods precepts are so st●ict , that they u allow no place , no time for any sinne . the infrequency , the rarenesse then of wearing womans apparell ( suppose it were as rare vpon the stage as now it is common ) addes nothing to its lawfulnesse , it still continues an abomination to the lord. fiftly , admit it were lawful for a man to put on womās apparell to saue his life , or to avoid some imminent danger , x as achilles , y euclis , z william bp. of ely , with a some few others , * & the tyrrheneans are recorded to haue done , though b s. augustine himselfe makes a quaere of its lawfulnesse euen in case of life , and c others determine it to be unlawfull , it being a negatiue morall precept which admits no qualifications ; yet it followes not hence , that therefore it is lawfull for m●n-actors to put on womens aray to act a play : for doubtlesse if it be abominable in any case , or in case of daily use , as all acknowledge ; it must necessarily bee so in case of acting playes , which d are but a meere abuse . for first , playes themselues , at leastwise the personating of the bawdes , adulteresses . whores , or sorceresses part , which sauour of nought else but lewdnesse and effeminacy , are euill : therefore the e very putting on of womans apparell to act such parts , cannot be good . secondly , playes , and female parts in playes , admit they bee not simply euill , yet they f are but meere super●luous vanities ; or abuses , as some rightly stile them , there is no necessary vse of playes , of womens parts in playes , or of acting female parts in womans apparell . for men therefore to put on womans attire contrary to this sacred precept , to act a lewde lasciuious womans part out of a meere effeminate , vaine , lasciuious humour , there being no urgent necessity , no warrantable occasion so to doe , g must needs be a great abomination , a most apparant violation of this ample precept ; which being in it selfe h exceeding broad , as all gods precepts are , must alwayes be taken in its utmost latitude , without any humane restrictions of our owne ; since god himselfe ( who can onely make exceptions out of his owne generall rules ) hath left us no evasion from it in his word . sixtly , the concurrent testimony of sundry councels , i fathers , & moderne authors , do absolutely condemne mens putting on of womans apparell , ( and so è conuerso ) especially to act a part vpon the stage , as an abominable , unnaturall , effeminate and dishonest thing . hence the ancient councell of eliberis , canon . decreed , k that ma●rons , or their husbands should not lend their clothes to set forth any sicular playes or shewes ; and if any did it , that they should be excommunicated for three yeeres space . if then the very lending of womens apparell to act a play in , were so great a crime as to demerit . yeeres excommunication , what doth a players personating of a womans part in such aray deserue ? the councell of gangra in the yeere of our lord . can. . & . decreed ; l that if any woman under pretence of chastity , or piety , as was supposed , should change her habit , and put on mans apparell ; or clip and poll her haire ( as our shorne english viragoes doe of late ) which god had giuen her as a badge of her subiection ; she should be ana●hematized , as a dissolver of the pr●cept of obedience : it being directly contrary to this text of deuteronomy : the woman shall not weare that which pertaineth to the man , &c. and to the cor. . , . it is a shame for a woman to be shauen or shorne : but if she haue long haire , it is a glory unto her , for her haire is giuen her for a couering . indeed i finde some precedents of women , who haue beene peccant in this kinde : as namely , m some seduced female disciples of eustatius , who polled their heads , and clad themselues in mans apparell , under a pretext of piety ; for the redresse of whose enormous mannish courses this very councell was assembled . n a virgin , of whom s. ambrose speakes , who clothed her selfe in mans array to save her chastity , and so escaped . o laschonia and axiothea , who resorted unto plato his schoole in mans attire . p empona the renowned wife of iulius sabinus , who polled her haire , and disguised her selfe in mans apparell , and so went to rome , the better to conceale her husband , whose life was then indangered . q euphrosina , a famous virgin of alexandria , who under a pretence of chastity , did cut her haire , and put on mans array , and so entred into a monastery , where she continued thus disguised for . yeeres space . the r famous maide of burgundie , in the yeere . who polling her head , and apparelling her selfe in masculine garments , of purpose to preserue her virginity , her father being desirous to bestow her in m●rriage , entred into religion in a monastery of the friers minorities , where she lived thus metamorphosed into a monke , for divers yeeres . s pope ione that masculine roman strumpet of knowne infamy , who transforming her selfe into the habit and ton●ure of a man , repaired in this her disguize unto the vniversity , where she lived many yeeres ; and at last she aspired into the very popes unerring throne , by this her masculine habit and tonsure , as a man ; till her unexpected delivery of a base-borne issue in the very middest of her solemne procession , discried her to be a woman . t a notable damsell of corinth , together with metania and marina , who under pretext of vowing virginity , and preserving their chastity , disguised themselues in mans apparell , and so entred into monasteries , as professed monkes , * the better to satisfie their lusts among those gotish shavelings . u puell de dieu , that notable french virag● , who arrayed her selfe like a man , and turned a great commander● in the wars , till at last she was taken prisoner by the english in the field , attired and armed like a man ; for which unnaturall act of hers , she was condemned and burnt at roan . x the whore apprehended in suffolke , in king henry the viii . his raigne , by m. wharton , who being disguised in mans apparell , was taken in the company of foure popish shaveling priests , good curates ; who one after another had bestowed their chastity upon her . all which for this their mannish immodest attyring themselues in mans accoutrements , incur the execration of this text and councell . if then a womans putting on , or wearing of mans apparell , or the imitation of his tonsure incurres an anathema by this councels doome , though chastity , learning , and devotion were pretended for it : doth not a mans att●ring himselfe in womans vestments , of purpose to act an ●ffeminate lascivious , amorous strumpets part upon the stage , much more demerit it , since there can be no good pretext at all for it ? but to come punctually to our purpose . the . generall councell of constantinople , canon . * expresly prohibits and abandons all daunces and mysteries made in the names of those who were falsly stiled gods among the graecians , or in the name of men or women , after the ancient manner , farre differing from the life of christians : ordaining , that no man should from thence-forth put on a womans garment , nor no woman a mans apparell ; and that ●o man should put on the person or visard of a comedian , a satyrist , or a tr●gaedian , vnder paine of deposition , if a clergie-man ; of excommunication , if a la●cke . this is punctuall . philo , a learned iew , records ; q that the law doth study to exercise and confirme mens mindes to fortitude with so great earnestnesse , that it also giues precepts what garments must be used , expresly prohibiting , that the man should not take vnto him womans apparell , lest the shadow or footsteps of effeminacy , should stamp some blemish on the masculine sex . for by following nature , he doth alwayes obserue what is seemely euen in the smallest things , which might seeme to be below the care of a law-giver . for when he considered that the bodies of men and women were deformed , and that both of them had their distinct offices ; that to the one of them the care of domestique businesses was committed to the other the mannaging of publike affaires , and that by nature her selfe they were not both made for the same imployments , and that a good minde ought to follow the instructions of nature , he thought it fit to determine of these things also , to wit , of food and rayment , and other things of this nature : for he would that a man in these things should so demeane himselfe as a man ought to doe , especially in apparell ; which since he carrieth it about with him night and day , it ought to be such as may alwayes admonish him both of comlinesse and honesty : s● also adorning the woman according to her degree , he forbids her to weare a mans garment ; remouing far both effeminate men , and women more manly then is fit . clemens alexandrinus , as r he condemnes the putting on of womans apparell as a great iniquity ; s so he demands this question ; why the law in this very text of deuteronomy did inhibit a man to put on a womans garment ? and he resolves it thus ; because the law would have us to be men , and not to be effeminate neither in body , nor in de●ds , nor in minde , nor in words . which reason doth more especially hold in case of playes , where our men-women actors are most effeminate , both in apparell , body , words , and workes . tertullian obserues : t that no kinde of rayment as he could finde was accursed of god , but womens apparell worne by men ; for god saith , cursed is every man who is clad in womans aray . u therefore ( writes hee ) when as god prescribes in his law , that he is accursed who is clothed in womans apparell ; what will he iudge of the stage-player , clowne or foole in the play , who is attired in womans apparell ? shall this crafts-master , this cheating companion , thinke you , goe unpunished ? s. c●prian writes expresly in his epistle to everatius ; x that men in the law are prohibited to put on a womans garment , and those who doe it are adiudged accursed : how much greater a crime is it then , not onely to put on womans apparell , but likewise to expresse dishonest , effeminate , womanish gestures , by the tutorship or direction of an unchaste art ? which passage he particularly applies to stage-playes . y lactantius , among other things , taxeth players , for putting on womanish gestures , and apparell , to act the parts of infamous females : hauing an eye , no question , to this text of deutronomy . epiphanius contra haereses . lib. . tom. . haeresis . col. . b. informes us : z that it is a shamefull and dishonest thing for a man to become a woman , and to appeare in the forme of a woman . and that it is againe a most abominable thing for women to become men , ( as many of haire-clipping moderne impudent viragoes doe ) and to weare the apparell of a man. whence he condemnes the a seres for heretiques ; among whom the men did vse to nourish and plaite their haire into knots like women , ( as our moderne love-locke wearers doe ) sitting all the day idlely at home , perfumes with oyntments , effeminate , and prepared for their wiues ; whereas their women on the other side , did cut the haire of their heads , ( as our english man-women monsters doe of late ) and gird themselues about with a mans girdle : both which are condemned by this text of deuteronomy : and by the cor. . v. . to . which i would our moderne ru●fians , and mad-dames would consider . gregory nazianzen , oratio . . ad eunomianos , together with elias , metropolitan of crete , in his commentary on that oration ; affirme , b that it is an unnaturall and disorderly thing to see flowers in winter , or women clothed in mans , or men attired in womens apparell . c for ( as elias comments ) the first of these disturbes the times ; the other yeelds an inconvenient forme to nature , the ornament both of the man and woman being changed , and the order which nature hath prescribed to them , being confounded . vpon which ground they both condemne the cynicke maximus , and his sect , d for nourishing and wearing their haire long , out of a perverse affection : as being an effeminate , and unnaturall thing . s. hierom writes expresly ; e that he shall eternally perish , who being effeminated in womannish feeblenesse , doth nourish his haire , pollish his skin , and trim himselfe by the glasse , which is the proper passion and madnesse of women . s. cyprian records , f that they are in the devils house and palace , who with womanish haire transfigure themselues into women , and disgrace their masculine dignity , not without the iniurie of nature . g clemens romanus , constit. apost . l. . c. . clemens alexandrinus , paedag. l. . c. . . & l. c. . . . philo iudaeus . de vita contemplativa . pag. . & de specialibus legibus . p. . origen in iob. lib. . tom. . fol. . l. epiphanius , contra haereses , lib. . tom. . haeresis . col. . . & . a. iulius firmicus , de errore profanarum religionum . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . paulinus , epistola . ad seuerum . augustin . de opere monachorum . lib. c. . , . tom. . p. . b. cyrillus alexandrinus , de spiritualibus oblationibus . lib. . tom. . p. . e. isichius in lovit . lib. . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. p . c. & lib. . c. . p. . e. bernard . oratio ad milites templi . cap. . & . amalarius fortunatus . de ecclesiasticis officijs , lib. . cap. . together with h ambrose , chrysostome , sedulius , primasius , oecumenius , beda , anselme remigius , theophylact , in their expositions and commentaries on the cor. . , . doth not nature it selfe teach you , that if a man hath long haire ( in which our ruffians glory ) it is a shame unto him ? but if a woman haue long haire , ( of which i our english ladies , who haue cast off god and nature , shame and modesty , religion and subiection , are now ashamed , as being out of fashion ) it is a glory to her ; for her haire is giuen her for a covering : ) doe * copiously censure and condemne the frizling , nourishing , and wearing of long effeminate haire , as an unnaturall , womanish , irreligious , and unmanly practice condemned , not onely by the k law of god and nature , in the cor. . . ezech. . . levit. . . & . . dan. . . rev. . , . tim. . . pet. . . isay . ( which scriptures i wou●d our overgrowne lock-wearers , and frizle-pated men-women would well consider ) but euen by this text of deuteronomy , which inhibits men to put on a womans garment , or attire ; of which long haire ( the proper l ornament of women ) as well as womans rayment is a part . if then the very nourishing of long effeminate haire be a putting on of womans apparell within this scriptures sence , as the womans cutting of her haire ( as m good expositors testifie ) is a wearing of that which pertaineth to a man , to whom the clipping of haire is proper , he being in this distinguished from a woman : and so an abomination in gods sight , though our men and women in these licentious times beleeue the contrary ; much more must a players putting on of womens apparell , gesture , speech , and manners to act a play , be a putting on of womans apparell , and so an abomination to the lord our god , within the very litterall meaning of this text , if these fore-quoted fathers may be iudged . s. ambrose in his n annotations upon deuteronomy . cap. . dedicated to irenaeus : wherein he examines at large the cause , why the law should prohibit women to weare a mans garment , and men to put on womans apparell ; will make this point most cleare . i shall recite his words at large . thou hast informed me ( writes he ) as a sonne , that some haue demanded of thee , what is the reason , that the law should so severely call them uncleane , who use the garments of another sex , be they men or women . for thus it is written , the apparell of the man shall not be put upon the woman , n●ither shall a man be arrayed in a womans garment ; because every one who shall doe these things , is an abomination to the lord thy god. o and if thou maist truely discusse it ; that is incongruous , which even nature her selfe abhorreth . for why being a man , wilt thou not seeme to be that which thou art borne ? why dost thou take unto thy selfe a different forme ? why dost thou feine thy selfe a woman , or thou woman thy selfe to be a man ? nature hath clothed every sex with its owne garments . finally , there is a diverse use , a different colour , motion , pa●e , an unequall strength , a different voice in a man and in a woman . yea likewise in living creatures of another kinde , there is one forme of a lion , another of a lionesse , yea another strength , another sound : one of a bull , another of a heifer . in deere also , so much as the sex doth differ , so much doth the forme , so as thou maist distinguish them afar off . in birds likewise there may be a proper comparison , in regard of apparell betweene them and man. for in them the very induments themselues doe by nature distinguish the sex . the male peacockes are beautifull ; the females are not adorned with so various a beauty of feathers . the phesants also haue a different colour , which may distinguish the difference of the sex . what difference is there in poultry ? how shrill is the crowing of the cocke , a solemne gift to stir up and sing , in the severall watches of the night ? p doe these things change their shape● or habit ? why then doe we desire to change ? and verily the custome of the grecians hath flowne in among vs , that women weare short coates , as being shorter then their owne . well , be it so now , that these may seeme to imitate the nature of the better sex ; why will men counterfeit the habit of the inferiour sex ? a lie even in word is dishonest : much more in apparell . finally , in temples , where there is a counterfeiting of faith , there is a counterfeiting of nature : for men * there to take unto them womans apparell , and a womanish behaviour , is thought an holy thing . whence the law saith : because every one , who shall doe these things , is an abomination to the lord thy god : that is , a man who shall put on a womans garment . but i suppose , that it speakes this , not so much of cloathes , as of manners , or of our customes and actions , wherein one act may become a man , another a woman . whence also the apostle saith , as an interpreter of the law , q let the woman keepe silence in the church : for it is not permitted to them to speak , but to be in subiection , as the r law saith . but if they will learne any thing , they may aske their husbands at home . and to timothy , s let the woman learne in silence with all subjection : for i suffer not a woman to teach , nor to domineere over her husband . t but how unseemely a thing is it for a man to doe womanish workes ? therefore also may they bring forth children , therefore may they ●ravell of child-birth , who * crispe their haire like women . and yet those are veiled , these make war. but they may haue an excuse who follow the customes of their country , which yet are barbarous , as the persians , as the goathes , as the armenians . verily nature is greater then our country . what doe we speake of others , who adde this to their luxury , that they keepe in their service men wearing frizled haire , and golden chaines , themselues having long beards , their servants long shag haire ? deservedly chastity is not there kept , where a distinction of six is not observed . in which the euidences of nature , are so many tutorships ; the apostle himselfe saying : is it a seemely thing , that a woman pray unto god uncovered ? doth not nature it selfe teach you , that if a man have long haire , it is a shame unto him ? but if a woman have long haire , it is a glory to her , for her haire is given her for a covering . these are the things which thou maist answer to those who inquire of thee . farewell . thus doth this father descant on this scripture . s. augustine resolves us ; * that those are rightly accounted infamous , and unable to beare witnesse , who shew themselves in womans apparell , whom i know not whether i should rather call , false women , or false men . yet we may stile them true stage-players , and true infamous persons without any doubt . and withal he informes us , x that it is a great questiō , whether a man may put on womans apparell , to deceive an enemy with it , for the delivery , or safety of his country , because in this he becomes a woman , perchance to appeare a truer man. and whether a wise man , who hath some kinde of assurance that his life will be necessary for the good of men , would rather die with cold , then clothe himselfe in womans apparell , if he can ge● no other . but of this ( saith he ) we shall consider more in another place . for verily thou seest how much examination it requires , to consider how far these things ought to be proceeded in , lest men fall into certaine unexcusable uncleannesses . and so he leaues the question undecided . iulius firmicus maternus , de errore profanarum religionum , lib. c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . . writing of the effeminate sodomiticall male-priests of venus , y who clad themselues in womans apparell , and were afterwards put to death by constantine the great for their unnaturall lewdnesse , as eusebius ( de vita constantini , lib. . cap. . & lib. . cap. . ) records : hath this notable passage . the assyrians , who worship the aire under the name of venus , have verily effeminated this element , being moved i know not with what veneration . whether because the aire is interposed betweene the sea and heaven , doe they worship it with the effeminate voyces of their priests ? z tell me , is this the cause that they seeke a woman in a man , whom the quire of their priests cannot otherwise serve , vnlesse they effeminate their countenance , polish their skin , and disgrace their masculine sex with womanish attire , & c ? they effeminately adorne their long nourished haire , and being clothed in delicate garments , they scarce support their head with their wearied necke . afterwards , when they have thus estranged themselves from being men , ravished with the musicke of pipes the● call upon their goddesse , &c. a what monster , or what prodigy is this ? they deny themselves to be men , and yet are such : they would be reputed women , but the quality of their body confesseth the contrary . consider what deity it is which is thus delighted with the entertainment of an impure body , which adheres to unchaste members , which is attoned with the filthy pollution of the body . blush o ye wretches , at your sottishnesse : another god hath made you ! when your company shall appeare before the tribunall of god who iudgeth , you shall bring nothing along with you , which god , who hath made you , may acknowledge . cast away this error of so great calamity , and now at last relinquish the practices of a prophane mind . doe not ye damne that body which god hath given you , with the wicked law of the devill . so pathetically inveighed he against mens putting on of womens apparell . s. chrysostome , as hee b expresly condemnes the putting on of womans array to act a play ; a thing too common in his dayes : so in his . homil. in epist. . ad corinthios , cap. . tom . col. . b.c. ( where he recites this text of deuteronomy , and notably censures c men for nourishing , & d women for cutting , and laying out their haire ; ) he hath this excellent speech . e there are certaine signes given both to a man and woman ; to him verily of command and principality ; to her truly of subiection : and among these this also ; that the woman should have her head covered ; but the man his head uncovered and bare . if these therefore are signes , both of them sinne , when as they confound this good order , and the constitution of god , and transgresse their limits ; he , in falling downe to the humility and deiection of the woman ; she , in rising up against the man , by her apparell and shape . for if it be not lawfull for them to interchange their garments , neither for a woman to bee clad in a mans gowne ; nor for a man to be attired in a womans gowne , or vaile ; for he saith ; neither shall the ornament of the man be put upon the woman ; neither shall the man be clad in womans apparell , deut. . . much more are not these things to be changed , &c. to passe by damascen . paralellorum . lib. . cap. . together with beda expositio in deuteronom . c. . operum . tom. . p. ● who condemne mens putting on of womens apparell from this text , which they recite : that elegant bishop of marcelles , salvian , doth exceedingly tax the romanes for permitting men to weare womans apparell , not onely in ordinary converse ; but * even upon the stage . f who ( writes he ) could beleeve or heare , that men should have turned into a womanish patience , not onely their use and nature ; but even their countenance , pace , habit , and all whatsoever is in the sex , or in the use of a man : all things were so turned upside downe , that whereas nothing ought to be more shameful to men , then that they should seeme to have any womanish thing in them ; there nothing did seeme more dishonest to certaine men , then that they should seeme to be men in any thing , & c● g this therefore is more to be lamented and pittied , that this so great a wickednesse did seeme the crime of the whole common-wealth ; and the whole dignity of the roman name was branded with the infamy of this prodigious wickednesse . for when men should clothe themselves in womans apparell , and become more effeminate then women , and cover their heads with feminine attires , and this publikely in a roman city , yea , in the most● famous and chiefe city there ; what else was it , but the shame of the roman empire , that in the middest of the commonweale this most execrable wickednesse should be tolerated without controll ? asterius bishop of amasea , who flourished about the yeere of our lord , . in his homily , in festum kalendarum . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . c.d. writes thus : h that in this feast , the people did learne the infamous and dishonest arts and studies of stage-players , from whence effeminacy and dissolution of manners did proceed . doth not that valiant man , that man of courage , who is admirable in his armes , and formidable to his enemies , degenerate into a woman with his vailed face ? he le ts his coate hang downe to his ankles , he twists a girdle about his brest , he puts on womens shoes , and after the manner of women , he puts a cawle upon his head ; moreover , he carries about a distaffe with wooll , and drawes out a thred with his right hand , wherewith ●e hath formerly borne a trophie , and he extenuateth his spirit and voyce into a shriller and womanish sound . these are the profits of this solenmnity : these are the commodities and fruits of this dayes publike feast . o folly ! o blindnesse ! &c. so vehement is this godly bishop against this unmanly practice , even in case of stage-playes , which he much condemnes● our learned country-man , aleb●vinus , writing , of the practices of the pagan romanes on the kalends of ianuary , now our new-yeeres day ; informes us ; that i divers of them did transforme themselves into monstrous shapes , and into the habit of wilde beasts . others ( saith hee ) changed in a feminine gesture , did effeminate their manly countenance : neither unworth●ly haue not they a manly fort●tude , who have changed themselves into a womans habit , or have put on a womans attire . now because the whole world was replenished with these and other miseries , the whole universall church hath appointed a publike fast to be kept on this day ( which fast it seemes is now forgotten ) in as much as the author of life should put an end to ●hese calamities : so doth he stile these effeminate practices . to these recited fathers and councels i might adde aste●anus de casibus , lib. . tit●lus . aquinas prima secundae . quaest. . artic. . m. & secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . m. alexander alensis . theologiae summa . pars . quaest. . memb. . pag. . . glossa ordinaris , lyra , tostatus , pellicanus , cornelius à lapide , rabanus maurus , calvin , iunius , dionysius , carthusianus , ferus , osiander , & ainsworth on deut. . v. . bishop babington , m. perkins , m. dod , m. downham , m elton , osmond lake , m. iohn brinsly , calvin , bishop * andrewes , d. griffith williams , d. * ames , with sundry others upon the . commandement . peter martyr , locorum communium classis . . cap. . sect . . . bullinger & marlorat in cor. . . gulielmus parisiensis , de fide & l●gibus , cap. . danaeus ethicae christianae● l. . c. . polanus syntagma theologiae . lib. . cap. . p. . the rich cabinet , london . p. . , . maphaeus vegius laudensis . de educatione liberorum . lib. . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . e. a short treatise against stage-playes by an anonymous author , tendred to the parliament . anno . p. . w. t. in his absoloms fall . fol. . stephen gosson his playes confuted . action . the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters : m. northbrook , his treatise against vaine playes and enterludes . fol. . and d. reinolds , in his overthrow of stage-playes . p. . to . & p. . to . where this point is largely and learnedly debated . all these , with infinite others in their treatises against stage-playes , doe utterly condemne the putting on of womans apparell , especially out of wantonnesse to act a play , as a violation of this text of deuteronomy , and an abomination to the lord our god : neither was there ever any one divine that i haue met with , who did contradict this truth ; therefore we need not doubt or question it , but submit unto it without any more disputes . lastly , the very reasons alleaged against the putting on of womans apparell on men , will evidently evince it to be sinfull to put it on to act a play. for first , the very putting on of womans apparell ( much more to act a lewde lascivious enterlude ) is an unnaturall , and so a detestable and shamefull act : as not onely k ambrose , and the fore-quoted christian authors , but even l seneca and m statius , with other pagans testifie . for since nature hath made a difference , not onely betweene the sex , but n even betwixt the habit and apparell of men and women , as well among the most barbarous , as the civilest nations , in so much that they are visibly distinguished by the diversity of their rayment one from the other : it must needs be a violation of the very dictates of nature , for a man to clothe himselfe in that apparel which nature and custome have prescribed to another sex , as mis-becomming his . as o nature it selfe doth teach men , that it is a shame for them to weare long haire ( though our moderne ruffians glory in it ) because it p is naturally proper unto women , to whom it is given for a vaile , a covering : so much more doth it teach men , that it is a detestable , unnaturall , shamefull thing for them , to put on womans attire to act a strumpets part . hence men in womens , and women in mens apparell have beene ever odious . witnesse q heliogabalus , r sporus , s sardanapalus , t nero , caligula , ( suetonij calig . sect . . . & others ; together with the u male-priests of venus , x the roman galli or cinaedi , the passive sodomites y in florida , z gayra , and a peru ; who clothing themselves sometimes , not alwayes in womans apparell ( as did also b william bishop of ely to his shame , ) are for this , recorded to posterity , as the very monsters of nature , and the shame , the scum of men . witnesse the c inkeepers of ●ez at this day , who attyring themselves like women , shaving their beards , and becomming effeminate in their speech , are so odious to these very infidels , ( some base villaines onely excepted who resort vnto them , ) that the better sort of people will not so much as speake to them , neither will they suffer them to come within their temples . if men in womens apparel be thus execrable unto pagans , how much more detestable should they bee to christians , who are taught not onely by the light of nature , but of the d gospel too , to hate such beastly male-monsters in the shapes of women ? and as the verdict of human nature condemnes mens degenerating into women ; so from the very selfesame grounds , it deepely cēsures the aspiring of women above the limits of their female sex , & their metamorphosis into the shapes of men , either in haire , or apparell . as nature dictates to men , e that it is a shame for them to weare long haire , or womans rayment , so it instructeth women , that it is a shame , a sinne for them , to put on mans apparell , or to clip or cut their haire their feminine glory ( as our viragoes doe ) because it is given them as a naturall covering to distinguish them from men : as the apostle plainly teacheth , in the cor. . , , . the tim. . . & deut. . . hence the councell of gangra f did anathematize those women , as infringers of the law of nature , and of the precept of subiection , who did either cut their haire , or clothe themselves in mans apparell , though it were under pre●ence of religion , as g theodora ( who lived a penitentiary life in mans apparell for her adultery in a monastery for sundry yeeres together ) is recorded to have done , and as some h preposterous nonnes in egypt did : hence gratian distinctio . summa angelic● . tit. faemina . together with calvin , bullinger , marlorat , lyra , & glossa ordinaris , with sundry others on cor. . , . & deut. . . & synodus turonica , anno . apud bochellum . decreta . ecclesiae . gallicanae . lib. . tit. . cap. ● . ( whose word i would our man-women english gallants would consider ) expresly teach us ; i that even nature herselfe abhors to see a woman shorne or polled ; that a woman with cut haire is a filthy spectacle , and much like a monster ; and * that all repute it a very great absurdity for a woman to walke abrode with shorne haire ; for this is all one as if she should take vpon her the forme or person of a man , to whom short cut haire is proper , it being naturall and comly to women to nourish their haire , which even god and nature have given them for a covering , a token of subiection , and a naturall badge to distinguish them from men . yet notwithstanding , as our english russians are metamorphosed into women in their deformed * frizled lockes and haire , so our english gentlewomen , ( as if they all intended , to tu●ne men outright and weare the breeches , or to become popish nonnes ) are now growne so farre past shame , past modesty , grace and nature , as to clip their haire like men with lockes and foretops , and to ma●e this whorish cut , the very guise and fashion of the times , to the eternall infamy of their sex , their nation , and the great scandall of religion . yea , the unnaturall shamelesse papists , bidding as it were professed defiance both to god , to nature , moses , and s. paul , haue made this a l solemne ceremony at the admission of all their nonnes into their unholy orders , to poll their heads , and cut their haire , in token that they are now immediately espoused unto christ , and so are freed from all subiection to men , or to their husbands , ( as i presume those english women think they are , who cut their haire . ) an unnaturall m unchristian shamefull practise , derived ( as n themselves acknowledge ) from the pagan roman vestales ( a fit patterne of imitation for all popish nonnes ) who entring into that idolatrous order did use to o poll their heads and consecrate their haire to the goddesse lucina , hanging it for a monument on a sacred lote-tree . well , let the romanists and their nonnes who give a reason for polling their religious virgins that p its a token of their freedome from all subiection to men , &c. ( whereas they should rather plead they are men indeed , not women , and so are not bound to nourish their haire ) much like the reason of those foolish ruffianly friers , or crinitifratres , whom s. augustine reproving for wearing long haire against the apostles precept . q cor. . . to the scandall of religion , replied , that the apostle prohibits men onely to weare long haire , and they were no men ( as our effeminate hairy men-monsters hardly are ) because they had made themselves eunuches for the kingdome of heauen , and so were exempted from the apostles text , as the * papists say these nonnes of theirs are , though all other women wha●soever are included : ) or let our english shorne blowses , thinke what they will of this vile practise ; yet sure i am that god , that scripture , nature , modesty , religion and all ingenious persons , who have any sparkes of nature in them much condemne it , as an abominable guise , unfit for any but lewd adulter●sses and notorious whores , ( as many s polled nonnes and shorne-frizled english maddames are . ) hence the t ancient germanes and u others , did use to shame and punish notorious adulteresses and whores , by shauing off their haire , as the most ignominious punishment that could befall them . x hence the ancient roman emperours did usually punish adulteresses by cutting their haire , and then thrusting them into a monastery , to doe penance there , the true originall of this popish custome . and hence the french synode under pope zachery , in the yeere . decreed . y that if any nonnes and holy virgins did fall into adultery ( as many did ) they should be thrice whipped , then cast into prison for an whole yeere , and have all the haire of their head shaven quite away ; to make them odious for ever after , yet romanists glory in this their feminine tonsure of their nonnes ; whereas the counc●ll of z ariminum under constantius ( as if it had beene purposely somoned to convict the papists of heresie in this very ceremony of installing nonnes ) together with the councel of a gangra , condemned eustatius for an heretique ; quod mulieres comam detondere monuisset : for that he had perswaded women out of a pretext of holinesse , to cut their haire , against the very lawes of god and nature . now as womens clipping of their haire like men is thus execrable in it selfe , because unnaturall ; so is their putting on of mans apparell , or men of theirs , especially for merriment . to passe by b dom●a , who clad her selfe in mans apparell to avoyd the rage of the tyrant maximinian ; together with that mirror of conjugall fidelity , c empona , who cut her haire , and wore mans apparell lest she should betray her husband iulius sabinus , being discovered , with whom she lived yeeres in a vault , as d tacitus relates ; with some e other women formerly mentioned , who have cut their haire and put on mans apparell for learning , danger , or religion sake , whose practise i cannot approve , since god and nature both condemne it : i shall onely remember two stories more , very pertinent to this purpose . the first is of the argi●ae , or f graecian women of argos , who driving cleomenes king of sparta from their besieged city under the conduct of telesilla , the most of the argivi being slaine before the siege ; in remembrance of this their victory , ordained a feast on the seventh day of the fourth moneth , wherein they exercised their , hibristica sacra , or contumelious solemnities , in which they clothed women in mans apparell , and men with womens haire-laces , veiles , and head attires : ( inverting the very course of nature both in the male and female sex : ) and withall that they might seeme to contemne and disgrace their husbands , they inacted this law ( which our english shorne viragoes might doe well to put in practice ) that all married women should put on beards , when ever they should lie with their husbands : which puts me in minde , not onely of g bearded venus ( to whom men sacrificed in womens , and women in mens apparell , as * macrobius hath recorded ) whom they pictured like a man from the girdle upward , and like a woman onely from the girdle downwards , because they deemed her both a man and a woman : ( a lively emblem of our halfe-men-women monsters : ) but likewise of the winnili or lombards wives , h who going to goddanus with their husbands to desire of him the victory against the vandals with their haire hanging loose below their cheekes in forme of a beard ; goddanus demanded● qui sunt isti longobardi ? from whence they were after called , lombards , quasi long-beards , as some , or as other historians have recorded , because i their husbands to increase the number of their army at their first eruption , that so they might be more terrible to their enemies , did untie their wives long haire and fashion it to their faces like a beard , deceiving their enemies with this stratagem . which if our english polled females ( who may do well to make them beards of the haire they have shorne from their lockes and foretops ) will but imitate , they may then seeme bearded men in earnest , and fall to wearing breeches to , ( as they have lately taken up mens tonsure , lockes and dublets , k if not more : ) and so bee like these mannish argivae , ouer-ruling nature and their husbands both at once . the second history is that of l aristodemus the tyrant , surnamed effeminate , because he wore long womanish haire , for which the very barbarians did condemne him . this unnaturall tyrant endevoring to effeminate the cumaeans , commanded and taught their youths to * nourish thei● haire like women , to colour it yellow , to curle and embroyder it , and binde it up in phillets ; and to weare painted and embroydered gownes and garments untill they were past . yeeres of age . and withall he compelled their women to cut their haire round , and to put on m●ns apparell . which invertion of the course of nature in both sexes ( condemned by m plutarch , as a tyranny beyond all his other wickednesses ) did make him so execrably odious to the cumaeans , that they rose up with one accord against him and slew him , together with all his posterity , as detestable and worthy ruine both with god and man. it is evident then by all these premises : that the putting on of womans apparel , and so è converso ; is * an unnaturall , and so a * shamefull , an abominable act : therefore to put it on to act a play , must needs bee such . secondly , as it is an unnaturall , so likewise it is an effeminate act to put on womans apparell , especially to play a womans part . this all the fore-quoted authors , together with act . scene . abundantly testifie : this plutarch , and dionysius hallicarnasseus in the now recited history of aristodemus the cumaean tyrant ; together with orosius , suetonius , n philo iudaevs , diodorus , siculus , athenaeus , iustin , lampridius , iuvenal , eusebius , purchas , and the o fore-quoted historians , who condemne sardanapolus , heliogabalus , nero , sporus , the m●le-priests of venus , the roman galli , cinaedi and others formerly mentioned for so many monsters of unparalled effeminacy , for putting on womans attire , together with the very grounds of common reason , fully evidence . for what higher streine of invirility can any christian name , then for a man to put on a womans rayment , gesture , countenance and behaviour , to act a whores , a bawdes , or some other lewd , lascivious females part ? if this bee not effeminacy in the suparlative degree , i know not yet what effeminacy meanes . but if it be effeminate , as * all must grant , then it must needs be sinfull , yea abominable , since p effeminacy is both an odious and a condemning sinne , as both scriptures and fathers doe proclaime it . thirdly , a mans putting on of womans apparell , * be it to act a play , q is a dishonest , immodest , and unseemely thing , which becomes not christians or religion : it is a thing of ill , not good report ; a thing not honest , but vile and filthy in the sight of all men , as the fore-alleaged authors , and act . scene . together with every ingenious mans conscience and experience testifie . therefore it must needs be sinfull , as the recited fathers , and r marginall texts of scripture will more fully evidence . fourthly , a mans clothing himselfe in maides attire , is not onely an imitation of effeminate idolatrous priests and pagans , s who arrayed themselves in womans apparell when they sacrificed to their idols , and their venus , and t celebrated playes unto them ; which as u lyra , x aquinas , and y alensis well observe , was one chiefe reason , why this text of deuteronomy prohibits , mens putting on of womens apparell , as an abomination to the lord : but a manifest approbation and revivall of this their idolatrous practice . therefore it must certainly u be abominable , and within the very scope and letter of this inviolable scripture , even in this regard . fiftly , this putting on of womans rayment , x is a meere abuse of it . the end why god ordained apparell at the first , was onely y to cover nakednesse ; z to fence the body against cold , winde , raine , and other annoyances : to a put men in minde of their penury , their mortality , b their spirituall clothing from heaven , and the like ; and c to distinguish one sex , one nation , d one dignity , office , calling , profession from another . now a mans attyring himselfe in womans array , as it serves for neither of these good ends for which garments were at first ordained ; which proves it a meere abuse : so it perverts one principall use of garments , to difference men from women ; by confounding , interchanging , transforming these two sexes for the present , as long as the play or part doth last . if therefore mens ordinary wearing of womens garments , if the put●ing of them on in any other place but in a play-house , or the wearing of them in the streets for an houre or two , and that but seldome ; be within ●he malediction of this text , or an unlawfull thing ( as our very * antagonists in this case of playes , confesse ) because it transformes the f male in outward appearance into the more ignoble female sex , and nullifies that externall difference betweene them , which it ought to make : then questionlesse mens arraying themselves in womans vestments to act a part in masques , in playes , or other enterludes , must needs be much more abominable , within the meaning of this scripture : because it not onely inverts these sexes which god and nature have distinguished : but also abuseth apparell , not to any good or necessary purpose g which is evill ; but to an unnecessary , lewde , lascivious end , from whence no good at all proceeds . lastly , this putting on of womans array ( especially to act a lascivious , amorous , whorish , love-sicke play upon the stage , must needs be sinfull , yea abominable ; because it not onely h excites many adulterous filthy lusts , both in the actors and spectators ; and drawes them on both to contemplative and actuall lewdnesse , ( as the i marginall authors testifie ) which is evill ; but likewise instigates them to k selfe-pollution , ( a sinne for which onan was destroyed : ) and to that unnaturall sodomiticall sinne of uncleanesse , l to which the reprobate gentiles were given over ; ( a sinne m not once to be named , much lesse then practised among christians ; ) which is worse , this the detestable examples of n heliogabalus , o sardanapalus , p nero & sporus , q the male-priests of venus , with the r passive beastly sodomites in florida , s gayra , and t peru , evidence ; who went clad in womans apparell , the better to elliciate , countenance , act , and colour their unnaturall execrable uncleanesse , which i abhor to thinke off . this the u usuall practise of other ancient incubi , who clothed their galli , succubi ganymedes and cynadi in womans attire , whose virilities they did oft-times x dissect , to make them more effeminate , transforming them as neere as might be into women , both in apparell , gesture , speech , behauiour . and more especially y in long unshorne womannish , frizled , lust-provoking haire and love-lockes , ( growne now too much in fashion with comly pages , youthes , and lewd effeminate ruffianly persons ; as they were with these unnaturall pagans , i dare not write , to amorous beastly purposes , z to which they are strong allectives , of which they were ancient symptomes , as sundry profane and * christian writers testifie : which should cause all chaste ingenious christians for ever to detest them , the better to avoyd the s●ares , the badges , the suspicions of incontinency , and this most filthy sinne : ) the more to extenuate this their unnaturall wickednesse , or rather the more freely to embolden , to allure and provoke them to the undaunted , u●lamented practise of it , by reducing it as neere to naturall lewdnesse as they could devise : since few of them were so prodigiously impudent , so unmeasurably outragious at the first , as desperately to rush upon this unnaturall filthinesse in its suparlative native vilenesse , without some extenuating varnishes cast into it , to charme their consciences , and inflame their lusts . yea this the execrable precedents of ancient , of moderne play-poets and players witnesse , who have beene deepely plunged in this abominable wickednesse , which my inke is not blacke enough to discypher . witnesse the example of sophocles , that famous greeke tragaedian , whom athenaeus dipnos . lib. . cap. . plutarch , in his amatorius ; suidas in the word sophocles ; caelius rhodiginus , antiqu. lect. lib. cap. . . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . c. . . have stigmatized for this sinne . witnes saint cyprian , who writes thus of the womanish pantomimes and players in his times . epist. lib. . epist. . donato . libidinibus insanis in viros viri proruunt , &c. see act . scene . witnes saint chrysost. hom. . in epist. . ad corinth . theatra congregant & meretricum choros illic inducentes , & pueros pat●icos qui iniuria ipsam naturam afficiunt . quid ergo illos inducis cynaedos , & exoletos , &c. yea witnes caligu●a . suetonij . calig . sect . . with m. stubs , his anatomy of abuses p. . where he a●firmes , ●hat players and play-haunters in their secret conclaves pla● the sodomites : together with * some moderne examples of such , who have beene desperately enamored with players boyes thus clad in womans apparell , so farre as to sollicite them by words , by letters , even actually to abuse them . all which give dolefull testimony to this experimental reason , which should make this very putting on of womans apparell on boyes , to act a play , for ever execrable to all chast christian hearts . hence is it , a that sundry learned divines annex this text of deuteronomy to the . commandement , as a morrall precept sounded upon the very law of nature ; because mens putting on of womans rayment is a temptation , an inducement not onely to adultery , but to the beastly sinne of sodome , which ( saith b lactantius ) is most properly called adultery , because it is c unnaturall . yea hence ( as d some have truely observed ) those women who put on mens , and men who put on womens apparel , are said in this text , not onely to be abominable , but even , to be an abomination , in the abstract , to the lord their god ; because it is an occasion off , a violent provocation to that monstrous unparalleld sinne of sodomy , ( e cuius defecit interpretatio erubuit ratio , conticuit oratio : ) which the following f chapter , with severall g other scriptures , expresly stile ; an abomination to the lord our god. since then it is abundantly evident by all these premises , ( and i suppose by many players and play-haunters particular experience ) that mens putting on of womans apparell ( h especially to act a whores , a baudes , or sweet-hearts womanish wanton part upon the stage , where all the sollicitations , and inescating allectives to uncleannesse doe accompany it , ) is a preparative , an incendiary , not only to sundry noysome lusts , to speculative , to practicall adultery , whoredome , and the like : but even to the most abominable unnaturall sinne of sodom , i to which mens imbred corruption , ( as good authors testifie ) is over-prone ; as the detestable examples of the flagitious k sodomites , l canaanites , m iewes , n gentiles , o corinthians , p italians , q turkes , r per●ians , s grecians , t tartars , u chinoyes , x cel●ae , y peguans , z floridians , a ancient romans , b moores in barbary , c gayrians , d peru●ians , e iupiter and his ganymedes , the f ancient priests of venus , g sardanapalus , h nero and his sporus , i he●●ogabalus , and k many others : yea the frequent sodomiticall wickednesses of sundry l unholy-popes , cardinals , popish * bishops , abbots , priests , friers , monkes , ( such are the unchast fruits of their vowed and much-admired chastity : ) together with the frequent inhibi●ions , lawes & edicts against this prodigious villany in m scriptures , n councels o heathen states , and in our english p statutes , ( which have made it capitall , as a late example of a memorable act of iustice on an english peere can witnes ) doe more then testifie ; it cannot but bee inexcusably sinfull , both in the eyes of god , who litterally prohibits it ; and in the sight of naturall , much more of christian men , who cannot but detest it . and so by consequence the playes themselves which are acted in such apparell ( as all our masques and stage-playes for the most part are ) must questionlesse bee sinnefull , yea abominable , as mens putting on of womans apparell is . thus al the fore-alleaged councels , fathers , authors , do from hence conclude , & so must i from all the premises . if any now object , that it is farre better , farre more commendable for boyes to act in womans attire , then to bring women-actors on the stage to personate female parts ; a practice much in use in former times among the o greekes , and p romans ; who had their q mimae , their sceni●ae mulieres , or women-actors ( who were r all notorious impudent , prostituted strumpets , ) especially i● their s floralian enterludes ; as they have now their female-players in italy , and other forraigne parts , and as they had such french-women actors , in a play t not long since per●onated in blacke-friers play-house , to which there was great resort . i an●wer first , that the very ground of this objection is false , unlesse the objectors can manifest it to bee a greater abomination , a more detestable damning sinne , for a woman to act a females part upon the stage , then for a boy to put on a womans apparell , person and behaviour , to act a feminine part ; which the u scr●pture expresly prohibits , as an abomination to the lord our god : or unlesse they can prove an irritation , an inducement to sodomy , to selfe-pollution ( in thought at least if not in act , ) a lesser sinne , a more tollerable evill , then * mannish impudency , or a temptation to whoredome , and adultery : which none can evidence . secondly , admit men-actors in womens attire , are not altogether so bad , so discommendable as women stage-players ; yet since both of them are ●vill , yea extremely vitious , neither of them necessary , both superfluous as all playes and players a●e ; the superabundant sinfulnesse of the one , can neither iustifie t●● lawfulnesse , nor extenuate the wickednesse of the other . it is no good argument to say , adultery is worse then simple fornication : sodomy with such other unnaturall wickednesses are farre more abominable then adultery : therefore fornication and adultery are lawfull and may still be tollerated , ( as they are in b●●stly u rome , the very sinke , the stewes and nursery of all such uncleannesse ; which should cause all christians to detest this x whore , y together with her head , her pope , her z supreme pander : ) because the transcendent badnesse of the one , doth neither expiate nor extenuate the sinfulnesse of the other . yet this is the present objection in effect● female-actors , are worse then male-actors arrayed in womans apparell ; therefore they are tolerable , if not lawfull . whereas this should rather bee the conclusion ( with which i will close up this scene ; ) both of them are abominable both intollerable , neither of them laudable or necessary ; therefore both of them to bee abandoned , neither of them to be henceforth tollerated among christians . scena septima . secondly , as stage-playes are thus unlawfull , in regard of the womannishnesse , so likewise are they in respect of the costly gawdinesse , the immodest lasciviousnesse , the fantastiqu● strangenesse , the meretricious , effeminate lust-provoking fashions of that apparell wherein they are commonly acted and frequented : from whence i shall deduce this . argument against stage-playes . those playes which are usually acted and frequented in over-costly effeminate , strange , meretricious , lust-exciting apparell , are questionlesse unseemely , yea unlawfull unto christians . but our ordinary theatricall enterludes , are for the most part acted and frequented in such apparell . therefore they are questionlesse unseemely , yea unlawfull unto christians . the major is warranted not onely by deut. . . isay . . to . zeph. . . king. . . prov. . . ier. . . ezech. . , . luk. . . tim. . , . pet. . . which condemne all such apparell , as unbeseeming christians : but likewise by tertullian , de habitu muliebri , & de cultu faeminarum . lib. philo iudaeus , de fortitudine , lib. pag. . . & de mercede meretricis non accipienda in ●acrarium . lib p. . . by clemens alexandrinus paedag. lib. . c. . . & * lib. . cap. . to . . by cyprian de habitu virginum . lib. by ambros. de instit. virginis , & de virginibus . lib. . by basil. ascetica . cap. . & comment . in esay . c. . by nazienzen oratio . p. . & adversus mulieres ambitiosius sese ornantes . p. , &c. which i would our plaistered pompous iezeb●ls would peruse . by cyrillus alexandrinus in hesaiam . lib. . c. . by hierom. epist. . c. . epist. . c. . . epist. . c. . . epist. . c. . epist. . & adversus iovinianum . c . by chrysostome hom. . in matth. & hom. . in tim. . by augustine de doctrina christiana . l. . c. . & epist. . by fulgentius epist. . ad probam . by bernard , de modo vivendi sermo . by primasius , ambrose , sedulius , remigius , theodoret , deda , haymo , rabanus maurus , theophylact , oecumenius , anselme , glossa ordinaris , lyra , master iohn calvin , marlorat , aretius , danaeus , mayer , byfield , and most other commentators , on the tim. . . and on the pet. . . by alexander alensis , theologiae sūma , pars . quaest. . artic. . sect . . alexander fabritius destructorium vitiorum pars . c. . p. q. alvarus pelagius de planctu ecslesiae . lib. . artic. . fol. . lydij waldensia , pars . pag. . aeneas sylvius . epist. lib. . epist. . ioannes fredericus , de luxu vestium . lib. by. bishop hooper , bishop babington● master calvin , perkins , dod , downbam , brinsly , lake , elton , williams , on the . commandement , and sundry other diuines in their treatises of apparell , pride and luxury , and in their expositions on isay and the fore-quoted scriptures ; who absolutely censure , the very ●se and wearing of such apparell ( much more the ordinary abuse of it in lasciuious enterludes ) as a being the incendiary of lust , the fomentation of pride , the occasion of adultery , the b badge of incontinency : concluding it , to be altogether unlawfull for chast , for sober christians , and fit for none but strumpets , c who are commonly most compt in their attires , most gawdy and new-fangled in their clothes . whence they d applaud the lacedemonians law ; that none but common prostituted strumpets should weare any costly or glorious apparell ; the better to deter all chaste and sober persons from it . a law which would well befit our nation , our times , which * proteus-like are alwayes changing shape and fashion , and like the moone , appeare from day to day in different formes . the minor is evident by experience ; which findes an whole wardrobe of all gawdy , pompous vestments ; a confluence of all whorish , immodest , lust-provoking attires ; a strange variety of all effeminate , lewde , fantastique , outlandish apish fashions , ( or disguises rather ) at the play-house ; sufficient to excite a very hell of noysome lusts in the most mortified actors and spectators bowels : to this we may adde the verdict of the fathers , who censured the playes in their times , even from the quality of the apparell in which they were acted . witnes clemens alexandrinus ; who as f he reiects all costly immodest apparell , as fit for no place but the stewes , or s●age : so he condemnes , not only g playes themselves ; but even the g delicacy , the effeminacy , the costlinesse and lust●ulnesse of that apparell wherein they were acted . witnes h tertullian , who writes ; that in all enterludes there is nothing more scandalous , more pernicious , then the over-curious attire of men and women ( both actors and spectators ) which did blow up sparkes of lust . witnes s. chrysostome , who informes vs , i that the apparell used in play-houses is most lewde , lascivious , filthy ; whence he stiles it , vestitus satani●us , satanicall array . witnes k synesius who gives the title of scenicus ornatus , to gawdie , new-fangled , swaggering apparell , because players array was such . witnes theophilact , oecumenius , chrysostome , on the tim. . . viz. in like manner also , that women adorne themselves in modest apparel ; not with broidered haire , or gold , or costly attire ; ( a text which our english ladies have long since forgotten , if not reiected , as savoring of puritanisme and over-strict precisenesse ; ) where thus they write : that women must come to church ( and i would our frizled , pouldred , shorne , swaggering lasses , l who are never gawdier or compter then in churches , would remember it ) m not with broidered haire , or gold , or costly attire ; for they come there , to pray , not to dance . they come to crave the forgivenesse of their sinnes , and shall they then adorne themselves like comicall women , as if they were entring into a play-house to act a part ? cut therefore from thee all this counterfeiting , circumcise from thee all this demeanour of the stage and players : for god is not mocked . these things are to be left to players and dancers , and to those who are conversant in the play-house : no such thing is sutable to a chaste and sober woman . an unanswerable argument , that lascivious dresses , and rich immodest , new-fangled apparell misbeseeming christians , were much in use in playes and play-houses . this n theodoret , o vopiscus , p ovid , q horace , r iuvenal , with s sundry others testifie , of which you may reade more largely in the third and sixt scene of this present act. all which sufficiently evidence the truth of the assumption ; and so by consequence of the conclusion too ; which needs no further proofe to backe it . scena octava . the fourth thing considerable in the manner of acting stage-playes , is the adjuncts , the cōcomitants which usually attend it , the first whereof , is , lascivious mixt , effeminate dancing on the stage , not men with women onely , or rather with whores or persons more infamous , ( for such are all those females in t saint chrysostomes iudgement , who dare dance publikely on a theater ; ) but even men with boyes in womans attire , representing the persons of lewde notorious strumpets : whence i assume this . argument against our publike enterludes . those playes which are commonly attended and set forth with lascivious , mixt , effeminate , amorous dancing ; either of men with women , or youthes in womens apparell , are undoubtedly sinfull , yea utterly unlawfull unto christians . but all our popular stage-playes are commonly thus attended and set forth . therefore they are undoubtedly sinfull , yea utterly unlawfull unto christians . the major is irrefragable , because all mixt effeminate , lascivious , amorous dancing , ( u especially with beautifull women , or boyes most exquisitely adorned in an inescating womanish dresse on the open stage , where are swarmes of lustfull spectators , whose unchaste unruly lusts are apt to be enflamed with every wanton gesture , smile or pace , x much more with amorous daunces ; ) is utterly unlawfull unto christians , to chaste and sober persons ; as sundry councels , fathers , moderne christian , with ancient pagan authors and nations have resolved ; though it bee now so much in use , in fashion and request among us , that many spend more houres ( more dayes and nights ) in dancing , then in praying , i might adde working too . if we survey the severall councels of former ages , we shall finde , concil . laodicenum . can. . aphricanum . can. . agathense can. . arelatense . apud surium . concil . tom. . pag. . veneticum . cap. . ilerdense can. ult . toletanum . . can . antisidorense . can. . . cabilonense . can. . constantinopolitanum . in trullo . can. . . . basiliense sessio . surius . tom. . pag . & appendix concil . basil. ibid. pag. . concil . senonense , cap. . ibid. pag. . . coloniense . anno dom. . pars . cap. . & pars . cap. . ibid. pag. . synodus moguntina . anno dom. . cap. . . ibid. p. . concil . bituriense , . & t●ronicum . carnotensis● . & lingonensis , . concilium burdigense , . apud bochellum . decreta ecclesiae gallicanae . lib. . tit. . & titulus , . cap. . . & . we shall finde , i say , these . councels , expresly censuring under the penalty of excommunication , all mixt , effeminate , lascivious , amorous dancing ; x especially at mariages , ( at which they are now most frequent , though not in former times , as y chrysostome well observeth ; ) or on lords-dayes , and holy-dayes , especially in church-yards streets , or publike places ; ( a daemnable custome taken from the pagans , as saint z ambrose writes : ) from the very beholding of which dancing all clergie-men ( who are now too frequent spectators of , and sometimes actors in such dances ) are inhibited by these councels under paine of suspention , lest they should pollute their eyes , and glut their soules with lust , and so unfit them for all holy duties . if wee peruse the fathers , ( who are all ranke puritans in this point of playes and dancing ; ) we shall finde , not onely philo iudaeus , de agricultura . lib. p. . & de vita contemplativa . lib. p. . . but likewise ignatius , epist. . ad magnesianos . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . d. iustin martyr explic. qu●st . à gentibus christianis positarum . quaest. . clemens alexandrinus paedagogi . l. . c . . & l. . c. . tertullian de spectaculis . lib. tatianus cont. graecos oratio . bibl , patrum . tom. . pag. . g. cyprianus de spectaculis . lib. arnobius advers . gentes . a lib. . p. . lib. . p. . . l. . p. . to . lactantius de vero cultu . l. . c. . & div●narum instit. epitome . c. . basil. hexaëmeron . hom. . t. . p. . & hom. . p. . de ieiunio . sermo . . p. . de ebr●etate & lux● sermo . p. . . comment . in isaiam . cap. . tom. . p. , . & , c. . p. . . nazienzen oratio . . p. . . oratio . . p. . & nicet as ibid. oratio . adversus mulieres . p. . & ad selucum , de recta educatione . p. . ambrose de paenitentia . lib. . c. . de virginibus . lib. . tom. . p. . . de elia & ieiunio . * c. . epistolarum , lib. . epist. . sermo . & comment . l. . in luc. v. . tom. . p. . f. cyrillus hierusolomitanus chatechesis mystagogica . eusebius pamphilus , de praeparatione evangel . l. . c. . p. . & apud damascenum . parallel . l. . c. . s. asterij oratio in festum kalendarum . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . hierom. epist. . c. . & comment . l. . in matth. . tom. . p. epiphanius contr. haereses . l. . tom. . compendiaria doctrina : & c● ecclesiae catholicae . col. . e. chrysostome hom. . in geneseos . c. . tom. . col. . a.b. hom. in psal. . hom. . & . in matth. hom. . in cor. . hom● . in acta . hom. . in coloss. hom. . in tim. . . & hom. . ad pop●lum antiochiae . augustine enarratio in psal. . de rectitudine catholicae conversationis tractatus , & contra parmenianum . * lib. . c. . tom. . pars . p. . . cyrillus alexandrinus in hesaiam . l. . c. . tom. . p. . d. & in ioannis evang. l. . c. . p. . a. b. theodoret , adversus graecos i●fideles . lib. . tom. . p. . . socrates eccles. historiae . l. . c. . gaudentius brixiae episc. de lection● evangelij . sermo . bibl. p. tom. . p. . . remigius explanatio in cor. . . bibl. p. tom. . pars . p. . c. fulgentius , super audivit herodes tetrarcha , &c. bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . salvian de gubernatione dei. l. . olympiodorus enar● in ecclesiast . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. ● . p. . gregorius magnus moralium . l. . c. . f●l . . d. chrysologus b sermo . isiodor hispalensis originum . lib. . c. . . beda lib. . in marci evang. c. . tom. . col. . . & lib. . in lucae evangelium . c. . tom. . col. . damascen paralellorum . lib. . c. . & lib. . c. . christianus druthmarus expositio in matth●um . c. . bibl. pat●um . tom. . pars . p. . f. h. theophylactus . enarrat . in matth. . pag . & in marc. . pag. . bernardus , parabola de nup●ijs filij regis . col. . a. edmundus archiepiscopus cantuariensis speculum ecclesiae , c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . e. hippolitus martyr , de consumm●tione mundi & anti-christo oratio . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . a. b. paschaetius r●t●ertus in matthaei evangelium . l. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . c.d.g. victor antiochenus , in evang. marci . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . e. anselmus , enarrat . in matth. c. . tom. . p. h. raban●s maurus , exposit. in matth. l. . c. . operum . tom. . p. . f. h. we shall finde , i say , these . fathers , and ancient writers , in these their severall workes , inhibiting , condemning , all amorous , mixt , effeminate , lascivious lust-exciting dancing , be it of men , or women , either on the stage or elsewhere ; as a c dangerous ince●●iary of lust ; an ordinary occasion off , a preparative to much 〈◊〉 me , adultery , wanto●nes , and such effeminate lewdnesse : a diabolicall , at least a pagan practice , misbeseeming all chaste , all sober christians , especially in their christian festivals and solemnities ; from which the primitive christians ( as d gregory nazienzen at large informes vs ) did wholy abandon , not onely drunkennesse , luxury , playes , and ribaldry songs ; but even fidlers and dancing too ; as being fit for none but ethnicke festivals , and herodian banq●ets : which i would our english nation would now at last consider : who for the most part spend the christmas season , with other solemne festivals , in amorous , mixt , voluptuous , unchristian , that i say not , * pagan dancing , to gods● to christs dishonour , religions scandall , chastities shipwracke , sinnes advantage , and the eternall ruine of many pretious soules , who like those wicked ones , iob . , , . doe spend their daies in pleasure , musicke , mirt● , and dancing , and in a moment goe downe to hell , to dance with deuils , with infernall frisking * satyrs , in eternall flames . if we will once againe turne over the divines and christian authors of p●●ier times , we shall discover alexander alensis , summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . memb. . artic. . sect . quaest. . pag. . . ioaennis de burgo , pupilla oculi . pars . c. . x. alexander fabritius , destructorium vitiorum . pars . c. . angelus de clavasio , summa angelica . fol. . b. tit. chorea-bonaventure , in lib. . sentent . distinctio . n. . astexanus de casibus , lib. . tit. . ioannis langhecrucius de vita & honestate clericorum lib. . c. . . maffaeus vegius , e de educatione liberorum . l. . c. . & l. . c. . . petrarcha de remedio utriusque fortunae . l. dialog . . ludovicus vives , de eruditione christianae mulieris . c. . . erasmus , de contemptu mundi . lib. c. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . c. . , , . polidor virgil. de inventoribus rerum . lib. . c. . aeneas syluius . epist. l. . epist. . p. . m. calvin . sermo . , & . in iob. peter martyr , locorum communium classis . . c. . sect . . to . & comment . in iudicum . lib. c. . flaccus illyricus , with the other century writers . centuria . col. . m. gualther in marc . homil. . fol. . . & hom. . in math fol. . . martin bucer , de regno christi sempiterno . l. c. . b●da , victor antiochenus , glossa ordinaris , lyra , calvin , pellicanus , bullinger , musculus & marlorat . exposit. in matth. c. . ver . . & , c. . v● . & on marc. . v. . hiperius de ferijs bacchanalibus , aretius problematum . theolog. tom. . locus . . puteani comus , piscator in matth. . observatio . pag. . polanus syntagma theologiae genevae . . l. . c. . . p. . & l. . c. . pag. . simlerus in exodus . lib. cap. ● . the waldenses and albigenses in france , hungary , and bohemia , whose censure of dancing is recorded in lydij waldensia . pars . f p. . and in the history of the waldenses and albigenses , london . part . booke . chap. . p. . , , . to whom i shall adde these ensuing english authors . sebastian brant , his * navis stultifer● , or ship of fooles . christopher fetherston , his dialogue against light , lewde , and lascivious dancing . printed by thomas dawson . an anonymous treatise of dances , printed . shewing that they are as it were accessories or appendaxis , or things annexed unto whoredome . thomas lovell , his dialogue betweene custome and verity , concer●ing the use and abuse of dancing , in verse . the church of evill men and women whereof lucifer is the head , printed by richard pinso● . m. iohn northbrooke , his treatise against vaine-playes , enterludes , and danceing . fol. . to . m. stephen gosson , his school● of abuses , m. stubs , his anatomy of abuses● pag. . to . ( in all which , the unlawfulnesse of dancing is both copiously , learnedly , and purposely debated ; which treatises our english dancers may doe well to reade , for their fuller satisfaction in this point . ) d. humfryes in his . booke of nobility , against excesse and overmuch magnificence . d. reinolds , his overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . ● , . to . reverend bishop babington , m. perkins , m. elton , m. dod , m. downham , m. osmund lake , m. brinsly , bishop andrewes , d. griffith vvilliams , and others on the . commandement . m. iohn downeham , his christian vvarfare , l. . c. . sect . . and on the . commandement , in his summe of divinity ; d. ames , de iure conscie●t . l. . c. . p. . . all these , with * sundry others , unanimously condemne all mixt , effeminate , lasc●vious , amorous dancing , ( the epidemicall pastime of our dancing , loytring age ) as sinfull , hurtfull , unlawfull to all chaste , all sober christians , as the reasons they alleage against it will more plainely evidence . for first , ( say g they ) as there is no allowance , no approved example of any such dancing in the scriptures , the primitive church , the fathers , or in the lives and practice of the saints of god in former ages , ( who as appeares by the fore-quoted councels and fathers have alwayes censured and exploded dancing : ) so the . commandement ( as all the now recited expositors of it ioyntly suffragate ) together with exod. . , . iudg. . , . sam. . . iob. . , . &c. . isa. . . c. . . c. . . ier. . . zeph. . . eccles. . , , . math. . . . mark . . rom. . , . cor. . , ● . c. . , ● , . gal. . , . ephes. . , . c. . , , . c. . , , . phil . , . hebr. . , . iam. . , , , . c. . . c. . ● col. . , , . &c. . , , . thes. . , , . tim. . c. ● , ● tim. . , . tit. . , , . c. . . pet. . , , , , . c. . , , . c. . . c. . , , . pet. . , , , . ioh. . , , , . iude . , , , , . & revel . . . doe either absolutely in expresse tearmes , or else by way of necessary consequence , condemne such dancing as idolatrous , heathenish , carnall , worldy , sensuall , and misbeseeming christians . secondly , the very devill himselfe ( write they ) who danced in the daughter of herodias . math. . . ( as h chrysostome , i fulgentius , k theophylact. and others write ) was the l originall author of this dancing , m the onely instrument who excites men to it ; the onely person that is present at it , that is honored , pleased , and delighted with it ; ( he being ever - more present and president where such dancing is ) as chrysostome , n basil , with the other marginall authors have plentifully recorded . the waldenses and albigenses in their o censure of dancing , have unanimo●sly professed and published this truth to all the world ; whose words because they are notable and punctuall to this purpose , i shall here transcribe at large , quoting some sayings of the fathers in the margent , to backe and evidence what they write . a dance ( as i finde their words in their treatise against dancing ) is the devils procession , and be that entreth into a dance , entreth into his possession . the * devill is the guide , the middle , and end of the dance . as many paces as a man maketh in dancing , so many paces doth he make to hell. a man sinneth in dancing divers wayes ; as in his pace , for all his steps are numbred : in his touch , in his ornaments , in his hearing , sight , speech , and other vanities . and therefore we will prove , first , by the scripture , and afterwards by divers other reasons , how wicked a thing it is to dance . the first testimony we will produce , is that we reade in the gospell , marke . p it pleased herod so well , that it cost iohn baptist his life . i the second is in exodus . when moses comming neere to the congregation saw the calfe , he cast the tables from him , and brake them at the foote of the mountaine , and afterwards● it cost three and twenty thousand their lives . besides , the ornaments which women weare , are as crownes for many victories which the devill hath gotten against the children of god. for the devill hath not onely one sword in the dance , but as many as there are q beautifull and well-adorned persons in the dance . for the words of a woman are a glittering sword . and therefore that place is much to be feared , wherein the enemy hath so many swords , since that one onely sword of his may be feared . againe , the devill in this place strikes with a sharpned sword : for the women come not willingly to the dance , if they be not painted and adorned : the which painting and ornament , is as a grindstone upon which the devill sharpneth his sword . * they that decke and adorne their daughters , are like those who put dry wood to the fire , to the end it may burne the better : for such women kindle the fire of luxury in the hearts of men : as samsons foxes fired the philistins corne ; so these s women have fire in their faces , in their gestures and actions , their glances and wanton words , by which they consume the goods of men . againe , the devill in the dance useth the strongest armor that he hath , for his t most powerfull armes are women ; which is made plaine unto us , in that the devill made choyce of the woman to dec●●ve the first man. so did balaam that the children of israel might be reiected . by a woman he made samson , david and salomon to sinne . the devill tempteth men by women three manner of wayes ; that is to say , by the touch , by the eye , by the eare . by these three meanes , he tempteth foolish men to dancings , by touching their hands , beholding their beauty , hearing their songs and musicke . againe , they that dance , breake that promise and agreement , which they have made to god in baptisme , when their god-fathers promise for them , that they shall renounce the devill and all his pompe ; for u dancing is the pompe of the devill , and he that danceth , maintaineth his pompe , and singeth his masse . for the woman that singeth in the dance is the prioresse of the devill , and those that a●swer are clerkes , and the beholders are the parishioners , and the musicke are the bells , and the fidlers , the ministers of the devill . for as when hogs are strayed , if the hog heard call one , all assemble themselves together . so the devill causeth one woman to sing in the dance , or to play on some instrument , and presently all the dancers gather together . againe , in a dance a man breakes the ten commandemen●s of god. as first , tho● shalt have to other gods but me , &c. for in dancing a man serves that person whom he most d●sires to serve ; and therefore saith s. hierom , x every mans god is that he serves and loves best . he sinnes against the second commandement , when he make an idoll of that he loves . against the third , in that oathes are frequent amongst dancers . against the fourth , y for by dancing the sabbath day is prophaned . against the fift , for● in the dance , the parents are oft-times disho●ored , when many bargaines are made without their counsell . against ●h●●ixt . a man kils in dancing ; for every one that standeth to please another , he kils the soule as oft as he perswadeth unto lust . against the z seventh , for● the party that danceth , be he male or female committeth adultery with the party they lust after ; a for he that looketh on a woman , and lusteth after her , hath already committed adultery in his heart . against the eight commandement , a man sinnes in dancing , when he with-draweth the heart of another from god. against the ninth , wh●n in dancing he speakes falsly against the truth● against the tenth , when women affect the ornaments of others , and men covet the wives , daughters , and servants of their neighbours . againe , a man may prove how great an evill dancing is , by the multitude of sinnes that accompany those that dance● for they dance without measure or number . and therefore faith s. augustine , the miserable dancer knowes not , that as many paces as hee makes in dancing , so many leapes he makes to hell. they sinne in their or●aments after a five-fold manner . first , b in being proud thereof . secondly , by i●flaming the hearts of those who behold them . thirdly , when they make those ashamed tha● have not the like ornaments giving them occasion to cov●● the like . fourthly , by making women importunate , in demanding the like ornaments of their husbands . and fiftly , wh●● they cannot obtaine them of their husbands , they seeke to get them elsewhere by sinne . they sinne by singing and playing o● instruments , for their c songs bewitch the hearts of those that heare them , with temporall delight ; forgetting god , uttering nothing in their songs but lye● and vanities . and the very motion of the body which is used in dancing , g●ves testimony e●ough of evill . thus you see , that dancing is the devils procession , and he that entreth into a dance , entreth into the devils possession . of dancing the devill is the guide , the middle , the end , and he that entreth a good and wise man into the dance , commeth forth a corrupt and wicked man. sarah , that holy woman was none of these . thus farre the waldenses and albigenses , whose words i would the dancing , wanton , ( that i say d not whorish ) herodiasses , the effeminate sinqua-pace caranto-frisquing gallants of our age , together with our rustique hobling satyrs , nymphes , and dancing fairies , who spend their strength , * their time , ( especially , the easter , whitson , midsommer , and christmas season ) in lewde lascivious dancing , would now seriously consider . and this would teach them , not onely to abandon all such dancing themselves , but likewise to withdraw their children , especially their daughters , from the dancing-schoole , ( as s. f ambrose long since advised all holy women , all godly parents for to doe ; admonishing them , to teach their daughters religion , not dancing , ( as now * alas too many doe ) that so they might keep● them chaste and honest ; leaving g lust-provoking dancing unto adulteresses and their daughters onely , as well beseeming none but such : in whose roundes the devill for the most part leades , continues , ends the dance , as the waldenses , and fore-quoted fathers largely write . thirdly , they condemne all dancing , as being , not onely a common recreation of lascivious drunken pagans & idolaters , in their festivals and times of publike mirth , as h ovid , i horace , k iuvenall , l virg●ll , m catullus , n tibullos , o propertius , homer , odysseae . lib. . pag. . lib. . p. . iliados . l. . p. . . dionys. h●lli●ar . antiqu. rom. l. . sect . . & others cited by bulingerus , de theatro l. . c. . together with he●iodi ascraei , scutum . pag. . . arnobius adversus gentes . lib. . pag. . & l. . p. chrysostome , hom. . . & . in matth. concilium arelatense . . surius . tom. . p . concil . aphricanum , canon . concil . constantinop . . can. . . isiodor . hisp. originum . l. . c. . polydor virgil. de inventoribus rerum . l. . c. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum , c. . and infinite * others testifie : but likewise a part of that solemne worship wherewith they courted and honored their devill-idols , whose festivals and solemnities , were for the most part spent in playes and dancing , as our p christian holy-dayes o●t-times are . witnesse , exod. . . . sam. . . iob . . isay . . mat. . . mar. . . concil . aphricanum . can. . concil . arelatense . surius tom. . p. . concil . constant. . can. . . augustine , de civit. dei. lib. . c. . theophylact. enarrat . in marc. . christianus grammaticus expositio in matth. c. . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . pag. . f.g.h. sebastianus brant , in his navis stutifera , calvin and marlorat , in cor. . v. . together with horace , iuvenal , ovid , vergil , catullus , tibullus , propertius , bulinger , arnobius , chrysostome , polydor virgil , agrippa , with others , in their for●-named places , and q polybius , historiae . l. . p. . homer odysseae , l. . p. . who all testifie as much . witnesse their r corybantes , curetes , salij , and such like dancing priests , who on the solemne festivall dayes of cybele , bacchus , mars , and other pagan-deities , danced about the streets and mark●t place with cymbales in their hands , in nature of our morric●-dances , ( which were derived from them ) th● whole multitude accompanying them in these their dancing morrices , with which they honoured these their devill-idols . yea , witnesse the common practise of most idolatrous pagans , who never honoured , saluted , or offred any publike sacrifice to their idols but with musicke , songs , and dances ; dancing about their temples and altars , to their honour ; as s virgil , t ovid , u plato , x strabo , y zenophon , z horace , a iuvenal , b catullus , c ●●bullus , d aristotle , e ath●naeus , alexander ab alexandro . genialium . dierum . l. . c. . caelius rhodiginus antiqu lectionum l. . c. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . purchas pilgr . booke . chap. . bulingerus de theatro . lib. . cap. . euripidis bacchae , thorowout , and sundry others testifie : from which practice , f our dancing at wakes , ( a name , an abuse● derived from the ancient vigils ) or church-a●es , and our late crouching and ducking unto new-erected altars ( a ceremony much in use with idolatrous g pagans heretofor● ) have beene originally derived . since therefore its evident by all these testimonies , that dancing had its o●iginall from ●dolatry , and idolatrous drunken pagans , who consecrated dances to their idols , and went dancing to their temples , their altars , when they sacrificed to them in their solemne festivals● and dayes of mirth , they hence conclude them , to be unlawfull unto christians ; who must not imitate them in their idolatrous pagan customes , as i have here largely proved , in the first and second act , on which you may reflect . fourthly , dancing , write they , ( yea even in h queenes themselves , and the very greatest persons , who are commonly most devoted to it ) hath beene alwayes scandalous and of ill report , among the saints of god ; as the fore-going councels , fathers , and authors plentifully evidence ; who have condemned dancing , i as a pompe , a vanity of this wicked world ; an invention , yea , a worke of satan ; which christian have renounced in their baptismes a recreation more fit fo●●agans , whores , and drunkards , then for christians : therefore , a christian , ( who is onely k to follow things of good report , and to l provide things honest in the sight of all men ; m not giving any offence or scandall to gods church or people ; ) may not practise it . fif●ly , dancing , say they , is not onely an n effeminate recreation , en●eebling the mindes , yea , depraving the lives and maners of men , a su●ficient argument of its unlawfulnesse : but it likewise irritates and ingenders noysome lusts , it occasions much dalliance , chambering , wantonnesse , whoredome and adultery , bo●h in the dancers and spectators . this daily experience ; this all the fore-quoted authors witnesse , a●d among the rest , o petrarcha , and p agrippa have most lively expressed it . to musicke ( write they ) belongs the art of dancing , very acceptable to maidens and lovers , which they learne with great care , and without tediousnesse doe prolo●g it untill mid-night , and with great diligence they devise to dance with fained gestures , and with measurable pac●s to the sound of the cymball , harpe , or flute , and doe as they thinke very wisely and subtilly , ●he fond●st thing of all other , & but little differing from madnesse ; which except it were tempered with the sound of instruments , and as it is said , if vanity did not commend vanity , there should be no sight more ridiculous , nor yet more out of order th●n dancing ; q this is a liberty to wantonnesse , a friend to wickednesse , and a provocation to ●leshly lust , an enemy to chasti●y , and a pastime unworthy of all honest persons . there oftentimes a matron hath lost her long-preserved honour : oftentimes the unhappy maiden hath there learned that , whereof she had beene bette● to be ignorant : there the fame and honesty of infinite women is lost . infinite from thence have returned home unch●ste , many with a doubtfull minde , but none chaste in thought and deed . and we have seene that woman-like honesty in dancing hath beene throwne downe to the ground , and alwayes vehemently provoked and assaulted . r the ancient romanes , grave men , by reason of their wisedome and ●uthority , did refuse all dancing , and no honest matrone was commended among them for dancing . s dancing is the vilest vice of all , and truely it cannot easily be said , what mischiefes the sight and hearing doe receive thereby , which afterwards be the causes of communication & embracing . they dance with disordinate gestures , with monstrous th●mping of the feete , to pleasant sounds , to wanton songs , to dishonest verses ; maydens and matrons are there groped with unchaste hands ; yea , kissed and dishonestly embraced : the things which nature hath hidden , and modesty covered , are there oftentimes by meanes of lasciviousnesse made naked , and ribauldry under the colour of pastime is dissembled . an exercise doubtlesse , not discended from heaven ( i may adde , not leading to heaven , into which we must passe thorow t many afflictions , tribulations , prayers , teares , fastings ; thorow a u straite , a narrow , not broad or pleasant way , as dancing , stage-playes , and such pastimes are : ) but by the devils of hell devised , to the iniury of the divinity , when the people of israel erected a calfe , in the desert , who after they had done sacrifice , begun to eate and drinke , and afterwards rose up to sport themselves , and singing , danced in a●round . thus they : * thus all the other fore-quoted authors . hence alexander fabritius , an ancient english writer , stiles dancing , x a pastime of lascivious vanity and voluptuousnesse . and iohn de burgo , chancellor of cambridge in king henry the vi. his raigne , in his pupilla oculi . partis vltimae . cap. vlt. de peccatis mortalibus . x. de ducentibus choreis . writes , y that those who dance to incite themselves or others unto lust , yea those likewise who dance out of custome , sin mortally , though they do it not with a corrupt intent . neither dare i ( saith he ) to excuse these from a mortall sinne , since by dancing they plung themselves into this ●anger , of provoking others unto lust , and ipso facto seeme to approve of dancing , and by their example give authority to others to doe the like . vpon this very reason our moderne writers on the commandement● , z make dancing a sinne against the . commandement , because it is a common occasion both of actuall and mentall adultery ; as their fore-mentioned authorities at large declare , therefore it must needs be unlawfull unto christians , a among whom adultery , fornication and uncleanesse are not so much as to be named , much lesse the manifest occasions of them entertained . fiftly , dancing b write they , is altogether incompatible with that universall c holinesse , d modesty , e gravity , f temperance , and sobriety , which god requires in all chaste , all gracious christians ; it being a recreation , ( as g cicero , h ovid , i virgil , together with k ambrose , l basil , m chrysostome , n petrarcha , o agrippa , p peter martyr , q m. northbrooke , r m. stubs , and ( * sundry others fore-quoted ) testifie which none but redlams , drunkards , fooles , or infamous persons use , in their riotous , unseasonable voluptuous feasts and meetings ; which proves it the very worst and last of all vices ; it being quite excluded from all private , honest , civill banquets ; yea , wholy abandoned by all temperate , chaste , and sober persons . therefore it must needs be unseemely , unlawfull unto christians . sixtly , dancing , ( say they ) as now it is used , t is an occasion of much wantonnesse , lewdnesse , and lasciviousnesse ; of much riot , epicurisme , effeminacy , voluptuousnesse ; of much prodigall expence , much losse of time , much superfluity , costlinesse , and new-fanglednesse in apparell , much pride and haughtinesse , much impudency and immodesty , especially in the female sex ; whom dancing doth of all others least beseeme . besides , it with-drawes young gentlemen from their studies to the dancing-schoole , which ingrosseth all their time ; it avocates young gentlewomen from their needles , and such like honest imployments , and for the most part makes them idle huswives , * whores , or spend-thrifts ever after : it drawes men on , and traines them up to nought but idlenesse , the nursery of all other vices : it glues mens hearts to carnall pleasures and delights of sinne , and makes them carelesse of gods service , unmindefull of their own● salvation , or of the day of death and iudg●ment , which should be alwayes fixed in their most serious meditations . t more-over , it quite unfits men , and oft with-drawes them from the religious performance of holy duties , many lords-dayes , most other holy-dayes , ( set apart for gods peculiar worship ) being oft-times grosly prophaned , if not wholy spent on lewde lascivious dancing , and such heathenish pastimes : as the councell of affricke , can. . the . councell of carthage , can. . the . councell of toledo , canon . the . councell of constantinople , canon . the provinciall councell of colen . anno dom. . pars . cap. . . the provinciall councell of me●●z . anno dom. . cap. . lib. . capit. caroli magni . apud bochelium . decr●ta . eccles. gal. lib. . tit. . cap. . iustinian . codic . l. . tit. . de ferijs , lex . . de fest. ignatius ep. . ad magnesianos . clemens romanus . apost . constit. l. . c. . . clemens alexandrinus . paedagogi . lib. . cap. . augustine enarrat in psal. . cyrillus alexandrinus , in ioannis evangelium . l. . c. . p. . s. asterius in festum kalendarum . oratio . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . . salvian , de gubernatione dei. lib. . p. . . leo. . sermo in octava petri & pauli . cap. . fol. . eusebius , apud damascenum● parallelorum . l. , c. . agrippa de vanitate scient●arum . c. . de festis . polidor virgil de inventoribus rerum . l. . c. . pag. . . episcopus chemnensis , o●us ecclesiae . c. . sect . . bonaventure in lib. . sententiarum . distinctio . numb . . and sundry other of the schoolemen t●ere . alexander fabritius destructorium vitiorum . pars . c. . & . c. . the walden●es . history of the waldenses & albigenses . pars . l. . c. . p. . , . bp. latymer in his sermons . fol. . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . to . m. brinsly in his . part of the true watch. chap. . abomination . pag. . astexanus de casibus . l. . tit. . alexander alensis . summa theologiae pars . quaest. . m. . artic. . sect . . quaest. . pag. . . with sundry others complaine : who doe likewise all of them unanimously condemne dancing , as an unlawfull exercise and pastime , especially on * lords-dayes , and holy-dayes ; which circumstance of time , ( as they all conclude ) makes dancing unavoydably sinfull and abominable . which i observe the rather , to confute the gro●se mistake of some licentious libertines ; who hold dancing on lords-dayes , to be no * unlawfull exercise , sport , or pastime , within the pious statute of . caroli . cap. . within which there is no question , but dancing is included ; it being an exercise which all the fore-quoted councels , fathers , and christian authors , have unanimously condemned , as unlawfull , especially on the sabbath , or lords-day , as we stile it ; which our owne u homelies , z and canons enioyne us to spend , in hearing the word of god read and taught ; in private and publike prayers ; in acknowledging our offences to god , and amendment of the same ; in reconciling our selves charitably to our neighbours where displeasure hath beene , in oftentimes receiving the communion of the body and blood of chri●t ; in visiting of the poore and sicke , using all godly and sober conversation : informing us withall ; y that god hath given expresse charge to all men , that upon the sabbath day , they should cease from all weekely and worke day labour , to the intent , that like as god himselfe wrought sixe dayes , and rested the seventh , and blessed and sanctified it , and consecrated it to quietnesse and rest from labour ; even so gods obedient people should use the sunday holylie , and rest from their common and daily businesse , and also give themselves wholly to heavenly exercises of gods true religion and service . but alas ( quoth the homely ) all these notwithstanding , it is lamentable to see the wicked boldnes of those that will be counted gods people , who passe nothing at all of keeping and hallowing the sunday . and these people are of two sorts . z the one sort , if there be businesse to doe , though there be no extreme need , they must not spare the sunday : they must ride and iourny on the sunday , &c. they must keepe markets and faires on the sunday ; finally , they use all dayes alike , working-dayes and holy-dayes are all one . the other sort is worse : for although they will not travell nor labour on the sunday as they doe on the weeke day , yet they will not rest in holinesse , as god commandeth : but they rest in ungodlinesse and filthinesse , prancing in th●ir pride ; pranking and pricking , pointing and painting themselves to be gorgeous and gay ; they rest in excesse and superfluity , in gluttony and drunkennesse like rats and swine : they rest in brawling and rayling , in quarrelling and fighting : they rest * in wantonnesse , in toyish talking , in filthy fleshlinesse , so that it doth too evidently appeare , that god is more dishonoured , and the devill better served on the sunday , then upon all the daies in the weeke besides , and i assure you the beasts which are commanded to rest on the sunday , honour god better then this kinde of people : for they offend not god , they breake not their holy-dayes . wherefore o ye people of god , lay your hands upon your hearts , repent and amend this grievous and dangerous wickednesse , stand in awe of the commandement of god himselfe , be not disobedient to the godly order of christs church , used and kept from the apostles time untill this day . feare the displeasure and iust plagues of almighty god if ye be negligent . dancing therefore on the lords-day ( which no godly christians in the primitive church did once use for ought we read , ) is an unlawfull exercise , if our homelies or canons may be iudges ; therefore an unlawfull pastime punishable by the statute of . caroli . cap. . which intended to suppresse dancing on the lords-day , as well as beare-bayting , bull-bayting , enterludes , and common playes ; which were not so rife , so common as dancing , when this law was first inacted . finally , this dancing as the a waldenses teach , doth lead men on to the breach of all the ten commandements , and to sundry inevitable sinnes and mischiefes : in all these respects therefore , they conclude it to bee evill , and unbeseeming christians . seventhly , dancing ( as peter martyr , vi●es , agrippa , erasmus , brant , lovell , northbrooke , stubs , gualther , and others in their fore-alleaged places testifie ) is for the most part attended with many amorous smiles , lascivious gestures , wanton complements , lustfull embracements , loose behaviour , * unchaste kisses , meretricious scurrilous songs and sonnets , effeminate musicke , lust-provoking attire , obscene discourses , ridiculous love-prankes , lewde companions ; all which are as so many severall strong solicitations to whoredome and uncleanesse , and b savour onely of sensuallity of raging fleshly lusts , which warre against the soule . therefore it s c wholly to be abandoned of all good christians . eightly , this k dancing serves to no necessary use , no profitable , laudable , or pious end at all ; it neither glorifies god , nor benefits men in soule , in body , in estate , or reputation : it issues onely from the imbred pravity , vanity , wantonnesse , incontinency , pride , prophanesse , or madnesse of mens depraved natures ; and it serves onely l to make provision for the flesh , to fulfill the lusts thereof ; whereas m all those who are christs have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts thereof : therefore it must needs be unlawfull unto christians . ninthly , this kinde of dancing , as it was never in use among the p●imitiue christians , n whose footsteps we should tread in : so it is quite out of the road of christianity , and salvation . wee never reade of any christians that went dancing into heaven ; though we read of o sundry wicked ones who have gone dancing downe to hell. the way to heaven is too steepe , too narrow for men to dance in , and keepe revell rout : no way is large or smooth enough for capering roisters , for iumping , skipping , dancing dames , but that p broad beaten pleasant road that leades to hell. the gate of heaven is to q strait , the way to blisse to narrow , for whole roundes , whole troopes of dancers to march in together : men never went as yet by multitudes , much lesse by morrice-dancing troopes to heaven : alas there are r but few who finde that narrow way ; they scarce goe two together : and those few what are they ? not dancers , but s mourners : not laughers , but t weepers ; whose tune is u lachrymae , whose musicke , x sighes for sinne ; who know no other cinqua-pace but this to heaven , y to goe mourning all the day long for their iniquities ; to z mourne in secr●t like doves , to chatter like cranes for their owne and others sinnes . a fasting , prayers , mourning , teares , tribulations , martyrdome were the onely rounds that led all the saints to heaven ; no other dance but these sad tunes will bring men to the place of endlesse ioy . these other dances oft-times end in sinne , in hell , in horror , in heaven never ; therefore all christians shou●d doe well b to turne this dancing into mourning , this ioy and carnall laughter into spirituall heavinesse , as s. iames commands them , that so c sowing thus in teares , they may reape an harvest of eternall ioy . lastly , pagans themselves have abundantly condemned all mixt , lascivious , accurate , amorous dancing , as misbeseeming civill , chaste , or sober persons : and shall christians iustifie or practise that which the very heathen censure and cry shame on ? d macrobius , e aemilius probus , f cicero , g salust , together with h alexander ab alexandro : i caelius rhodiginus , k agrippa , l peter martyr , m gualther , n northbrooke , and o master stubs informe us : that it was an infamous , a dishonourable thing for men or women , among the ancient pagan romanes , to have skill in dancing , or to dance in any feast or publike meeting . and yet many christians now a-dayes repute this their glory ; that they are accurate expert dancers , which these ingenuous pagans deemed their shame . salust , a grave roman historian , layes this as a brand of infamy on sempronia , * that she was taught to sing and dance more elegantly , then became an honest woman : which singing and dancing ( saith he ) are the instruments of luxury . and what did these two two qualities ( which we now so much admire ) worke in this curious , wel-educated roman dame ? the historian tels us : all things were alwayes dearer to her then reputation and chastity : and she was so enflamed with lust , that she would o●tner seeke after men , then they after her . p macrobius informes us : that not onely skill in dancing was reputed infaemous and a badge of dishonesty among the romanes : but that notwithstanding it * the sonnes of noble-men , and ( which is a shame to utter ) their very daughters also being yet virgins , did reckon dancing among their other serious studies . scipio affricanus aemilianus , is a witnesse of this , who in his oration against the iudiciary law of tiberius graccus saith thus : q they are taught dishonest iuggling : they goe with pretty impudent dancers , with a dulcimer and psaltery to the praise of stage-players : they learne to sing , which our ancestors wished should be reputed a disgrace in gentlemen . there goe , i say , into the dancing-schoole among dancers , both noble girles and youthes . when one related these things to me , i could not perswade my selfe , that noble persons would teach their children these things : but when i was brought into the dancing-schoole , i saw in good earnest in tha● schoole above five hundred boyes and girles . among those ( wherein i most of all pittied the common-weale ) i saw one garnished proud boy , the sonne of one that sued for a great office , no lesse then tweelve yeeres old , dancing with rattles , which kind● of dance a lewde foolish serving-boy could not honestly dance . thou seest ( saith he ) how africanus mourned , that he had seene the sonne of one who sued for an office , which the hope and reason of obtaining a magistracy ( at which time he ought to vindicate himselfe and his from all reproachfull acts ) could not then restraine from doing that , which could not be reputed but dishone●t : and before he complain●s that most of the nobility did exercise this dishonesty . thus scipio africanus and macrobius iudge of dancing . cicero , that unparalleld roman orator ; as he by way of scorne stiles gabinius , catilines consul , a r dancer : and withall accuseth verres for his intimate acquaintance with apronius a dissolute adulterous , lascivious pot-companion ; s who danced naked at a drunken feast : which crime of dancing naked he obiects to t l. piso. so in his e●●gant oratiō for muraena , he censures u cato , for stiling l. muraena a dancer : which if it be truely obiected ( saith he ) it is a reproach of a most vehement accuser : if falsly , of an ill-tongued rayler . for since thou art o● so great auth●rity , thou oughtest not , o marcus cato , to take up a slander out of the stre●t , or from the reproach of any r●iler , neither yet rashly to call the consul of the roman nation , a dancer , but to consider with what other vices he must necessarily be affected , to whom this may truely be obiected . for no man almost doth dance sober , unlesse peradventure he be mad , neither being alone , neither yet at a moderate and honest banquet : extreame dancing is alwayes the companion of a disorderly feast , a pleasant place , and of many voluptuous delights . thou alleagest this against me , which must needs be the ex●reme or utmost of all vices ; thou omittest those things , which being removed , this vice can never be at all : no dishonest banquet , no love , no revellings , no lust , no prodigall expence is shewed : and when these things are not to be found , which have the name of voluptuousnes and which are vitious : in whom thou canst not finde luxury it selfe ; in him doest thou thinke to finde the shadow of luxury ? and in his oration , pro deiorato rege , he thus labours to excuse him from the infamy of dancing . x what finally ? whether doth this gallowes-bird proceed ? he saith that deioratus was so transported with mirth , and overcome with wine , that he danced naked in a feast . what gallowes is sufficient to punish this fugitive ? who ever saw deioratus dancing or drunken ? all royall vertues are in him , &c. he therefore who whiles he was yet a childe , was so eminently glorious , that he never did any thing but most severely and gravely , hath he in this repute and age of his , thinke you , danced ? thou oughtest rather to have imitated the mann●rs and disciplin● of thy grandfather castor , then to slander a good and famous man , with the tongue of a fugitive . but if thou hadest had a dancer to thy grandfather , and not that man from whom patternes of modesty and chastity might be taken , yet this reproach would not at all be convenient against that age , which from its youth hath fensed it selfe with the study , not of dancing , but of well-managing armes and horses , which severall passages , together with that in the third booke of his offices : y that a iust or honest man , would not dance in publike , though he might be heire to m. crassus , though perchance a dishonest man would doe it : sufficiently testifie , that dancing was an infamous thing in men of place and note , among the romanes : that it was a notorious reproach among them to be stiled , much more to bee a dancer , and that no sober men , but vitious , riotous whore-masters and drunkards onely used it , in their cups and ebrious feasts . it is seneca his lamentable complaint of his times , and we may iustly take up the same of ours , z that the wits of slothfull youth were growne lazie , neither were they industrious in the study of any honest thing . sleepe , and sloath , and that which was worse then either sleepe or lazinesse , the diligent pursuite of evill things , hath invaded their mindes . the obscene st●dies of singing● and dancing ( pray marke his epithite ) doe possesse the effeminate : and to frounce and curle the haire , to become effeminate in speech and body , is the very patterne of our youth . and now observe what followed here upon : ) they are conquerers of others chastity , negligent of their owne . ( againe , in his naturall questions . lib. . cap. . he complaines ; a that the house of pyladis and batillus ( two dancing-masters and stage-players ) had successors to continue it : that there were many schollers and many masters of these arts : these masters teach privately , ( or there is a private dancing-schoole ) thorowout the city ; where both men and women dance : me● and their wives strive betweene themselves , which of them shall first turne the side to the dancing-master . afterwards , when as their modesty , and all their shame is worne quite away , they passe disguised to a brothel-house . loe here the end , the fruits of dancing , which this heathen philosopher much deplores . to passe by b iustin ; who stiles musicke and dances , the instruments of luxury : together with c ovid , d virgil , e tibullus , and f horace ; who censure dancing , as an effeminate practice of drunken , lewde , adulterous men and women , in their luxurious ●easts and meetings ; and withall to omit the story , of g zenophons dancing trull , who enamored socrates and the other spectators , with her dancing and player-like action : the poet h iuvenal makes dancing , the very badge of an adulteresse , the fuell of lust , the cause of adultery and much prodigall expence ; reputing him an unhappy husband , who hath a dancing dame to his wife . and if this be true , how many happy husbands are there now , when there are so few un-dancing wives ? i su●tonius records this , among other of caligula his vices , that he was a singer and a dancer : that he was so transported with the pleasure of dancing and singing , that hee could not so much as refraine in publike enterludes , but he must sing together with the tragaedian that acted ; and openly imitate the gesture of the stage-player , either as it were praysing or correcting it . he did likewise dance ( saith he ) in the night sometimes : and upon a time , sending for three grave men who had beene consuls , into his palace , in the second watch of the night , he placed them being in a very great feare , upon a scaffold : and then he leaped out suddenly with a great noyse of pipes and fidlers clad in a womans gowne , and a long coate , and having danced out a dance , he departed . k polibius and l athenaeus , doe both much condemne antiochus surnamed the illustrious , yet stiled , the mad , by them : for that in his riotous drunken feasts , he would sometimes play together with the actors : and once being vailed quite over , he was brought in upon the stage by players , and laid upon the ground , as if he were one of them : afterwards oportunity calling him forth , he did caper , he did dance and iest with the players , so that all there present were ashamed : to such miserable things as these , doth that stupidity induce men , which is ingendred of drunkennesse . the same m athenaeus , out of theopompus , doth cen●ure strabo king of the sydonians , who exceeded all men in the study of pleasure and delights ; for that he made ass●mblies of fidlers , dancing-women , lutanists , and sent for many . leamons , whores , or mistresses out of pelleponnesus , for many singing women out of ●onia , and for many amorous girles out of all greece , some of which he tendred to those that danced , others of them he usually offred to his friends that sung as a reward of their combate , &c. which verefies the former position , that dancing is the occasion of much lewdenesse ; and that dancers for the most part are adulterous , lecherous people , given up to sensuality , and all kinde of vice . which is further verified in his dipnos . l. . c. . l. . c. . . l. . c. . . l. . c. . . . l. n . c. . . . & l. . c. . . . . where he shewes , that all common prostituted whores were expert dancers ; and all dancers whores , adulterers , or lascivious , deboist o bacchanalian persons , and that so they were reputed among pagans . homer , odysseae . lib. p. . and out of him sto●aeus , sermo . . fol. . enumerate this among other effects of wine and drunkennesse , p that they make a wise man to sing and dance . which proves , that wise men anciently never danced but when they were drunken , or frantique ; which euripides his tragedie stiled bacchae , and strabo his geograph . lib. . pag. . to . will most * plentifully evidence , to those who have leisure to peruse them . true it is that q plato and * aristotle approve of dancing in the festivities and solemnities of their idol-gods , in which they were most in use : which dances as they were very rare , perchance s once or twice a yeere ; so they were likewise t certaine , appointed by their idolatrous priests or by the overseers of their dances , which dances might not be altered but by publike authority by the priests and magist●ates speciall direction . neither were they such dances as christians can approve . * for plato even in these sacred dances dedicated to idol-gods , would have youthes and girles to dance together naked , that so they might the better disce●●e one anothers bea●ty or deformity , and so mi●ht ●o● be deceived in their matches and marriages : which custome of dancing naked , as it seemes by * tully , y athenaeus , z basil , * euripedes , and others , was much in use in former times in drunken feasts ; in which a naked whores or women oft-times attended , the more to enrage the naked dancers and the spectators lusts , to which they were prostitu●ed a● their pleasure . such lascivious , beastly dances as these did these lewde philosophers , and the b dru●ken greekes allow , in the festivals of their filthy idols . but for all oth●r private dances ( such onely excepted as were stiled c pirricall , wherein men vaulted , and danced in th●ir armor to ●●ew their activity and strength ; ) they were evermore infamous among pagans , as the precedent authors and doctor * reinolds witnesse : therefore they should be much more abominable to all chaste , all modest christians . if any here obiect in defence of amorous mixt lascivious dancing , ( i speake not of grave single , chaste , and sober measures men with men ) which is now so much in use and high esteeme . first , that there are many laudable examples of dancing in the scripture : as d that of miriam and the isralitish women after the drowning of the egyptians , and their miraculous deliverance from them : that of e iepthaes daughters f of the isralitish women after the slaughter of goliah and the philistins : and that g of david , who danced before the arke with all his might . secondly , that god commandes us , h to praise him with cymbals and dances : that salomon writes ; i there is a time to dance ; and that k other scriptures seeme to allow of dancing as lawfull . therefore it cannot be unlawfull . to these , i answer first ; that these scriptures and examples warrant that kinde of dancing onely which is specified , and commended by them ; not our theatricall , our moderne common dancing , which l differs from it in many materiall circumstances , well worth the observation . for first , these dances which we read of in the scripture , m were all single , consisting altogether of men , or of women onely : ( which kinde of single measures were anciently in use among n the persians and greecians , & are yet retained among the o brasilians and others . ) whereas our moderne dances are for the most part mixt , both men and women dancing promiscuously together by selected couples . secondly , these dances were no artificiall curious galliards , ligs , or carontoes , learned with much paines and practise at a dancing-schoole , as ours are : p but simple , plaine , unartificiall sober motions . thirdly , these dances were no ordinary daily recreations , practised at every feast or meeting , upon every lords-day , holi-day , or vacant time ; and that upon no other occasion , but for mirth or laughter sake , to passe away the time , or to satiate mens unruly lusts , ( the q onely props of dancing ; ) as all our moderne dances are . but they were r publike extraordinary speciall dances , taken up by pious christians to praise the lord withall , after some extraordinary great deliverances from , or victories over their enemies , which scarce hapned twice in divers ages : whereas our dances are not such . fourthly , these dances were not made in any private house , or hall ; in any ale-house , taverne , or bower neere adjoyning ; much lesse at any s may-pole , wake , or church-ale ; at any play-house , wedding , or dancing-schoole , as ours are : but in the open t field , where the victorious generall and his army were to passe ; whom they went out to meet and welcome home with these their dances , u which sounded forth his praises in those psalmes and heavenly songs , which the scripture hath recorded . fiftly , they danced not by couples or in measure as we use to doe , x but in one intire traine or round . sixtly , they did not wantonly leape , caper , fling or skip about like does or bedlams ; nor y mincingly trip it , as our lascivious amorous dancers doe : but they used a z modest grave and sober motion , much like to * walking or the grave old measures ; having timbrels and cymbals in their hands , and a psalmes ( not scurrilous amorous pastorals ) in their mouthes , wherewith they did unfainedly blesse and praise the lord for their obtained victories and deliverances , and b sound forth the victors praises . seventhly , these dances were free from all lascivious dalliances , from all amorous gestures , gropings , kisses , complements , love-trickes , and wanton embracements ; which abound in all our moderne dances . lastly , c these dances were wholy devoted to gods praise and glory ; * they were a holy religious service done to god , proceeding from the thankefulnesse of such hearts , as were ravished with gods more speciall m●●cies : our moderne wanton dances have no such pious ends and circumstances , they proceed not from such hearts , such occasions , such extraordinary favours of god as these : they differ from them in all th●se severall circūstances : therefore these dances , these examples doe no wayes iustifie , but conde●ne all ours , which have no affinity nor cognation with them . to the second obje●tion ; that salomon saith , d there is a time to dance . i answer first , that by dancing in this , and the other e obiected sc●iptures , is not meant any corporall dancing , or artificiall moving of the feet in measure : but either an inward cheerefulnesse of heart , and readines of spirit in gods service : or else a spirituall exultation of the soule in the apprehension of some speciall favour of god unto it , expressed in an abundant praysing of god in psalmes , in hymnes and spirituall songs . this and no other is the dancing intended by salomon , and commanded in the scripture , as f olympi●dorus , g chrysostome , h ambrose , i glossa ordinaris , lyra , k calvin , and l sundry others teach us . secondly , admit this text be meant of corporall dancing , yet it intends no other but religious holy dances , in which either men or women m praise the lord , with hymnes and godly psalmes , singing with a grace in their hearts to him , who hath given them so great an occasion of much holy ioy : it allowes no other dances but such , in which the heart is more active then the feet ; in which gods glory ( not carnall iollity ) is the utmost end . it gives no tolleration therefore for our common dances , which have neither holinesse for their quallity , nor piety for their end . lastly , salomon saith onely , that there is a time to dance : and this time , i am sure , is neither n lords-dayes , nor any other solemne ●estivals devoted to gods service , as the fore-quoted councels , fathers , and moderne authors testifie : these are not times of dancing , but of * praying , hearing , reading , meditating , and such like holy duties . all dancing therefore on such times as these ( which are now made the chiefest dancing seasons ) are out of salomons dispensation . againe , the time of working , of following our vocations , of performing private familie duties of religion ; the times of sleepe and rest ( i meane the night , * which is more often spent in dancing then in praying , or any pious duty ) is none of salomons times for dancing : it being altogether untimely at these seasons ; therefore those who spend their working , praying , reading , studying time ( o which god commandes them to r●deeme ) in dancing , ( which too many make their worke , their life , their trade ) dance out of salomons time and measure ; who gives no allowance to their untimely rounds . againe , dancing after a man is tyred out with honest labour , is altogether unseasonable : p sle●pe and quiet rest , are a wearied mans best , his fittest recreations : they that worke hard all day , had more need to rest , then dance , all night . and yet how many are there , who after an hard iourny or a toylsome dayes worke , will take more paines at night in dancing , then they did in labouring all the day time ? & because they are quite tyred out with working , they will yet tire themselves once againe in dancing ; and so disable themselves the more for the workes and duties of the ensuing day ; whereas every q recreation should helpe , not hinder men in their callings . hard workers therefore have little time , at least but little need or reason to turne dancers . for others , who can finde either little , or no time at all to worke , ( which is the epidemicall deplorable gentile fashion r of our lazy age , ) i am sure salomon hath bounded them out no time to dance : eccles. . hath set downe . severall times at least , for severall workes , and but one ( if that ) for dancing . those therefore who exempt themselves from these times of working , can make no title to this dancing season . he that will not labour , s t is unfit he should play . he that hath no working time , t is equall he should have no dancing time . and yet how many are there now a-dayes who will needs intitle themselves to this time to dance , though they professedly disclaime all times to mourne or worke ? how many are there that worke till they freeze , and yet dance till they sweat ? that cannot worke or pray one houre in a day for sloath , and yet can dance nimbly day and night all the weeke long ? that t cannot walke twenty yards to church on foot without the helpe of a coach ; and yet will dance . galliards or carantoes five hundred paces long ? these indefatigable dancers , who would rather die then worke ; and not live then live well : need onely a time to worke ( which i wish they may find : ) not a time to dance , ( which they will be sure to gaine ) since they dance and play away all their time : wherefore since neither labourers nor loyterers have any need of dancing , they have certainly no title , to salomons time of dancing : and so both their dancing and arguments are out of season . since therefore it is infallibly evident by all these premises , that our theatricall amorous mixt lascivious dancing , is sinfull and unchristian at the least , if * not heathenish and diabolicall ; the major of my precedent syllogisme must be grāted : which i shal here close up with that notable passage of alexander fabritius , an ancient english though somewhat popish author , who writes thus of dancing . * the entring into the processions of dances , hinders men from ingresse into the heavenly procession , and those who dance ( especially upon holy-dayes ) offend against all the sacraments of the church . first , against baptisme , in this , that they breake the covenant which they have entred into with god in baptisme , where they have promised , that they would renounce the devill and all his pompes ; but they enter into the pompous procession of the devill when they dance . for * a dance as gulielmus parisiensis saith , is the devils procession . secondly , dances offend against the sacrament of order ; for clergie men who have received holy orders , take those orders that they may conveniently celebrate divine services in the church of god : but these vanities make divine service to be contemned and neglected ; for those who ought to be present at mattens and vespers , are oft-times present at these dances . thirdly , they offend against the sacrament of matrimony ; for oft-times in d●nces , by signes of wantonnesse , vaine songs , and unlawfull confabulations , the faith of matrimony is violated either in consent or worke . fourthly , they sinne against the sacrament of confirmation : for in the sacrament of confirmation the signe of the crosse is imprinted on their foreheads , as being bought with the passion of christ : but in such dances the signe of the crosse being cast away , they place the signe of the devill on their heads . fiftly , they doe against the sacrament of pennance : for in the sacrament of repentance by which they were reconciled unto god , they promised that they would never hereafter offend in the like kinde : but in such vanities they plainely doe the contrary . sixtly , they offend against the sacrament of the altar , for on easter-day they receive the sacrament of the altar , * but immediately after they are like to iudas the traytor : who when he had eaten at the lords table , out of his owne dish , he went out presently after , and tooke a band of soldiers from the high-priests and pharises , and came against iesus , as appeareth iohn the . so these transgressing in the foresaid manner , come directly against iesus : for when they are in a dance the procession of the devill , they are not with iesus , as himselfe saith , luke . he that is not with me is against me . as kings in antumne and summer are wont to goe forth to the warres , that they may take that from th●ir enemies which they have gained by their labour in winter : so the devill the enemy of mankinde after easter ; yea , on easter-day it selfe ( we may more truely affirme it on our christmas and whitson holy-dayes ) gathers together an army of dancers , that he may take from the sonnes and servants of christ who are his enemies , their spirituall fruits , which they have gathered together in the lent-time . seventhly , they offend against the sacrament of extreme vnction by which those who are sicke receive spirituall health : but these wretches in their playes and dances doe often lose the heal●h both of their bodies and their soules . after this , he compares all women-dancers , ( especially such as are gorgeously attired and set out with costly array , with painted faces , with false haire , shaven off from some dead womans scull ; with bead-tires of gold , of silver , pearles , and precious stones , contrary to the apostles precept , * which the devill who rides upon such women hath set upon their heads , as so many crownes of vani●y for those many triumphes over the sonnes of god which he hath gained by them , ) to those locusts and t●at smoke which ascended out of the bottomlesse pit , apocalipse the . advising all men out of ecclesiasticus the . not to keepe company with a woman that is a dancer , not yet to hearken to her voyce , lest they chance to perish by her snares : and wishing all christians to renounce all dancing , as being thus opposite to all the sacraments . thus much concerning dancing , in probat of my major , in which i have the more inlarged my discourse , both in respect of the neere affinity that is betweene playes and dancing ; and in regard of the universality of this lewde infamous exercise , which overspreds our owne and other nations , whose commonnesse hath purchased it : such credit such applause in this effeminate , unchaste lascivious dissolute age wherein we live ; that most repute it a necessary ornament , an essentiall commendable quality or vertue , to make vp a gentleman , a gentlewoman , who are deemed incompleate , at leastwise rude without it : when as all the fore-quoted councels , fathers , pagans , and moderne christian authors , with * infinite others , have thus branded , censured it ( especially in the female sex who are now most devoted to it ) as * a diabolicall , infernall , effeminate , unchristian , wicked , unchaste , immodest heathenish pastime , contrary to all gods commandements and sacraments : and as the very pomps of satan which wee renounce in baptisme : which mee thinkes should now at last rectifie our depraved iudgements in this point of dancing , and reforme our lives . for the minor , that stage-playes are commonly attended with mixt effeminate amorous dancing ; it is most apparant ; not onely by our owne moderne experience , but likewise by the copious testimony of sundry pagan and christian writers of all sorts : as namely , of * polibius . historiae . lib. . pag. . y of livy . rom. hist. lib. . sect . . of dionysius hallicarnasseus . antiqu. lect. l. . sect . . of plutarch . symposiacon . lib . quaest. . pag. . , . of athenaeus dipnosophorum . lib. . c. . p. . lib. . c. ● p. . . c. . p. . z c. . p. . &c. . pag. a . of macrobius saturnalium . lib. . c. . of horace b sermonum . l. . satyr . . p. . & de arte poetica lib. p. . . of euripides , in his bacchae of ovid , de c remedio amoris . l. . p. . of plato . legum . dial. . aristotle poetic . l. . c. . suetonij caligula . c. . . claudian in eutropium . lib. . clemens alexandrinus . paedagogi . lib. . cap . fol. d . & lib. . c. . tertullian & e cyprian de spectac . lib. arnobius advers . gentes . l. . p. . & l. . * p. . . & l. . pag. . to . lactantius f divinorum instit. epit. c. . ambrose , de paenitentia . lib. . cap. . basil hexam . hom. . pag. . nazienzen ad selucum de recta educatione . p. . . chrysostome . hom. . . & . in matth. g augustine , de civit. dei. lib. . c. . cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. . salvian de gubernat . dei. l. . isiodor . hisp. originum . l. . c. . . the . councell of constantinople . canon . ( which h inhibits all players , playes , and dancing on the stage , under paine of excommunication : ) & eusebius apud damascenum . parallelorum . lib. . c. . where thus he writes . i but what doth he behold who runnes to theaters ? diabolicall songs ; dancing girles ; or that i may speake more truely , girles stirred hither and thither with the furies of the devill . for what doth a danceresse doe ? she impudently uncovers her head , which paul hath commanded to be continually vailed : she inverts her necke ; she tosseth about her haire this way and that way ; even these things are likewise done by her who is possessed by the devill . such likewise was the feast of herod : the daughter of herodias entring in , danced , and cut of the head of iohn the baptist ; and so she obtained the subterraneous places of hell instead of an inheritance . wherefore , those who love rounds and dances , * have certainely a portion with her in hell. a terrible sentence sufficient to startle all our dancing dames , and frisquing effeminate gallants ; who make dancing their onely excellency , and supreme delight . to these i could accumulate , polydor virgil. de inventoribus rerum . l. . c. . alexander sardis , de inventoribus rerum . l. . p. . caelius rhodiginus . antiqu. lect. l. . c. . . m. gualther , hom. . in marc. alexander ab alexandro . gen. dierum . l. . c. . agrippa de vanit . scient . c. . m. gosson , his playes confuted . action . d. reinolds his overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . to . & . to . godwin , his roman antiquities . l. . sect . . c. ● bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . with * sundry other authors which b●lenger there recites . all which expresly informe us ; * that dancing was alwayes heretofore , and yet continues an unseperable concomitant , if not a necessary part of stage-playes . the premises therefore being thus confirmed , my conclusion from them against stage-playes must be granted scena nona . the second unlawfull concomitant of stage-playes , is amorous , obscene , lascivious lust-provoking songs and poems , which were once so odious in our church ; that in the articles to be inquired of in visitations , set forth in the first yeere of queene elizabeths raigne , article . church-wardens were enioyned to inquire ; whether any minstrels , or any other persons did use to sing or say any songs or ditties that be vile and uncleane ; which suggests this . play-oppugning argument to me . those playes which are usually accompaned with amorous pastoralls , lascivious ribaldrous songs and ditties , * must needs be unlawfull , yea abominable unto christians . but stage-playes are usually accompanied with such pastorals , songs , and ditties as these . therefore they must needs be unlawfull , yea abominable unto christians . the minor is most aparant . first , by our owne moderne experience , there being nothing more frequent , in all our stage-playes ( as all our play-haunters can abundantly testifie ; ) then amorous pastorals , or obscene lascivious love-songs , most melodiously chāted out upon the stage betweene each seueral action ; both to supply that chasme or vacant interim which the tyring-house takes up , in changing the actors robes , to fit them for some other part in the ensuing scene : ( a thing in use in ancient times , as k horace , l livy , and m sundry others have recorded ; ) as likewise to please the itching eares , if not to inflame the outragious lusts of lewde spectators , who are oft-times ravished with these ribaldrous pleasing ditties , and transported by them into a n mahometan paradise , or extasie of uncleanesse . secondly , as experience , so sundry ancient and moderne authors fully suffragate to my minors truth . o in stage-playes ( writes s. basil ) corrupt songs ingenerate too much lust in the mindes of men . these whorish songs residing in the mindes of the hearers , doe nought else but perswade filthinesse to all that heare them . p wherefore wee commend not those contumelious poets who place felicity in obscene s●ngs . in stage-playes ( writes q chrysostom● , ) are broken effeminate lascivious words , meretricious songs , and voyces provoking vehemently to voluptuousnesse ; and polluting mens eares farre more then any dirt or filth . what ( write r eusebius and damascen ) doth he perceive who runs to theaters ? diabolicall songs ; certaine lascivious and altogether corrupt ditties , which ingenerate much lust in the mindes of the ●earers , &c. to these i might adde s. augustine . de civit. dei. l. . c. . & . & l. . c. . lactan●ius , de vero cultu , c. . nazienzen ad selucum , de recta educatione . p. . and oratio . p. ● where he writes thus of his father . nec aurem & lingua●● res divinas partim accipientē partim pronunciantē ethnicis narrationibus theatricisque cantilenis conspurcari siverit ; nihil enim prophani sacrosanctis hominibus convenire putabat . salvian , de gubernatione dei. l. . ioannis salisburiensis ; de nugis cu●ialium . l. . c. . concilium parisiense . l. . c. . together with athenaeus dipnosophorum . l. . c. the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . caesar buleng●rus , de theatro . l. . c. . de cantu in scena ; where there are sundry authors quoted to this purpose , which you may peruse at leisure . iuvenal . satyr . p. . to . & satyr . . p. . . petronius . satyricon . p. . . mariana & brissonius , in their bookes , de spectaculis . m. northbrooke , d. reinolds , m. gosson , and m. stubs , in their fore-quoted treatises against stage-playes : and others already mentioned in * act . scene . who all unanimously testifie ; that stage-playes are alwayes fraught with adulterous , obscene , lascivious songs , and wanton pastorals , which adde strength and fuell to mens lusts . my minor therefore must be granted . the major is unquestionable ; because all ribaldrous , amorous songs : ( which now are too to rise , not onely in stage-playes , but ever at private christians feasts , and other taverne-meetings , from which s theodosius , t stilico , and others excluded all songs and singing-women ; ( the very ornaments and delights of lascivious banquets , as u homer , x gellius , and y quintilian stile them : ) are abundantly condemned as abominable , sinfull pastimes misbeseeming godly christians . first , by the expresse verdict of the scripture ; which as it z inioynes all christians in their feasts , their mirth , and private meetings , to sing psalmes , and hymnes , and spirituall songs , of prayer , of praise to god with a grace and melody in their hearts : a practise , which all the primitive ●hristians ( as the marginall a authors witnesse ) observed in their love-feasts , in all their private and publike meetings : and i would , those moderne christians , who banish these things from their feasts and merriments , as altogether unseasonable , exhilerating themselves b with nought but scurrilous beastly songs , lascivious musicke , wanton dancing , and such unchristian mirth ; would now againe reviue it . so it expresly prohibits c all filthy , corrupt , unedifying communication : d all fornication and uncleanesse which are not so much as once to be named among christians : together with e all foolish talking and iesting ; all ribaldry and scurrility , either in songs or iests ( which f plato , and the athenians , though pagans , did prohibite by an unanimous law , ) as odious unto god , pernicious to the manners , mindes , and soules of men , and misbeseeming christians , g whose words should be alwayes gracious , seasoned with salt , that so they might administer grace , not poyson or corruption , to the heaerers . ribaldrous amorous songs , are so unsutable for the mouthes , the eares of christians ; that h theophylact plainly tells us , that those who sing such songs , are po●sessed with an uncleane spirit : and s. i bernard , that he who is delighted with obscene iests , and secular ditties , ( as alas too many are ) is in the very pavilion or possession of the devill . no wonder therefore if the scripture condemnes such songs as these , as unbefitting christians . secondly , as the scripture , so sundry ancient and moderne councels expresly censure , * such poems , songs , and ditties ; as abominable and polluted in themselves , defiling the mouthes , the eares , of those who chaunt , or heare them chaunted : as allectives unto lewdnesse , incentives unto lust , k which grieve the holy spirit of god , whereby we are sealed up to the day of redemption , and wholy effeminate the mindes of men . witnesse concilium arelatense . . apud surium . concil . tom. . pag. . concil . agathense , can. . veneticum , can. . toletanum . . can. . altisiodorense . can. . & . cabilonense . . can. . senonense . cap. . surius . tom. . p. . . cabilonense . . can. . moguntinum sub carolo magno . cap. . & . rhemense . cap. . parisiense . lib. . cap. . moguntinum sub raebano . archiepiscopo . cap. . turonense . . cap. . . coloniense . pars . cap. . & pars . c. l synodus carnotensis . anno . concilium burdigense . anno● . & synodus turonica● . which ● severall councels , inhibite all christians , especially clergy-men , both from the use , the hearing , and singing of such songs as these , for the precedent reasons . a sufficient inducement to cause all godly christians to abandon them , together with all those playes , those play-houses and places where they are in use . thirdly , as these scriptures and councels ; so likewise the fathers are very copious in censuring such ribaldrous lascivious songs as these , which if we beleeve m s. ambrose or s. basil , defile the very earth and aire where they are breathed out . survey we but clemens alexandrinus , paedag. l. . c. ● & . & * l. . c. . tertullian & cyprian , in their bookes de spectaculis . arnobius advers . gentes . lib. . & . t●tianus , oratio adversus graecos . lactantius de ver● cultu l. . c. . basil. hexaëmeron . hom. . de ebrietate & luxu . sermo . & de legendis libris gentiliū oratio . nazienzen oratio . , . & . & ad selucum de recta educatione . p. . hierom● epist. . c. . ep. . c. . ep. ● c. . & adversus ●ovinianum . l. . c. cyrillus hierusolomitanus chatechesis mystagogica . ● ( who makes such n songs , the very workes and pompes of the devill , which we renounce in baptisme : ) eusebius apud damascenum . parallelorum . l. . c. . ambrose , de elia & ieiunio . c. & sermo . sti. asterij homilia in festum kalendarum . oratio . bibl. patrū . tom. . p. . augustine de civit. dei. lib. . c. . . de rectitudine catholicae conversationis tractatus . & de decem chordis . cap. . tom . de tempore sermo . de verbis apostol . sermo . hippolitus martyr , de consummatione mundi & antichristo oratio . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . h. & . a.b. gaudentius brixiae . episc . de l●ctione evangelij . sermo . bib● . patrum . tom. . pag. . c. d. primasius , oecumenius , theodoret , sedulius , remigius , anselmus , ha●mo , rabanus maurus , & theophylact , on ephes. . , . & on cap. . , . salvianus de gubernatione dei. l. . fulgentius super audivit herodes tetrarcha , &c. sermo . chrysologus sermo . olympiodorus in ecclesiast . enarrat , c. . ca●siodorus v●riarum . lib. . epist. . bernardus , o oratio ad milites templi . cap. . col. . l. & de nuptijs filij regis . col. . a. ioannis salisburiensis , de nugis curialium . l. . c. . & . p●trus blesensis , ep. . maphaeus vegius , de educat . lib. l. . c. . . paulus wan . sermo . espencaeus in tim. . digressionum . l. . c. . p. . & gratian de consecratione distinctio . . we shall finde such songs , such poems as these abundantly condemned , as p filthy and unchristian defilements , which contaminate the soules , effeminate the mindes , deprave the manners , of these that heare or sing them , exciting , enticeing them to lust ; to whoredome , adultery , prophanes , wantonnesse , scurrility , luxury , drunkennesse , excesse ; alienating their mindes from god , from grace and heavenly things : and syren-like , with their sweet enchantments entrap , ensnare , destroy mens soules , proving bitter potions to them at the last , though they seeme sweet and pleasant for the present . let s. chrysostome , that q all-golden father , as theodoret stiles him , whose lips did drop with myrre and hony , speake here for all the rest , who is somewhat copious in this theame . r like as swine ( writes he ) runne thither where there is mire , and as bees doe live where there are spices and perfumes : so where there are whorish songs , there are the devils gathered together : but where there are spirituall songs , thither the grace of the holy ghost doth flie , and the mouth sanctifieth the heart . and as those who bring in stage-players , and harlots into their feasts ( i would those whose practise it is now , would marke his words ) doe call in devils thither , so they who call in david with his harpe ( he meanes his psalmes of which he speakes ) doe call in christ by him . they make their house a theater , doe thou make thy cottage a church . s this , saith david , is my perpetuall song , this my constant worke and office , to prayse the lord. let them give eare , who effeminate and putrifie themselves with satanicall songs . what punishment shall not they undergoe ; or what dispensation may be given them , when as he being alwayes imployed in praysing his saviour , they are perpetually wallowing themselves in these filthy duties ? by t this are we taught , to what great punishment they are obnoxious , who utter libidinous and obscene songs , who pronounce comicall toyes , who vent lyes and clamours in cirques , &c. u if then , contemning and forsaking stageplayes , thou shalt hereafter frequent the church , thou hast then restored health to thy haulting feet : if thou shalt despise diabolicall songs , and in stead of them shalt learne spirituall psalmes , thou mayest now speake , whereas before thou wast but mute . and in another homely he writes thus : x as slime and dirt are wont to stop the eares of the body , so meretricious songs do use to stop the eares of the minde , more then any filth : or rather , they doe not onely stop , but likewise contaminate and defile them : for such songs doe as it were cast dirt into the eares . what that barbarian threatned , saying ; you shall eate your owne dung : that verily doe many to you now , not in word , but in deed : yea , that which is farre worse and filthier : for adulterous songs are much more abominable then any dung . and that which is farre worse to be endured . ( though it bee the very humour and practise of our lascivious times ) you are not onely not offended nor grieved at the hearing of such songs , but you laugh and reioyce : and whereas you ought to avoyd and abominate them , you entertaine and applaud them . to conclude : y dancing , musicke , adulterous ribaldry songs ( saith this father ) which are so rife and frequent in our marriages ( and yet not so frequent then , as they are now in ours : ) are the very devils pompe and hotch-potch , &c. z what wilt thou say of their songs which are fraught with all incontinency ? which bring in dishonest loves , unlawfull , nay wicked copulations , the eversions of houses and i●numerable tragedies , and have oft-times in them the name of a mistris , and a lover , a sweet-heart and a beloved . and that which is worst of all , there are virgins present at them , who laying aside all shame , doe in the middest of unchaste yongsters ( a practice too common with our chaunting , dancing blushlesse females now ) demeane themselves lasciviously and unseemely : sporting themselves with disorderly songs , obscene discourses , satanicall musicke , in honour , or rather to the dishonour of the new married spouse . and dost thou yet inquire of me , whence adulterers , whence whoredomes , whence corruptions of marriages should proceed ? lo here the effects of such scurrilous songs and dances . to which i shall here adde● the saying of s. valerian concerning such songs as these , in his . homely , de otiosis verbis● bibliotheca patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . . a as oft ( writes he ) as the hearing is soothed with the pleasant voyce , so often the sight is invited to a filthy deed . let no man trust these trecherous songs , nor looke backe to those incitations of a lustfull voyce ; which rage whiles they delight , and kill when they flatter . b thus we often see birds to be deceived with flattering whistels , and sottish wild beasts to be drawen into a snare of death by the sweetnesse of the voyce . such , my beloved , is the case of mortall men , whom the care of pleasant songs sollicites . in this onely the varieties of voyces profit , and words drawen out at length by warblings without syllables , that a man may be either taken , or may take . it cannot be expressed , my beloued , what dangerous snares the studies of mimicall pleasure exhibite . for if any man could search out the secrets of mens brest● , he should finde the hearts of unhappy men to sigh againe at every sound of the flute . vnderstand therefore what over-familiar and secret speech may doe betweene men and women , what neere neighbourhood , what conferences mixed with iests , what a pallate invited with delight , ● what the desire of gold exposed to every wickednesse of prostitution , if even the inticements of a dumbe voyce may charme the fury of another . c this error therefore of the sound of the voyce is to be avoyded , which hath wrought bitternes in the hearts of men by its sweetnesse , & by a certaine perswasion of a mellifluous song , hath oft-times ministred deadly poysons to the sicke . in which place the eares are first to be * stopped , by opposing the buckler of faith , whereby the hearing of every voyce enticing unto lewdnesse may more easily be excluded . and discipline also is to be administred , which may repell the desires of the eyes , and may bridle the incitations of a consuming heart . to all which passages , i may ioyne that of s. augustine , de tempore sermo . . * before all things , wheresoever you are , whether in a house , or in a iourn●y , or in a feast , or in a publike assembly , utter not yee out of your mouthes any scurrilous or voluptuous words ; but rather cōtinually , admonish your neighbours and friends , that they alwayes study to speake that which is honest and good , lest perchance by evill speaking , by dancing upon holy festivals , and by singing luxurious ribaldry songs , they may seeme to inflict wounds upon themselves , even from whence they ought to have praysed god. for these unhappy and miserable men , who neither feare nor blush to exercise lascivious songs and dances before the very temples of the saints , although they should come christians to the church , yet they returne pagans from the church , because this custome of singing and dancing is but a relique of the observation of pagans . and now behold what a christian he is , who comes unto the church to pray , and neglecting prayer , is not ashamed to utter the sacrilegious words of pagans . consider deare brethren , whether it be iust , that out of that mouth of christians where the body of christ doth enter in , a deboist song should be brought forth , as the very poyson of the devill ? * wherefore ( writeth he in another place ) should we then walke delighted with vaine songs , that are profitable for nothing , being sweet onely for a time , but bitter afterwards ? for with such scurrilities of songs the intised mindes of men are effaeminated , and fall away from vertue , flowing downe into filthinesse , and for these very filthinesses they afterwards fe●le paines , and vomit up that againe with great bitternesse which they have drunke downe with temporall pleasure , &c. to which i may annex that * canon of the roman synode under lotharius and lodovicke : let the priests admonish men and women who meet together at church on holy-dayes , that they sing no filthy songs , nor lead nor keepe any dances : and that constitution of charles and lodovicke : * let no man dance any filthy dances or carantoes , nor sing any dishonest riotous songs , nor use any such diabolicall sports , either in the streets or in their houses . by all which you may easily discerne , what the father 's iudged of amorous ribaldrous songs ; which should cause all christians , at leastwise to condemne them in their iudgements ; as all these fathers doe ; if not to d abandon them in their practice . to these testimonies of the fathers i might accumulate , not onely * plato , f seneca , g ovid , h horace , and other pagan authors , who condemne all amorous wanton pastorals , as fit for none but strumpets , and lewde lascivious effeminate persons : but likewise whole volumes of moderne authors ; there being few commentators on the psalmes , upon i ephes. . , . &c. . . . or upon coll●s . . few expositors on the . k commandement : few l common-place compilers ; in their places or titles , of singing , psalmes , musicke , iests , scurrility , modesty , chastity , and the like : few writers , m against stage-playes ; but have particularly condemned these lascivious , amorous , ribaldrous songs , ( which are now too much in use ) n as diabolicall , unchristian lust-exciting , vice-fomenting , soule-impoysoning pleasures , which all christians should eternally abominate , as the very snares of hell , o the very plagues of that common-weale wherein they are tollerated , and the very baites of satan to draw men on to sinne , and so to endlesse destruction . since therefore stage-playes are evermore accompanied , adorned with such execrable unchristian pa●torals , songs and poems as these , ( which i would wish all christians , especially such as are most devoted to them , as they tender the everlasting welfare of their soules , even now for to abandon , p for feare these momentary fading pleasures plunge them into many endlesse torments . ) i must thereupon now conclude , as all the fore-going fathers and authors in the major doe ; that they must needs be sinfull , and altogether unlawfull unto christians , as these their attendants are ; which need no other aggravations to condemne them but themselves alone . q noscitur ex comite qui non cognoscitur ex se , was the ancient proverbe . you may therefore iudge of stage-playes , by these filthy songs and sonnets that accompany them ; which songs the very title to our english singing psalmes , commands all christians to lay a part , as tending onely to the nourishing of vice , and corrupting of youth , with which i shall close this scene . scena decima . the third unlawfull concomitant of stage-playes , is effeminate , delicate , lust-provoking musicke , as s. r basil phraseth it , which christians ought to flie as a most filthy thing ; both because it workes upon their mindes , to corrupt them , upon their lusts , to provoke them to all voluptuousnesse and uncleanesse whatsoever . from whence this . argument may be formed . that which is alwaies accompanied with effeminate lust-provoking musicke , is doubtlesse inexpedient and unlawfull unto christians . but stage-playes are alwayes accompanied with such musicke . therefore they are doubtlesse inexpedient and unlawfull unto christians . the major is easily confirmed , by prooving effeminate lust-enflaming musicke , unlawfull . that musicke of it selfe is lawfull , usefull , and commendable ; no man , no christian dares denie , since the * scriptures , t fathers , and generally u all christian , x all pagan authors extant , doe with one consent averre it . but that lascivious , amorous , effeminate , voluptuous musicke , ( which i onely here incounter , ) should be either expedient , or lawfull unto christians , there is none so audacious as to iustifie it , since both scripture , fathers , moderne christian writers ; yea and heathen nations , states and authors , have past a doome upon it . if we revolue the fathers , we shall finde y clemens alexandrinus declaiming thus against it . those who are seriously occupied in musicke , songs and dances , and such like dissolute recreations , become immodest , insolent , and very farre estranged from good discipline , as those about whom cymbals and dulcimers are sounding , and the instruments of fraud making a noyse . but it mainly behoveth us to cut off every filthy spectacle , every dishonest sound , and to use but a word , every dishonest sence of intemperance , ( which is verily a true privation of sence ) that doth tickle or effeminate our eyes or eares , bewaring pleasure : for * the various sorceries of effeminate songs , and of the mournfull measures of the caricke muse , corrupt the manners , with intemperate and wicked musicke , drawing men to the affection of riotous feasting . the pipe therefore , the flute and such like instruments are to be abandoned from a sober feast , which are more fit for beasts then men , and for those people who are most estranged from reason . but modest and chaste harmonies are to be admitted , by removing as farre as may be all so●t effeminate musicke from our strong and valiant cogitation , which using a dishon●st art of warbling the voyce , doe leade to a delicate and slothf●ll kinde of life . therefore chromaticall harmonies are to be left to impudent malapartnesse in wine , to wh●rish musicke crowned with flowers , z iustin martyr , ( if the booke be his ) writes thus to the selfesame purpose . it is not unlawfull , nor yet altogether unseemely for boyes to sing ; but to sing with in●nimate instruments ; to sing with dancing and cymbals ; the use of which kinde of instruments , with others fit onely for children , are exploded out of our churches , where * nothing is retained but singing onely . s. hier●m in his . epistle to furia . c. . writes thus . a let the singer be thrust out of thine house as noxious : expell out of thy doores all fidlers , singing-women , with all this quire of the devill , as the deadly songs of syrens . and in his commentary upon the ephes. lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . a. b let youthes heare these things ; let those whose office it is to sing in the church heare these things ; that we must sing to god with the heart , not with the voyce ; neither after the manner of tragedians are the throate and chops to be anoynted with some pleasant oyntment , that theatrical songs & measures may be heard in the church ; but we must sing in feare , in worke , in the knowledge of the scriptures . so let the servāt of christ sing , that not the voyc● of the singer , but the words that are read may please : that the evill spirit which was in saul may be cast out of those , who are possessed by him in the same manner , and that he may not be brought into those , who have made a play-house of the house of god. and in his commentary upon the . of amos. tom. . p. . a. he writes thus . c the lust of the pallate , and all variety of dainty meates is not sufficient , for you soothe your eares with the songs of the pipe , the psaltery , and the harpe : and that which david hath made for the worship of god , finding out variety of organs , and musicall instruments , you transfer to pleasure and luxury . s. valerian in his . homely , de otiosis verbis . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . . writes thus . d we therefore oft-times finde a way to be fenced to incontinency , and fomentations to adulteries to be from hence administred , whiles this man playes on the sounding citheren with a nimble quill , and another with a skilfull finger composeth the melodious inticements of the roaring organs . th●se are the snares , by whose assistance , among other wounds the devill workes the deathes of men , &c. s. basil in his commentary upon esay . tom. . p. . . hath these ensuing passages , against musicians , songs , and dances . * fidlers and musicians , who passe the time of their flourishing age in villanies , together with dances and songs drawne forth in publike by wicked persons , enervate the virility of mens bodies with their lewde inticements , and soothing their soules with that publike consort , doe breake thorow them , and stirre up drunkards to the embracing of all filthy and unlawfull pleasure . their eares are taken with the sweet harmony , but such as may pricke them on to a flagitious lubricity , &c. what a miserable spectacle is it to chaste and wel-mannered eyes , to see ● woman , not to follow her needle or dis●affe , but to sing to a lute ? f not to be knowne by her owne husband , but to be often veiwed by others as a publike whore : not to modulate or sing a psalme of confession , but to sing songs inticing unto lust : not to supplicate to god , but willingly to hasten unto hell : not to goe diligently to the church of god , but to with-draw others with her selfe from thence , &c. g with thee there lyeth a lute interlaced and adorned with gold or elephants tooth , a demoniacall statue and idoll , fastned at it were to some high ; altar and a certaine miserable woman , who by reason of the necessity of her servile condition , should apply her selfe to her distaffe , is taught of thee , perchance an hireling , perchance of one who shall delive● her over to some bawde or prostituted whore ; afterwards when she hath satisfied all the lust in her owne body , she is set over other yong girles , as a mistris of the like actions . wherefore in the day of iudgement ; a double punishment shall seise upon thee ; both for those wickednesses thou committest when thou art drunke , and likewise for thy wicked doctrine whereby thou hast quite alienated an unhappy soule from god , &c. of those arts which depend vpon the studi● of vanity , whether it be the art of musicke , of dancing , of sounding ●ipes , or such like , as soone as the action it selfe hath ceased , the worke it selfe declareth it selfe , and that altogether according to the apostles sentence ; whose end is destruction and perdition : let these things suffice to be spoken against those who thorow overmuch effeminacy give themselves wholy over to delights , and that continually ; or else against those who in the dayes of mirth or gladnesse suppose of marriages or feasts , doe more diligently procure waites , musicke , rounds and dancing , wh●n as none of these is required of us : who have learned by the teaching of the scripture , that the wrath of god is bent against all such studies and conversation of life . therefore for feare of imminent evill from hence-forth amend this wicked custome of your life . thus farre this father , who in his sermon , de legendis libris gentilium , & de ebrietate & luxu , & hexaëmeron , hom. . hath other passages to this purpose . to passe by chrysostome , who writes ; i that cymbals , pipes , and filthy songs are the very pomps and hodgpotch of the devill , together with our ancient learned country-man a●chuvinus ; who reckons up k shrill , wanton amorous musicke , which doth oft-times mollifie and effeminate the vigor of christians , among those pomps of the devill , which christians in their baptisme doe renounce . s. cyrill of alexandria a●firmes ; l that where there is the sound of the harpe , the beating of cymbals , the consort of fidlers , with the concinnity of numbers and applauses , there also is all kinde of filthinesse ; and those things are done of these in private , which is even unseemely for to utter . m gregory nazienzen records , that the christians in his time had no dancing , no idle songs , or wanton musicke in their publike feasts and solemnities ; but onely psalmes and spirituall songs with which they praysed god. and epiphanius in his compendiaria doctrina , de fide catholicae & apostolicae ecclesiae ; ascertaines us ; that the whole catholicke and apostolicke church , n condemned theaters , playes and musicians . eusebius and damascen , as they declaime against wanton musicke , songs , and dancing ; so they pronounce an o woe against all such who play upon the harpe or citharen on the lords-day ; comparing a fidler that playes to dancers , to a devill . a harsh comparison , enough to scare such from their ungodly trade . saint augustine in his first booke , de musica . from c. . to . declaimes against all wanton , effeminate , amorous , stage-musicke : which was much in use with play●rs , who were commonly bad , not good , musicians in his age : and that musicke he most discommends which wa● accompanied with playes p or lascivious dancing . the . synode of turvy under charles the great . canon . condemnes effeminate musicke in these termes : q the ministers of god ought to abstaine from all things which pertaine to the enticements of the eares or eyes , from whence the vigor of the minde may be thought to be effeminated : which may be imagined of certaine kindes of musicke , &c. which severall authorities are a sufficient testimony of the unlawfulnesse of effeminate , amorous , wanton musicke . which as it is discommendable in feasts and merry meetings , so much more in churches . hence is that notable passage of aelredus , abbot of rivaulx in yorke-shire , about the yeere . in his speculum charitatis . lib. . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . let me speake now ( saith he ) of those , who under the shew of religion doe obpalliate the businesse of pleasure : which usurpe those things for the service of their vanity , which the ancient fathers did profitably exercise , in their types of future things . whence then i pray , all types and figures now ceasing , whence hath the church so many organs and musicall instruments ? to what purpose , i demand , is that terrible blowing of belloes , expressing rather the crackes of thunder , then the sweetnesse of a voyce ? to what purpose serves that contraction and inflection of the voyce ? this man sings a base , this a small meane , another a treble , a fourth divides and cuts assunder , as it were , certaine middle notes . one while the voyce is strained , anon it is remitted , now againe it is dashed , and then againe it is inlarged with a lowder sound . sometimes , which is a shame to speake , it is enforced into an horses neighings ; sometimes , the masculine vigor being laid aside , it is sharpned into the shrilnesse of a womans voyce : now and then it is wrethed , and retorted with a certaine artificiall circumvolution . sometimes thou mayest see a man with an open mouth , not to sing ; but as it were to breath out his last gaspe , by shutting in his breath , and by a certaine ridiculous interception of his voyce , as it were to threaten silence , and now againe to imitate the agonies of a dying man , or the extasies of such as suffer . in the meane time the whole body is stirred up and downe with certaine histrionical gestures : the lips are wreathed ; the eyes turne round , the shoulders play ; and the bending of the fingers doth answer every note . and this ridiculous dissolution is called religion ; and where these things are most frequently done , it is proclaimed abroad that god is there more honourably served . s in the meane time the common people standing by , trembling and astonished , admire the sound of the organs , the noyse of the cymbals and musicall instruments , the harmony of the pipes and cornets : but yet looke upon the lascivious gesticulations of the singers , the meretricious alternations , interchanges , and infractions of the voyces , not without dirision and laughter : so that a man may think● that they came , not to an oratory , or house of prayer , but to a theater ; not to pray , but to gaze about them : neither is that dread●ull maiesty feared before whom they stand , &c. thus this church-singing , which the holy fathers have ordained that the weake might be stirred up to piety , is perverted to the use of unlawfull pleasure , &c. thus this ancient english abbot , whom iohn saresbury another ancient english writer , about the yeere of our lord . doth second in these words , in his * first booke , de nugis curialium . cap. . hic est enim usus musicae aut solus , aut praecipuus . phrygius vero modus , & caetera corruptionis lenocinia sanae institutionis non habent usum , sed produnt malitiam abutentis . dolet igitur & ingemescit species laudabilis disciplinae , se ab alieno vitio deformari , & quod facies meritricis facta est ei , quae viriles quoque animos accendere consueverat ad virtutem . amatoria bucolicorum apud viros graves esse , fuerat criminis . nunc vero laudi ducitur , si videas graviores amatoria , quae ab ipsis dicuntur elegantius , stulticinia , personare . ipsum quoque cultum religionis incestat , quod ante conspectum domini , in ipsis penetralibus sanctuarij , lascivientis vocis luxu , quadam ostentatione sui , muli●ribus modis notularum articulorumque caesuris , stupentes animulas emollire nituntur ; cum praecinentium , & succinentium , canentium , & decinentium , intercinentium & occinentium , praemolles modulationes audieris , syrenarum concentus credas esse , non hominum , & de vocum facilitate miraberis , quibus philomena vel psit●acus , aut ●i quid sonorius est , modos suos nequeunt coaequare . ea siquidem est ascendendi , descendendique facilitas , ea sectio vel geminatio notularum , ea replicatio articulorum , singulorumque consolidatio , sic acuta vel acutissima , gravibus & subgravibus temperantur , ut auribus sui iudicij fere subtrahatur autoritas & animus quem tantae suavitatis demulsit gratia , auditorum merita examinare non sufficit , * cum h●c quidem modum excesserunt , lumborum pruriginem , quam devotionem mentis , poterunt ci●ius excitare . si vero moderationis ●ormula limitantur , animum à curis redimunt , exterminant temporalium solicitudinem , & quadam participatione laetitiae , & quietis , & amica exultatione in deum , mentes humanas traijciunt ad societatem angelorum . sed unde hanc moderationis formulam tenes ? * exultabunt , inquit , cumcantavero tibi , labia mea . si ergo ex abundantia cordis os tuum laudem domini moduletur , si spiritu psallis & mente , psallis denique sapienter , etiam citra articulatae vocis intelligentiam , rectissimam modestiae regulam tenes , & non tam vocis , quam mentis iubilo aures mulces altissimi , & indignationem eius prudenter avertis . qui autem voluptatis aut vanitatis affectus exprimit , qui vocis gratiam prosti●uit concupiscentijs suit , qui lenociniorum clientulam musicam facit , ignorat quidem canticum domini , modis babilonijs festivus in terra aliena . qui nescio quo pacto plus placeant , nisi quia nitimur in vetitum semper , cupimusque negata . & aquae furtivae dulciores , & panis absconditus suavior est . et quidem phrygius modus , decreto philosophorum , ab aula graeciae iampridem missus est , & caeteri quibus descensus fit in lasciviam & corruption●m . thus far iohn saresbury . our learned country-man t thomas beacon , in his authorized reliques of rome . cap. . . of plain-song , prick-song , descant , and singing in the church , writes thus : that u pope vitalian being a lusty singer , and fresh couragious musician himselfe , was the first that brought prick-song , descant , and all kinde of pleasant melody into the church ; in the yeere . and because nothing should want to delight the vaine foolish and idle eares of fond fantasticall men , he ioyned the organs to the curious musicke . thus was pauls preaching , and peters praying , turned into vaine singing , and childish playing , unto the great losse of time , and unto the utter undooing of christian mens soules , which live not by singing and piping , but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of god. franciscus petrarcha , in his x booke , de remedijs utriusque fortunae ( saith he ) declareth : that s. athanasius did utterly forbid singing to be used in the church at service time , because he would put away all lightnesse and vanity , which by the reason of singing doth oftentimes arise in the mindes , both of the singers and of the hearers . s. hierom , reproved not onely the lewde fashion of the singing men in his time , but also their manner of singing : when notwithstanding if the singing used in his time were compared with that minsed musicke which now beareth chiefe rule in churches , it might seeme very grave , modest , and tolerable ; and ours so light , vaine , madde , fond , foolish and fantasticall , that hickscorner himselfe could not devise a more wanton pastime . then he recites some passages out of y hierom , z cyprian , a ambrose , b augustine , c gregory , d chrysostome , and e iustinian , against such curious prick-song , and melodious singing in churches , in which plaine ●inging only , which every man may understand , and which is in a manner nothing else but plaine reading , ought to be used . and then hee concludes the chapter with these authorities . f gulielmus durandus saith , that the use of singing was ordained for carnall and fleshly men , and not for spirituall and godly minded men . g polidorus vergilius writeth on this manner . how greatly that ordinance of singing brought into the church by pope damasus and * s. ambrose began even in those dayes to be profitable , s. austen declareth evidently in the booke o● his confessions : where he asketh forgivenesse of god because he had given more heed , and better eare to the singing , then to the weighty matter of the holy words . but n●w adayes , saith polydor , it appeareth evidently , that it is much lesse profitable for our common-wealth , seeing our singers mak● such a chattering charme in the temples , that nothing can be heard but the voyce : and they that are present ( they are present so many as are in the city ) being content with such a noyse as delights their eares , care nothing at all for the vertue , pith , or strength of the words : * so that now it is come to this point , that with the common sort of people all the worshipping of god seemeth to be set in these singsters , although there is generally no kinde of people more light nor more lewde . and yet the greater part of the people for to heare them , boing , bleating and yelling , flocke into the churches as into a common game-place . they hire them with money , they cherish and feed them ; yea , to be short , th●y thinke them alone to be the precious iewels and ornam●nts of gods house , &c. wherefore without doubt , it were better for religion to cast out of the churches such chattering and iangling ●ayes , or else so to appoint them , that when they sing , they should rather rehearse the songs after the manner of such as reade , then follow the fashion of chattering charmers : which thing s. austen in his foresaid booke doth witnesse , that s. athanasius bishop of alexandria , did in his diocesse , and he commendeth him greatly for it . i cornelius agrippa writeth of singing in churches in this manner , athanasius did forbid singing in his churches because of the vanity thereof : but ambrose as one more desirous of ceremonies and pompe , ordained the use of singing and making melody in churches . austen as a man indifferent betwixt both , in his booke de confessionibus , granteth that by this meanes he was in a great perplexity and doubt concerning this matter . * but now a-dayes musicke is growne to such and so great licentiousnesse , that even at the ministration of the holy sacrament , all kinde of wanton and lewde trif●ing songs , with piping of organs have their place and course . as for the divine service and common prayer , it is so chaunted and minsed , and mangled , of our costly hired , curious , and nice musitions ( not to instruct the audience withall , nor to stirre up mens mind●s unto devotion , but with a whorish harmony to tickle their eares : ) that it may iustly seeme , not to be a noyse made of men , but rather a bleating of bruite beasts ; whiles the coristers ney descant as it were a sort of colts ; others bellowe a tenour , as it were a company of oxen : others barke a counter-point , as it were a * kennell of dogs : others rore out a treble like a sort of buls : ●thers grunt out a base as it were a number of hogs ; so that a foule evill favoured noyse is made , but as for the words and sentences , and the very matter it selfe is ●othing understanded at all ; but the authority and power of iudgement is taken away , both from the minde and from the ●ares utterly . i erasmus roterodamus expresseth his minde concerning the curious manner of singing used in churches , on this wise , and saith , why doth the church doubt to follow so worthy an author ( paul ? ) yea , how dare it be bold to dissent from him . what other thing is h●ard in monasteries , in colledges , in temples almost generally , then a confused noyse of voyces ? but in the time of paul , there was no singing but saying onely . singing was with great difficulty received of them of the latter time ; and yet such singing as was none other thing , then a distinct and plaine pronunciation , even such as we have yet among us , when we sound the lords prayer in the holy canon , and the tongue wherein those things were sung , the common people did then understand , and answered , amen . but now , what other thing doth the common people heare than voyces signifying ●othing ? and such for the most part is the pronunciation , that not so much as the words or voyces are heard : onely the sound beateth the eares . thus farre this worthy ancient english professor , thomas beacon , and his alleaged authors : to which i shall adde that notable passage to the like purpose , in the k second part of the homely of the place and time of prayer . finally gods vengeance hath beene and is daily prov●ked , because much wicked people passe nothing to resort to the church ; either for that they are so sore blinded , that they understand nothing of god or godlinesse , or else for that they see the church altogether scoured of all such gazing sights as their phantasie was greatly delighted with &c. which seemes an unsavoury thing to their unsavoury taste , as may appeare by this , that a woman said to her neighbour . alas gossip , what shall we now doe at church , since all the saints are tak●n away ; since all the goodly sights we were wont to have , are gone ; since we cannot heare the like piping , singing , chaunting , and playing on the organs ( * brought first into england by pope agatho , about the yeere . ) that we could before . but ( dearely beloved ) we ought greatly to reioyce , & give god thankes , that our churches are delivered out of all these things which displeased god so sore , and filthily defiled his holy house and his place of prayer , for the which he hath iustly destroyed many nations , &c. effeminate wanton accurate musicke then , by the verdict of these severa●l authors and of our owne homelies , is altogether dispeasing unto god , corrupts his worship , and filthily defiles his holy house , &c. therefore it must needs bee evill . whereupon synodus carnotensis an. . l concilium senonense . . can. . concilium burdigense . . concilium rhemense . . concilium bituriense . . apud bochellum . decret . ecclesiae . gal. lib. . tit. . cap. . . . . . . and the councell of trent it selfe , * sessio . . decretum , de observan●is & evitandis in celebratione missae ; decreed , m that all impure , lascivious , amorous , secular songs and * musicke● sauouring of levity and folly , should be excluded the church , because th●y did effeminate the lascivious mindes of the people , and provoke them unto lust ; not excite or stirre them up to devotion and comp●nction , as all church musicke , ( * which should be grave , and serious ) ought to doe . if therefore we give any credit to these recited authorities ; to osorius , de regum institutione . lib. . fol. ● to . who largely declaimes against amorous delicio●s songs and musicke● as so many enchaunting syrens ; which draw men on to idlenesse , effeminacy , luxury , and a kind of wanton dissolutenesse , to the corruption of their manners , of their mindes , and the perdition of their soules : or to sundry * other christian authors which i spare to mention , in their expositions and commentaries on the . commandement : on esay . . . & . . amos . . to . iob . . . exod. . . . and the booke of psalm●s ; my major must be granted . but i passe from these to pagans . it is storied of the n ancient aegyptians ; that they condemned m●sicke , not onely as unprofitable , but as no●ious too , because they were perswaded , it would enerva●e the vigor of mens mindes : which caused them to enact a kinde of law ; that their children should for this cause learne no musicke . not to record the singular opinion of o ephorus ; who writes ; that musicke was invented onely to deceive men ; it is registred of p alcibiades , that he reiected delicious musicke as ●nwor●hy any ingenuous person : of q ateas , a scythian king ; that when he heard ismenia an accurate musician , playing with great applause and admiration of others ; ●e reply●d , that the neighing of an horse was much more pleasing and delightfull to him : and of r diogenes cinnicus , that he neglected musicke as an unprofitable , needlesse , uselesse thing . but these perchance are over-rigorous , and lesse proper for our present purpose ; i therefore passe to more punctuall witn●sses . it is storied of the s lacedemonians , that though they approved of plaine , of grave and modest ; yet they utterly exploded all eff●minate , light , new-fangled harmonies ; for the practise of which terpander and timotheus , were fined and censured by their ephori . t polibius a grave historian ; condemnes all amorous , lascivious harmonies , together with the use of musicke for effeminate or voluptuous ends . u plato , though he approves of musicke , yet he exiles all loose unmanly , voluptuous wanton lydian or ionicke harmonies and musicions ; together with all musicall instruments of many strings ; as being a meanes to effeminate mens mindes , corrupt their manners , abate their courage , consume their time ; and to draw them on to idlenesse and voluptuous living ; with whom x aristotle and socrates concurre upon the selfe-sam● grounds . y salust and iustin , have both long since condemned lascivious musicke and dancing , as the instruments of luxury . z ovid and a athenaeus , two great patriots of musicke , have notwithstanding censured effeminate accurate songs and harmonies , as emasculating the virility , and unbending the sinewes of mens mindes , making them of courteous , effeminate ; of temperate , intemperate ; of valiant , unmanly persons : whence they advise men to abandon them . b when the lydians had revolted from cyrus , and taken up armes against him , king cresus advised him this course , to keepe them in subiection for future times : viz. to prohibit them the use of armes ; to cause them to traine up their children to effeminate songs and musicke : and then , o king , saith he , their men will soone degenerate into women , so that thou needest not then to feare any rebellion ; which fell out accordingly . for when as cyrus had conquered them , he put this counsell into execution ; c by meanes of which , this industrious mighty warlike nation , became effeminate and riotous , and so quite degenerated from their former valour . by which experimentall example , and the fore-alleadged testimonies , it is most apparent ; that effeminate accurate lust-provoking musicke , ( especially in publike meetings , feasts and enterludes , where other concurrent circumstances confederate with it , to poast men on to sinfull actions ; in which cases the d scriptures most condemne it : ) must undoubtedly bee utterly unlawfull unto christians , in regard of the fore-named lewde effects which issue from it : and so by consequence must playes be too , which are either compounded of it , or attended with it . for the minor , that stage-playes ( which have all other inescating lust-inflaming sollicitations accompanying them , that either human pravity , or satans pollicy can invent ) are attended with such lascivious amorous musicke , which is apt to e captivate mens chastity , and foment their lusts ; it is more then evident ; not onely by moderne experience , ( our play-houses resounding alwayes with such voluptuous melody ; ) but likewise by the suffrage of sundry paga● and christian authors , both ancient and moderne . witnesse plato , legum dialogus . pag. . aristotle politic. l. . c. . p. . . livy , rom. hist. lib. . sect . . polybius hist. lib. . p. . dion●sius hallicarnas . antiqu. rom. l. . sect . . ovid , de remedio amoris . lib. . & f pastorum . lib. . . horace , de arte poëtica . lib. p. g . . athenaeus dipnosoph . l. . c. . . tacitus annal. l. . sect . . suetonij caligula . sect . . & nero. sect . . . . . . plutarchus de musica . macrobius saturnalium . l. . c. . & l. . c. . tertullian , de spectaculis , lib. arnobius adversus gentes . lib. . & . basil hexaëmer . hom. . nazienzen ad selucum . pag. . clemens alexand. paedag. l. . c. . & l. . c. . h chrysost. hom. . & . in matth. hom. . . . . ad pop. antioch . augustine , de musica . l. . c. . to . hierom. comment . in ephes. l. . c. . tom. . p. . a. isi●dor . hispal●nsis originum . l. . c. . damascen , paralellorum . l. . cap. . with sundry other fathers and councels quoted in the precedent scene . alexander ab alexandro . l. . c. . mariana & brissonius de spectaculis . stephen gosson , his schoole of abuses , and playes confuted . action . godwins roman antiquities . booke . sect . . chap. . p. . . bodinus , de republica . l. . c. . agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . & . and above all , caesar bulengerus , de theatro . lib. . cap. . to . all which , with * infinite others , largely ratifie the truth of this assumption ; that playes are alwayes accompanied with most i effeminate , amorous , lust-provoking musicke , which depraves mens mindes and manners : therefore both it and the conclusion resulting from it , must be granted . scena vndecima . the last unlawfull concomitant of stage-playes , is , profuse lascivious laughter , accompanied with an immoderate applause of those scurrilous playes and actors , which christians should rather abominate , then admire . from whence this . argument against stage-playes , may be framed . that which is alwaies accompanied with k profuse lascivious laughter , with immoderate sinfull applauses of playes and infamous actors , which christians should abhorre , must certainely be unlawfull unto christians . but stage-playes are alwayes accompanied with such laughter and applauses . therefore they must certainely bee unlawfull unto christians . the major i shall evidence , by proving such laughter , such applauses to be sinfull . that p●ofuse lascivious laughter , especially such as is occasioned by stage-playes , is evill , it is most apparant . first , in regard of the originall efficient cause of it , which is commonly some * obscene , lascivious , sinfull passage , gesture , speech , or iest , ( the l common obiect of mens hellish mirth ) which should rather provoke the actors , the spectators to penitent sobs , then wanton smiles ; to brinish teares , then carnall solace , which suite not with such sinfull obiects ; as m nazienzen , n chrysostome , and o antonius laurentius well observe . it is recorded of lot , p that he vexed his righteous soule from day to day , in seeing and hearing the unlawfull filthy deeds and conversation of the wicked sodomites . of david ; q that rivers of teares ran downe his eyes , because men kept not gods law. of ieremiah , r that his heart did bleed in secret , his eyes weepe sore and trickle downe with teares , for the iniquities of his people . of paul ; s that he seriously bewayled the unlamented , unrepented sinne of the incestuo●s corinthian . of ezra , t that he humbled himselfe , and rent his cloathes , and mourned and wept exceedingly for the israelites sin●e in marrying with idolaters . and of u all the faithfull of ierusalem , that they sighed and cryed for all the abominations that were committed in the middest thereof . yea , god himselfe enioynes his servants , x to mourne for others sinnes : y to turne their sinfull laughter into heavinesse ; z and their carnall ioy ( arising from lascivious objects ) into mourning : effulminating an everlasting woe , a a dismall curse against all such gracelesse fooles , who b make a mocke of sinne , or recreate themselves with the iniquities of other men . that play-house laughter then which ariseth from such filthy scurrilous objects , must needs be evill , c discovering nothing but a gracelesse heart ; delighting onely in ribaldry , in uncleanesse ; whereas all christians , d must reioyce in god alone , e not in the devill , not in sinfull pleasures , f which are but for a season . secondly , it mu●t needs g be sinfull in regard of its excesse , it being altogether boundlesse beyond the rules of modesty , temperance , christianity , sobriety , by which it should be regulated . h theatricall laughter knowes neither bounds , nor measure ; men wholly resigne and let loose the reines of their hearts unto it , glutting , nay tyring their sides and spirits with it : the i dissolute profusenesse of it therefore m●kes it evill . thirdly , the k end of play-house laugh●●r , is onely to satiate mens fl●shly lusts with secular iollity and delights of sinne : t● pamper , to arme the rebellious flesh against the spirit : to quench those heauenly ioyes , and spirituall comforts which should ravish christian soules : to l exile all true repentance , all godly sorrow and sound humiliation for sinne , which are altogether incompatible with these lascivious smiles : m to put the evill day farre off from men , by stupifying their selfe-condemning consciences , and lulling them fast a sleepe in a most desperate carnall security . such is the use , the fruite of this stage-laughter : it cannot therefor but be evill . fourthly , this n laughter is altogether unseemely , unseasonable unto christians . vnseemely , because immoderate : profuse excessive laughter , ( especially at the sight or hearing of a ribaldrous stage-play , ) is altogether o inconsistent with the gravity , modesty , and sobriety of a christian , whose aff●ctions should be more sublime , more serious and composed , then to be immoderately tickled with meere lascivious vanities , p or to lash out into excessive cachinnations in the publike view of dissolute gracelesse persons , who will be hardned and encouraged in their lascivious courses , by their ill example . vnseasonable ; because q this is no place , no time , no world for christians to laugh or to be merry in : but to bewaile their owne and others sinnes , that so they may escape the eternall torments of them at the last . our saviour , whose doctrine no christian dares controll , hath denounced an r woe , to all those that laugh , that live in ease , iollity , and carnall pleasures now , because they shall certainely mourne , and suffer eternall to●ments for it hereafter ; informing all his children ( whose s ioyes are treasured up in heaven against another day ) t that in this world they shall be sure to suffer persecution and affliction , u to weepe , lament , and be sorrowfull : and that this world onely ( who x have their portion in this life ) shall now reioyce ; that is , in a carnall worldly manner : whereupon he adviseth all his followers , y to turne their secular laughter into mourning , their carnall iollity into weeping and heavinesse ; for christians therefore to make this world a paradice of all earthly pleasures , to spend their dayes in epicurisme , mirth and iollity , glutting themselves with sinfull spectacles and mirth-provoking enterludes , as alas two many doe : to be like z democritus , alwayes laughing , never weeping , unlesse it be sometimes against their wils , and then not for their sinnes : to be most unlike their blessed savio●r , a who was oft-times weeping , never smiling that we read of . b quem flevisse legimus risisse non legimus : how can it but be sinfull , yea abominable ? christ iesus our c patterne , our example , whose steps we all must follow , if ever we expect salvation from him ; d was alwayes mourning , never laughing ; ( i am sure not at a stage-play , which hee and his condemne , as worthy teares , not smiles , ) and e shall we doe nothing but reioyce ? the apostles and f christians in the primitive church , yea all the saints of god who went before us , were for the most part weepers , not laughers ; deploring among sundry other evils , g those execrable abominations which stage-playes did produce . and shall we be alwaies laughing● nay laughing at these filthy enterludes which they so much bewailed ? is this to h imitate christ or his apostles : to live like saints , like christians , i like men redeemed from the world ? is this to k participate with christ in his afflictions ; or to trace the l narrow uncouth way that leades to endl●sse ioyes ? o no! this carnall life of iollity , prognosticks nothing but a voluptuous heart , a m godlesse , christlesse conversation , which leades men downe to n hell : needs therefore must it be o unlawfull unto christians . fiftly , this profuse theatricall laughter q doth give a publike approbation to all the ribaldry and prophanesse that is either personated ●r perpetrated on the stage , and so makes these laughers deepely guilty of it . sixtly , it produceth sundry sinfull con●equents : as q cachinnations , clamors , impudency , * effeminacy , incivility , s voluptuousnesse , loosenesse and lightnesse of spirit , impenitency , carnall security , indisposition to every holy duty , especially to godly sorrow for sinne : therefore it cannot but be evill . peruse we but the scriptures ; we shall finde t them much condemning this excessive carnall laughter , ( especially at vaine , at sinfull objects ) as misbeseeming christians . survey wee the fathers , they are exceeding copious in this subject . witnesse clemens alexandrinus , paedag. l. . c. . . & l . c. . arnobius , advers . gentes . l. , pag. . . , l. . pag. . to . basil. de ebrietate & luxu sermo . p. . , . nazianzen ad selucum . p. . . sententiae . p. . & . ambros. sermo . . s. asterij . homil. in festum kalendarum . bibl. patrum . tom . p. . hierom. epist. . c. . august . de verbis apostoli . sermo . . tom. . p. . confessionū . l. . cap. . enar. in psal. . tom. . pars . pag. . . salvian . de gubernat . dei. lib. . & . theoph●lact . enar. in luk. . p. . ioannis climachus , de discretione gradus . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . g. bedae scintillae . tom. . col. . risus . antiochus . hom. . quod temperandum sit à solutiore & immoderato risu . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . bernard in caena domini . sermo . . de gradibus humilitatis . col. . a. de ordine vitae . col. . a.b. olympiodorus . enar. in ecclesiasten . cap. . & . and above all , s. chrysostom . hom. . . & . in matth. hom. . in ephesios . & . in hebraeos . & * . . . & . ad pop. antiochiae . to which i might adde , robertus holkot . in lib. sapientiae . lectio . . fol. . revelationes sanctae brigi●tae . l. . c. . nicolaus de clemangis de novis celebritatibus non instituendis . p. . to . thomas gualesius . lect. in proverb . solomonis . fol. . edit . ascentijs . . ( a notable place ) antonius laurentius , de risu . l. . summa angelica . tit. risus . rabanus maurus . com. in regulam . s. benedicti . oper. tom. . p. . e.f. . e. . d. alexander alensis , summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . thorowout . & . with sundry others which i pretermit : who all passe sentence against profuse immoderate laughter ( especially such as stage-playes doe occasion ) as misbeseeming christians . if any censure these as more then puritanically rigid in this point of laughter , let them hearken what some pagan authors have resolved of it , whom none dare tax of puritanisme . u no man ( writes plato ) ought to be affected with the desire of laughter . for the affectation of profuse laughter seekes a very vehement change . neither is it to be endured , that any one should make memorable men to exceed in laughter , much lesse the gods. x isocrates adviseth demonicus ; neither to love petulant laughter , neither to approve of insolent speech ; because the one savour● of folly , the other of madnesse : to carry a grave , not an austere countenance ; because the one is attributed to insolency , the other to prudence . y seneca , makes immodest laughter , an undoubted character of a wicked man. z catullus , as wanton a poet as any , records ; that there is nothing more unseemely then wanton foolish laughter . a among the ancient persians it was utterly unlawfull to laugh openly in a loude or dissolute manner . and if b aelian may be credited ; in the vniversity of athens it was unlawfull for any to laugh , especially in a profuse ridiculous immodest fashion . the very heathens then as is evident by these and * sundry other testimonies , condemned loude excessive laughter . if such laughter then as this , was altogether unseemely for modest pagans , must not our c publike infamous play-house cachinnations , be much more unsuitable for sober christians ? no christian i presume dares once deny it . our stage-playes therefore which d occasion , which provoke such profuse lascivious laughter , must questionlesse be evill : as ephes. . . . with all ancient and moderne commentators on it will more largely testifie . secondly , as the laughter , so the publike theatricall applauses which attend these enterludes , are evill . first , because they give a publike iustification , not onely to stage-playes and actors , exploded by the church of god from age to age ; but e even to all the wickednesse , the lasciviousnesse that attends them , to all the villany and lewdnesse that is produced by them . he who upon a players or play-poets plaudi●e , gives any publike acclamation , any applause unto the play , or actors , f approves both play and players , with all their sinfull passages● speeches , gestures , and pernicious consequents , and saith amen unto them : a g dang●rous fearefull sinne , which makes men h an abomination to the lord , and drawes downe a dismall woe upon their heads : because it iustifieth the wickednesse of the wicked , calling evill good , and darknesse light ; putting bitter for sweet , and vice for vertue , as all theatricall applauses doe . secondly , they i interest men in the guilt and punishment of all those iniquities , that are either acted or committed in , or occasioned by these stage-playes , by giving publike and reall approbation to them . thirdly , they k harden , they animate both play-poets , players , and play-haunters in their ungodly courses , which perchance they would relinquish were they not encouraged in them by these vaine applauses . fourthly , if we believe l tertullian , these applauses so pollute mens hands , that they can neither lift them up to god in prayer , nor yet stretch them out to receive the sacrament in an holy manner . god requires christians , m to lift up holy hands to him in prayer : to bring n cleansed , washed , pure hands and hearts unto his sacraments , not tainted with the filth of any sinne . now stage-applauses defile mens hands and hearts , making them so polluted , that they can neither lift them up in holy prayers to their o holy god ( who can endure no iniquity , nor the p touch of any thing that is uncleane ; ) nor yet extend them to embrace christs sacred body and blood , without defilement . these stage-applauses therefore must needs be sinfull in all these respects , as q tert●llian , r cyprian , s nazienzen , t eusebius , u chrysostome , x augustine , y salvian , with z sundry moderne christian authors , have already doomed them to our hands . for the minor ; that stage●playes are alwayes attended with such laughter and applauses , it is most apparant . first , by experience , which infallibly informes men , that stage-playes have evermore a superabounded with obstreperous wanton cachinnations , acclamations , applauses , misbeseeming modest persons , much more religious christians . secondly , by the very end of mens pretended resort to stage-playes : for what other use doe our most rigid play-patrons ascribe to stage-playes , b but to exhilerate the spectators , by provoking them to laughter . or what other pret●nce have play-haunters for their resort to play-houses ; ( though c many of them ayme at far more sinester respects ) but to passe away the time in mirth ? to laugh till their sides doe ake againe , at the clownes behaviour , or some other merry iests and passages ; d or to applaud the playes , the parts , the actors which affect them ? thirdly , by the plaudite , which is commonly affixed as a period to e most ancient and moderne playes : at the pronunciation of which , the people , i● they like the play , are wont to f clap their hands , and give a publike acclamation , or amen , as the practice of former and present times doth manifest . lastly , by the concurring testimony of pagans , fathers , and moderne christian authors ; who all a●firme , that stage-playes not onely occasion , but are likewise attended with profuse exorbitant laughter , acclamations and g applauses ; in which regard , the * fathers and moderne christian authors much condemne them . for pagan authorities ; if you peruse but athenaeus . dipnos . lib. . cap. . who there informes us out of theophrastus , that the terynthians , who were very studious of iesting comedies , were so accustomed to laugh at playes , that they could not forbeare laughter in their solemne sacrifices , nor their most serious affaires . or plato , de republ. dialog . . pag. . aristotle , politicorum . lib. . cap. . pag. . . ovid , fastorum . l. . & . & de arte amandi . l. . horace , de arte poëtica . lib. p. . . . . epist l. . epist. . livy , rom. hist. l. . sect . . . dionysius hallicarnas . antiqu. rom. l. . sect . . marcus aurelius . epist. . to lambert , plautus , asinaria & amphitruo , prologus , & epilogus . terentij . andria & heutontimorum . prologus & epilog . tacitus annal. l. . sect . . . macrobius saturnalium . l. . c. . with sundry other quoted by bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . . you shall finde them copious in this theame . for fathers i shall referre you to clemens alexandrinus . paedag. l. . c. . & h lib. . c. . tertullian , de spectac . c. . cyprian , de spectaculis , & epist. l. . epist. . arnobius , advers . gentes . l. . p. . i . . & l. . p. . to . ba●il . de ebrietate & luxu . sermo . p. . . . comment in isaiam . c. . p. . . lactantius , de vero cultu . c. . nazienzen ad selucum , p. . . chrysostome , hom. . de davide & saule . hom. k . . & . in matth. hom. . in acta apost . hom. . . ad pop. antiochi● . hom. . in ephe●ios . & . in hebraeos . augustine , de civit. dei. l. . c. . to . & . to . * l. . c. . . . . l. . c. . l. . c. . salvian , de gubernat . dei. l. . & . cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. ● l. . epist. . ioannis salisburiensis , de nugis curialium . l. . c. . . & lib. . cap. . . sanctus asterius . hom. in ●estum kalendarum . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . . with others which i pretermit , who fully suffragate to my minors truth . for moderne christian authors , thomas gual●sius . hom. . in proverb . solomonis . pag. . who is copious to this purpose . m. northbro●ke , m. gosson , m. s●ubs , d. reinolds ; brissonius and mariana , in their bookes and severall fore-named treatises against stage-playes : the . & . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . bulengerus , de theatro . l. . c. . & . de plausu , sibilo , clamoribus & acclamationibus theatri : with sundry others formerly quoted to this purpose . pag. . . will sufficiently satisfie any that doubt of my assumpsions truth . since then it is evident by all these testimonies , that stage-playes do occasion , l doe abound with such laughter , such applauses , as i have here evinced to be evill and misbeseeming saints , i may well conclude ; that stage-playes even in this regard , and in respect of all the fore-going particulars , in the precedent act , are utterly unlawfull unto christians ; which should cause them wholy to abandon them . actvs scena prima . fiftly , as stage-playes are sinfull and so unlawfull unto christians in all the fore-mentioned regards , so likewise are they in respect of severall m pernicious effects , and dangerous fruits , which usually , if not necessarily and perpetually issue from them ; the chiefest of which i shall here enumerate in their order ; that so you may more evidently n discerne the badnesse of them , by the sundry evils they occasion . the first of these , is the prodigall mispence of much precious time , which o christians should husband and redeeme to better purposes : from whence this . argument against stage-playes may be composed . that which doth alwaies unavoydably produce an intollerable mispence of much peerelesse time , p which should be carefully improved and redeemed , must certainely be sinfull , and so unlawfull unto christians . but this doe * stage-playes ; as i shall fully manifest . therefore they must certainely be sinfu●l , and so unlawfull unto christians . the major all men must subscribe to ; because god himselfe commands us , not prodigally to waste , but q wisely to redeeme the time , and so much the rather , because the dayes are evill . our time , r it is our richest treasure ; it is that peerelesse portion which god himselfe hath put into our hands ; that we might improve it to his glory , to our owne and others good ; not sinfully s cons●me it upon lascivious childish enterludes , vanities , or delights of sinne ; which bring nothing but t eternall horror to mens soules at last . for men , for christians then , to cast this unvaluable pearle of precious time u to swine ; to x disburse this treasure for that which is not bread , this money for that which satisfieth not : to y waste this royall patrimony upon voluptuous spectacles , or lewde ridiculous pastimes : to trifle it quite away upon the very vainest vanities ( as alas z too many doe , who a treasure up nothing but eternall wrath and horror to their soules , against the day of wrath , ) how can it but be sinfull ? b our dayes , yea every houre and minute of our lives , are gods , not ours : they are those c precious talents which god hath put into our hands to occupy with them till he come : to him d must we give up our account for the imployment of them at the last . and can we then take gods time , gods treasure ( allowed e onely to us for his use , his service , which is abundantly sufficient to engrosse even al our dayes , f ) and spend it wholly upon sinne ? upon satan ? upon our owne g carnall lusts and pleasures ? upon lascivious stage-playes , games , and sports ? up●n dicing , carding , dancing , drinking , whoring , h feasting ? upon idle visits , complements and discourses ? upon meretricious paintings , frizlings , pouldrings , attyrings , and the like , ( in which many squonder away their very choicest morning houres , more fit for study & devotion then such unchristian practises , ) as if we had no god to serve , no callings to follow , no soules to save , i no hell to feare , no heaven to seeke , no iudge to censure us , no day of iudgement to account in , how we have spent our time ? and yet k flatter our selves so grosly , as to presume we have done l full well , at least-wise not offended , in this profuse mispending of our masters stocke of time ? alas , how many millions of pounds ; how many myriades of kingdomes , nay of worlds ( were they but masters of them ) would many thousand damned spirits , now in torments , or voluptuous distressed persons now lying on their death-beds , ready to breathe out their soules at every breath into the m infernall tophet , give , for the moitie , the tythe , yea the very smallest quantity of that unvaluable n time which they have irrecoverably spent on playes , and such like sinfull pastimes ; that so they might in time bewaile with brinish teares , with dolorous pangs , and deepest sighes , the o losse of all those houres which they have prodigally spent in play-houses , tavernes , and such life-devouring places , to prevent or else extenuate the intollerable horror of their eternall paines ? and shall wee then squander away , we care not how , those pretious houres , which these , which wee our selves perchance hereafter ( though now we p value them at so low a price , as to play them quite away for nought ) would willingly repurchase at the dearest rate , on vaine lascivious stage-playes , toyes , and childish vanities , as if we were created only to play and follow sports ( which q tully and other pagans quite deny ) and yet thinke to scape unpunished ? those playes and pastimes therefore , which miserably waste and eate out all our dayes , which rob us of our pretious time ( our chiefe , our r onely treasure , ) which we should carefully husband to our good : which sacrilegiously defraud our god , our country , our soules , our callings of sundry vacant houres which should be spent upon them , must needs be evill and unlawfull unto christians even in this respect . for the minor , * that stage-playes unavoydably produce an intollerable mispence of much pretious time , &c. it is most apparant , if we will but summe up all those dayes , those houres which are vainely spent in the composing , conning , practising , acting , beholding of every publike , or private stage-play . how many golden t dayes and houres , i might say weekes , nay mon●ths , and i had almost said whole yeeres , doe most play-poets spend in contriving , penning , polishing their new-invented playes , before they ripen them for the stage ? when these their playes are brought unto maturity , how many houres , evenings , halfe-dayes , dayes , and sometimes weekes , are spent by all the actors ( especially in solemne academicall enterludes ) in coppying , u in conning , in practising their parts , before they are ripe for publike action ? when this is finished , how many men are vainely occupied for sundry dayes ( yea sometimes x yeeres ) together , in building theaters , stages , scenes and scaffolds ; in making theatricall pageants , apparitions , attires , visars , garments , with such-like stage-appurtenances , for the more commodious pompous acting and adorning of these vaine-glorious enterludes ? when all things requisite for the publike personating of these playes are thus exactly accommodated , and the day or nigh approcheth when these are to be acted , how many hundreds of * all sorts , vainely , if not y ridiculously spend whole dayes , whole afternoones and nights oft-times , in z attyring themselves in their richest robes ; in providing seates to heare , a to see , and to be seene of others ; or in hearing , in beholding these vain lascivious stage-playes , ( which last some b three or foure houres at the least , yea sometimes whole * dayes and weekes together , as did some roman playes , and yet seeme to short to many , to whom a lecture , a sermon , a prayer , not halfe so long , is over-tedious : ) who thinke themselves c well imployed all the while they are thus wasting this their pretious time ( which they scarce know how to spend ) upon these idle spectacles . d adde we to this , that all our common actors consume not onely weekes and yeeres , but even e their whole lives , in learning , practising , or acting playes , which besides nights and other seasons , engrosse every afternoone almost thorowout the yeere , to their peculiar service ; as wee see by daily experience here in f london ; where thousands spend the moitie of the day , the weeke , the yeere in play-houses , at least-wise far more houres , then they imploy in holy duties , or in their lawfull callings . if we annex to this , the time that divers waste in reading play-bookes , which some make their chiefest study , preferring them before the bible , or all pious bookes , on which they seldome seriously cast their eyes ; together with the mispent time which the discourses of playes , either seene or read , occasion : and then summe up all this lost , this mispent time together ; we shall soone discerne , we must needs acknowledge , g that there are no such helluoes , such canker-wormes , such theevish devourers of mens most sacred ( yet h undervalued ) time , as stage-playes . hence concilium carthagiense . can. . concil . aphricanum . can. . concil . constantinopolitanum . can. . clemens alexandrinus paedagogi . lib. . cap. . tertullian & cyprian , de spectac . lib. arnobius . l. . & . advers . gentes . with sundry other councels , fathers , authors i hereafter quoted , complaine , that many lords-dayes , holy-dayes , and sacred festivals which ought to have beene spent in holy exercises of religion , and gods more speciall service , together with much other precious time which mens particular callings did require , was spent in acting and beholding stage-playes : hence philo iudaeus , de agricultura . lib. pag. . . with much griefe laments : k that many thousands of people thorowout the world , be sotted with the delight of stage-playes , did with greedy eyes and eares flocke together to theaters , to behold the effeminate gestures and motions of stage-players ; neglecting in the meane time the publike welfare , and their owne private estates , and miserably wasting their lives in these vaine spectacles . hence basil , hexaëmeron . hom. . informes us : l that there are certaine citties , which feed their eyes and eares from morning to night , with many various spectacles , and with effeminate amorcus lascivious songs and enterludes , engendring an excesse of lusts within their soules , in hearing of which their eares are never satisfied . and such people as these ( writes he ) many call exceeding happy , because neglecting and setting aside the care of government , merchandize , their trades , and all other imployments whereby they may get their living ; they spend the time of life alotted to them with exceeding idlenesse and pleasure . hence nazienzen , de recta educatione ad selucum . pag. . . & chrysostome . hom. . . . & . ad populum antioch . hom. . . . & . in matth. & hom. . in acta apostolorum ; relate , m ●hat in the play-house there is a losse of time , a superfluous consumption of dayes ; n where men waste whole dayes in ridiculous and p●rnicious pleasures . and withall o they much complaine ; that many people leaving the church did flocke by troopes to play-houses , bestowing that time upon the devill , which they should have dedicated unto god ; hence augustine , p de decem chordis . lib. c. . & de civit. dei. lib. . c. . to . salvian , de gubernatione dei. lib. . cyrillus alexandrinus in ioannis evangelium . li● . . c. . leo. . sermo in octava pauli & petri. cap. . fol. . s. asterius , homilia . in festum kalendarum . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . . damascen parallelorum . lib. . cap. . ioannis saresburiensis , de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . . with other fathers , passe sentence against stage-playes , as chiefe consumers of * much pretious time , which should be expended upon better things , as their words hereafter quoted . scene . . . & . more fully evidence . hence divers pagan authors ; as cicero , ●ro l. muraena , & pro sexto oratio . epist. lib. . ad marium epist. . & de legibus l. . & . seneca , de brev. vitae . cap. . . epist. . & . & q naturalium . quaest. lib. . c. . cornelius tacitus , a annalium . lib. . sect . . suetonij nero. sect . . & caligula . sect . . marcus aurelius . epist. . to lambert . ammianus marcellinus . lib. . cap. . horace , de arte poetica . lib. together with b scipio nasica , that famous roman , have much condemned stage-playes , because they waste many pretious houres which should be improved to more weighty uses . c and for this very reason among sundry others , petrarcha de remedio vtr. fortunae . lib. . dialog . . polydor virgil. de invent. rerum . lib. . c. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . m. gualther . hom. . in nahum . carolus sigonius de occidentali imperio . lib. . p. . ioannis langhecrucius , de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . l. . c. . . . m. north●rooke , m. gosson , m. stubs , d. reinolds , mariana & brissonius , in their bookes and treatises against stage-playes . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . . iohn field in his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden . george whetston , in his mirror for magistrates of citties . pag. . bulengerus , de circo , &c. pag. . to . & . . i. g. in his refutation of the a●ologie for actors . a short trea●ise against stage-playes . anno● . m. bolton in his discourse of true happinesse . pag. . . to omit all others which i shall name * hereafter , have censured and rejected stage-playes , ( in the hearing , reading , and beholding of which , many spend whole dayes , whole weekes , whole yeeres ) as the over-prodigall devourers of much peerelesse time , which they most iniuriously steale from god , from men , and from the common-weale . since therefore our lives are d exceeding short and momentary , posting away with winged speed ; our time so e pretious ; the duties of our generall , our particular callings ( which may f not be omitted for feare the devill finde us idle , and so tempt us unto sinne ) almost infinite , well able to engrosse even all our vacant houres ; the mispence , the losse of time so g dangerous , so pernicious : the grand account we h must shortly render of all the ill-spent minutes of our lives before the barre of gods tribunall , so certaine , so terrible and inevitable , these time-devouring stage-playes , which i incroach so farre , so desperately , so universally upon the lives of many ( especially in this our great metrapolis where they are daily acted and frequented , ) must certainely be execrable , sinfull , and pernicious unto christians , ( who should k redeeme their fore-past time which teares , which they have spent in lascivious carnall iollity ) even in regard of this most vile effect , which issues alwayes from them . scena secvnda . the second consequent or effect of stage-playes ; is a prodigall , sinfull , vaine expence of money , which should be more profitably , more charitably disbursed , then in supporting playes or players . from whence i argue in the . place ; thus . that which alwayes necessarily occasions a prodigall vaine expence of mony or estate , which should be well imployed , is certainely sinfull and unlawfull unto christians . but this doe stage-playes , and * common actors . therefore they are certainely sinfull and unlawfull unto christians . the major cannot be gainsaid , because prodigally and idle expence of mony , is a sinne , as the l scriptures , m fathers , with sundry n pagan authors have determined : and that in two respects . first , because it abuseth , it perverteth gods good creatures to an unlawfull end , by * mispending them upon carnall pleasures , lusts , and vaine fantastique humours ; when as they should be imployed to p gods glory , our owne and q others good . secondly , because it r robs the poore of that bountifull charitable reliefe , which else they should receive from that superfluity of wealth which prodigals consume : the s maine end why god bestowes abundance of earthly riches upon some men , more then others , being onely this ; that their super-abundant plenty , might supply the wants of others : not feed their owne excessive lusts , as play-haunters for the most part doe . the minor ( that stage-playes alwayes necessarily occasion much prodigall expence , which might be better imployed ; ) is most apparant , not onely by that of ovid , * inspice ludorum sumptus auguste tuorum ; empta tibi magno talia malta leges . quodque minus prodest paena est lucrosa poëtae , tantaque non parvo crimina praetor emit ; but likewise by the records and histories of former ages . it is storied of the t romans ; that the summes of mony they disbursed in erecting theaters , in setting forth stage-playes , and such like publike spectacles , did annually amount to more then their expences on their warres , or fortifications : in so much that the charge of them at last grew altogether intollerable , not onely to rome it selfe , but to all her confederates , and forraigne tributary provinces ; who were much oppressed , much impoverished by reason of the excessive charge of playes , and publike shewes , u towards which they were contributors . it is registred of the x athenians , that their very publike stage-playes , ( maintained at the republikes cost ) did so exhaust their common treasure , that at last they left no mony in their exchequer to rigge their ships , to set forth their navy , or to defend their country : in so much that their enemies laying hold on this their penury , prevailed much against them . whence they w●re not uniustly taxed by a lacedemonian , for y wasting serious things on sports , and lavishing out the provision , the supplies of great navies and armies , upon playes and theaters . it is recorded of divers roman emperours , ( as z caligula , claudius , nero , verus , maximinus , balbinus , carinus , and others ) who are therefore censured by their owne historians ; that they spent a great part of their revenues upon playes and common actors , who received annuall pensions from them , besides other boones and gratuities : which publike stipends and donations , a tiberius , marcus antonius the philosopher , dioclesian , alexander severus , with other roman emperours did curtale , or totally withdraw , as over-chargeable to their exchequers , which they did much exhaust . not to relate the prodigall expences of the roman state in generall , or of b some of their magistrates , or editors of playes in particular , who prodigally spent their whole estate in celebrating playes to the honour of their idols , or to gaine the acclamations of the vulgar crew , who were much delighted with theatricall and gladiatory enterludes ; of which there are sundry precedents , wherein i might expatiate : i shall relate the summe of all in the words of s. augustine , who complaines ; c that even in his time , and before , more was given to stage-players , for superfluous pleasure , then was disbursed in the second punicke warre upon the roman legions for the publike safety , which was then indangered : with which the patheticall speech of salvian , to this purpose , well accords . d in former time ( saith he ) when every part of the roman empire flourished , the common-weale after a sort , did seeke where and how to waste her wealth , having almost no place to keepe it . and therefore heapes of treasure , wel-nigh above measure , were consumed upon vaine enterludes . but now what can be said ? our old abundance is departed from us● gone is the wealth of former times ; poore are we now , and yet we cease not to be vaine . e play-houses , the places and habitations of filthinesse , are yet standing , because in them all impure things were formerly acted : but yet now in many places playes themselves are not so frequently acted● because the misery , the poverty of the time will not permit it . so that it was from mens impiety that playes were acted in times past ; and it is onely from their necessity that they are not acted now . for the p●verty of the exchequer , and the beggerlinesse of the roman treasury permit not now , that any prodigall expenses should be every where lavished out upon such n●gatory trifles . althought as yet much is still lost , and cast as it were into the dirt ; yet nothing so much can be now consumed , because there is not much to spend . f and yet such is our unsatiable desire of most filthy pleasure , that verily , we could wish that we had more , for this onely purpose , that we might convert more into this mire of filthinesse . yea , the very thing it selfe shewes how much we would prodigally consume on stage-playes if we were rich , when as we waste so much upon them being poore . for this is the blemish and misery of our present condition , that although through our poverty we cannot , notwithstanding through our vitiousnesse , we would yet spend more . which may as truely be predicated of the english play-haunters now , as of the romans then . by all these testimonies wee may evidently discerne , how prodigally expensive these playes and players were unto the ancient romans , both in their wealth and poverty . the expences in setting forth pub●●ke playes and enterludes being so excessive , that they could hardly be undergone by any but the emperour , as * caesar bulengerus testifieth . and if they were such to the very richest common-weales and monarches , how much more intollerably expensive , thinke you , were they to private persons ? g flavius vopiscus reports , of iulius messalla ; that he spent his whole patrimony upon stage-players , leaving nought unto his heires : and that he gave his mothers coate unto a woman-actor , and his fathers cloke to a player , for which he liberally taxeth him . h nicolaus and i athenaeus record of sylla , the roman captaine , that he was so adicted to playes , ( he being much enamored with ludicrous sports , ) that he gave them many acres of ground , out of the republikes revenues . to which i may adde that of * aelius lampridius , who writes of commodus antoninus ; that he deminished his treasury by prodigall expenses upon stage-playes ; and that he added many cirque playes rather out of lust , then out of religion , that so he might enrich the masters of those factions . gregory nazienzen informes us ; k that stage-playes and horse-races doe manifestly impoverish mens estates . how many families ( writes he ) have they sodainely over-turned ? how many rich men have they enforced to begge their bread ? how many citties living peaceably among themselves , have they u●terly overthrowne ? l seest thou not some men ( writes s. basil ) prodigally consuming their mony in play-houses upon tumblers and stage-players , which every one should abhor to behold , to gaine some momentany honour , and a little popular applause ? it is ( quoth m arnobius ) an inexpiable sinne , that gifts and stipends are alowed and appointed unto stage-players , and worne-out pantomimes , the deriders of the gods ; that they are exempted from publike o●●ices and imployments , and crowned with garlands . saint n chrysostome oft complaines ; that stage-playes are the occasions of many prodigall vaine expenses : that men did bestow innumerable , yea , unspeakeable gifts , and consume much mony upon stage-players : that they cherished them at their owne● private houses , bestowing that food , that cost upon them , which should be spent upon christs poore members : and that they maintained them likewise out of the publike treasury , as if they had well deserved of the common-weale , which had disfranchised and made them infamous . saint o ambrose makes mention of some , whom he censureth for prodigals , who spent their patrimonies upon stage-playes , cirques , and sword-playes , out of a vaine-glorious humour , to surpasse the solemnities of former times , when as all they did was but vanity . s. augustine complaines , p that the roman magistrates , did corrupt the publike manners , by spoyling the miserable citizens , and by giving unto filthy stage-players ; who received more gifts for their superfluous playes , then the ancient roman legions had bestowed on them for their warres . pope leo the first , makes this complaint , of the age wherein he lived . q i am ashamed ( saith he ) to speake , and yet there is a necessity that i should not be silent : there is more now spent upon the devill at play-houses , then there is bestowed on christ , or his apostles . asterius in his homely against the feast of the kalends , informes us , r that playes are the cause of debt and vsury ; the oc●asion of poverty , the beginning of beggery . if one hath but a small stocke of mony layd up at home for the sustentation of his wife and miserable children , it is here drawne out and cast away ; and he and his sit all this eminent feast , hungry , and indigent of all things . men now make havocke of their goods , and prodigally spend them with the great losse both of manners and discipline . yea , the very consuls themselves , being men of renowne , advanced to the very top of humane honours , exhaust their wealth through vanity , not onely without fruit , but likewise with sinne ; and it may be truely said ; that as sublime as their throne is , so eminent is their folly . for whereas they are wont to accept of many dignities , and to obtaine most ample royall leiftenantships ; they study to rake as much wealth out of each of them as they can . some of them convert the millitary stipends to their owne private lu●re : others of them sell iustice and truth for mony : other of them poll the kings treasures and revenues , laying up all they can scrape together on every side , to the offence of god , pretermitting no uniust , no in●amous or dishonest gaine : and now when as they beare rule , in a very short space they spend the gold they have thus hourded , upon f●dlers , stage●players , dancers and eunuches . and a little after . but s thou ( saith he ) dost * empty thy bagges , upon the dishonest recreation of thy minde , upon unseemely and disorderly laughter , never considering how many teares of poore men thou mightest relieve , by which thy wealth hath beene scraped together ; how many have beene cast into prison ? how many have beene whipt and brought to the gallowes , that thou mightest have sufficient to give to stage-players on this day ? to passe by the testimony of t clemens alexandrinus , u tertullian , and cyprian in this nature , with sundry * other fathers ; i shall close up this with that of iohn salisbury , our owne ancient country-man ; x many ( writes he ) out of a blinde contemptible magnificence , care not to lavish out infinite summes of mony to stage-players and actors . many there are who prostitute their grace and favour unto players , and in setting forward their lewd●esse , out of a blinde dishonourable bounty , put themselves not so much to wonderfull , as to miserable expenses : and among others , be sharpely tax●th nero the emperour for this very crime . to these i shall adde the concurrent testimony of some few pagan authors . y marcus aurelius , that worthy roman emperour , in his . epistle to lambert , hath this notable passage , concerning players and mens expences on them . sith fatall destinies have brought me into this world , i have seene nothing more z unprofitable to the common-wealth , nor greater folly in them that be light of conditions , nor a worse invention of vagabonds , nor a more cold revocation of mortall folke , then to learne of these players , triflers and such other iuglers . what thing is more a monstrous , then to see wisemen reioyce at the pastime of these vaine tri●lers ? what greater mockery can there be in the capitoll , then the foolish saying of a lester to be praysed with great laughter of wise men ? what greater slander can be to princes houses , then to have their gates alwayes open to these fooles , and never open to wise folkes ? what greater cruelty can there be in any person , then to give more in one day to a foole , then to his servants in a yeere , or to his kinne all his life ? what greater inconstancy can there be then to want men to furnish the garrisons and frontiers of illirico , and these trewands to abide at rome ? what like shame can there be to rome , b then that the memory shall be left in italy of the tumblers , trewands , pipers , singers of iests , taberers , crowders , dancers , mummers , iesters , and iuglers , rather then the renowne of captaines , with their triumphes and armes ? and when these captaines wandred all about rome in safety , sounding their lewdnesse and gathering of mony , the noble barons and captaines went from realme to realme , w●sting their mony , adventuring their lives , and shedding their blood . in the uttermost parts of spaine , when warre began betweene the liberiens and gaditaines , and they of liberie lacked mony , d two iuglers and taberers offred to maintaine the warre an whole yeere . and it followed , that with the goods of two fooles many wise men were slaine and overcome . in ephesus a citty of asia , the famous temple of diana was edified with the confiscation of the goods of such a truant and foole . when cadmus edefied the citty of th●bes in egypt with . gates , the minstrels gave him more towards it then all his friends . if the history be true , when augustus edefied the walls of rome , he had more of the trewands that were drowned in tiber , th●n of the common treasure . the first king of corinth arose by such villanies . and as i say of this small number , i might say of many other . one thing is come to my mind● of the chance of these trewaends , and that is , whiles they be in presence , they make every man laugh at the follies they doe and say , and when they be gone , every man is sorry for his mony that they bare away . and of truth it is a iust sentence of the gods , that such as have taken vaine pleasure together , when they are departed to * weepe for their losses . thus he . the poet i●venal reports ; e that many women by frequenting stage-playes had beggered their husbands and spent their whole estates : and f that divers had disinherited their heires , and either spent or given away all their goods and lands to players : which is seconded by flavius vopiscus , in the life of carinus . pag. . the poet horace makes mention of one g marsaeus , who gave all his lands , his patrimony and houshold-stuffe to a woman-actor : informing us withall ; h that there were divers who had spent both their lands and mony upon stage-playes , and donations to the people in floralian enterludes . to these i might accumulate the severall suffrages of moderne christian authors ; as namely , of vincentius , in his speculum historiale . lib. . c. . fol. . a pregnant place ; of francis petrarcha . de remedio vtriusque fortunae . lib. . dialog . . of nicolaus de clemangis , de novis celebritatibus non instituendis . pag. . to . of bodinus , de republica . lib. . c. . of master northbro●ke , against vaine playes and enterludes . fol. . . of stephen gosson , in his schoole of abuses , and playes confuted . action . the . and . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . bishop babingtons exposition upon the . commandement . iohn field , his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden . . a short treatise against stage-playes . anno . d. reinolds , his overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . to . caesar bulengerus , de circis romanis ludisque circensibus . lib. cap. . . & de theatro . lib. . cap. . pag. . . with infinite others which i pretermit , who all condemne and censure stage-playes , in regard of the immoderate sinfull vaine expenses which they occasion , to gods dishonour , the publike preiudice , and poore mens detriment . but for brevity sake , i shall close up all these evidences , with that of learned and laborious gualther , who affirmes ; i that stage-playes are no small plagues of common-weales : for they exceedingly deminish ( among other mischiefes which hee there enumerates ) as well the publike , as mens private wealth● and they almost wholy intercept by their arts and sleights , that which ought to be bestowed for the poores reliefe . neither need i seeke for further testimonies in so cleare a case , since our owne domestique experienc ( especially in the raigne of * king henry the viii . who spent infinite summes of mony upon stage-playes , masques , and such like prodigall shewes and pageants ) is a sufficient confirmation of my minors truth . not to mention the over-prodigall disbursements upon playes , and masques of late k penurious times , which have beene wel-nigh as expensive as the wars , and i dare say more chargable to many then their soules , on which the most of us bestow least cost , least time and care . how many hundreds , if not thousands , are there now among us , ( to their condemnation , if not their reformation be it spoken , ) who spend more , daily , weekely , monethly , if not yeerely at a play-house to maintaine the devils service and his instruments ; then they disburse in pious uses , in reliefe of ministers , schollers , poore godly christians , or maintenance of gods service , all their life ? how many assiduous play-haunters are there who contribute more liberally , more frequently to play-houses , then to churches ; * to stage-playes , then to lectures● to players , then to preachers ; to actors , then to l poore mens boxes ? being at far greater cost to promote their owne and others iust damnation ; then themselves or others are to advance their owne or others salvation . how many are there , who can bee at cost to hire a m coach , a boate , a barge , to carry them to a play house every day , where they must pay deare for their admission , seates and boxes ; who will hardly be at any cost to convey themselves to a sermon once a weeke , a moneth , a yeere , ( especially on a weeke day ) at a n church far nearer to them then the play-house ; where they may have seates , have entrance , ( yea o spirituall cordials , and celestiall dainties to refresh their soules ) without p any money or expence ? how many are there , who according to their severall qualities * spend . d. . d. . d. . d. . d. . d. . s. and sometimes . or . shillings at a play-house , day by day , if coach-hire , boate-hire , tobacco , wine , beere , and such like vaine expences which playes doe usully occasion , be cast into the reckoning ; and that in these penurious times , who can hardly spare , who can never honestly get by their lawfull callings , halfe so much ? how many prodigally consume , not onely their charity , apparell , diet , bookes , and other necessaries ; but even their annuall pensions , revenues and estates at picke-purse stage-playes ; q which are more expensive to them , then all their necessary disbursements ? if we summe up all the prodigall vaine expenses which play-houses and playes occasion every way , we shall finde them almost infinite , wel-nigh incredible , r altogether intollerable in any christian frugall state ; which must needs abandon stage-playes as the s athenians and romans did at last , even in this rega●d , t that they impoverish and quite ruine many ; as the fore-quoted testimonies , with many domestique experiments daily testifie . * et haec quidem idcirco ego in literas retuli ( as vopiscus writes of iulius messalla ) quo futuros editores pudor tangeret , ne patrimonia sua , proscriptis legitimis haeredibus , mimis & balatronibus deputarent . if any here reply , that they spend not much at playes , and that their play-house expences are farre from prodigality , what ever some men deeme them . i answer first ; that there are few ordinary stage-haunters of any generous quality , u but spend excessively at playes : some waste their * patrimonies at play-houses , others the pensions which their friends alot them ; others the money which should satisfie their creditors , and x relieve their needy brethren ; or else maintaine their families . most of them mispend more there , then they can well spare ; all of them more then is well or lawfully spent . secondly , he that spends least of all at playes and play-houses , is y as really guilty of prodigality , though not in the same degree , as he that lavisheth out most of any , because the very giving of money to players as players ; that is , for the exercising of their lewde lascivious art , is prodigality . witnesse tully himselfe , z who defineth prodigals , to be such who spend their money in setting forth stage-playes , with which definition , a petrarch doth accord . witnesse clemens alexandrinus , who resolves ; that money spent on playes and such like vanities , is b wastfull prodigality , not honest expence . witnesse saint ambrose , who describes prodigality , c to be a w●sting of wealth upon pl●yers and playes for popular applause : whence he reputes those prodigals who doe so : informing us , withall , d that whatsoever is given to stage-players , sword-players , and such like cast-awayes , is utterly lost , so that men ca● reape no comfort from it . and yet , saith he , e divers magistrates have prodigally given and consumed almost their whole patrimony in theaters , upon players , wrestlers , fencers , and such kinde of men , that they might purchase to themselves the peoples favo●r but for one houre , without any further advantage . to passe by tertullians verdict ; f that to be unfruitfull unto players , and such unusefull persons , is great frugality : and so by cons●quence , that to part with money to them is prodigality : as saint basil , nazia●zen , leo , chrysostome , asterius , salvian , iohn sarisbury , petrarch , bodinus , northbrooke , gualther , gosson , doctor reinolds , and others , in their fore-going passages testifie . incognitus in psal. . and our owne famous english apostle , g iohn wickleff● , expresly teach us ; that to give to stage-players is prodigality : and therefore wicklef instructs us : h that a magnificent man ought carefully to measure out his bounty in many cases according to prudence , especially in not giving to stage-players , or sturdie beggers to purcase a vaine-glorious name , as the custome of many was to doe . s. augustine is yet more strict ; resolving us ; i that for a man to bestow his goods or mony upon stage-players , is not onely prodigality and no vertue , but a great hainous vice . which assertion of his is both recited and approved by k gratian , l iohn sarisbury , m aquinas , n alexander de hales , o tostatus , p incognitus , q astexanus , r bishop babington , s master nor●hbrooke , t stephen gosson , and u others , upon these ensuing reasons . first , because the donation of money unto stage-players x doth animate , yea maintaine them in their diabolicall lewde un●hristian profession , and makes their y reformation desperate . secondly , because it supports the synagogues , lectures , and lewde instruments of satan , ( the seminaries of all wickednesse ) which else would fall to ruine , there being no contributing spectators to suport them . if there were no play-haunters to behold and cherish stage-playes , there would then ( as z chrysostome truely writes ) be no play-poets , no players for to pen or act them : but when actors see men leave ●heir owne callings , trades , and daily imployments , together with the gaine arising thence , and all thing else to run to stage-playes ; this makes them more earnestly to addict themselves to their trade of acting , and to bestow more diligence in playing : the multitude of prodigall spectators , is that which makes so many play-houses , playes , and actors , which else would quickly vanish : play-●aunters therefore , ( if we believe saint * chrysostome and alexander alensis ) are the chiefe originall delinquents in the case of playes , because their presence at them , their contribution towards them and their actors , is the rise from whence they spring . thirdly , because it maintaines players in a constant course of theft : for the very profession of a stage-player a being unlawfull ( as divines agree : ) the mony they receive for acting ( as b tostatus , c danaeus , d bishop babington , master perkins , elton , dod , downham , lake , and williams , with sundry others have resolved ) must certainely be theft , because not gotten by any lawfull meanes . fourthly , because it * extenuates , or intercepts mens charity to the poore , who like f empty bagges , are best capable to receive the superfluity of rich mens plenty , which players for the most part now engrosse . fiftly , g because those who give their money to stage-playes , bestow it on them onely for the exercise of their unchristian art ; for their playes and action , not their poverty or desert : they are bountifull to them as players onely , not as men , as christians , whose very penury begges an almes . our players , though they are h rogues and sturdy-beggers by statute , are yet so haughty in their mindes , i so gorgeously glittering in their hired brokers robes ; and sometimes so well lined in the purse , that they disdaine the name of beggers , though in truth they are no other , then k arrogant saucy vagrants , who rather challenge as a due , then begge the almes of play-haunters : hence all the coyne they get by playing , is stiled by themselves , not almes , but wages : not charity , but desert ; not bounty , but reward : and those who part with it deeme it so ; who gratifie them onely for their playing , not pitty them for their poverty ; as augustine , with others well observe : now thus to remunerate stage-playes , pro exercitio sui vitij , as the l schoolemen speake ; that is , for the very exercise of their unlawfull art , is a vast notorious sinne : ( * quoniaem histrionibus dare , est daemonibus imolare : ) which as it m makes those who are guilty of it , wicked men ; so it bindes them over to eternall punishments without repentance , as all the marginall authors doe define . lastly , because mens contribution to playes and players ( whose n approbation or applause , no good men should demerit by their bounty to them ) involues them both in the guilt and punishment of all those sinnes that are occasioned or committed by them : as chrysostom● . hom. . in matth. salvian , de gubernatione dei. lib. . augustine . en●r . in psal. . with all the other fore-quoted authors largely testifie . what th●refor● seneca writes in a paralell case : o i will not give money unto him , whom i know will part with it to an a dulteresse , lest i should participate of his filthy fact or counsell : if i can , i will recall him ; if not , i will not further him in his wickednesse : the same should bee every true christians resolution in this case of stage-players : hee should not give his money unto players ; lest he participate both in the guilt and punishment of their sinnes ; he should doe his best to hinder ; at leastwise he should never foster playes or players , by contributing to their boxes , or resorting to their theaters , for the fore-named reasons . since therefore it is abunndantly evident by the premises ; that stage-playes are the occasions of much p vaine , much sinfull prodigall expence : and that the very contributing to players boxes ( of which every common spectator must be alwayes culpable ) is not onely apparant prodigality , but a q giant-like sinne , which brings much danger to mens soules : it must needs cause us to abominate , to abandon stage-playes , even for this effect , which alwayes necessarily attends them . scena tertia. the third effect or fruit of stage-playes , is the irritation , the inflamation , the fomentation of divers sinfull lusts , of many lewde , unchaste adulterous affections , both in the actors and spectators hearts : from whence this . play-oppugning argument will ebulliate . that which doth ordinarily , if not alwayes defile the eyes , the eares and soules both of the actors and spectators , by ingendring , by exciting meretricious lustfull , lewde , adulterous desires and affections in their hearts ; or by instigating , by preparing , by inducing them to actuall uncleanesse ; * must needs be abominable and unlawfull unto christians . but this doe stage-playes , as i shall here make manifest . therefore they must needs bee abominable and unlawfull unto christians . the major is irr●fragable ; because all polluting objects , all unchaste affections , and unruly * carnall lusts , ( which are t no lesse then adultery , then uncleanesse it selfe in gods account , ) doe not onely u contaminate , and war against mens soules ; but likewise x deprive them of gods favour , y disable them to every holy duty , z inthrall them unto satan ; a exclude them out of heaven ; and without repentance b plunge them into hell for all eternity . since therefore the scripture calls upon us ; c to cleanse our selves from all pollution of flesh and spirit ; d to mor●ifie our carnall lusts and earthly members : to e crucifie the flesh with the affections and lusts thereof ; the f fruit of which is eternall death : g to abstaine from fleshly lusts which war against the soule ; and to h make no provision for the flesh , to fulfill the lusts thereof : since it expresly informes us ; i that none but idola●rous heathen gentiles , in whom the devill raignes ; k none but unregenerate , carnall , gracelesse persons , who have no part in christ , doe wallow with delight ; doe foster , harbour , or take pleasure in such lusts as these . and that l all who are christs , have crucified the flesh with the affections and lusts thereof : m because the carnall minde is enmity against god , neither is it , nor can it be subiect to his law : there are none but whores and panders , or foule incarnate devils , who dare controll my minors truth ; which all christians must subscribe to ; n because they are no longer debtors to the flesh , to live after the flesh ; but o sworne servants and spouses unto christ alone , p to whom they have resigned both their soules and bodies , to be at none but his disposall . the minor is notoriously evident , not onely by experience ; but likewise by the concurring suffrages of sundry fathers , councels , and authors of all sorts : who as they stile , o play-houses ; the temples of venery ; the schooles of bawdry ; the de●s of lewdnesse ; the si●kes of filthinesse : and stage-playes ; the lectures of ribaldry ; the meditations of adultery ; the nurseries of vncleanesse : the fomentations of lechery : the fuell , the incendiaries of lust : and the very devils forge or bellowes , to excite and blow up flames of carnall concupi●cence , both in the actors and spectators hearts : a su●ficient ratification of our present assumption . so they likewise positively a●firme , and copiously testifie the truth of this proposition in expresse words : witnesse clemens alexandrinus ; who informes us ; o that comedies and amorous moderne poems teach men adultery : that they defile mens eares with incests , and fornications : therefore he tells the gentiles , that not onely the use , the sight and hearing , but likewise the very memory of stage-playes , yea of the fabulous poems , pictures , and representations of their uncha●te , libidinous idol-gods , ought utterly to be abolished ; because their eares had committed whoredome , their eyes had played the harlots with them : and which is more strange , that their very sight had committed adultery before any actuall embracement , by reason of these obscene pictures● and filthy enterludes . hence he instructeth christians ; p that his paedagoge must not lead them unto playes or theaters , which may not be unfitly called , the chaire of pestilence : because these conventicles where men and women meete promis●uously together to behold one another , are the occasion of lewdnesse : here they give , or plot wicked counsell : for while their eyes are lasciviously occupied , their lusts waxe warme , and their eyes being accustomed to glance more impudently on those who sit next them , having liberty and leisure granted to them , intend their lusts . these spectacles therefore ( saith he ) which are fraught with wickednesse , with obscene , and vaine speeches ; with the representations of filthy deeds ; with impudent and unchaste discourses which provoke laughter , the idaeaes of which men carry away with them to their houses , & there more deepely imprint them in their mindes ; are utterly to he prohibited . witnesse tertullian ; who records ; q that tragedies and comedies , are the augmenters of villanies and lusts ; being both cruell and lascivious , impious and prodigall . r that they defile mens eyes and eares with uncleanesse : * and blow up the sparkles of their lusts. hence he stiles the play-house : t the chappell of venery : the house of lechery : the * consistory of incontinency : hence he informes us ; x that all the christians in the primitive church , had utterly relinquished the uncleanesse of the theater . hence he comforts the close imprisoned martyrs of his time with this consideration ; y that by meanes of their imprisonment ; their eyes were kept from the sight of theaters , the places of publike lust , and lechery . neither were their eares o●fended with the clamors or uncleanesse of stage-players . and hence hee doubles this assertion . z that stage-playes are absolutely prohibited , by the inhibition of incontinency . witnesse origen ; who instructeth us : that christians must not lift up their eyes to a stage-playes , the pleasurable delights of polluted eyes ( as he there stiles them ) lest their lusts should be inflamed by them . what then ( writes he in * another place ) shall we say of these who with the troopes of the gentiles make haste to stage-playes , and defile their eyes and eares with unchaste words and motions ? it is not our part ●o passe sentence upon such , for they themselves may perceive and see what part they have chosen to themselves . thou therefore who hearest these things . be ye holy , for i am holy : wisely understand what is spoken : seperate thy selfe from terrene actions ; seperate thy selfe from the lusts of the world , and from the contagion of every sinne . witnesse saint cyprian , who stiles theaters b the stewes of publike chastity , and mastership of obscaenity : which teach those sinnes in publike , that men may more usually commit them in private . c what doth a faithfull christian ( writes he ) doe amidest these things , who may not so much as thinke upon any vice ? why is he delighted with these images of lusts ; that so having deposited his modesty in them , he may be made more bold to commit the crimes themselves ? he learnes to commit , who accustometh himselfe to behold the theatricall representations of uncleanesse . those common whores whose misfortune hath prostituted them to the slavery of the publike stewes , conceale the place where their filthinesse is committed , taking comfort in their disgrace from the secrecy of their cells : those adulterers also who have sold their chastity , are ashamed to be seene in publike : but this our publike lewdnesse is acted in the open viewe of all men : the obs●aenity of common whores is surpassed , and men have found out how they may commit adultery be●ore the eyes of others . d thus whatsoever is prohibited , is affected . now i say , ( i pray observe it well good reader , ) it is not lavvfvll for faithfvll christians , yea , it is altogether vnlavvfvll for them to be present at these playes . these so vaine , so pernicious , so sachrilegious stage-playes , as i have novv often affirmed , are vvholly to bee avoyded by all faithfvll christians ; because we soone accustome our selves to the practise of that wickednesse , which we heare and see : for since the minde of man is easily led on to these vices of it selfe ; what will it doe when it is presented with unchaste examples both of body and nature ? she who thus falls of her owne accord , what will she doe if she be precipitated ? the minde therefore is wholly to be avotated from these lascivious enterludes . adde we to this another speech of his to the same purpose . e turne ( saith he ) thine eyes to the no-lesse sinfull contagions of a different shew : thou maist also behold in theaters , that which m●y affect thee both with griefe and shame . it is a tragedians part , to rela●e ancient wickednesses in verse : the ancient horror of paricides and incestuou● persons is represented by him to the life ; lest those wickednesses which were committed in former ages , should grow obsolete in aftertimes . every age is admonished , that what-ever villany was actually committed in former times , may be committed still . those things are now made examples , which have ceased to be si●nes . then you may please to know from stage-players , what filthinesse any man hath committed in secret , or to heare what he might have done . f thus is adultery learned whiles it is beheld , and the evill of publike authority playing the pander to these vices , she who at first came perchance a chaste matron to the play , returnes a strumpet from the play-house . moreover , what a great corruption of mens manners , what fomentations of reproachfull actions , what a fuell of vices is it , to be polluted with histrionicall gestures , to see filthy incest elaborately acted , against the very covenant and right of mans nativity ? g men are emasculated ; all the honour and vigor of their sex is abated by the filthinesse of an effeminated body ; and he there gives best consent , who doth most dissolve himselfe into a woman : his sinne addes to his applause , and he is reputed the more skilfull , by how much the more filthy he is . what then cannot be perswade who is such a one ? he moves the sences , he soothes the affections , he expugnes the stronger conscience of an upright heart ; neither wants there the authority of flattering reproach , that so destruction may creepe upon men by a more delicate hearing . h they represent unchaste venus , adulterous mars , yea , their great love , not more a prince in dominion , then in vices ; burning with his very thunderbolts into terrene loves ; i sometimes waxing white in the feathers of a swan ; k otherwhiles descending in a golden shoure ; l anon comming forth attended with birds to ravish and snach away yong youthes , m examine now whether those who behold these spectacles can be sincere or chaste , whiles they imitate the gods they worship ? even sinnes themselves are made religious to these wretches : o if thou couldest standing in that sublime watch-towre insert thine eyes into their secrets , open the closed doores of their bed-chambers , and bring all their hidden inmost roomes unto the conscience or the light , thou mightest see that done by these unchaste persons , which is a sinne to see : thou mightest see that , which they sighing under the fury of their vices deny themselves to have done , and yet they hasten for to doe it . n men rush upon men with mad unruly lusts , &c. a sufficient adequate testimony of my minors truth . adde wee to these irrefragable witnesses some others of no lesse validity : tatianus , stiles stage-players , p the promoters of adultery the tutors of effeminate dancers , and sodomites ; the authors of damnable practises ; the teachers of adultery , who utter obscene words with a loud voyee , and use lascivious motions promulgating all nocturnall abominations , and uttering all obscenities that might delight the auditors . q theophylus antiochenus , writes : that the christians in his time durst not behold stage-playes , lest their eyes should be defiled with the adulteries of those devill-gods and men , that were there personated ; and lest their eares should sucke in those prophane verses that were there recited . to passe by r arnobius , who declaimes much against the obscenity of stage-playes , which did adulterate the mindes , inflame the lusts of the spectators , by reason of those lewde adulterous villanies of idol-gods that were represented in them , which he at larges discyphers : lactantius , his scholler , writes thus of stage-playes . s in stage-playes also , i know not whether there be a more dangerous corruption . for comicall fables treat of the rapes of virgins , or of the loves of harlots , and by how much the more eloquent the poets are who have feined these wickednesses , by so much the more doe they perswade by their elegant sentences , and the more easily doe their wel-composed and adorned verses sticke in the memory of the hearers . likewise trapicall histories present unto mens eyes the paricides , the incests of evill kings , and they demonstrate tragicall wickednesses . t the most unchaste motions likewise of stage-players , what else doe they but teach and prouoke lusts ? whose enervated bodies dissolved into a womans pace and habit , personate unchaste women with dishonest gestures . what shall i speake of mimicall actors , who carry along with them even in outward shew , the discipline of depraving corruptions ? who teach adulteries whiles they feine them , and by counterfeit representations instruct men how to commit even reall uncleanesses . u what may yong men , or virgins doe , when as they perceive these things to be acted without shame , and willingly to be beheld of all ? verily they are admonished what they may doe , and they are inflamed with lust , which is most of all excited by the sight : and every one according to his sex doth prefigure himselfe in these images ; yea , they approve them whiles they laugh at them , and they returne more corrupt to their chambers by reason of the vices which adhere unto them . x and not onely children who ought not to be seasoned with premature vices , but even old men , for whom it is unseemely now to sinne , stray aside into this path of vices . therefore all spectacles and stage-playes ( i pray observe it well ) are vvholy to be avoyded , not on●ly lest any vices should harbour in our hearts , which ought to be calme and quiet ; but likewise lest the custome of any pleasure should delight us , and so tvrne vs from god and from good vvorkes . y yea these enterludes with which men are delighted , and at which they are willingly present ; because they are the greatest instigations vnto vice , ( pray marke it ) and the most povverfvll instrvments to corrvpt mens mindes , are vvholy to be abolished from among vs ; since they doe not onely , not contribute any thing to an happy life , but likewise doe much hurt . in another worke of his he writes thus . z what is the play-house ? is it more holy then these sw●rd-playes ? in which a comedy treates of rapes , and loves● a tragedy of incests , and murthers . moreover unchaste histrionicall gestures , with which they imitate infamous women , doe teach those lusts which they expresse by dancing : and is not then a player the corruption of d●scipline , in whom those things that are done are acted by representation , that so th●se things which are truely reall , may be perpetrated without any shame . yong men behold these things , whose slippery age , which should be brideled and governed , is instructed to commit sinnes and vices by these representations . therefore all playes are to bee avoyded , that vve may enioy a serene state of minde . these noxiovs pleasvres are to be renovnced , lest we being delighted with their pestiferous sweetnesse , should fall into the snares of death . vertue alone , whose reward is immortall , will then content us , when she hath overcome these pleasures . thus farre lactantius , most elegantly , most truely . adde wee to him minucius felix , that eminent christian lawyer , whom a lactantius himselfe commends : who writes thus of stage-playes . b your comedies and tragedies glory in incestuous persons , and yet you wil●lingly both read and heare them : and so you worship in●●stuous gods , who have coupled with their owne mothers , daughters , sist●rs : worthily therefore ( such was the fruit of these their stage-playes ) is incest oft-times deprehended among you , alwayes is it tollerated and committed . c we therefore who are valued according to our maners and modesty , deservedly absteine from your evill pleasures , your shewes , and stage-playes , whom we know to have taken their originall from your idol-worship , and whose noxious flattering enticements we condemne . for in your chariot-playes , who would not abhorre the madnesse of th● people brawling among themselves ? the discipline or art of murther in sword-playes ? in stage-playes likewise there is no lesse fury , more prolix obscenity : for one while the testing actor , doth either expound adulteries , or personate them . another while , the effeminate stage-player vvhiles he feines love , doth violently inflict it . the same by personating wh●redomes , sighes , hatreds , disgraceth your gods : the same w●●h feined griefes provokes your teares with his vaine gestures and nods . thus you desire true murther , you bewaile feined , &c. thus hee . saint basil the great , informes us : d that the very beholding and hearing of stage-playes ingenders overmuch lust in the mindes of men ; that stage-playes abounding with lascivious spectacles are the common shops of all wickednesse : that they sticke fast in the mindes of the auditors : and serve to no other purpose but to perswade all men unto filthinesse . gregory nyssen records ; * that lascivious spectacles ; and filthy pictures engraven or painted either in walls , in halls , or plate , ( to satisfie the luxury of the minde ) doe proclaime lewdnesse : the though●s are recalled to their lusts , by the sight of these blame-worthy spectacles , whose inflammation pierceth even to the affections , lest verily the heat of mens lusts should be quenched . f if that thou couldest dive , i say , not into the vessels and caskets ( for they are manifest unto many , neither are they different from their filthinesse of life ) but into the retyred hidden secrets of the minde and soule of a man delighted with these spectacles , thou shouldest verily there finde a sti●king rottennesse of many accumulated frogges ; that is ( as hee there expresseth himselfe in a former passage ) of filthy lusts and vices . but even the eye of a chaste man is cleane , and refuseth these spectacles which incite men unto luxury , or carnall pleasure . our common play-haunters and lascivious picture-masters therefore , by this fathers verdict , ( whatever they may deeme themselves , ) are no chaste , no modest persons ; g yea rather beasts , then men ; as he there tearmes them . gregory nazienzen , stiles stage-players ; h the servants of lewdnesse : play-houses , i the lascivious shops of all filthinesse and impurity : stage-playes : k the dishonest unseemely instructions of lascivious men , who repute nothing filthy , but modesty ; by which nature is vitiated , and made adulterous , and severall flames of different lusts are kindled . l theaters likewise are seasoned with most filthy things ; lest that these diseases should practise their lewdnesse onely in secret ; rewards are promised to these dishonest , and wicked instructions : but doe thou have these things in execration : suffer not thy female pupils to be defiled with them ; but cause them to avoyd all corruptions of their eyes , that so they may contin●e virgins to me , by thy care : intimating hereby , that resort to stage-playes , would soone defloure their virginity , and make them strumpets . saint hilary informes us , m that he who will ascend up in●o the hill of the lord must keepe himselfe unspotted from corruption ; his body must not be defiled with whoredome ; his eyes must not be polluted with stage-playes : which hee there couples with whordome , because they ingender unchaste affections in mens hearts , and oft-times allure them to actuall lewdnesse . therefore in his commentary on the . alias the . psalme , verse . ( turne away mine eyes from beholding vanity ) he paraphraseth thus : n that the prophet prayes to have bot● the ey●s of his body and minde turned away from stage-playes , and the obscene fables of dishonest enterludes ; which did formerly occupy and defile them . cyrill of hierusalem affirmes ; o that play-house meetings , and playes , which are the devils pompes , were fraught with all lewdnesse , contumely , and incontinency ; whence he perswades all christians to avoyd them . saint ambrose stiles stage-playes p spectacles of vanities , by which the devill convayes incentives of pleasures into mens hearts . let us therefore ( saith he ) turne away our eyes from these vanities , and stage-playes , lest our minds should affect that which our eyes behold , & let us come to god that he would doe it for us . in the s●ip of thy body there is a tempest of lusts raysed , and yet thou turnest not away the eyes of thy soule that they should not see the sinke of lusts , nor behold the filth of this world : such are stage-playes in this fathers repute . s. hierom in his epistle to salvina , writes thus unto her . q the fame of chastity in women is a tender thing ; like a most beautifull flower it is quickly blasted with a small winde , and corrupted with an easie breath : especially where both age consents to vice , and the authority of an husband is wanting , whose shadow is the shelter of the wife . r wherefore let no frizeld-pated steward , no effeminate stage-player accompany thee ; let not the venomous sweetnesse of a diabolicall singer come neere thee , nor a compt and beautifull youth . ha●e thou nothing to doe with stage-playes : because they are the pleasing incendiaries of mens lusts and vices : because they draw mens soules by their flattering entisements to deadly pleasures , ( which christians should extinguish with the love of christ , and curbe with fasting : ) and cause them to violate the vow and bond of chastity , of widdowhood , of virginity . so in his commentary on ezechiel . lib. . cap . he certifieth us . s that we also when as we depart out of aegypt , are commanded to cast away all those things which offend our eyes , that so we may not be delighted with those things with which we were formerly affected in the world ; to wit , with the inventions of philosophers and heretiques , which are rightly stiled idols . we must likewise remove our eyes from all the spectacles , yea rather , the offences of aegypt , as sword-playes , cirque-playes , and stage-playes ; which defile the purity of the soule ; and by the sences gaine entrance to the minde : and so that is fulfilled , which is written ; death hath entred by your windowes : by this grave learned fathers verdict then , it is most evident ; that stage-playes devirginate unmarried persons , especially beautifull tender virgins who resort unto them , ( which i would our female play-haunters ; and * their parents would consider : ) that they defile their soules with impure carnall lusts ; and so let in eternall death upon them . saint augustine brands all stage-playes with this stigmaticall impresse . that they are t the sp●ctacles of filthinesse : u the overturners of goodnesse and honesty : x the chasers away of all modesty and chastity : y meretricious shewes . the unchaste , the filthy gestures of actors : the art of mischievous villanies , which even modest pagans did blush to behold : the invitations to lewdnesse , by which the devill useth to gaine innumerable companies of evill men unto himsefe . hence hee stiles theaters ; z the cages of uncleanesse , the publike professions of wickednesse , of wicked men : and stage-playes ; a the most petulant , the most impure , impudent , wicked , uncleane ; the most shamefull and detestable attonements of filthy devil-gods ; which to true religion are most ex●crable : whose actors the laudable towardnes of roman vertue had depriv●d of all honour , disfranchised their tribe , acknowledged as filthy , made infamous : because the people were instructed , incouraged by the sight and hearing of st●ge-playes , to imitate , to practise those alluring criminous fictions ; those ignominious facts of pagan-gods , that were either wickedly and filthily forged of them , or more wickedly and filthily committed by them . hence is it that this godly father , doth * oft dissuade all christians from acting , seeing , or frequenting stage-playes , and cirque-playes , because they are but p●nders , but allectives to uncleanesse , incendiaries and fomentations unto carnall lusts . hence he speakes thus to christian parents ( which i would to god those gracelesse parents who either accompany , send , encourage , or else permit their children to runne to filthy , lewde , lascivious stage-playes , b which vitiate , which deprave them ever after , would seriously consider : ) c as oft , deare breathren , as you know that any of your children resor● either to furious , bloody , or filthy enterludes , with a vaine perswation , and pestiferous love● as if it were to some good worke , you who now by the grace of god contemne , not onely these luxurious , but also cruell recreations , and disports , ought diligently to chastise them , and to pray more abundantly to the lord for them , because you know that they run unto vanity , and lying follies , neglecting that place to which they are called . d these if they chance to be affrighted in the play-house by any sudden accident , ( i would our popish stage-haunters , who thinke to scare away the devill from them by their crossings , would well consider it , ) doe presently crosse themselves , and they stand there carrying that in their foreheds , from whence they would depart if they carried it in their hearts . for every one who runnes to any evill worke , if he chance but to stumble , doth forth-with crosse his face , and knoweth not , that he doth rather include , then exclude the devill . for then should he crosse himselfe well , and repell the devill out of his heart , if he recalled himsefe from that wicked worke . wherefore i intreat you , deare brethren , agai●e and againe , that you would supplicate for them with all your might , that so they may receive understanding to condemne these damnable things ; desire , to avoyd them ; mercy , to acknowledge them . e we may likewise speake unto those whom voluptuous stage-playes oft-times draw from the assemblies of the church . notwithstanding i intreat you , deare brethren , that as often as you shall see them to doe any such thing , you would in our stead most severely correct them : let them heare our voyce , your remembrance : correct them by reproving them , comfort them by conferring with them , give them an ensample by living well : then he will be present with them , who hath beene present with you . thus saint augustine , by whose words you may easily discover , not onely the truth of our present assumption : but likewise the sinfulnesse , the unlawfulnesse of playes themselves , f as also of acting , hearing , seeing and frequenting stage-playes : which hee likewise seconds in some other passages : as namely in his . booke , de moribus manichaeorum , where hee writes thus against them . g finally , we have oft-times found in theaters divers of their choyce men , who were grave both in age , and as they seemed , even in manners too , with an old presbyter . i omit yong men whom we were likewise wont to finde brawling for stage-players and wagoners : which thing is no small argument after what manner they can containe themselves from secret adulteries , and villanies , since they cannot overcome that lust , which may uphold them in the eyes of their auditors , and makes them even to blush and runne away for shame . in his booke , de catechizandis rudibus . cap. . hee informes us : h that there are certaine men who seeke not to be rich , nor yet to aspire to the vaine pompes of honors , but desire onely to be merry and to rest quietly in ale-houses , in brothel-houses , in theaters , and in the spectacles of vanity , which are had gratis in great citties . but these through their luxury consume their meane estate , and from poverty they fall to burglaries , thefts , and robberies , and are suddenly filled with many and great feares : and these who a little before did sing in an ale-house , now dreame of the mourning of a prison . but by the study and sight of stage-playes they are made like to devils , &c. to passe by his sundry notable passages against players and stage-playes , in his . , , , , , & . bookes , de civitate dei , which i shall touch upon in some other scenes : in his . sermon● de verbis apostoli . tom. . pag. . he writes . that of those things which delight the sences of the body , some are lawfull ; others unlawfull . i for these great spectacles of nature , as i have said , delight the eyes ; and the spectacles of play-houses delight the eyes likewise : these are lawfull , those unlawfull . an holy psalme sung sweetly delights the hearing , and so doe the songs of stage-players delight the hearing too : this lawfully , the other unlawfully . so that if this father may be iudge : the very seeing and hearing of stage-playes is unlawfull . heare him but once more for all : de symbolo ad catechumenos . lib. . cap. . . tom. . pars . pag. . , . there are two sorts of weapons with which the devill fights against mens soules ; pleasures , and feare . k yet beloved , you must know , that the devill takes more by pleasures , then by feare . for why doth he daily set the mouse-trap of stage-playes , the madnesse of filthy studies and pleasures , but that he might take those whom he hath lost with these delights , and reioyce that he hath found that againe which he had lost ? what need we runne thorow many things ? you are breefly to be admonished , what you ought to reiect , and what to love . flie stage-playes , my best beloved , ●lie ( play-houses ) the most filthy dens of the devill , lest the chaines of that wicked one hold you captive . but if the minde be to be exhilerated , and delights to behold , the holy mother the church will exhibit you those venerable and wholesome spectacles , which will delight your mindes with their pleasure , and will not corrupt● but keepe faith in you . is any of you a lover of the cirque ? what doth ●e delight in in the circus ? to see the coachmen striving , the people breathing out frantique furies , every swift one going before breaking the horse of his adversary . this is all the pleasure to shout , because he hath overcome whom the devill hath overcome : to reioyce and insult , that the adverse part hath lost an horse , when as he who is delighted with such a spectacle , hath already lost his soule . see on the other side our holy , h●lesome , and most sweet spectacles . behold in the booke of the l acts of the apostles , a lame man never walking from his birth , whom peter hath made running : see one suddenly whole , whom before thou didest behold infirme : and if there be any soundnesse of minde in thee , if the reason of equity , and the pleasure of salvation shine forth in thee ; see what thou oughtest to behold , consider where thou oughtest to shout : there , where sound horses are broken in pieces , or here where bruised men are made whole ? but if that pompe ; that coulor of the horses , that composition of the chariots , those ornaments of the coachman standing above governing the horses , and desiring to overcome ; if this pompe , as i have said , delight thee ; neither hath he denied this to thee , who hath commanded thee , to renounce the pompes of the devill : we also have our spirituall horseman the holy prophet elijas , who m being set upon a fiery chariot , hath runne so much , that he hath taken the very limits , ( or won the goale ) of heaven . and if thou desirest to see the adversaries , which even true vertue hath overcome● and whom he by ●●ring hath ●ut-gon● , and from whose victory he hath received the reward of supernall greatnesse ; he hath cast the n chariots of pharoh and al● his strength into the sea : o another , perchance a lover of the theater , is to be admonished , what he must avoyd● and with what he may be delighted , and so may not lose the desire of beholding , but change it . in play-house● there is a contagion of manners , where people use to learne filthy things , to heare dishonest things , to s●e pernicious things ? but the lord assisting we may strongly repell these things out of our hearts , if we compare one thing with another . there the spectators behold i know not what propounded counterfeit god iove , both committing adultery , and thundring : here , we may againe behold the true god christ , teaching chastity , destroying ●ilthinesse , preaching holesome things . there , it is feined , that the same iove may have iuno both for his sister and wi●e : here , we preach holy mary a virgin and a mother together . there , amazement is strucke into the sight , that a man through use should walke upon a rope : here , a great miracle , peter passing over the sea on his feet . there , chastity is violated throu●h mimicall fil●hinesse ; here by chaste susanna , and chaste ioseph , lust is suppressed , death dispised , god loved● chastity exalted . there the quier and singing of the stage-player allureth the hearing , but conquereth the wholesome affection : and what such thing may be compared to our song , in which he who loveth and singeth , saith , p sinners have rela●ed unto me their delights , but not so as thy law o lord● all thy commandements are truth ? for there vanity feineth all things . doth any one perchance admire the skill of climebers or vaulters , to see little children playing in th● ayre , expressing divers histories ? but looke upon the playes of our infants ; in the q wombe of rebecca two infaunts s●rive , the elder comming forth , the ●oote of the other is seised upon by the hand of the yonger thrust forth of the wombe . r in whose combate the figure of a great mystery is declared , that the ●onger should supplant the elder , and should afterwards take away the birth-right and blessing from him . in which little ones as it were playing , and exhibiting a great sacrament , as i have said , both the repr●bate iewes are demonstrated in esau , and the predestinated christians appeare in iacob . for that iacob one little one so pratling , did also manifest , that many little infants likewise were predestinated in himselfe ; who are rece●ved out of the mothers wombe , with the hands of the faithfull ; neither doe they so shake them off , that they may hang in the ayre , but that being regenerated they may live in heaven . the minde therefore may be recreated , and the christian soule fed with these delights , and keeping this sobriety , it may avoyd the drunk●nnesse of the devill . neither may the combates of the amphitheater seduce or draw any christians to them , unto which verily men runne so much the more greedily , by how much the more slowly they are exhibited . but even there what not dangerous , what not bloody thing is not iniected into mens eyes ? where , as most blessed s. cyp●ian saith , a noxious will cond●mnes men to wilde beasts , without an offence . s therefore my beloved , that cruell spectacle may not invite you to behold two hunters contending with nine ●ea●es , but let it delight you to see our one daniel by prayer overcomming seven lyons . t distinguish combates spirituall lover ; see two guilty in will , looke upon one innocent , and full of ●aith : behold th●se for an earthly reward to have offred their soules to beasts ; behold this man crying in prayer , u deliver not to beasts the soules that confesse to thee . in that spectacle , he who sets it forth is sorrowfull if the hunter escape without harme who hath slaine him many wilde beasts ; but in this our combate , there is a fight without iron , neither is daniel hurt , nor the wilde beast slaine , and yet he is so overcome , that the king wonders and is changed , and the people feare , and the enemies dispaire . o admirable spectacle of ours , truely admirable ! in which god assists , faith impetrates strength , innocency fights , holinesse overcome● , and such a reward is obteined , that both thou and he who shall overcome may receive it , and he who shall give it loseth nothing . desire these spirituall gifts , come together cheerefully to the church to behold these things , and to waite for them with all security : recall the purpose of your heart from all carnall lust , commit all your care to be governed by god , that the adversary may feare , finding nothing of his owne in you ; and you reiecting him and renouncing his pompes , after that your liberty shall be rescued from his snares and waylayings , lest that wicked one should finde you empty , whom we have knowne desirous to hold those fast who are not his owne ; believe faithfully in god the father almighty , &c. by which excellent passage of this iudicious father , ( parallel to which he hath another of the same nature , in his x e●arration on the . psalme , where hee seriously bewailes the vanity and madnesse of those who delight in stage-playes and such like spectacles , y desiring all christians to pitty their condition and to pray earnestly to god for their conversion , that so they might see the vanity , and sinfulnesse of this world , and z behold the excellency of these many heavenly spectacles which he there musters up at large , on which christiās should fix their eyes and hearts ; ) it is most apparent , that stage-playes in his iudgement , are very dangerous , obscene , pernicious spectacles , a invented by the devill to conquer and en●rap mens soules ; and that no christians ought for to behold them , since they have so many other heavenly spectacles to contemplate . which me thinkes should cause all christians to renounce them . not to remember nilus an ancient abbot , about the yeere of our lord . who informes us . b that he who is conversant in a multitude ( especially at stage-playes ) is affected with daily wounds ; for the countenance of women is a dart anoynted with poyson , which wounds the soule and sends in venome , and by how much the longer it continueth by so much the more the wound doth putrifie . c he w●o desires to avoyd these wounds ( pray marke it well ) will absteine from publike playes and spectacles , neither will he be conversant in such assemblies . for it i● better that thou abide at home , then that thou fall into the hands of the enemy , whiles thou thinkest to honor such solemnities . which comes punctuall to our purpose . nor yet to mention , either primasius in romanos . cap. . fol. . or remigius , explanatio in galat. . . or mac●rius aegytius , homil. . pag. . or isiodor hispalensis . originum . lib. . cap. . . to . & de ecclesiasticis officijs . lib. . cap. . or haymo & anselme . exeg●sis in ephe●ios . . who ranke players with whores , and couple play-houses , and brothel-houses together : ( whose words i shall at large recite in the ensuing scene . ) which proves , that playes , and play-houses in their opinion are but panders to mens lusts , yea , the beaten rodes to * whoredome , adultery , and unchafte desires . nor yet to remember prosper his verdict , who stiles stage-playes , f mimicall uncleanesses ; not onely in regard of their matter , or manner of action , but likewise of their lewde unchaste effects : or damascen , or eusebius ; who call the stage , g the publike schoole of lust ; and playes the instruments which perswade men to nothing else , but lewde behaviour , &c. a pregnant testimony for our present purpose . not to record s. bernard ; who calls h stage-playes , childish sports , provoking lusts with their feminine and filthy turnings , and representing sordid actions : a punctuall evidence for us : or cassiodorus ; who stiles stage-playes , i the expellers of gravity ; the exhausters of honesty , &c. nor yet to register our own learned country-man iohn saresbury , flourishing about the yeere of our lord● . who informes us ; that k stage-playes are ●he fomentations of vices , the apprentiships of vanity . l that stage-players , ( whose error had then so prevayled , that they could not be expelled great m●ns houses ) did with their obscene actions , infuse such filthinesse into the eyes of all men , as the cynicke himselfe might blush to see . and that which was more wonderfull , neither were they then cast out , when as the people making a tumult below , defiled the ayre with their frequent noyse , which being filthily shut in , they more filthily uttered . after which he breakes out into these passages . m can he seeme to thee to be a wise man , who opens either his eyes , or eares to these things ? it is verily a pleasant thing , and not dishonest , for an honest man to be sometimes delighted with honest modest myrth ; but it is an ignominious thing , for gravity to be often recreated with such wantonnesse . from these spectacles therefore , but especially from obscene ones , the eye of an honest man is to be kept backe , lest the incontinency of it , bewray likewise the uncleanes of his minde . n parides the colleage of sophocles the pretor reproving him , saith very excellently ; ( i would to god all nobles and magistrates would remember it ) it becomes pretor sophocles , not onely to have chaste hands , but eyes . yea , a man , to whom much might be lawfull in regard of the great maiesty of his kingdome , saith ; * turne away mine eyes lest they behold vanity ; knowing that to be true which another lamenteth : because mine eye hath preyed upon my soule . to passe by ( i say ) these ancient writers which are punctuall ; i shall onely remember two fathers more with whom i will conclude . the first of them , is golden-tongued saint chrysostome , who writes thus of o stage-playes : that they are the introduction of sinfull lust ; the meditation of adultery ; the schoole of fornication ; the exhortation of vncleanesse ; the examples of dishonesty ; the incendiarus of men● lustfull affections ; the polluters of their eyes , their eares , their soules : yea the very originall causes of much actuall whoredome , filthinesse , and adultery ; as i shall more largely prove in the * ensuing scene out of his owne records , which i shall there recite at large . the second , is vice-rebuking salvian , bishop of massilia , who thus discyphers stage-playes : p such things are committed at playes and theaters , as cannot be thought upon , much lesse uttered without sinne . for other vices challenge their severall portions within us : as filthy cogitations , the minde ; unchaste aspects , the eyes : wicked speeches , the eares ; so that when one of these doth offend , the other may be without fault . but at theaters , not one of these but sinneth : for b●th the minde with lust ; and the eyes with shewes , and the eares with hearing are there polluted : all which are so bad , that no man can well report or declare them with honesty . q for who without passing the bounds of modesty , can utter those imitations of dishonest things ; those filthy spectacles , those lewde motions ; those obscene gestures that are used there ? the extraordinary sinfulnesse of which may be gathered even from this , that it is unlawfull for to name them . for s●me sinnes , though most hainous , may well and honestly both be named , and blamed too ; as murther , theft , adultery , sacriledge , and such like : onely the impurities of theaters are such , as may not honestly be , no not so much as blamed . such new matter ariseth against the reprover in finding fault with their most horrible filthinesse ; that albeit he be a most perfect honest man that would speake against it , yet can he not so doe , and keepe his honesty r againe , all other evils pollute the doers onely , not the beholders or the hearers : for a man may heare a blasphemer and not be partaker of his sacriledge , in as much as be dissenteth from him in minde . and if one come while a robbery is doing , he is not actually guilty of it , because he abhors the fact . onely the filthinesse of playes and spectacles is such , as makes the actors and spectators guilty alike . for whiles they gladly looke on , and so approve them by beholding them , they all become actors of them by sight and assent : so as that of the apostle may be properly applyed to them . how that not onely those who commit such things , are worthy of death , but they also who favor those that doe them . s so that in these representations of whoredome , all the people , doe altogether in minde play the harlots . and such as happily come chaste to stage-playes , returne adulterers from the theater : for they play the fornicators not then onely when they goe away , but also when they come to playes . for as soone as one lusteth after a filthy thing , whiles he hasteneth to that which is uncleane , he becommeth uncleane . and so hee proceeds . it is therefore abundantly evident by the concurrent punctuall testimonies of these . fathers , whose words i have here transcribed ; to whom i might have added , t clemens romanus , u irenaeus , x epiphanius , y philo iudaeus , z cyrillus alexandri●us , * theodoret , b beda , c alchuvinus , d anexagoras , e olympiodorus , f orosius , g iulius firmicus , h grattan , with * others , whom i shall quote hereafter in their more proper scenes ; that stage-playes pollute the eyes , the eares , the mindes , both of their actors and spectators , by ingendring unchaste , adulterous lewde affections in their hearts , i by their obscene words , and lascivious gestures . that they irritate , inflame , foment those beastly carnall lusts , which draw them on to actuall uncleanesse , to their eternall ruine : and so by necessary consequence , that they are utterly unlawfull for christians , to act , to see , to heare , or resort to even in this regard , as they all from hence conclude . and dare any play-patron then reject these grave authorities , in iustifying , in frequenting stage-playes , as innoxious , honest , chaste , or usefull recreations , after all these fathers censures ? if any stage-frequenting● play-adoring christian bee so incredulous , as not to give credit to these alleaged fathers : let him then listen to some councels , some moderne christian authors ; some ancient pagans , who averre the selfesame truth , whose ioynt concurrent authorities he cannot deny . if wee cast our eyes upon councels ; we shall finde , these severall councels in severall countries and ages ; to wit , * concilium laodicenum . can. . eliberinum . can. . . arelatense . . can. . & . can. . carthaginense . . can. . & . carthaginense . . can. . & . aphricanum . can. . , . agathense . can. . in s●rius , but . in carranza . vene●ic●m . can. . constantinopolitanum . . in trullo . can. , . . & . turonense . . can. . . cabilonense . . can. . moguntinum . anno dom. . can. . . rhemense . anno. . can. . * synodus francica sub zacharia papa . anno dom. . aquisgranense concilium . sub ludovico pio. canon . . , . concil . parisiense . can. . moguntinum sub rabano archiepiscopo . can. . synodus . oecumenica . can. . * capitula graecarum synodorum . can. . concilium lateranense . . can. . * concil . basiliense . sessio . . & appendix ●●usde● concilij . concil . senonense . can. . nicaenum . . can. . mediolanense . . de mimis & circulatoribus . cap. concil . carolo magnum . can. . coloniense . anno. . pars . cap. . pars . cap. . pars . cap. . synodus augustensis . can. . concil . coloniense . sub adolpho . anno. . can. . synodus moguntina . anno. . sub sebastiano . cap. . & . together with k concilium lingonense . anno. . senonense . anno. . carnotense . anno. . burdigense . . bituriense . . turonicum . . cap. . senonense . . cap. . wee shall finde , i say , these . severall councels , together with l sundry other canonicall constitutions ; prohibiting not onely players , under the penalty of excommunication , from acting ; but even all other christian● ( especially clergy-men ) under the selfesame penalty from hearing , seeing , and frequenting stage-playes ; as for sundry other reasons , so especially for this ; because stage-playes , would contaminate their eyes , their eares , their mindes , their hearts ; effeminate , yea deprave their spirits ; exasperate and foment their lusts ; indispose them , disable them to the religious performance of every holy duty , and usher in by their eyes , and eares , the whole troope of vices , into their soules . an irrefragable confirmation of our present assumption . if we survey againe those moderne christian authors , who have written against stage-playes , we shall finde them all concurring with us in this truth● i shall onely recite some few of them , by which you may easily conjecture of the rest m cirques and theaters ( writes francis petrarcha ) are the two places which have beene knowne to be alwayes most opposite to good manners , whether if any bad man goe ; he will returne much worse : for this iourny ( pray observe it ) is altogether unknowne to good men ; who if they ignorantly chance to goe unto them by any accident , are sure not to want defilement . n stage-playes which thou willingly beholdest , are such things , as can neither be honestly acted , nor honestly seene ; neither is it easie to tell , whether the actor or the spectator be more infamous ; or whether the stage be more filthy then the scaffold ; unlesse it be , that poverty oft● times drawes m●n into the one● but va●ity alwayes into the other . o n●ither is there a greater co●sumption of patrimonies at stage-playes , then of manners ; where lust is learned , humanity forgotten . what you might expect from stage-playes , even from the very beginning , the first of your kings , romulus , may give you a guesse , who by these circumvented that riged , rough unpleasant chastity of the sabin● virgins ; albeit the honor of matrimony , hath in some sort covered that offence . but to how many since this have stage-playes beene the way , not to wedlocke , but to whoredome , and disorderly liberty ? i will that thou remember this as the summe of all ; that chastity hath beene oft-times overthrowne by stage-playes , alwayes assaulted . and that i may not speake of men , the ●ury of whose wickednesse is such , that they doe now welnigh even glory in adultery : the good name , and chastity of many women hath there perished : many have thence returned home unchaste , more ambiguous , but not one more honest : these are the events , these the fruits of stage-playes : ( and are they then desirable , or true christian pleasures ? ) p now who would willingly stretch out his throat to receive the sword that cuts it ? who will poure out more blood out of his bleeding wound ? who will become lesse fearefull at the sight of death ? what doth it availe you to run to the schoole of lust and cruelty ? you need no masters ; you are naturally too docible of evill things . you learne more at home by your selves , then is needfull : what will you learne if these artificers of wickednesse , and the mistresse of errors , the multitude , should be added to such ready wits ? many , whom nature had made meeke , and chaste , have stage-playes taught cruelty , and incontinency . the minde of man which is naturally prone to vices is not therefore to be instigated , but brideled : if it be left to it selfe , it will hardly stand ; if it be violently driven forward , it will fall downe hedlong . q much evill is conveyed into us by the eares , but much more by the eyes : by them , as by two open windowes doth death breake in upon the soule : nothing more powerfully sinkes into the memory , then that which is apprehended by the eye : things that are onely heard doe easily passe away ; the images of the things we see sticke fast in our mindes even against our wills : yet notwithstanding , they doe not offer themselves undesired , but to such who willingly behold them , unlesse it be very seldome , and that in ● transitory manner to passe soone away . whether goest thou therefore ? what impetus or gust doth violently dragge thee ? that thou shouldest reioyce but for an houre , in that which thou maist chance eternally to lament : that thou shouldest run to see that once , the very sight of which thou maist a thousand times repent off . * i know not what pleasant , or rather what not bitter , or sorrowfull thing , you perceive in stage-playes : neither doe i discerne any other greater argument of madnesse in you , then that i see you daily allured unto death by miserable entisements , and as if you were drowned in an infernall slumber , a bitter sweetnesse , and an unpleasant pleasure , precipitates you . for there is one rule almost of all things to you ; whatever you desire , whatever you endeaver , whatever you doe , is against your selves . thus petrarcha , most elegantly , most divinely . to him i might adde the concurrent suffrages of alexander fabritius , in his destructorium vitiorum . pars . cap. . b. * mapheus vegius , de educatione liberorum . lib. . cap. . & lib. . cap. . & . ludovicus vives in augustinum de civitate de● . lib. . cap. . , . & lib. . cap. . to , cap. . , , . & de causis corrupt . artium . lib. . pag. . . agippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . , . peter martyr locorum communium classis . . cap. . sect . . . cap. . sect . . . & commentary upon iudges p. . master gualther . hom. in nahum . . bodinus de republica . lib. . cap. . iohannes de burgo . pupilla oculi . pars . cap. . v. danaeus ethicae christianae . lib. . cap. . polydor virgil , de invent. rerum . lib. . cap. . franciscus z●phyrus . comment in tertislliani apologiam . advers gentes , p●ter de prima●day , in his french achademy . c. . pag. . a stexanus de casibus . lib. . titulus ● lib. . titulus● ● artic. . theodorus balsamon in phocij nom●canonis . titulus . cap. . bochellus , decreta ecclesia gallicanae . lib. . titulus . c. . ioannes mariana , & barnabas brissonius , in their bookes , de spectaculis . together with bul●ngerus , de theatro . lib. . c. . . * where he confesseth , that all authors , both sacred and prophane , have declaimed against the filthinesse and lewdnesse of the stage , not onely because of the obscenity of their playes , but likewise because their motions and gestures also are unchaste , in so much that the very stewes themselves were oft-times brought upon the stage , and prosti●uted under it . whence varro writes , that that is obscene which is not spoken openly but onely on the stage &c. doctor reinolds , in his preface to his . theses , and in his overthrow of stage-playes thorowout . printed . and now reprinted , . doctor sparkes , in his r●hearsall sermon at pauls crosse , aprill , . master perkins , in his treatise of conscience . c. . and on the . commandement . ma●●er stubs , in his anatomy of abuses pag. . to . master northbrooke , in his treatise against vaine playes and enterludes . pag. . to . a booke intituled , the church of evill men and women , whereof lucifer is the head● and the members , are all dissolute players , and sinners . printed by richard pinson in o. a treatise of dances , printed in o. . wherein it is shewed , that dances are as it were acc●ssaries , or dependants , or things annexed unto whoredome : where also by the way is proved ; that playes are ioyned and k●it together in a ranke with them . the second and third blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . , , , , , , , , , , , , to . ( all pregnant places to our purpose ) printed by authority . london , . mast●r gosson , in his schoole of abuse . two bookes , the one in●i●uled , the myrror for magistrates of c●ties ; the other , the counter-blast to stage-playes , by an uncertaine author● iohn field , in his declaration of gods iudgement shewed at paris garden . ianuary the . . printed by henry carre , . i. g. in his refutation of haywoods apologie for actors . master thomas beard , in his theater of gods iudgements . cap. . master elton , and master dod , on the . commandement . bishop ba●ly , in his preface to the practise of piety . bishop hall , in his epistles . decad. . epist. . i. p. minister of feversha● , in his booke intituled , the covenant betweene god and man. exposition on the . commandement . doctor layton , in his speculum bellisacr● . cap. . master brinsl● , in his true watch. part . abomination . p. . . master iohn downham , i● his guide to godlinesse . lib. . cap. . sect . . and in his summe of divinity . lib. . cap. . pag. . and richard rawledge , in his scourging of tiplers . pag. . . . who * all with one unanimous vote condemne all stage-playes , as altogether abominable unto christians , from this very reason among sundry others ; that they irritate and foment mens carnall lusts : pollute their soules with adulterous affections , defile their eyes , their eares , their hearts with filthinesse ; and allure , ye precipitate both their actors and spectators to all actuall lewdnesse , and execrable uncleanesses ; being as so many panders , bellowes , and firebrands to their vile luscivious desires . but passing by all these with a briefe quotation of their names and workes , to which you may resort , as being too tedious to recite at large ; i shall onely relate unto you what . other authors of our owne have written , concerning the lewde effects of stage-playes . the first of them is reverend bishop babington , who writes thus of playes . s these prophane and wanton stage-playes or enterludes , what an occasion they are of adultery and uncleanesse by gesture , by speech , by convayances , by devices to attaine to so ungodly desires , the world knoweth by too much hurt , by long experience . vanities they are if we make the best of them , and the prophet prayeth * to have his eyes turned away by the lord from beholding such matter . t evill words corrupt good manners , & they have abundance . there is in them , ever many dangerous ●ights , and u we must abstaine from all appearance of evill . they corrupt the eyes with alluring gestures ; the eyes , the heart ; and the heart the body , till all be horrible before the lord. histrionicis gestibus inquinantur omnia ( saith chrysostome . ) these players behaviour polluteth all things : and of their playes he saith ; they are the feasts of satan , the inventions of the devill , &c. councels have decreed very sharpely against them , and polluted bodies by these filthy occasions have on their death-beds confessed the danger of them , lamented their owne foule and grievous faults , and left their warning for ever with us to beware of them . but i referre you to them , that upon good knowledge of the abominations of them , have written largely and well against them . * if they be dangerous in the day time , more dangerous are they in the night certainely : if on a stage , and in open courts , much more in chambers and private houses . for there are many roomes besides that where the play is ; and peradventure the strangenesse of the place , and lacke of light to guide them , causeth error in their way , more then good christians should in their houses suffer . thus this right godly prelate of our church , who makes stage-playes a breach of the . commandement , because they are the frequent occasions both of contemplative , and actuall fornication , and the inducements to it . the second , is one master stephen gosson , ( once a professed play-poet ; yea a great patron , and admirer of playes and players , x as himselfe confesseth , till god had called him to repentance , and opened his eyes to see their abominablenesse : ) who among other things , writeth thus of stage-playes . y as i have already discovered the corruption of playes , by the corruption of their causes ; the efficient , the matter , the forme , the end ; so will i conclude the effects , that this poyson workes among us . the devill is not ignorant how mightily these outward spectacles effeminate and soften the hearts of men ; vice is learned with beholding ; sinne is tickled , desire pricked , and those impressions of minde are secretly conveyed over to the gazers , which the players counterfeit on the stage . as long as we know our selves to be flesh beholding those examples in theaters that are incident to flesh , we are taught by other mens examples how to fall . and they that come honest to a pl●y , may ●●part infected . z lactantius doub●eth , whether any corruption can be greater , th●n that which is daily bred by playes , because th● expr●ssi●g of vice by imi●atien , brings us by ●he shadow , to the substance of the same . whereupon he affirmeth t●●m necessary to be banished , les● wickednesse be learned , or with the custome of pleasure by little and little we forget god. what force th●re ●s in the gestures of players , may be gathered by the tale of bacchus and ariadne , which a xenophon reporteth to be ●layed at a banquet , by a syracusian , his boy , and his dancing tru●● . in came the syracusian , not unlike to the prologue o● our playes , discoursing the argument of the fable : then ●ntred ariadn● , gorgeously attired like a bride , and sate in the pr●sence of them all : b after came bacchus , dancing to the pipe : ariadne p●rceiving him , c though she neither rose to meet● him , nor stirred from the place to welcome him , yet she shewed by her gesture that she sate upon th●r●es . d when bacchus beheld her , expressing in his dance the passions of love , he placed hims●lfe somewhat neere to her , and embraced her : she with an amorous kinde of feare and strangenesse , as though she would thr●st him away with the little finger , and pull him againe with bo●h ●●r hands , somewhat t●●●rously and doubtfully entertained him . e at this the beholders began to shout , when bacchus rose up , tenderl● li●ting ariadne from her seate ; no small store of curtesie passing betweene them , the beholders rose up , every man stood on tiptoe , and seemed to h●ver over the prey : when they sware , the company sware : when they departed to bed , the company presently was set on fire : they that were married posted home to their wives : those that were single vowed solemnly to be wedded . ( a very notable history for our present purpose , especially as xenophon hath related it : ) as the stinge of phalangion spredeth her poyson thorow every vaine , when no hurt is seene , so amorous gesture stickes to the heart when no ●kin is raced . therefore cupid is painted wi●h bow and arrowes , because it is the property of lust to wound alo●ffe , which being well weighed ; f saint cyprian had very good cause to complaine ; that players are spots to our manners , nourishers of vice , and corrupters of all things by their gestures . the godly father , knowing the practice of playing to be so evill , and the inconveniences so monstrous that grew thereby ; g thinkes the maiesty o god to be stained , the honor of his church defaced , when players are admitted to the table of the lord. ne●ther was this the opinion of saint cyprian alone , but of the whole assembly of godly fathers in the h councell held under constantius the emperour . great then is the hardnesse of our hearts when neither fathers , nor councels● nor god himselfe strikes us with any shame of that , which every good man is ashamed to remember . mine eyes throughly beheld the manner of theaters when i wrote playes my selfe , * and found them to be the very markets of bavvdery ; where choyce without shame hath beene as free , as it is for your money in the royall exchange , to take a short stocke or a long ; a faling band , or a french ruffe . the first building of theaters was to ravish the sabines , and that they were continued in whoredome ever after , ovid con●esseth in these words : i scilicet ex islo solennia more theatra , nunc quoque formo●is insidiosa manent . as at the first , so now ; theaters are snares to faire women . and as i ●old you long agoe in my schoole of abuses ; * our theaters and play-houses in london are as full of s●cret adultery as they were in rome . in rome it was the fashion of wanton yong men , to place themselves as nigh as they could to the curtesans , to present them pome-granates , to play with their garments , and waite on them home when the sport was done . * in the play-houses at london , it is the fashion of youthes to goe first into the yard , and to carry their eye thorow every gallery , then like unto ravens , where they spy the carrion thither they fly , and presse as neere to the fairest as they can . in stead of pome-granats they give them * pippins , they dally with their garments to passe the time , * they minister talke upon all occasions , & either bring them home to their houses on small acquaintance , or slip into tavernes when the playes are done . he thinketh best of his painted sheath , and taketh himself for a ●olly fellow , that is noted of most to be busiest with women in all such places . this open corruption is a pricke in the eyes of them that see it , and a thorne in the sides of the godly when they heare it . this is a poyson to t●e behold●rs , and a nursery of idlenesse to the players . thus far master goss●r , who in his schoole of abuse , hath much more to this purpose . the third of them is master iohn brinsly , an eminent worthy divine : who writes thus of stage-playes . * but to passe over these also , with all other unlawfull flockings and lewde sports upon the sabbath , by euery of which the worke of the lord is hindred , as every one must needs acknowledge . what defence can we make for that concourse that is ordinary to those wanton playes in such places , even upon that day ? in which are the continuall sowings of all ath●isme , and throwing the very firebra●ds of all filthy and noysome lusts into the hearts of poore simple soules the stirring up and blowing the ●oales of concupiscence to kindle and increase the fire thereof , to breake out into an ●ideou● fl●me untill it * burne downe to hell. aske but your owne hearts as in the presence of the lord , and you will need no further witnesse . and how can it be otherwise ? how can you take these fireb●ands of hell into your bosomes , and not be burnt ? * is not every filthy speech , euery whorish gesture , such a firebrand cast by satan into the heart of every wanton beholder , as a brand cast into a bundle of tow , or into a barrell of gun-powder , to set all on fire of a sudden ? * thy● pro●ection is gone whosoever thou art , that adventurest hither , for thou art out of thy wayes . these are not the wayes of the lord , and much lesse upon his sabbath , when thou shouldest be amongst his people , and doing his worke , where his angels waite for thee , his owne presence expects thee . * how then shouldest thou possibly escape when tho● wilt offer thy heart naked unto these fiery darts of satan ? how canst thou thinke to be delivered from that flame in thy soule ; that fire in the infernall lake , that river of brimstone that shall never be consumed nor quenc●ed , when thou wilt desperately cast thy selfe headlong into the middest thereof ? how can it be but that such must needs bring fagots and firebrands to set in the gates of our hierusalem ? the fourth of them is m. robert bolton , a reverend learned minister of our church , now living ; who writes thus of stage-playes . k lastly , let those examine themselves at this marke , who offer themselves to these sinfull occasions , breeders of many strange and fearefull mischi●fes , i meane prophane and obscene playes . pardon me , beloved , i cannot passe by these abominable spectacles without particular indignation . for i have ever esteemed them ( since i had any understanding in the wayes of god ) the grand ●mpoysoners of grace , ingenuousnesse , and all manly resolution ; greater plagues and infections to your soules , then the contagious pestilence to your bodies : the inexpiable staine and dishonor to this famous city . the noysome wormes th●t canker and blast the generous and noble buds of this land : and doe by a slie and bewitching insinuation , so empoyson all seeds of vertue , and so weaken and emasculate all the operations of the soule , with a prophane , if not an unnaturall dissolutenesse ; * that whereas they are planted in these worthy houses of law , to be fitted and enabled for great and honourable actions , for the publike good , and th● continuance of the glory and happinesse of this kingdome ; they licentiously dissolve into wicked vanities and pleasures : and all hope of ever doing good either unto god , the church , their country , or owne soules , melteth as the winter ice , and floweth away as unprofi●able waters . these infamous spectacles are condemned by all kinde of sound learning , both divine and humane . distinctions devised for their upholding and defence , may g●ve some shallow and weake contentment to partiall , and sensuall affections , possest with preuidice : but how shall they be able to satis●ie a conscience sensible of all appearance of evill ? how can they preserve the inclinablenesse of our corrupt nature from the in●ection of these schooles of levvdnesse , and sinck●s of all sinne , as , ( to omit divines , councels , fathers , moralists , because the point is not directly incident ) even a l politician calls them . alas , are not our wretched corruptions raging and fiery enough , being left to themselves dispersed at their naturall liberty ; but they must be united at these accursed theaters , as in a hollow glasse , to set on fire the whole body of our naturall viciousnesse at once , and to c●rage it further with lust , fiercenesse , and effeminatenesse , beyond the compasse of nature ? * doth any man thinke it possible that the power of saving grace , or the pure spirit of god can reside in his heart , that willingly and with full consent feeds his inward concupiscence , with such variety of sinfull vanities , and lewd occasions , which the lord himselfe hath pronounced to be , m an abomination unto him ? how can any man , that ever felt in his heart the love or feare of so dreadfull a maiesty , as the lord of heaven and earth , e●dure to be present , especially with delight and contentment , at oathes , blasthemies , obscenities , and the abusing sometimes of the most precious things in the booke of god , ( whereat we should tremble ) to most base and scurrill ●ests ? certainely every child of god , is of a most noble and heroicke spirit , and therefore is most impatient of he●ring any wrong , indignity , or dishonor offered to the word , name , or glory of his almighty father , &c. thus this grave reverend divine ; in proofe of my assumption . if any man deeme all these or any of the fo●e-quoted fathers and councels over-pa●tiall , in the case of playes , let him then attend unto some pagan authors , who concurre in iudgement with them . not to recite the fore-mentioned story of the syracusian with his boy and trull , who acting bacchus and ariadne , ( as n xenophon relates it ) enflamed the fleshly lusts of all the spectators in a strange excessive measure : ( a sufficient exp●riment to confirme my minors ●ruth : ) aristotle himselfe records it : o that those who behold the motions , and actions of players in stage-playes , although there b● neither verse , nor singing in them , are yet notwithstanding so moved , and affected as the things are acted in them : so that if the things they act , be filthy or lascivious , the affections , the actions , the desires of the spectators must bee such : o this therefore ( writes he ) is to be commended , that the tender mindes of children be with-drawen , not onely from the hearing , but likewise from the fight of filthy servile things . therefore the lawgiver , if he doth any other thing , ought verily , even utterly to banish all obscenity of speech out of the city . for the liberty of doing filthily and obscenely , is next to the liberty of speaking filthily and obscenely : therefore obscenities are especially to be exterminated from yong tender mindes , that they neither heare nor speake any such thing . but if a●y one shall be deprehended either to speake or doe any of the things prohibited , if h● be a free-man , and so y●ng as to be liable to correction , he shall be shamed , and beaten with rods : but if he be too old to be thus chastised , he shall be branded with s●me s●rvile disgrace for this his flavish offence . p and because we prohibit the speech of any such thing , we doe likewise verily inhibit the spectacles both of unchaste pictures and fables . therefore magistrates must take care that no filthiness● or obscenity be shewed neither in shewes , nor pictures ; vnlesse it be where there are such gods ( and i am sure our holy god , q who is purer of eyes then to behold iniquity , is not such a one ) to whom such lasciviousnesse is granted by the lawes , ●nd among whom those who are of riper yeeres are permitted to offer sacrifices , or to performe religious worship for themselves , their chi●dren and wives . but the law must prohibite yong men to be spectators , bo●h of iambickes , and come●ies , before they come to their full age , when as education or discipline shall have made them free , from all the inconveniences both of drunkennesse it selfe , and of all other th●ngs that issue from it . r neither verily did theodorus the tragedian perchance c●re in this , that he would not permit any , no not the slightest actor , to act before him , because the spectators are wont most commonly to be more taken and delighted with those things which they first heare . for this very thing is incident both to the nature and use of things themselves , that the first things are most acceptable and dilightfull . wherefore all evill things are to be removed from children , but especi●lly all lewdnesse and lasciviousnesse ; which is most rife in stage-playes . thus aristotle , whose words i would our magistrates , our parents would consider . xenophon , in●ormes us : s that the persians did never so much as speake of any amorous things to you●hs , lest levity ●oyning it selfe to that vehement iust which was in them , they should immodera●ly addict thems●lves to those their lusts : intimating thereby ; that amorous obscene words ; ( much t more then lewde lascivious , ribaldrous stage-playes , in which filthy speeches , verses , ditties , gestures , shewes , and actions are united ) are as fire and fewell to mens lusts ; as himselfe recordeth in his forementioned story . plato relates , u that comicall and tragicall poems and poets , effeminate mens mindes , corrupt thei● iudgements , provoke laughter , treat of lecherous things , no●●●●● 〈◊〉 w●ter mens sinfull lusts , which should be dried up ; givi●g t●em a cōmanding power over men , when as they should be subi●ct to them : and for these and such like reasons he e●clu●●s 〈◊〉 po●ts , and stage-playes out of his common-we●lth , as inchauating and bewitching mischie●es , that fo●ent and stirre u● those corruptions which every man should labour to the utmos● to avoyd . cornelius tacitus rankes theaters and st●we● together : assuring us from his owne experience ; x that all kindes of w●ckednesses and infamy did issue from them in an apparant man●●r ; and that no ●ilth did yeeld more plenty of lusts to corrupt manners , then playes . y therefore divers of the senators and people exclaimed against pompie , for building gall●ries about the stage , wherein the people might sit the greater part of the day beholding stage-playes , which did by little and l●●tle corrupt , yea utterly abolish and s●bv●●t their country manners , inducing th●m to exercise dishonest loves , and drawing them on to commit that lewdnesse in the night , which they lust●ully beh●ld and desired in the day time . this was the fruit of stage-playes then , which made this author to cond●mne them , and many grave senators to d●claime against them . z seneca the philosopher informes us : a that in stage-playes vices d●e game a more easie passage i●to our hearts . b and that those men ●nd women wh● harden their for●-heads by frequenting stage-playes , doe wholy neglect philosophy , and passe over to the stewes or br●thel h●●se at last ; a thing he much lament● , as being the common practise of his age : wherefore he c adviseth lucilius to avoyd all playes , together w●●h the ill company that frequented them ; who were able to corrupt even socrates , cato , and laelius themselves ; much more then those o● meaner vertue ; who are never able to withstand the violence of these vices ( which are accompanied and backed by the mul●itud● , ) even then when they doe most arme themselves against them ; much lesse , when as they are not fi●ted to resist them . to passe by the . epistle of marcus aurelius to lam●ert , which i shall quote hereafter ; even d ovid himselfe acknowledgeth ; that stage-playes are meer● bawdes and pand●rs to mens lusts ; that they were the causes of much wheredome , lewdnesse and adultery , even from their very first invention , to the times in which h● lived ; therefore in his art of loving , he advis●th all amorous , unchaste , lascivious persons to haunt theaters , as being the places that were most suitable , most advantagious to their u●chaste desires , where they should seldome misse th●ir prey : and aft●r , in his penetentiary elegies , for these wanton ●ookes of love , e for which he was exiled : ●e informes augustus ; f that playes are the seminaries of lewdnesse , the causes of much sinne , much whor●dome , and adultery in many ; wh●re●or● he adviseth him to demo●●sh all theaters , to abandon all cirques , and blocke up all p●ssages to them both , as be●ng the publik● marts where adulterers and adulteresses commonly met without controll , to conclude their adulterous bargaines , and make up their unchaste ●e●etricious matches . g a most pregnant ratification of our present assumption ; and a passage worth the noting , because a most lascivious poet , ( who was as farre from puritanisme or over-strict precisenesse , as he was from christianity ) hath registred it to posterity , as an experimentall truth : the poet horace h doth couple whores and stage-haunters together , as being equally adulterous , and unchaste : moreover hee stiles stage-playes , i base playes ; k which men ought not to esteeme ; l but to account as toyes m and trifles , which yet notwithstanding bring men into serious evills , and n by their pleasantnesse impell the mindes of the auditors to what-ever they please . the poet iuvenal tells us in plaine te●mes . o t●at a man in his time could not picke forth one chaste woman , which he ●ight safely love as his wife , out of the whole play-hou●e : that all w●men ( let such who have beautifull gadding play-haunting wives , and daughters marke it , ) who frequent stage-playes , or love lascivious mixt dancing , are inco●●nent , unchaste , and infamous persons , who have for●aited their good names , and beare ou● their dishonest actions with their audacious cariage . p that they are such who burne in unchaste , in filthy lu●ts , and commit ad●ltery in ●ar●est , ( as they did in their solemne feasts of priapus , ) not in sport or representation onely : in so ●uch that they would prostitute themselves to servants , to hired wat●r-bearers , and the very basest persons for want of others , rath●r then not satisfie their beastly raging lusts : such were the play-haunting females in this poets age ; and i feare that ours are but little better now , as i shall expresly prove in the next ensuing scene . you see then , how all the fore-recited fathers , councels , moderne christian writers , and ancient pagan authors give punctuall t●stimony to my minors truth , which no one a●thor to my knowledge● whether anci●nt or moderne , christian or pagan , did ever yet gainsay : therefore we may resolve upon it without any further scruple ; and thereupon reject , reno●nce all stage-playes , as the defilements of mens eyes , mens eares , * mens soules : the incendiaries , the fomenters of filthy lusts : the very pand●rs● allurements , and provocations to contemplative , to actuall uncleanesse , whoredome , adultery , and the like , which bring destruction to me●s soules . and indeed , how can they choose but irritate mens lusts and draw them on to lewde unchaste affections , and meretricious filthy practises . for r when a man shall delightfully behold adulteries , whoredomes , incests , together with all other obscene abominations , even lively personated , emphatically expressed before his face ; s when ●e shall heare these beastly sinnes appla●ded , varnished and set o●t to sale with the most elegant expressions ; the most rhetoricall , patheticall , flexanimous , encomiums : the most insinuating love-compl●ments , and amorous streines of wit , of eloquence , that either the oratory of h●ll , or lust can reach to : when he shall seriously con●●mplate those t lascivious gestures , dances , complements , embracements : those meretricious kisses , claspings and da●●●●●es : those wanton smiles , those petulant nods , th●se unchaste s●gnes , those lust-irritating motions which passe betweene amorous love-sicke actors . when he shall heare such u scurrilous pastorals , such ribaldrous ditties , such inescating love-sonnets ; such effeminate , overcomming , heart-resolving musicke , which prepare the auditors to uncleanesse , & subiect them as so many captives to their enraged lusts . when both x his eyes , his eares , affections , heart , and all his senses shal be wholy taken up , with such amorous , y beautifull lust-provoking obiects as are able to reviue the most mortified carnall affections ; z to fire , the most frozen benummed lusts ; to overcome the most chaste and continent heart ; ( all which concurre at once in stage-playes : ) how can it but ingender , not onely a sparke or two , a but an whole fl●me , an hell of filthy lusts within his soule ; and carry him on to all uncleanesse even with a full carere ? we all know by wofull experience , that all men ( but b especially yong men and women , who are the most assiduous play-haunters ) are exceeding prone by nature to unchaste adulterous desires , to c fleshly lusts which warre against their soules : no sinnes d so consonant to their depraved natures as these . hence is it , e that those who live the m●st retired lives ; who keepe the most constant watch over their owne deceitfull hearts : who most mortifie and keepe under their rebellious carnall lusts by prayer and fasting ; by substracting all that ●ewell , that provision which should nourish them : who abstaine from all appearance of evill ; from all those lascivious lust-enflaming obiects , which might either steine their soules with unchaste desires , or defile their bodies with adulterous copulaetions , are oft-tim●● vexed and assaulted ; yea sometimes vanquished , and foyled 〈◊〉 their carnall lusts : as the examples of f lot , g david , h saint paul , k saint hierom , and some others ●estifie . and if l these men oft-times fall into these lustfull passions of their owne accord , even then when as they have kept watch and ward against them , by avoyding all occasions which might provoke them to them : how much more then must our common actors and play-haunters , who adde fire , spurres , and fewell to their enraged , unbrideled lusts in stage-playes , be much more conquered and subdued by them . m if he who keepes the farthest distance from lascivious lust-enraging stage-playes , can ha●dly keepe his affections , his body within the bounds of chastity ; how then can they be chaste in minde , in body , who live and wallow in them with delight . alas , how can the weak●st stand , when the strongest fall ? how can the carelesse be secure , where the most vigilant are surprised ? h●w can unmortified gracelesse n yongsters continue chaste , untainted , unpolluted , either in thought , in soule , in body , in the very middest of all the temptations , the defilements of lust-irritating polluted obiects ; in the very stewes and brothel-house of lust ; the very schoole and shop of venery , lechery , and lewdnesse ; ( for o so some stile the play-house● ) when as the p most mortified gracious christians , who have retired themselves wholy from all carnall obiects ; who have with-drawne their eyes , their eares , their thoughts from all lust-fomenting pleasures of sinne , have yet beene desteined with uncleane affections , in the very middest of holy duties in their private closets ? since therefore the very dearest of gods saints , q who alwayes warre against their lusts , are * oft-times foyled , vexed , or disturbed by them , even then when as there are no externall objects to tempt them : much more then must common actors and play-haunters , r who yeeld themselves over as slaves , as vassalls to their untamed carnall lusts , be steined , conquered , and controlled by them . and here i appeale unto the consciences of players , of play-haunters for proofe of this effect . doe not your owne hearts experimentally informe you , that there are many sinfull swarmes * and flames of lust , * many lewde unchaste affections oft kindled in your brests s by the very acting , sight , and hearing of lascivious stage-playes ? doe not the wanton gestures ; the amorous kisses , complements , and salutes ; the meretricious songs and speeches ; the lascivious whorish actions ; the beautifull faces ; the ravishing musicke , the flexanimous enticements , the witty obscenities , the rhetoricall passages , the adulterous representations , with al the other fomentations of uncleanesse in the play-house , ( t which are as so many fiery darts of satan to wound our soules with lust ; as so many u conduict-pipes , or chariots to usher concupiscence into our hearts , x thorow the doores , the portals of our eyes and eares ; ) even raise a tempest of unchaste affections ; yea kindle a very hell of lusts within your soules ? do not they strongly y instigate & inrage your carn●ll mindes adding much fewell unto your lewde desires ? doe not they fraught z your eyes , your eares , your hearts with filthy obiects , so that they cannot cease from sinne ? have they not ca●s●d you to looke upon whores and strumpets , upon b●autifull comely women with a lustfull eye , a and so to commit , if not actuall , yet contemplative adultery with th●m in your hearts , either more or lesse ? if you deny all this , your owne consciences , together with all the fore-recited fathers , councels , christian and pagan authors will presently convince you of a lie . if you acknowledge it ; as needs you must ; since your owne consciences , with all the premises b will force you to confesse it ; you must certainely ioyne hands , ioyne hearts , and iudgements with me in censuring , in condemning stage-playes , because they contaminate and defile both their actors , their spectators soules and bodies ; because they thus instigate , nourish , and enflame their inseperable c sinfull fleshly lusts which war against their soules ; d which should be mortefied , and subdued ; e not fostered , not fomented , as they are . scena qvarta . the fourth effect or fruit of stage-playes , is actuall adultery , whoredome , and uncleanesse , which are no wayes tolerable among christians : from whence this . argument doth arise . that which is an immediate occasion , furtherance , or fomentation of much actuall adultery , fornication , whoredome , and uncleanesse , must needs be abominable , and utterly unlawfull unto christians , but such are stage-playes , as i shall cleerely manifest . therefore they must needs be abominable , and utterly unlawfull unto christians . my minor must bee yeelded , f because adultery , fornication , whoredome , with all other actuall uncleanesse , ( how ever men may chance to ●light them as meere triviall , veniall sins ) are most damnable soule-murthering abominations . which god , which christian men abhorre . the sinfulnesse , the damnablenesse , of these foule crying sinnes , ( which , alas ; are now so frequent in the world , g that the commonnesse of them hath made them tollerable , if not commendable and lawfull in the eyes of many , who are so farre from being ashamed of , that they even boast and glory in th●se lascivious wickednesses ; ) will easily appeare by these particulars : first , they are sinnes against the expresse letter of the . commandement . h thou shalt not commit adultery : as all ancient , and moderne expositors of this commandement testifie . secondly , they are sinnes , i abundantly condemned thorowout the old and new testament , as abominable and highly displeasing unto god ; whose wrath none can stand under . thirdly , they are the very k workes and products of the flesh ; l issuing alwayes from a polluted heart devoyd of grace . fourthly , m they are those execrable sinnes , those abominable pollutions wherein the idolatrous pagan gentiles lived , whose lewdnesse christians must not imitate . fiftly , n they are those shamefull , * desperate filthy workes of darknesse which the most audacious miscreants are afraide , yea utterly ashamed to commit in the day-time , in the face and view of others , out of a selfe-guiltinesse , an inward consciousnesse of their vilenesse ; p in the act of which if any are deprehended , they are in the very terrors of the shadow of death ; like men distracted they know not what to doe , nor whether to flie , the very foulenesse of the fact amazing them , and the least noyse affrighting them . sixtly , * they are sinnes which most abominably pollute the bodies and soules of men , making them ●dious both in the eyes of god , and men . seventhly , r they are sinnes which bring abundance of shame , of dishonour upon the persons , families , and posterities of those who are guilty of them , and even quite deprive them of their glory : a wound , a dishonour shall they get , and their reproach shall not be wiped away ; as the very wisest of men informes us . sixtly , they are sinnes s which wholy infatuate and steale away mens hearts ; so t that they are as an oxe that goeth to the slaughter ; or as a foole who is led to the correction of the stockes ; till a dart shrike thorow their liver ; or as a bird that hastneth to the snare , not knowing that it is for his life . yea these sinnes doe so besot men , that they can neither consider the danger of them ; nor yet use meanes for to escape them . ninthly , * they consume , they putrifie , not onely the soules , the spirits , but the very bodies , and estates of men , bringing them even to a morselt of bread . tenthly , they ingenerate many filthy * loathsome diseases , which oft-times so putrifie the bodies of lewde adulterous persons , that they even stinke above ground , becoming odious , yea intollerable to themselves and others : which made s. chrysostome to affirme , y that an adulterer even in this life , before he goes to hell , is the most miserable , the most wre●ched of all men . eleventhly , they are such sinnes , z as are not so much as once to be named ( much lesse then practised ) among christians , whom they doe not become ; those therefore are no true christians who take pleasure in them . twefely , they are such sinnes , as a exclude men , both from the society of gods children here , who are not so much as to converse , or eate with fornicators , or adulterers : and likewise b from the word , the sacraments , the publike assemblies of the saints ; from which all fornicators , adulterers , strumpets , and unchaste persons are ipso facto by the very law of god , and c man , to be excommunicated ; that so they may be delivered up to satan for the destruction of the flesh , till they shall give some outward actuall testimony of their sincere repentance for these sin● . thirteenthly , they are such sins , as make a man exceeding guilty in gods sight . d a man may as well take fire in his bosome , and his cl●athes not be burnt ; or goe upon coles , and his feet not be scorched , as goe into his neighbours wife , and yet be innocent : whence salomon informes us ; e that a strange woman increaseth transgressions amongst men . fourteenthly , they are sinnes which oft times shorten and cut off the lives of men : f and draw on murther after them : for g as the ad●itresse will hunt for the precious life of a man : h so iealousie is the rage of a man ; there●ore he will not spare in the day of vengeance : he will not regard an● ransome , neither will he rest content , though thou givest many gifes . these sinnes were i the cause that the sonnes of iacob slew the sechemites and spoiled their city , for ravishing and using their sister dinah as an whore. these k were the death of all those israelites who committed whoredome with the daughters of moab , whom god himselfe commanded te be slaine . l these occasioned the warre betweene the bexiamites and the other tribes of the children of israell , in which there were threescore and five thousand men and upwards slaine ; yea , the whole tribe of benjamin where the levites concubine was ravished , ( which occasioned this warre , ) were almost utterly destroyed , there being . men of them onely left alive by meanes of these men-slaying sins . these sins m caused david , to destroy vriah : n absalom to murther his brother ammon for ravishing his sister tamar . these have o beene alwayes accompanied with much murther and bloodshed in all ages : these have caused the husband , to murther his wife ; the wife , to poyson her husband : one whore-master to murther his corrivals to the selfe-same strumpet : yea these have caused unnaturall mothers to murther their owne spuri●us issues , to conceale their l●wdnesse ; as authors , as our owne p statutes , and experience teach us : therefore they must needs be crying● because they are bloody sinnes . fiftenthly , they are such sinnes which offer an high indignity to the whole trinity . first , to god the father , q not onely in taking those bodies that are his , which were made for himselfe alone , not for fornication ; and giving them up as prof●ssed instruments of sinne , to lust , to lewdnesse , to satan , to all uncleanesse : but likewise in contaminating , oblitterating , and casting dirt , yea sinne , upon his r most holy image stamped on them . secondly , to iesus christ our lord , s in taking those bodies which are his members , purchased with his most precious blood , that they might be preserved pure and chaste to him ; and making them the members of an harlot . thirdly , to god the holy ghost ; * in defiling those bodies , which are the temples of the holy ghost , which is in us ; who cannot indure any pollution , especially in his temples , which should be alwayes holy , as he is holy . * and who is there so desperately wicked , that dares thus affront the whole trinity it selfe by these cursed filthy sinnes ? sixteenthly , they are sinnes of which men very seldome repent . u a whore ( saith salomon ) is a deepe ditch , and a strange woman is a narrow pit ; ( out of which men can hardly recover themselves : ) x none that goe into her returne againe , neither take they hold of the pathes of life : and who then would ingage his soule upon such irrecoverable irrepenitable sins as these ? seventeenthly , y these sinnes are the very high-way to hell , the beaten rode to eternall death : z the end of them is bitter as wormwood , sharpe as a two-edged sword . wherefore salomon exhorts his sonne ; a to remove his way farre from a strange woman , and not to come nigh the doore of her house ; ( a place well worthy their observation , who feare not for to run to whore-houses , , or to cast themselves upon the temptations , the enticements of strumpets , as too many doe , ) b for her house inclineth unto death , and her pathes unto the dead : her feet goe downe to death , her steps take hold of hell : her house is the way to hell , going downe to the chambers of death : none that goe into her returne againe , neither take they hold of the path of life . eighteenthly , they are sinnes against the very bodies and soules of men . against the bodies of men ; as the apostle witnesseth . c flee fornication ; every sinne that a man doth is without the body , but he that committeth fornication sinneth against his owne body : that is , * in defiling it ; in dishonouring it ; in impayring it ; in destroying it . against the soules of men , as salomon testifieth : d who so ( saith he ) committeth adultery with an woman lacketh understanding ; he that doeth it , destroyeth his owne soule . and who would be so inhumanely , so atheistically desperate , as to destroy both soule and body for ever , to enjoy the momentany bitter-sweetnesse of these filthy sinnes ? nineteenthly ; they are sinnes , e which disable men to performe any holy duty acceptable to god. sinnes , f into which few fall , but such as are abhorred of the lord , and given up to a reprobate sence , to worke all wickednesse even with gre●dinesse . sinnes , g which devoure to destruction , and roote out all a mans increase . sinnes , h which cause the earth to rise up against men , and the fire not blowne to devo●re them . sinnes , i which draw downe the temporall , the eternall wrath of god upon the children of disobedience . k these were the sinnes that destroyed the old worldwith water : l which consumed the citties of sodom and gomorrah with fire from heaven ; which m caused three and twenty thousand of the isralites to fall in one day . these were the sinnes , n that caused god , in the yeere of our lord , . even in our citty of london ; to destroy with ●ire from heaven two cittizens , the one leaving his wife , the other her owne husband , whiles they were in the very act of adultery on the lords day ; their bodies being left dead , and halfe burnt up , for a spectacle of gods avenging iustice unto others . these are the sinnes ( but adultery and incest mor● especially ) o which god himselfe hath commanded to be punished with death , yea with stoning to death ; the most vile and shamefulest death of all others : yea these are such sinnes , that p not onely the iewes in ancient times ; but even meere pagans from the very light of nature , did punish with death it selfe . hence q drac● enacted ; that the adulterer taken in adultery , might without any danger to the party , be lawfully killed . r the selfe-same law was enacted by solon and plato . hence s romulus , among those lawes which he wrote in brasse and placed in the capitol , enacted ; that the convicted adulteresse should be put to death according as her husband , or his friends should thinke meete . which act was afterwards confirmed by the iulian law. hence , t among the lacedemonians , it was lawfull for a man to kill him , who was taken in adultery with his wife . hence t the corinthians used to drowne those who prostituted themselves to the lust of others . the u vestel virgins among the romans b●ing convicted of fornication were buried alive . x in ancient ti●es among the turkes , the adulterer and adulteresse were both stoned to death : and y at this day they are both most ignominiously punished . z the arabians , and tenedians punish adultery with death , reputing it a farre greater crime , then periury , or sacriledge ; and therefore worthy of a severer punishment . the * aethiopians account adultery treason , and therefore they make it capitall . b in peru whoredome is punished with the death of both parties . c the brasilians prosecute adultery with capitall hatred , in so much that he whose wife is taken in adultery may lawfully kill her , if he please . d the indian bramanes may lawfully poyson their unc●aste wives . e in old saxony , women who were convicted of adultery , and ravishers of maides were first hanged , and then burned . f in s●a● adultery is death , the fathers of the malefactors , or the next kinsmen being the executioners . g in palmaria adulterous priests are punished with cruell death . h in hispaniola unchaste priests are either drowned , or burnt . i i● bantam , mexico , and china adultery is punished with death . k the tartars taken in adultery are put to present death , for feare of which they live very chaste . if then the very judiciall law of moses , together with these heathens and pagan nations have deemed these sinnes capitall : l punishing adulterers and adulteresses with death , as being the publike enemies of mankinde : needs must these sinnes bee execrable , yea dangerous unto christians . twentiethly , these sinnes are prejudiciall both to the church and state , in defileing , polluting , dishonouring , and troubling them with an uncleane , degenerated , spurious , if not accursed ofspring , who are no other but the very * blemishes , shames , and infamy of church , of state , of nature : which all lawes disinherit : * who were not to enter into the congregation of the lord , even to their tenth generation . lastly , these sinnes exclude men out of heaven , l none that die in the guilt of them shall ever inherite the kingdome of god or of christ : they cause god to iudge men in a more speciall manner : m who●e-mongers and adulterer● god will iudge : they binde men over to the great assises at the last day : n the lord knoweth how to reserve the uniust unto the day of iudgement to be punished : but chie●ly them , that walke after the flesh in the lust of uncleanesse : and if all this bee not enough : they plunge mens soules deepe in hell for all eternity . o for the abominable , and whore-m●ngers , and all uncleane persons , shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone for ever ; which is the second death . p even as sodome and gomorra , and the citties about them , in like manner giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffring the vengeance of eternall fire , for these sinnes of theirs . q o then consider this all yee incontinent , uncleane , adulterous persons , who forget god ; r who leave the pathes of uprightnesse , to walk● in the wayes of darkenesse ; lest he teare you in pieces ; lest he t eternally condemne you to the endlesse flames of hell for these your flames of lust ; and there be none to deliver you . since then it is evident by all these premises to the hearts , the consciences of all men , that adultery , fornication , uncleanesse , are such abominable , capitall , * deepe-dyed pernitious sinnes ; those stage-playes which instigate , or entise men to them , foment men in them , must needs bee execrably sinfull ; yea utterly unlawfull unto christians : so that my major needs no further proofe . for the minor ; that stage-playes are the immediate occasions , the fomentations of much actuall adultery , whoredome , and unclenesse ; it is most apparantly evident : first , from their subject matter : which being for the most part amorous , scurrilous , or obscene , consisting of adulteries , rapes , incests , whoredomes , love-prankes , sollicitations to incontinency , meretricious ribaldrous songs and iests , ( as i have u already proved ; ) must needs inflame mens lusts , and draw them on to actuall uncleanesse : since evill word , x which corrupt good manners , y are but a way , a passage unto evill deeds ; z a fire , a fewell to adulterous lusts ; yea , the very chariot of whoredome , of uncleanesse ; as the fathers stile them . hence is it , that a agrippa reputeth amorous poets , lascivious historians , the chiefest panders in the world ; yea the very originall fathers , tutors , and chiefe promoters of baudery , and whoredome ; because their ribaldrous poems ; their true , their fabulous histories of the adulteries , loves , and beastly lewdnesses of idol-gods , or lustfull men , are but as so many lectures to instruct ; so many allurements to entice ; so many guides to lead , so many arg●me●ts to perswade men to lechery , and all actuall uncleanesse whatsoever . hence b all ancient , all moderne expositors on the commandements that ever i have leene , have reduced scurrility , ribaldry ; together with all amorous lascivious poems , speeches , iests , histories , bookes , and stage-playes , to the . commandement , as being the fire , fewell , f●mentations , occasions of whoredome and adultery . yea hence is it , that god himselfe prohibits , c all ●●lthy communications , all corrupt speeches ; all foolish talking and iesting , which are not convenient , together with the very naming of fornication and all uncleanesse ; as unbecomming saints ; because they draw men on to these shamefull workes of darkenesse , with which christian are to have no fellowship . if then obscene , adulterous poems , fables , histories , ditties , iests , or speeches have such an attractive , such a depraving power in them to draw men on to actuall lewdnesse , * much more must stage-playes , ( wherein the quintessence , the confluence of all obscenity is pithily contracted , emphatically expressed , elegantly adorned , rhetorically pronounced ) be more prevalently powerfull to draw men on to these grosse lecherous sinnes . whence * nilus an ancient abbot , adviseth all such who would avoyd the wounds of lust , to abstaine from publike stage-playes , and to keepe themselves from them , lest they should fall into their enemies hands , and be drawne ●n to actuall lewdnesse . secondly , my minors truth is most evident , from the very manner of acting stage-playes , and those whoredomes , those adulteries personated in them . hee who shall but seriously consider those amorous smiles , and wanton gestures ; d those lascivious complements , those lewde adulterous kisses and enbracements ; those lustfull dalliances ; those impudent , immodest , panderly passages ; those effeminate , whorish , lust-inflaming sollicitations ; those severall concurrences , combinations , conspirations , of artificiall , studied , and more then brothel-house obscenities : * those reall lively representations of the acts of venery , which attend and set out stage-playes ; must needs acknowledge ; that they are the very f school●s of bauder● ; the tutors , the occasions of reall whoredomes , incests , adulteries , &c. whence they g were at the first ●onsecrated to venus ( the goddesse of whoredome and adultery ) the very roman theater being stiled , the temple of venvs , as tertullian writes : h in which whoredome and adultery were freely practised without controll . i the . councell of constantinople , can. . the sy●od● of augusta , anno . cap. . together with clemens alexandrinus . oratio adhort . ad gentes . fol. . . gregory nyssen , in his vitae moseos e●arratio . p. . theodoret , contra graecos infideles . lib. . de angelis deque dijs , ac daemonibus malis . tom. . pag. . . mapheus vegius , de liberorum educatione . lib. . cap. . with sundry moderne divines in their expositions on the . commandement ; condemne all amorous wanton pictures , of courtesans , and others , ( which now are too to common ) as incendiaries to mens unruly lusts , which draw them on to actuall lewdnesse . certainely , if these livelesse pictures k are so apt to ingenerate unchaste affections , or to pricke men o● to whoredome and ad●ltery : much more will these amorous actions , complements , kisses , and embracements ; these lively pictures , these reall representations of adultery and uncleanesse in our stage-playes , doe it . it is storied of l tiberius , ( a monster of more then beastly obscenity , ) that as he adorned his houses with lascivi●us pictures , the better to excite his l●sts ; ( a practice much in use with many incontinent persons now of late ; ) so he * caused others to defile one another before his face ; ut adspectu deficientes libidines excitaret ; that by this lewde beastly sight he might stirre up his owne decayed lusts . the like i finde recorded of m tamerlan the great scythian warrier . it is registred likewise of that man-monster , n heliogabalus ; that he commanded stage-players to commit those adulteries upon the stage in truth , which they formerly personated but in shew ; to quicken up his lusts to whoredome . if then the very beholding of lewde adulterous acts , were the onely incentives these prodigious whore-masters used to enrage their wearied , spent , allayed lusts ; and to enable them to the actuall committing of these beastly sinnes ; we cannot but from hence conclude ; that the personating of incests , rapes , adulteries , whoredomes , and the like upon the stage , set out with all the art that either bawdery , or lechery have as yet atchieved . should o much more instigate if not precipitate men to the selfe-same wickednesses , to which their owne depraved natures are too prone . thirdly , my minors truth is fully evident , by the qualities of the penners , the actors , the spectators of these stage-playes ; who have for the most part , beene notoriously unchaste in all ages : such were the play-po●ts , such the actors , the stage-haunters , in p ovids , q athenaeus , r tiberius , clemen● alexandrinus , tertullians , cyprians , lactantius , basils , nazienzens , hieroms , augustin●s , chrysostomes , salvians , isiodores , damascens , bernards , aquinas , fabricius , petrarkes , polydor virgils , agrippaes , gualt●ers dayes , and other times , as their fore-quoted testimonies , with sundry others in the q precedent acts abundantly testifie . such were they not long since among us , as master r northbrooke , s gosson , t bb. babington , u master stubs , with x others of our owne domestique moderne authors write ; and such are they still . what our common play-poets and actors chastity and demeanor is ; what mod●st * mortified persons they are , is so well knowne to all who are acquainted with their persons or playes , that i need not defile my paper to proclaime it . what the most of our assiduous play-haunters are ; how chaste their lives , their carriages , are , y their owne consciences can best in●orme themselves ; experience and z publike fame best testifie unto others : sure i am , there is little chastity or modesty in their cloathes and gestures , a lesse in their speeches , least in their lives , if publike fame or common experience prove but true . it is too well knowne to divers stage-customers ; * that the most notorious panders , bawdes , and strumpets , ( the * ●a●e of many a yongsters body , soule , estate , credit : ) the most branded adulteresses , adulterers , whore-masters , brothel-house-haunters , and the like , are the chiefest admirers , patrons , spectators , supporters of ; the most beneficiall customers and contributors to our stage-playes . it is storied of b heliogabalus , that when he erected a publike stewes , he sent to the cirqu●s and theaters ( the common * marts or receptacles in those dayes for whores ) to stocke and furnish i● . certainely , if such a common brothell or nunnery of adulterous lecherous persons were now to bee erected , ( which god forbid : ) the best storehouse to furnish it , were our play-houses , where such * lewde creatures harbour , and have most resort , as iustinian , chrysostome , statius , plautus , & bulengerus witness● . since therefore play-poets , actors , stage-haunters , are c thus generally adulterous and unchaste ; yea commonly more excessive in these sinnes then others : since adulterers , whore-masters , whores , &c. are the greatest patriots , applauders , frequenters , upholders of these lascivious stage-playes ; needs must they pamper and promote their filthy sinnes and lusts ; if not d ingender adultery , and lewdnesse in their hearts : since such creatures live not , delight not , but in elements , in pleasure like themselves ; * nor yet spread their n●ts , their bai●es , but in such filthy troubled streames , where they are f alwayes sure for to catch their prey , which they seldome misse at stage-playes ; where g many adulterous ma●ches , many panderly whorish brothel-house bargaines are concluded : the common rode from the play-house , being either with an adulteresse to a taverne ; or with a whore to a bawdy-house ; where many young gallants , to gods dishonour , and their parents griefe ; doe even spend their patrimonies , wast their bodies , damne their soules● h being farre more pretious then the world it self● . it i was the use of ancient times among the gre●kes and romans , after their playes were ended , for whores to prostitute themselves to the lusts of others , either on , or under the theaters where their playes were acted ; the same place being both a play-house , and a stewes : k whence both the brothel-house and ●h● word fornication , derive their etimology and originall from the play-house , where whores l were harboured and trained up at first , till they were confined to the stewes . how farre this usage yet continues i cannot positively determine ; yet this i have heard by good intelligence ; that our common strumpets and adulteresses after our stage-playes ended , m are oft-times prostituted neere our play-houses , if not in them : that our theaters if they are not bawdy-houses ( as they may easily be , since many players , n if reports be true , are common panders , ) yet they are cosin-germanes , at * leastwise neighbours to them : witnesse the cock-pit , and drury-lane : black-friers play-house , and duke-humfries ; the red-bull , and turnball-street : the globe , and bank-side brothel-houses , with others of this nature : such is the vertue of our playes , our play-houses , not o onely to instruct , and make , but likewise to draw panders , bawdes , whores , and whore-masters to them , supplying them both with p custome and revenue , as lamentable experience too evidently informes us . therefore we need not doubt my minors truth . fourthly , if there be any yet uncredulous of this verity , that memorable act of * p. sempronius sophus , a worthy roman ; who gave his wife a bill of divorce , for no other cause at all , but that she frequented stage-playes without his privity , the very sight of which might make her an adulteresse and cause her to defile his bed : which divorce of his the whole roman senate did approve , ( though it were the very first that hapned in the roman state , ) as being a meanes to keepe women chaste : together with the constitution of iustinian , grounded upon this precedent example : * that a man may lawfully put away his wife if she resort to cirques , to play houses , or stage-playes without his privity and consent , because she cannot be temperate or chaste at home , who desires to be incontinent , unchaste , and to take pleasure in play-houses abroad : wil put this out of question . for if it be lawful for a man to put away his wife for resorting unto stage-playes ; because it is a ready way to make her an adulteresse , if not a probable argument that she is such a one already , since she dares resort to such lewde suspitious places : ( which i would those who have play-haunting wives or daughters would consider : ) then stage-playes are doubtlesse an apparant cause of actual adultery , and such like filthy sinnes . but if any man bee yet unsatisfied with these evidences , let him reflect on all the severall fathers , councels , authors in the former scene , and withall cast his eyes upon some pregnāt witnesses which i shall here produce ; and then he cannot but subscribe unto it even with full consent . to passe by s. cyprians testimony , who informes us ; * that many virgins by frequenting play-houses , did blast the flower of their virginity , make shipwracke of their chastity , and degenerate into common strumpets , being widdowes before they were wives , and mothers before they had husbands ; whose miserable fals the church did much lament . an experimentall evidence of this most knowne truth . my first witnesse to testifie these adulterous lewde effects of stage-playes , is saint chrysostome , who is exceeding copious in this theame : his words and elegant passages against playes , ( which being dismembred into fractions will lose much of their elegance , vigor , and perswasive power , ) i shall here faithfully transcribe at large , as being very pertinent to this particular scene & purpose , though most pregnant against stage-playes in the grosse , to which wee will here apply them likewise . in his q . homily of david and saul ; the title of which runs thus . r that it is dangerous to goe to stage-playes , and that it makes men compleat adulterers , &c. he writes thus of stage-playes . i verily believe that many of those who left us yesterday , and departed to the spectacles of iniquity , are this day present . i could wish i might apparantly know who they are , that so i might * excommunicate them the church ; not that they should alwaies continue without , but that being chastised , they might returne againe . for as much as fathers also oft-times turne their offending children out of doores , and remove them from their table , not that they might be alwayes exiled thence , but that being meliorated by this chastisement , they may returne againe into their fathers house with due prayse . the same truely doe pastors likewise whiles they seperate the scabbed sheepe from the whole , that being eased of their wretched disease , they may againe returne safely to the whole , rather then the sicke should fill the whole flocke with that their disease . for these reasons we did desire to know those men : but albeit we are not abl● to discrie them with our eyes , yet the word , the sonne of god will know them thorowly , and their consciences being checked , he will easily perswade them to returne willingly of their owne accord ; teaching them that he onely is within the church , who brings a mind● worthy this exercise : as on the contrary , he who living corrup●●● i● a partaker of this congregation , although he stand here in pe●s●n , 〈◊〉 yet cast out , s and is mor● truely excluded , then those who are so shut out , that it is not lawfull for them to be pa●takers of the * holy table . for they being expelled according to gods lawes , and continuing without , are yet of good hope , if so be they will amend their faults . they are cast out by the church , that they may returne againe with a pure conscience . but those who defile themselves , and being admonished not to enter in before they shall have purged away the spot contracted by their ●●nnes , are afterwards ashamed to repent , and so make the wound of the●r minde , both sharper and greater . for it is not so hainous a thing to offend , as after an offence to be ashamed of the remedy , and not to obey the ministers who enioyne such things . but what so great wickednesse is there here committed , say they , that men should be driven from these holy limits ? yea what t offence canst thou finde greater then this ? when as they have manifestly defiled themselves with adultery , impudently , after the manner of mad dogs , they rush in to this holy table . if so be you desire to know the kinde of the u adultery , i will not rehearse my owne words to you , but his who is to iudge of the whole life of man : that man saith he , x who shall looke upon a woman to lust after her , hath committed adultery in his heart . y if thon a woman met casually in the street , being but carelesly attyred , hath oft-times taken him who hath more curiously beheld her with the very aspect of her countenance : with what face can those , who not simply , nor casually , but purposely , ( yea with so great affection and desire , that they likewise forsake the church , and runne to the play-house for this very end , and sit there an whole day together idle , having their eyes fixed on the faces of those noble women , ) say , that they have not looked upon them to lust after them ? where effeminate and lascivious words are likewise added ; where there are whorish songs ; where there are voyces vehemently exciting unto pleasure , where are painted eyes , where are coloured cheekes ; where the attire of the whole body , is full of deceitfull dies and painting , besides many other garnished enticements to deceive and inescate the beholders : where is the idlenesse of the spectators , very great confusion , with the exhortation to lasciviousnesse , arising from thence , both from those who were present at the playes , as also from those who afterward relate to others what things they have seene in stage-playes . to these are added the allurements of flutes and pipes , and such like musicke inticing to deceit , effeminating the fortitude of the minde , preparing the mindes of those that ●it there with delight for the traps of harlots , and causing them to be more easily ensnared . z for if here were there are psa●mes , where there is preaching of gods word , where there is the feare of god , and much reverence , concupiscence doth oft-times creepe in privily like a crafty theefe ; * how can those who sit idle in the play-house ; who neither see , nor heare any goodnesse , whose eares and eyes are bese● on every side , overcome this concupiscence ? againe , if they cannot overcome it , how can they ever be absolved from the crime of adultery ? then how can those who are not yet free from the sinne of adultery , come to these sacred temples without repentance , and be partakers of this excellent assembly ? wherefore i doe earnestly exhort and entreat them , that they would first cleanse themselves by confession , repentanc● , and all other remedies , from the sinne they have contr●cted from stage-playes , and so they may heare gods word . neither doe we here commit a small sinne , as any one may easily discerne by examples . * for if a servant should put his servile apparell , that is fraught with filth and many lice , into a cabinet where his masters rich , his golden robes and garments are layd up ; i pray tell me , wouldest thou easily ●ro●ke such a contempt ? but what if one should cast dung and d●rt into a golden vessell in which pretious oyntments have beene alwayes usually kept ; wouldest thou not cudgle him who committed this notorious villany ? a and after all this shall we be so carefully sollicitous of our caskets , and vessels , of our clothes and unguents , and yet estimate our soules more base then any of these ? shall we there where the spirit is an oyn●ment powred out , cast in the devils pomps ? shall we there lay up the fables of satan , or songs that are full of whorish filthinesse ? * goe too , tell me with what minde can god indure this ? d●ubtlesse there is not so great a difference betweene oyntment and dirt , betweene the masters and the servants clothes , as there is betweene the grace of the spirit , and this perverse action . doest thou not feare , doest thou not tremble , whiles thou beholdest this holy table where dreadfull mysteries are administred , with the selfe-same eyes that thou diddest behold the bed on the stage ; where the detestable fables of adultery are acted ? whiles with the same eares thou hearest an adulterer speaking obscenely , and a prophet and an apostle leading thee into the mysteries of the scripture ? whiles with the same heart thou receivest deadly poyson , and this holy and dreadfull sacrament ? are not these playes the subversion of life , the corruption , the destruction of marriages , the cause of warres , of fightings , and brawles in houses ? for when thou * shalt returne home from these stage-playes more dissolute , effeminate and wanton , being made an enemy of all chastity , the sight of thy wife will be lesse pleasing to thee , let her be what she will. for being inflamed with that concupiscence which thou hast drunke in at stage-playes , and being taken with that new sight which hath besotted thee , thou despisest thy sober modest wife , who is contented with ordinary diet , and upbraidest her with innumerable reproches ; not because thou findest any thing blame-worthy in her , but because thou blushest to confesse thy disease , because thou art ashamed to discover that wound , with which thou hast returned home maimed from stage-playes : thou framest other excuses , seeking uniust occasions of displeasure , loathing all those things that are to be done at home , gaping after that wicked and uncleane concupiscence from which thou hast received an wounde : and whiles thou carriest in thine eares a ringing sound of a voyce , and with these , the face , the motion , briefly all those images of whorish lust , thou beholdest nothing of that thou hast at ●ome with pleasure . and what doe i speake of a wife or family , when as afterwards , thou wilt be lesse willing to visit the very church it selfe , when as thou wilt heare a sermon of chastity , and of modesty with irkesomnesse ? neither are these things which are now spoken to thee , for instruction , but for accusation ; and they will bring thee by little and little to despaire ; yea at last thou wilt suddenly sever thy selfe from the discipline administred for the publike good of all . c wherefore i intreat you all , that you would avoyd the wicked commemorations in stage-playes your selves , and likewise draw backe others from them , who have beene led unto them . * for what-ever is there done , is not delight or recreation , but destruction , but torment , but punishment . what good doth this temporary pleasure doe , whiles everlasting torment issu●s from it , and whiles being pricked night and day with concupiscence , thou art troublesome and hatefull unto all ? wherefore rouse up thy selfe , and consider what a one thou art made returning from the church : againe , what a one thou art , comming from stage-playes , and compare these dayes with those : if thou wilt doe thus , there will be no need of my speech . for it will be sufficient to have compared this day with that , to shew what great profit comes from the one side , and how great hurt from ●he other . these things i thought good to speake to your charity at this time , neither will i ever cease to speake . for so we shall both admonish those who are obnoxious to this disease ; and we shall confirme those who are now whole : for this oration will be profitable to both ; to the one that they may desist ; to the other , that they may not fall into it . so in his * first homily upon the . psalme , he is very punctuall to our purpose . david ( writes he ) as he was walking upon the top of his palace after dinner , saw a woman washing her selfe , and the woman was very faire and beautifull to looke upon . * he saw her , i say , and he is wounded in his eye , and receiveth a dart . let curious persons heare this who contemplate the beauty of others . let those heare this , who are possessed with the unruly delight or desire of stage-playes . who say : we doe in truth behold them ; but without detriment . what heare i ? david is hurt ? and art not thou hurt ? he is wounded ; and can i trust to th● strength ? he who had so great a measure of the spirit received a dart ; and doest thou deny that thou art pierced ? * and yet he beheld not an harlot , but an honest , chaste woman ; and that not in the theater , but at home : but thou beholdest an harlot in the play-house , where even the very place it selfe , makes the soule liable to punishment : neither doest thou onely see , but thou likewise hearest dishonest words , and meritricious obscene songs , and thy minde is wounded on every side : to wit , by the sight , with those things which thou seest ; by the eare , with those things which thou hearest : by the smell , with those things which thou sm●llest . and when as there are so many precipices , so many corruptions , how can i believe thee to be free from the biting● of wild beasts ? art thou a stone ? art thou iron ? thou art a man subiect to the common fra●lty of nature . doest thou behold the fire , and yet art not burned ? whether is this agreeable to reason ? put a candle into straw , and then dare thou to deny that the straw will be burnt . that verily which stubble is , even that is our nature . let our play-haunters then consider this , and give this godly father an answer to these his pithy interrogations . the like passage wee finde in * this . homely upon the . of mathew : upon these words , if thy right eye offend thee plucke it out , &c. let those ( writes he ) heare these words who so often hasten to the theater , and doe there almost daily defile themselves with the filthinesse of adultery . for if the law command even him who is bound unto thee by familiarity , if he scandalize thee , to be cut off and cast away ; with what satisfaction now at last can they be defended , who by their conversation and stay at play-houses , doe daily get the acquaintance of those lewde ones who were not formerly knowne to them ; & also administer a thousand occasions of destruction to themselves . d againe , in his homily upon the . alias the . psalme . vers . . . hee writes thus . let none account his life vile , let none cleave fast to vanity . e we cannot serve two masters ; he serves two masters , who goes to church one day , and to stage-playes another day . such a one hath two coates ; he is farre from that coate which cannot be devided , far from the wedding garment ; because , that is a wedding garment which hath no spot . for he who goes one day to the church , another day to playes , weares a defiled garment . every servant standing with a blemish at his masters table , is cast out , and chastised with stripes : keepe your garment pure as you received it in baptisme . let no man defile i● with his manners , let no man rend so beautifull a vestment with the wickednesse of his heart . you have received such a garment in baptisme as the angels had who attended the lord in his sepulcher , whose ra●ment was as white as snow ; a●d you have received such a gift of grace● keepe that you have received . he that defiles this garment , * let him wash it with teares , let him seperate himselfe from the wicked , let him confesse his sinnes to god , and having reformed his life , let him not returne as a dog to his vomit . f what fellowship hath light with darknesse , or what part hath he that believeth with an infidell . you who are the sonnes of the church ought not to be depraved in the vanities of stage-playes . the * church will not indure you stinke , she cannot be defiled with your entrance ; she mou●nes and sighes to god because she seeth her sonnes to be such . g tremble every day , lest god wax angry , and so you perish from the right way . acknowledge the very signes of his displeasure , because the heaven is made brasse , and the earth iron ; the very elements proclaime the wrath of god. h o yee sonnes of men how long will you be slow of heart ? why doe you love vanity in stage-playes , and seek after leasing in stage-players ? know ye that the lord hath made admirable the soule of all such who depart not out of the church . the soule is heard when she cryes unto god , whiles she departs not from god. be not ye luke-warme lest ye be spued out of the heart of god. he himselfe hath spoken by his prophet : i because thou art neither cold , nor hot , and i would thou wert either cold or hot ; but because thou art neither cold nor hot , i will spue thee out of my mouth . we performe our duty who speake true things of the truth . you if you have entred into the physicians house , that you might cure your wounds , lament your wounds . the medicines being layd on , let the corruptions be purged out ; let h●alth increase , that so the church seeing your ●mendment , may reioyce o● her sonnes ; becaus● where sinne hath abounded , grace hath superabounded . in his k homily upon the . psalme ; ( an excellent disswasive from ill company who keepe men from repentance , and harden them in their sinnes ) he hath this passage . l many are captivated of fornication , and have kindled a fire of lust , whiles they have followed feasts , and theaters , having much iniquity in them : a pregnant evidence for our present purpose . in his m first homily on esay . . i saw also the lord sitting upon a throne high and lifted up , &c. he descants thus of play-haunters , and the fruits of stage-playes , which i would our players , and play-frequenters would consider . there are among those here present , whom i thinke are not unknowne to your charity , who contemning god , and accounting the oracles of the spirit as vulgar and prophane , utter confused word , and carry themselves no better then mad men , keeping a stir , and turning about with their whole body , demeaning themselves so , as misbeseemes a spirituall meeting . o miserable and unhappy wretch ! thou oughtest to sing the angelicall glorification or hymne with trembling and reverence , and to confesse to the creator with feare , and by this to crave pardon of thy sinnes . n but thou ( here comes the fruit of stage-playes in , ) bringest in hither the manners of players and dancers ; whiles thus evidently throwest about thine hands , skippests about with thy feet , and whirlests about with thy whole body . and how comes it to passe that thou fearest , that thou tremblest not whiles thou darest doe thus , against such sacred oracles ? * doest not thou thinke that the lord himselfe is here invisibly present , who measureth every ones motion , and takes an account of his conscience ? doest thou not thinke that , the angels stand round about his dreadfull table , and compasse it about with r●verence ? o but thou thinkest not of these things . and why ? pray marke it : because those things which thou hast heard and seene at stage-playes have clouded thy minde : and therefore those things which are done there , thou bringest in among the rites of the church ; therefore thou doest utter thy incomposed minde in insignificant clamors . how then wilt thou aske pardon for thy sinnes ? how wilt thou receive the lord into thy house , when as thou prayest to him so contemptuously ? thou sayest , god have mercy upon me ; and yet thou declarest such manners as are contrary to mercy . thou cryest , save me ; and yet expressest such a gesture , as is a stranger to salvation . why doest thou stretch out thine hands to pray , which are alwayes tossed up on high , which are wheeled up and downe unseemely , and make a confused noyse with their veh●ment clapping and beating ? are not these things verily , partly the practises of common bawdes and strumpets ; partly the examples of those who cry out aloud in play-houses ? how then dost thou dare to mix the sports of devils , with the hymnes of angels praysing god ? yea why dost thou not feare this speech which there thou utterest , saying ● p serve the lord with feare , and rejoyce unto him with trembling . is this to serve with feare , to be so loud and clamorous , that thou thy selfe knowest not what thou speakest with the confused bellowing of thy voyce ? this verily savors of contempt , not of feare : of arrogancy , not of modesty : this is rather a part of such who are playing then confessing , &c. the prophet saith , q rejoyce in the lord all the earth ; make a joyfull noyse unto god all yee lands . neither doe we prohibit the voyce of prayse ; but the voyce of absurdity , and confusion , the vaine and rash lifting up of the hands into the ayre , the tinckling of the feet , unseemely and effeminate songs , which are the proper sports of those who sit idle in play-houses , r from thence these pernicious ensamples are brought in among us ; from thence are irreligious and vulgar voyces , from thence the absurdity of the hands , contentious combates , disorderly manners . * for nothing doth bring the oracles of god into so great contempt , as the admiration of those stage-playes and spectacles which are there proposed . s wherefore i have oft exhorted you , that not one of those who come hither , and enioy the divine doctrine , and are likewise partakers of the dreadfull and mysticall sacrament , should goe unto these stage-playes , nor yet entermixt these divine mysteries with demoniacall . notwithstanding some have growne so mad , that even then when they carry about a shew of religion , and are growne very white with extreame old age , they runne to them notwithstanding , neither regarding our words , nor respecting their owne outward shew . but as oft as we inculcate this speech unto them , and exhort them to respect their old age and religion , how great then is their coldnesse ? how ridiculous their speech ? they say , that these things are an example of the victory and crownes which shall be in the world to come , and t we reape much profit from thence . what sayest thou man ? this is a rotten speech , and full of deceit . from whence canst thou reape any profit thence ? from innumerable contentions ? from the rash oathes of evill speakers ? or from t●e abuses , the revilings , the scoffes with which the spectators besprincle one another ? but from these there is no good reaped ; therefore thou altogether reapest benefit from confused voyces , insignificant clamors , as well from him who is cast downe upon the arena , as from those who cast him downe , who offer vio●ence , who are mad or foolish and dissemble before women . but here verily all the prophets and teachers doe shew the very lord of angels upon an high and elevated throne , and distribute to those who are worthy , rewards and crownes , but to the unworthy they assigne hell : and even the lord himselfe doth ratifie this . besides thou doest verily contemne these things , in which there is likewise terror of conscience , redargution of thy deeds , feare of punishments and accusations , and inevitable torments . but yet that thou maist finde a certaine excuse of thy stage-playes on which thou earnestly gazest , thou sayest , thou reapost profit from them by whom thou sufferest irrecoverable losse . i intreate , and beseech againe and againe , that we excuse not our excuses in sinnes : for these are but pretences and deceites by which we procure damage to our selves . in his u . homily upon mathew , he writes thus of laughter and stage-playes . if thou therefore power out such teares thou becommest a follower of thy lord : for he x wept when he raysed up lazarus , and y when he looked backe upon hierusalem that was to be sacked . he was likewise z troubled with the treason and destruction of iudas . so verily thou maist oft-times finde him weeping , but never laughing , no nor yet so much as slightly reioycing with a smile . truely no evangelist hath made mention of any such thing . that a paul likewise wept night and day for . yeeres together , both others testifie of him , and he likewise of himselfe : but tha●●he ever laughed , neither doth he himselfe shew any where nor any other for him . yea not one of all the saints hath ever signified any such thing either of himselfe or of any other . we read of none b but sarah onely in the scripture that laughed , ( yea she is presently reproved by the voyce of god ) and of the c sonne of noah : but for that laughter , of a free-man he was made a slave . and this i speake not to take away laughter altogether , but that i might quite extingush all dissolutenesse of life . our christ therefore speakes many things to us concerning mourning● d both by blessing those that mourne , and by pronouncing those miserable that laugh . for we doe not come into a play-house , that is , where laughter may be moved ; neither doe we therefore oft-times meet together , that we should recreate our selves , with undecent cachinnations ; but rather that we might mourne , and by it inherit a kingdome to come . for thou verily if thou standest but in the presence of an earthly king , wilt not dare so much as to smile . but yet when thou hast the lord of angels himselfe present every where , thou standest not before him with trembling and greatest reverence ; but even when he is angry thou laugh●st , neither dost thou consider , that by this thou dost more offend him , then thou didest displease him with thy sinne . neither doth god so much detest sinners , as those who are secure after their sinnes commit●ed . * and yet there are some so utterly insensible , and iron-like , that after all these words they will say : verily i would to god that i might never chance to weepe , but god grant me , that i may rather alwayes play and be merry . what , i pray , can be found more childish then such a minde ? for god never taught or granted men to play ; but the devill . heare therefore what players have heretofore suffered . e the people , saith he , sate downe to eate and drinke , and rose up to play . such were there heretofore in sodom : such likewise were there at the time of the flood : for the lord saith of them , f that they abounded with pride , with fulnesse of bread , and with riches . those likewise in the time of noe , g when they saw the arke building for so many yeeres together , did shun all the dolor of compunction , and did onely civilly serve their flattering h mirth , being nothing carefull of things to come ; and therefore the sudden punishment of the flood did drowne them all , and there was made a common shipwracke of the whole world . wherefore crave not thou that from god which thou receivest from the devill . for it is gods use to give an humbled , trembling , broken , chaste , penitent , and wounded soule . these verily are the guifts of god , because we likewise stand most in nee● of such . for a great combate hangs over our heads : and we must fight i against invisible powers , against spirituall wickednesses ; and against such like principalities , and powers ; and it is well with us , if giving all diligence , and watching with all , we may be able to endure their fierce assaults . but if we laugh and play , fostering with all perpetuall idlene●se , we shall be most easily overcome of our owne idlen●sse also , even before the fight . wherefore it is not our parts to laugh continually , to let our selves loose to cachinnations and derisions , to effeminate our selves with delight , but rather of those men and women actors who are beheld in play-houses , who are defiled in brothel-houses ; of parasites and flatterers who are made for this very purpose . this is not , i say , the part of those , who are called to an eternall kingdome , and are likewise registred in that celestial kingdome : this is not the part of those who carry spirituall armor , which verily is proper onely to the soldiers of the devill : * for he it is who hath digested iests and playes into an art , that by these he might draw the soldiers of christ unto himselfe , and might weaken the nerves of their vertue . wherefore he hath likewise erected theaters in citties , and hath prepared these incentives of laughter and filthy pleasure : and by their pestilence , he rayseth up the like plague upon the whole citty . which things s. paul commands us to fl●e , exhorting , k that we should put farre from us all foolish speaking & surrility ; then which laughter is far more pernicious , and ●ar●e worse . for when those stage-players and ridiculous persons , have uttered any blasphemous and filthy thing , then especially all the simpler sort are most excessive in their laughter ; applauding them most in that , for which verily they ought to have cast stones at them , who kindle a furnace of dreadfull fire upon their owne heads by this kinde of pleasure . l for those who applaud the utterers of these things , perswade them for to act them ; and therefore for this they deserve rather to undergoe the punishment which is appointed for these things . for if there were no spectator , nor maintainer of such things , there would certainely be none who would care to act them . but when they see you to forsake your owne callings , yea the very places of your daily worke , and the gaine you reape from thence , and all things else , for love of this vaine spectacle , they are then carried to these things with a more earnest intention , and bestow more study in them . and this i speake , not to excuse their fault , but that you may learne , that you especially are the spring and head of this iniquity , who spend the whole day in such ridiculous , in such pernicious pleasures , proclaiming abrode the honest name of wedlocke , and the reverend businesse in it . for he who personates these things doth not sinne so much as thou who commandest them to be done . neither dost thou onely command and call for , but thou dost likewise further the things that are acted , by thy exultation , laughter , applause ; and by all manner of meanes thou maintainest this diabolicall shop . * with what eyes then canst thou now behold thy wife , which thou hast there seene prostrated to so great iniury in the person of another ? how canst thou refraine from blushing , as oft as thou remembrest thy wife , when thou shalt there see the same sex so filthily made common ? neither maist thou reply unto me now , that whatsoever is there done is but a fiction or fained argument , but not the truth of things . m for this very ●eining ( which comes home to our purpose ) hath made very many adulterers , and overthroweth many houses . and therefore it grieves me most , that this so great an evill , is not believed to be an evi●● ; but that which is farre the worst of all , both ●avour , and clamor , and applause , and laughter are expressed , when so beastly adultery is committed to the publike hurt . what then sayest thou , is this onely feining not a crime ? well therefore are these worthy of a thousand deaths , because what all lawes command men to shun , those things are these not afraid to imitate . for if adultery it selfe be evill , doubtlesse the imitation of it must be evill . n and i doe not yet report how many and great adulterers they may make who personate such adulteries in an histrionicall fiction , and how impudent likewise they make their spectators . for there is nothing more filthy , nothing more lascivious then that eye , that can patiently , that i say not willingly , behold such things . moreover what a thing is this , that when as thou wilt not so much as looke upon a naked woman in the street , yea nor yet at home , but if such a thing fall out by accident thou thinkest it done to iniure thee ; that yet when as thou goest up to the play-house , that thou maist violate the chastity of both sexes , and maist likewise incestuously defile thine owne eyes , thou believest that no dishonest thing befalls thee ? for thou canst not say thus , that she is an harlot that is thus uncovered ; because it is nature it selfe , and there is the same body of an whore , and of a free woman . for if thou thinkest that there is no obscenity in such a fight , for what cause when as thou shalt see the same thing in the street , doest thou step backe againe from thy intended walke , and most severely rebuke that immodesty ? unlesse perchance thou believest , the same thing not to be alike filthy when we are severed , and when we sit all together . but this is meerely derision and shame , and words altogether of extreme folly ; and it is better for one to besmeare his whole face with clay and dirt , then with a spectacle of so great filthinesse . for dirt is not so noxious to the eyes , as that unchaste spectacle , and the sight of a naked harlot . heare therefore what nakednesse brought upon mankinde even from the beginning , and even by this meanes feare that filthinesse . what then hath made men naked ? o disobedience and the counsell of the devill , so much hath this alwayes pleased him from the beginning . but they verily when they were naked , were yet ashamed ; you repute the same thing worthy prayse , according to that of the apostle , p glorying in your shame . q after what manner therefore can thy wi●e from henceforth behold thee returning from such a contumely ? how can she entertaine or speake to one so unworthily defiling the condition and sex of womans nature ; yea and returning a captive , a servant of an whorish woman from such a spectacle . if then you grieve when you heare these things , i confesse that i give you , and owe you the greatest thankes . for who is he that doth comfort me , but he who is made sorrowfull by me ? wherefor cease not to mourne for this licentiousnesse , and oft to be grieved for it . for this grie●e will be made unto you a beginning of conversion unto better things . wherefore i have more earnestly pressed my speech , that i might free you by a more deepe incision from their corruption by whom you are intoxicated , and might revoke you to pure holinesse of mind● : which verily , together with the promised rewards of piety , we may all happen to enioy by the grace and mercy of our lord iesus christ ; to whom with the father and the holy ghost be glory for ever and ever , amen . in r his . homely upon mathew ; he proceeds thus against playes , and play-haunters . but what doe i speake of the space of the long iourney of the wise men to see christ , when * as many women are now growne to such an height of effeminacy of minde , that they cannot so much as come a very little distance from their houses to see the lord in a spirituall manger , unlesse they be carried upon mules ? but of those also who verily can indure the paine of walking , some preferre the tumult of worldly businesse , others theatricall routs , or play-house meetings , before holy assemblies . ver●ly these barbarians before they had seene christ , overcame so great a iourney for him ; thou verily , no not after thou hast seene him , dost like to imitate him . s for even when thou hast seene him , thou so relinqu●shest him , that after him thou runnest to play-houses , and dost rather desire both to heare and to see a stage-player , then him : and that i may touch the same things againe that i followed before , thou verily leavest christ placed in a spirituall manger , but thou hastest to see a strumpet lying on the stage . but of what punishments now at last doe we thinke this worthy ? answer i beseech you ; if any one should promise he would bring thee unto the king , and would shew thee him glittering on every side , and sitting amidest the severall ornaments of h●s pompe and state ; dost thou thinke thou shouldest prefer a stage-play , before this courtly dignity , though thou expectedst no benefit to accrue unto thee by it ? verily out of this table there flowes a fountaine of spirituall good things , and this thou presently leaving , runnest to the theater , that thou maist see a swimming woman , and thou beholdest that sex exposed to the publike view : i say , that thou maist see this , thou leavest christ sitting by the fountaine of heavenly gifts . for even now he sits not onely upon t that one samaritan well , but speaketh to the whole citty . but perchance even now he speakes onely to the samaritan woman : for even now no man stands by him ; save onely that some perchance are present onely with their bodies , but others truely not so much as with their bodies . notwithstanding be departs not , but staies , and demandeth drinke of us , not water , but holinesse : for christ des●ributeth holy things to holy men . for he doth not give us water out of this well , but living blood , which albeit it be received to testifie the lords death , yet to us it is made a cause of life . but thou leavest the fountaine of his blood , and this dreadfull cup , and runnest hastily to that diabolicall well that thou maist behold * a swimming whore , and suffer a shipwracke of thy soule . for that water is a certaine vast sea of luxury , in which bodies are not drowned , but soules suffer shipwracke . for she verily being naked sports her selfe with swimming in the midest of the waters , but thou looking on her from an high scaffold art plunged into the depths of lust . for these nets of the devill , doe not so much catch those who descend into that water , and there roll themselves , as those who sit above . for these are drowned farre more cruelly , * then that pharaoh heretofore who was overwhelmed with his chariots & horsemen . now if were possible by any meanes for me to shew unto you the soules swimming upon these waters , tru●ly they would appeare no otherwise , then those aegyptian bodies that were tossed in those floods . but this verily ●s far more dangerous , that this so great destruction they call pleasure , and this filthy sea of perdition , they stile the euripus of delight ; when as verily one may more easily and safely passe over the aegaean , and tyrrhenian sea , then the horrible dangers of this spectacle . for first of all the devill doth sollicite the hearts of such all night long with an over-anxious expectation , afterwards be represents that which hath beene so greedily , beheld , where with he doth presently binde and lead them captive . neither mayest thou thinke thy selfe free from sinnes , if thou doest not couple with an harlot , when as thou dost commit all this with thy will. for if thou art possessed by this concupiscence , thou art verily burned with a greater flame . * but if by beholding these things thou suffrest nothing , notwithstanding , thou art guilty , in being a scandall unto others ; and by thy encouragement of such pleasures thou thy selfe confoundest both thine owne face , and with thy face thy soule . but that we may not seeme to deale onely by way of reproofe , we will now propound the meanes of reformation . what then is this meanes of amendment ? i deliver you to your owne wives to be instructed , when certainely you ought rather according to the apostle , x to be instructors of your wives . but because by sinne the order is inverted , and the body is made the superior , the head the inferior , let it not grieve you to returne to honest things by this way . but if thou art ashamed of the tutorship of a woman ; avoyd sinne , and thou maist quickly ascend into the chaire of a doctor , which is ordained for thee by god. but as long as thou shalt sinne , the scripture doth send thee not onely to an woman , but even to irrationall and the basest creatures . neither doth a creature endued with the honor of reason blush to become a scholler of the bee and the ant : neither is this the fault of the scripture , but of those who have lost their owne noblenesse . therefore we also will have a care to doe thus . and now verily we assigne thee to a woman to be taught : but if thou shalt contemne her admonitions , we will even send thee to the tutorship of unreasonable creatures . for we will shew thee , how many birds and fishes , yea how many kindes of beasts and creeping things outstrip thee in honesty and chastity . but if thou art ashamed to be compared to such creatures , returne to the ensigne of thy owne noblenesse , and remembring that vast sea of hell , and fiery river , avoyd this pestiferous fish-pond of the play-house . * for this is it which doth drowne its spectators in that fiery sea , and which doth kindle the very bottome of that fire . for if he who without these provocations seeth a woman , is yet notwithstanding drawne sometimes to lust after her , and commits adultery onely by lusting ; he who not onely s●eth , but likewise earnestly beholds a naked and lascivious women with his whole minde , how is he not a thousand times made the captive of lust ? that great flood under noah did not so extinguish mankinde , as these swimmers doe altogether suffocate all their spectators even with much disgrace . for that flood although it brought in the death of bodies , yet it blotted out the vices of soules , but this water doth the contrary ; it workes the destruction of soules , the bodies still continuing in life : * you verily if that any contention about honor ariseth , contend with all ambition , that you ought to have preheminence of the whole world ; flattering your selves with this priviledge ; y that this citty did first give the name of christians to the faithfull : but when you should contend about honesty and chastit● , are you not ashamed lest you should be overcome of the very basest villages ? yes , sayest thou . but what then doe you command us to doe ? to goe into desert mountaines , and to become monkes ? and what else doe i lament , but that thou thinkest an honest and pure life belongs onely to them ? verily christ hath given common precepts unto all men . for where he saith , * if any man looke upon a woman to lust after her , hee hath already committed adultery with her in his heart : it is not onely spoken to a monke , but likewise to an husband . for that mountaine in which christ taught these things was then filled almost only with such . consider therefore that theater , and avoyd their diabolicall assemblies , and doe not as it were blame my more troublesome speech . for i prohibit not marriages , nor honest pleasure ; but i would have it to be done with honesty , not with obscenity or sinne . i doe not therefore bid the goe into mountaines and deserts , but to be bountifull , and likewise honest and modest , even while● thou livest in the midest of the city . the apostle tells us , a the time is short , it remaines therefore that those who have wives bee as if they had none ; for the fashion of this world passeth away . as if he should say , i bid you not to dwell in the tops of mountaines , although i desire that likewise , because citties imitate the abominations committed in sodom ; but yet i doe by no meanes force you to it . contiu●e having an house , wife , children , onely doe not make them spectators of incestuous pleasures , doe not thou introduce the plague of the theater into thine house . doest thou not heare paul saying ; b the man hath not the power of his body but the woman ? therefore he hath also given common precepts to him . thou verily if thy wife frequent the church becommest a most grievous accuser of her : but thou thy selfe spending the whole day in play-houses dost not believe thy selfe to be worthy of accusation : but when as thou art so vigilant over thy wiv●s chasty , that thou art not ashamed to be excessive and immoderate , keeping her oft-times from necessary iourneyes , yet thou thinkest that all things are very lawfull to thy selfe . but paul doth not permit this to thee , who likewise giveth the same power to the woman . c let the man , saith he , give unto the wife due benevolence . how then is thy wise honored by thee who is vexed with such an undeserved iniury , when as thou doest ioyne thy body which is in her power , to harlots ? for thy body is thy wives . what honor i say dost thou give unto her , when as thou bringest in tumults and contentions into thine owne house , when as thou utterst such things in the market place , that whiles thou relatest them at home , thou disgracest thy wife that heares , and makest thy daughter that is present to blush , and besides others thy owne selfe ? for it were much better to keepe silence , then to utter such obscene things , which if thy servants should but speake of , it were iust for thee to cudgle them . * answer i pray , what satisfaction canst thou give , who beholdest these things with great delight which are not lawfull to be named ? and preferrest those things which are dishonest for to name before all honest and holy arts ? lest therefore i should seeme more troublesome , i will here end my speech : but if you persevere in these things , i will launch with a sharper rasor , and make a more deep incision ; neither wil i ever rest untill i breake in pieces that diabolicall theater , that the assembly of the chuch may be made cleane and pure : so shall we be freed from the present turpitude , and acquire life to come by the grace and mercy of our lord iesus christ ; to whom be glory and dominion with the father and the holy ghost for ever and ever . amen . in his d . homily upon mathew , upon these words ; it shall be easier for sodom and gomorrah in the day of iudgement then for thee : hee falls into this excllent discourse against stage-playes and their concomitances . the sodomites though they lived most wickedly , yet they sinned before the law and grace : but what pardon are we worthy of , who commit such sinnes after so diligent a care both of the law and grace ? we shut ●ur gates , and stop our eares to the poore ; what say i to the poore , when as we doe the same to the apostles themselves ? yea therefore to the poore , because we doe it to the apostles . for when as paul is read publikely and thou dost not regard : when as iohn thunders and thou dost not heare ; wilt thou heare a poore man who dost not heare an apostle ? that our houses therefore may be open to the poore , and our eares to the apostles , all filthinesse is to be purged out of the eares of the minde . for as filth and dirt are wont to stop the eares of the body ; so whorish songs , the fables of this world , the burthen of debtors , the accounts of creditors and usury , are wont to stop the eares of the minde more then any filth● or rather , they doe not onely stop them , but also make them impure and filthy , for such speeches d●e as it were cast dirt into our eares . that which that barbarian did threaten , saying ; * you shall eate your owne dung ; even that doe many now unto you , not in word onely , but in deed ; yea verily even far worse and filthier : ( for whorish songs are much more abominable then dung . ) and that which is worse to be indured , you doe not onely not grieve wh●n as you heare such things , but you likewise laugh and reioyce . and when as you ought to avoyd and abominate these things , you entertaine and applaud them . therefore if these things be not abominable , doe thou thy selfe likewise descend upon the stage , and imitate that thou praysest , have society and commerce with those who move such laughter : but if thou wilt not be coupled in that fellowship , why dost thou give so great honor to it ? the very lawes of the gentiles make them to be * infamous : but thou together with the whole citty being all called together , runnest out to them as to ambassadors , or generals of the warre ; that thou together with all the rest maist put dung into thine eares : and thou who beatest thy servant , if he utter any filthy thing in thy presence , who permittest not thy sonne to doe it ; who dost not suffer these things to be done at thine owne house as being an undoubted filthinesse ; when as certaine servile abiect persons who deserve the whipping-post shall call thee to heare these things , dost not onely not take it ill , but even reioycest , yea applaudest , and givest thankes . and what madnesse could ever be found greater then this ? but sayest thou , i never spake nor sung these obscene things , these incentives of pleasure . but what profit is it , if when thou dost not utter them , yet thou hearest them willingly ? yea how w●lt thou make this evident that thou dost not utter them , when as thou dost willingly hear● them with laughter , and runnest to receive them ? tell me i pray ●hee , when as thou hearest blasphemers● dost thou reioyce and triumph , or rather , dost thou tremble and stop thine eares ? i doubt not but thou tremblest ; wherefore ? because thou never art wont to blaspeme . wherefore doo so likewise in filthy speech , if thou wilt thorowly perswade us , that thou dost not utter filthy words , then truely will we believe thee when as we shall see thee not to heare them . for how dost thou respect vertue , who art nourished by hearing these things ? how canst thou undergoe the difficult labours of chastity , who aboundest with laughter , and art insnared with a whorish song : for if the soule which is farre remote from these songs , doth scarce retaine th● honesty of chastity , how can he live chastly who liveth in them ? are you ignorant that we are more prone to vices ? when therefore we run unto these things with hast and earnestnesse , how shall we avoyd the furnace of eternall fire ? have you not heard paul saying : * rejoyce in the lord. he hath said , in the lord , not in the devill . how therefore canst thou heare paul , when thou shalt perceive that thou hast sinned , when as thou art alwayes as it were made dranke with these ridiculous spectacles ? for that thou camest hither now , i wonder not ; yea verily i wonder greatly . for thou camest hither as it were simply and perfunctorily : but thou rushe● thither daily with all earnestnesse of minde , with speed , with alacrity : which appeares by this ; because that most filthy sinne , which by your ●ight and hearing hath beene infused into your soule , you carry along with you from the theaters to your houses ; yea verily you take it , and lay it up in your mindes and thoughts : and those things which are not worthy dete●tation thou disdainest , but abominable things thou admirest and lovest . for many returning from the office of burying , have presently gone into the bath ; but those who come from g play-houses have neither mourned , nor powred out fountaines of teares . yet truely a carcase hath no uncleanesse ; but sinne doth so defile men , that no fountaines , no rivers , but onely teares and confession can wash it away . but there is no man who discernes how great the steines of sinne are . for because we feare not things that are to be feared , therefore we feare those things which have no cause of fear● in them . but what is this so great noys● of theater men ? what these diabolicall clamors ? what this satanicall apparell ? one being a yong man hath his haire combed backward , and effeminating nature in his countenance , apparell , pace , and such like , strives to deduce it to the similitude of a tender virgin. another on the other side being an old man , having his haire and all modesty shaven off with a rasor , standing by girt , is ready to speake and to act all things . h women also with a naked and uncovered head speake to the people without shame , and usurpe impudency to themselves with so great premeditation , and infuse so great lasciviousnesse into the mindes of the hearers and spectators , that all may seeme even with one consent to extirpate all modesty out of their mindes , to disgrace the female nature , and to satiate their lusts wi●h pernicious pleasure . for all things that are done there are absolutely most obscene , the words , the apparell , the ●onsure , the pace , the speeches , the songs , the ditties , the turnings and glances of the eyes , the pipes , the flutes , and the very argument of the playes , all things ( i say ) are full of filthy wantonnesse . say therefore , when wilt thou withdraw thy selfe from so great an uncleane desire of fornication which the devill hath infused into thee , and repent . i for we are not ignorant how many whoredomes are there committed , how many marriages are there defiled with adulteries ; how many men are there most unnaturally abused ; how many yong men are there strangely effeminated ; all things there are full of the highest iniquity , all full of prodigies , all full of impudency . for which things we ought not to sit laughing excessively , but rather to mourne and grieve even with teares . what therefore will you , maist thou say ; shall we shut up all the play-house doores , and obeying thee , overturne all things ? k what hast thou said , shall we overturne ? are not all things now overturned ? for whence dost thou believe that the unchaste attempters of marriages proceed ? come they not from these play-houses ? whence are those who invade the marriage beds of others ? are they not from the stage ? is it not from hence that many men become most troublesome to their wives , and that women are despised of their husbands ? are not very many adulterers from hence ? therefore he seemes to me to overturne all things who runnes to play-houses , who brings in a most cruell tyranny ? thou wilt say , no ; to seperate wives from their husbands , to ravish children , to overturne houses : all these are the acts of tyrants who have seised upon th● castle , and oppresse the citty by force : but the things we doe are l approved by the lawes , and these stage-playes have never giv●n occasion to adulteries . yea verily , who is not already made an adulterer ? for if i could call all by name i would quickly shew it thee . how many have harlots led away as captives from thence ? how many have they either withdrawne from their wives , or have not at all permitted them to come to their lawfull bed ? what therefore , sayest thou , shall we overturne all the lawes by which these things are established . m yea verily , these stage-playes being overturned , you shall overthrow , not the lawes , but iniquity , and you shall quite extinguish all the plagues and mischiefes of the citty . for from hence are seditions raysed , from hence tumults doe arise . for those who are nourished with these playes , ( who sell their voyces for their bellies sake , who are most ready to speake , to doe all things , and spend all their paines and industry in this , ) these are most of all wont to inflame the people with rumors , and to rayse tumults in citties . for the idle youth educated in these evils , is more cruell then the very fiercest beast . are not many evill doers made and confirmed by these stage-playes ? for that they may instigate all the people to these things , that they may obtaine their dancing pleasures , that they may corrupt mod●st women mixed with strumpets● they come to such a height of wickednesse , that they doe not so much as absteine from the bones of dead men . what shall i say , that many spend infinite summes of mony at these diabolicall societies ? what shall i say of lasciviousnesse ? what of other evils ? n consider then that thou art he who dost overthrow the whole life of man , when as thou drawest others to these things ; not i , who thinke , that all these playes are to be given over . thou wilt say ; shall we then pull down● all the play-houses ? would to god they were now pulled downe , albeit , that as farre as it appertaeines to us , they long since lie desolate . notwithstanding i command you to doe none of these things ; since the magnificence of the houses may stand , and the playes and dancing altogether cease ; which will be more prayse to you then if you should quite overturne all take at least an example to your selves from the barbarians , who want the filthinesse of all these stage-playes . o what excuse then can you bring for your selves , if you who are now registred in heaven , you who are the companions and coheires of angels and arch-angels , should be found farre worse then the barbarians in this thing ? especially when as thou maist else where procure to thy selfe many better comfort . for when thou wilt refresh thy minde , thou maist goe into gardens , behold running rivers , contemplate great lakes , looke upon pleasant places , heare singing grashoppers , be conversant in the temples of martyrs ; from whence thou shalt receive best health for thy body , and excellent profit may accrue unto thy soule , from whence thou maist reape singular pleasure , because no lesse , no griefe , no sorrow followes ; thou hast a wife , thou dost not want children , thou aboundest in friends , all which are wont sometimes to afford honest delight and profit . for what is more sweet then children ? what more pleasant then a chaste wife to a moderate and chaste husband ? verily the barbarians themselves , when as they had heard of these stage-playes , and the unseasonable delight of fables , are reported to have uttered words most worthy all the instructions of philosophie . for they said , that the romanes , as if they had wanted wives and children , had devised such pleasures as these to themselves . in which words they did shew , that nothing could be more sweet , more pleasant to him who would live honestly , then a modest wife and children ? but thou wilt say , i can shew that these playes h●ve done no hurt to many . yes verily they doe very great hurt in that thou spendest thy time idlely and to no purpose , and in that thou off●rest a scandall unto others . p for although thou by a certaine fortitude of a sublime minde hast contracted no evill from thence , yet because thou hast made others who are weaker studious of stage playes by thy example , how hast thou not contracted evill to thy selfe , who hast given occasion to others of committing evill ? for those who are there corrupted , as well men as women , will all transferre the crimes and cause of their corruption upon thy head . for like as if there had not beene spectators , there had not beene any to have acted ; so because both are the cause of the sinnes that are committed , they shall both suffer th● fire . wherefore all be it by the modesty of thy minde thou hast effected , that no hurt should come unto thee thence , * which i doe not thinke can be : yet because others have committed many sinnes by reason of playes , thou shalt undergoe grievous punishments for this ; albeit thou hadst beene much more modest and temperate , if by no meanes thou hadst gone thi●her . let us not therefore contend unprofitably , nor devise vaine excuses , when as one excuse may suffice us , to flie far from this babilonish stewes , to keep far off from this aegyptian harlot , and if need be , to escape naked out of her hands : so shall we receive great pleasure , when as we are not at all pricked with the stings of conscience . so shall we both live soberly in this life , and obtaine future good things , by the grace and mercy of our lord iesus christ. in his . homily on mathew , hee hath this notable passage to our purpose . * many come into the church to behold more curiously the beauty of women , and the fairenesse of yong men : * dost thou not theresore wonder that thunderbolts are not sent forth on every side , and that all things are not utterly subverted ? for these things are most worthy , not onely of thunderbolts , but also of the punishment of hell. but god since he is long-suffring and mercifull , doth in the meane time keepe in his anger th●t he may leade thee to repentance . what dost thou o man , thou more diligently seekest after the beauty of women in the church , and doest thou not tremble abusing the temple of god with so great an indignity ? for in the market place thou blushest , yea thou fearest left any one should see thee following a woman : but in the church of god , when as god himselfe speakes unto thee , and d●ters th●e from these things , thou most of all practisest ●ornication and adultery in that very time , when as it is thundred out unto thee with a loud voyce , that th●● shouldest flie from these things , neither dost thou tremble , nor sta●d amazed . * but these things thou hast learned ( i pray observe it well ) from the most unchaste theater ; that most contagious plague , ( so stiles he the play-house ) that pestiferous poyson , that unevitable snare of idle careles persons , that voluptuous perdition of incontinent people , hath taught you these things . such is the accursed fruit of stage-playes , not only to make the play-house , but even the very church of god a kinde of brothell , as he there more largely proves . q in his homily upon mathew : i finde this notable discourse . when you are in feare and troubles you call those ex animo happy , who live a single life in mountaines and caves ; as i am not ignorant that those have so stiled th●se sometimes , who living in idlen●sse spend both day and night in theaters and play-houses . for albeit these may seeme to abound with a thousand pleasures , albeit rivers of pleasure might be thought to be present with them , yet they lie for the most part pierced thorow with many most bitter darts from thence . for if any man shall be taken with the love of any * woman-dancer , verily he shall undergoe a torment harder then any warfare , more troublesome then any pilgrimage , and he shall pas●e thorow more miserable dayes then any besieged citty , &c. r where now are those who sit daily in the play-house addicted to the dances of the devill , and to pernicious songs ? verily i am altogether ashamed to speake of them , but yet i must needs doe it by reason of your infirmity . for even paul himselfe saith , s as you have heretofore given up your members to serve uncleanesse , even so now give up your members as servants of righteousnesse unto holinesse . wherefore we will now also make diligent search into the lives of t harlots & corrupt yong men who sit together in the play-house , and we will compare them with the life of these blessed ones , as farre as it concernes a pleasant life . u for the more negligent yong men , that they may live merrily , are taken with the snares of the play-house : yet if we consider well , we shall finde as great a difference betweene the one and the other , as if a man should heare angels singing an heavenly song , and swine buried in the dirt , grunting . for in their mo●th , christ , but in these mens mouthes , the devill speaketh . the pipes with puffed up cheekes and a deformed face send forth an uncertaine● and unarticulate voyce to these : but by their mouthes the grace of the holy spirit , in stead of a pipe , a harpe , and a flute , soundeth so sweetly , that it is impossible for those who are fastned to clay and earthly things , to set so great pleasure before their eyes . wherefore i wish that some one of those who are mad about these things , could be but brought to this quire of saints , and then i needed not to use any more words . and although we relate these things to earthly men , yet we will somewhat endevor to pull them out of the filth and dregs . from these songs of harlots a very fl●me of lust doth presently set the auditors on fire , and as if the sight and face of a woman were not sufficient to inflam● the minde , they have found out the plague of the voyce too . b●t by the singing of our holy m●n , if any such disease doth vex th● minde , it is presently extinguished . and not onely the voyce and face of a woman , but the x apparell doth much more trouble the spectators ; so that if any more rude or abiect poore man beholds it , he may be too much grieved at it and oft-times say thus unto himselfe , verily a whore and a whore-master , the children of cookes and taylors , and oft-times of servants , live in so great pleasures : but i a free-man , and borne of free parents , who live by honest labour cannot truely● so much as dreaming be delighted thus ; and so he departs disquieted with grie●e . which thing hapens not from the sight of monkes , yea the very contrary alwayes useth to fall out . y for if he shall behold the sonnes of rich men , and the nephewes of famous ancestors to weare those meane garments , which those who are oppressed with extreame poverty would not vo●chsafe to ●eare , and shall know that they reioyce in this very thing ; consider with how great comfort he departs , if he be poore , being thus confirmed : and if ●e be rich , he is eas●ly made more moderate and better by it . and verily in the * theater when a most crafty harlot walketh about with golden ornaments , the poore are wasted with griefe , that their wives have no such thing : and the rich being troubled with this sight , when they shall see the habit , the countenance , the voyce , the gesture , and other things full of lust , and shall returne home to their houses burning with such dishonest fire , despise their wives as more deformed : z hence chi●ings and brawles , hence discords and warres arise , hence death also oft-times followes . for those who are taken with this kinde of lust , a life with their wife and children seemes bitter to them : thus all things in their houses are disturbed . no such thing is ever wrought by the quire of monkes , the wife may receive her husband returning milde from thence , and vord of all ab●urd● pleasure● so that he may seeme more ●alme and quiet to her . a so that this play-house quire ( pray marke it ) is the fountaine , and originall of all evils , but that of monkes of all good things . one of them maketh wolves of sheepe ; the other converteth wolves into lambes . but perchance we may seeme as yet to have spoken nothing of pleasure . what therefore is more pleasant then to live in tranquility of minde , lamenting nothing , grieving for nothing , and bewailing-nothing ? notwithstanding let us proceed on further , and let us sea●ch out the pleasure of both these harmonies and sights , and we shall finde the one remaining onely till the evening , so long as the spectator sitteth in the play-house , but afterwards pricking him worse then any sting ; but the other alwayes flourishing in the mindes of the spectators , &c. a su●ficient testimony of the accursed bitter sinfull fruits of stage-playes . in his . homily upon mathew , he hath this short passage . b all those who ascend to stage-playes or to harlots houses , are spiritually lame : how then shall these be able to stand in battle , and not to be cast downe with the crimes of incontinency ? in his . homily against the iewes , he writes thus . c if thou hast a servant● if a wife ; thou maist keepe them at home with great authority . for if thou permittest them not to goe into the play-house , how much more are they to be driven from the synagogue of the iewes ? here is greater wickednesse then there . d that which is done there , is sinne ; that which is done here , impiety . i speake not these things to this end that you should suffer them to goe into the play-house ; for even this is evill : but that driving them from playes , you should even much more prohibit them from this . goe too , tell me what th●● runnest to see there ? whether men playing on the trumpet ? but thou oughtest ●itting at home , to poure out sighes and teares for them , in that they rebell against the command of god ; and in that they have the devill dancing in the middest of them . in his e homily of saint barlaam . doe ye not ( quoth hee ) see those who descend from play-houses made more effeminate ? this verily is the cause , that they diligently attend to the things ●here done . for when as they shall fix in their mindes the invertions of the eyes , the wreathings of the hands , th● turnings of the feet , and the images of all those shapes which appeare in the distortion of the circumagitated body , they depart from thence . is it not therefore an unworthy and shamefull thing , that these should take so much care in procuring the destruction of their soules , and keepe a perpetuall memory of the things that are there acted ; and that we whom the imitation of these things shall make equall to angels , should not bestow an indevor equall unto theirs , to preserve those things that are spoken ? a good item unto all such play-haunters , f and christians , who can remember much of a stage-play , but very little or nothing of a godly sermon , which concernes their soules ; of which there are now too many . in his . homily to the people of anti●ch ; he rhetorizeth thus . g how many sermons have we bestowed , admonishing many stupid ones that they would utterly relinquish and abandon theaters , and the lascivious things proceeding from thence ? and they did not absteine , but alwayes even unto this day runne to the unlawfull spectacles of playes and dances , and set up a diabolicall assembly against the fulnesse of the church of god , and their clamors brought from thence with much vehemency , did desturbe the singing of this place . but behold now we being silent , and speaking nothing of this , they have of their owne accord stopped up the play-house , and the circus is made unaccessible . and before this many of ours did runne unto them : but now all have fled together from thence unto the church , and praysed our god. seest thou how much gaine is made out of feare ? for from whence the devill hoped to have overthrowne our citty , ( to wit , by the abusing and overturning of theodosius his statue , the occasion of this and the ensuing h homilies ) from thence hath he restored and reformed it , &c. let us therefore acknowledge the snares , and depart farre from them . let us take notice of the precipices and not come neere them . * this will be an occasion to you of greatest security , not to avoyd sinnes onely , but even those things also , which may seeme to be but indifferent , but yet may drive us unto sinnes ; as to laugh and to use iesting speeches , seemeth truely not to be an apparant sinne , but yet it leads men into manifest sin : for oft-times filthy words arise from laughter , and filthier actions from filthy speeches . oft-times from filthy speeches and laughter , raylings and reproches arise ; from rayling and reproches , blowes and wounds ; and from strokes and wounds , murthers and manslaughters . if therefore thou wilt consult well for thy selfe , thou wilt not onely avoyd dishonest words and deeds , and strokes and wounds , and manslaughters , but even unseasonable laughter it selfe , and scurrilous words , because such things are wont to be the roote of these that ensue . i againe , to ascend up into theaters , and to behold the combates of horses , and to play at dice , seeme not to many to be an apparant sinne , but yet they are wont to bring in infinite evils of life . * for the abode in play-houses hath brought forth fornication , wantonnesse , and all incontinency : ( a full evidence of my minors truth : ) and the beholding of the sights of cirque-playes , hath brought with it reproches , blowes , affronts , and perpetuall enmities : and the study about dice , hath produced blaspemies , losses , anger , revilings , and infinite other things worse then these . let us not therefore onely avoyd sinnes , but even those things that seeme to be indifferent , but yet draw us by little and little into these sins . for as he that goes by a precipice , although he falls not , yet he trembles , and oft-times he tumbles downe being overturned by the very trembling : so he who avoyds not sinnes a far off , but walkes by them , lives with feare & oft-times falls into them . for he who curiously beholds the beauties of others , although he commits not adultery , yet he hath lusted , and according to k christs sentence , he is made an adulterer : and oft-times from concupiscence it selfe , he is really carried into the very sinne . let us therefore withdraw our selves farre from sinnes . wilt thou be modest ? not onely shun thou adultery , but even a wanton looke . wilt thou be farre from filthy words ? thou must not onely avoyd dishonest speeches , but even dissolute laughter and all concupiscence , &c. much more then wanton playes , and wicked play-houses . in his l . homily to the people of antioch , hee thus discourseth . but doe those things which the king hath done make thee sorrowfull ? verily neither are those things grievous , but they have even brought much profit . for tell me what troublesome thing is done , that he hath stopped the play-house ? that he hath made the circus inaccessible ? that he hath excluded and overturned those fountaines of wickednesse . would to god it might not be granted , that these should be ever opened againe . m hence the workes of wickednesse have budded forth in the citty : hence are those who carry a crime in their very manners , selling their voyces unto dancers , betraying their owne salvation for three farthings , and confounding all things , &c. but now our citty seemes to be like a beautifull , a faire and modest woman . feare makes her more meeke and honest , and hath freed her from those wicked ones , who have adventured to commit these horrible wickednesses . let us not therefore lament with womannish sorrow , for i have heard many saying in the market place . woe unto thee antioch ; what is done unto thee ? how art thou deprived of honor ? and when i had heard it , i derided the childish minde of those who spake such things . for we ought not to say these things now ; but when thou shalt see dancers , players , drinkers , blaspemers , swearers , forswearers , lyers , then use these words . woe unto thee citty , what is done unto thee . it appeares then by this excellent discourse , that play-houses are the seminaries of all vice and mischiefe ; and that those citties are truely miserable wherein they are but tolerated . to passe by his n . homily to the people of antioch , where he commends the condition of the country husband-men , because they had no spectacles of iniquity , no horse-combates , nor whorish women , &c. where he withall describes the paines which tumblers , players , and dancers upon the rope did take to make themselves expert in their professions ; with halfe which labour men might overcome their customary sinne of swearing . in his o . homily to the same people of antioch : how absurd a thing is it ( writes hee ) after that mysticall voyce brought downe out of heaven by a cherubin ; to defile the eares with whorish songs , and effeminate melodies ? yea how is it not worthy of extreame punishment to behold harlots , and to practice adultery with the same eyes , with which thou beholdest the secret and dreadfull mysteries ? and to returne againe to those pompes of the devill which thou hast renounced in thy baptisme ? now these pompes of satan which thou renouncest , are theaters , and cirque-playes . and in his p . homily to the antiochians , he hath this excellent discourse worthy of most serious observation . beloved , externall dignities are fitly manifested by extrinsecall signes that are put about them , but oures oft to be knowne by the soule . for a christian ought not to be seene onely by his office , but likewise by his newnesse of life . it is fit a believer should shine forth , not onely by those things which he hath received from god. but also by those things which he himselfe performes , and to be manifested on all hands by his gesture , by his countenance , by his habit , by his voyce . now i have spoken these things , not that we should dispose of our selves to ostentation , but to the profit of the beholders . * but now from whence shall i know thee to be a christ ? i finde thee on every side conspicuous by the contraries . for if i would learne who thou art , either from the place ; i see thee abiding in c●rques , in theaters , and in iniquities : in the councels of wicked ones , and in the conventicles of desperate hopelesse men . or from the forme of thy countenance ; i see thee alwayes laughing excessively , and dissolute like a reclus● harlot , and vile withall : or from thy clothes ; i see thee no better apparelled , then those who are conversant in the play-house ; or from thy followers ; thou leadest about parasites and flatterers : or from thy words ; i heare thee speaking nothing that is savory , or necessary , or conferring to a christian life : or from thy table ; hence a greater accusation will appeare . from whence then i pray , shall i know thee to be a christian , all thy words and deeds professing the contrary ? * but why doe i say a christian ? for thou art not so much as a man , if i can plainely discerne . for when as tho● kickest like an asse , and playest the wanton as a bull , and neighest after women like an horse , and pamperest thy belly like a beare , and fattest thy flesh as a mule , and retainest evill in thy memory like a camell , and moreover ravenest as a wolfe , and art angry as a serpent , and smitest like a scorpion , and art crafty like a fox , and keepest the poyson of wickednesse as an aspe or viper ; and impugnest thy brethren as that wicked devill : how shall i be able to number thee among men , when i shall behold in thee the signes of such a nature ? for seeking after the difference of a catechumenish , and a believer , i am afraid that i shall not finde the difference no not of a man and a beast . for what shall i call thee ? * a beast ? but beasts are held onely with one of these vices ; but thou carrying about all of them together , proceedest on to a greater beastlinesse then they . or shall i stile thee a devill ? but the devill serves not the tyranny of the belly , neither doth he love mony . since then thou hast greater imperf●ctions then men and devils ; how shall we call thee a man ? but and if it be not lawfull to call thee a man , how i pray shall we salute thee as a believer ? and that which is worse , neither being so evilly disposed , doest thou thinke of the deformity of thy soule , nor yet consider its filthinesse : but sitting in a barbers shop , * and triming thy haire ; taking a glasse , thou diligently examinest the composition of every haire , and advisest with those that stand by , and with the barber himselfe , whether he hath ordered those haires well that are about thy forehead . and when as thou art for the most part an old ma● , thou art not a●hamed to wax ●ad with youthfull vanities . but we behold not , not onely the deformity of our soules ; but we doe not so much as any whit at all consider that beastly shape , that sylla , or chymaera , according to the poets fables , which we haue put on : by all which it is evident , that they who resort to playes or play-houses , have not so much as the least symptomes of any christianity in them ; that they are worse then men , then beasts , then devils : and carefull onely to adorne their haire , their bodies , but altogether carelesse to correct the grosse deformities and pollutions of their soules . in his * sermon , de eleëmosyna & hospitalitate ; hee acquaints us : that lascivious and gawdy apparell , which all godly christians should leave to danceresses , and lewde singing-women ; together with filthy and unseemely pleasure , are reputed comely in theaters and stage-playes . a su●ficient evidence of their lewdnesse . in his q . homily on the acts , and in his r . homily to the people of antioch , hee writes thus of playes . but what ? wilt thou that we compare the prison and the play-house together ? that verily is a place of affliction , but this of pleasure . goe to therefore , let us see what things doe happen unto both . there , is much philosophy : for where there is sadnesse , there also is philosophy . he who before did gape after riches , who was greatly puffed up , and would scarce suffer an ordinary man to speake unto him ; he is then made humble , feare and sorrow being fallen upon his soule like a certaine fire , and softning its hardnesse ; then he is made sorrowfull , then he feeleth a worldly change , then he is made strong to all things . s but in the play-house all things are contrary ; laughter , wanton●esse , uncleanesse , diabolicall pompe and pride , prodigality , expence of time , and unprofitable wasting of dayes , the preparation and induction of abs●rd and filthy lust , the meditation or plotting of adultery , th● schoole of fornication and intemperance , the exhortation of fil●hiness● , the occasion and matter of laughter , the examples of lewdnesse . but it is not so in a prison , where is humility of minde , exhorta●ion and excitation to phil●sophy , the contempt of worldly things , all things troden under foot and despised : yea feare sits by as a schoolemaster fitting him for all things that he ought to doe . but if thou wilt we will againe inquire into these places after another manner , i would have thee meet with one man comming from a play-house , and with another going out of a prison : * thou shouldest behold his soule loathsome , distempered , and truely fettered : but this man 's loosed , prompt , and almost winged . for he returnes from the play-house bound with the eyes of the women that are there , carrying bonds heavier then any iron ; to wit , the places , words , and habits that are there . but he who goeth from the prison being freed by all , wil not now thinke that he suffers any grieuous thing , comparing his case with other mens ; he now gives thankes that he is not bound , he contemnes human things , seeing many rich men in troubles , and great men there imprisoned for many and great things , yea he will suffer any uniust thing , so valiant is he . moreover many examples of that place will lead him to thinke of the iudgement to come , and he will dread those places seeing them there already . for as he who is there imprisoned , is meeke to all ; so he also before the iudgement , before the day to come will be more favourable to his wife , his children , his servants . but men returne not so from the theater ; for the husband will behold the wife more unpleasantly , h● will be more cruell to his servants , he will be more sha●pe to his children . t play-houses cause great evils in ci●tios , great ones , and neither doe we know by this , how grea● . in his u . homily upon the first epistle to the corinthians ; hee condemnes the heathen lawgivers for countenancing and ●recting play-houses , in these ensuing words . they assemble company to theaters , bringing in thi●her * whole qu●ers and troope● of harlots , of lecherous boyes , or ganimedes , who abuse even nature it selfe ; and they make all the people to sit in a losti●r place . thus they recreate the citty : thus they crowne great kings whom they alwayes admire for their trophies and victories . x but what is more trifling th●n this honor ? what is more unpleasant then this pleasure ? doest thou seeke then applauders of thy actions out of these ? and wilt thou , i pray tell me , be commended with dancers , effeminate persons , stage-players , and whores ? and how can this be but extreame madnesse ? for y i would willingly demand of them ; is it an hainous and unseemely thing to overturne the lawes of nature , and to introduce unlawfull and wicked copulations ? all will say it is a grievous and unworthy act : yea they seeme verily to punish likewise this hainous offence . why then dost thou bring in those cynaedi , & exolete persons ? neither dost thou only bring them in , but thou l●kewise honorest them with innumerable and unspeakable gifts ; and where as thou punishest those who attempt such things in another place , yet here thou spendest mony upon them , and maintainest them at the publike charge , as men deserving well of the common-w●alth . but , saist thou , they are infamous . why then dost thou traine them up ? why dost thou honour kings by infamous persons ? why dost thou kill citties ? yea why also dost thou bestow so much upon them ? for if they are infamous , infamous persons ought to be banished . for why hast thou made them infamous ? whether as one ●hat pray●●st them , or as one who condemnest them ? verily as one who condemn●st them . moreover , thou makest them infamous as one who condemnest them : but yet thou runnest to see them , yea and admirest● laudest and applaudest them , as those who are of honest fame , and good repute . in his z oration of the kalends , hee writes thus . there is now a war proclaimed against us , not the a●aleki●es invading us , or other barbarians making incursions upon u● , as then they did , but devils leading their pompe in the market place . for those diabolicall pernocta●ions which are this day practised , those scoffes and revilings in playes , those noctur●all dances , and those com●dies which should be hiss●d out , doe vanquish our citty worse then any enemy : and therefore it is meet , that both those that thus offend , and those who offend not should be dei●cted , mourne , and be ashamed ; these verily for the wickednesses they have committed ; but those because they have seene their brethren to have beene immodest . for although you your s●lves doe not these things ( and o that our christian magistrates who connive at stage-playes would consider it ) yet it is altogether unworthy of our religion , if you suffer even others for to doe them , whether they be your servants , your friends , or your neighbours . whom god doth hate , doe not thou commend ; but he hates every one who liveth in iniquity though he abound in wealth . it is lawfull for thee to reprove and correct them for the glory of god. but how is it lawfull to chide for god ? a if thou shalt see a drunkard , or a theefe , or a servant , or a friend , or any other that is thy neighbour , either running into a play-house , or betraying his owne soule , or swearing , for swearing , or lying , be angry with him , punish him , reclaime him , correct him ; and thou hast done all this for god. in his b . oration . that all vices arise from sloath : hee writes thus of play-haunters . before the last day , our speech to your charity was purposely and wholy of the devill . at which time , some verily , when as we were discoursing of these things out of this place , did then idlely behold the pompe of the devill in play-houses , and did then heare whorish songs ; but you did give your mindes to the most pleasant spirituall doctrine . who then hath made them thus to erre ? who hath avocated them from the holy sheepefold ? c verily the devill hath deceived them , but he hath not deceived you . those therefore who runne to play-houses are deceived and led thither by the devill , if this holy father may be credited . and in his d . homily of repentance , with which i will conclude : hee hath this memorable passage against stage-playes and play-houses , which should make all players and play-haunters for to tremble ; which passage likewise fully proves the minor of my former syllogisme . we may undergoe the paines of a fast , and yet not obtaine the fruit of a fast . but how ? to wit , when we absteine from meate , but not from sinne ; when we fast the whole day in want , and then spend what we have saved in unchaste play-houses . * loe the paines of a fast , the fruit of a fast , ( much more then of prayer , of hearing , reading , receiving the sacrament , and all other holy duties , which i beseech all play-haunters to consider ) is wholy lost , when as we ascend the play-house of iniquity . my speech is not directed unto you , for i know that you are free from this accusation . but it is the custome of those who are loden with griefe , when as those are not present who give the occasion of griefe , to rush upon those who are present . for what gaine is it to goe up to the play-houses of wickednesse , to enter into the common shop of luxury , and the publike schoole of incontinency ; or to sit in the chaire of pestilence ? e ●or if any one shall call the play-house , the chaire of pestilence , the schoole of incontinence , the shop of luxury , and the scaffold of all uncleanesse , he should not offend : that most wicked place being a babi●onish brothell full of many diseases : when thou art driven unto a play-house , thou entrest into a direct stewes . the devill thus furnishing the citty with infernall flames , doth not now put under stalkes of hempe besmeared with brimstone , nor marle , nor flax , nor pitch , as that barbarian did ; but things farre worse then these ; leacherous sights , filthy words , anointed members , and songs full of all lewdnesse . that wh●re-house then , barbarous hands have burned ; but this whore-house cogitations more foolish then barbarians have kindled : this being worse then that , since the fire is worse , which doth not waste the nature of the body , but the good state and disposition of the minde . and that which is worse , neither those who are burned doe perceive it . for if they did feele it , they would not now send forth such an ●ffuse laughter in play-houses . f therefore this is the very worst evill , when as one is we●kned , and yet knoweth not this , that he is diseased : and burning miserably and loathsomely , doth not feele the burning . what profit , tell me , is there then of fasting , when as thou drivest thy body from lawfull nutriment , but yet bringest in wicked nourishment to thy soule ? when as thou spendest the day sitting in the theater beholding common nature deturpated , deformed , and unchaste women condemned to adultery , collecting there the evils of every house ? for liberty is there given both to see fornications , and to heare blasphemies , whereby both by the eyes , and by the eare , a disease may proceed to the very soule it selfe : they imitate the calamities and mischances of others from whence the contagion of filthinesse gets into ●ur selves . tell me therefore , what profit there is of fasting , the soule being fed with such meates ? with what eyes wilt thou behold thy wife from these theaters ? with what eyes wilt thou looke upon thy sonne , thy servant , thy friend ? verily it must needs be that be that speaketh there , or he that holds his peace , should be conf●unded with shame at the filthinesse that is acted . but thou departest not so from hence : for it is g lawfull for thee with much con●idence to g repeate all things at home , proph●ticall speeches , apostolicall precepts , divine lawes ; to furnish or set to every table of vertue , and to make thy wife more chaste , thy sonne more dut●full , thy servant more deare with the same repetitions ; yea and thou shalt perswade thy very enemy to lay aside his hatred . dost thou see how these precepts verily are every where holsome , but those sound filthily in every place ? what profit therefore of fasting , when as thou fastest with thy body , but committest adultery with thine eyes ? adultery is not onely that conglutination of body to body , but even an unchaste looke . what benefit is there then when as thou goest to the play-house from hence ? h i correct , the player corrupts : i administer salves to thy disease , he ministers the cause of the disease : i extingu●sh the flame of nature , he kindles the flame of lust . what profit is there , tell me ? one edifying , and another pulling downe , what have they profited themselves by their labour ? therefore let us not be occupied here in vaine , but profitably , whereby we may fruitfully , whereby we may lesse in vaine , whereby we may not unprofitably and to condemnation meete here , one building , and the other pulling downe ; le●● the multitude of builders bee overcome with the easinesse of the pulling downe . * truely it is a part of great uncleanesse both for yong men and old men to hasten to the play-house . but would to god the evill did extend no further . for this perchance seemeth intollerable to an ingenuous man , and worthy to be punished with the greatest losse , with reproofe and shame : but verily this correction is not at al inflicted so far as to shame . but yet torments and punishments hang over play-haunters heads : for it must needs be that those who sit there should swim in the sinne of adultery , not because they are coupled to women , out because they behold them with unchaste eyes . for with these it must of necessity be , that every one is surprised in adultery . neither will i speake my owne word● to you whereby you may lesse regard it , but i will explicate the divine law , where there is no place for neglect . what therefore saith the divine law ? i you have heard that it hath beene said of old ; k thou shalt not commit adultery : but i say unto you , that whosoever shall looke upon a woman to lust after her , hath committed adultery with her already in his heart ; hast thou seene adultery comm●tted ? hast thou seen● sinne finished● and that which is worst in adulteries , thou hast seene him that is taken in adultery to be guilty of adultery , not under any humane , but under a devine sentence ; hence deadly punishments : for whosoever shall looke upon a woman to lust after her , hath committed adultery already with her in his heart . he doth not onely ●xtirpate the disease , but likewise the roote of the disease : for unchaste concupiscence i● the roote of adultery , so likewise doe phisicians : they looke diligently not onely to diseases , but likewise to the taking away of their causes : although they see the eye diseased , yet they represse the evill rewme that is above in the temples . thus christ also doeth . adultery is an evill blindnesse , it is a disease of the eyes , not of the body onely , but first of the soule : therefore he stops the re●me of uncleanesse from thence by the feare of the law . wherefore he not onely punisheth adultery , but avengeth concupiscence likewise . he that looketh upon a woman to lust after her , hath already committed adultery with her in his heart . these bare words repeated are sufficient to purge away all the disease of sinne . but pardon us , we cleanse wounds , and he who purgeth wounds must apply bitter medicines . but by how much the more they shall indure my words , by so much the more shall the poyson be purged out . by all these faithfully recited passages of holy * chrysostome , which i would players and play-haunters would seriously , would frequently read over ; it is most apparant ; that stage-playes are the immediate common occasions of much actuall lewdnesse , adultery , and other grosse uncleanesse : which should cause all christians to abominate them , and to keepe their wives and children from them , as * th● ancient pagan germans did , for feare they should corrupt their chastity and draw them on to publike lewdnesse . to passe by the concurrent testimonies of authors● quoted in the precedent scene , who give punctuall testimony of this truth , as their words there cited will su●ficiently manifest ; i shall confine my selfe onely to foure of our owne english authors for finall confirmation of my minors verity . the first of them is l alexander fabritius , in his destructorium vitiorum . pars . cap. . de ludis inhonestis , or dishonest playes . the second kind ( writes he ) of unlawfull playes , is the play of lascivious vanity ; such as are dancing , enterludes , and other theatricall playes ; which are called playes , from the theater or play-house which is a publike place , where the people hath accustomed to meet together ●o play ; because after such playes ended whores are oft times prostituted in such playes . m and so such playes are very often the cause of fornication , whoredome and adultery ; and therefore the devill is delighted in such playes : and as it appeareth , a perfect man ought not to give his minde to such sports with which the devill is delighted . and therefore worthily sa●th saint augustine : let him wil●draw himselfe from the spectacles of the world who will obtaine the perfect gr●ce of remiss●on . for dyna the daughter of iacob ; of whom it is writt●n in th● . of genesis : when iocob came into the land of canaan , dinah his daughter * walked abroad , to wit● to the spectacles of the world , that she might see the women of that country ; whom sychim the sonne of the king of that country seeing , he was inamored with her , tooke her and ravished her perforce . but as saint augustine s●ith , if she ●ad conti●●ed at home among her owne she had not beene defloar●d by a forraigne ravisher . therefore the soule ought by so much the more to beware and to restraine it selfe , because she is not once , but oft-times r●vished and defloured ; let her feare now having had experiment of that which she ●as ignorant of being yet a v●rgin . adde wee to him the testimony of master philip stubs in his * anatomy of abuses . doe not playes ( writes he ) maintaine bawdry , insinuate foolery and renew the remembrance of hea●●en idolatry ? * doe they not in●●ce to who●edome and unclean●sse ? nay , are they not rather plaine devo●rers of ma●denly virginity and chastity ? for proofe whereof but marke the flocking and running to theaters and curtens , daily and hourely , night and day , time and tide , to see playes and enterludes , where such wa●ton gestures , such bawdy speeches , such laughing and ●●ee●ing , such kissing and bussing , such clipping and culling such w●●king and glancing of wanton eyes and the like is used , as is wonderfull to behold . then these goodly pageants being ended , every mate sorts to his mate every one brings another homeward on the way very friendly , and in their secret conclaves ( covertly ) they play the sodomites , or worse . and these be the fruits of playes and enterludes for the most part . * and whereas you say there are good examples to be learned in them : truely so there are : if you will learne to play the vice , * to teare , sweare , and blasp●ame bo●h heaven and earth : if you will learne to become a bawde , to be uncleane , to devirginate maides , to def●oure ●onest wives , &c. if you will learne to sing and ta●ke of bawdy love and venery , &c. if you will learne to play the whore-master , the glutton , drunkard , or incestuous person : and finally , of you will learne to contemne god and all his lawes , to care neither for heaven nor hell , and to commit all kinde of sinne and mischiefe ) you need goe to no other schools ; for all these good exampl●s you may see painted before your e●es in enterludes and playes . wherefore , that man who giveth money for the maintenance of them , must needs incurre the inevitable sentence of eternall damnation , unlesse he repent . thus hee . stephen gosson a penitent reclaimed play-poet ( * stage-playes● to which he was once addicted ) writes much to this effect . * i will shew you ( writes hee ) what i see , and informe you what i read of playes . ovid said , that romulus built his theater as a horse-faire for whores , made triumphes and set up playes to gather the faire women together , that every one of his souldiers might take where he liked a snatch for his share , &c. it should seeme that the abuse of such places was so great , that for any chaste liver to haunt them was a blacke swan and a white crow : dion so straitly forbiddeth the ancient families of rome and gentlewomen that tender their name and honour to come to theaters , and rebukes them so sharpely when he takes them napping , that if they be but once seene there , he iudgeth it sufficient cause to speake ill of them , and thinke worse . the shaddow of a knave hurts an honest man ; the sent of a stewes an honest matron , and the shew of theaters a simple gazer , &c. cookes doe never shew more craft in their iunkets to vanquish the taste , nor painters in shadowes to allure the eye , then poets in theaters to wound the conscience . there set they abroach strange consorts of melody to tickle the eare ; costly apparell to flatter the sight ; effeminate gesture , to ravish the sence ; and wanton speech , to whet desire to inordinate lust . these by the privy entries of the eare slip downe into the heart , and with gunshot of affection gaule the minde where reason and affection should rule the roste , domitian suffred playing and dancing so long in theaters , that paris led the shaking of the sheets with domitia , and monster the trenchmoore with messalina , &c. in rome * ovid chargeth his pilgrims to creepe close to the saints whome they serve , and shew their double diligence to lift the gentlewomans robes from the ground , ●or soyling in the dust : to sweepe moa●es from their kirtles , to keepe their fingers in u●e , to lay their hands at their backes for an easie stay ; to looke upon those , whom they beheld ; to prayse that , which they commend ; to like every thing that pleaseth them : to present them pomegranets to picke as they sit ; and when all is done to wait on them mannerly to their houses . * in our assemblies at playes in london , you shall see such heaving and shoving , such itching and shouldring , to sit by women : such care for their garments , that they be not trod on : such eyes to their laps that no chips light in them : such pillowes to their backes , that they take no hurt : such making in their eares i know not what : such giving them pippins to passe the time : such playing at foote saunt without cards : such ticking , such toying , such smiling , such winking , and such manning them home when the sports are ended , that it is a right comedy , to marke their behaviour , to watch their conceits , as the cat the mouse , and 〈◊〉 good as a course at the game it selfe , to dogge them a little or follow aloo●e by the print of their feet , and so discover by slot where the deare taketh ●oyle . if this were as well noted , as ill seene ; or as openly punished , as secretly practised ; i have no doubt but the cause would be ●eared to drie up the effect , and these pretty rabbets very cunningly ferreted from their buro●we● . * for they that lacke customers all the weeke , either because their haunt is unknowne , or the constables and officers of their parish watch them so narrowly , that they dare not quea●ch● to celebrate the sabbath flocke to theaters and there keepe a generall market of bawdry . not that any filthinesse indeed is committed within the compasse of that ground , as was done in rome , but that every wanton and his paramour , every man and his mistris , every iohn and his ioane , every k●av● and his queane , are there first acquainted and * cheapen the merchandise in that place which they pay for else-where as they can agree . i intend not to shew you all that i see , nor halfe that i heare of these abuses , lest you iudge me more wilfull to teach , then willing to forbid them . thus farre this penitent play-poet from his owne experience . the last of these witnesses with whom i will conclude , is the anonymous author of the booke intituled , n the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters ; * penned by a play-poet , and common play-haunter , who had good experience of the lewde effects of stage-playes , which made him to abhorre them , and to renounce his wicked profession , as being incompatible with christian religion or his owne salvation , as himselfe professeth in that treatise , where he writes thus as followes . p such doubtlesse is mine opinion of common playes , that in a christian common-weale they are not sufferable . my reason is , b●cause they are publike enemies to nature and religion ; allurements unto sinne ; corru●te●s of good manners ; the cause of security and carelesnesse● meere brothel-houses of bawdery ; and bring both the gospell into slander , the sabbath into contempt , mens soules into danger ; and finally the whole common-weale into disorder . great and ha●nous spe●ches , no doubt , yet not so hainous , as the exercise of them is odious : biting words ; yet not so bitter as the cause requireth . it were ill painting the devill like an angell ; he must be portraied as he is , that he may the better be knowne , sinne hath alway a fair● cloake to cover his filthy body . and therefore he is to be turned out of his case into his naked skinne , that his nasty filthy body , and stinking corruption being perc●ived ; he might come into the hatred and horror of men . for as we are naturally of our selves evill and corrupt ; so are we naturally giuen to love our selves , and to be blinded with our owne aff●ctions● insom●ch that what we know to be evill , we are not ashamed either openly to detend , or slily to cloake . the excuse of wickedn●sse is but the encrease of punishment , and an ill cause defended by authority , and maintained by learning brings magistrates into slander , and learning into contempt . q therefore to the end that others should not be deceived with tha● wherewith my selfe was overtaken , i thought it my part to lay open to all mens eyes the horrible abuse as well of playes , as of the inactors , and the disorder of their auditory ; that the ●b●se being perc●ived , every man might reforme himselfe , and be weaned from their wickednesse : or otherwise , that the magistrates being info●med might take such good waye● , that the intollerable exercise of playes might be utterly put downe . for i am verily p●rswad●d , that if they may be permitted still to make sale of sinne , we shall pull on ●ur h●ads gods vengeance , and to our realme bring an ●tter confusion . what i shall speake of playes of my owne knowledge , i know ma● be affi●med by hundreds , to whom those m●tters are as well knowne as to my selfe . * some cittizens wives ( and i would to god our married cittizens would well consider it because it concernes them neerely ) upon whom the lord for ensample to others hath l●yd his hands , have ev●n on their death-b●ds with teares confessed , that they have rec●ived at these spectacles such filthy in●ections , as have turned th●ir mindes from chaste cogitations , and * made them of honest women light huswives : ( which very thing is likewise testified by reverend bishop babingto● , in his exposition on the . commandement ; and by doctor layton , in his speculum belli sacri . c●p . and therefore worthy credit under the hands of these three witnesses : ) by them they have r dishonoured the v●ss●ls of holinesse , and have brought their husbands in●o contempt , their children into question , their bodies into sicknesse , and their soules into the assault of a dangerous state . such is the nature and inclination of us a●l , that we runne whether affection leads us , and are withdrawne by company . and therefore as david saith● s with the g●dly thou wilt shew thy selfe godly , with the upright : man thou wilt sh●w thy selfe upright , with the pure thou wilt shew thy selfe pure , and with the froward thou wilt shew thy selfe froward . * the repaire of them that are honest to those places of evill res●rt , make● their owne good life to be doubt●d of● for that the place b●eeds suspition as well of good as of bad . for who can see man or woman r●sor● to an house which is notoriousl● wicked● but will iudge them to be of the crew of ●he wicked and ungodly ? * the most honest wi●e , is the soonest assaulted , and hath such snares l●id to en●rap her , as , if god ●ss●st h●r not , she m●st●●eds be ●●ken . when i gave my s●lfe fi●st to 〈◊〉 the abuse o● common ●layes , ● found my heart so ● smitten with s●rr●w ( * sinne ●●d there so abound , * and was so op●●ly commi●ted , that i lo●ked wh●n god in iustice would have presently in his wrath h●ve confounded the beholders . ) * the theater i found to be an appointed place of bawdery● mine owne eares have heard honest women allured with abominable speeches . sometime i have seene two knaves at once importunate upon one light huswife , wher●by much quarrell hath growne to the disquieting of many . the servants as it is manifestly to be proved , have consented to rob their maste●s to supply the want of their harlots : there is the practising of married wi●es to traine them from their husbands , and places appointed for meeting and conference . when * i had taken notice of these abuses , and saw that the theater was be●ome the consultory-house of satan , i concluded with my selfe , never to impl●y my pen to so vile a purpose , nor to be an instrument of gathering the wicked together . it may seeme i am overlavish of spee●h , and that which i have publikely expressed of others by mine owne knowledge might have beene dissembled . but i have learned , that he who dissembles the evill that he knowes in other men , is as guilty before god of the offence , as the offenders themselves . and the lord hath expresly commanded in t exodus , that , wee should not follow a multitude to doe evill , neither agree in a controversie to decline after many , and overthrow the truth . i cannot therefore but r●sist such wickednesses , lest i might seeme to maintaine them . for he that dissembles ungodlinesse is a traytor to god. since therefore that the cause is gods , i dare pr●sse forth my selfe to be an advocate against satan unto the rooting ●ut of sinne . u are not our eyes at playes , carryed away with the pride of vanity ? our ●ar●s abused with amorous , that is , lecherous , abominable and filthy speech ? is not our tong●e ( which is given us onely to glorifie god withall ) there imployed to the blaspheming of gods holy name , or the commendation of that is wicked ? are not our heart● through the pleasure of the fl●sh , the delight of the eye , and the fond motions of the minde withdrawne from the service of the lord , and the meditation of his goodnesse ? z no zealous heart but m●st needs bleed to see how many christian soules are there swall●wed up in the whirlpoole of devillish impudency . whosoever shall visit the * chappell of satan , i meane the theater , shall finds there no want of young ruffians , not lacke of harlots utterly past all shame , who presse to the forefront of the scaffold , to the end to shew their impudency , and to be as an obiect to all mens eyes . yea , such is their open shamelesse be●aviour , as every man may perceive by their wanton gestures wher●unto they are given : yea they seeme there to be like brothels of the stewes . * for often without respect of the place and company which behold them , they commit that filthinesse openly , which is horrible to be done in secret , as if whatsoever they did were warranted : for neither reverence , iustice , nor any thing beside can governe them . alas that youth should become so devillish and voyd of the feare of god. * let magistrates assure themselves , that without speedy redresse all things will grow so farre out of order , that they will be past remedy . shamefulnesse and modesty is quite banished from yong men : they are utterly shamelesse , stubbo●n● , and impudent . it was well said of calvin , that a man setled in evill will make but a mocke of religion . he preacheth in vaine that preacheth unto the deafe . tell many of these men of the scripture , they will scoffe and turne it into a iest . rebuke them for breaking the sabbath day , they will say you are a man of the sabbath , you are very precise , you will allow us nothing : you will have nothing but the word of god ; you will permit us no recreation , but have men like asses , who never rest but when they are eating . seeke to withdraw these fellowes from the theater unto a sermon , they will say , by the preacher they may be edified , but by the player both edified and delighted . so that in them the saying of saint paul is ●●rified , where he saith , y that the wisedome of the flesh is nothing but enmity against god. how small heed take they of themselves , which suffer their owne wicked affections to withdraw them from god and his word . we need not voluntarily seek● our owne destruction . for he that is vertuously disposed shall finde lewde persons enow to withdraw him from well-doing by the promise of pleasure and delightfull pastime , whereunto we are naturally inclined unto the * schoole-house of satan , and chappell of ill counsell , where he shall see so much iniquity and loosenesse , and so gr●at outrage and scope of sinne , that it is a wonder if he returne not either wounded in conscience , or changed in life . * i would wish therefore all masters not onely to withdraw themselves , but their servants also from such wicked assembl●●s● for it is alwayes wisedome to shunne the occasions of evill . youth will be withdrawne by company , if they be not restrained of their liberty . they need not seeke out for schoole-masters , they can learne evill too fast of themselves , and are pregnant enough at home to learne unhappinesse . * many of nature honest and tractable , have beene altered by these sh●wes and spectacles , and become monsterous . mans minde which of it selfe is pro●e unto vice , is not to be pricked forward unto vice , but brideled : if it be left unto it selfe , it hardly standeth ; if it be driven forth , it runneth headlong . flee farre from babylon , yee that carry the lords vessels . * forsomuch as you are baptised into christ , it standeth you upon to be holy both of body and minde , and to dedicate your selves to his service , which ye shall never doe , unlesse you withdraw your selves from the inticements of vanity , and eschue the occasions of evill ; which that ye may the better doe , you are to fasten your eyes upon god , by whom ye are sanctified . * let not the examples of the wicked be a president unto us , neither let us be drawne away to evill with the multitude . custome shall but make us bold in sinne , and the company of scorners make us more impudent of life . it is not enough for us to excuse our selves by the doings of other men ; it will not be taken for an excuse , although we could alleage ; that every man doth as we doe . for it is no meanes to acquite us before god , to say that others be no better then our selves . i would rather wish that the evill conversation of others might be an occasion to draw us backe , lest perhaps we be wrapped in the vices that raigne in all the wicked , and so be partakers of the punishment due to them . for we are not to walke as men that looke onely upon the creatures , but our part is , to se● god before our ●yes , whose presence we cannot possibly escape . * it is marvelous to consider how the gesturing of a player , which tully t●rmeth , the eloquence of the body , is of force to move , and prepare a man to that which is ill . for such things are disclosed to the eye and to the eare , as might a great deale better be kept close . whereby a double offence is committed ; first , by these dissolute players , which without regard of honesty are not ashamed to exhibite the filthiest matters they can devise to the sight of men : secondly , by the beholders , which vouchsafe to heare and behold such fil●hy things , to the great losse both of themselves and the time . there commeth much evill in at the eares , but more at the eyes , by these two open windowes death breaketh into the soule . nothing entreth in more effectually into the memory , thin that which commeth by seeing : things heard doe lightly passe away , but the tokens of that we have seene , saith petrarch , stickes fast in us● whether we will or no. many * have beene entangled with the webs of these spiders , who would gladly have beene at liberty when they could not . the webs are so subtily spun , that there is no man that is once within them , that can avoyd them without danger . none can come within these snares that may escape untaken , be she maide , matron , or whatsoever● such sorce have their enchantments of pleasure to draw the affections of the minde . this inward fight ( let married men consider it ) hath vanquished the chastity of many women ; * some by taking pitty of the deceitfull teares of the stage-lover have beene moved by their complaint to rue on their secret friends , whom they have thought to have tasted the like torment : some having noted the ensamples how maydens restrained from the marriage of those whom their friends have misliked , have there learned a pollicy to prevēt their parents , by stealing them away : some seeing by the ensample of the stage-player one carryed with two much liking of another mans wife , having noted by what practise she hath beene assailed and overtaken , have not failed to put the like in effect in earnest , that was afore showne in iest . the wilinesse and craft of the stage is not yet so great , as is that without on the scaffolds ; for that they which are evill disposed no sooner heare any thing spoken that may serve their turne , but they apply it to themselves . alas●say they to their familiar by them , gentlewoman , is it not pitty this passioned lover should be so martyred ? and if he finde her inclined to foolish pitty , as commonly such women are , then ●e applies the matter to himselfe , and saith , that he is likewise carried away with the liking of her : craving that pitty to be extended upon him , as she seemed to shew toward the afflicted amorous stager . these running headed lovers are growne so perfect schollers by long continuance at this schoole , that there is almost no word spoken , but they can make matter of it to serve their turne . they can so surely discover the conceits of the minde , and so cunningly handle themselves , and are growne so subtile in working their matters , that neither the iealousie of iuno , who suspecteth all things ; nor the b strait keeping of danaes may debar ; nor the watch●ulnesse of argos with his hundred eyes espy . credit me , * there can be found no stronger engine to batter the honesty as well of wedded wives , as the chastity of * unmarried maides and widdowes , then are the hearing of common playes . there , wanton wives fables , and pastorall songs of love , which they use in their comicall disco●rses ( all which are taken out of the secret amory of venus , and practising bawdery , ) turne all chastity upside downe , and corrupt the good disposition and manners of youth , insomuch that it is a miracle , if there be found either any woman or maide which with these spectacles of strange lust , is not oftentimes inflamed even unto fury . the nature of their comedies are , for the most part after one manner of nature , like the tragicall comedy of calistus , where the bawdresse scelestina , inflamed the mayden melibeia with her sorceries . doe we not use in these discourses to counterfeit witchcraft , charmed drinkes , and amorous potions , thereby to draw the affections of men , and to stirre them up unto lust , to like even those whom of themselves they abhorre ? the ensamples whereof stirre up the ignorant multitude to seeke by such unlawfull meanes the love and good will of others . i can tell you of a * story of like practice used of late by a iealous wife to her husband , whose heart being , as she thought estranged , otherwise then of custome , did practise with a sorceresse to have some powder , which might have force to renew her husbands wonted good will towards her : but it had such a vertue in the operation , that it wel●igh brought him his bane , for his memory thereby was gone , so that if god had not dealt miraculously with him by reveiling it , it had cost him his life . the like we read of lucullus and lucretius , who by drinking such amorous confections lost first their wits , and afterwards their lives . the device of carrying and recarrying letters by landresses , practising with pedlers to transport their tokens by colourable meanes to sell their merchandices , and other kinde of pollicies to beguile fathers of their children , husbands of their wives , gardians of their wards , and masters of their servants , i● it not aptly taught in the * schoole of abuse ? but hush , no more . i am sorry this schoole is not pluckt downe , and the schoole-masters banished this * citty . thus much i will tell them , if they suffer these brothel-houses to continue , or doe in any wise allow them , the lord will say unto them as the psalmist saith . c if thou sawest a theefe thou wentest with him , and haddest thy part with adulterers : thou hast done these things , and because i held my peace , thou hast beleeved ; wicked man , that i am like unto thee : but i will accuse thee , &c. thus farre our owne play-poet from his owne experience . by these three severall witnesses , to which i might accumulate * infinite others , it is most apparant , that stage-playes are the ordinary occasions of much actuall whoredome , adultery , and such like beastly lewdnesse ; that they are the common nurseries , schooles , and seminaries of adulterers , adulteresses , whore-masters , whores , and such polluted creatures . this therefore should cause all chaste , all sober christians to abominate them ; all protestant states and churches to abandon them . f we all condemne pope sixtus the iv. with the unholy holy church of rome , for erecting and allowing publike stewes , which yeeld above twenty thousand duckats of annuall revenue to the pope his filthinesse , ( for holinesse in this respect i cannot stile it , ) which summe is cast up among the constant annuall revenue of the church ; whereas god himselfe g forbids the hire of an whore to be cast into the treasury of his sanctuary . if then we all censure the papists , and that deservedly , for tollerating , for erecting stewes , where their priests , their monkes , and friers , who have vowed perpetuall chastity ( such is their hypocriticall holinesse ) may recreate themselves at pleasure without any breach of vow , their owne bishops enioyning every of them to pay an annuall pension for their concubines , whether they use or use them not , because they may use them if they will : h shall we our selves erect or tollerate play-houses , which are no other i but a publike st●wes , a professed brothel-house , as the recited authors , and the fathers stile them ? god forbid . our religion , our god enjoyne us not to doe it , in that they command us : k not to commit adultery : l to flee fornication , and uncleanesse ; yea , m not so much as once to name them ( much lesse to act , to countenance , or propagate them ) as becommeth saints . our stage-playes therefore must certainely be sinnefull , and abominable even in this respect . scena qvinta . the fift effect of stage-playes , is the generall depravation of the mindes , the manners , both of their actors and spectators ; which administreth the . argument against them . that which ordinarily corrupts the mindes , and vitiates the manners , both of the actors and spectators , must doubtlesse be unlawfull , yea abominable unto christians , if not intollerable in any christian wel-ordered common-weale . but stage-playes n ordinarily corrupt the mindes , and vitiate the manners , both of their actors and spectators . therefore , they must doubtlesse bee unlawfull , yea abominable unto christians , intollerable in any christian wel-ordered common-weale . the major is most apparantly evident : first , from the very principals of reason : * for what-ever vitiates another thing ( especially mens mindes and manners ) must needs be corrupt it selfe , the depravation of the one , p arising m●erely from the pravity of the other : if stage-playes therefore corrupt the manners , the mindes of others , they cannot but be ill themselves . secondly , from the grounds of theology : which as they enjoyne men q to avoyd the corruptions that are in the world through lust : r to eschue all occasions of evill , s all scurrilous idle speeches , t all wicked places , all lewde companions which may defile their soules , their manners ; and u to keepe themselves unspotted of the world : so they condemne x all occa●ions of evill , all dishonest contaminating pleasures of sinne which filthily disteine mens soules . thirdly● from the rudiments of civill policy . for as y the happinesse , honor , life and safety of every common-weale consists ●n the ingenuity , temperance , and true vertuous disposition of the peoples mindes and manners ; so the z distemperature , malady , and confusion of it alwayes iss●e , from the exorbitant obliquity , the uncontroled dissolutenesse , and degeneracy of their vitious lives , a which bring certaine ruine . whence the most prudent princes , and republiques in all ages , have b constantly suppressed all such pleasures , as might either empoyson the yonger peoples manners , or pervert their mindes . the major therefore is irrefragable . the minor , is an avowed truth , not onely ratified by experience , but by the concurrent testimony of sundry states and writers in● all ages , both pagan and christian. to begin with pagan authors , states , and magistrates . the unparalleld philosopher plato , as his c owne workes , with d sundry others testifie , banished all stage-players , play-poets , and play-poems out of his common-weale , as being the chiefe instruments to effeminate the mindes , to vitiate the manners of the people , ( especially the yonger sort ) and to withdraw them from the study of vertue● to the love of vice . e aristotle , the oracle of all humane literature , excludes these stage-playes out of his republicke ; debarring youthes and children from them , as being apt to poyson both their mindes and manners , with their grosse scurrility and lascivious shewes . f solon , the wisest of the ancient grecian lawgivers , reiected stage-playes ; not onely as lying , but deceitfull fictions ; which would quickly teach men both to cheat , to steale , to play the hypocrites and dissemblers , and to circumvent men in their dealings , to the publike preiudice : whence he deemed them unsufferable mischiefes in a citty . g tully , declaimes against all pleasurable effeminate amorous playes and poets , as the contagions of mens mindes and manners , through their excessive delicacy : whence he adviseth the romans to abandon them , lest they should effeminate and corrupt them as they had done the grecians , and so subvert their empire . h seneca informes us , i that there is nothing so pernicious to good manners , as to sit idlely at stage-playes : for then vices easily creepe upon us through pleasure : and therefore k he much bewailes the frequent concourse of the roman youth to playes and theaters , as an undoubted symptome of a degerated declining state , then neere to ruine , l plutarch , an eminent morali●t and historian , disapproves all stage-playes ; not onely as lascivious vanities , occasioning much prodigall vaine expence to the republikes dammage ; but as contagious evils● which blast the vertues , marre the ingenuous education , corrupt the lives and manners of all those who frequent them , and with all he reports of * gorgias , that he reputed tragedies and stage-playes , meere impostures . m livy the gravest roman historian , writes of playes : that they are scarce a tollerable folly or m●dnesse in wealthy kingdomes : affirming withall● that these stage-playes which were brought into rome at first with an intent to asswage the plague , and t● attone their en●aged devill gods ; did farre more infect the mindes of the romans , then the pestilo●ce did their bodies . n valerius maximus relating the manner and cause of introducing stage-playes among the romans , records ; that they were brought in , and devised onely for the worship of their devill-idols and the delight of men ; and that not without the blush or shame of peace ; the romanes having steined both their pleasures and religion with civill blood , by meanes of scenicall prodigies . so that he reputed the tollerating of playes , a blemish to the roman state , which he there concludes , to be intollerable mischiefes in a republike , and grand empoysoners of mens manners , from the massilienses example , which he there applaudes . * socrates , the very wisest graecian , by the expresse resolution of the delphian oracle , * condemned all comedies as pernicious , lascivious , scurrilous , and unseemely pastimes , to which he refused to resort ; which caused aristophanes , that carping comedian , to traduce him on the stage . * isocrates , that grave graecia● orator , declaimes against all playes and actors as pernicious scurrilous , fabulous , ridiculous , invective , and expensive , not tollerable in a citty . that valiant roman * marius , in his oration to the roman senate and people ; produceth this as an argument both of his wisedome , temperance , valour and vertue , which some obiected to him as a disparagement , that he kept never a stage-player , nor costly cooke about him , as other voluptuous , eff●minate dissolute romans did , whom he stiles , most filthy men . caius plinius secundus in his o pauegyricke to the emperour traian , stiles stage-playes ; effeminate arts and studies , altog●ther unbeseeming the world ; whence he highly applaudes this emperour for banishing them the roman empire , whose honor they had blemished , whose vertues they had cankered , and in his p epistles likewise , he declaimes against them , as intollerable mischiefes in a common-weale , for the precedent reasons . cornelius tacit●s , an historian of no small repute , informes us , q that the hereditary ancient manners of the romanes were ●y little and little corrupted and abolished , and their publike discipline subverted by stage-playes ; whence he de●laimes against them as the very plagues , and ●verthrow of the roman state : r inveighing much against that monster nero , who corrupted the roman nation , and drew them on to all kinde of vice● of luxury and lewdnesse , by these accursed stage-playes , to the publike ruine . and not onely he , but likewise s polibius , t dion cassius , * iustin , x suetonius , y plutarch , z herodian , * iulius capitolinus , b trebellius pollio , c flavius vopiscus , and d iuvenal . ( to passe by e e●tropius , f orosius , g zonaras , h grimston , i opmeerus , with other christian historians ) condemne and censure , k nero , claudius , tiberius , commodus , heliogabalus , verus , balbinus , maximinus , gallienus , solonius , carinus , l and other dissolute roman emperours ; for acting , countenancing and frequenting playes ; and harbouring stage-players , ( with whom they sometimes fraught their courts ) which did not only exhaust their treasures , and impoverish their subiects , but even corrupt their discipline , and strangely vitiate and deprave not onely their owne , but the very peoples mindes and manners , by drawing them on to all licentious dissolutenesse , and excess● of vice , to the very utter subversion of their states , m as these authors ioyntly testifie , whose walls could not secure them when as their vertues , their manners were gone quite to ruine . n horace and iuvenal . in their severall satyricall poems , together with gellius noctium at●icarū . lib. . cap. . inveigh against these stage-playes , players , and stage-houses , as the occa●ions of much villany and lewdnesse ; the corrupters of youth ; especially of the female sex , who were made strumpets by them ; and as the shames , the blemishes of the citties where they were permitted . the wanton poet ovid ; who was farre enough , i am sure , from all puritanicall precisenesse , as men now stile it , is even a rancke puritan in this case of stage-playes , for after he had informed his bawdy leacherous companions ; o that playes and play-houses were the best places of mart of unchaste bargaines ; the most commodious haunts for amorous lovers , and whore-masters ; the most dangerous snares to entrap all beautifull persons , and the onely places for panders , whore-masters , whores and such like beastly men-monsters to catch their desired prey ; in these lascivious dis●ikes ; which notably discry the intollerable mischiefes both of playes and theaters : p sed tu praecipu● curvis venare theatris . haec loca sunt votis fertiliora tuis . illic iuvenies quod ames , quod ludere possis ; quodque semel tangas , quodque tenere velis . vt redit itque frequens longum formica per agmen granifero solitum dum vehit ore cibum , &c. sic ruit ad celebres cultissima faemina ludos : copia iudicium saepe morata meum est . spectatum veniunt , veniunt spectentur ut ipsae : ille locus casti damna pudoris habet . primus sollicitos fecisti romule ludos . cum iuvit viduos rapta sabina viros , &c. in gradibus sedit populus de cespite factis . qualibet hirsutas fronde tegente comas . respiciunt oculisque notant sibi quisque puellam , quam velit : & tacito pectore multa movent dumque rudem praebente modum tibicine thusco , lydius aequat am ter pede pulsat humum , &c. protenus exiliunt , animum clamore fatentes , virginibus cupidas inijciuntque manus , &c. romule militibu scisti dare commoda solis , haec mihi si dederi● commoda , miles er● . scilicet ex illo solemnia more theatra , nunc quoque formosis insidiosa manent . when he had thus , i say , discovered the lewdnesse of these stage-playes , though to a lewde intent , and withall informed lovers , that it was impossible for parents , for husbands , with all their care and industry to keepe their wives or children chaste , as long as there are so many play-houses suffered in the citty , in these foure verses : q quid faciet ●ustos ? cum sint tot in urbe theatra : cum spectet iunctos illa libenter equos : cum sedeat phariae sacris operata iuvencae : quoque sui comites ire vetantur eat . ( a good caveat for husbands , for parents , to keepe their wives , their daughters from all playes and play-houses● ) in his booke de remedio amoris : he adviseth all those who would live chastly , and keepe under their unchaste desires ; to withdraw themselves from stage-playes : to cast away all play-bookes , playes , and amorous poems , especially tibullus , and his owne wanton verses ; in these ensuing lines . r at tanti tibi sit non indulgere theatris , dum bene de vacuo pectore cedat amor : enervant animos cytharae , cantusque lyraeque : et vox & numeris brachia m●ta suis , illic assidue ficti saltan●ur amantes . quid caveas , actor , quid iuvet arte docet . eloquar invitus : teneros ne tange poëtas : summoneo dotes impias esse mea● . callimachum fugito ; non est inimisus amori : et cum callimacho tu quoabque ; ●●e noces . carmina quis potnit tutò legisse tibulli ? vel tua cuius opus cynthea sola fuit ? quis potuit lecto ●urus discedere gallo ? et mea nescio quid carmina tale sonant , &c. and to shew his utter detestation of playes and play-houses , s whose amorous lewdnesse he at large disciphers : he informes augustus , that they are the seminaries of all wickednesse : the frequent occasions of much sinne , much lewdnesse and adultery unto very many ; the places of many adulterous meetings , and whorish contracts : whereupon he perswades augustus , utterly to demolish all play-houses and theaters ; to danme up all the port●ls and passages to them ; and to suppresse all stage-playes ; that so these their pernicious fr●its might be prevented . all which hee thus elegantly expresseth . t vt tamen ho● fateor : ludi quoque semina praebent neq●itiae ; tolli tota theatra iube peccandi causam quàm multis saepè dederun● : ma●tia cum durum sternit arena solum ? tolla●ur circu● , no● tuta licentia circi est : hîc sedet ignoto iunct● puella viro. cum quaedam spati●ntur in hac ut amator eodem conveniat : quare porticus ulla patet ? omnia perversas p●ssunt corrumpere mentes . what could any puritan ( as our prophane play-haunters stile them ) have said m●re against playes then this ? and what can any christian speake le●se against ●hem , when as a prophane lascivious heathen poet hath written so much ? if therefore we are loath to passe a censure upon stage-playes , or to abandon play-houses for feare we should be as good a● puritans ; y●t l●t us now at ●ast renounce them , out of ●hame , lest we prove farre worse then pagans , lest horace , lest iuvenal , and these fore-named heathen authors : lest wanton ovid : or obscene porpertius ( who thus cryes out of theaters : g o nimis exit●o nata theatra meo ! ) should bee more gracious , holy and precise then wee ; whose holinesse h should exceed even that of scribes and pharesies , i much more then this of wanton pagan poets , k which carried them no farther then to hell ; what ever some old , some new pelagians have dreamed to the contrary . to passe from pagan authors , to heathen magistrates , states and emperors . the l ancient lacedemonians , excluded all stage-playes out of sparta , permitting neither comidies nor tragedies to be acted in it , lest their youth should be corrupted , their lawes derided and brought into contempt . and when as an embassad●r of rhodes demanded o● a lacedemonian , what was the occasion of their lawes against players and iesters , since they shewed pleasure to the people , and the people lost nothing by it , but laughed at their folly . * the lacedemonian replied , that lycurgus saw , he●rd or read of some great damage that pla●ers and iesters might do● in the common-weale , since he had established so strait a law against them . but this i know , that we greekes are b●tter weeping with our sages , then the romans laughing at their fooles . the athenians , though m they much h●noured actors , players , and play-poets at the first ; yet growing wiser by deare-bought experience at the last , n when ●hey had effeminated their mindes , exhausted their treasure , the sinnes of their wars , and brought upon them sundry mischiefes ; they abandoned all comicall stage-playes as pernicious evils , o enacting this publike law against them , that no man should from thence forth presume to pen or act ● comedy ; and p making common actors thence-forth infamous . the very heathens q massilienses , were so puritanically rigid in this case , that they would upon no tearmes , no intreaties whatsoever , permit any stage-playes to be acted within their citty or territories ; for this very reason ; lest the beholding of them should corrupt the mindes and manners of their youth ; and draw them on to commit those vices in earnest , which were acted before them but in iest . the ancient pagan romans , as they reputed all common actors infamous ( as the * civilians and our owne t statutes now esteeme them , ) disfranchising them their tribe as unworthy persons ; and disabling them to inherite lands , to give any publike testimony betweene man and man , or to beare any honor , office or dignity in the common-weale , ( u a very great evidence and acknowledgement of the evilnesse of stage-playes , as tertullian and others descant on it ; since players were thus branded with the note of infamy , even then when playes themselves were in their first and best request ; ) even so x they demolished all their theaters , together with the galleries built about them by a publike edict , lest the mindes and mann●rs of the people should be effeminated and defloured by them , to the publike preiudice . y themistocles the famous athenian generall , enacted a law , that no magistrates should resort to stage-playes , le●t the common-wealth it selfe should seeme to loyter and play in them , ( et utinam audiretur à nostris ( writes * iohn sarisbury ) ut saltem in provectiori aetate nugis suis republicae seria anteferrent : ) and even before this law of his , it was an ancient custome in athens , which was long observed , that not the leas● admittance into the theater should be given unto any but such who should sing and utter honest things ; lest the magistrates and people there present should be made spectators of dishonest ●asti●es , which might draw them on to vice . not to speake of the gothes and other * barbarians , who censured and condemned stage-playes as effeminate and ridiculous superfluities . z philippus gl●verius informes us out of tacitus , ( who writes thus of the german women . * ergo sep●â pudicitiâ agunt , nullis spectaculorum illecebris , corrupta : ) that the ancient pagan germanes knowing with what things the chastity of women was most corrupted among other nations , did wholy abandon stage-playes , with which they were unacquainted : of the corruption of which spectacles seneca hath spoken most truely , that there is nothing so preiudiciall to good manners as to sit idly at a play● for then vice● creepe more easily upon us through pleasure . b o propheticall and divine speech most worthy so great a teacher of wisedome ! this verily writes this heathen man , who was al●ogether ignorant of those divine precepts which god by moses and other prophets hath delivered to his people . we therefore who have now given up our names to christs discipline and warfare , with what face doe we now not onely excuse our stage-playes , but like●ise applaude , and voluntarily instit●te them ? which verily are so much the lesse to be tollerated , by how much the more they exceed the measure of that old heathenish modesty . for now vices doe not onely steale upon us through the pleasure of beholding : but they are as it were by force thrust into sincere and pur● mindes , by examples , by voyce , by hand and action : so that i verily believe , there were never any inventors and actors of playes more corruptly licentious then ours now . but these things are rather forraigne , then our owne , for even now the germanes wives are lesse solicited with stage-playes then the wives of other nations . the ancient and moderne germanes then , by this authors testimony , abandoned stage-playes , as the very seminaries of lewdnesse , the occasion of adultery , and the grand empoysoners , especially of all womens manners ; which i would wish all husbands to observe . scipio nasica , that unparalleld roman generall , as * sundry authors testifie , did by a publike decree of the whole senate demolish the roman theaters , and interdict their stage-playes , as the very bane and ruine of the romans manners , vertues , valour , and the like : as the seminaries of all lewdnesse , effeminacy , idlenesse , vice and wickednesse ; and the very overtures of the common-weale : whose welfare was altogether inconsistent with lascivious playes . which worthy act of his , is much appla●ded by livy , tully , s. augustine , and others here quoted in the margent . d trebonius rufinus , banished all iusts and stage-playes out of vienna , over which he was governour , as infectious to their manners : for which when as he was accused before the romane senate by some dissolute male-contents , because he did it of his owne head , without any direction from the senate ; iunius mauricus , a grave roman senator t●●ke part with him , and iustified this act of his , which he not onely much applauded , but wished openly withall , that e all stage-playes were likewise expelled out of rome , as well as out of vienna ; for the vices of the viennians ( saith he ) reside onely among themselves , but the romanes wander farre abroad ; and as in bodies , so in empires , that disease is most grievous which is diff●sed from the head to the inferior members . f octavius the nephew of iulius caesar , as marcus aurelius informes us , drove away all stage-players and iesters out of rome , as insufferable mischiefes in the state. i read indeed in a suetonius , and b dion cassius , that octavius ( whom we usually call augu●tus caesar ) was at first very much delighted with stage-playes , ( the meanes perchāce of making him an c adulterer ) in the beholding of which he spent much time , and now and then whole dayes together . i reade likewise , d that he tooke away the power of punishing and suppressing stage-players permitted to the roman magistrates at all times and places by the ancient law , ( an infallible evidence that the ancient roman lawes condemned stage-playes and actors ; ) yet so , as that he reserved the power of punishing players , and reforming stage-playes to himselfe ; by vertue of which power ; he first of all e inhibited all roman knights , gentlemen , and gentlewomen from acting or dancing on the stage , prohibited likewise by a former law : secondly , he commanded one stephanio , ( some call him epiphanius , ) an excellent player and iester ( who upon a holy-day to shew this emperour some pleasure , and hoping to receive a good reward , went thrice unto his palace : one time in the attire of a page , and another time in the habite of a romane matron , and so truely counterfeited every thing , that it seemed not to be him , but the selfesame person he represented ; ) t● be whipped publik●ly three severall times one after another about the theater , and then to be banished for this fact of his . and when he complained that the emperour commanded vagabonds to be whipped but once , and he thrice : f augustus replyed : once they shall whip thee for the iniury thou diddest to the roman matron whom thou representedst : the s●cond time they shall whip thee for the presumption thou hadst , to act it in my presence . the third , for the time thou hast made divers lose for beholding and hearing thee . for i●sters and players deserve not so much punishment for their iests and playes , as for the time which they lose , and cause others to lose . thirdly , f he commanded hylas an eminent stage-player , upon a complaint of the pret●r against him , to be publikely whipped in the court of his palace . fourthly , h he banished pilades ( some write him pilas ) another actor out of rome and italy , after he had tasted of the whipping-post , for pointing at a spectator with his finger , who had hissed at him ; and so had made him notorious . which pilas , being very popular , and making many friends to augustus , that he might not be exiled , augustus notwithstanding gave sentence of banishment against him , saying : that rome hath beene mighty and puissant enough to make her enemies stoope , and now she is not able to banish iesters and fooles ; and that which is worst of all , they have presumption to vex us , and we have not courage to repr●ve them . lastly , he i banished all the players and iesters out of rome for those intolerable mischiefes they did occasion . and when as the people earnestly besought him to recall pilas from his exile : k he condiscended to their request with much adoe , upon this condition ; that they should give a master and tutor to pilas , that should chastise and correct him as a foole : saying , that since sages take fooles to be their masters , that fooles also should have sages ●or their masters . all which is a sufficient evidence , that augustus deemed playes and players , whom hee thus whipped and exiled , intolerable mischiefes in a state. * tiberius , none of the best emperours , though he much delighted in playes at first ; yet at last by reason of those grea● mischiefes , outrages , misdemeanors , tumu●ts , quarrels , murthers , seditions , that playes and players did occasion , after many ioynt complaints preferred against them both by the senate and the common-people ; he was enforced to condemne all players to the whipping-post , ( a punishment sutable to such unruly rogues ) and then , to banish them and their stage-playes out of italy , as insufferable evils in a kingdome . nero that vitious roman emperour , h who was so much besotted with stage-playes , as sometimes to play the actor , to his eternall infamy : i was at last enforced to expell all stage-players out of rome and italy● together with their theatricall enterludes , for those many unsufferable villanies and uprores that they did produce . * domitian also did the like upon the same occasion . yea iulian himselfe , that atheisticall antichristian apostate , as impious as he was , had thus much goodnesse in him , as to prohibite stage-playes : and k therefore in an epistle to arsatius , the pagan high priest of galatia , he commands him to exhort all the idol-priests under his iurisdiction , that they should not be seene in play-houses , nor resort to t●eaters ; endeavouring to draw the pagans to imitate the very discipline and manners of the christians ; l who inhibited both ministers and people to resort to playes ; though now both ministers and people flocke unto them , as if they were worse then pagans . and if these very worst and dissolutest heathen roman emperours exiled playes and players , as intolerable mischiefes and corruptions , what thinke yee did their better pagan successors doe ? you shall heare a true relation what they did . the roman princes that were good ( as * guevara , and others witnesse ; ) did alwayes cast out playes and stage-players , and those onely that were evill called them in . so that one of the tokens to know a vertuous or vitious prince in rome , write gu●vara and i. g. ( how much more then to know a religious vertuous christian prince and magistrate ? ) was to see , whether he maintained players , iesters , and iuglers among the people , yea or no ; which did so effeminate , vitiate and deboist both magistrates , prince and people too , as to precipitate them into all kindes of lewdnesse , sinne and wickednesse , and to prepare them both for invasions and destruction , as ammianus marcellinus . lib. . c. . . augustin . de civitate dei. lib. . c. . , . lib. . c. . to . guevera , dial of princes . lib. . c. . , , , . & carolus sigonius , de occidentali imperio . lib. . pag. . most plentifully testifie . hence that worthy emperour m traian , though a pagan , ( who * when he was intreated by his courtiers to heare an active player , made this most worthy reply , worthy all christian princes imitation : it is not for the maiesty of a grave and vertuous prince that in his presence any such vaine thing should be shewed ; for in such a case himselfe should be no lesse noted of lightnesse , then the other of folly ; and that before princes no man should be so hardy as to utter dishonest words , or to act any light representations , and that those who move princes to behold such . enterludes deserve as great a punishment as those that act them , since none ought to present before princes things that may move them to vice , but such things as might move them to amendment : ) partly out of his owne voluntary● disposition , and partly upon the peoples owne request , abandoned all stage-playes out of rome , as effeminate arts , and unbeseeming exercises , which did much dishonour and corrupt the romane state : which memorable act of his is thus emblazoned by c. plinius secundus , being then the roman consul , in his elegant panegyricall oration to him in the senate house , in the name of al the senators . n perge modo caesar , & vim effectumque censurae tuum propositum , tui actus obtineb●●nt , &c. et quis terror valuisset efficere quod reverentia tua effecit ? obtinuit aliquis ut spectaculum pantomimorum populi romani tolli pateretur ; sed non obtinuit ut vellet : rogatus es tu quod rogebat alius , caepitque esse beneficium quod necessitas suerat . neque enim à te minore concentu ut tolleres pantomimos , quàm à patre tuo , ut restitueret , exactum est . vtrumque rectè : nàm & restitui oportebat , quod sustulerat malus princeps , & tolli restitutos . in his enim qu● à malis benefiunt , hic tenendus est modus , ut apareat , autorem displicuisse , non factum . idem ergo populus ille aliquando * scenici imperatoris spectator & applauser , nunc in pantomimis quoque adversatur , & damnat effaeminata● artes , & indecora seculo studia . ex quo manifestum est , principum disciplinam capere etiam v●lgus ; quum rem , si ab uno fiat , severissimam fecerint omnes . macte hac gravitatis gloria caesar , qua consecutus e● , ut quod antea vis & imperium , nunc mores vocarentur . castigaverunt vitia sua ipsi qui castigari merebantur , ijdemque emendatores qui emendandi fuerunt . and a little after . o et quis iàm locus miserae adulationis manebat ( speaking of nero his times ) quùm laudes imperatorum ludis etiam & commessationibus celebrarentur saltarenturque , atque in omne ludibrium effaeminatis vocibus , modis , gestibus frangerentur ? sed illud indignum , quod ●odem tempore in senatu & in scena ab histrione & à consule la●dabantur : * tu procul à tui cultu ludicras artes removisti . seria ergo te carmina honorque aetern●● annalium , non haec brevis & pudenda praedicatio colit : quinetiam tanto maiore consensu in venerationem tui * theatr● ipsa consurgent , quanto magis de te scenae silebunt . a pregnant evidence how much this emperour and the whole roman senate distasted playes and actors , as the very bane and ruine of the common-weale . these stage-playes creeping into rome againe after this good emperours decease , in the raigne of antoninus pius , qui amavit his●rionum artes , as p iulius capitolinus writes ; q marcus aurelius antoninus , who succeeded him ; that he might reduce the people to philosophie and civility , tooke away the gladiators and players with him into the warres , inhibiting all publike playes and meetings under a severe edict both at rome and antioch : which edict of his taking no such good successe as he expected : hee r thereupon banished all stage-players , tumblers and iesters out of italy , and sent three ships lading of them to lambert governour of hellespont ; commanding him in his letter directed to him , to keepe these lasie loyterers hard at worke , that they might no longer minde or practise their foolish sports : certifying him withall in this his letter ; that the cause he had banished these trewants and loytering players from rome , was not for the blood they had shed ( for they had s occasioned divers tumults in which many were slaine ; ) but for the hearts they had perverted : not for the occasion of any who were dead , but because they were masters of ●ollies to the living . for without comparision ( writes he to lambert ) it is a * greater offence to the gods , and more damage to the common-weale for these trewants to take away the wits from the wise folke , then for murtherers to take away mens lives . yea there is nothing that our fore-fathers did , which displeaseth me so much as the sufferance of these ●nthrifty trewants . in the yeere . of the foundation of rome , in a time of an horrible pestilence in italy , to reioyce the people was first found out the invention of theaters by the advice of these trewants . it is a shamefull thing to heare , that the pestilence dured but two yeeres , and the rage and folly of these ●nthrifts dureth foure hundred yeeres . would to the immortall gods that the plague had ended these few which remaine , before this cursed generation had brought such abominable customes into rome ; for much better had it bene for our mother rome that she had wanted inhabitants , then such rascals should have come and dwelt therein . these master-fooles have beene so wily to teach folly , and the romane youth so apt to learne , * that though they be put in barkes , their disciples would lade . carrackts . rome was never overcome by those who were valiant and vertuous , yet that day we saw it overgone & troden under foo● by those ●ooles : the walls of rome , that were never touched by the paenians had that day their lowpes full of armed trewants . rome that triumphed over all realmes , was triumphed upon that day with players and iuglers . i am so abashed in this case , that i know not what to say or write . yet one thing comforteth me , that sithe rome and romanes uniustly doe reioyce with these fooles , ●he and the famous wisemen iustly shall be chastised for their fooles . and in this the gods shall not be dispeased ; that sithe rome laughed at these trewands and mockeries , one day she shall weepe with these tumblers and iuglers , &c. thus farre this heathen emperour , who bot● by his deeds and words , exterminated playes and players out of the roman territories , as the greatest contagions and corruptions of his empire . t cornelius taci●us records : that when as pompie erected his standing theater at rome , he was accused and blamed for it by the senators ; because it would be a meanes to make the people sit wh●l● dayes together idle in the theater beholding playes ; and utterly overthrow their hereditary manners and discipline by new acquired lasciviousnesse● so that the whole romane senate then reputed stage-playes pernicious to their state and manners . and for a conclusion of this tragicke scene , u trebellius pollio relates : that martianus , heraclianus , and claudius , three worthy romanes , conspired together to murther gallienus the emperour , ( a x man much besotted and taken up with playes , to which he likewise drew the magistrates and people by his lewde example , ) as * flavius and others conspired nero his murther too for the selfesame cause , lest the cōmon-weale being longer addicted to the cirque and theater , should utterly perish through the allurements of pleasures : which murther they accomplished . all these recited authorities of pagan writers , emperours , states and magistrates , together with * ammianus marcellinus , a famous heathen historian ; who reckons up the unworthy approbation of cirque-playes , and stage-playes , in which the people spent their lives and time , as the very greatest corruption of the roman state , and the chiefest character of their depraved manners : against which playes , and their spectators , he hath much inveighed : ( which me thinkes should for ever shame and silence all such gracelesse christians , who dare to plead for stage-playes , giving out , that none but some few foolish puritans did ever yet condemne them : ) infallibly evidence unto all mens consciences ; that stage-playes desperately vitiate and deprave mens mindes and manners , precipitating them into all vice , all wickednesse and lewdnesse whatsoever ; and that they are unsufferable contaminating pernicious plagues in any well-ordered state ; which caused these very pagan emperors , states and magistrates thus solemnely to exile them ; and these their authors to declaime against them . to passe from these to christians ; wee shall finde both christian princes , republikes , authors , of ancient and moderne times , concurring with these former pagans in these their doomes of playes and actors . it is storied by x iosephus ; that when as king herod would have brought stage-playes , cirque-playes , and other spectacles into hierusalem , where he had erected a beautifull theather , and amphitheater , adorned with caesars titles and inscriptions ; y the whole nation of the lewes , ( though forraigne spectators much admired and delighted in his spectacles ) perceiving that these playes did wholy tend to the dissolution of their ancient received country discipline ; and fearing that some great inconvenienc● to their common-wealth would follow upon this alteration ; thought it their duty to maintaine their publike discipline which was now declining , though it were with the hazard of their lives ; and not to suffer herod to proceed with these his spectacles , shutting up their citty gates against them . which when herod perceived , he began to pacifi● and perswade them with good words , to admit of these his playes ; which prevayling nothing with many , he endeavoured to introduce these playes among them perforce : whereupon ten of the iewes conspired together to murther him whiles he was sitting in the theater beholding these his enterludes ; which they had certainely effected , had not this their conspiracy beene casually detected : of which herod taking advantage , accomplished his desire , and so brought these his theatricall enterludes into hierusalem : by meanes whereof , saith iosephus ( pray marke the dangerous consequence ) z the iewes departed more and more from their country rites , and corrupted the inviolable institutions of their ancestors with forraign● inventions and delights ; so that there was a very great declining and degenerating of their good manners into worse : the discipline decaying whereby the people were won● before this time to be kept in order . such vigorous venome was there in these stage-playes , both to subvert their state , and discipline , and corrupt their manners ; the whole nation of the iewes being thus both reall witnesses and examples to confirme my minors truth , whom i have here ranked among christians , as being then opposite unto pagans : i now come to reall christians . it is storied of constantine the great , that * very first and most famous christian romane emperour , ( whose name we english men have speciall cause to honour , he being a bor●e , bred , and first crowned king and emperour here in england , his mother helena being a brittish woman to : ) * that he wholy with-drew himselfe from the secular stage-playes of the gentiles made in the third yeere of his consulship , ●o drive away plagues and diseases : contemning and reiecting these their e●terludes ; at which these pagan gentiles grieved much : after which being established in his empire , he did by publike edicts c abolish all the ceremonies , rites , lascivious customes aud obscenities of the gentiles , and interdicted all gladiatory playes and enterludes , as intolerable pernicious evils . not to speake of d nerva , e constantius , f valentinian , g honorius , h arcadius , and i playes● against which k divers fathers did declaime as barbarous and unchristian spectacles , not tolerable in any civil state● with which our tumultuous bloody tragedies have too neere a●finity ; i finde theodosius the great , ( who l banished all women-dancers , players , and singers by a publike edic● , as the plagues of those places and citties where they were tolerated : ) not onely suppressing and inhibiting all stage-playes and cirque-playes a● antioch , and stopping up all cirques and theaters , as the fountaines of all wickednesse , and the nurseries of all those mischiefes that sprung up in citties , as m chrysostome at large relates : and i likewise finde both him , valentinian and gratian , together with valens the emperour , enacting these publike lawes against stage-playes and common actors , well worthy observation : o that no stage-playes should be acted on the lords-day ; that stage-players and women-act●rs should be quite debarred from the sacraments as long as they continued in their playing , and that the sacrament should not be administred to them in their extremity , when as they lay upon their death-beds , though they de●ired it , unlesse the● did first renounce their wicked lewde profession , and protest solemnely that they would not returne unto it againe in case they should recover . such was their detestation against common actors , and so by consequence against playes themselves , which made their actors so base , so execrable , to these christian emperours . p iustinian the emperour , promulgated this pious edict ; that all sorts of clergie men , together with all other christians , should refraine , not onely from di●e play , and dicers company , but likewise from the very acting and beholding of stage playes and theatricall spectacles , because they are not the least part of those pompes of the devil which christians solemnely renounce when they are baptized . leo and anthemius , two worthy christian emperours , made this most pious edict . r all fea●t-dayes , or holy dayes dedicated to the most high god , shall not be taken up or solemnized with any pastimes or excursions . we therefore decree the lords-day to be alwayes so honourable and venerable , that it shall be exempted from all executions , admonitions , bayles , appearances , arrests , law-suites , and controversies , which shall all th●n cease ; let all advocates and criers then be silent , let there be then a kinde of tr●ce for a space , that so adversaries may safely meete together upon it , without feare , and reconcile themselves one to the other , &c. neither releasing the imployments of this religious day doe we permit any one to be occupied in obscene pleasures . let not the theatricall scene , nor the cirque combate , or the dol●full spectacles of wilde beasts , claime any liberty to themselves on this day : and if any solemnity to be celebrated , either in respect of our coronation or nativity , shall chance to happen upon it , let it be put off to some other time . if any person shall ever hereafter presume to be present at stage-playes on * this holy-day ; or if the apparitor of any iudge under pretext of any publike or private businesse shall violate those things which are decreed by this law , he shall undergoe the losse of his office , and the sequestration of his patrimony . o that this godly law were now in force with christians ! then playes and pastimes on lords-day evenings , would not be so frequent ; then those who had served god at prayers , and sermons in the day time , would not so seriously serve the world , the flesh , the devill , in dancing , dicing , masques , and stage-playes in the night , beginning perchance the lords-day ( like the s foolish galathians ) in the spirit , but ending it in the flesh , as alas too many carnall christians doe . theodoricus , a christian king of italy , ( whose prayses t e●nodius ticinensis , hath proclaimed to the world ) in his epistle to faustus , transmitted to posterity , by u marcus aurelius cassiodorus , hath-passed this censure upon stage-playes , and cirque-playes : * that they expell the gravest manners , invite the most triviall contentions ; that they are the exhausters of honesty , the ever-running fountaine of brawles and quarrels ; which antiquity verily reputed sacred , but contentious posterity hath made them a meere ludibrium . which passage he thus seconds in his epistle to speciosius . y who can expect grave manners in stage-playes ? catoes know not how to meete together at play-houses . whatsoever is there spoken to the reioycing people is not deemed an iniury . it is a place which defends excesse . in another epistle of his to the roman senate , he thus informes them , what great mischiefes these stage-playes had procured to the people , who were brought into extreme dangers by th●m . z animum nostrum , patres conscripti , reipub . curis calentem , pulsavit saepius querela populorum , orta quidem ex causis levibus , sed graves eructavit excessus . deplorat enim pro spectaculorum voluptate ad discrimina se ultima pervenisse , &c. and in his a epistle to maximus , of the divers sorts of spectacles , which the consuls exhibited to the people out of a preposterous custome , to their great expence ; ( against b the severall wickednesses of which enterludes hee there much declaimes ) he closeth up that epistle with this patheticall epilogue . heu mundi error ●olendus : si esset ullus aequitatis intuitus , tantae divitiae pro vita mortalium deberent dari , quantae in mortes hominum videntur effundi . such was his royall censure of these pestiferous stage-playes , which bred so many mischiefes and discords in the world . it it c registred of henry , the third emperour of that name , whom they stiled blacke and godly ; that when as a great company of stage-players and actors flocked together to ingelheim to his marriage , about the yeere . he thrust them all out of the court and citty ; and comm●nded that the money which should have beene spent in maintaining , rewarding , and adorning them , should be distributed among the poore : an example ( writes master gualther , who relates it ) truely worthy of eternall prayse ; which if princes and magistrates of common-weales would this day imitate , there would be lesse place left to filthy and sloathfull idlenesse , then which there is nothing more powerfull to corrupt mens manners : yea wise and prudent men would be then in greater request , and the poore would be better provided for , who now wander about in every corner to the great scandall of christianity : it is storied of d philip augustus , the . king of france ; that he being an enemy to publike dissolutions , and a friend to good order and iustice , enacted publike lawes against players , iuglers , playes , and d●cing-houses , which he wholy suppressed , as pornicious to his kingdome ; banishing all stage-players out of france by a publike edict : the true grounds of which worthy act of his vincentius in his e speculum historiale , doth thus expresse . cum antem in curijs regum vel principu● frequens histrionum turba convenire solebat , ut ab eis aurum & argentum , & equos seu vestes , quas saepe principes mutare solent verba ioculatoria varij● adulationibus plena proferendo ab eis extorqueant : vide●s rex philippus haec esse vana , & animae saluti contraria , mente promptissima deo promisit ; quod omnes vestes suas quamdiu viveret intuitu dei pauperibus erogaret ; malens nudum christum in pauperibus vestire ; quàm adulatoribus vestes dando peccatum incurrere ; * quoniam histrionibus dare ( and i would those who spend their money at play-houses would well consider it ) est daemonibus imolare . hoc si quotidie principes attenderent , nequaquam tot leccatores per mundum discurrerent . vidimus autem principes quosdam vestes diu excogitatas , & varijs florum picturationibus artificiosissime elaboratas vix evolutis septem di●bus , proh dolor , histrionibus , scilicet , diaboli ministris ( so hee stiles them ) ad primam vocem dedisse , pro quibus forsan . . aut . vel . marcas argenti impenderent , de quo nimirum preci● totidem pauperes per totum annum victus necessaria percipere potuissent . by all these severall acts and testimonies of these worthy christian princes , it is most apparant ; that stage-playes insufferably corrupt mens mindes and manners , and that they are no wayes tolerable in a christian state. the selfesame verity wee shall finde confirmed by the fathers . hence f clemens alexandrinus , stiles playes and play-hous●s ; the very chaire of pestilence , which corrupts mens mindes . hence tertullian records ; g that the roman censors oft-times demolish their re-erected theaters to prevent the corruption of the peoples manners , which they fore-saw would be much indangered and corrupted by the lasciviousnesse of stage-playes ; the lewde effects of which hee at large discovers , stiling the stage , the very chaire of pestilence , and the gallerie of the enemies of christ. hence * cyprian phraseth stage-playes ; h the masters not of teaching but of corr●pting , of destroying yo●●h : and play-houses , the very brothels of publike chastity ; where all vices ar●●oth taught and learned ; all modesty exiled , all contin●●●y wreck●d , mens soules and manners most incurably corrupted to gods dishonor a●d th● church●s shame . i hence k lactantius informes us ; that the v●ry hearing and beholding of stage-playes exceedingly corrupt all youth ; by depraving their manners , enraging their unruly lusts , and te●ching them to commit adulteri●● , whiles they behold them acted : whereupon he peremptorily concludes ; that all stage-playes are wholy to be aband●●ed , that so not onely no vices might harbour in our brests , but that the custom● of no pleasure might ever overcome us , and so turne us away from god and from good workes . hence gregory nazianzen avers ; l th●t stage-playes ought to be reputed nothing else but the very plague and sicknesse of mens mindes ; the severall ill eff●cts of which he there reckons up at large , and thereupon he thus concludes ; wherefore it evidently appeares , that these stage-playes are nought else but th● very destruction of mens soules : which censure of his is fully ratified by the concurrent suffrages of * tatianus , oratio advers . graecos . bibl. patrum , tom. . pag. . . of theophilus antiochenus , ad autolichum . lib. . ibidem . pag. . g. h. of minucius felix . octavius . pag. . . of arnobius advers . gentes . lib. . pag. . , . & lib. . pag. . to . of basil. h●xaëmeron . hom. . tom. . pag. . & de legendis libris gentilium . oratio . pag. . . of s. asterius , in festum kalendarum . hom. bibl. patrum . tom. pag. . of gaudentius brixiae . episcopus , de lectione evangelij . sermo . ibidem . p. . g. of s. hierom. comment . in ezechiel . lib. . cap . tom. . pag. . a. of eusebius & damascen , paralellorum . lib. . cap. . with ●undry others hereaft●r quoted , who all passe the very selfesame doome upon them . saint chrysostome is exceeding copious in this theame , as is evident by all his transcribed passages in the prec●ding scene . ( see here , page . . ● . . . . . . whence hee stiles the m play-house ; the caire of pestilence ; the shop of luxury● the scaffold of incontinency ; the publike schoole of l●wdnesse : a babilonish brothell full of many filthy noysome diseases , which depraves , depopulates , not the nature of the body , but the good habitude of the soule , n which over-turnes all lawes , all modesty , vertue , discipline , o and brings many great mischiefes unto citties : whereupon he thus concludes ; p that magistrates by overthrowing play-houses shall overturne all iniquity , and utterly extinguish all the plagues , the mischiefes of the state and citty . saint augustine , as he informes us in expresse tearmes : q that if there had beene none but good and honest men in the citty of rome , that they would never have admitted stage-playes to have any existence among humane things , much lesse in divine affaires : so r ●e proves at large out of heathen authors , that stage-playes are most unsufferable cont●gions and mischiefes in a state , vitiating the mindes , subverting the manners , th● discipline of those places where they are but tolerated . among other passages to this purpose , he affirmes : s that the roman vertue was altogether unacquainted with these theatricall arts almost . yeeres : which albeit they were sought after to delight the voluptuousnesse of mens lusts , and crept in onely by reason of the corruption of mens manners , yet the idol heathen gods desired that they might be dedicated unto them . and then speaking of the first occasion of bringing stage-playes into rome , to asswage the pestilence which afflicted their bodies , they brought in ( saith he ) another farre more grievous and perp●tuall pestilence of their mindes , which he thus elegantly expresseth . t dij propter sedandam corporis pestilentiam ludos sibi scenicos exhiberi iubebant , pontifex autem vester ( scipio ) propter animorum cavendam pestilentiam , ipsam scenam construi prohi●ebat . si aliqu● lu●e mentis animum corpori praeponitis , eligere qu●m ●olatis ? neque enim & illa corporum pestilentia ideo conquievit , quia populo bellico●● , & solis antea ludis circensibus assueto , luderum scenicorum delicata subi●travit insania : sed astutia spirituum nefandorum praevidens illam pestilentiam iàm ●●ne de●ito cessat●ram , aliam longè graviorem , qua plurimum gaudet , ex hac occasione , non corporibus , sed moribus curav●● immittere : quae animos miserorum tantis occaecavit tenebris , ta●ta deformitate faedavit , ut etiam modò quod incredibile for●itan erit , si à nostris posteris audietur , romana urbe vasta●a , quos pestilentia ista possedit , atque inde fugientes , carthaginem pervenire potuerunt , in theatris quo●idie certatim pro histrionibus insanirent . a me●tes , amentes , quis est hic tant●● , non error , sed f●ror , ut exitium vestrum plangentibus orientalibus populis , & maximis civitatibus in remotissimis terris● publicum luctum maeroremque ducentibus , vos theatra quareretis , intraretis , i●pleretis , & multò insaniora quàm fuerant antea faceretis . * hanc animarum labem ac pestem , hanc probitatis & honestatis eversionem ( so he truely stiles the theater ) scipio ille metuebat , quandò consirui theatra prohibebat , &c. neque enim censebat ille faelicem esse rempub . stantibus maenibus , ruentibus moribus : sed in vobis plus valuit quod impij daemones seduxerunt , quàm quod homines providi praecaverunt , &c. it is evident then by saint augustines resolution : that stage-playes incurably vitiate and desperately corrupt , if not subvert mens manners ; and so bring ruine to that state that suffers them , u the evils which they ingenerate in the peoples manners , being farre worse then the cruellest enemies . hence he informes us● x that stage-playes had made rome , which was gotten with the care , and augmented by the industry of their ancest●rs , more filthy whiles it was standing , then when it was falling unto ruine : since in its ruine , onely the stones and timber , but in the lives of play-haunters , all the monuments and ornaments not of walls , but of manners were fallen to the ground ; since their hearts burned with more lamentable polluting lusts , then the houses of the citty did with flames . yea hence he y concludes and prov●s , the pagan deities of the romanes to be no gods , but beastly devils , and uncleane infernall spirits ; who were no friends , no advancers , no protectors of the romanes or of their common-weale , but professed en●mies , plagues , and traitors to them both , because they invented , exacted , countenanced , and delighted in those obscene , lascivious , vitious● stage-playes , which defiled the mindes , corrupted the lives , ruinated the manners , and eternally destroyed the soules of men , by precipitating them into all vice and lewdnesse whatsoever : which playes both plato , scipio , cicero , and the ancient romanes quite abandoned , as the very pests , the cankers , ban● and overthrow of the common-weale . such they , such he reputed them● and from thence he z perswades the romanes to di●carde them , together with all their devill-idols who tooke such pleasure in them . paulus orosius , saint augus●ines intire friend and coetanean , in his excellent history ( dedicated to this learned father , ) relating the originall introduction of stage-playes among the romanes , to asswage the plague ; thus discants on that passage . a a●tores sua●●re pontifices , ut ludi scenicidijs expetentibus adere●●ur : & ita pro depellenda temporali peste corporum , accersitus est perpetuus morbus animarum : these stage-playes being no other in his opinion , but a p●rpetuall sicknesse of mens soules , far worse then any p●stilence that could ●ff●●ct their bodies : what state , what person then would foment such fatall plagues ? b salvian , bishop of massilia in france , most elegantly inveigheth against the horrid obsc●nity of stage-playes , informing the ancient romanes and others , c that stage-playes were those insufferable impurities which polluted their soules , depraved their manners , provoked the maiesty of their god to wrath , offended their blessed saviour , dishonoured their christian profession , and drew downe gods iudgements on their state , which was then miserablie wasted by the goathes and vandals : and th●reupon he adviseth them , eternally to abandon playes and theaters ( according to their vow in baptisme ) as the most pernicious evils , which would bring their soules , their bodies , their church and state to utter ruine . isiodor pelus●ota , who flourished about the yeere of our lord . in his epistle to hi●r● , who then swayed the common-wealth under theodosius the yonger , writes thus of d stage-players ; that this is their chiefe end and study , not that many should be made better by their scoffes , ( as some have said , deceiving both themselves , and those that heare them , ) but that many might be drawen to sinne . for their felicity is wholy placed in the lewdnesse of their spectators . for so it is , that if their spectators should be made better , their very occupation would goe to wracke : wherefore they never so much as thinke of reforming any who o●fend , neither if they willed it , could they effect it . for their mimicall art of its owne nature is onely ●itted for to hurt men . a passage , which not onely answers that vaine e obiection of play-patrons ( which you see was ancient ) that stage-playes reforme men by reprehending vice : but likewise man●●ests them to be intolerable mischiefes in any christian state , since their very end and nature is onely to corrupt and make men worse . f aurelius cassiodo●us , describ●n● the office of the romane censor , or surveyer of sports , records ; that the dissolute lives , and light arts of stage-players are remote from honest manners ; and that therefore antiquity becomming a moderator , did take care to suppresse their insolencies by appointing censors to correct and punish them , that so they might not wholy lash out , when as they should undergoe the censure of a iudge . for the very exhibition of pleasures is to be administred under a certaine discipline . if not a true , yet at leastwise let a shadowed order of iustice keepe stage-playes with in compasse . let even these businesses be tempered with the qualification of lawes , that so honesty may rule over dishonest persons , and they may live under certaine rules , who know not the way of a right conversation : for these players seeke not so much their owne pleasure as other mens myrth , and by a perverse condition , when as they deliver the dominion to their bodies , they have compelled their soules to serve . it is fit therefore that those should receive a moderator , who know not to carry themselves with a legall moderation . for the office of a censor is set up as a tutor over these heards of men . for as tutors keepe children of tender yeeres with diligent care , so vehement pleasures are to be curbed by the censor , with great grauity , &c. which passage , as it proves stage-playes , intolerable mischiefes ; and players , disorderly dissolute wicked person , whose excesses need to be suppressed , even by the opinion of the ancient pagan romanes , * who appointed censors of purpose to correct their grosse abuses , * which yet could never be redressed : so it condemnes the excessive lewdnesse of our moderne playes and actors which have no such surveyers to curbe , to censure their abuses ; & withall acquaints us , how pernicious stage-playes are , both to mens manners & the publike weale : and what reason christians have for ever to abandon them ; since the very worst of pagans , g had long since wholy discarded them , for their unsufferable corruptions and abuses , but to please their idols , to whom they wer● devoted ; which reason holds not with us christians , but ingageth us most against them . to passe by h iohn saresbury , i alexander fabritius , k holkot , l ●aulus wan , m mapheus vegius , * nicolaus de clemangis , o thomas bradwardine , p petrarcha , and q other more ancient writers , who censure stage-playes ; as the intolerable depravers of mens mindes and manners ; the seminaries of all wickednesse , vice , and lewdnesse ; the corrupters of youth , the subverters of all good discipline ; the enemies of all vertuous education ; and insufferable mischiefes in a state , which thorow the eyes and eares usher eternall death into mens soules : to whom i might accumulate ; r ludovicus vives , s astexanus , t cornelius agrippa , * peter primauday , * danaeus , y peter martyr , z ioannes langhecrucius , a bochellus , b ioannes mariana , c barnabas brissonius , d caesar bulengerus , * baronius , f spondanus , g the centuriators , with h sundry other forraigne authors hereafter quoted ; who fully suffragate to this their censure . i shall onely recite the words of ● other moderne outlandish authors against the intolerable abuses of stage-playes , and then passe unto our english writers : the first of these , is master ralph gualther , a reverend orthodox divine , whose laborious learned workes all protestant churches highly honor : who acquaints us : i that stage-players , the artificers , the ministers of unlawfull pleasures , who are wont to frequent the courts of great princes , and the eminentest richest citties where there is most hope of gaine propounded to them , are not a small plague of common-weales : for they are the servitors of lust , they corrupt good manners , they bring all religion into contempt : they greatly exhaust both the publike and m●ns private treasure , and that which ought to be distributed for the poores reliefe , they by their arts have almost intercepted . these the prophet compares to locusts , not onely for their multitude● but rather for * their idle sloathfulnesse , and because being borne onely for to eate and drinke , they doe nothing in the meane time that is honest , or which may any way advance the publike good . wherefore grave men in all ages have thought fit to exclude this sort of men from the common-wealth . this k plato a man of most acute iudgement perceived when as he banished all poets out of his common-wealth , because he knew they would both corrupt mens manners , and bring the god , into contempt . neither undeservedly is the old discipline of the l massilienses applaude● , who would admit no stage-players into their citty , ●or any person● but such who were skilfull in some art or other , wherby they might honestly maintaine themselves to which this also may be added , that the ancient divines most sharpely condemne both stage-playes and spectacles : having a respect to that of the apostle , m who would not have fornication , filthy discourse , scurrility or any uncleanesse , so much as to be once named among christians : commanding all the followers of christ , not to absteine from evill onely , but likewise n from all appearance of it . it is ther●fore a great signe of corrupt and perverted discipline , that th●se effeminate persons and furtherers of most ●ishonest pleasures , are in great esteeme both in the courts of princes & in rich citties , whiles grave men who excell in councell and experience are in the meane time excluded and contemned , and the poore neglected , &c. then he recites the examples of p licinius , and q henry the . emperor of that name , who cast all stage-players out of their courts and citties , as the very rats and moathes of the court and common-weale . examples ( writes he ) worthy of eternall prayse , which if princes and magistrates of the common-weale would imitate at this day , there would be lesse rome left for filthy sloathfull idlenesse , then which there is nothing more powerfull to corrupt mens manners : yea wise and prudent men would be in more esteeme , and the poore would be better provided for , who now wander up and downe in every corner , to the great scandall of christianity . but because all here neglect their duty , god himselfe will at one time or other finde out a meanes whereby he will cast out these plagues ( so stiles he playes and players ) not without some publike calamity , as the prophet here threatens to the ninivites . thus hee . the second is r petrus opm●●rus , a grave historian , who writes thus of playes . the ancient romanes did waste too much upon pleasures and spectacles , of which they had foure sorts : stage-playes which served to delight their eares : cirque-playes , gladiators , and huntings , which served for their eyes : from the first of these , they learned filthinesse and lewdnesse : from the latter , cruelty and inhumanity . neither did any one bring backe those manners from these spectacles that he brought thither ; for a certaine rust and canker did spread it selfe over them at unawares . neither doe vices more easily or speedily corrupt mens mindes then by these pleasures . the third is * didacus de tapia , a famous spanish hermite ; who discussing this question ; whether the sacrament might be given to stage-players ? writes thus . * the ancient fathers inveigh so bitterly against this pernicious kinde of men , and the holy canons punish them so severely by ecclesiasticall censures , that i suspect that those things which were acted in theaters heretofore , were filthier then those things that are acted now . but let this be as it will , yet the things that are played now are lascivious , filthy , and obscene , and very pernicious to christian religion . and therefore whosoever ●asts any sweetnesse in the lord , or is any whit wise towards god , is bound to repute them publike sinners , and so much the more grivous plague of the common-weale , by how much the wound of the soule is greater then that of the body . the councell of carthage , saint cyprian , chrysostome , and augustine ( whose words he there recites at large ) excommunicate them both from the society of the faithfull , and the sacraments , as the very infamy , plagues , and blemish of the church , which could not tolerate them without much infamy and dishonour ; since the very pagan roman●s disfranchised them their tribes , and made them infamous . * and if these stage-players are reputed infamous among heathens , and deprived of all honour , as saint augustine most truely affirmeth . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . what ought we christians now to doe ? verily we ought to eschue and condemne both in playes and sports , what ever is profuse , what ever is imm●dest , what ever is unseemely , what ever is wanton , what ever is wicked ; all which even tully himselfe condemned ●n his offices . but all these things are found in play-houses : but if that stage-players delight men with their pleasures , iests , and wily speaches , and with the sweetnesse of their songs , and musicke ; or if they adorne and instruct men with their grave sentences , and please them with the representation of ancie●t things , or with their passions ; ( a common objection in the behalfe of stage-playes ; ) would to god they had never mixed these good things with their com●dies : for this onely happens because evill is so weake and miserable by it selfe , that it cannot defend and helpe it selfe , unlesse it be holpen and assisted by good : for evill , if it be perfect , de●troyeth it selfe , as aristotle saith ; and therefore it is hid under the shew of good , that it may deteine and deceive incautelous men : for by nature we are vehemently prone to honesty . but albeit some good things are mingled in these playes , yet we alwayes ought to have these excellent words of hierom before our eyes , in his epistle to laeta . no man ( saith he ) sendeth his daughter to the stewes , although some women may there be found bewayling their filthy corruption : no man commits his heire to a company of theeves , that he may learne audacity ; no man enters into a boate that is full of holes , that he may learne to avoyd shipwracke . * no man therefore ought to goe to the impure and infamous place of the theater which is contrary to religion , to modesty and sobriety , ( a place so familiar to devils , and so od●ous to god , ) that he may learne or tast the things there acted : for they are intermixed with poyson . such is the venome , the contagion of players and play-haunters , in this popish hermites judgement , whose words of papist ( and i presume no protestant ) dares to question . the fourth is iohn bodine , an eminent polititian , and renowned statesman , who hath passed this verdict upon stage-playes . t i will ( writes he ) passe over in silence the abuses which are committed in suffring of comedies and enterludes , the which ( pray marke it ) is a most pernicious plague to a common-weale : for there is nothing doth more corrupt the citizens good manners , simplicity and naturall bounty then * stage-playes : the which have the more power and effect , for that their words , accents , gesture , motions and actions , governed with all the art that may be , and of a most filthy and dishonest subiect , leaves a lively impression in their soules who apply thereunto even all their sences . to conclude , we may well say , that the comedians stage is an apprentiship of all impudency , loosenesse , whoredome , cozening , deceit and wickednesse . and therefore * aristotle doth not with out cause say , that they must have a care lest the subiects went to comedies : * he had said better , that they should have pulled downe their theaters , and shut the comedians out of the citty ga●es . for saith x seneca . there is nothing more contrary to good manners , then to haunt playes . and therefore y philip augustus king of france , did by a publike edict , banish all players out of his realme . if any one will say , that both greekes and romanes did allow of playes : i answer , that it was for a superstition they had unto their gods : but the wisest have alwayes blamed them . for although a tragedy hath something in it more stately and heroike , and which doth make the hearts of men lesse effeminate : yet z solon having seene the tragedy of thespis played , did much mislike it ; and whereas thespis excusing himselfe , said , it was but a play : no ( replyed solon ) but this play turnes to earnest . much more had he blamed comedies , which were then unknowne : and now alwayes they put at the end of every tragedy ( as poyson into meate ) a comedy or iigge . and although that comedies were more tolerable among those that dwell in the southerne parts , being more heavy and melancholy by nature , and for their naturall constancy lesse subiect to change , yet should they be utterly denyed to those that live toward the north , being of a sanguine complexion , light and inconstant ; having in a manner all the force of their soule in the common and brutall sence : but there is a no hope to se● playes forbidden by the magistrates , for commonly they are the first at them . thus farre these forraigners . to passe by * carolus sigonius , who enumerates the frequenting , tolerating , and countenancing of stage-playes both by prince and people , as the inevitable forerunner , and chiefe occasion both of th● destruction and overthrow of the roman empire , by the gothes and vandals : and * ●uevara , his dial of princes . l. . c. . to . i come now to our own domestique playes , to see what our writers , our divines , in their daily sermons ; what our vniversities , magistrates , and our whole state have determined of them , in confirmation of my minors truth . for our writers . to passe by those of more ancient times , as beda , anselme , alexander fabritius , h●lkot , bradwardi● , ioannis de burgo , alexander de ales , edmundus cantuariensis , ioannis saresberiensis , petrus blesensis math●w paris , polychronicon , ludovicus vives , thomas waldensis , and * others hereafter quoted , who all condemne these stage-playes as intolerable corruptions . master northbro●ke , an eminent learned divine , in his excellent treatise against vaine playes and enterludes , imprinted by authority , london ● writes thus of stage-playes . * to speake my minde and conscience plainely and in the feare of god , i say , that players and playes are not tolerable nor sufferable in any common-weale , especially where ●he gospell is preached ; ( which he there proves at large by sundry testimonies of fathers , councels , moderne divines , and others ; and by many arguments , ) because they are the occasions of much sinne and wickednesse , corrupting both the mindes and manners of their actors and spectators . the author of the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , ( once c a playerly play-poet himselfe , till being pricked in conscience for it , he renounced his profession ) d●livers his experimentall resolution of stage-playes in these very tearmes . d such doubtlesse is mine opinion of common playes , that in a common-weale they are not sufferable . my reason is , because they are publike enemies to vertue and religion , allurements to sinne , corrupters of good manners , meere brothel houses of bawdery , and bring both the gospell into slander , the sabbath into contempt , mens soules into da●ger , and finally the whole common-weale into disorder : all which particulars hee there confirmes at large . the title of which booke is very observable : viz. a second and third blast of retrait from playes and theaters : the one whereof was sounded by a reverend bishop , dead long since ; the other by a worshipfull and zealous gentleman now alive : one shewing the filthinesse of playes in times past ; the other the abomination of theaters in the time present : both expresly proving , that that common-weale is nigh unto the curse of god , wherein either players be made of or theaters maintained : set forth and allowed by authority . anno . a pregnant authorized evidence of my minors truth . master stephen gosson , another great play-poet before his conversion , ( for e which he afterw●rds shed many a bitter teare ; ) in his * schoole of abuse ; containing a pleasant invective against poets , pipers , players , iesters , and such like caterpillers of a common-wealth , setting up a ●lagge of defiance against their mischeivous exercise , and overthrowing their bulwarkes by prophane writers , natur●ll reason , and common experience ; printed by allowance , and dedicated to sir philip sidney . anno . and in his playes confuted , dedicated to sir francis walsingham ; which booke is thus intituled : playes confuted in five actions : proving that they are not to be suffred in a christian common-weale , &c. imprinted at london , about the yeere . doth positively affirme , and copiously demonstrate upon unanswerable grounds ; that stage-playes and common actors are no wayes tolerable in any christian , or well-governed common-weale ; because they occasion much wickednesse , lewdnesse , and disorder , and exce●dingly corrupt the mindes , the manners both of their auditors and spectators : as the perusers of these tractates shall more at large discerne . the selfe-same assertion and conclusion we shall finde , in master g stubs , his anatom● of abuses : in reverend h b b. babington , his exposition upon the . commandement ; in master iohn field , his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden ; published by authority . anno . in a book intituled , the church of evill m●n and women , &c. printed by richard pinson . anno . in matthew parker archbishop of canterbury , de antiqu . ecclesiae brittanicae . lo●dini . fol. ult . in m. george whetston , his mirror for magistrates of citties . london . fol. . in holling shead , his chronicle . anno . pag. . numb . . . col. . anno . col. . anno . col. . in doctor iohn case , ethicorum . lib. . cap. . pag. . . & politicorum . lib. . cap. . pag. . , . where he condemnes all popular , though he allowes of academicall stage-playes , as doctor gager , and doctor gentiles likewise doe . in reverend b b. halls epistles , de●ad . . epist. . in the rich cabinet . london . pag. . , . in master samuel purchas , his pilgrim . cap. . pag. . in m. doctor i sparkes , his rehearsall sermon at pauls crosse , the . of aprill . anno . in the anonymous treatise of dances . london . shewing , that they are dependents or things annexed unto whoredome ; wherin it is also proved by the way , that playes are ioyned and knit together in a ranke with them . in incomparable doctor reinolds , his overthrow of stage-playes , printed . and reprinted at oxford , . and in his preface to the vniversity of oxford before his . theses . pag. . . london . in doctor iohn white , his sermon at pauls crosse , march . . sect . . in dr. bond of the sabbath . london . p. . . . . . in i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . london . pag . & . to . in master brinsly● his . part of the true watch chapter . abomination . pag. . in master osmund lake , his probe theologicall upon the comma●dements . london . pag . to . in master william perkins , his exposition upon the . commandement , in his workes . vol. . p. . d. in his treatise of conscience . cap. . tom. . pag. . in his cases of conscience . booke . chap. . sect . . question . vol. . pag. . . and in his commentary on galathians . vol. . pag. . in i. p. his covenant betweene god and man : exposition on the . commandement . in b b. baily , his preface to the practise of piety . in master dod , master cleav●r , m. el●on . and b b. andrewes , on the . commandement . in master thomas gatiker , of the lawfull use of lots . pag. . in doctor layton , his speculum be●●i sacri . cap. . in master iohn downh●m , his summe of divinity . booke . chap. . pag. . and in his guide to godlinesse . lib. . chap. . sect . . in master rebert bolton , his discourse of true happinesse . pag. ● . . in a short treatise against stage-playes dedicated to the parliament . anno . in richard rawlidge , his monster lately found out , &c. london . pag. . . . in doctor ames , de iure conscientiae . lib. . ●●p . . pag. . in master richard brathwait , his english gentlewoman . london . pag. . . in doctor thomas beard , his theater of gods iudgements . edition . london . booke . chap. . pag. . . who in these their severall writings , unanimously condemne all stage-playes , as unsufferable pernicious abominations and corruptio●s in a christian state , which desperately deprave mens mindes and manners , by drawing them on to idlenesse , wantonnesse , prophanesse , whoredome , dissoluten●sse , effemi●acy , and all kinke of vice and wickednesse whatsoever ; as these their writings , with * sundry others will more largely testifie ; which fully suffragate to my present assumption . that our godly divines in their zealous daily sermons , have likewise declaimed against stage-playes , both in former and latter times , as these our writers doe , it is evident , not onely by our owne daily experience ; ( there being not one godly faithfull minister where these play-houses , playes and players are admitted , but hath oft cyred out against them in the pulpit , as the * very schooles , the tutors of bawdery and abuse ; the nests of the devill ; the chaire of pestilence , the sinkes of all sin , the pompes and soveraigne places of satan ; the poyson of mens soules and manners , the plagues and overtures of the common-wealth , &c. ) but by the testimony of the prefacer to the . and . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . anno . who in●ormes us ; that in his time many godly preachers day by day , in all places of greatest resort , did deno●nce the vengeance of god to those , be th●y high or low , that favoured playes , theaters , or players . that in all ages th● most excellent men for learning have condemned them by th● force of eloquence and power of gods word : and that many in the principall places of this land have , and daily , yea openl● doe speake against playes , players , and theaters ; as neither warranted by gods word , nor liked of christians , but disallowed utterly , * by script●re , by reason , by doctors , by bishops , by their very authors themselves , yea and by all other good men , as the enemies to godlinesse , the corruption of the wel-disposed : and so consequently a spe●iall engine to subvert all religion , and to overthrow the good state of that common-weale wherein they are tolerated . by the suffrage of master k stephen gosso● . anno . who acquaints us● that it is a shame to frequent playes , impudency to defend them : it is sinne in the gentiles to set o●t playes , in christians it is a presumptuous sinne ; because we see better wayes and yet take the worse : we know their corruptions and allow them . all this hath beene sufficiently proved by ancient writers , and daily revealed by learned preachers ; yet will n●t my country-men leave their playes , because playes are the nourishers of delight . by the expresse averment of m. l george whetston . an. . who records : that godly divines , in p●blike sermons , and others in printed bookes , have ( of late ) very sharpely invayed against stage-playes● ( unproperly called tragedies , comedies and morals ) as the springs of many vices , and the stumbling-blockes of godlinesse and vertue . truely , the use of them on the sabbath day , and the abuse of them at all times , with scurrility and unchast convaiance , ministers matter sufficient for them to blame , and the magistrate to reforme . to which i might adde d. rainolds , overthrow of stage-playes . epistle to the reader , & pag. . . i. g. his apologie for actors , with sundry others who concurre in this . that our two famous * vniversities have passed the selfe same doome of condemnation against stage-playes ; is most apparant ; both by the testimony of m. stephen gosso● . anno . who upon his owne knowledge a●firmes : m that many famous men in his time in both our vniversities , had made open out-cries of the inconveniences bred by playes ; and that they held this opinion ; that playes are not to be suffred in a christian common-weale : but ( saith he ) they doe not thorowly prosecute the same , by printing any full discovery against them , because that ●inding the eares of the hearers stopt with the deafe adder , they begin to shak● the dust of their shooes against them ; and follow the counsell of god himselfe ; n which biddeth them , throw no pearles to swine . by the testimony of learned d. o rainolds , who a●firmes ; that the best and gravest d●vines in the vniversity of oxford , p condemned stage-playes by an expresse statute made in a full convocation of the whole vniversity , in the yeere of our lord . whereby the use of all common playes was expresly prohibited in the vniversity , lest the q yonger sort ( who are prone to imitate all kind● of vice ) being spectators of so many lewde & evill sports as in them are practised , should be corrupted by them : answerable to which the vniversity of cambridge ( as i have beene credibly informed ) enacted a publike statute ; that no common actors should be suffred to play within the precincts of the vniversities iurisdiction , for feare they should deprave the schollers manners . which statutes though perchance they are not alwayes so strictly observed as they ought , yet they are oft-times put in execution , by such vice-chancelers , and proctors as are most conscionably vigilant and carefull in their places . all which being put together , sufficiently discovers our vniuersities judgement of common players and actors , what unsufferable mischiefes and corruptions they are . if any here object ; that our vniversities approve of private stage-playes acted by schollers in private colledges : therefore these playes are not so intolerably evill in their opinions . i answer ; r that our vniversities though they tolerate and connive at , yet they give no publike approbation to these private ent●rlud●s , which are not generally received into all colledges , but onely practised in some private houses , ( perchance once in three or foure yeeres ; ) and that by the particular statutes of those houses made in times of popery , which require some latine comedies , for learning-sake onely , to bee acted now and then : which playes , as they are composed s for the most part by idle braines , who affect not b●tter studies ; and acted ( as i. g. ) informes us , by gentle-bloods , and lusty swash-bucklers , who preferre an ounce of vaine-glory , oftentati●n and str●tting on the stage , before a pound of learning ; t or by such who are sent to the vniversity , not so much to obtaine knowledge , as to keepe them from the common ryot of gentlemen in these dayes ; like little children whom their parents send to schoole , the rather to keepe them from under feet in the streets , which carefull mothers greatly feare : their spectators for the most part being such as both poets and actors are ; even such as reckon no more of their studies , then spend-all gentlemen of their cast-suites : u so the graver , better , and more studious sort ( especially divines , who by sundry * councels are prohibited from acting or beholding any publike or private stage-playes , and therefore dare not to a approach them ) condemne them , censure them , come not a● them , ( especially when they transgresse the rules of modesty and decency as ought times they doe : ) neither are these playes so frequent now as they have beene in former times , by reason of those mischiefes , x those expences of time and mony which they occasion , and that affinity they have with common stage-playes , which all ages , all christian , all prophane authors of note , and these our vniversities have solemnely condemned . descend we from our vniversities to our magistrates . the magistrates of the citty of london , as y m. iohn field records , obteined from queene elizabeth , of famous memory , about the yeere . that all heathenish playes and enterludes should be banished upon sabbath dayes : and not long after z many godly cittizens , and wel-disposed gentlemen of london , considering that play-houses and a dicing-houses , were traps for yong gentlemen and others ; and perceiving the many inconveniences , and great damage that would ensue upon the long suffring of the same , not onely to particular persons , but to the whole citty ; and that it would also be a great disparagement unto the governours , and a dishonour to the government of this honourable citty , if they should any longer continue ; acquainted some pious magistrates therewith , desiring them to take some speedy course for the suppression of common play-houses and dicing-houses within the citty of london and liberties thereof . who thereupon made humble suite to queene elizabeth and her privy councell , and obtained leave from her maiesty to thrust the players out of the citty , and to pull downe all play-houses and dicing-houses within their liberties : which accordingly was effected : and the play-houses in gracious-street , bishops-gate-street , that ni●h pauls , that on ludgate-hill , and the white-friers , were quite put downe and suppressed by the care of these religious senators . and surely ( writes my author ) had all their successors followed their worthy steps , sinne would not at this day have beene so powerfull and raigning as it is . this memorable act of suppressing play-houses by our london magistrates , by authority from our vertuous queene elizabeth , and her most sage privy counsell , as intolerable grievances and annoyances to our chiefe christian metropolis , is an infallible argument , that they * all reputed them , unsufferable corruptions in a christian state. now as these pious magistrates demolished play-houses , and thrust out all players from within their liberties , which now have taken sanctuary in some priviledged places , without their iurisdiction ; so divers sage and pious iustices of peace , and magistrates in sundry citties and counties of our realme , have from time to time , punished all wandring stage-players b as rogues , notwithstanding the master of the revels , or other mens allowance , who have no c legall authority to license vagrant players : and in cases where they have had commissions to act , they have oft denyed them liberty so to doe , within their iurisdictions , lest their lascivious , prophane , and filthy playes , should corrupt the people , and draw them on to vice . all which sufficiently demonstrates what our magistrates thinke of players and stage-playes , which our whole state and kingdome have condemned , as i shall now make evident , by some acts of parliament . in d . of henry the iv. cap. . i finde this act of parliament made . item , to eschew many diseases and mischiefes , which hath hapned before this time in the land of wales , by many wasters , rimours , minstrels , and other vacabonds ; it is ordained and stablished , that no master-rimour , minstrill nor vacabond be in any wise sustained in the land of wales to make commo●thes nor gathering upon the people there . loe here an ancient statute banishing all players , rimours , and minstrels out of wales , as the authors of many commotions , disorders , and mischiefes . * in . henry . cap. . there was this law enacted against mummers . for as much as lately within this realme , divers persons have disguised and apparelled themselves , and covered their faces with visours or other things , in such manner as they should not be knowne : and divers of them in a company together , naming themselves mummers , have come to the dwelling place of divers men of honour , and substantiall persons , and so departed unknowne ; whereupon murthers , felony , rape , and other great hurts and inconveniences have afore-time growne , and hereafter be like to come by the colour thereof , if the said disorder should continue not reformed . wherefore be it enacted by the king our soveraigne lord , &c. that if any persons hereafter disguise or apparell them with visours or otherwise upon their faces , and so disguised or apparelled as mummers or persons unknowne , by reason of their apparell , associate or accompany them together or apart , and attempt to enter into the house of any person or persons , or assault or affrayes make upon any person or persons in the kings high-way , or any other place in forme afore disguised , that then the said mummers , or disguised persons , and every of them shall be arrested by any of the kings leige people as suspects or vacabonds , and be committed to the kings gaole , there to be imprisoned by the space of . monethes without bayle or mainprise , and then to make fine to the king by the discretion of the iustices , by whom they shall be delivered out of prison . and also it is ordained and enacted by the said authority , that if any person or persons sell or keepe any visours or visour in his house , or in any other place within this realme af●er the feast of easter next comming , and after this act proclaimed , that the said person ( that keepeth the said visour or visours ) shall forfeit to the king our soveraigne lord for every visour . s. and further shall suffer imprisonment , and make fine after the discretion of the iustices afore whom he is thereof convicted by examination or by inquisition , after the course of the common-law . vpon the consideration of which statute , f polydor virgil writing of stage-playes and mummers , records : that onely england of all other countries did not as yet behold these personated beasts : neither truely will she see them : since among the english , who in this thing are farre wiser then others ; there is this law , that it shall be ca●itall for any person to put on a visour or players habit : which statute , as may be collected from polydor , ( who g wrote about some . yeeres after it ) extends as well to players as mumme●s . in h . & . of philip and mary . cap. . intituled ; an act to avoyd divers licenses of houses wherein unlawfull games be used : upon the humble petition of the commons to the queene in parliament , it was inacted ; that whereas by reason of sundry licences heretofore granted to divers persons , as well within the citty of london and the suburbs of the same , as also in divers other places of the realme , for the having , maintaining , and keeping of houses , gardens , & places for bowling , tennise , and dicing ( a game prohibited as unlawfull by sundry other of our statutes : viz. by . richard . c. . . henry . cap. . . edward . cap. . . henry . cap. . . henry . cap. . & . henry . cap. . where dice-play is stiled an unlawfull , unprofitable , ungracious , and incommendable game , whereby divers are utterly undone and impoverished of their goods , and by meanes whereof divers and many murthers , robberies , and other hainous felonies were oftentimes committed in divers parts of the realme . see . edw. . c. . and thereupon it is severely condemned under great mulcts and punishments ; the dice-players being to forfeit ten pound a peece , and to suffer two yeeres imprisonment , and such as keepe any dicing-houses to forfeit twenty pound a peece , and to suffer . yeeres imprisonment , &c. ) for white and blacke , making and marring , and other unlawfull games prohibited by the lawes and statutes of this realme , divers and many unlawfull assemblies , conventicles , seditions and conspiracies had beene daily and secretly practised by idle and misruly persons repairing to such places , of the which robberies and divers misdemeanours had ensued ; that for remedy thereof , all licences , placards or grants made to any person or persons for the keeping of any bowling-allies , dicing-houses , or other unlawfull games ( in the which number stage-playes were included ) should be utterly voyd , and of none effect . by the i statutes of . & . henry . cap. . of . & . edward . cap. . . eliz. cap. . and of . iacobi . cap. . we have severall mulcts and penalties inflicted upon such , who should recite or interpret scripture , or revile the sacrament or booke of common prayer , or any part thereof ; or iestingly and prophanely speake or use the name of god the faether , or of christ iesus , or of the holy ghost , or of the trinity , in any enterludes , stage-playes , rymes or pageants . and lest any one should hence inferre , that these statutes ( which are principally intended in private playes and enterludes , since they condemne and suppresse all publike , ) seeme to allow of popular stage-playes , because they suppresse not playes themselves , but onely these their abuses ; the k statutes of . eliz. cap. . . eliz. cap. . . iacobi . cap. . & . caroli . cap. / doe in expresse words , condemne all stage-playes , and common enterludes , as unlawfull exercises and pastimes ; occasioning many great inconveniences , quarrels , blood-sheds , and disorders , to gods dishonour , and the publike preiudice : for the better suppression of which , the l statutes of . eliz. cap. . & . eliz. cap. . have branded , have adiudged all common players of enterludes , all idle persons using any unlawfull games , all players and wandring minstrels , for rogues , for vacabonds and sturdy beggers ; subiecting them to such paines and punishments as other wandring rogues and vacabonds are to undergoe ; unlesse they should belong to some baron or other honourable person of greater degree , and be authorized by them to play under their hand and seale of armes : which license of theirs exempted them onely from the punishment , not from the infamy , or stile of rogues and vacabonds : which statutes , not so effectually suppressing these playes and enterludes as was expected , by reason of the liberty that barons and other noblemen had to license players of enterludes belonging to them to act their playes , the m statute of . iacobi . c. . to remedy this mischiefe , hath declared and enacted : that from thenceforth no authority given or to be given or made by any baron of this realme , or any other honourable personage of greater degree unto any enterlude players , minstrels , iuglers , bearward , or any other idle person or persons whatsoever , using any unlawfull games or playes , to play or act , should be available to free or discharge the said persons or any of them , from the paines and punishments of rogues , of vacabonds and sturdy-beggers in the said statutes ( viz. . eliz. cap. . & . eliz. cap. . ) mentioned ; but that they shall be taken within the offence and punishments of the same statutes , and of this statute of . iacobi . cap. . so that now at this day , by these severall acts of parliament yet in force , ( resolved and concluded upon after long mature deliberation by our whole state and kingdome , ) all common stage-playes , are solemnely adiudged to be unlawfull and pernicious exercises , not sufferable in our state : and all common stage-players , by whomsoever licensed ; to be but vacabonds , rogues , and sturdy-beggers ; who ought to suffer n such paines and punishments in every degree , as are appointed to be inflicted upon all other vacabonds , rogues , and sturdy-beggers , by the forenamed statutes . so that all magistrates may now justly punish them as rogues and vacabonds , where-ever they goe , ( yea they ought both in law and conscience for to doe it , since these severall statutes thus inforce them to it ) notwithstanding any license which they can procure , since the expresse words of the statute of . iacobi . cap. . hath made all licenses unavaylable to free them from such punishments . it is most apparantly evident then by all these promises ; that not onely pagan writers , emperours , states , and magistrates ; together with the primitive christians , fathers , and christian writers of forraigne parts ; but even our owne domestique writers , preachers , vniversities , magistrates , and our whole state it selfe in open parliament , both in ancient , moderne , and present times , have abandoned , censured , condemned stage-playes and common actors , as the n very pests , the corruptions of mens mindes and manners ; the seminaries of all vice , all lewdnesse , wickednesse , and disorder : and intolerable mischiefes in any civill or well-disciplined common-weale : therefore my minors truth is past all doubt , we cannot but readily subscribe unto it ; and so by consequence to the conclusion too , without any more dispute . how then can we tolerate , or connive at , much lesse applaude , frequent , or iustifie these pernicious depraving enterludes , which we have all thus condemned as intolerable evils ? our owne writers , preachers , vniversities , magistrates ; yea , our whole realme and state in parliament ( to whose p acts we all are parties , as our law-bookes teach us ) have thus publikely branded , censuraed them , as extreamely evill● how can , how dare we then foment them , pleade for them● or resort unto them , as exceeding good ? let us , o let us not be worser then these heathen , nor wiser then these christian fore-recited forraigne , and dom●stique authors , fathers , ministers , magistrates , princes , emperours , states and kingdomes , who have thus abandoned , suppressed playes and players for the forenamed mischiefes which they did occasion : but as we cannot but approve , applaud their censure in our judgemēts , so let us submit unto them in our practise ; renouncing , abominating all filthy stage-playes from henceforth and for ever , as the very poyson , the corruption of our mindes and manners , which they will strangely vitiate , as all these conclude , and the examples both of the ancient greekes and romanes witnesse . and no wonder is it , that stage-playes should thus deprave the actors , the spectators mindes and manners● h especially those of the yonger sort , who in regard both of their tender yeeres , their wa●t of iudgemēt , of experience ; the strength , the vigor of their lusts , and their naturall inclination unto evill , are more easily c●rrupted . for if i evill words corrupt good manners , as the apostle teacheth : there is plenty of these in all our stage-playes , * which are little b●tter then meere b●wd●ry and sc●rrility : if sinfull , lewde companions : if the society of adulterers , adulteresses , whore-masters , whores , ru●●ians , panders , bawdes or such like leprous creatures , can deprave men , k as all professe they will ; l what others shall we meete at theaters , but such lewde filth● persons ? if pestilen● , wicked , vitious m places will infect mens mindes or manners ; what place so dangerous , so leprous , so contagio●s , as the play-house ? which the fathers stile , n a chaire of pestilence . if adulterous , lasc●vious spectacles ●re apt to poyson , to contaminate the eyes , the soules , the l●ve● , the manners of the spectator● , o as they are : what shewes , what spectacles so lewde , so obscene , as those that are daily represented on the stage ? if any , if every of these will severally corrupt men , in company , in places where there is little danger , as too oft they doe ; much more will they deprave men p when they are all combined , as they are in stage-playes ; q where all the severall scattered corruptions that usually adulterate mens mindes and manners of themselves alone , unite their forces ; their contagio●s into one . but what need i presse any further reasons to prove this cursed effect of stage-playes , when as our own visible experience abundantly confirmes it ? for alas , whence is all that prodigious desperate dissolutenesse , prophanesse , wickednesse , drunkennesse , impudence , lewdnesse , and disorder● that grosse uncleanesse , that exorbitant obliquity , that stupendious degeneracy in life , apparel , speech , gesture , * haire , complements , and the intire man ? whence all those severall armies of corruptions , of vices , which infect our nation ? whence all those severall beastly , diabolicall , audacious , crying , daring sinnes of our r femalized gotish males , or * mannish females , who out-stare the very lawes of god , of man , of nature , and send up daily challenges for vengeance to the god of heaven ; whence all those common adulterers , adulteresses , whore-masters , whores , bawdes , panders , ru●●ians , rorers , swearers , duellers , cheaters , fashion-mongers , fantastiques , libertines , scoffers , t haters of god , of grace , of holinesse ; u despisers and slanderers of all religious men ; the enemies of all modesty and common civility ; with such other lawlesse , godlesse persons , who now swarme so thicke of late in the streets of our metropolis ; professing themselves openly to be the very * first-borne of satan , the very factors , and heires apparant of hell ; in that y they proclaime their sinne as sodom in the open view of all men , without the smallest blush , and glory in those infernall filthy practises which should even z melt their soules with sorrow , and * confound their faces with the deepest shame ; b are not they all originall from playes ? from play-houses ? have they not all their birth , their growth , their aliment , their complement , their intention , their support from these ? are not these the nurseries , the fountaines whence they spring ? the food by which they live , they grow , and multiply ? the meanes by which they roote and spred themselves ? certainely he is starke blinde that cannot ; he most perversly wilfull that will not see it ; so apparant is it to the eyes , the consciences of all men who pri● into the cau●es of these grosse diso●ders . since therefore the dangerous leprosie , the * p●stiferous contagio● of mind-corrupting , manner-depraving stage-playes is so irrefragably confirmed by reason● by experience , by all the fore-quoted au●hori●i●s , both pagan and christian● forraigne and domestique ; i may safely , i may confidently conclude on all the premis●s , ( and i hope ere long , to see * our gracious soveraigne , or church , our state , our p●rliament , our counsell ; yea all our magistrates● ministers , people , even really concurring with me in this right christian assertion ; ) that stage-playes deprave the mindes , adulterate the manners both of their actors and spectators ; and that therefore they are altogether unlawfull , abominable unto christians ; d not tolerable in any christian well-ordered common-weale : which should cause us all in generall , each of us in particular , as wee either tender the publike or our owne private welfare , for ever to abandon , suppresse , renounce all stage-playes . e crudelitas ista , p●etas est : this cruelty will be at least our piety , if not our safety , in these dangerous wicked times , that cry for nought but wrath and vengeance , which are likely f for to come upon us to the uttermost , ( as they did of old upon the * iewes , the greekes and romanes , ) for our resort to stage-playes and our other sinnes , unlesse our speedy repentance , & gods great mercy ward them off . scena sexta . the sixt pestiferous effect of stage-playes , is sloth and idlenesse : * two dangerous inchanting syrens : from whence this . argument will arise . that which is the constant cause● the common spring and nursery of much sloth and idlenesse● must needs be sinfull and pernitious unto christians intolerable in any common-weale . see . edward cap. ● . . edw. . cap. . . edw. . c. . and all our statutes against r●gues and vacabonds , accordingly . but stage playes are the constant occasions , the common springs and nurseries of much sloth and idlenesse ; witnesse the * present condi●ion of our english youth , who flocke to theaters , whom seneca hath long since discyphered in the romanes . therefore they must needs be sinfull and pernitious unto christians , intolerable in any common-weale . the major verily must be granted to me : first , because sloth and idlenesse are sinnes against the g expresse command of god. secondly , because h they are the very rust and canker of mens mi●des , mens parts , mens bodies , men● soules . thirdly , because i they are the occasion , the fountaine of most other sinnes ; as k adultery , whoredome , drunkennesse , theft , voluptuousnesse , pride in apparell , lasciviousnesse , vaine discourse , and a world of other sinnes which would never be committed ; to which the l devill could not tempt men , were they imployed in their lawfull callings . fourthly , because the m very curse and wrath of god ; togetherwith n penury , vanity , misery , and destruction attend these sinnes . fiftly , because these sinnes o are most dangerous , most pernitious , preiudiciall and destructive to a state , of all others ; both because they indispose men too , and keepe them off from their honest callings , from all publike imployments and services for the publike good : because they occasion dearth and poverty , robbing the common-wealth of the benefit of mens industry , and painefull labour● and likewise because they are the seminaries , nurseries , and fewell of all other vices and corruptions , that either weaken , trouble , disorder , or p subvert a republike , ( as idlenesse and luxury have subverted many , ) as all polititians doe affirme : who censure and exclude all idle persons , as the q very caterpillers , drones , and canker-wormes of the common-weales wherein they live ; inacting sundry lawes against them , as the lawes of r draco , ( who made idlen●sse a capitall crime : ) tog●ther with the lawes of the s aegyptians , of t solon , u of sardoa , and * pesistratus doe abundantly testifie . the causes therefore of such pernicious state-subverting sinnes as these , which have brought destruction to sundry great republikes , as they y long since drew downe fire and brimstone from heaven upon sodom ; must needs be as dangerous , as intolerable as these sins themselves : and so my major ( if either divinity or policy may be credited ) must be intirely condiscended to . for the minor ; that stage-playes are the constant occasions , the common seminaries and nurseries of much lasinesse , and idlenesse ; ( as our reverend archbishop * matthew parker witnesseth , ) it is most apparant . first , by their ordinary actors and frequenters ; z who are commonly such idle drones , as live either altogether without any honest calling ; their whole life being but an apprentiship of idlenesse , or a continued play ; ( as if they were borne for no other purpose a but to eate , to drinke , to sleepe , to play , and waste their time : ) or else such who are altogether negligent , slothfull , indiligent in their callings : b such who make pauls their westminster ; a play-house , an ordinary or dancing-schoole , their study : ● play-booke their littleton , their bible : and loytering , * if not the courting of some whore or mistris , the greatest part of their profession ; as too too many doe in this voluptuous age : wherein divers of our male , more of our female sex , c rep●te it a blemish to their honour , a disparagement to their gentility to be honesty imployed in any lawfull vocation that might either benefit themselves or others , or advance the publike good . secondly , by the very end and use of stage-playes , to which men seldome resort , but to passe away their idle houres , which they know not how to spend for want of other imployments . alas say our idle drones one to another , ( as if they had no god to serve , no bibles to read , no sermons to heare , no churches , no studies , no closets to resort to , no graces to purchase , no lusts to conquer , d no prayers to make , no spirituall instructions to learne , no holy duties to performe , no workes of grace to finish , no degrees of grace to acquire , no friends to admonish , no families to instruct , no sicke to visite , no dejected spirits to comfort , no gracelesse persons to reprove , no heavenly misteries to contemplate , no spirituall doubts to satisfie , no callings to follow , no heaven to desire , no hell to feare , ) wee know not how to spend or passe away these afternoones , we have nothing at all to doe ; come therefore let us goe to such or such a play-house , * and there we will merrily passe the time , feeding our eyes , our eares with those stage-delights which shall there present themselves unto us . stage-playes serve for nothing else , but either to draw men on by degrees to idlenesse , or to foster , to foment them in it : wherefore they are rightly called playes , from playing ; because they teach men onely to play away their time with-drawing them from their studies , their vocations , unto idlenesse , and a kinde of lasie life . thirdly , by daily experience : for what persons are there more slothfull , idle , unprofitable , unserviceable to themselves or others ; lesse studious , lesse diligent and laborious in their lawfull callings , then common actors and * play-haunters ? who have many of them no other imployment at all , but onely this , to act , or see a stage-play ; or to dice , to card , to dance , to adorne and paint themselves , oft-times f for publike if not for private sale . stage-playes either g finde or make men idle : they either occasion , or foment their sloth : they either cause people to live without callings ; or at least withdraw them from them , to give their after-noones attendance on themselves . hence is it , h that the scholler is oft with-drawne from his schoole , the student from his study ; the mechanicke from his trade ; the master from his fam●ly ; the lady and gentlewoman from her closet or needle ; the mistris from her house ; the husband from his wife ; the wife from her husband ; the servant from his masters businesse ; the apprentice from his shop ; the courtier from his attendance : the officer from his office ; yea sometime , the very i magistrate from his gover●ment , the minister from his pulpit ; k the parishioner from his church , his lecture ; the whole citty from their callings , to a play-house , to act , to see or heare a lewde lascivious enterlude ; the very best part whereof , l is pure vanity , if not sinfull folly . m totam ●odie romaem circus capit ; was the poet iuvenals complaint of old ; and i feare it might be ours now : such prevalency is there in these bewitching stage-playes to draw men on to sloth , to idlenesse ; n the very bane , the poyson , and destruction of mens peerelesse soules : which the very o turkes enumerate among the number of their seven deadly sinnes . lastly , my minors truth , as it is evident by experience , so likewise is it ratified by the concurrent suffrage of sundry fathers and moderne authors , and by our * owne acts of parliament , who for this very cause among sundry other condemne , reject and censure stage-playes as unlawfull pastimes , because they are the ●ccasions , the fomentations of much sloth and idlenesse . hence philo iudaeus , de vita moses . pag . & de agricultura . lib. pag. . clemens romanus . apost . co●stit . lib. . cap. . clemens alexandrinus paedag. lib. . cap. . tertullian & cyprian , in their severall bookes , de spectaculis . arnobius adversus gentes . lib. . p. . . lib. . & . p . to . lactantius . lib. . de vero cultu . cap. . tatiani assyrij contra grae●os oratio . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . basil. hexaëmeron . p hom. . tom. . pag. . gregory nazianzen , de recta educatione ad seleucum . pag. . . s. asterij homilia in pestum kalendarum . bibl. patr●m . tom. . pag. . chrysost. hom. ● . de davide & saul . hom. . . . & . in matth. & hom. . de paenitentia . augustin . de civitate dei. l. . c. . . lib. . cap. . to . salvianus . l. . de gubernatione dei. damascen . paralellorum . lib. . cap. . cassiodorus variarum . lib. . epist. . & . ioannes saresberi●nsis , q de nugis curiahum . lib. . cap. . petrarcha de remedio vtriusque fortunae . lib. . dialog . . rodolphus gualther . homil. . in nahum . bodin his common-wealth . l● . cap. . ioannes mariana , & barnabas brissonius , in their bookes , de spectaculis . bulengerus , de circo . cap. . de theatro . lib. . cap. . . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . . & . master gosson , in his schoole of abuses , and in his playes con●uted . master stubs , in his anatomy of abuses . pag. . to . master northbro●ke , in his treatise against vaine playes and enterludes . f. . to . d. rae●iolds , in his overthrow of stage-playes . master robert bolton , in his discourse of true happinesse . pag. . . i. g. in his refutation of haywoods apologie for actors : ( to omit all other christian and r heathen authors , which i might here enumerate : ) doe all concurre in censuring stage-playes in regard of this effect . since therefore the major , and minor are thus apparantly true , the conclusion from them must be granted , by all who either regard the publike , or their owne private good . scena septima . the . consequent or effect of stage-playes , is luxury , drunkennesse , and excesse : from whence this , argument may be raysed . that which is an immediate occasion of , an ordinary temptation unto luxury , drunkennesse , and excesse , is utterly unlawfull unto christians : intolerable in any common-weale . but such are stage-playes : as * lactantius , s augustine , scipio nasica , and the ensuing authors testifie . therefore they are utterly unlawfull unto christians , intolerable in any common-weale . the major is evident by the pet. . . . which informes us , that the time past of our lives may suffice us to have wrought the will of the gentiles , when we walked in lasciviousnesse , lusts , excesse of wine , revellings , banquetings , and abominable idolatries ; wherein they thinke it strange that you run not with th●m into the same excesse of riot , speaking evill of you : who shall giue an account to him who is ready to iudge both quicke and dead . by titus . . . the grace of god which bringeth salvation , hath appeared unto all men ; teaching us , that denying ungodlinesse and worldly lusts , we should live soberly , right●ously , and godly in this present world . by ephes. . . and be not drunke with wine wherein is excesse . by luke . . take heed to your selves lest at any time your hearts be overch●rged with surfetting a●d drunkennesse , and cares of this world , and that day come upon you at unawares : by sundry such like scriptures to this purpose which i have formerly quoted in * another treatise : and likewise by the t dangerous quality of these effeminating soule-destroying sinnes , u which are more pernicious to a common-weale , then pestilence or warre it selfe ; * m●re fatall to mens soules and bodies , then any circean charme . the minor is most apparant : first , from the originall invention , and dedication of stage-playes ; which were first of all devised by a company of drunken grecians in honor of their devil-idoll bacchus ( the god of wine , of drunkennesse , and all excesse ; ) to whom playes , and play-houses were consecrated at the first ; as y historians and fathers certifie us : whence tertullian stiles the theater , z the house or temple of bacchus ; because stage-playes ( which were formerly stiled liberalia ) were as * diodorus siculus , isiodor hispalensis , and others record , instituted by , & consecrated unto bacchus , the idol , the author of all intemperance . if therefore their very inception were thus from drunkennesse , and excesse ; their progresse questionlesse must bee such . secondly , it is euident from the testimony , the experience of former ages ; who not onely * enumerate stage-playes among the exc●sses , the luxury both of the greckes and romanes , as the fathers and authors in the margent testifie● but likewise make them the chiefe occasions of it . hence b chrysostome and c nazianzen stile the play-house ; the schoole of intemperance , deboistnesse , luxury , and excesse . hence d salvian ioynes the stage-playes , epicuri●me and drunkennesse of the romanes , and those of trevers , both together ; making one the effect , the companion of the other . it is noted by e historians , that caligula , heliogobalus , nero , commodus , gallienus , and other roman emperours who delighted most in stage-playes , were the most deboist , luxurious , dissolute , ebrious , of all others : an infallible demonstration ; that stage-playes are the occasion , fewell , and attendants of these sinnes . f it was the custome of the pagan greekes and romanes , in all their drunken riotous feasts , ( as it is now the usage of too many christians ) to exhilerate themselves with stage-playes , of purpose to draw men on to drunkennesse , luxury , and more grosse intemperance : whence the g councell of laodicea . can. . . and the councell of aquisgrane under lewes the godly , prohibited stage-playes at christians marriage-feasts ; and enioyned all ministers not to be present at them , but to arise and depart from such feasts before the players entred ; that so they might prevent that riot , that excesse which these theatricall enterludes might occasion . all which , together with that of plutarch , who relates , * that all stage-players were consecrated unto bacchus as well as these their stage-playes , is a plenary ratification of my minors truth , to which our owne experience must subscribe . h for who more luxu●ious , ebrious , riotous or deboist , then our assiduous actors and play-haunters ? who greater taverne , ale-house , tobacco-shop , hot-water house haunters , & c ? who greater , stouter drinkers , health-quaffers , epicures , or good-fellowes , then they ? what walke more usuall then from a play-house to a taverne , to an ale-house , a tobacco-shop , or hot-water brothel-house ; or from these unto a play-house ? where the pot , the can , the tobacco-pipe are alwayes walking till the play be ended ; from whence they returne to these their former haunts . many are the * ale-house , more the bacchanalian taverne-meetings that are appointed , concluded at the play-house , from which much drunkennes●e , and excesse arise : yea the play-house is the common randevouze where most such riotous taverne conventicles are either motioned , plotted , or resolved on , as our play-haunters themselves confesse . and is there not reason , why it should be so ? are not drunkennesse , ioviality , epicurisme , luxury , and profusenesse , most rhetorically applauded , most elegantly adorned in our stage-playes with the sublimest encomiums , the most insinuating panegyrickes , the most amiable titles that either art or eloquence can invent ? and doth not this adde spurs and fewell to many yongsters lusts ? who to purchase the empty title . i of brave , generous , liberall , and right ioviall sparkes , whom players most applaud , doe prodigally * consume their patrimonies , their pensions , their time in tavernes , ordinaries , tobacco-shops , &c. in ebrious luxurious meetings , to their owne undoing , their friends and parents griefe . alas , the pittifull complaints of sundry parents , together with the testimony of our owne grave english k authors , prove this to be too true : therefore we must needs abominate and reject all popular stage-playes , in respect of these their cursed fruits . scena octava . the eight effect of stage-playes , is impudency , immodesty , and shamelesnesse , yea even in sinfull things : whence this . argument may be deduced . that which banisheth all modesty , al shamefacenesse , and makes both actors & spectators impudently shamelesse in committing sinne , is questionlesse abominable and unlawfull unto christians . but this doe stage-playes , and * play-houses . therefore they are questionlesse abominable and unlawfull unto christians . my major is irrefragable : first , because * modesty and shamefastnesse are such graces , such vertues , * as god himselfe requires of us in his word ; and which the very m heathen much extoll . they are the n chiefest ornaments , virtues , guides , supports , and stay of youth ; the mothers , o the conservers of all other christian , or morrall vertues ; the p onely curbs that restraine men from all sinne , all lewdnesse and dishonest● whatsoever : where these are once removed , q the whole practise of honesty and vertue will be quite extinguished . hee who hath lost these vertues , r is no better then a cast-away : he who is past all shame , is certainely past all grace , past all recovery , all amendment . that therefore which banisheth these two s restrayning , vice-suppressing vertues , in which not onely t christianity , but even u all common honesty , civility , and the publike safety doe subsist , must needs bee abominable . secondly , because impudency and shamelesnesse , especially in committing sinne , is almost x the very highest degree of sinne ; yea they provoke god more to anger , and draw a deeper guilt , a more multiplied condemnation upon men , then the sinne it selfe which they thus perpetrate . they are infallible symptomes of a cauterized conscience , an obdurate heart , y a reprobate sence ; of a man given wholy over unto sinne and satan : yea they are very dangerous presages of a man bound over to eternall destruction . my major therefore must be granted . the minor is as evident as the morning sunne . first , by the concurrent testimony of sundry fathers , and moderne christian authors . z tertullian reputes stage-playes , the banishers , the murtherers of all modesty and shamefastnesse : s. cyprian informes us ; a that all modesty is put off at theaters ; which he stiles , b the very brothell of publike modesty : in which the most shamefull representations of lust are acted ; ut in ipsis deposita verecundia , audaciores fiant ad crimina . c lactantius records ; that those things are acted in stage-playes by representation which are not ; that so the very things themselves may be committed by the spectators without any shame . d what ( saith he ) will youthes and virgins doe when they shall see these things acted , and willingly beheld of all without any blush ? doubtlesse they will grow exceeding impudent and shamelesse in committing the very sinnes there acted . e gregory nazianzen and f chrysostome , write , that all stage-players are impudent shamelesse persons ; who as they repute nothing vile but modesty ; so they utterly extirpate all shamefastnesse , all modesty out of the mindes and foreheads of the spectators . s. augustin , in his booke g de civitate dei , a●firmes the very selfesame thing ; whence he stiles these stage-playes : h the very pestilence and contagion of mens mindes ; the overthrow of vertue and honesty : i the true fugalia of shamefastnesse and modesty : damascen in his parallels informes us out of nazianzen ; * that play-haunters , and women who resort to theaters , account it a repr●ach unto them , to blush : so impudently brawny arae their faces . the same doe other fathers ; together with l petrarcha , m mant●a● , n agrippa , o lodovicus vives , p m. gosson , q m. northbrooke , r m. stubs ; the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters , t d. rainolds , with sundry others affirme : therefore wee need not doubt its verity . secondly , our owne present experience will evidently manifest the minors truth . for who are there more impudently audacious ; more shamelesly wicked ; more ready to heare , to see , to speake , to act , to execute the most execrable obscenities , the most grosse impieties without any blush , u then our common actors and play-haunters ? what spectacles , what places doe more steele the faces , or crust the foreheads both of men and women , then playes and play-houses ? those who at first , could neither see , nor heare , ( much lesse utter or act ) any obscene or vitious thing without some shame of face , or checke of conscience , before their resort to playes and theaters ; become so strangely impudent , so brazen-faced in a very little space by frequenting stage-playes , that they cannot onely confidently behold and heare , but likewise utter and commit any filthinesse , or wickednesse whatsoever , in the very open view of men , without any blush at all ; even as x nero did . the stupendious whorish unparalleld impudency of our present age ; of our effeminate y overgrowne yongsters , and blasphemous ruffians , z who breath out nothing but oathes , obscenities , and desperate execrations against the god of heaven , rending the very flesh and bones , piercing the very heart and soule , blasph●ming the very name and blood of our lord iesus christ , at every word they utter : of our impudent , brazen-faced a m●n-woman monsters , who have banished all shewes of modesty , of shamefastnesse from their sex ; carrying the very characters of impudency , not onely in their blushlesse lookes ; but likewise in their lascivious gestures , their audatious deportment , their obscene discourses , their whorish attires , their immodest fashions and complements , their painted faces ; their * prodigious shorne , frizled lockes and foretops , which outstare the very b lawes of god , of man , of nature , ( so unnaturely , and more then c whorishly impudent , are many of our females lately growne ; ) whence is it , comes it but from playes and theaters ? which have diffused this cursed disease of shamelesse impudency , well-nigh thorowout the kingdome : d and hence is it , that we are all lately growne so immoderately excessive in committing sinne , because playes and play-haunters have scrued us up to such a pitch of impudency , that we are quite past all shame . neither is it strange , that playes and play-houses should make the modestest and most ingenious spectators shamelesse , if not sencelesse of any sinne . for first the e actors of them ●re certainely past all shame , if not all grace . secondly , f the greater part of common play-haunters are a●dacious panders , whores , adulterers , whore-masters , and the like , who are as blushlesse as frier bacons brazen-head , or as he who acts the devill in the play. thirdly , the very words , the parts , the speeches , gestures , complements , and representions in stage-playes , g are so obscene , lascivious , lewde , and beastly , that the very hearing and beholding of them were enough to banish all modesty out of the hearts and countenances of the most ingenious spectators , or at least to drive them from the play-house : for as aristotle well observes ; * men are not onely ashamed of those shamefull things that are so called , but likewise of the signes of them : not onely when they are conversant in any lecherous thing , but likewise when the representations of that thing are present : and not onely when as they doe filthy things , but likewise when they speake them : so that modesty and shamefacenesse doe not onely re●traine men from speaking and doing ; but likewise from hearing and beholding any scurrilous or immodest thing . i alc●us a modest heathen , being about to utter some obscenity , was so overcome of modesty , that he brake out into these memorable words * i would have spoken some thing , but modesty prohibites me . k it is storied of archy●as * another pagan , that ●is modesty was such , as ●e would not so much as utter a scurrilous word ; and being upon an occasion necessitated to speake some unbeseeming thing , he could not be induced to relate it upon any tearmes , but wrote it on the wall , and then pointed to others to read it . yea l pliny records , that the bashfulnesse and modesty of brute elephants is such : vt pudore nunquam nisi in abdito co●unt : that they never couple but in some s●cret place not obvious to m●ns view . certainely , if modesty had such prevalency in these bruites and pagans , to deterre them both from obscene discourses , and venereous actions , especially in publike : our stage-playes which are fraught with many ribaldrous passages , many witty obscenities , many filthy gestures , many feined , m if not reall representations of incests , rapes , adulteries , and the like , must either utterly abolish all modesty out of the actors and spectators eyes and eares ; or else quite chase them from the play-house ; whose lewdnesse and unchastity is such , n that it is capable of none but shamelesse and immodest customers . so that i may well conclude with tacitus ; o that shamefastnesse , chastity , or any other honest quality , which are hardly retained in honest arts , can never possibly be preserved amids so many confluences and combates of vices as accompany playes and theaters . * and hereupon l. crassus , and cn. domitius prohibited playes and play-houses , by a publike edict , quod his corroboraretur impudentia , because they made their spectators more impudent . the propositions therefore being thus infallibly confirmed by the premises , the conclusion from them must be granted , scena nona . the . consequent or fruit of stage-playes , is cozenage , fraud , and theft : which are oft-times occasioned and taught by stage-playes . play-houses are the schooles , playes the lectures which d teach men how to cheate , to steale ; to plot and execute any villany : how to conceale it , to evade it being executed ; men learning , yea practising that in earnest , which they act or see acted but in sport . * zenophon makes mention of a persian schoole-master , who instructed his schollers both to do● iustice and iniustice ; not to lie , and to lie : not to deceive and to deceive : not to caluminate and calumniate , not to forestall any benefit that might accrue to others , and to forestall it : he did likewise distinguish which of these ought to be practised upon enemies , which upon friends : and then proceeding further , he taught that it was iust to deceive their friends if it were for their good ; and to steale the goods of their friends if it were for their good : this schoole-master likewise exercised his schollers to practise these instructions in iest among themselves : by which meanes it came to passe , that some of his schollers who had a naturall ingenuity wittily to deceive , to cheate and steale from others ; began at last not onely to cozen and steale from strangers , but likewise to cheate and r●b their friends . whereupon the persians were enforced to make a law to prevent this mischife ( which law is yet in use ) that children should ever after be taught plainely , and to speake and deale truely , as men teach their servants : and not to steale , to lie , or use deceits . as it fared with this persian schoole-master , and his schollers ; so it fares with players and their lewde spectators : those cheates , those fallacies , thefts and robberies , those rapes of wards , of virgins from their gardians , their parents , which they act in sport upon the stage , the spectators oft-times practise in earnest upon others off the theater . f discunt facere dum assuescunt videre . this solon knew full well , g who when he beheld thespis acting a tragedy , wherein there were many lies and cheates : he demanded of him after the tragedy ended ; whether he were not ashamed to lie and cheate so egregiously before so great a multitude ? to which thespis replyed ; that there was no hurt in it , for all he had uttered or acted was but a play , it was all in sport , nothing in earnest : which answer solon hearing , stroke his staffe upon the ground with indignation , making this reply : if we commend or approve this play of yours , we shall shortly finde it in our bargaines : intimating that this his lying and cozenage which hee acted in jest , would quickly turne to earnest : so prone , so docible are men to learne any evill that players act . saint augustine had a hint of this : whence he stiles stage-playes , h the very overthrow of honesty and upright dealing . for the theft that playes occasion , i shall give but two or three instances . it is storied by suetonius in the life of i nero ; that he put downe chariot-playes and stage-playes , in which men by an inveterate liberty did use to cheate and steale in iest , because this iesting turned to earnest at the last . k tiberius did the lik● , banishing all players out of italy upon the selfe same ground . vpon this very reason was our owne statute of . henry . cap. . against mummers , made ; because those thefts and robberies which they acted in sport , proved robberies and felonies in good earnest at the last , and were the occasions of much mischiefe . the author of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters informes us . l that many servants have learnt at stage-playes ( as it may be manifestly proved ) to rob and cheate their masters , to supply the wants of their harlots . that many have there learned a pollicy to prevent parents of the not marrying of their daughters to such whom they have disliked , by stealing them away . and that men are taught pollicies in this schoole of abuse , how to beguile parents of their children , husbands of their wives , gardians of their wards , and masters of their servants : to which m master gosson and n others doe subscribe . wherefore from all these premises i may now safely frame this . argument against stage-playes , with which i shall conclude this scene . that which occasions much theft , much treachery , cozenage and deceit , must needs be unlawfull unto christians , unsufferable in a common-weale . witnesse ephes. . . . thes. . . & case ethicorum . lib. . cap. . but all these doe stage-playes occasion , as is evident by the premises . see act . . . therefore they must needs be unlawfull unto christians , unsufferable in a common-weale . scena decima . the . effect or product of stage-playes , is cruelty , fier●nesse , brawles , seditions , * tumults , murthers , and the like ; as is evident by sundry testimonies and examples . hence was it , o that plato banished all tragedies out of his common-weale , because they would draw men on to tyranny and cruelty , by acting , by applauding them , and breed quarrels and commotions among the people . hence p seneca and q plutarch , dislike of stage-playes , because they enrage the mindes of the spectators , breeding oft-times many tumuls , quarrels and contentions among them . hence horace writes expresly : r that playes engender contention and anger ; anger cruell enmity and dolefull warre . hence we finde it recorded of s dionysius , t nero , caligula , and other bloody tyrants ; that they delighted much in tragedies and stage-playes ; as being suitable to their tyrannicall dispositions . hence t tertullian ; u cyprian and x clemens alexandrinus ; declaime against tragedies and comedies as the augmentors of wickednes and lust ; as bloody wanton , impious and prodigall pastimes which occasion sundry tumults and seditions . gregory nazianzen informes us : y that playes and enterludes disturbe citties , rayse up sedition among the people , teach men how to quarrell , sharpen ill-speaking tongues , cut asunder the love of the cittizens , set families at variance betweene themselves , drive yong men into fury , kindle quarrels and contentions , &c. whence hee stiles them ; a sedition producing murther , and a disease of citti●s . z saint chrysostome records from his owne experience . that players and play-haunters were the onely men who did fill the citty with contentions , quarrels , seditions , tumults : that playes did breed debate betweene man and wife ; and that players and play-haunters by acting and seeing playes became more barbarous then the most savage beasts , insomuch that they spared not the bones of the dead . theodoricus king of italy , stiles stage-playes , a the invitation of contentions , the perennious fountaine of brawles and quarrels , * and the frequent occasion of seditions and tumults . such authors of misrule , quarrels , seditions and contentions were playes in ancient times , of which there are divers pregnant examples . wee all know , b that the rape of the sabine virgins was occasio●ed by a play ; which produced a long and bloody warre betweene the romanes and sabines . c the fierce and cruell warre betweene the volsci and the romanes was likewise occasioned by a play ; the consuls upon the speech of attius tullus , excluding the volsci from their playes , and commanding them to depart their citty , for feare of some sodaine tumult that might arise betweene the romanes and them , or some unexpected surprisall of their citty whiles th● whole citty were bu●ied about their playes . d in tiberius his raigne , there were so many tumuls , murthers , uprores , quarrels , and open insolences committed at play-houses , occasioned by playes , and actors ; ( one centurian , with divers soldiers and common people being slaine ; and a captaine of the pretorean band with sundry others being likewise wounded at a play ) that tiberius was enforced to banish all stage-players out of italy : in the time of e nero , there were so many seditions , quarrels , commotions , and misdemeanors in the roman theater , that nero himselfe ( who had oft an hand in them ) suppressed all playes , all stage players by a solemne edict , though he much delighted in them . in the raigne of f marcus aurelius , there was a very great tumult and sedition occasioned by stage-playes , in which much blood was shed , there being many slaine and wounded : upon which occasion this heathen emperour , banished all stage-players for ever from rome , and sent them into hellispo●t to lambert the governour , with a command to compell them to labour , to chastice them if they were idle , and not to suffer them to use their accustomed toyes . * caesar bulengerus informes us ; that under hypatius and bellisarius , there were at least . thousand men slaine in a commotion and tumult raysed at a cirque-play . in the time of g theodoricus king of italy , there were so many tumults , quarrels , and commotions raysed at stage-playes ; that he was enforced upon the complaint of the people , to write to the senate , and other of his officers , to suppresse their insolencies , and to punish the mutinies , the commotions caused by them : at last being not able to reforme their disorders , he gave order wholy to suppresse them . and from these severall disorders and quarrels came these common phrases ; * seditiones & factiones pantomimorum , & seditiones theatri , bella theatricorum , &c. which we read of in sundry authors ; and in saint augustine , de catechizandis rudibus . lib. tom. . pars . pag. . . & hrabanus maurus , de sacris ordinibus . lib. . tom. . pag. . a. b. where the sundry tumults , quarrels , and other mischiefes that stage-playes and cirque-playes occasion , are pithily discribed . but these are all ancient forraigne testimonies and examples , may some say : are there any such moderne domestique presidents to be found ? yes v●rily . witnesse the statute of * . henry . cap. . which recites ; that divers diseases and mischiefes ( to wit commotions , murthers , and rebellions ) had hapned before this time in the land of wales , by many wasters , h rimours , minstrels , and other vacabonds : for the eschewing of which ; it was ordained and established by this statute ; that no master rimour , minstrell , nor vacabond , should be in any wise sustained in the land of wales , to make commo●thes or gathering upon the people there . witnesse the * statute of . henry . cap. . against mummers , ( all one with stage-players : ) which recites . that lately within this realme , divers persons had disguised and apparelled them , and covered their faces with visours or other things in such manner as they should not be knowne , and that divers of them in a company together , naming thems●lves mummers had come in to the dwelling place of divers men of honour , and other substantiall persons , and so departed unknowne , whereupon murthers , fellonies , rapes , and other great hurts and inconveniences had aforetime growne , and hereafter were like to come by the colour thereof , if the said disorder should continue not reformed ; for the prevention of which mischiefe , it was enacted ; that all mummers or persons , that should hereafter thus apparell or disguise themselves , or weare , or sell , or keepe any visor in their houses should be imprisoned for . moneths space , without bayle or mainprise , and make a fine and ransome to the king. yea witnesse the great rebellion of robert ket , in . of edward the . which as * hollingshead with others record ; was plotted and contrived at , and partly occasioned by a meeting at a stage-play , at wimonham , to which the country people resorting , they were by the instigation of one iohn flowerdew , first incouraged to pull downe the inclosures , and then to rebell . the statutes of . eliz. cap. . of . eliz. c. . & . iacobi . cap. . which make common players of enterludes , rogues and vacabonds , subiecting them to a severe punishment for their lawde manner of life ; doe likewise recite : k that by meanes of these common enterlude players , and such other rogues , vacabonds , and sturdy-beggers , there daily hapned in the realme of england and wales , many horrible murthers , thefts , and other great outrages , to the high displeasure of almighty god , and to the great anoy of the common-weale : which these statutes endeavour to suppresse . not to mention either petrarch . de remedio vtriusque fortunae . lib. . dialog . . or the author of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters , who informes us ; l that he hath sometimes seene two knaves at once importunate upon one light huswife , whereby much quarrell hath growne to the disquieting of many : nor yet to recite the late statute of . caroli . cap. . which informes us : that many quarrels , blood-sheds , and other great inconveniences have growne by the resort and concourse of people going out of their owne parishes to beare-bayting , bull-bayting , enterludes , common-playes , and such disordered and unlawfull exercises and pastimes : ( a sufficient confirmation of my minors truth . ) our owne experience can sufficiently informe us ; that playes and play-houses are the frequent causes of many murthers , duels , quarrels , debates , occasioned , sometimes by reason of some difference about a box , a seate , or place upon the stage : sometimes , by intruding to boldly into some females company : sometimes , by reason of some amorous , scurrilous or disgracefull words that are uttered of , or to some female spectators ; sometimes , by reason of some speeches or passages of the play particularly applyed to some persons present or absent : sometimes , by reason of some husbands , whore-masters , or corrivals * iealousie , or affront , whose wife , whose whore , or mistris being there in person , is perchance sollicited , abused , or jeared at in his presence : sometimes by reason of the apprentises resort to play-houses , especially on shrove-tuesday ; sometimes by meanes of other accidents and occasions . many have beene the murthers , more the quarrels , the duels that have growne from our stage-playes , whose large encomiums of rash valour , duels , fortitude , generosity , impaciency , homicides , tyranny and revenge , doe so exasperate mens raging passions , and make them so impatient of the very smallest injury , that nothing can satisfie , can expiate it but the offenders blood . hence is it that some players , some play-haunters now living , not satified with the murther of one , have embrued their barbarous unchristian hands n in the blood of two , of three , if not of foure severall men ; and so farre are they from ruing the odiousnesse of these their bloody deeds , that they glory in the number of their murthers as the very trophies of their valour . pitty is it , that such savage homicides who rest not with the first mans death , o should ever live to slay a second , much lesse a third : yea pitty is it that such playes , such spectacles should be suffred , whih thus animate men on to quarrels , duels , contentions , injuries , impaciency , bloodshed , and most unchristian revenge . as therefore p the fathers , christians , with some pagan authors , did generally condemne ; and good christian emperours utterly take away all bloody sword-playes , cirque-playes , chariot-playes , and such like barbarous inhumane spectacles ; by reason of the murthers , blood-shed , quarrels , contentions , tumults , debates , and such like savage unchristian effects which they occasioned ; so likewise may we now suppresse , condemne , and quite abolish stage-playes upon the selfesame grounds , as the fore-quoted authors and pagan emperours have done before us . wherefore i shall briefely close up this scene with this . play-confounding argument . that which is an ordinary occasion of much cruelty , quarrelsomenesse , impaciency , fiercenesse , implacablenesse , and revenge : of many tumults , seditions , quarrels , murthers , injuries , brawles , and such like barbarous unchristian effects , q must needs be sinfull and unlawfull unto christians , ( who should be men of peace , of meekenesse , willing to suffer , to passe by , if not to pardon wrongs : ) intolerable in any christian or peaceable common-weale . but such are stage-playes , as is manifest by the premises . therefore they must needs be sinfull , unlawfull unto christians ; intolerable in any christian or peaceable common-weale . scena vndecima . the . fruit of popular stage-playes , is this ; that they fill mens mouthes with idle , frothie , scurrilous , lewde , prophane discourses , complements , histories , songs , iests , r which are odious unto god , yea execrable to all chaste , all modest christians . stage-playes s are the lectures , the marts , the common treasuries of all ribaldry , scurrility , prophanesse ; which furnish their actors , their auditors with such plentifull variety of corrupt , irreligious , atheisticall , unchristian and gracelesse discourses , which they communicate to others upon all occasions , that they scarce ever speake of holy things . this ovid himselfe confesseth ; informing us ; t that men sing those ribaldrous songs , and utter those amorous verses , discourses at home , which they have learned at the play-house . what seneca writes of the words of flatterers and lewde companions , i may well apply to actors . u their speeches doe much hurt . for if they doe men no present harme , yet they leave the seeds of evill in their mindes , and an evill afterwards to arise , followes them even then when as they are departed from them . for as those who heare some pleasant consort carry away with them the sweetnesse of the song in their eares , which hinders their thoughts , and suffers them not to be intent upon serious things : so the obscenities of stage-players ( x which men are aptest to remember , as most agreeable to their lusts , where as they are extraordinary forgetfull of all the good they heare ) sticke longer by men then whiles they heare them . neither is it an easie matter to shake their pleasant sound out of their mindes : for it followes them , it stayes with them , and recoiles backe againe into their mindes and tongues after some little space . therefore the eares are to be kept shut against such evill speeches , and that verily against the very first : for when they have made a beginning and gotten entrance , they will make a further attempt . y lactantius , z chrysostome , a clemens alexandrinus , and b bb. babington informe us ; that play-haunters carry away with them the idaeaes and similitudes of the lewde representations they behold in stage-playes , which sinke deepe into their mindes ; that they sucke in the venome of stage-playes with great delight , & practise the speeches , the convayances of love , which there they see and learne : and having once polluted their speech with the language of the theater ; ( for i will never , writes bb. babington , call it polishing , ) they are never better then when they have company to bestow their tales , and stage-greetings upon : and for this reason among others , they dislike of stage-playes . as these recited authors , so our owne experience can suffragate to the truth of this effect : for who so vaine , so frothie , so prophane , so atheisticall , blasphemous , lascivious , scurrilous ; who lesse holy , gracious , or edifying in their ordinary discourses , then players and play-haunters ? * whose tongues are tipt with oathes , execrations , ribaldry , lascivious tales , amorous songs , wanton histories , unseemely jests , adulterous insinuations , invective taunts and scoffes against holinesse , sobriety , chastity , modesty , grace , and goodnesse ; with the very language of the stewes , of atheists , of pagans , not of christians . seldome shall you heare from such mens mouthes any religious discourses , any conference of god , of christ , of the scriptures , of grace , of glory , of practical divinity , of sin , of faith , of repentance , of the meanes or signes of grace and salvation , any praysing or blessing of god for his mercy to us in his sonne ; any bewayling of their owne sinfull conditions , or of thei● slavery under sinne : any exhortation unto goodnesse ; any dissuations from any sinne ; or the like ; c the principall things that christians should conferre off : their tongues are so accustomed to the theames , the flattering eloquence , and phrases of the theater ; so taken up with the relations of the things they heare or see at stage-playes ; that they cannot relish the d language of canaan , the dialect of heaven , * nor brooke the scripture phrase , ( whose plainesse they deride and scorne : ) much lesse can they spare any vacant time to habituate their unholy lips , to season their f uncircumcised hearts and eares , with holy conference . it is gods owne command to christians : g that they should put away all vaine , all evill speaking : that no corrupt communication should proceed out of their mouthes , but that which is good to the use of edifying , that it may administer grace to the hearers : h that fornication and all uncleanesse should not be so much as once named among them , as becommeth saints : neither filthinesse , nor foolish talking , nor iesting , which are not convenient , but rather giving of thankes . i that their speech should be alwayes gracious seasoned with salt : k and that his words and his commandements should be alwayes in their hearts ; to teach them diligently unto their children : to talke of them ( not of play-house passages , or such vaine fruitlesse trifles ) when they sit in their houses , and when they walke by the way , and when they lie downe , and when they rise up : that they should binde them for a signe upon their hands , and that they should be as frontlets betweene their eyes : and that they should write them upon the posts of their house , and upon their gates ; that so they might l meditate and discourse of them day and night upon all occasions . but alas our stage-playes incorporate themselves so firmely , m and sinke so deepe into our actors and play-h●●nters mindes , that they quite invert these sacred precepts ; suppressing those heavenly christian conferences which they command ; reviving and advancing those vaine lascivious discourses which they prohibite . this the fore-quoted authors ; this present experience testifie . wherefore i shall end this scene with this short syllogisme , being a . argument against stage-playes . those things which banish all holy conferences , all pious discourses out of their actors and spectators mouthes , and furnish them with all variety of idle , vaine , unprofitable , lascivious , scurrilous , prophane , atheisticall , irreligious phrases , play-house conferences , and stage-discourses , must questionlesse bee unlawfull , yea abominable unto christians : as the alleadged scriptures testifie . but this doe stage-playes ; as the premises and experience manifest . therefore they must questionlesse bee unlawfull , yea abominable unto christians . scena dvodecima . the twelfe effect of stage-playes is this : that they wholy indispose their actors and spectators to all religious duties : that they withdraw and keepe them from gods service : that they bring the * word , the worship , yea all the ordinances of god into contempt ; making them vaine and ineffectuall to their soules . first , i say , that stage-playes in●ispose men to the acceptable performance of every religious duty ; be it prayer , * hearing , and reading of gods word , receiving the sacraments , and the like . this sundry fathers fully testifie : and i would to god all christians would well weigh their words which much concerne their soules in the very maine of christianity , to wit , gods worship , and their vow in baptisme . tertullian informes us ; n that stage-playes defile the eyes , the ●ares , the soule● of the spectators , and make them to appeare polluted in gods sight . that none of the things deputed unto stage-playes are pleasing unto god , or beseeming the servants of god , because they were all instituted for the d●vill , and furnished out of the de●ils treasury● for every thing that is not of god , or displeasing unto god is of the devill : o stage-playes they are the pompe of the devill , against which we have protested in the seale of our faith : that therefore which we renounce , we ought not to participate of neither in deed , nor word , nor sight , now view . and doe we not then reno●nce and teare off the seale againe , in cutting off the testimoniall of it ? shall we then desire an answer from the very heathens themselves ? shall they resolve us , whether it be lawfull for christians to use stage-playes ? but verily they most of all discerne a man to be a christian , even from this renouncing of stage-playes : he therefore doth manifestly deny himselfe to be a christian , who takes away this badge by which he should be knowne to be a christian. now what hope is there remaining in such a one ? no man hath revolted unto the enemies tents , unlesse he first cast away his armes , unlesse he hath first forsaken the colours and allegeance of his princ● , unlesse he hath covenanted to perish together with them . p will ●e thinke earnestly of god at that time , who is placed where there is nothing at all of god ? will he thorowly learne chastity who admires stage-playes ? will he call to minde the exclamations● of some prophet , whiles the tragedians are crying out ? will he m●ditate of a psalme , who ●its amidest effeminating measures ? or can he be moved with compassion , who is wholy intent upon the biting of beares , and the spunges of retiaries ? god turne away from all his so great a desire of pernicious pleasure . q for what a desperate wicked thing is it , for a man to goe out of the church of god , into the chappell of the devill ? out of heaven ( as they say ) into the mire and clay ? those hands which thou hast lifted up unto the lord in prayer , to weary afterwards in applauding a stage-player ? out out of the same mouth with which thou hast uttered amen , to the holy one , to give testimony to a sword-player ? or to say , ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ) for ever and ever , to any one but to god christ ? why then may not such become liable to the possession of d●vils , & c ? for no man can serve two maisters . what hath light to doe with darkenesse ? what relation hath life to death ? r we ought to hate these assemblies of pagans , even because the name of god is there bla●phemed , and because divers temptations are sent out from thence . how wilt thou doe being deprehended at unawares in that over-flowing of impious suffrages ; not as though thou shouldest there suffer any thing from men ; for no man knoweth thee to be a christian ; but consider seriously , what may be done concerning thee in heaven . for do●t thou do●bt but that in the very moment when as thou art in the church of the devill , all the angels looke downe from heaven , and take speciall notice of every one there present ; observing who he is that speakes blasphemy , who that heares i● , who it is that lends his tongue , his eares to the devill , against god ? wilt thou not therefore flie these seates o● the enemies of chri●t , this pestilentiall chaire , and that very aire which hangs over it , adulterated with wicked words and sounds , & c ? thus he : whose words sufficiently testifie , that stage-playes indispose men to all religious duties ; because they defile their eyes , their eares , their hands , their soules , they being the * pompes , the inventions of the devill which are incompatible with christianity : because they teare of the very seale and cognisance of their christianity : and wholy inthrall them to the devils vassalage . saint cyprian writes thus of stage-playes to the selfesame purpose . s what hath the scripture interdicted ? v●rily it hath prohibited that to be behold , which it inhibiteth to be acted . i say , it hath condemned all these kindes of spectacles when as it hath taken away idolatry the mother of all playes , from whence these monsters of vanity and le●ity have proceeded . for what spectacle is there without an idoll ? what play without a sacrifice , & c ? what doth a faithful christian make among these ? if he flieth idolatry , why doth he speake it ? he who is now holy , can he r●●p● pleasure from criminous things ? why approves he super●t●tions against god , which he affecteth whiles that he beholds them ? but let him know , that all these are the inventions of devils , not of god. t he impudently exorcizeth devils in the church , whose pleasures ●e applaudes in stage-playes : and when as by renouncing him once , every thing of his was pared off in baptisme ; whiles that after christ ( i pray observe it all you christians who resort to stage-playes ) he resorteth to the spectacles of the devill , he renounceth christ as if he were a devill . idolatry , as i have already said , is the mother of all playes , which that it may allure faithfull christians to it , flatters them with the pleasure of the eyes and eares . romulus did first of all consecrate cirque-playes to consus , as to the god of counsell , for the sabines that were to be ravished . but other stage-playes were procured at the intreati● of the people , when as a famine and pestilence had seised upon the citty , and these were afterwards dedicated to ceres , to bacchus , and to other idols and dead men . th●se grecian combates , either in songs , in musicall instruments , in voyces , or in strength , u have divers devils for their presidents : and what ever else there is , which either affects the eyes , or pleaseth the eares of the beholders , if its orignall or instituters be sought after , hath either a● idoll , a devill , or a dead man for the father of it . thus the c●nning devill , b●cause he knew that naked idolatry by it selfe would be aborred , hath mixed it with stage-playes and spectacles , that so thorow pleasure it might be beloved . what need i prosecute this any further ? * if thou aske a play-haunter , what are the parts of a christian , he knoweth not , or else he is so much the more unhappy , that he knoweth : if i should againe demand of him , by what way he came to that spectacle ; he will confesse through the brothel-house , through the naked bodies of prostituted harl●ts , * through the common stewes , through publike shame , through vulgar lascivio●snesse , through the commo● reproach of all . to whom that i may not obiect , that which perchance he hath committed , yet he hath seene that which was not to be committed , and hath led his eyes tho●gh lust to the spectacles of idolatry : daring , if he had bee●e able , to carry the holy ghost along with him into a brothel-house ; who hastning to a stage-play , as soone as he is dismissed the church , and whiles he carrieth the eucharist about him , as he hath wont to do● ; hath brought it among the obscene bodies of whores ; deserving more damnation from the pleasure of the spectacle . these so vaine , so pernicious , so sacrilegious playes and spectacles are to be avoyded of all christians , as we have already oft-times said ; and both our eyes and eares are to be kept from them , &c. if then the scripture prohibites the acting , the seeing of stage-playes ; as being the invention of the devill ; the parts , the issues of idolatry : if those who resort to playes renounce christ iesus himselfe , as if he were a devill ; if they doe as much as in them lies , even carry the holy ghost himselfe ; and the very sacrament of christs body and blood into a play-house ; and so prophane them in the highest manner , as this father testifies : no wonder is it , if playes unqualifie men for holy duties . isiodor hi●palensis , and hrabanus maurus , discoursing of cirques , of theaters , of cirque-playes , and stage-playes , write thus of them : y that uncleane deities possesse them . therefore o christian , let this be a strange place to thee , which many spirits of satan have taken possession of . for the devill and his angels have filled it all up . z for the spectacles of cruelty , and the inspection of vanity were not ordained onely by the vices of men , but likewise by the commands of devils . therefore ● christian ought to have nothing to doe with the madnesse of the circus , with the uncleanesse of the theater , with the cruelty of the amphitheater , with the barbarousnesse of the arena , with the luxury of the play. for he denieth god ( a terrible sentence worthy all players , all play-haunters saddest considerations ) who presumeth to act or see such things : being made a prevaricator of the christian faith , who againe desires that which he hath long since renounced in his baptisme ; tha● is , the devill , his pompes , and workes . and is such a desperate play-haunter , thinke you , fit or able to serve , to please the lord , or to performe any holy duty to him in a holy manner ? olympiodorus in his enarration upon the . of ecclesiastes , keepe thy feete when as thou entrest into the house of god , is pregnant to our purpose . keepe thy f●ete , &c. that is , saith he ; a let us not abuse to evill , those very instruments which we use in good : as if he should say ; doe not , i beseech thee , goe to stage-playes and obscene spectacles with the same feete wherewith thou frequentest the temple of god. vnderstand that the same likewise is to be done of the other members of the body . and truely those who will goe to the church of god with an undefiled foote , ought altogether to with-hold themselves from wicked and prophane places , as being contrary unto god. therefore those who frequent play-houses can never serve god as they ought if this father may be credited . s. augustine writing against stage-playes , and those devill-idols that were both honoured and delighted with them , informes us : that christians in his time , had utterly abandoned all stage-playes ; b and that no filthy , no wicked thing was propounded to be s●ene or imitated , where either the precepts of the true god were insinuated , or his miracles declared , or his gifts praysed , or his benefits craved . c that when christianity cam● up , the play-houses almost thorow all citties fell downe ; they being the very dens of filthinesse , and the publike professions of wicked persons : whereupon the pagans complained , that the christian times were evill times : and whence is it , ( writes he ) that the play-houses fall downe , but through want o● those things by whose lascivious and sacrilegious use they are supported ? did not their cicero when as he commended one roscius a stage-player , say , that he was so skilfull , that he onely was worthy to come upon the stage : that he was so good a man , that he onely was worthy not to come upon it ? shewing most plainely nothing else ; but that the stage is so filthy , that by so much the lesse a man ought to be there , by how much the more he is a good man : and yet their gods were attoned with such dishonesty● as he thought ought fit to be removed from good ●en . but most punctuall is that in his lib. . de symbolo ad catechumenos . cap. . tom. . pars . pag. . . where he writes thus . d thou art deprehended and detected o christian when as thou doest one thing , and pro●essest another : being faithfull in name , and shewing the contrary in deed ; not keeping the faith of thy promise : one whiles entring into the church to poure out prayers , and a very little while after comming into a play-house to cry out dishonestly with staye-players . what hast thou to doe with the pompes of the devill which thou hast renounced ? why doe you halt with both ●oof●s ? if god be god , follow him : if the world be god , follow it . if god be chosen , let him be served according to his will : if the world be chosen , to what end is the heart feined , as it were fitted for god ? e what ●ast thou to doe with the pompes of the devill , who professest thy selfe a lover of christ ? doe not deceive thy selfe , for god hates such persons , neither doth he repute those among his professors , whom he seeth to be the forsakers of his way . all which is a sufficient evidence , that stage-playes wholy indispose men to the true worship of god. salvian bishop of marselles , is very copious in this theame . f we say ( writes he ) god hath forsaken us , when in very deed we forsake god. for , suppose we , that the lord will respect us , not deserving his favour ? let us see if he can . loe infinite thousands of christians daily abide at the shewes of unseemely things . can god then favour such kinde of persons ? can god cast his gracious countenance upon such as rage in cirques , and commit adultery in theaters ? or is this our meaning , or d●e we thinke it meete , that for as much as god seeth us in cirques and theaters , that what things we see he beholdeth ; and what filthinesse we behold , he seeth it also for company ? for one of these must needs be : for if he vouchsafe to looke upon us , it followes , that he must behold all these things where we are : or if , which is most true , he turne away his eyes from these things , * he must likewise turne away his countenance from us who are there . and the case standing thus , yet neverthelesse , we doe these things which i have said , and that without c●a●ing . or thinke we that god hath his theaters and cirques , as had the gods of the gentiles . for thus did they in old teme , because they were perswaded that their idols delighted in them : but how is it that we doe so , who are * certaine that our god detesteth them ? or verily if we know that these abominations doe please god , i will not gainsay but we may resort unto them continually . but if it be in our conscience , that god abhorreth , that he detesteth ; that god is offe●ded as the devill is fed by theaters ; * how say we that we worship god in the church , who alwayes serve the devill in the obscenity of playes , and that wittingly and willingly , out of deliberation and set purpose ? and what hope i pray you , shall we have with god , who not ignorantly , or at unawares offend him ; but after the example of those giants heretofore , whom we read to have attempted heaven with their mad endeavours , and as it were to have marched forwards against the clouds ? so we through the iniuries which all the world over we continually commit , doe as it were appugne heaven with a common consent . * to christ therefore , o monstrous madnesse ! even to christ doe we offer cirques and stage-playes ; yea and even then especially when as we receive any goodnesse from his hands , when any prosperity is bestowed upon us by him , or when as god hath given us any victory over our enemies ? and what else by this doe we shew our selves to doe , but even to be like the man who is iniurious to the person who hath done him good ; who rayles upon him that speakes him faire , or strikes him over the face with a sword that kisseth him . for i aske the great and rich men of this world , of what offence is that servant guilty which wisheth ill to a good and gracious master ; which rayleth on him that deserveth well , and rendreth dispitefull words for his good received ? without controversie all men will iudge him a most hainous offender , who rendreth evill for good to him , to whom indeed he might not render evill for evill . * thus verily doe even we who are called christians , we stirre up a mercifull god against us by our uncleanesse ; we offend a gracious god by our filthinesse , and we wound a loving god by our wickednesse . to christ therefore , o monstrous madnesse ! even to christ doe we offer cirquers and stage-players ; to christ doe we render for his benefits the filthinesse of th●●ters ; even to christ doe we sacrifice the oblation of most base sports . as though our saviour , who for us became man , had taught us thus to doe : as though he had preached this either by himselfe , or by his apostles : as though that for this end he had taken upon him the shame of mans nativity , and the contumelious beginnings of an earthly generation : as though for this end he had layen in a manger , at what time notwithstanding the very angels ministred unto him : as if for this purpose he would be swadled in ragges of cloth , who did governe heaven in his cloutes : as though for this end he had hung upon the crosse , at whose hanging the whole world was astonished : g who for your sakes ( saith the apostle ) when he was rich , became poore , that yee through his poverty might be made rich . h and being ( saith he ) in the forme of god hee humbled himselfe to the death , even the death of the crosse. even this did christ teach us when he suffred these things for our sakes . well doe we requite his passion , who receiving through his death redemption , leade a most filthy life . i for the grace of god that bringeth salvation hath appeared unto all men , saith blessed paul , and teacheth us , that we should deny ungodlinesse , and worldly lusts , and that we should live soberly , righteously , and godly in this present world , looking for the blessed hope and appearing of the mighty god and of our saviour iesus christ ; who gave himselfe for us that he might redeeme us from all iniquity , and purifie us a peculiar people to himselfe zealous of good workes . where be they who doe these things , for which the apostle saith , that christ came ? where be they who flie desires of this world ? where be they which live godly and righteously , that looke for this blessed hope by well doing ; and leading a pure life ; shewing thereby that they looke and long for the kingdome of god : where be such ? k our lord iesus christ came ( saith he ) that he might purifie us a pecular people to himselfe , zealous of good workes . where is that pure people ? that peculiar people ; that good people ; that people of holinesse ? l christ ( saith the scripture ) suffred for us , leaving us an ensample , that wee should follow his steps : and we follow the steps of our saviour in cirques , and in theaters ; as if our saviour had left us such an example , whom we read to have wept , but that he laughed we never read . and both these for our sakes : because weeping is a pricking of the heart , laughter a corruption of manners . therefore saith he ; m woe to you that laugh , for yee shall waile and weepe . and , blessed are yee that weepe now , for yee shall laugh . * but it is not enough for us to laugh and be merry , unlesse we reioyce with sinne and madnesse , unlesse our laughter be tempered with filthinesse , and mixed with impiety . what error i say is this , or what folly ? cannot we daily be merry and laugh , unlesse we make our laughter and mirth to be wickednesse ? or else thinke we simple mirth to be nothing worth ? and can we not laugh except we sinne ? what a mischiefe is this , or what furie ? let us laugh i pray you and be merry so we sinne not . what foolishnesse , nay madnesse is it , to thinke mirth and ioy nothing worth , unlesse god be iniured thereby ? yea iniured , and that most hainously . * for in stage-playes there is a certaine apostasie from the faith , and a deadly declining from our beliefe and the heavenly sacraments , &c. as in pag. . . before . and what else is it but to fall into destruction , to foregoe the beginning of life ? for where the foundation of the creed is overthrowne , life it selfe is destroyed . then againe we must needs returne unto that which we have often said : what such thing is there among the n barbarians ? where be any stages or theaters among them ? where is the wickednesse of diverse impurities , to wit , the destruction of our hope and salvation ? which playes notwithstanding if they being pagans did use , they should erre with lesse offence to god : because albeit such doing were a defiling of the sight , yet were it not a violation of the sacrament . but now what can we say for our selves ? we hold the creed , and yet overturne it : we confesse the duty of salvation , and yet deny it too . and therefore where is our christianity ? who as it seemeth have received the sacrament of salvation to no other purpose , but that afterwards we might more hainously offend . we preferre pastimes before the church : we despise the lords table and honour theaters : in a word , we love all things , reverence all things , god alone seemeth vile unto us in comparison of all other things , &c. by which large discourse of this pious father , it is most apparant : that stage-playes overturne mens faith and religion ; annihilate their baptisme ; estrange their hearts and affections from gods service , and wholy indispose them to his worship . gregory nyssen informes us : o that god neither heares nor regards the prayers of those qui in theatris faustas acclamationes affectant , &c. who affect applauses● in theaters , and delight in stage-playes . gregory nazianzen , demanding this question , p unto what manner of persons he should discourse of divine things ? makes this reply ; that it must be to those who would lay them serio●sly to heart ; and not to such who handle them slightly , as one thing onely of many for pleasure and contentment s●ke , after ●irque-pla●es , after stage-playes , after songs , a●ter gluttony and carnall copulation : intimating unto us ; that those who delight in stage-playes and such like spectacles are altogether unfit to heare gods word , or seriously to performe any holy duty ; their mindes being so preposessed with playes and thoughts of vanity , after their returne from play-houses , that they can never bend them to pious exercises in that diligent manner as they ought . and therefore he records of the citizens of constantinople , who delighted much in stage-playes : q that as they reputed cirques and stage-playes , so they likewise esteemed the divine misteries themselves , to be but a pastime . saint chrysostome in his forequoted r homilies , is exceeding copious in this theame ; where he informes us ; that stage-playes so pollute the eyes , the eares , the hearts of the actors and spectators , that they make them altogether unfit to approach into gods holy presence , or to tread within the porch , the doores of his holy temple , much more unfit to participate of his most sacred body and blood , ( which must not be lodged in a polluted soule ) or to heare his pure word ; which eares defiled , or rather putrified and stopped up with filthy stage-playes , can never seriously attend too . his s fore-alleadged words to this purpose , are so emphaticall and flexanimous , that they might even move an heart of adamant , and cause the most obdurat stage-haunters for to tremble . if wee adde to this , t the constant practise of the primitive church , who excommunicated all stage-players and play-haunters both from the word , the sacraments and all christian society as altogether unworthy to participate of either ; refusing to admit of any actors or others into the church till they quite abandoned , not onely the acting , but the very sight and hearing of stage-playes , and openly promised and professed , never to returne unto them more : or if wee againe consider ; u that stage-players , with those who married woman-actors were utterly ●ncapable of any ecclesiasticall orders , and perpetually disabled to administer either the word or sacraments to gods people , by reason of that inexpiable steine which the very acting of stage-playes had engrained on them : wee must needs acknowledge , that the acting and beholding of stage-playes indispose men to gods service , and unfit them for his holy ordinances : else why should the church excommunicate or exclude these persons , or thus disable them in so strict a manner ? moreover those x sundry councels and authors , y which debar all clergie men from the acting and beholding of stage-playes , either in publike or private , lest their eyes , their eares and hearts , set apart , and consecrated to gods holy mysteries , should be defiled by them , and so indispose them to discharge their ministeriall function ; are a most pregnant evidence of this irr●fragable truth ; that stage-playes disable men from the right performance of all holy duties . and no wonder . for first they disteine the soule with the f●●●h , and involue it in the guilt of divers sins ; which makes it odious in the eyes of god ; z who as he can indure no iniquity ; so he a regards no worship , no duties of piety , no prayers that proceed from polluted hearts . god will be worshipped onely in the b beauties of holinesse ; with c cleane hands and pure hearts : whence hee commands all his , d to cleanse themselves from all pollution of flesh and spirit , perfecting holinesse in his feare : e to wash their heart from wickednesse that they may be saved : f and not so much as to touch any uncleane thing , that so he may receive them . god will be g sanctified of all those that come neere him ; he will have them h to be holy in all manner of conversation , even as he is holy , that so they i may be a holy priest-hood , to offer up spirituall sacrifices of prayer and praise , acceptable unto him through iesus christ ; whose k blood doth cleanse them from all their sinnes , l presenting them pure and holy in his fathers sight without spot or bleemish . now stage-playes , m as i have formerly proved , n universally defile the very bodies and soules of men , overspredding them with a leprosie of sundry sinnes , ( which they either ingenerate or infuse into their soules , ( which o ecclipse gods grace and favour from them , p stopping up his eares against all their prayers , and q sending up an unsavory stinke into his sacred nostrels : therefore they must of necessity disable them to all holy duties . secondly , it is impossible for r any man to serve two different masters both together , to serve god and mammon , christ and the devill : god in the church , the devill in the play-house : christ in the morning , the devill in the evening . he who serves satan all the weeke in the stage or play-house , can never worship christ upon the lords day in the temple . alas , there was never yet such d fellowship betweene christ and beliall , betweene the renounced pompes and vanities of satan , and the humility of our super-celestiall saviour , that men might serve and follow them both together . now e stage-playes are the very devils owne peculiar pompes , play-houses his synagogues ; players , his professed masse-●riests and choristers ; play-haunters his devoted servants , as f himselfe professeth , and g origen , with others , largely prove : those therefore who thus serve the devill in playes and play-houses ; its impossible for them to serve the lord sincerely in prayers and churches . thirdly , h no man can drinke the cup of the lord , and the cup of devils ; nor yet partake of the lords table , and of the table of devils : but stage-playes , i are the cup and table of devils ; the very devils meate ; his drinke ; * those dishes and repasts wherewith he was solemnely feasted by his idolatrous worshippers , in his owne idoll-temples . it is not possible therefore for any christian to feed his eyes , his eares with these diabolicall banqvets , and yet worthily to participate of christs body and blood , the spirituall sweet-meates of a christian soule . fourthly , the very acting and beholding of stage-playes drawes downe a selfe-condemning guiltinesse , and so by consequent * a certaine secret terror of appearing in gods presence on mens soules . there is scarce a man of any grace or ingenuity , but would even blush and feare to be de●rehended by any good man at a play-house : yea the very l heathen romanes stood so much in awe of cato his vice-condemning presence : that they durst not call for their ●loralian enterludes whiles he was neere the theater . and will not the consideration of gods all-seeing presence , thinke yee , strike much more feare into the m hearts and consciences of such who are deprehended by him at lewde lascivious stage-playes , then any christians , any catoes eye or face , could strike into these heathen romans ; which have no such soule-confounding majestie in them as is in the very smallest frowne of god ? if therefore those who resort to stage-playes by reason of their selfe-convincing consciences , n can never approach with boldnesse to gods throne of grace ; its certaine they cannot serve or worship him as they ought . fiftly , hee who perjures himselfe in the highest degree , breaking that very origall covenant which he made to god at fir●t in baptisme , and afterward ratified at every receiving of the sacrament , can o never questionlesse serve the lord in any acceptable pious manner : the performance of this vow and covenant ( at least-wise in the desire the endeavour of his soule ) being that alone which makes him a christian ; and so a man capable of serving god. p but he who acts or resorts to stage-playes , violates that very originall covenant which he made to god at first in baptisme , and a●terwards reconfirmed at every receiving of the sacrament ; as i have else-where largely proved : therefore he can never serve the lord in any acceptable or gracious manner , according to his will. and alas what christian is there , who would frequent or harbour any such sinfull pleasures , as will quite disable him to serve his god , to please his blessed saviour , q who hath bought him even at the dearest rate ? what contentment can a man take in any thing ; in all the riches , honours , pleasures , contentments of this world , whiles * his soule can draw no comfort , no heavenly refreshment from his god ? better can the inferiour world subsist without the light and influence of the sunne , or the body of a man without the heart , then the soule of any christian without the satisfactory * soule-inlivening presence of his god , his saviour , which is never found but in r those broken humble spirits , who se●ve him in syncerity , and tremble at his word . as therefore we ever desire to please , to serve our blessed god according to his will ; or to enjoy the heart-ravishing consolations of his most blisfull presence ; let us presently abandon stage-playes ; which as they hinder us in the service , so they utterly deprive us of the face and favour of our god , which are s able to make us more then happy in the middest of all our deepest miseries . the pleasures , the refreshments that men reape from stage-playes , as they shut out better contents , so they t abide no longer then the playes are acting , ( and sometimes scarce so long ) and then they oft-times leave a sting behinde them , which gaules and prickes the soule for ever after . if then that love of christ which u constrained holy paul , to bid adue to all carnall pleasures , will not enforce us to say thus to stage-playes : as david sometimes did to his lewde companions ; x depart from me yee wicked , yee workers ( yee producers ) of iniquity , for i will keepe the cōmandements of my god ; yet let the comfort that gods service wil bring unto our soules , and this consideration joyned with it ; that we y cannot serve god with any s●ncerity of heart , as long as we delight in cursed stage-playes , now at last enforce us to bid this farewell to them , that so we may be enabled to please that holy blessed god , who created , redeemed us at first , and hath evermore preserved us since , z that we might doe him service . secondly , as stage-playes indispose men to , so they likewise withdraw and keep them from gods service , a especially on lords-dayes , holy-dayes , and solemne festivals ; which should be wholy and onely consecrated to his more speciall worship ; and spent in duties of devotion , in lawding and blessing him for his more speciall favour● . and doth not our owne experience beare witnesse to this truth ? are not our play-houses oft-times more crowded , more coached and frequented then many of our churches ? and are they not full oft-times , when our churches are but empty ? are there not many hundreds serving the devill daily in our theaters , even then when as they should be serving god in his temples ? doe not more commonly resort to playes , then lectures , which is ill ? yea doe not too too many neglect to come to sermons , that they may runne to stage-playes , which is worse ? * indeed our b church of england ( out of the great respect it yeelds to preaching , and the absolute necessity of it to salvation ) enioynes god-fathers and god-mothers , to call upon their god-children , to heare sermons ; ( which some prophane ones now begin to loath and speake against , as if we had too much preaching : ) that so they may the better forsake the devill and all his workes , mortifie all their unholy corrupt affections , and daily proceed in all vertue and godlinesse of living . yea the saints of god in ancient times , were quickning and calling upon one another in this manner : * o co●e let us sing unto the lord , let us make a ioyfull noyse unto the rock● of our salvation . let us come b●fore his presence with thankesgiving , and make a ioyfull noyse unto him with psalmes , &c. o come let us worship and fall downe and kneele before the lord our maker ? d o sing unto the lord a new song , sing unto the lord all the earth . sing unto the lord ; blesse his name ; shew forth his salvation from day to day . declare his goodnesse among the heathen , his wonders among all people . give unto the lord ( o yee kindreds of the people ; ) give unto the lord glory and strength . give unto the lord the glory due unto his name ; bring an offring and come into his courts . o worship the lord in the beauty of holinesse , feare before him all the earth : e come yee , and let us goe up to the mountaine of the lord , and to the house of the god of iacob , and he will teach us of his wayes , and we will walke in his pathes , &c. but now alas in stead of calling upon one another to heare sermons , and of these encouragements to goe up to the house of the lord to blesse and prayse his name ( which is now no better then a brand of puriranisme ) we heare nought else among many who professe themselves christians ; but , come let us goe and see a stage-play : let us heare such or such an actor ; or resort ●o such and such a play-house : ( and i would i might not say unto such a whore or whore-house ; ) where we will laugh and be merry , and passe away the afternoone : as for any resort to such or such a lecture , church , or pious preacher ; it s a thing they seldome thinke , much l●sse discourse of . alas , that any who prosesse themselves christians should be thus strangly , ( that i say not atheistically ) infatuated , as to forsake the most sacred oracles , the soule-saving word , the most blessed sacraments , house and presence of their god ; to runne to playes and play-houses , the abominable f spectacles , lectures , pompes , and syn●gogues of the devill : as thus g to leave the pather of uprightnesse , to walke in the wayes of darknesse ; reioycing to doe evill , and delighting in the frowardnesse of the wicked ; even then when as they should solace their very soules in god. yet this is the most desperate deplorable condition of many hundred prophane ones in this age of light ; who admire who respect the very basest stage-players , more then the devoutest gravest preachers ; and would rather heare the most lascivious comedy , then the best soule-searching sermon : their very practise proclaiming as much unto the world ( if not their words ; ) they being oftner weekely in the play-house then in the church ; reading over three play-bookes at the least , for every sermon , for every booke or chapter in the bible . o that the execrable sinfulnesse of this prodigious profanesse would now at last awake us ! then those who thinke a stage-play once a day ( at leastwise three aweeke ) too little , a sermon once or twice a weeke , a moneth , too much ; would change their tune for shame ; thinking one play a yeere to much , * one sermon a weeke , a moneth to little for christians , concluding in the words of that blessed martyr of our church , iohn hooper bishop of glocester ( who constantly h preached in his * dioces most times twice , or at leastwise once every day thorowout the weeke without faile ) in the i confession and protestation of his faith , dedicated to king edward the sixt , and the whole house of parliament , in the yeere of our lord , . where we writes thus . what realme soever will avoyd the evill of sedition and contempt of godly lawes , let them provide the word of god , to be diligently and truely preached● and taught unto the subjects and members thereof . k the lacke of it is the cause of sedition and trouble , as salomon saith ; l where prophecy wanteth , the people are dissipated . wherefore i cannot a little wonder at the opinion and doctrine of such , as say , a sermon * once in a vveeke , in a moneth , or in a qvarter of a yeere , is sufficient for the people . truely it is injuriously and evill spoken against the glory of god and the salvation of the people . but se●●ng they will not be in the whole as good unto god as before they have beene unto the devill , neither so glad to remove false doctrine from the people , and to continue them in the true ; where as they did before occupie the most part of the forenoone , the most part of the afternoone , yea and a great part of the night , to keepe the estimation and continuance of dangerous and vaine superstitions , were it much now to occupie one hovre in the morning , and an other hovre tovvards night , to occupie the people with true and earnest prayer unto god in christs blood , and in preaching the true doctrine of christ , that they might know and continue in the true religion , and faithfull confidence of christ iesu ? fifteene masses in a church daily were not too many for the priests of baal ; and shovld one sermon every day be m too mvch for a godly bishop , and evangelicall preacher ? i wonder how it can be too much opened unto the people ? if any man say , labour is lost , and mens businesse lyeth undone by that meanes . surely it is ungodly spoken : for those that beare the people in hand of such a thing , knoweth right well , that there was neither labours , cares , needs , necessity , nor any things else , that heretofore could keepe them from hearing of masse , though it had beene said at . a clocke in the morning . therefore as farre as i see , people were content to lose more labour , and spent more time then to goe to the devill , then now to come to god : ( as our common players and play-haunters doe . ) but my faith is , that both master and servant shall fin● gaine thereby at the yeeres end ; thovgh they heare morning sermon , and morning prayers every day of the vveeke . thus farre this reverend bishop , whose words and practise i would the n grosse and shamelesse perverters of his doctrine in the points now controverted , ( he being a professed anti-arminian , and anti-pelagian , and that in terminis , as his o printed workes most positively demonstrate , however some pervert them : ) together with our constant play-haunters would now seriously consider : especially in these our dayes ; wherein stage-playes almost cry down sermons , and play-books finde so quicke a sale , that ( if stationers doe not misinforme me ) there are at least a dozen play-bookes vented for one printed sermon : so that i may safely affirme , that stage-playes exceedingly withdraw and keepe men from gods service : especially on lords-dayes , holi-dayes , and solemne festivals , * set apart for better purposes : which experimentall truth is so visible to the eyes , the consciences of all men , that it needs no further proofe . if any man be so uncredulous as not to believe experience , let him then attend to sundry councels , fathers , and other moderne authors , who affirme : that stage-playes withdraw men from the church , and keepe them from gods service , especially on lords-dayes , holi-dayes , and solemne festivals which were set apart for pious exercises . for councels , see the . councell of carthage , canon . with sundry others here recited . act . scene . for fathers , clemens romanus , in the . booke of apostolicall constitutions . cap. . . complaines ; u that many leaving the congregation of the faithfull , with the church and lawes of god , did runne to the playes of the grecians , and hasten unto theaters , desiring to be numbred among those who resorted thither and to be made partakers of filthy , that i say not abominable words and spectacles : neither doe they heare the prophet ieremy , saying : * lord i have not sate in the assembly of players or mockers , but i was afraid at the sight of thy hand : nor y iob , who speakes the like words , &c. clemens alexandrinus , in his . booke of the paedag●ge . cap. . fol. . . complaines ; that divers after they are departed from the church , laying aside that divine inspiration which was in it , assimulate themselves to the company in which they are ; or rather laying aside the false and counterfeit visour of gravity , they are found to be such , as they were before unknowne to be : and when as they have reverenced that word which was spoken of god , they leave it where they heard it , running unto play-houses , the chaire of pestilence ; and delighting themselves abroade with wicked measures and amorous songs ; being filled with the noyse of pipes , with clapping of hands , with drunkennesse , with all kinde of filth and dirt . z but whiles they chaunt and rechaunt this ; those who before did celebrate and extoll immortality , doe at last wickedly sing , that most pernicious palinody ; let us eate and drindke , for to morrow we shall die . but they not to morrow , but even now already are truely dead to god , burying their dead , that is , interring themselves in death , &c. a dreadfull speech , which i would our dancers , play-haunters , and voluptuous persons would lay neere their hearts . saint augustine informes us ; a that voluptuous playes and spectacles oft-times withdraw men from the assemblies of the church : and b that the whole citty of rome did with publike eyes and eares , learn● those alluring criminous fables , and those ignominious deeds which were wickedly and filthily fained of their idol-gods , and more filthily , more wickedly committed by them , neglecting in the meane time better things . saint chrysostome in c sundry of his homilies complaines : that men did oft-time leave the church and runne to playes ; preferring stage-play-meetings before the church assemblies , and chusing rather to see an harlot or player in the theater , then the body and blood of christ himselfe in the church . pope leo the first laments . d that stage-playes , and unruly spectacles were more frequented then the blessed solemnities of the martyrs . saint asterius , in his homily against the feast of the kalends , complaines : e that many preferring their vaine stage-playes , pleasures , and imployments , absented themselves from the church , and holy sermons on festivals and holi-dayes , and on the feast of kalends . f alas for griefe ( writes cyril arch-bishop of alexandria ) very many among us christians imitate this madnesse and dishonesty of the iewes : who upon holi-dayes and solemne festivals giving themselves over to dishonest playes , to drunkennesse , to dancing , or other vanities of the world ; when as they ought to serve god more diligently , to frequent the churches of god more earnestly , to be instant in prayers , and to be present at ecclesiasticall duties , doe then most of all provoke god with their most dissolute manners . is this o christians to celebrate an holy day , to pamper the belly , and to let loose the reines to unlawfull pleasures ? if worke bee prohibited on holi-days , which must be used for the necessary sustenance of life ; that so you may the more intirely devote your selves to heavenly things ; are not those things then much more forbidden which cannot bee committed without sinne and great offen●e to god ? on dayes that are allowed for servile worke , every one is intent upon his owne businesse ; and hee abstaines from drunkennesse , pastimes , and vanities . but on holi-dayes ( loe here the true genious picture of our present age ) men every where runne to the ale-house , to playes , to enterludes , and dances , to the very derision of gods name , and the prevarication of the day : where as in truth the sinne is so much the more hainous , by how much the more holy the time is in which it is committed . let them therefore repent , and labour utterly to extirpate and pull up this tare , which the envious man hath sowne in the field of the lord. iohn damascen out of eusebius informes us . g that those who are endued with the feare of god , long for the lords day , that so they may pray unto god , and be made partakers of the body and blood of the lord. but sluggish lasie persons looke for the lords day , for no other end but that being loosed from their worke , they may give themselves over to their vices . now that i lie not , the very things themselves doe make it credulous . walke forth upon any other day , and thou shalt finde no man idle or playing . goe forth upon the lords day , and thou mai●t finde , some playing upon and singing to the harpe : others shouting and dancing ; others sitting , and reviling their neighbours , others wrestling . doth the preacher call to the church ? all of them grow lasie , and make delayes . doe the harpe or trumpet sound ? all of them presently runne as if they were winged . * we behold the spectacles of the church ; we see the lord christ lying on the table , the ceraphyns singing a thrice holy song , the words of the gospell ; the presence of the holy ghost , the prophets ecchoing , the angels singing , alleluia , all things spirituall , all things worthy salvation , all things procuring the kingdome of heaven . these things heares he that enters into the church . but what seeth he who runnes to play-houses ? diabolicall songs , dancing wenches , or that i may speake more truely , girles tossed up and downe with the furies of the devill : ( a good discription of our dancing females . ) for what doth this dancer●sse ? she most impudently uncovers her head , which paul hath commanded to be alwayes covered : shee turnes about her necke the wrong way ; she througheth about her haire hither and thither ; even these things verily are done by her whom the devill hath possessed . but the fidler , like a devill , conflicteth with woodden instruments . such verily was the feast of herod . the daughter of herodias entred in and danced , and cut of the head of iohn baptist , and obtained the subterraneous places of hell for her inheritance . therefore those who love charantoes and dances , have their portion with her . woe unto those who play upon the harpe on the lords day , or doe any servile worke . this day was allotted for the rest of servants and hirelings : for this saith he , is the day of the lord , let us reioyce and be glad therein , &c. salvian is yet more punctuall to our purpose : heare but his words for all the other fathers , i we preferre ( saith he ) pastimes before the curch of god : we despise the lords table , and honour theaters . finally , besides other things which prove the same , this which i now say manifests it to be true . for if it fall out ( as often it doth , ) that at one and the same time an holi-day be kept , and common playes proclaimed ; i demand of every mans conscience , which place hath greater troopes of christians ? whether the yard of the publike play-house , or the court of gods house ; and whether men flocke to most ; to the temple , or to the theater ? whether doe they most affect , the sayings of the evangelists , or of stage-players ? the words of life , or the words of death ? the words of christ , or the words of a foole in a play ? doubtlesse wee love that most which we preferre . for if the church keepe any feast on that day when there are solemne playes ; those , who say they are christians , doe not onely not come to the church , but if any not thinking of the playes come casually thither , if they heare whiles they are in the very church , that there are playes acting abrod , they leave the church , and repaire to them . the temple of god is dispised to runne unto theaters : the church is emptied , the play-house filled : we leave christ upon the table , to feed our adulterous eyes with the impure and unchaste sight of most filthy enterludes . k what stranger soever either commeth to ravenna , or to rome ; shall finde a part of the romanes at stage-playes , and a part of the ravenians at theat●rs . and although any be either absent or distant by place , yet is he not excused thereby : for as many as are ioyned together in likenesse of affection , are guilty alike of the same wickednesse that either doth commit . yet for all this , wee flatter our selves of our good behaviour , and of the rarenesse of our impurity , &c. thus farre these fathers l polydor virgil complaines . that in his time holy dayes were most acceptable to youth for no other reason , but that they had then leasure to lead about dances ; especially among the italians , who after the custome of the ancient pagans , did usually exhibite spectacles and playes unto the people ; reciting comedies , and personating the lives and martyrdomes of the saints in churches ; in which that all might receive equall delight , they acted them in their mother-tongue . thus was it heretofore among the ancient romanes , who on their solemne festivals recited the poems of poets in open theaters , and made divers spectacles of beasts and sword-players in amphitheaters ; with sundry other playes thorowout the citty , with which the people were delighted . m agrippa complaines , and so likewise doth n bb. latimer our renowned martyr , and o episcopus chemnensis : that that waster of equity , that subverter of all order and decency , that author of all evill things , the devill , endevouring daily to pull downe what ever the holy ghost doth build up , hath alwayes quite demolished this fortification : the greatest part of christian people so spending the holy rest of holy-dayes , not in meeting together to pray , or heare gods word , nor yet to performe those other duties for which they were first ordained ; but wasting it in all kinde of corruptions of good manners , and of christian doctrine , in dances , in comedies , in stage-playes , in ribaldrous songs , in sports , in drunken meetings , in spectacles , in all kinde of worldly and carnall workes contrary to the spirit and holinesse : and as tertullian saith of the solemnity of the caesars or romane emperours ; they are wont then to performe a notable piece of service , to make bonefires and dances in the streets , to feast from house to house , to turne the whole citty into the forme of a taverne , to force wine downe their throates , to runne earnestly to misdemeanors , to impudencies , to irritations , and enticements of lust : thus is the publike ioy expressed by a publike shame : so may it be said of our festivals . are we not th●refore worthily to bee condemned who thus celebrate the solemnities of christ and of his saints ? not to remember the statute of edward . cap. . which informes us , that the holi-dayes and su●dayes were spent in dice-play , kayles , bowles , and such other unlawfull ungracious and incommendable games . nor to recite the words of the authorized * homily of the time and place of prayer : which complaines : that it too evidently appeares that god is more dishonoured , and the devill better served on the sunday , then upon all the dayes of the weeke besides . nor yet to recite the lamentable complaint of q ioannis langhecrucius : that lords-dayes and holi-dayes in his time were for the most part spent in drunkennesse , dancing , wantonnesse , stage-playes , and the like : in so much that the very singing-men and choristers of the church ( such was their blindnesse and madnesse ) did spend and honor the sacred feast-day of the virgin martyr caecilia , not in sackcloth and fastings ; but in gluttony , in drunkennesse , in dancing , in lascivious and unchaste songs ; being then more prone to all lasc●vious wickednesse , then to the reformation of their lusts , or to fasting and prayer : r and that almost all artificers and t●ades-men had chosen some one saint or other to be a patron to them , which saints they worshipped in a deboist bacchanalian manner : so that by this kinde of worship and custome , men seemed to have relapsed to heathennisme or atheisme . i shall truely transcribe a notable passage out of nicholaus de clemangis to the like effect ; in his treatise : s de novis celebritatibus non instituendis : where he writes thus : every one may perceive with what devotion christian people doe at this day celebrate their festivals and holi-dayes . they seldome come to church , they most seldome heare the masse , and that for the most part but by piece-meale , &c. yea they leave the church , and runne away . one goeth to a farme , another to his worldly affaires : a great companie resorts to faires , which now are never kept in a publike and solemne manner but on the most eminent festivals : t the stage-player delighteth some , play-houses take up others ; tennis-courts many , dice very many . festivals are celebrated by the richer sort with great gawdinesse of apparell ; and provision of banquets : but betweene rich cloathes and pompous feasts , the conscience lies unadorned in uncleanesse . the outward house is cleansed with beasoms , the floores are swept , greene boughes are placed at the doore , the ground is strowed with hearbes and flowers , u all outward things are cleane and trim : but the miserable inward man not partaking of this exultation , pines away in the meane time in his filthinesses , and by how much more excessive the laughter is in the middest of vaine delights , by so much the more is it afflicted with greater sorrowes , and wounded with sharper prickes of sinnes . but to omit these : let us see what the prophane vulgar doth in the meane time , and the youth in our times corrupted with luxury . i have fitly said , the prophane vulgar , according to the thing which is done ; because then doub●lesse they are farre from the temple ; and as they ar● farre from the temple , so likewise farre from home x for holi-dayes are not celebrated by them in the temple , nor in their houses ; all the solemnities of their celebration are in tavernes and ale-houses , they resort thither almost at sunne-rising , and oft-times they abide there untill midnight ; they sweare , forsweare , blaspheme god , and curse all his saints , they roare , they wrestle , they wrangle : they sing , they rage , they shrecke , they make a tumult , and seeme to be as mad as bedlams . they strive who shall overcome one another in drinking : they drinke merrily one to other ; they earnestly provoke and stirre up one another to drinke : and when as they have glutted themselves , and are drunke , then they rise up to play , &c. what shall i relate the vanities of publike playes and spectacles upon holi-dayes : the crosse-wayes sound againe with dances ? the vilages and streets , yea the whole citty rebound with the voyces of singers , the shoutes , the clamours of dancers , the confused sound of the harpe , the tabre● , the psaltery , and all other musicall harmonies . there mind●● being moved with the fla●●eries of laughter , the thumping of the feet , the glances of the eye , the gropings of the hands , and with the alluring sweetnesse of verses and harpes , y wax effeminate , become vaine , and grow hot to luxury and incontinency . there the consultations of whoredomes and adulteries are handled ; oportunities are taken , places , times , and conditions are appointed . and because the day is not sufficient for their lewdnesse , girles and espoused women are there oft-times voluntarily or against their wils ravished in the darknesse of the night . i know places , yea famous citties , in which on holi-dayes and lords-daies it is lawfull for maides in a publike manner to runne abrode to their lovers , yea to their panders , which promised liberty they diligently study to preserve without controll , and speedily as soone as ever the houre of dinner is past , they earnestly call themselves together , and march in troopes to their corrupters with incredible wantonnesse and malepartnesse . we see in wakes or festivities of country villages , z how harlots come from all quarters out of the neighbour townes and citties , and country youthes flocking thither by troopes , who perhaps were free from such uncleanesse all the yeere , casting away the bridle of modesty in the solemnity of their patron ( the saint to whose honour their church is dedicated ) publikely commit adultery . there youth hath first cast off its chastity ; there yong men are polluted , there children are corrupted , and they learne the experiment of a most impure contagion . there they continually provoke and invite one another to that most filthy pleasure , and he that will not follow the rest to destruction is accounted a * wretch , a sluggard , an unprofitable person , good for nothing . a what heathen skilfull of sacrilegious feastivals ( if he should happen to be present ) would not rather beleeve that the floralia of venus , or the feasts of bacchus were kept , then the solemnities of any saint ; when as he should there behold such uncleanesses as were wont to be acted in the festivals of those idols . neither doth the filthy obscenity onely of bacchus and venus seeme to bee exercised there , but likewise of mars and bellona too . for it is ●●w a common fame , that it is an unseemely holi-day which is not sprinkled with fighting and effusion of blood . neither is it strange if that mars be made a companion of bacchus and venus . for mindes provoked with wine and lust are wont to be easily provoked to fight ; whence venus martia was fained by the poets to be coupled with a cunning and insoluble knot . b what , is the patron of the village to be worshipped by the inhabitants on his birth-day in such a manner , that so he might be propitious to them all the yeere ? what noble or great man would not be displeased that his birth-day should be defiled with such a pollution ? who may not see , how much honester , how much better it were to observe no holi-dayes , then to keepe them in this manner ? whose heart is so estranged from reason , so devious from the truth through perverse error , that he may not understand it to be lesse evill to goe to plow , or to digge , to sow , or doe other country workes on the solemnities of the saints , then not to honour , but to prophane their solemne festivals with such horrible obscenities ? and yet if any one oppressed with never so great penury of necessaries for his family be found to have done any thing in his field or vineyard , he is cited , severely punished , reprehended , condemned as guilty of violating an holi-day . but he who shall commit these worser things condemned by the lawes and commandements of god , shall want both punishment , and an accuser . and why is this , but because there is no man who will take revenge on those who transgresse the precepts of the lord ? they have their officials ( whose office c petrus blesensis hath excellently characterized ) they have archdeacons , they have promoters , they have apparitors , who enforce their episcopall edicts to be kept with most grievous penalties . they runne thorow the dioces , they craftily examine and enquire , if any vine-dresser or husbandman hath wrought or carried any thing upon an holi-day : an● if it shall appeare that hee hath done any such thing , he is accused and punished , not so often according to the quality of the offence , as at the will of the iudge . but yet christ hath none or very few proctors who cause his commandements to bee kept , &c. d saint augustine saith ; that hee would rather goe to plow on the lords-day , then dance : not that it is lawfull then to goe to plow , or that hee that goeth to plow should be pardoned , but because hee who danceth offends more grievously : because dancing it selfe is oft-times a sinne , and oft-times enforceth men to occasions of worser sinnes . consider what hee would have said of those other things , which now are commonly done upon our holi-dayes . and yet notwithstanding , if any one goeth to plow on the lords-day , hee is not onely most severely punished , but he is welnigh reputed an infidell : but hee who danceth excellently , not onely hath no reproofe , but he is likewise plausibly received with applause and gratulation even by the censors themselves , &c. now what a thing is it for men to intangle themselves in greater villanies , on those dayes that are appointed for reconciliation and remission of sinnes , and on which men wholy cease from terrene actions , that they may give themselves to the contemplation of heavenly things with a pure heart ? what confidence can such have of the suffrage of the saints , who defile their holidayes with most foolish vanities , most impure pollutions● most wicked debacchations , and sacrilegious execrations ? verily they deserve to have them , not most pious furtherers , but most deadly accusers . * for what greater iniury can bee done to a saint , then to dishonor his birth-day , wherein he was carried into heaven and paradice , with such uncleanesses ? and with every such sacrilegious custome wherewith devils were wont to be attoned by their superstitious worshippers ? what doe we thinke the ancient holy fathers would say , who appointed the solemnities of the saints to be observed in the church for the foresaid ends , if they were now alive , and should see those vanities and counterfeit fooleries that are done upon them ? i doubt not but they would take care of the soules that are like to perish , neither would they suffer such things on the holy dayes of the saints as were not permitted to be done in the bacchanalia themselves . either therefore , they would recall the people by the censure of discipline from such most unworthy obscenities , or would compell them to celebrate festivals with due honesty ; or if they could not breake the force of pernicious custome , they would rather abolish the feasts themselves , lest they should bee an occasion of so great wickednesses ; which as it seemes to agree with the safety of soules , according to the variety of manners and times , are either to be discharged from observance , or else more stricktly to be tied to an honest observance , lest they should doe farre more hurt by being ill observed , then well omitted , &c. by all which di●course of this learned author , ( who hath much more to the selfesame purpose , which suites punctually with the practise of our present times ) wee may easily discerne , how stage-playes and dancing avocate and with-hold men from gods worship , especially on lords-dayes , and the most solemne christian festivals , which of all other times are most abused , to the eternall ruine of many thousand christians soules . to passe by bucer in psal. . master gualther . hom. . in acta apostolorum . cap. . master iohn calvin , on deut. . sermo . . doctor bownde , of th sabbath . london . p. . , , . master beacon , hooper , babington , brinsly , perkins , dod , lake , downham , andrewes , williams , ames , and most other writers upon the . commandement , and the sabbath : who make the selfesame complaint , that the lords-day , and holi-dayes are prophaned and oft-times spent in stage-playes , dancing , drinking , masques , and pastimes . which complaint i finde likewise seconded by learned f iohn gerson , g vincentius bellovecensis , and h cardinall bellarmine himselfe ; who as they condemne all stage-playes , enterludes , masques , with all mixt lascivious amorous dancing , ( against which vincentius and bellarmine have largely written ) at all times , so especially on lords-dayes , holi-dayes , and solemne festivals , on which they are most execrable . the author of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters is very copious in this point . i god ( writes he ) hath given us an expresse k commandement , that we should not violate the sabbath day , and prescribed an order how it should bee sanctified , namely in holinesse , by calling into minde the spirituall rest , hearing the word of god , and ceasing from worldly businesse . whereupon isaiah the prophet , shewing how the sabbath should be observed , saith , l if thou tu●ne away thy foote from the sabbath , from doing thy will on mine holy-day , and call the sabbath a delight , to consecrate it as glorious to the lord : and shalt honour him● not doing thing owne wayes , not seeking thine owne will , nor speaking a vaine word ; then shalt thou delight in the lord , and i will cause thee to mount upon the high places of the earth , and feed thee with the heritage of iacob thy father , for the mouth of the lord hath spo●en it . * here we see how the lord requireth that this day should be observed , and what rest hee looketh for at our hands . but , alas , how doe wee follow the order which the lord hath set downe ? * is not the sabbath of all other dayes most abused ? which of us on that day is not carried whether his affections leades him , unto all d●ssolutenesse of life ? how often doe we use on that day unreverend speech ? which of us hath his heart occupied in the feare of god ? who is not led away to the beholding of those spectacles , the sight wher●of can bring but con●usion to our bodies and soules ? are not our eyes ( * there ) carried away with the pride of vanity ? our eares abused with amorous , that is , lecherous , filthy , and abominable speech ? is not our tongue which was given us onely to glorifie god with all , there imployed to the blas●eming of gods holy name , or the commendation of that is wicked ? are not our hearts through the pleasure of the flesh , the delight of the eye , and the fond motions of the minde , withdrawne from the service of the lord , and meditation of his goodnesse ? so that albeit it is a shame to say it , yet dovbtlesse whosoever will marke with what multitudes these idle pl●ces are replenished , and how empty the lords sanctuary is of his people , may well perceive what devotion wee have . we may well s●y we are the servants of the lord , but the slender service wee doe him , and the small regard we have of his commandements , declares our want of love towards him . r for if yee love mee ( saith christ ) keepe my commandements . wee may well bee hir●l●ngs , but wee are none of his houshold wherefore abuse not the sabbath day , my brethren : leave not the temple of the lord : sit not still in the quagm●re of your owne lusts : but put to your strength to helpe your selves before your owne waight sincke you downe to hell. s redeeme the time for the dayes are evill . alas what folly is it in you , to purchase with a penny damnation to your selves ? why seeke you after sinne as after a banket ? * none delight in those spectacles , but such as would bee made spectacles . account not of their drosse : their treasures are too base to be laid up in the rich coafers of your minde . repentance is farthest from you when you are nearest to such may-games . all of you for the most part doe lose your time , or rather wilfully cast the same away , contemning that as nothing which is so precious as your lives cannot redeeme . * i would to god you would bestow the time you consume in these vanities , in seeking after vertue and glory . for to speake truely , whatsoever is not converted to the use wherefore it was ordained , may be said to bee lost . * for to this end was man borne , and had the benefit of time given him , that hee might honour , serve , and love his creator , and thinke upon his goodnesse . for whatsoever is done without this , is doubtlesse cast away . oh , how can you then excuse your selves for the losse of time ! doe you imagine that your carelesse life shall never bee brought into question ? thinke yee the words of saint paul the apostle were spoken in vaine , when hee saith , t we must all appeare before the iudgement seate of christ , that every man may receive the things which are done in his body , whether it be good or evill . when that account shall bee taken , i feare me your reckoning will bee to seeke , &c , * by such infamous persons as players much time is lost , and many dayes of honest travell are turned into vaine exercises ; youth corrupted , the sabbath prophaned , &c. * it was ordained in rome by the emperour trajan , that the romanes should observe but holi-dayes thorowout the whole yeere . for hee thought without doubt , that the gods were more served on such dayes as the romans did labour , then on such dayes as they rested ; because the vices were more then which they did commit , then the sacrifices they did offer . * and trust mee i am of that opinion , that the lord is never so ill served as on the holi-dayes . for then hell breakes loose . then wee permit youth to have their swinge ; and when they are out of the sight of their masters , such government have they of themselves , that what by ill company they meete withall , and ill examples they learne at playes , i feare me , i feare me their hearts are more allienated from virtue in two houres , then againe may well be amended in a whole yeere . thus hee ; yea and thus m. x gosson , m. y northbrooke , m. z stubs , m. a brinsly , and others too tedious to transcribe , together with the expresse words of the statute of . caroli . cap. . which informes us ; that the holy keeping of the lords-day in very many places of this realme hath beene and now is prophaned and neglected , by a disorderly sort of people , in exercising and frequenting beare-bayting , bul-bayting , enterludes , common playes , and other unlawfull exercises and pastimes , neglecting divine service both in their owne parishes , and elsewhere . all which concurrent testimonies are a su●ficient confirmation of this experimentall truth ; that stage-playes avocate , with-hold , and keepe men from gods worship , house & ordinances , especially on festivals , holi-dayes , and those solemne times which should bee more peculiarly devoted to his service . and no wonder that it should be so : first , because the vulgar people , ( who are commonly inamored with childish pleasures , and pompous vanities , ) are exceedingly delighted with enterludes and stage-playes ; as b tully , c horace , d iuvenal , e theodoricus , f ovid , with g sundry others testifie : they are , as the apostle speakes ; i lovers of pleasures more then lovers of god : gods presence , sacraments , temple , word , and service are not so gratefull , so delightfull to them , as these : no wonder therefore if they neglect the one , ( which are but a k yoke , a l wearisomnesse , a m paine , a burthen to them , ) to enjoy the sinfull plea●ures of the other , which are suitable to their vaine voluptuous humour . secondly , because these stage-play pleasures are the very chiefest baites , the strongest , the most prevailing engins which the devill hath , to with-draw mens hearts from god : they were so in former ages , as n tertullian , o cyprian , p chrysostome , q lactantius , r augustine , and s salvian teach us ; no wonder therefore if they bee so now . thirdly , as stage-playes thus with-draw men from gods-service ; so they bring the word , the ordinances , the worship , ministers , and sincere service of god into contempt and scorne . witnesse saint chrysostome , who expresly avers it . t that nothing brings the oracles and ordinances of god into so great contempt , as the admiration and beholding of stage-playes . hence u lactantius , and x hierom informe us ; that those who are accustomed to rhetoricall stage-playes , to sweet polished orations and poems , despise the plaine common phrase and humble stile of the s●riptures , as base and sordid ; seeking after that which may delight their senses . hence gregory nazianzen informes us ; * that stage-playes make men unfit to heare gods word , and cause them to contemne it . and y that the inhabitants of constantinople who delighted much in stage-playes ; accounted the divine mysteries and oracles of god , but a meere sport , as they reputed their stage-playes and cirque-playes : implying thereby that play-haunters for the most part , contemne gods word , his ordinances , and all spirituall things ; as meere toyes and trifles . this truth is likewise confirmed , by z saint augustine , a salvian , with other fathers and councels , in the two precedent clauses : by rodolphus gualther , one of the eminentest divines that the reformed churches have bred , who records : b that stage-playes , and common actors bring all religion into contempt ; and that plato banished them out of his common-weale for this reason among others ; because they would breed a contempt of the gods. by the author of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters ; by m. gosson , master northbrooke , and m. stubs , in their treatises against playes ; by master brinsly , in the third part of his true watch. cap. . abomination pag. . and c by sundry others too tedious to recite . and doth not our owne experience suffragate to this truth ? alas who more vilifie gods ordinances ; or more slight his word , his ministers , his servants , d then players and play-haunters ? who so atheistically irreligious , so gracelesse , so godlesse , so negligent of all holy duties , so little acquainted or inamored with gods word , his worship , his service ; as they ? whence is it , that men and women are lately growne so cold , so heartlesse in religion ; so remisse , so carelesse in all religious duties ; so regardlesse of gods word , his sacraments , his service : so lukewarme , yea so frozen in their love to god , his saints , his ordin●nces ? it is not from their late extraordinary resort to playes and play-houses , which is now more frequent then in former times ? for my owne part i can impute it originally to nought else but it . sure i am that religion is no where more scorned and jested at , that religious men are never more traduced , then on the * stage : that there are no such seminaries of * atheisme , irreligiousnesse , blasphemy , idolatry , heathenisme and prophanesse , as playes and play-houses : this the authors in the e precedent acts doe fully testifie : it is more then probable therefore , that they are the primary fundamentall causes of this most desperate lewde effect . lastly , stage-playes make all the meanes of grace and salvation , all the ordinances of god ineffectuall to mens soules . men heare , men read , pray , receive the sacraments , and come to church in vaine , as long as they continue actors or spectators of stage-playes . this all the fathers , councels , moderne christian authors , with the severall reasons alleaged in the three precedent particulars , abundantly evidence ; revolue them , and you shall finde it true . saint chrysostome is punctuall to this purpose : f wee lose ( saith hee ) all the labour , all the fruit of our fasting whiles wee resort to stage-playes : yea wee reape no benefit at all from the word of god. what profit reape you whiles you goe from hence to the theater ? i reprove you ; the player corrupts you : i apply medicines to your disease ; hee ministers the fewell and occasion of the disease● i extinguish the fire of nature ; hee kindles a flame of lust : i build up , and hee puls downe : yea hee plainely informes us , g that neither the sacrament , nor any other of gods ordinances will doe men any good , so long as they resort to stage-playes . saint augustine informes us of himselfe : h that as long as hee delighted in stage-playes ( which did nourish irritate and foment his lusts ) i god was not then his life , and that his life was not a life , but a death . k for stage-playes ( writes hee ) are the very baites , the snares , the dens , and chaines of the devill , wherewith he takes and reintraps the soules of those whom he hath formerly left . flie therefore stage-playes , o beloved , the filthiest dens of the devill , lest the bands of that malignant one hold you captive . l whosoever hee bee that will obtaine perfect remission of his sinnes , let him keepe and withdraw himselfe from these spectacles of the world : which l●st sentence of his is approved both by m aquinas himselfe , and by n alexander fabricius , for good divinity : if then players and play-haunters bee thus spiritually dead ; if they are in the very chaines of the devill ; and uncapable of the full remission of their sinnes , as long as they delight in stage-playes , or resort unto them , as this father writes ; needs must gods holy ordinances bee altogether unprofi●able to their soules whiles they resort to playes . a plaister never heales , as long as there is an arrowes head , or poyson in the wound : stage-playes are an arrowes head , o a venomous poyson to the soules of men ; they are cankers to their graces , p meere fire and fewell to their lusts : no wonder then if gods ordinances never cure their sou●es , whiles they resort to stage-playes . it was the q use of players and play-haunting pagans in the primitive church , as soone as ever they were converted to the christian faith ; to renounce and utterly abandon stage-playes ; as altogether incompatible with their christian profession ; and making all the meanes of grace ineffectuall to their soules . doubtlesse the very ●e●fesame course must be taken now . hee that would thrive in grace and holinesse ; hee that would have the word , the sacraments , fasting , prayer , or any other of gods ordinances effectuall to his soule , must bid an eternall farewell unto stage-playes . thus did * two eminent play-poets and play-haunters of our owne ; upon their very first conversion unto god , as r themselves record ; they abandoned playes and play-making , as inconsistent with salvation , with christianity , with the grace , the service , the ordinances of god : resolving never to returne unto them more ; but to their powers to oppugne them , as formerly they had admired , composed & frequented them , which they did accordingly in s severall printed bookes : wherefore from all these severall premises thus confirmed by reason , by authority , i may safely frame this . syllogisme against stage-playes . that which unfits and indisposeth men to the acceptable holy performance of all religious duties : that which either with-drawes , or keepes men from gods service at times of greatest holinesse and devotion , and brings the word , the worship , with all the ordinances of god into contempt ; making them vaine and ineffectuall to mens soules ; must needs bee sinfull , and utterly unlawfull unto christians . see hebr. . . iam. . . pet. . , . accordingly . but * this doe stage-playes , as is evident by the premises . therefore they must needs bee sinfull and utterly unlawfull unto christians . scena decima-tertia . the . effect of stage-playes is , that they breed in the hearts of their actors and spectators an inward disesteeme , a violent antipathy , an inplacable enmity against the practicall power of grace and holinesse ; against all pious and religious men . this t lactantius , this u chrysostome , x augustine , y salvian , z m. gualther , the a author of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters , b m. northbrooke , c m. stubs , with sundry d others expresly testifie . yea this our owne experience must subscribe too . for who more bitter , more virulent , more implacable adversaries to the power of godlinesse , to those who excell in grace , in piety : who such deriders , haters , e slanderers , despisers of purity , of sincerity , of devout and holy christians , as * players and play-haunters ? none abhorre , revile , traduce , deride or scorne them more then they . and no wonder : for saint paul foretold it long agoe ; f that such who are lovers of pleasures more then lovers of god ( as players and play-patrons for the most part are ) are alwayes despisers of those that are good , having onely a forme of godlinesse , but denying the power thereof . lactantius hath given the true reason of it . g everyone ( saith he ) that sinnes desire elbow roome , he would have free liberty to sinne without controll ; neither can hee take any full delight in evill , unlesse there be none to disapprove his wicked courses . therefore hee desires to roote out all good men , who are offensive and displeasing to him , because they are not onely witnesses of his evill deeds , but likewise reprove and shame them by their different holy lives , though they never speake of them with their tongues their very holy lives are a reproach , a scandall to their dissolute manners : therefore they slander and abhor them . s. augustine oft-times informes us ; h that the degenerous voluptuous pagans , did detract from christ and christians , accusing , yea declaiming against the christian times , as evill ; because they sought not after such times in which their lives might bee quiet , but rather in which their wickednesse might bee secure ; in which they might securely enioy their wicked stage-playes , their sinfull lusts , and worldly pleasures , without any reprehension or restraint . this doe our paganizing actors and play-haunters now ; they hate , revile and slander , all zealous , practicall christians , under i the tearmes of puritanes , prescitians , novellers , factionists , * holy-breathren , men of the spirit , bible-beares , sermon-haunters , hypocrites , holy-sisters , and a world of such like ignominious , disgracefull tearmes , ( though some of them in themselves are honourable , having the holy ghost himselfe for their author , how ever prophane atheisticall persons turne them into very mottoes of disgrace : ) they abhor the very appearances of all grace and holinesse , as diametrally opposite to their ungodly courses , to their prophane , lascivious , ribaldrous enterludes , which all the saints of god have evermore condemned . k they thinke it strange that holy men run not with them into the same excesse of riot , into the selfesame pleasures and delights of sinne , in which they plunge themselves : therefore speake they evill of them ; l therefore they reproach , traduce , contemne , detest , oppugne them with the very height of spleene , of malice ; as being an eye-sore , yea a life-sore to them , as present experience can informe us . hence therefore i argue in the . place . that which ingenders in the hearts of its actors and spectators , an inward hatred , an undervaluing disesteeme , a violent antipathy , a virulent enmity , against the practicall power of grace and holinesse ; against all holy , gracious , godly christians ; must needs be sinfull and abominable unto christians . witnesse the iohn . . to . phil. . , . and infinite other scriptures . but this doe * stage-playes , as is evident by the premises , by experience , and by act . scene . therefore they must needs be sinfull and abominable unto christians . scena decima-qvarta . the . fruit of stage-playes is this : that they inamor men with the love of sinne and vanity , which is ill : yea harden them in their sinne and indispose them to repentance , which is farre worse . the more a man resorts to stage-playes , u the more hee delights in sinne , in vanity , scurrility , lewdnesse ; in pagan rites and ceremonies ; the more is hee obdurated and confirmed in his vitious wicked courses ; the more is hee indisposed to repentance : playes are the x birdlime , the enchaunting y snares of satan , with which he z captivates and intangles soules through pleasure and delight : they are his chiefest instruments to expell all godly sorrow from mens hearts , to stupifie , to cauterize their consciences ; to banish the very feare and thoughts of sinne out of their mindes ; to remove the sence , the sting of conscience & iniquity far from their soules : to lull their hearts asleepe in deepe security ; a to chase away farre from them all thoughts of hell , of death , of damnation , of the day of iudgement ; to forestall all helpes , all preparatives , all meanes , all motives to repentance , and to with-hold men from it . alas , how can he loath sinne in the street , b who delights in it in the play-house ? how can hee mourne for it in his closet ; who sports himselfe with it in the theater ? how can hee weepe for it in secret , * who thus laughes at it in publike ? how can he looke upon it with detestation in himselfe , who makes it his recreation when it is acted by others ? how can he renounce , abhorre , condemne it at home ; who thus applaudes , affects , admires it abrode ? certainely , hee can never make sinne his greatest griefe , who makes the r●presentations of it his chiefest mirth : he can never make ribaldry , adultery , whoredome , incest , and the like , the everlasting objects of his hatred , who makes the hearing , the seeing , the acting , the lively representations and pictures of them , the daily objects of his chiefe delight . every true penitent must be sensible of sinne ; c he m●●● feele the sting , the venom of it , d see the filth of it , * bewayle the guilt of it , * hate the very appearances and resemblances of it ; flie g all the occasions of it , all the allurements to it , yea h utterly abhorre the very sight and hearing of it , as a most execrable , horrid , and accursed thing . and can players , can play-haunters then , i who spend their dayes in myrth , in carnall iollity , in laughing , in rejoycing , in ribaldrous songs , in scurrilous jests , in amorous poems , in wanton comedies ; in lewde discourses , in adulterous representations , wallowing in the very mire of sensuality , voluptuousnesse , and such like beastly sinnes , without the least remorse , be neere to true repentance , or to the wayes , the preparatives that lead and bring men to it ? o no! a penitent heart , an humbled soule , a circumcised eare , an eye that weepes in truth for sinne , k is altogether impatient of such obiects , such enterludes , and delights as these . witnesse the pactise of the pagan converts in the primitive times , l who immediately upon their baptisme , and syncere repentance did utterly renounce all stage-playes as accursed pleasures , not daring to returne unto them againe : witnesse all christian converts of latter times , who have done the like . thus did saint augustine heretofore , as m himselfe confesseth ; thus did n m. gosson and the o author of the . blast of retrait from stage-playes of late ; as themselves record : before their repentance and conversion they composed , they admired stage-playes ; immediately vpon their repentance and reformation they utterly abandoned them , and wrote against them : thus likewise did p alipius , saint augustines convert , as himselfe relates : q thus all that heartily and sincerely turne to god have ever done : their repentance drew them first from playes & play-houses , and then bent their hearts , their judgements , their tongues , if not their pens against them : thus was it with the wanton poet ovid ; r his very morall heathenish repentance , made him to detest and write aga●nst those playes and play-houses , which formerly hee commended : and will not then true christian evangelicall repentance much more reclaime men from , embitter their hearts , their tongues , and pens against these heathenish , hellish , and polluted pleasures ? undoub●edly it will , as appeares by all the play● contemning councels , fathers , and other christian authors here recited , and s by the concurrent suffrage of the devoutest christians in all ages , who have constantly condemned and declaimed against stage-playes , as the very t greatest corruptions that can befall a church or christian state. the farther men are from playes and play-houses , the neerer are they ( saith an u author ) to true repentance : the neerer to them , the further are they from this soule-saving grace . hereupon some fathers well observe , * that saint paul writing to philemon to provide an house or lodging for him , ( philemon , vers . . ) would have such an house as was not neere the theater or place of publike enterludes , whither lascivious persons running did follow all filthy things , lest its filthy vicinage should make it detestable . certainely if it were not meete for an eminent apostle to dwell neere to playes or play-houses , for feare their lewde vicinity should make his habitation detestable to christian auditors who resorted to it : much more unseemely is it for a penitent christian ( who must abstaine not onely from evill it selfe , y but likewise from all the appearancies of it ) to resort to playes and play-houses themselves , which are farre more noxious , more contagious then the houses neere adjacent to them . as hee therefore , who would obtaine the perfect grace of remission , must withdraw himselfe from the spectacles and enterludes of the world ; if saint z augustine , a aquinas , or our owne country-man b alexander fabricius write true doctrine ; so hee that would attaine the grace of true repentance must wholy c sequester himselfe from playes and play-houses , which are altogether incompatible with true repentance , and both hindring men from it , and indisposing them to it , to the eternall losse , the irrecoverable perdition of their dear●st soules . wherefore i shall epitomize this scene into this . play-refuting argument . that which inamors men with sinne and vanity ; which hardens them in their sinnes , detaines them in their wicked courses , and indisposeth them to true repentance ; must needs be utterly unlawfull , and execrable unto christians : witnesse , psal. . . psal. . . rom. . . but this doe stage-playes , as the premises demonstrate . therefore they must needs bee utterly unlawfull , and execrable unto christians . scena decima-qvinta . the . consequent or effect of stage-playes is ; that they effeminate their actors and spectators ; making them mimicall , histrionicall , lascivious , apish , amorous , and unmanly , both in their habites , gestures , speeches , complements , and their whole deportment : d enervating and resolving the virility and vigor of their mindes , to their owne private and the publike prejudice . this plato de republica dialog . . pag. . clemens alexandrinus paedagogi . lib , . cap. . lib. . cap. . tertullian de spectaculis . cap. . cyprian de spectaculis . lib. & epist. lib. . epist. . donato . lactantius , de vero cultu cap. . & divinarum instit. epist. cap. . hierom. adversus iovinianum . lib. . cap. . nazianzen . de recta educatione ad selucum . pag. . * chrysostome homil. . & . in matth. & oratio . formerly quoted . augustine de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . . salvian . de gubernatione dei. lib. . ioannes salisburiensis , de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . & lib. . cap. . saxo-grammaticus . danicae hist. lib. . pag. . the . blast of retrait from playes and enterludes . m. gualther . hom. . in nahum . bodinus de republica . lib. . c. , ludovicus vives , de causis corruptionis artium . l. . c. . , . m. robert boulton , in his discourse of true happinesse . pag. . . with sundry authors formerly quoted in the . scene of this preseent act : & act . scene . . expresly testifie . * these effeminated the grecians , the romanes heretofore , resolving their valour into sloath and lazinesse , and so making them a booty to their enemies , which made the massilienses and scipio africanus to suppresse them . and if this evidence is not sufficient , our owne experience can sufficiently manifest this truth . for whence is it that many of our gentry are lately e degenerated into a more then sardanapalian effeminacy ; that they are now so fantastique in their apparell , so womannish in their frizled periwigs , love-lockes , and long effeminate pouldred pounced haire ; so mimicall in their gestures ; so effeminate in their lives ; so player-like in their deportment ; so amorous in their speeches ; so lascivious in their embracements ; so unmanly , degenerous and un-english ( if i may so speake ) in their whole conversation ; is it not principally from their resort to playes , to masques , and such like antique , apish pastimes , the very schooles to traine them up in all effeminacy , and fantastique folly ? undoubtedly it is . wherefore i shall briefely conclude this scene with this . play-oppugning syllogisme . that which effeminates mens mindes , mens manners , and makes them womannish both in their mindes , their bodies , speeches , habites , and their whole deportment : must needs bee abominable unto christians , intolerable in a common-weale . witnesse act . scene . & act . scene . before . but this doe * stage-playes ; as is evident by the premises ; and by act . scene . & act . scene . therefore they must needs be abominable unto christians , intolerable in a common-weale . scena decima-sexta . the . pernicious fruit of stage-playes is , the incorporating of men into lewde , deboist , ungodly company , g which oft-times proves the utter ruine of their soules , their bodies , credits and estates . how many gentlemen are there now living , who by frequenting stage-playes , have got such intimate h acquaintance with adulterers , whore-masters , adulteresses , panders , whores , bawdes , parasites , rookes , cheaters , drunkards , ruffians , rorers , duellers , quarrellers , fantastiques , idle-bees , fashion-mungers , stage-players , pursers , and the like pernicious creatures , that they have never beene able to shake them off againe , till they have beene plunged over head and eares in sinne and villany , till they have wasted their bodies , their estates , their credits , and lost themselves past all recovery ? how many are there now in england that even in this respect have cause i to rue the day that ever they beheld a stage-play ? how many tender carefull parents are there who may with watry eyes and bleeding hearts cry out , that stage-playes have beene the utter overthrow of their beloved children , by ensnaring them in the bonds of dissolute , gracelesse , prodigall , unchaste companions , the chiefest instruments to make men wicked ; and irrecoverably deboist ? k flavius vopiscus , in the life of divus aurelianus , inquiring into the severall causes that make princes evill ; reckons wicked friends , and detestable or foolish courtiers and companions as the chiefe of all the rest : intimating , that nothing is more contagious , more pernicious then evill company : of whom we may truely say as seneca doth of an over-indulgent friend . l ille amando me occidit ; that they kill men whiles they love them . it is storied of m carinus the most defiled of men ; that when hee came to the empire hee abandoned all his best friends , retaining and choosing none but the very worst of all for his companions : whereupon hee filled his court with stage-players , harlots , iesters , singers , bawdes ; and committed most of his affaires to wickedmen , whom hee alwayes invited to his feasts . this and no other doe our common play-haunters ; they abandon all religious , modest , sober , chaste , and studious acquaintance : they fill their houses , their chambers with poets , stage-players , whore-masters , panders , iesters , drunkards , whores , bawdes , rookes , sycophants , who hang like burres , like n horsleeches upon them , till th●y have suckt them drie , and then they vanish . these are their onely counsellers , companions , guests , and bosome friends , who prove at last their deadliest enemies . this therefore should lesson all good christians to refraine from stage-playes , for feare they incorporate them into evill company , who will draw them by degrees to any wickednesse . o s. augustine relates a memorable story of one alipius , a deare friend and convert of his , whom he himselfe had disswaded from frequenting theaters and cirque-playes ; who . * being sollicited by his friends and fellow schollers , who met him as they returned from dinner , to goe along with them to a sword-play , did at first earnestly refuse and withstand them ; and being at last drawne along by them to the amphitheater with a familiar violence , hee told them by the way , that though they should drag his body to that place , and set it there , yet they should never seriously fix his minde or eyes upon these spectacles ; i therefore ( said hee ) will bee absent whiles i am present , and so i will overcome both you and them . notwithstanding these words they drew him along with them to the amphitheater , perchance to try him , whether hee could doe as hee hath said . where when they were come , and every man had placed himselfe in such a seate as hee could get , all things growing hot with most cruell pleasures ; alipius shutting his eye-lids , forbade his minde , that it should not proceed on into so great evills : and i would to god ( writes saint augustine ) hee had likewise stopped his eares . for when as a great shout of all the people , occasioned by some p accident of the fight had vehemently beaten his eares , being overcome with curiosity , and withall being as it were prepared to contemne and overcome the sight what-ever it were , hee opened his eyes ; and forth-with hee was smitten with a more grievous wound in his soule , then hee whom hee desired to see was in his body , and hee fell more miserably then hee , whose fall occasioned the shout , which entred thorow his eares , and opened his eyes , that so there might bee some thing whereby his bold , rather then as yet valiant minde ( and so much the more weake , by how much hee had the more presumed of himselfe , who ought to have relied on god , ) might bee smitten and cast downe . q for as soone as he saw that blood , he dranke in cruelty together with it , and did not turne away himselfe , but fixed his eyes , and drew in fury ; hee knew not the danger , and yet was delighted with the wickednesse of the combate , and was drunken with the bloody pleasure . and now hee was not the same man that hee came thither , but one of the company to which hee was come , and a true companion of the●rs by whom hee was brought thither . what shall i say more ? hee beheld , hee shouted , hee grew outragious , he carried away madnesse with him ●rom thence , whereby hee was excited to r●turne thither againe , not onely with those by whom hee was first drawne away , but likewise before them , and drawing along others with him . and yet thou o lord hast pluckt him ●hence with a most powerfull and mercifull hand , and hast taught him not to have any confidence in himselfe , but in thee ; but this a long time after . from this experimentall story thus related by s. augustine , which comes punctually to our purpose , wee may learne many good instructions : first , that lewde companions are very importunate sollicitors to draw others to playes , and play-houses , ( as panders , whore-masters , and yongsters now are , to draw yong gentlewomen and others whom they would make their prey ) that so they may corrupt and lead them on to greater evils with more facility . secondly , that the best remedy to avoyd their importunate sollicitations , r is peremptorily to withstand them , and not to yeeld one inch unto them . thirdly , that it is s exceeding dangerous for good christians , especially for new converted novices , to be drawne by any importunities or perswasions of friends or lewde companions , to a play-house , though it be against their wills and judgements , though they goe thither with a prejudicate opinion against playes , & with a peremptory resolution not to minde them , much lesse to be overcome or tempted by them , as this alipius did . fourthly , that the beholding of one lascivious stage-play , though with prejudice , disaffection , and an absolute resolution against it , is able to corrupt and vitiate the very best spectators that resort unto it : how much more then will it deprave those lewde play-haunters who flocke unto it with delight , and are almost daily in the play-house ? fiftly , that the sight of one onely stage-play , though with a prepossessed opinion against it , t will draw men onto frequent , applaud , and admire others . sixtly , that those who are once corrupted by seeing stage-playes , u are industrious to seduce , and draw others to them ; x whereas it were farre better for such men not to have beene borne , then to be thus enrolled among the number of those , who are borne for the publike hurt of others . seventhly , that those who are misled by stage-playes , though they be civill , or religious men , y are seldome speedily reclaimed from them ; and that onely by the strong arme and powerfull hand of god , not by any strength or goodnesse of their owne . lastly , * that god commonly with-drawes his preventing and perfecting grace , from such who runne to stage-playes , so that sinne and satan may easily surprise them . all which are naturally deduced from this history of alipius ; and should teach yong gentlemen and others , as they tender their owne safety , and the eternall welfare of their owne and others soules ; z to avoyd the company o● play-haunters , yea peremptorily to withstand the very temptations and allurements unto stage-playes , and never to come neere a play-house , though it be with strongest prejudice , vigilancy & resolution against the corruptions , vices , abominations that attend it . how dangerous ill company are , especially a● play-houses where the most are such ; how apt they are to insinuate into others by this vice of stage-playes , i have at large declared in a former scene , ( viz. act. . scene . . i shall therefore close this scene with this . play●encountring argument . that which intangles men in , incorporates them into the company , the acquaintance , of dissolute , lecherous , deboist , prophane , ungodly , vitious persons , who leade them to destruction , a must needs be sinfull , unlawfull , abominable unto christians , intolerable in any christian state. witnesse , act. . scene . . but this doe stage-playes ; as the premises , s. chrysostome . hom. . . & . in matth. & act. . scene . . doe largely testifie . therefore they must needs be sinfull , unlawfull , abominable unto christians , intolerable in any christian state. scena decima-septima . the . effect of stage-playes is , that they draw men on to a atheisme , heathenisme , and grosse idolatry and prophanesse . this is evident by clemens romanus . constit. apostol . lib. . cap. . . by tertullian de spectaculis●●ap . . where hee affirmes , that many by communicating with the devill in stage-playes , hav● falne quite away from god. lactantius , de vero cultu . cap. . & . & cyprian & tertullian . de spectaculis . lib. by augustine de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . to . de rectitudine catholicae conversationis . tract . tom● . pars . pag. . . by minucius felix . octavius . pag. . by chrysost. hom. . . & . in matth. salvian . de gubernatione dei. lib. . by master brinsly , in his true watch. cap. . abomination . pag. . where hee writes ; that stage-playes sow the seeds of atheisme in mens hearts : and that stage-players are the trumpeters of satan , who call men from god and his house unto the theaters , from his heavenly maiesty , to his sworne enemy , and by sundry others , who expresly testifie ; that stage-playes , ( which b are commonly stuffed with the names , the histories , persons , fables , rites , ceremonies , villanies , incests , rapes , applauses , oathes , imprecations , and invocations of pagan idols ; c with atheisticall● blasphemous , prophane , and wicked scoffes and iests ; with abuses of scripture phrases , and bitter invectives against piety , and religion ; that matter to ingender athei●me , idolatry , and heathenisme both in the actors , auditors , and spectators of them ) are a ready way to draw men on to atheisme , paganisme , idolatry , and all prophanesse , which are there acted and applauded . yea d chrysostome , e cyprian , lactan●ius , tertullian , and augustine , in their forequoted places affirme : that the devill himselfe invented stage-playes for this very end , that he might withdraw men from god unto idolatry : and by these pleasures writes f theodoret , which suite well with the pleasurable , sloathfull , and voluptuous disposition of men , who are most of them addicted to pastimes , to a remisse and idle life , the most malignant devill very easily domineeres over men , and hath drawne very many into bondage ; who flying laborious virtue , and avoyding the difficulty of gods law , have revolted unto him , who hath commanded things easie and most pleasant to be done . stage-playes and play-poems as the g fathers joyntly testifie ; were the chiefe occasioners , propagators and fomenters of atheisme , heathenisme , idolatry , and all dissolute prophanesse heretofore : h they being wholy consecrated to idols , and celebrated to their honour in their solemne festivals , and anniversary commemorations , as the very principall part of their irreligious worship , and idolatrous adoration . and doe they not produce the selfesame dangerous effects and issues still ? alas whence is all that practicall i atheisme , paganisme , and prophanesse ; whence all those heathenish vanities , customes , ceremonies , habits , speeches , blasphemies , k execrations , idolatries , superstitions , and the like ; whence that open l neglect and contempt , that m denying of god in workes , in actions ; that ordinary n living without god in the world ; those secret whisperings in many players , and play-haunters o hearts , that there is no god at all , at least p no god to take notice , or vengeance of their sinnes ; whence all the reall atheisme and prophanesse that wee see in players and play-haunters lives : is it not principally from playes and enterludes ; wherein , not onely p the pagan deities , but likewise the very god of heaven and earth , together with his word , his saints , his service are * derided ? vndoubtedly it is . never is there greater atheisme , or more open desperate prophanesse , more notorious contempt of god , his word , his worship , his feare , his service , then in such places , such times , wherein stage-playes most abound . in stage-playes ( as master brinsly well observes ) there is a continuall sowing of all atheisme in the hearts of poore sim●le soules ; they are the very nurseries of atheisme , of paganisme , of idolatry and prophanesse , as the experience of all ages testifies : wherefore i shall conclude against them which this . syllogisme . that which ingenders atheisme , paganisme , idolatry , and all prophanesse in actors and spectators , must of necessity bee altogether abominable and unlawfull unto christians . but this doe stage-playes ; witnesse the premises , and premised authors . therefore they must of necessity bee altogether abominable and unlawfull unto christians . q scena decima-octava . the . effect of stage-playes is this ; that they cause an apparant breach of all gods commandements : of the first commandement , r in honouring , applauding , invocating , naming , representing , adjuring , and extolling pagan idol-gods , and goddesses , by the name of god , and in reviving their infernall ceremonies , rites and worship : and in propagating atheisme and idolatry . of the second commandement , s in making the images , pictures , shapes and statues ; in representing the persons , vices , ceremonies and customes of those pagan deities : and in relating their histories , pedegrees , acts and monuments . of the third commandement , t in prophaning and blaspheming the name of god by cursed oathes and horrid execrations , which are frequent in our enterludes ; by traducing and prophaning the holy name and word of god , by inserting them into stage-playes , and making them no better then a sport or may-game : * by swearing by the names of idol-gods● whereas * polycarpus would not so much as sweare by the fortune of caesar , though by doing it hee might have saved his life ; by deriding the sincere worship and service of god , and by taking all gods names , his attributes , his ordinances in vaine . of the fourth commandement , u in prophaning the lords-day in a notorious manner , x and in drawing men on to idlenesse on those other dayes in which god commands them for to labour . of the fift commandement , y in dishonouring , reproaching , controlling and traducing princes , magistrates , iudges , ministers , and others , who are the fathers , the mothers of church and common-weale . of the sixt commandement , z in occasioning and commending murthers , quarrels , duels ; tyranny , cruelty : in murthering the good names of other men ; in teaching plots to poyson , murther , betray , and ruine others : and in murthering infinite soules of men and women whom stage-playes cause to perish . of the seventh commandement : a in ingendring , fomenting , exciting unchaste affections in the actors and spectators , in drawing them on to fornication , whoredome , adultery , and all other actuall uncl●a●esse which christians should abhorre to name or thinke of : and in making them ribaldrous , effeminate , wanton , lascivious in apparell , speech , gesture , haire , &c. and fit for any filthinesse or lewdnesse whatsoever . of the eight commandement , b in teaching men how to cheate and cozen others : how to steale away wards from their gardians , and daughters from their parents : in picking other mens purses , by receiving mony for the exercise of these unlawfull , these ungodly playes , which god never authorized as a meanes to procure gaine withall ; the taking of which money is plaine theft , as c divines expresly teach : d and in occasioning much prodigall and vaine expence . of the ninth commandement , e in slandering , misreporting , and personally traducing particular persons and professions on the stage ; and in laying false aspersions , with tearmes of ignominy and scorne upon the saints and service of god. of the tenth commandemen● ; in causing children and yong prodigals to desire the death of their more rigid parents , that so they might enjoy , and prodigally waste their patrimonies , and portions , on their lusts and pleasures : and in causing men to cove● the pomp , the state , the po●sessions , f the wives , the servants , the goods of other men , as players , whores , and others who resort to stage-playes learne to doe . stage-playes in these and sundry other regards forementioned by s. chrysostome , and others in the precedent scene occasion the breach of all the ten commandements , and so plunge their composers , actors , spectators over head and eares in sinne , involving them in the guilt of all the evils that are occasioned and produced by them . this g authors , this the premises and experience testifie : wherefore i shall hence deduce this . invincible argument against stage-playes . that which commonly occasions an apparent violation of all the ten commandements , h must needs be sinfull and utterly unlawfull unto christians , intolerable in any wel-ordered common-weale : no christian can deny it . but this doe stage-playes : witnesse the premises . see pag. . . before . therefore they must needs bee sinfull and utterly unlawfull unto christians● intolerable in any wel-ordered common-weale . scena decima-nona . the . fruit of stage-playes is this ; that they draw downe gods fearefull judgements both upon their composers , actors , spectators , and those republikes that tolerate or approve them● as these ensuing examples evidence . it is storied of a aeschylus , ( the first inventor of tragedies , as b horace , c quintilian , tertullian , and d others write : ) that his braines were dashed out with the fall of a torteis , which an eagle soaring over him let fall upon his bald-pate , while hee was sitting meditating on his playes in the open ayre ; a sudden unparalleld & right tragicall judgement , upon the very first inventor of tragick enterludes . e euripides , the famous greeke tragedian , as hee was returning in the night time from archelaus his palace , where hee supped , to his owne lodging , was torne in pieces by dogs , ( some write , by women ) set on , as was supposed , by arridaeus a poet , who maligned him : a fearefull death : f sophocles , the very prince of tragicke poets , being pronounced victor by one casting voyce in a poeticall combate betweene him and others ; died suddenly on the stage of overmuch ioy ; his victory proving no other but his owne fatall tragaedy : the like wee read of g philippides another famous greeke comedian , who died suddenly in the selfesame manner , upon the same occasion . h theodectes a play-poet , was smitten of god with blindnesse for inserting some passages of the old testament into one of his tragedies . menander , an ancient greeke comedian , i & insanus mulierum amator , as suidas stiles him , k was suddenly drowned , whiles hee was swimming in the pyraeean haven . l terence the eminentest latine comedian , was drowned and swallowed up of the sea , about the . yeere of his age , as hee was returning out of greece with . of menand●rs comedies which he had translated . m plautus , an elegant comicall latine poet , when as hee had scraped together a great masse of money by his stage-playes , lost all of it by merchandise ; and then returned backe to rome , he was enforced to grinde at a bakers mill to get his living , and so died miserably . n antiphanes the composer of . comedies , died suddenly , being casually strucke with a peare . o eupolis the poet , for inveighing against a●cibiades in his comedy , called baptis , was apprehended by him , and then drowned in the sea : such were the sudden and untimely ends of all these ancient play-poets , which should serve as a caveat to our moderne ( of which some have likewise come to desperate ends ) to deterre them from their ungodly profession . but i passe from these to stage-playes : and here i finde p theodoret relating a notable story of a common actor ; who comming to play a part upon the theater , in a vestment of cloth of gold , given by constantine the emperour to macarius bishop of hierusalem , to weare at times of baptisme , ( which vestment this player had purchased of cyril who succeeded macarius ; ) hee fell downe suddenly on the stage as hee was acting in it , and died . * i read likewise in q pliny , of one m. ofilius hilarus , an eminent actor of comedies , that after hee had acted his part with great applause upon his birth-day , and was vaunting and discoursing of this his acting at supper , hee fell downe suddenly dead at the table , whiles he was thus boasting and looking on that vizard and person which he had then sustained . r william of malmesbury a grave english historian , upon the concurrent testimonies of pope leo , petrus damianus , and aquitanicus , relates this memorable history ; that a certaine stage-player who got his living by acting , lodging about the yeere of our lord. . in the house of two old women who were witches , situated by the high-way neere to rome , was by their sorceries metamorphosed into the shape of an asse ; and being thus transformed , he became so tractable that ( like another bankes his dancing horse , or the * dancing horses of the sybarites and cardians ) he would readily turne and move which way soever these witches commanded him ; which being bruited abrode he became very gainefull to these his hoastesses , the people flocking by troopes from all places neere adioyning , to behold the rare feates of this mimicall asse , who strucke the spectators with great admiration of his strange gestures . the fame of this asses rare qualities being thus bruited abroad , induced a rich man who dwelt nigh to purchase this asse at a great price of these two witches ; who informed their chapman , that if he would have his asse to practise his histrionicall trickes at all times , he must be sure to keepe him from water ; which he did for a long space , exhilarating both himselfe and his guests with this playing asse : who after a while being not so stricktly looked to as at first● brake loose at last , and running to a pond of water that was next , bathed and tumbled himselfe therein for a while , till at length hee came to his humane shape . the asse-keeper in the meane time missing the asse , runnes forth to seeke him , and meeting him in his humane forme , inquires of him whether hee saw the asse ? to which he replyed , that hee was the asse , and with all related to him the whole story of this his metamorphosis : the asse-keeper wondring at it reports it to his master ; and he declares it to pope leo ; true● which i here submit to the readers faith . if this bee but an ovids metamorphosis , or an apuleius his golden asse ; we may laugh at the conceit , and so passe it by : but if it bee a truth , as the historian confidently affirmes it , wee may deeme it a just judgement of god upon this actor , who for his acting of other mens parts in jest , was thus enforced to play the asses part in earnest . s ludovicus vives reports from men of credit , that in a certaine city of brabant , where they used to make annual playes to their saints , upon the day that their great church was founded , as they doe in other places of that country ; some taking then upon them the vizars and persons of saints , others of devils for to act these playes ; o●e of these actors who played the devils part being enamored with a girle which he espied at the play , went dancing to his house , and there taking his wife as hee was in his players robes and vizard , he cast her upon a bed , saying , that he would beget a devill of her ; and so hee lay with her : his wife upon this conceived , and the infant which she brought forth , as soone as ever it was borne , began to dance up and downe , being shaped as men use to paint the devill . loe the justice of god upon this person , that he who acted the devils part should thus beget a devill . of gods judgements upon play-haunters , wee have sundry precedents , worthy our most serious observation ; some of particular persons onely , others of whole multitudes together . for gods judgements on particular persons onely . we read of t philip king of macedonia , father to alexander the great ; that as hee delighted much in stage-playes , so he was slaine by pausanias as hee was sitting in the theater at a play ; the like wee finde u recorded of caius caligula ; who being much devoted to stage-playes , ( which hee would sometimes act himselfe in womans apparell to his inexpiable shame ) was murthered by cherea , whiles he was beholding the noble-mens children which he sent for out of asia , acting a play upon the stage . a just judgement of god upon these two dissolute princes , who made these wicked playes their chiefe delight . it is storied of * herod agrippa , that in the third yeere of his lieutenantship hee went to caesarea stratonis where he published spectacles and stage-playes in the honour of caesar , and ordained a solemne feast-day for his prosperous affaires , unto which all the chiefe men of worth and great officers of that province resorted : on the second day of these playes and spectacles , he came to the theater in a silver robe wonderfully wrought , which by the reflection of the sunbeames ye●lded so gorgeous a glistering to the eye , that the shining thereof seemed terrible and intolerable to the beholders ; whereupon some flatterers ( it is likeliest that some players or play-poets were the chiefe of them ) deifying him as a god , and hee rebuking them not ; a little after looking about him , he beheld an * angell , hanging over his head , who smote him with an extreame paine in his bowels whiles he was thus sitting in the theater , so that he was carried desperately sicke to his palace , where being tormented for the space of fiue dayes with bitter gnawing of his bowels , he ended his life most miserably , being eaten up of wormes . which divine judgement , though it miraculously seised on him for his ambition , in that hee rebuked not these ●latterers , and gave not god the glory ; yet since this tyrant , ( * who had built a theater and amphitheater in hierusalem after the roman manner , to advance idolatry and paganisme , and suppresse religion ; ) was thus smitten by gods angell in the theater it selfe , where hee sate beholding these playes and spectacles which hee had then provided for caesars honour , and the peoples recreation , whose deifying acclamations were the cause of this his fearefull death ; and since these stage-playes were the chiefe occasion of drawing both himselfe and the people into the theater ; wee may justly behold him as a ●ad fatall spectacle of gods avenging judgement , as wel for his instituting and beholding stage-playes , and erecting publike theaters , as for his proude ambition . not to speake of y herod the great , whom the iewes conspired to murther in the theater which hee had built at hierusalem whiles he was beholding stage-playes , for that hee had brought in stage-playes into hierusalem contrary to moses law and the discipline of the iewish nation . nor yet to mention the emperour nero , whose acting and beholding of playes was one chiefe occasion that stirred up z subrius flavius , with others , to conspire his death . a herodian informes us , that commodus his excessive delight in actors , gladiators , playes and enterludes , and his unworthy comming on the stage in person to play the actor and gladiator before the people , ( from which base shamefull act his friends , together with martia his best beloved concubine , did earnestly disswade him , ne romanum imperium contumelia a●ticeret , &c. ) was the originall ground of his untimely death ; hee being poysoned by his martia , whom he resolved to murther , for this her good advice : and b trebellius pollicarpus records , that gallienus the emperour , was murthered by martianus , heraclianus , and claudius , for this very cause , lest by his lewde example in frequenting stage-playes , and favouring stage-players , with which hee had fild his palace , hee should bring both himselfe and the republike unto utter ruine : these severall kings and emperours stage-delights being thus the iust oecasions of their untimely deathes . a sufficient item for all christian princes for ever to abandon playes and actors as fatall and pernicious evils both to their owne persons , and their subjects too . to passe from kings and emperours to some of meaner quality , * tertullian , a father of good credit among schollers , informes us ; that a certaine christian woman in his time going to a play-house to see a stage-play , returned thence possessed with a devill ( as too too many now a dayes doe ; at leastwise in a spirituall sence , ) iustly● in meo enim eam inveni , for i have found her in my owne iurisdiction . if therefore you will neither believe the y forequoted fathers and authors , that the play-house is the devils chappell ; yet now believe the very devill himselfe who claimes it for his owne , together with all such persons who frequent it . the same z father relates ; that another christian woman who went to see a tragedy , had the very same night a linnen sheet presented to her in a dreame ; the tragedian himselfe being likewise named to her , with an exprobration for this act of hers ; after which she lived not above fiue dayes : to which two examples ( writes he ) a i might adde some fearefull precedents of others , who by communicating with the devill at stage-playes , have fallen quite away from god. a dreadfull apostasie and judgement indeed . to these two former precedents , i shall annex the parallel example of a b late english gentlewoman of good ranke ; who daily bestowing the expence of her best houres upon the stage , and at last falling into a dangerous sicknesse of which she died , her friends in her extremi●y sent for a minister to comfort , counsell , and prepare her for her end , who comming to instruct her , and advising her to repent , and call upon god for mercy , she made him no reply at all ; but cryed out hieronimo , hieronimo ; o let mee see hieronimo acted ; ( calling out for a play , in stead of crying unto god for mercy , ) and c so closed her dying eyes . o tragicall , o fearefull death ! answerable to her former wicked life ? not to relate the various tragicall ends of many , who in my remembrance at london , have beene slaine in play-houses , or upon quarrels there commenced : nor yet to recite the sudden fearefull burning even to the ground , both of the globe and fortune play-houses , no man perceiving how these fires came : together with the visible apparition of th● devill on the stage at the belsavage play-house , in queene elizabeths dayes , ( to the great amazement both of the actors and spectators ) whiles they were there prophanely playing the history of faustus ( the truth of which i have heard from many now alive , who well remember it , ) there being some distracted with that fearefull sight ; i shall confine my selfe onely to such printed examples of gods judgements upon many players and play-haunters together , which i finde scattered here and there in sundry authors . to begin first at home . i read in d hollingshead , that in the eighth yeere of queene elizabeths raigne , there were three schollers at oxford slaine outright , and divers others hurt and mained , with the unexpected fall of a wall , whiles ●hey were beholding a stage-play : e about the yeere . many people being assembled together at the theaters in london to see the bawdy enterludes and other fooleries there practised , god caused the earth on a sudden mightily to shake and tremble , as though all would have fallen to the ground : where at the people sore amazed , many of them leapt downe from the top of the turrets , pinacles and towers , where they stood , to the ground , whereby some had their legges broken , some their armes , some their backes , some were hurt one where● some another where , and many sore crusht and bruised ; but not any but they went away sore afraid , & wounded in conscience . and yet ( writes my author ) can neither the one nor the other , fray men from these devillish exercises , untill the lord cōsume them all in his wrath : the lord of his mercy open the eyes of the magistrates to plucke downe these places of abuse that god may be honoured , and their consciences discharged . f vpon the . of ianuary , anno . being the lords-day , an infinite number of people , men , women , and children , resorted unto paris garden to see beare-bayting , playes , and other pastimes , and being alltogether mounted aloft upon their scaffolds and galleries , and in the middest of all their iollity and pastime , all the whole building ( not one sticke so much as standing ) fell downe miraculously to the ground with much horror and confusion : in the fall of it fiue men and two women were slaine outright , and above one hundred and fifty persons more , sore wounded & bruised , whereof many died shortly after ; some of them having their braines dashed out , some their heads all to quasht , some their legges broken , some their armes , some their backes , some one hurt , some another ; there being nothing heard there but wofull shreekes and cryes which did even pierce the skies ; children bewayling there the death and hurts of their parents , parents of their children ; wives of their husbands , and husbands of their wives ; so that every way from foure of the clocke in the afternoone till nine at night , especially over london-bridge , many were carried in chaires , and led betwixt their friends , and so brought home to their houses with sorrowfull heavy hearts , like lame cripples . a just , though terrible judgement of god upon these play-haunters and prophaners of his holy day : the g originall relator of which , doth thus conclude : and therefore for a conclusion , i beseech all magistrates by the mercies of god in iesus christ , that by this occasion and example , they take good heed to looke to the people committed to their charge , that they take order , especially on the sabbath dayes , that no citizen or citizens servants have liberty to repaire to any of those abused places , and that they keepe their stragling wantons in , that they may be better occupied . and as they have with good commendation so farre prevailed , that upon sabbath dayes these heathenish enterludes and playes are banished , so it will please them to follow the matter still , that they may be utterly rid and taken away , for surely it is to be feared , besides the destruction of body and soule that many are brought unto by frequenting the theater and curtin● that one day these places will likewise bee cast downe by god himselfe , and draw with them an huge heape of such contemners and prophane persons to be killed and spoyled in their bodies . neither was he a false prophet altogether . h for in the yeere of our lord , . at a towne in bedford-shire called risley , the fl●ore of a chamber wherein many were gathered together to see a stage-play on the sabbath day , fell downe ; by meanes whereof divers were sore hurt , and some killed . if these domestique examples , together with that of * thales the philosopher , who was smothered and pressed to death at a play will not move us ; let us cast our eyes upon some forraigne tragedies of this nature . i read in * munster his cosmography , that about the yeere of our lord , . lodovicke a marquis of nisina , a man not very religious , was made arch-bishop of magdeburge ; who thereupon invited many gentlemen , and others , together with their wives and daughters into a towne called calven , to feast and make merry with him ; who came accordingly : the bishop for their better entertainement provided the towne-hall for them to dance in ( they being much addicted to dancing and singing ) and to act other vanities : and whiles they were busily turning , dancing , and playing , and every one danced merrily at the hands of their ladies , the house being oppressed with the great weight , began to sinke , giving a great cracke before . the arch-bishop taking the lady who stood next him by the hand , hastned to goe downe the staires with the first : and as soone as he begun to goe downe , the stony staires being loose before fell downe , and miserably crusht to death the arch-bishop and his consort , with divers others . it is storied by i froyssart in his chronicle , and by some others since , that in the raigne of charles the sixt , in the yeere of our lord ; . at a marriage made in the kings court at the hostle of saint pauls in paris , betweene sir yvan of foiz , bastard sonne to the earle of foiz , and one of the queene of erance her gentlewomen , the tuesday before candlemas day : a squire of normandy called hogrymen of gensay , provided for a play or mummery against night● for which purpose he had devised . coates made of linnen cloth covered with pitch , and thereon cloth and flax like haire , and had them ready in a chamber : the king himselfe put on one of these coates ; the earle of iovy , a yong lusty knight , another ; sir charles of poytiers , the third ; sir yvan of foiz another ; the son of the lord lanthorillet had on the fift , and the squire himselfe put on the sixt . being thus apparelled and sowed fast on these coates , which made them soone like wilde wode-houses ; the king upon the advice of sir yvan of foiz , commanded an vsher of his chamber to enioyne all the torch-bearers in the hall where the ladies were dancing to stand close to the wall , and not to come neere the wode-houses for feare of setting them on fire , which he did accordingly . soone after the duke of orleance , who knew nothing of the mummery or the kings command , entred into the hall with foure knights and sixe torches , to behold the dancing , and begun himselfe to dance . therewith the king and the fiue other masquers came in , in these their disguises , fiue of them being fastned one to the other , the king onely being loose , who went before and led the device . when they entred the hall , every one tooke so great heed to them that they forgate the torches . the king departing from his company went to the ladies to sport with them , as youth required , and came to the dutches of berry who tooke hold of him to know what hee was , but he would not shew his name . the duke of orleance running to the other fiue to d●scover who they were , put one of the torches his servants held so neere the flax , that he set one of the coates on fire , and so each of them set fire on the other , so that they were all in a bright flame ; the fire taking hold of the living coates & their shirts began to scorch their bodies so that they began to bren and to cry out for helpe . the fire was so great that none durst come neere them , and those that did , brent their hands by reason of the heate of the pitch . one of them called manthorillet fled into the botry and cast himselfe into a vessell of water where they rynsed pots , and so saved his life by quenching the fire , but yet hee was sore hurt . the countesse o● berry with her long loose gowne covered the king and so saved him from the fire : two of the other were burnt to death in the place : the bastard of foiz and the earle of iovy were carried to their lodgings , and there died within two dayes after in great paine and misery . thus was this comedy turned into a dolefull tragedy . k the king though he escaped was much distracted in minde ( and his servants distressed with griefe ) at this unhappy accident , so that he could not sleepe quiet that night . l the next day these newes being spred abroad in the city , and every man marveling at it : some said , how god had sent that token for an ensample , and that it was wisedome for the king to regard it , and to withdraw himselfe from such yong idle wantonnesse● which he had used overmuch being a king. all lords and ladies thorow the realme of france and elsewhere , that heard of this chance had great marvai●e thereof . pope boniface being at rome with his cardinals reioyced at it , and said , that it was a token sent from god to to the realme of france , which had taken part against him . sure i am it was a just judgement of god , to teach kings and great men , and not to bee actors or spectators of vanity , but wholy to lay aside such foolish masques and enterludes . m at lions in france , in the moneth of august , in the yeere . whiles the iesuites were acting a prophane play of christs comming to iudgement at the last day , to the disgrace of true religion , the lord from heaven continued thunder and lightnings for two houres space together , slew twelue of the actors and spectators presently , and amazed all the rest with great terror and feare . to passe from france to rome , suetonius records , that in iulius caesar his time , there resorted such a multitude of people to rome to behold his stage-playes and spectacles , that most of the strangers were forced to lodge in the villages adioyning in tents : there was oft-times very many people trod and crushed to death at these playes by reason of the multitude , and among them two senators : so tragicall and fatall were these enterludes . n dion cassius records ; that in pompey his time . a theater in rome built for the acting of syrian enterludes was overturned with a sudden tempest , to the death and destruction of many persons . to passe by the memorable example of gods avenging iustice upon the * philistines and their lords , many thousands of them being crushed to death with the fall of their dagons temple , which samson pulled downe upon their heads whiles they were there feasting , dancing , and acting playes before their idoll dagon , and beholding samson playing , dancing , and making sport before them like a clowne in a play , they calling him out of the prison to that purpose . from whence * arias montanus well observes , that it was the custome of the philistines and other idolaters , to court their idols with dances and stage-playes on their sol●mne festivals ; their temples being built in such a manner , that people might conveniently behold the dances and stage-playes that were acted in them : and thereupon hee iustly taxeth * christian princes , for exhibiting playes and such like impure , unchristian spectacles to the people , and tolerating them in their kingdomes , they being unsuitable and pernicious unto christian manners , and altogether unlawfull unto christians as originally consecrated unto idols ; the very acting and beholding of them being odious unto god , as this his iudgement on the philistines proves . o cornelius tacitus , and p paulus orosius , ( and out of them q sundry others ) relate ; that about the eighth yeere of tiberius his raigne , there were by the iust iudgement of god , at least * fifty thousand persons slaine and pressed to death at once , with the fall of a theater at fidena in italy , ( which theater was built by one atilius , ) whiles they were there beholding sword-playes , and such like theatricall enterludes ; the dolefulnesse of which bloody tragedy and judgement ( seconded with a devouring fire , which almost burnt up that city ) is at large described by tacitus . ioannes aventinus in his excellent annals , hath registred two memorable examples for our present purpose . r the first of them hapned at pisonium , a city of bavaria ; about the yeere of our lord , . where divers people assembling together from all quarters to behold enterludes and cirque-playes , above three hundred of them were there slame outright with thunder and hayle from heaven : the latter of them s fell out in rome it selfe upon the . day of october , in the yeere of our lord when pope nicholas the first , solemnized his famous iubily with secular playes : at which time , fiue hundred and fifty persons comming to rome to see these secular enterludes , which this pope brought in contrary to the decrees of the councell of constance , were drowned & washed to death in the river tiber , the bridge upon which they were being overturned with the waters , to these i shall adde one tragicall story more which t gregory nyssen , in the life of gregory the worker of miracles , hath registred to posterity . the citizens of caesarea , and well might all the people of that province accustomed to meet together at caesarea once a yeere , upon a publike solemne festivall which they dedicated to a certaine devill-idol , which that country worshipped ; at which feast they * alwayes celebrated some publike stage-playes to the honour of this their idoll , and to delight the people : it fortuned that the whole country and city assembled thus together after their wonted manner , when saint gregory was newly made minister of that city : and being thus assembled they presently flocked to the theater ; * which being filled with those who first hasted thither , those who came after climbed up by troopes upon the scaffolds that were built about it . at last the crowde of the people ; who were very desirous to behold these enterludes , grew so great , that they left no roome at all upon the stage , either for the players or musicians to act their parts ; whereupon the whole multitude cryed out to that devill whose festivall they then solemnized , with one united voyce ; o iupiter make us roome ; which saint gregory over-hearing , hee presently sends one who stood by to the theater , to tell the people that that they should forth-with have more roome and ease then they desired . * no sooner was this message delivered to them , l●ke a dolefull sentence passed against them , but a devouring pestilence suddenly seised upon that great assembly , which were there sporting and beholding playes , and presently a lamentation was mingled with their dancing , in so much that their pleasures were turned into sorrowes and calamities ; and funerall dolefull elegies one upon another were heard thorowo●t the city in stead of acclamations and musicke : y for as soone this pestilent disease had seised upon men , opinion and conceit did propagate it the faster , it consuming whole houses at once , like a fire : in so much that flying from their houses to their temples for succour and recovery , their very temples were even filled up with the carcases of such who there fell downe dead of this disease : whose extremity was such , that all the cisternes , fountaines and pits of water neere the city were covered with the dead corps of such who resorted to them for to quench their thirst ; in so much that many went voluntarily to their graves to die there , because the living were not sufficient to bury the dead . neither did this pestilence surprise men suddenly , but a certaine ghost or spirit came first unto these houses over which destruction hovered , and then certaine perdition followed after . at last when the people came to know the cause of this their sicknesse , they renounced their former idolatrous sacrifices , rites and enterludes , and resorting with their whole families to saint gregory , they intreated him both to instruct them and to pray unto god for them , that so they might escape this pestilence . by which meanes they all abandoning their idol-worship were drawne to the profession of christs name : part of them being led as it were by the hand unto the truth by the disease that was then upon them ; others of them embracing the faith of christ , as a defensative to secure them from the plague ; z their sicknesse being more effectuall to convert them then their health . for those who were so weake in their health that they could not bee wonne by reasons to approve the truth , were made whole in faith , by this their corporall disease . loe here a man-eating pestilence sent by god from heaven upon these pagan play-haunters ; answerable to which i finde another story in plutarch , who relates ; * that in the consulship of caius sulpitius , and licinius solon , the great plague then raigning in rome , devoured not onely sundry play-haunters , but even all the stage-players then in rome , so that there was not so much as one of them left alive : a just judgement of god upon these pestiferous miscreants . and may we not then suspect , that their toleration of , and our great resort to stage-playes , hath beene a great occasion of those devouring plagues , which formerly and now of late have seised , not onely upon london and her suburbs , ( where divers publike standing play-houses are every day frequented , ) but on other townes and cities too , where stragling wandring players ( though a rogues by statute ) doe oft-times act their parts ? sure i am that saint b augustine , c orosius , and d others truely stile stage-playes ; the very plague and pestilence of mens mindes and manners ; and that * clemens alexandrinus , f tertullian , and s. g chrysostome , call the play-house ; the ●ery sea●e and chaire of pestilence ; no wonder therefore if they produce a plague in those kingdomes , & the cities which permit them . indeed the h ancient pagan romanes when as rome was exceedingly pestred with the plague ; sent into tuscany for stage-players , to asswage its rage : but both i livy , k augustine , and * orosius assure us ; that they were so farre from mitigating this plague which ●eised on mens bodies , which they did rather aggravat● ; that in stead of it , they brought in among them , a far more pernicious and perpetuall pestilence of their soules and manners ( to wit , their wicked pestiferous stage-playes ) which they could not shake off . in the first yeere of queene elizabeths raigne , m all stage-plages were prohibited by publike proclamation from the . of aprill till allhallontide , of purpose to cease that plague which was then begun ; and so in all great sicknesses since that time , all publike enterludes have beene suppressed for the selfesame reason . if then the inhibiting of publike stage-playes hath beene such a common an●idote to asswage those fearefull plagues , which god in justice hath inflicted on us ; we may then conclude from the rule of contraries , that our resort to ribaldry stage-playes ( which god without all question , as appeares by all the new recited judgements , n cannot but abhorre , ) is a grand occasion both of the engendring and propagating these late , these present plagues which yet wee feele , and suffer . as therefore we would flie and feare this dreadfull fatall sicknesse , which hath a long time hovered over our heads , and hath almost quite depopulated some particular places of this kingdome ( and god knoweth how soone , how fast it may increase to sweepe us all away ) let us henceforth cast out these our lewde pestiferous enterludes , and rase downe these our leprous play-houses , which may involue us in the selfesame miseries , that these caesarians here sustained , to our utter ruine . but if all these former examples will not deterre us from these spectacles , let us consider what generall nationall judgements they have oft procured . to passe by gods judgements upon * sodom for her cirques and theaters , as prudentius poetically expresseth it ; who affirmes with all that christians after their conversion , returne backe no more to playes and theaters . the excessive expences of the athenians on their stage-playes ( if o plutarch or iustin may be credited , ) was the very overthrow and destruction of their state , and the occasion of their bondage to the macedonians . p arnobius informes the gentiles , against whom he wrote ; that all the evils , the miseries with which mortality was overwhelmed and oppressed from day to day , without intermission , originally sprang from stage-playes , with which these heathen gentiles were besotted . saint augustine q at large demonstrates ; that the bringing in , and tolerating of stage-playes , which vitiates the mindes and manners of the romanes , was the principall cause of the very ruine of their common-weale and of all those fat all miseries which befell them . whereupon hee breakes out into this patheticall exclamation . r o fooles ! o mad men ! what is this your extreame i say not error , but frensie , that when as all the easterne nations , as wee have heard , and the very greatest cities in the remotest countries doe publikely grieve and sorrow for your destruction ; that you should runne after theaters● enter into them , fill them , and make them much more unruly and outragious then before ? this plague and pestilence of mens mindes ; this overthrow of honesty and goodnesse did worthy scipio feare would befall you , when he prohibited theaters to be erected ; when he discerned that you might be easily corrupted and overturned with prosperity ; when as hee would not have you secure from feare of enemies : neither did he thinke the common-weale could be happy , when as the walls of it onely stood , but the manners fell to ruine . but in you that hath more prevailed which wicked devils have seducingly suggested , then that which provident men have laboured to prevent . hence is it , that the evils , which you doe , you will not have them to be imputed to you ; and the evils , which you suffer , you impute onely to the christian times . neither in your security doe you seeke for a peaceable common-wealth , but an unpunished luxury , who being depraved with prosperity , cannot yet be amended by adversity . saint chrysostome , as hee records ; s that stage-playes had brought great mischiefes upon cities , both in respect of sinne and punishment ; so hee with all relates : t that the very heavens were made . brasse , and the earth iron ; that the very elements themselves did proclaime gods wrath against men for their stage-playes . how long therefore o sonnes of men will yee be slow of heart ? why ( writes he ) doe yee love vanity in enterludes , and seeke after lies in stage-players ? holy salvian writes expresly ; that the very sacking of rome , the destruction of all italy , the spoyling of ravenna , trevers , marseilles , agrippina , moguntia , and a great part of france and spaine by the goathes and vandals , was but a iust iudgement of god in●licted on them for their frequenting and maintaining playes and theaters ; whose execrable filthinesse , whose inconsistency with christianity , and whose odiousnesse in gods eye-sight , hee most eligantly discyphers . if wee observe all the passages of the roman history , u we shall easily discover that the roman common-weale had never so bad emperours and magistrates , and the greatest plagues that can befall a people , that it was never so ill governed , never so much disordered and corrupted : and that the x romanes themselves and their allies were never so strangely oppressed , afflicted , dissipated and consumed , with all kinde of plagues and iudgements ; with pestilences , civill dissentions , tyranny , forraigne invasions , exactions , mundations , earthquakes , fires , and the like , as in the raignes of tiberius , caligula , claudius , nero , heliogabalus , commodus , carinus , and these other flagitious histrionicall emperours in whose raignes both playes and players were in most request , as well with prince as people , whose sinnes were nourished and intended by them ; and so by consequence gods iudgements on them too . when ever their playes and theaters went up , their manners , vertues , prosperity and common-wealth went downe , and all gods iudgements fell upon them , as their historians declare at large . when x herod brought in playes among the iewes , then went their manners , their state , their whole nation unto wrecke , and * gods iudgements seised on them more fatally then before . to come neerer to our times : y franciscus petrarcha , z m. northbrooke , a m. stubs , and b others certifie us : that stage-playes draw downe gods vengeance not onely on their actors and spectators ( for which they recite some precedents ; ) but likewise on those states and cities which allow them . master brinsly , a reverend divine , informes us : c that such who frequent play-houses , must needs bring faggots and firebrands to set in the gates of our hierusalem . the very title of the second and third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , published by authority in the yeere of our lord , ● . ) instructs us ; that that common-weale is nigh unto the curse of god , wherein either players be made of , or theaters maintained : and the author of the third of these blasts , being once a play-poet , writes ; d that sinne did so abound at stage-playes , and was there so openly committed , that when he gave himselfe first to observe the abuse of common playes , he looked , whe● god in iustice should presently in his wrath have confounded the beholders . e and i am verily perswaded ( saith hee ) that if players may bee still permitted to make sale of sinne , wee shall pull on our heads gods vengeance , and to our realme bring an utter confusion . and no wonder that it should bee so : for i where ever sinne goes before , gods wrath and vengeance will certainely follow after ; where all wickednesse and prophanesse super-abound , k gods iudgements cannot but abound at last . now playes and play-houses , ( as the precedent scenes doe manifest , ) are the fruitfull nurseries , and fomenters of all wickednesse , all lewdnesse whatsoever : they likewise l harden mens hearts thorow the deceitfulnesse of sinne , and undispose them to repentance ; they so ripen and prepare men for gods judgements , m that they have neither providence to foresee , nor any spirituall wisedome to prevent them : no wonder therefore if gods judgements seise upon them to their just destruction , n even in the ruffe of all their carnall iolity and fearelesse security . you have now seene a short survay of gods tragicall judgements upon play-poets , players , play-haunters , and those states and cities wherein they are tolerated and approved , together with the reason of it , which must needs stand firme , as long as god is just to punish sinne . these few examples therefore of gods iudgements ( which o should be warnings unto all ) should lesson all play-poets , to give over their composing ; all common actors , to renounce the acting ; all voluptuous play-haunters , to abandon the sight and hearing , of all theatricall enterludes ; all christian princes , cities , states and magistrates ( p whose connivency at any evils that they might suppresse , doth make them deepely guilty of them ) for ever to exile all playes , and demolish all play-houses whatsoever ; for feare they pull gods judgements downe upon them , as they have done on others . alas , why should any christian play-poet , player , or spectator ; any christian state or city where playes have publike countenance , be so desperately secure , as to conceit ; that though playes have brought gods judgements upon others , q yet they shall scape unpunished , his wrath shall never seise on them : what ground , what warrant is there for any such unchristian surmise ? is not gods avenging justice towards sinne and sinners , still the same ? and are not stage-playes , play-poets , actors , play-haunters , and those places where they are tolerated , as execrably vitious , as sinfull , as odious now to god as ever ? is r not the selfesame punishment alwayes due unto the selfesame sinnes and sinners ? and is not the selfesame sinne as sinfull , as peccable ; s yea more execrable , more damnable in christians , then in pagans ? god hath most severely punished pagan , yea and christian play-poets , stage-players , play-haunters , and such states as tolerated them , for stage-playes heretofore , as the forequoted examples testifie ; and shall hee not much more avenge himselfe on such like christians for their stage-playes now ? and yet alas , t such is the infidelity such the security of mens obdurate hearts , that not onely when they heare , but likewise when they visibly behold gods vengeance seising upon others , for composing , acting , frequenting , countenancing these vaine delights of sinne ; yet they really believe not , either that these have perished , or that themselves shall perish for the selfesame things , unlesse they likewise see themselves destroyed too : neither are they any whit affected with the sudden fearefull deaths of others , till such a death hath seised on themselves . o therefore now at last ( as wee tender our owne private or the publike safety , ) u let other mens wounds bee our cautions ; let these mens deaths , prove our life ; let their judgements be our medicines . x hee ( saith saint cyprian ) is too audacious , who strives to passe over there , where he hath seene another to have fallen : he is outragiously unruly who is not strucke with feare when he sees another perish in that course which he is running . he onely is a lover of his owne safety , who takes warning by anothers death : and he onely is a provident man , who is made solicitous by the ruines of other men : which solomon approveth , saying , the prudent seeing the evill man punished , is greatly instructed : and againe , when wicked men fall , the iust will bee much affrighted . y it is an adverse hurtfull confidence , which certainely commits its life to dangers , as to a certaine thing● and that is but a slippery hope , which presumes it shall be safe amids the fomentations of sinne . it is an uncertaine victory to fight amidest the enemies weapons ; and it is an impossible deliverance to be compassed about with flames , and not to burne . wherefore let not a peradventure , that we may escape gods judgements , though we still resort to stage-playes ; overpoyse , a peradventure , that they may seise upon us , as they have done on others . neither let gods long-suffring towards play-poets , players , play-haunters , and such republikes as approve them , ( z which in truth should lead them to repentance ; ) make all or any of them or us secure against the feare of his avenging hand . a for the longer gods iudgements are delayed , the greater will they be at last . b that punishment is most troublesome , which is deferred with a foregoing terror : that torment is more grievous , more intolerable which is delayed for this onely purpose , that it may strike the longer , the deeper : for sudden evils quickly strike us thorow ; whereas delayed iudgements bring a multiplyed , and usurious punishment with them . wherefore the c longer the lord hath deferred to punish , by so much the more solicitous let the servant be : by how much the longer christ is ere he come , the more prepared let a christian be . he is no provident servant , whom his lord when he comes shall finde unprepared . god hath a long time spared many play-poets , players , play-haunters , states and cities where playes are harbored , though some of these have smarted for them : he hath mercifully forborne many such of us at home ; and though he hath a long time d chastised us as a father , yet he hath not as yet wholy consumed us , as an avenging iudge ; but how soone he is likely to doe it , if wee repent not speedily , wee may all conjecture : o therefore let not the long suffring of our gracious god , e harden any of us in the love , the exercise or approbation of these ungodly enterludes , or of any other f pleasures of sinne which are but for a season : but let these judgements of god , which playes have brought on pagans , on christians heretofore , and for ought * we know upon our selves , be now at last a warning-peale to us , with speed , with care and conscience to abandon them : and thus to syllogize against them in the . place , with which i shall close up this scene . that which drawes downe gods judgements , wrath and vengeance , both upon the composers , actors , and spectators of it ; and likewise upon those magistrates , states , and cities , which foster and approve it : must needs be sinfull , ( g since god never inflicts his iudgements but for sin ) yea altogether to be avoyded of all good christians , and not tolerable in any christian common-weale . but this doe stage-playes ; as the premises demonstrate . therefore they must needs be sinfull , yea altogether to be avoyded of all good christians ; and intolerable in any christian common-weale . scena vicessima . the last effect of stage-playes , which ariseth as a necessary consequent from all the former , is this ; that without sincere repentance * they eternally damne mens soules . a fruit , a consequent with a witnesse , which should cause all players , all play-poets , all play-haunters to looke about them . and this must needs be so : h for , if the wages of sinne be death ; i and if every unrepented , unlamented , idle , vaine , or sinfull action , word and thought , shall rec●ive a iust recompence of reward : if k the unrighteous , the adulterous and unchaste , shall not inherite the kingdome of god and of christ : if l the wicked shall be turned into hell and all the people that forget god , then c●rtainely the wages of stage-playes , ( which m abound with many idle sinfull speeches , actions , and representations , directly sinfull in sundry different respects , as i have manif●sted by the premises ; and therefore cannot but exclude their unrighteous , adulterous , unchast actors and spectators out of heaven , and tumble them headlong into hell for all eternity , unl●sse they prevent this danger by sincere repentance ) must be eternall death . stage-playes , ( as not onely the best , n but even the worst of men confesse , ) are the o very sinkes , the seminaries , food , and treasures of all wickednesse and lewdnesse whatsoever : they are the very p baites , the snares , the engines , the sweet syrenean enchantments of the devill , with which he sweetly allures men to destruction ; by which he insinuates all kinde of viceousnesse into their soules ; and steales away their hearts from god and heavenly things : q they are the principall instruments to intice , to enthrall men unto sinne , to enamor men with sinne ; to detaine men under the commanding power of sinne ; and to keepe ●●em off from all true contrition for sinne : needs therefore must they drowne their actors , their composers and spectators in everlasting perdition both of soule and body , if they repent not of , and utterly renounce them as they have vowed in their baptisme . hence is that memorable passage of hippolitus an ancient martyr , in his * oration , de consummatione mundi & antichristo , about the yeere of our lord , . where he informes us ; that christ shall say thus to play-haunters and wicked men , at the last day : depart from me yee workers of iniquity , i know you not : you are become the workemen of another master , that is , of the devill . possesse with him darknesse and fire , which is not put out , and the worme that sleepeth not , and gnashing of teeth , &c. * for i have made your eares that you should heare the scriptures ; but you have prepared them for the songs of devils , for harpes and ridiculous things . i have created your eyes that you might behold the light of my precepts and thorowly performe th●m ; but you have called for whoredomes and uncleanesses , and have opened them to all other filthinesse : i have made your mouthes to glorifie and praise the lord , to sing psalmes and spirituall songs , and to utter the continuall meditation of what you read : but you have applyed it to rayling , to swearing , to blaspemies , whiles you did sit and backbite your neighbours . i have formed your hands that you should stretch them out to prayers and supplications ; but you have reached them forth to rapines , murthers , and mutuall slaughters . i have ordain●d your feet , that you should walke in the preparation of the gospell of peace , both in churches and in the houses of my saints ; but you have taught them to runne to adulteries , whoredomes , stage-playes , dances , vaultings . now the publike assembly is dissolved ; the spectacle of this world is ended ; the fashion and deceit of it is passed away , &c. depart therefore into everlasting fire prepared for the devill and his angels . and then alas poore wretches , what will become of them● when as christ sha●l thus upbraide and charge them with their resort to playes and play-houses , and their imploying both of their eyes , their eares , their hands , their feet , their mindes and times about them , at the last ? perish they must , and that irrecoverably , for all eternity . this sundry fathers testifie . r the profession and following of stage-playes ( writes chrysostom ) is a way of the world which leads unto the devill , the generall way of perdition : therefore he exhorts his s auditors , to avoyd the pestiferous fish-pond of the theater ; for this is that , which drownes its spectators in the fiery sea of hell , and kindles the very bottome of its fire . t macarius aegyptius writes expresly : that those who are delighted with spectacles and stage-playes , shall never enter into heaven without repentance , paine , and fighting , because the way to heaven is narrow and full of affliction . saint cyprian , and tertullian in their bookes , de spectaculis . lactantius de vero cultu . c. . clemens romanus constit. apostol . lib. . cap. . augustine de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . & u lib. . cap. . de symbolo ad catechumenos . lib. . cap. . . & l. . cap. . confessionum . lib. . cap. . . & lib. . cap. . . salvian . de gubernatione dei. lib. . write as much : yea * all those fathers and councels which excommunicated players and play-haunters from the church , till they had repented , renounced the acting , the beholding of all theatricall enterludes , affirme the same , since those can never be deemed worthy the society of the saints in heaven , who are not fit to communicate with the saints on earth . certainely y that which the church doth lawfully binde on earth is bound in heaven ; those therefore who are justly excluded out of , cōdemned by the militant church , z as players and play-haunters ought to be , are excluded likewise out of heaven , are condemned in heaven , unlesse they doe repent . this all the moderne christian authors , together with a two penitent relenting play-poets of our owne who have a written against stage-playes , doe likewise joyntly testifie : and indeed they should all have written in vaine against these enterludes , did they not bring perdition to mens soules . there are but three things that have moved all the fathers , councels , and christian authors which i shall here recite , to write against stage-playes so frequently , so abundantly as they have done . c the first is the dishonour , the injury that stage-playes doe to god : d the second the prejudices , mischiefes , and inconveniences they bring upon the church and state : e the third , the guilt , the sinnes , the damnation they procure to mens soules : the last of which is a necessary consequence from the former , which are meerely false , if this be not true . since therefore it is evident by the confession of all these fathers , counsels and christian writers , who have censured stage-playes : f by excommunicating players and play-haunters in the primitive church till their sincere repentance ; by all the foregoing acts and scenes ; and by the practise of players , play-poets , play-haunters of ancient , of moderne times , ( g who alwayes upon their true co●version and repentance have utterly discarded , and renounced playes and play-houses ) that stage-playes without sincere repentance damne mens soules : let this * teach all players , play-poets , and play-haunters whatsoever , as they tender the eternall welfare of their soules and bodies ; as they desire to avoyd h the unsupportable wrath of god , the * everlasting torments of hell ; and to participate of the eternall joyes of heaven , even seriously to * bewayle , and cordially to repent their former penning , acting , and beholding of all forepast stage playes and for ever to abandon all such enterludes for time to come , as the certaine contrivers , the infallible consummators of their just damnation , unlesse they seriously repent . yea let this lesson all them when ever they are tempted to playes or play-houses by any lewde companions , by satan , or by they owne sinfull lusts , to answer these temptations , with this . play-confounding argument , from which there is no evasion . those things which without sincere repentance bring eternall destruction and damnation on mens soules and bodies , must needs be sinfull , abominable , and eternally execrable unto christians . but this doe stage-playes ; as all the premises testifie . therefore they must needs be sinfull , abominable , and eternally execrable unto christians . damnation , i as it is a fru●t of sinne , so it is that which every man should labour to avoyd , though it were with the losse of his very dearest members , much more of his unprofitable and sinfull pleasures , k which alwayes end in griefe . our saviour christ himselfe hath given us this advice , l that if our right hand , or our right eye offend us , we should cut off the one , and plucke out the other : for it is profitable for us , that one of our members should perish , rathe● then that our whole bodies and soules should be cast into hell ; where the worme dyeth not , and the fire is not quenched : if a man to avoyd damnation must thus offer * violence to , and even with indignation cut off , pull out , and cast away , his right hand , his right eye , the usefullest , the profitablest , the dearest , be●t-beloved of all his other members ; should he not much more abandon , abominate these unprofitable , expensive , and pernicious stage-playes , that so he might escape it ? alas , who would be so desperately prodigall of his owne salvation ; who would so vilifie , so undervalue heaven , or his owne immortall soule , ( m the losse of which cannot be recompenced with the gaine of all the world , ) as to set to hazard , to forfeit them for a stage-play ? and yet how many thousands daily doe it ? o that such men would consider but a while , * what damnation , what eternall , eternall damnation , accompanied o with the everlasting wrath and vengeance of an almighty provoked p sinne-revenging god , is ! this certainely would cau●e them , as it ●hould cause us all , for ever to detest these sugered soppes of satan , which without sincere repentance prove nought else but eternall q bitternesse both to soule and body . r damnation is in truth the onely argument to rouse voluptuous and secure persons , who lie rotting in the dregges of sinfull pleasures : o that the terror , and alarum of it would now at last awaken those miserable gracelesse play-poets , actors , play-haunt●rs , who lie sleeping in the very brinke of hell , without any suspition or feare of danger ; that so it might cause them with care a●d conscience perp●tually to divorce them●elves from stage-playes ; which as s they had their originall beginning , growth , and progresse from the devill ; so they t alwayes have their end in hell , damnation , and eternall torments with the devill , unlesse gods infinite mercy , and mens true repentance interpose . a su●ficient motive to withdraw all men , all christians from them : and with that holy father saint augustine in his most pious confessions ( where he * oft bewailes with teares his running unto stage-playes before his true conversion ) for ever to renounce them . chorvs . you have seene now christian readers , the severall bitter fruits , and pernicious effects of stage-playes , most copiously anatomized in the precedent act : and certainely u if ever any tree were discovered to be evill by its evill fruits , then stage-playes , ( whose variety of evill products surmounts all others ) must be as bad , if not farre worse , then any . the fruits of stage-playes ( as is evident by the premises ) are bad in respect of god , whom they sundry wayes dishonour : bad , in regard of church and state , whom they exceedingly prejudice and corrupt ; * bad in regard of the composers . actors , spectators , and upholders of them , whose sinnes they multiply , whose manners they corrupt , whose time they wast , whose mindes they effeminate and deprave , whose hearts they harden , whose soules they contaminate , whose repentance they anticipate or deferre , whose lusts they foster , whose damnation they hasten , whose everlasting torments they accumulate , and without repentance really procure . as therefore we tender the honour , love , and worship of our gracious god ; the happinesse , the welfare of our church and state , the purity , tranqnility , salvation of our owne poore soules , of the soules of our brethren , our posterity● which succeede us : let us henceforth passe in irrepealable sentence of condemnation against all popular stage-playes , and bid an everlasting farewell to them ; * that so wee may avoyd these severall cursed fruits , and dangerous con●equences which they alwayes constantly produce , together with all these imminent plagues and judgements which now without your speedy repentance they are likely to pull downe on us , both to our temporall and eternall ruine . actvs . scena prima . having thus at large related the various grounds and reasons of the unlawfulnesse of stage-playes in such a perspicuous manner , as i hope will satisfie the judgement , the conscience of every impartiall reader ; i come now to a particular summary enumeration of those authorities , that concurre together with me in condemning playes and enterludes , which i shall marshall into seven distinct squadrons . the first squadron consists of such texts of holy scripture , as are produced by the fathers and latter writers against stage-playes : some of them oppugning them in one kinde , some in another . if we survey the originall authours , patriots , frequenters , actors ; together with the primary use of these theatricall enterludes ; (a) which were at first invented , acted , fostered , frequented by divel-idols , pagans , idolaters , lascivious dissolute gracelesse persons ; and devoted wholly to idolatry , idols , divels , and the lusts of carnall wicked worldly men : wee shall finde these severall scriptures that oppugne them , condemne them : (b) viz. levit : . . deutr : . . , , , , . c : . , , . c : . , , . iosh : . . c : . . iudges . . numb : . . psal : . . ier : , , . acts . . . rom : . . c : . , , . cor : . . to . c : . , , . cor : . , , . ephes : . , . c : . . to . c : . , , . col : , , , , . titus . , . c : . . pet : . , . & . , , . iam : . , , . c : . , , . c : . , . pet : . , , , , , , , . ioh : . , . c : . . c : . . iude . , , , , , , . rev : . . c : . , , c : . . . all which , though they condemne not stage-pla●es in precise tearmes , (c) ( which no canonicall scripture doth : ) yet they positively prohibit and censure them under the names , of idolatry : things consecrated unto idols : the cup and table of divels : the monuments , reliques , ceremonies , customes , rites , delights , of idols and idolaters : the way and fashion of the heathen : the will of the gentiles : the things , the course , and custome of the world : carnall worldly lusts and pleasures : the lusts of our former ignorance , and our vaine conversation received by tradition from our fathers : revellings , banquettings , and abominable idolatries : the rudiments , traditions , ordinances , sports and customes of the world , of worldly sensuall men : the workes , the will , the lusts of the divell , &c. (d) under which these stage-playes are as really , as absolutely comprised as any part is under the whole , or any species under its proper genus . hence saint cyprian peremptorily concludes , (e) that the scripture hath everlastingly condemned all sorts of spectacles and stage-playes , even then when it tooke away idolatry the mother of all playes , from whence all these monsters of vanity , of lewdnesse have proceeded . which assertion of his is seconded by (f) tertullian , (g) lactantius , (h) cyrill of ierusalem , (i) chrysostome , (k) augustine , (l) salvian , with (m) others of ancient and moderne times , who doome all stage-playes from these very scriptures . if wee consider the nature , the materialls , the circumstances , the concomitants , the effects , the fruites and ends of stage-playes ; together with the manner , the circumstances of their action ; the quality of the persons that act , or else frequent them : all which i have at large displayed in the (n) foregoing acts : ( where (o) their obscenity , vanity , effeminacy , lasciviousnesse , prodigality● and lewd pernicious consequences are laid open to the full : ) wee shall soone discover , that not onely the seventh com●andement , ( as (p) most moderne expositors of it witnesse ; ) but even , exod. . . . c. . . deutr. . . iosh. . . iob . , , . numb . . . psal. . . psal. . . to the end . psal. . . psal. . , . isay . , . cap. . . cap. . , . cap. . , . cap. . . hosea . . ecclesiastes . . cap. . , , . c. . . prov. . . c. . c. . . amos . . to . zech. . . matth. . , . rom. . , , . cor. . . to . c. . , . gal. . . to . ephes. . , , . c. . , . c. . . to . luke . , . cor. . . phil. . , , , . col. . . to . c. . , . thes. . . to . thes. . , , . tim. . . c. . . tim. . . hebr. . . pet. . , , . c. . , . gal. . . . ioh. . , , , : with infinite other scriptures , condemne all stage-playes in regard of their subject matter , circumstances , fruites and manner of action , &c. as i have more particularly demonstrated in the precedent scenes . hence tertullian positively informes us , (q) that the scripture hath interdicted all playes and enterludes under the prohibitions of lewdnesse and lasciviousnesse : and that (r) those texts of scripture which condemne all worldly concupiscence , all idle words , all scurrility , all foolish filthy talking and jecting : all standing in the way of sinners , and sitting in the seate of the scornefull : (t) together with hypocrisie and dissimulation ; the making of any idols image or likenesse , and (v) the putting on of womens apparell by men : doe expresly inhibit and condemne both playes themselves , resort to play-houses , and the very acting and beholding of all theatricall enterludes . if we peruse (x) st. hilary , st. ambrose , chrysostome , cyril of ierusalem , st augustine , and others , wee shall finde them encountring stage-playes with that of psalme . v. ● . turne away mine eyes from beholding vanity , and quicken me in thy word . if we reflect on (y) clemens alexandrinus , lactantius , nazianzen , basil , hierom , salvian , z thomas gualesius , gualther , petrarcha , a holkot , bishop babington , mr. northbrooke , dr. reinolds , mr. stubs , and all the rest which i have formerly quoted in the , , , and scenes of the foregoing act ; we shall see them battering downe playes and play-houses , with the seventh commandement : ephes. . , . deutr. . . prov. . . c. . . eccles. . . c. ● , , . rom. . , , . thes. . . ioh. . , : and all the forequoted scriptures : which ( if all their judgements may be credited ) doe either directly , or by way of consequence , conclude all stage-playes to be sinfull , yea utterly unlawfull unto christians . if we adde apochryphall scriptures unto these canonicall , we shall finde such expresse authoritie against stage-playes , as must needes put all their patriots , their actors and spectators to eternall silence : for in the b first booke of the maccabees , c. . v. , , , : we reade thus : that in the dayes of antiochus epiphanes there went out of israel wicked men , who perswaded many , saying ; let us goe and make a covenant with the heathen that are round about us , for c since we departed from them we have had much sorrow : so this device pleased them well . then certaine of the people were so forward therein , that they went to the king , who gave them licence to doe after the * ordinances of the heathen : whereupon they built a place of exercise at ierusalem , according to the customes of the heathen , and made themselves uncircumcised , and f●rsooke the holy covenant , and joyned themselves to the heathen , and were solde to doe mischiefe . which storie is thus further * amplified , and more particularly related in the . of the maccabees . cap. . v. . to . where we reade ; that iesus● who stiled himselfe iason , and symoniacally purchased the high-priesthood of antiochus epiphanes , promised to assigne this wicked king talents of silver , if he might haue licence to set him up a place of exercise , d iosephus stiles it , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and the latine translations render it gymnasium , which as e calepine , holioke , and before them both , f isiodor hilpalensis , witnesse ; signifieth , a publike place , where vaulting , wrestling , running , dancing , throwing of the stone , and all kinde of g playes and enterludes were practised : ) for the training up of the iewish youth in the fashions of the heathen , which when the king had granted , and hee had gotten into his hand the rule , he forthwith brought his owne nation to the greekish fashion : and putting downe the governments that were according to the law , hee brought up new customes against the law : for hee built gladly a place of exercise ( in h nature of a theatre , where playes and sports were acted ) under the tower it selfe ; and brought the young men under his subjection . now such was the height of greeke fashions and increase of heathenish manners through the exceeding profanesse of iesus , that ungodly wretch ; that the priests had no more courage to serve any more at the altar , but despising the temple , and neglecting the sacrifices , hastned to be partakers of the unlawfull allowance in the place of exercise , after the game of discus called them forth : i ( which one kinde of exercise is put for all the graecian playes and pastimes ) not setting up the honours of their fathers , but liking the glory of the graecians ( who * were much devoted unto stage-playes ) best of all . by reason whereof sore calamitie came upon them ; for they had them to be their enemies and avengers , whose customes they followed so earnestly , and unto whom they desired to be like in all things : for it is not a light thing to doe wickedly against the law of god : which apochryphall passage , k the papists allowing to be canonicall scripture , and l protestants approving to be an undoubted storie , though not canonicall text , infallibly assures us ; m first , that these playes and enterludes had their originall from the idolatrous dissolute pagan greekes ; and that they were the exercises , ordinances and customes of the heathen . secondly , that they were never in use among the iewes till this wicked iasons time , n who is the first wee reade of that erected a theatre or place of exercise for these and such like pastimes in ierusalem , about yeares before our saviours nativitie ; where o herod likewise set up a theatre and amphitheatre for stage-playes , sword-playes , cirque-playes , and such other roman sports , about some yeares before our saviours birth ; till which times the iewes were utterly unacquainted with these heathenish spectacles . thirdly , that those who brought in these playes among the iewes , were f desperate wicked men , who made themselves uncircumcised , forsooke the holy covenant , and joyned themselves to the heathen , being solde to doe mischiefe . fourthly , that the g bringing in of these playes withdrew the iewes from god , and from his law , to open , yea , professed paganisme and idolatry : fifthly , that these playes are h directly against the holy covenant , and good law of god , and that those who practise or approve them doe wickedly against gods law. lastly , that i the introducing of stage-playes was the cause of gods bringing in of sore calamity upon the iewes , and of those sundry judgements and afflictions which they suffered . if we adde to this the apocryphall k constitutions of the apostles , recorded by clemens romanus ; we shall finde them expresly condemning and prohibiting stage-playes , with all those graecian enterludes which iason introduced ; commanding all christians to withdraw themselves from them yea wholly to renounce them as the very inventions and pompes of the divel : nay we shall see l st. paul himselfe , expresly excommunicating and casting out of the church , all stage-players , and play-haunters , whether male or female , till they shall utterly renounce their profession , and take their everlasting farewell of stage-playes . it is evident then by all these canonicall and apochryphal scriptures , & by the apostles constitutions ; that stage-playes are directly contrary to , and condemned by the very sacred ●aw and word of god ; which administers unto us this . play-condemning argument , against which there can be no averment , from which there can be no evasion . that which is fully and really condemned by sundry sacred texts both of canonicall and apochryphall scripture , m must certainly be sinfull , and altogether unlawfull unto christians , who n must never allow , or practise that which the very word of god condemnes . bvt stage-playes are fully and really condemned by sundry sacred texts both of canonicall and apochryphall scripture ; as is undeniably evident by the premises . therefore they must certainly be sinfull , and altogether unlawfull unto christians : who if for no other reason , yet for this alone , should now at last * without more delayes , renounce , suppresse all stage-playes , which the sacred scripture ( the very p ground and object of our faith , the q very rule , the square both of our lives and thoughts ) hath thus condemned . scena secvnda . the second squadron of play-oppugning authorities , is the venerable hoary resolution of the whole primitive church both under ( if not before ) the law and gospell ; which hath passed such an irrepealable sentence of condemnation against all stage-playes , players , and play-haunters , as no true member of the holy catholicke church shall be ever able to gainsay . that the whole church of god under the law ( consisting (r) onely of iewes and iewish proselites ) abominated and rejected stage-playes , it is most apparant by these ensuing reasons . first , because we finde no mention at all of any such playes or enterludes in any canonicall scripture , or ancient iewish authours , nor any intimation that the iewes approved them . secondly , because stage-playes ( as (s) iosephus , and the (t) bookes of maccabees informe us ; were most directly opposite both to the iewish lawes , their government , manners , rites and customes : for first the iewes ( and so all christians ) were expresly enjoyned by gods law , (v) to make no image , likenesse or representation of any idol , nor (x) yet to make mention of any idols name . (y) now stage-playes were alwayes fraught with the pictures , images , representations , and names of pagan idols , which the (z) iewes could never brooke : and thereupon they (a) withstood herod when he would have brought his stage-playes into ierusalem , because of the images , visours and pictures that attended them . secondly , the (b) iewes were commanded to abandon all monuments , rites and reliques of idols and idolatry : all customes , fashions , vanities , exercises and pastimes of the heathen round about them ; whose wayes and customes they were not for to learne , much lesse to practise . now (c) stage-playes were the very monuments , rites and reliques of idolatry , of pagan divell-idols : the customes , fashions , vanities , exercises , wayes and pastimes of the heathen greekes and romanes , who bordered on them , and subdued them ; as d iosephus , e iudaeus● the f bookes of maccabees , and others witnesse : therefore the iewish church must of necessitie condemn them , never practise them . thirdly , because the authour of the g bookes of macabees informes us ; that wicked iason , and his profane confederates were the first that brought in these playes and grecian exercises among the iewes , who never practised them before ; which playes though divers of the priests and people embraced , apostatizing wholly from their religion and gods worship ; yet the iewish church , with all those iewes who clave close to their religion did vtterly abandon and condemne them , as directly contrary to the holy covenant and law of god. fourthly , iosephus , that famous iewish historian , as h hee condemneth iason for this fact of his : so hee informes us likewise , i that when as herod would have introduced stage-playes , sword-playes and such like roman spectacles into ierusalem , where he had built a stately theatre and amphith●atre for the exercise of those theatricall enterludes ; of purpose ( as it seemed ) to draw the iewes to paganisme , and overturne their ancient discipline ; to which end he likewise erected another theatre at k caesarea stratonis : the whole iewish nation , and the gravest wisest men among them , were much offended with it ; and thereupon withstood these playes of his , as l being contrary to their lawes , their received discipline and customes ; pernicious to their manners , prejudicial to their republike , opposite to their religion , and offensive to thei● god : which playes when herod resolved to bring in by force whether the iewes would or no , there were cer●aine● iewes confederated together to murther him in the theatre it selfe , out of the detestation which they bure to playes , of purpose to prevent those mischievous consequ●ncies which these sta●e-playes would occasion both to their religion , discipline , state , and country manners , which they were bound in honour , yea in conscience to maintaine , though it were with the hazard of their lives . fifthly , philo , a very learned iew , who flourished in the apostles times , under caius the emperour , ( a man whom m iosephus , n eusebius , o hierom , p augustine , and q others highlie magnifie : ) as he expresly r condemnes stage-playes , as voluptuous , petulant , nugatory , vaine and hurtfull pastimes , in which many thousands of wretched people did miserably spend their time nay waste their lives , neglecting in the meane while both the publike and their owne private affaires : so he records withall , s that moses thought it meete , that all his citizens , following the law of nature , should celebrate the seventh day ( being the birth-day of the , world ) in rest , and festivall recreations ; laying aside all workes , all gainfull callings and secular imployments , that so they might wholly apply themselves , not to sports and pleasures , ( as some doe ) nor yet t● the ridiculous sights of stage-playes and dances , which the unruly vulgar loves excessively , captivating their very soule by the two chiefest sences , sight and hearing● which of it selfe is free and soveraigne : but that they might solely addict themselves to true phylosophy , and to gods worship and service . and withall he certifieth us , t that the iewes in their solemne feasts and meetings abandoned all drunkennesse , voluptuousnesse , effeminacy and excesse ; together with all stage-players , fidlers● tumblers , iesters , ( which the graecians used in their festivals : ) who did onely exhilerate mens mindes with scurrilous sports and iests : using no other mirth or musicke , but psalmes , and hymnes , and spirituall songs , wherein they sounded out gods praises . all which sufficiently manifests , that the whole church of the iewes condemned stage-playes . sixthly , st. chrysostome in his . homily upon genesis , discoursing of the marriage of iacob to labans daughter , ( even being before the law was given ) informes us : v that the saints of god in those times had no musitians , no diabolicall dancing at their marriages ; that they sent for no players from the play-house to their houses , to corrupt the chastity of the married virgin with their unseasonable expence , and to make her more impudent and incontinent ever after : a custome too frequent in his and our times , which this godly father much condemnes . seventhly , origen , ( who x much inveighes against playes , against players and play-haunters , as the very broode and bondslaves of the divell , who have no part at all in christ or in his church ) records : that mo●es tooke away all such things as conduced not to the benefit of mankinde ; embracing and cherishing those things onely which might be vsefull and profitable unto all men : whence he permitted and instituted no such playes and gymnicall exercises as the gentiles used , in which naked men wrestled together , or contended with one another on horsebacke , or in which women were prostituted to the lusts of all men , that so they might delude nature by their lewdnesse . but this verily was principally intended among the iewes , that from their very cradles they might learne to transcend all nature , to overcome what ever was sensible , and to beleeve , that god resided not in any part of sensible nature , whom they did seeke onely in things above , and without all bodies . lastly , petrus blesensis archdeacon of bathe , about the yeare of our lord , . speaking of that holy man iob ; informes us : y that he nourished no lyons , beares or apes ; that no stage-players , no singers of fables and vaine idle toyes resorted to him ; that he gave not himselfe to the pleasures and vanities of this life , upon which many spend their estates ; but that hee bestowed his revenues in the charitable relieving of the poore . all which being laid together , is an undeniable proofe ; that the whole primitive church and saints of god both before and under the law , did utterly abandon and condemne all stage-playes , players , and such other spectacles as sinfull and pernicious ; not giving the least allowance to them . and shall we christians under the gospell , be worse than these were under the law , and so make our z condemnation farre more terrible , our sinne more out of measure sinfull ? god forbid . that the whole primitive church under the gospell hath reprobated , abandoned and condemned stage-playes , is more than evident . first , by the expresse testimonie of epiphanius , bishop of constans , in cyprus , a learned ancient father : who in his compendiary summe of the faith and doctrine of the catholike and apostolike church , informes us , in positive termes : a that the catholike and apostolicall church doth reprobate and forbid all theatres , stage-playes , cirque-playes , and such like heathenish spectacles : an evidence so full , so pregnant , that we need no other . secondly , by the suffrage of tertullian● who in his apologie for the christians against the gentiles ; writes thus in the name and person of all the primitive christians of his age : b wee renounce your spectacles and stage-playes , as farre forth as we reject their originalls ; which we know to have had their conception from superstition . we have nothing at all to doe with the furie of the circus : with the dishonesty or lewdnes of the theatre , with the cruelty of the arena : with the vanity of the xystus or wrestling place , wee come not at all unto your playes . loe here a professed publike protestation of all the primitive christians , against these playes and spectacles which we so much admire ; whose detestation of playes was so notoriously knowne to the pagans , that tertullian in his booke , de spectaculis , affirmes : c that the heathen gentiles did most of all discerne men to be christians by this , that they abandoned and renounced stage-playes . and shall this which was the eminentest badge of a christian , heretofore , be nothing else but the ignominious brand of a puritan , now ? certainly its a strong argument , that those whom the world now brands for puritans , are in truth no other but the sincerest christians ; and that those who stile them so ( especially for condemning or renouncing stage-playes ) are little better , ( i had almost said as bad , nay worse ) than pagans : since he manifestly denies himselfe to be a christian , who takes away this speciall marke by which hee is knowne to be a christian ; as the same tertullian there inferres . thirdly , this truth is evident by theophilus patriarke of antiochia about the yeare of our lord : who in the person of all the christians of that age , writes thus unto autolycus : d wee are all prohibited to behold sword-playes , lest we should be made partakers of such murthers . neither dare wee beholde those other playes and spectacles , lest our eyes should be defiled , and our eares should draw in those prophane verses that are there uttered : neither dare wee so much as to heare thyestis whiles hee commemorates tragicall villanies , &c. neither is it lawfull for us to heare the adulteries of the gods and men , which they modulate with a sweete straine of words , being allured unto it by rewards . farre be it , farre be it , i say , from christians , with whom temperance and modesty flourish , and chastity beares sway , that wee should so much as thinke , much lesse behold or act such villanies as these . what fuller , what plainer declaration against stage-playes can we desire than this ? fourthly , athenagoras , the famous christian philosopher , in his apologie or embassie for the christians , to m. aurelius antoninus , and aurelius commodus , two roman emperours , about the yeare of our lord ; writes thus in the behalfe of the christians of that age : e we utterly disaffect and condemne your gladiatory spectacles , playes and enterludes . fifthly , minutius felix , that famous christian lawyer , who flourished about yeares after christ , in his incomparable dialogue , stiled ostavius , in the defence of the christians ; brings in f caelicius a pagan , taxing the christians , for that they resorted not to stage-playes , neither were they present at publike shewes : to which octavius , in the behalfe of all the christians gives this reply : g we therefore who are valued by our manners and chastity , deservedly withdraw our selves from your evill pleasures , playes and spectacles , whose originall we know to have proceeded from idolatry , and which we condemne as pernicious allurements unto sinne . sixthly , st. cyprian , that godly martyr , bishop of carthage , about the yeare of our lord . informes h gucratius , in an epistle purposely written to him to this end ; that it would not stand with the majesty of god , nor the discipline of the gospell , that the chastity and honour of the church sho●ld be contaminated with so filthy a contagion , as to permit a stage-player , either to act his playes , or to traine up others for the stage , though he had given over acting himselfe . a pregnant evidence , in what tearmes of opposition the primitive church and christians stood wi●h stage-players , and their filthy enterludes , which they could upon no tearmes brooke . seventhly , i the . councell of carthage , about the yeare of our lord . can. . which prohibits the sonnes of bishops and clergie men from exhibiting and beholding stage-playes ; informes us ; that all christians had beene alwayes inhibited from resorting to such places where players and blasphemers came . if all christians then have alwayes beene prohibited from resor●ing unto stage-playes , as this ancient councell affirmes ; it is cer●aine , the primitive church and christians did evermore condemne them : and can we yet approve , applaud , frequent them now ? eighthly , st. chrysostome , about yeares after christ , in his . homely to the people of antioch ; and in his . homely upon matthew , writes : k that all the christians of antioch in the time of their feare and danger , had of their owne accord shut up the play-house doores , and stopped up all passages to the circus running hastily with zeale and earnestnesse to the church to praise the lord , in stead of resorting to the theaters ; l which as to us , and all good christians , ( in whose person hee speakes ) lie desolate and ruinated long agoe . ninthly , saint augustine about the yeare of our lord . records : that when the m gospell was spread abroad in the world , stage-playes and play-houses , the very caves of filthinesse , and professions of wicked persons , went to ruine almost in every citty , as inconsistent with it ; whence the gentiles complained of the times of christianity , as evill and unhappy seasons . an apparant demonstration , that the truth and power of religion , the true church and servants of christ were as opposite to stage-playes , to theatres in the primitive times , as the n arke to dagon , o christ to b●lial : and shall we now yoake them both together ? lastly , st. bernard , about the yeare of our lord . instructs us : p that all the faithfull souldiers of iesus christ abominate and reject all dicing , all stage-players , south-sayers , tellers of fables , all scurrilous songs and stage-playes , as vanities , and false frensies . neither delight they in the ravenous sport of hauking . they cut their haire and weare it short , knowing according to the apostle , that it is a shame for a man to nourish his haire . all which concurring testimonies infallibly cleare this undoubted truth : that the whole primitive church and all godly christians that lived in it , have unanimously , constantly and professedly with greatest detestation , abominated , renounced and condemned stage-playes . for the further manifestation of which ; i shall desire you to consider but these particulars more . first , that the scriptures both canonicall and apochryphall , together with the apostles , the whole nation of the iewes , the sain●s and church of god both before and under the law , rejected and abandoned stage-playes , as i have largely proved in the precedent scene : therefore the primitive church and christians under the gospell , could not but censure and oppugne them too . secondly , the most , the chiefest fathers and councels in the primitive church have abundantly , unanimously , professedly condemned stage-playes , in the highest straine of opposition ; as the premises , and two next ensuing scenes will manifest : the primitive church and christians therefore did undoubtedly condemne , reject them ; whose judgement remaines upon record to all posterity in the laborious writings of these fathers , and in the canons of these most famous councels . thirdly , the primitive church under the gospell , as sundry q councels , r fathers , and s others testifie , excommunicated all stage-players , all play-haunters ; thrusting them out both from the church , the sacraments , and all christians society , as ●oysome , putred , contagious , unworthy gracelesse persons , till they had utterly abjured stage-playes , and solemnly protested to returne unto them no more : this therefore is infallible , that they rejected stage-playes . fourthly , if any pagan who was a professed stage-player or play-haunter , desired to turne christian , he was first to renounce his art of stage-playing , and to abandon all resort to playes , before hee could be baptised or admitted into the church , as the t marginall authorities fully evidence : this therefore is an unfallible evidence , that the prim●tive church and christians abominated stage-playes . lastly , every christian that was baptized in the primitive church , did solemnly renounce v all stage-playes , dancing , with such like sports and spectacles , as the very workes and pompes of the divell , under which all stage-playes , spectacles and dancing are included , as clemens romanus , tertullian , cyrill of hierusalem , st. augustine , chrysostome , salvian , isiodor hilpalensis , hrabanus maurus , and other fathers expresly testifie , in their x forequoted places : to which i shall here annexe some other testimonies to make the point more plaine ; that stage-playes , and dancing are those very pompes of the divell , which christians in the primitive church , ( and wee now as well as they ) renounce in baptisme , however we most perjuriously reassume them , against our sacred vowes . st. cyprian in his booke de spectaculis , is most punctuall to this purpose ; where thus he writes : y he impudently exorciseth the divel in the church , whose pleasures hee commends in stage-playes ; and when as by renouncing him once in baptisme , all his pompe and furniture is lopped off ; whiles that after this profession of christ he goeth to the spectacles of the divel , he renounceth even christ himselfe as a divell . which dreadfull sentence , together with that of z isiodor hispalensis formerly quoted : ( that he who after baptisme agreeth either to act or see a stage-play , denieth god , and becomes a praevaricator of the christian faith ; since hee againe desires that which hee had long since renounced in his baptisme ; to wit , the divell , his pompes and workes : which is likewise seconded by hrabanus maurus de vniverso l. . c. ) me thinkes should shake the very heart and reines of every play-haunter , and make his very soule to weepe even teares of blood . iustinian , that godly christian emperour , a codicis lib. . tit. . de episcopali audientia , lex . expresly informes us : that stage-playes , cirque-playes , dicing , and such like spectacles are not the least part of that worship , of those pompes of the divell which christians renounce in baptisme , when they are first initiated and admitted to the sacred mysteries : whence he prohibits all christians , especially all clergy men , either to act , or beholde such enterl●des and spectacles as these , or b to pollute their hands , their eyes and eares with such damned and prohibited playes . st. chrysostome , as in sundry places before quoted ; so in his . homely to the people of antioch , and his . homely upon matthew , he stiles stage-playes , cirque-playes , and dancing , the divels pompes and lectures : his words in the first of these places are remarkable . c remember ( saith hee ) this speech which thou hast uttered when as thou wast baptised , i renounce thee satan , thy pompes , and thy service : say alwayes , i renounce thee satan . nothing will be safer than this speech , if wee expresse it by our workes . for this speech is a confederation with the lord. and as we when we buy servants , demand of them first , whether they will serve us yea or no : even so doth christ , when as he ought to receive thy service , he first demands of thee , whether thou wilt first forsake that mercilesse and cruell tyrant , and then he receives thee into covenant : for his dominion is not forced . and though hee hath redeemed us wretched and ungratefull servants with such a price , the greatnesse whereof the reason and minde of man is not able to comprehend ; even with his owne most precious blood : d yet after all this he exacts no witnesses nor writings from us , but is contended with a word alone : and if thou saist from thy heart ; i renounce thee satan , and thy pompe , he hath received all he doth require . let us say this , i renounce thee satan : and let us keepe this promise , as those who are to give an account of it at the last day , that we may then restore the pledge safe . now the divels pompe , are theatres , stage-playes , cirque-playes , costly and gorgeous apparell , praesages , omens , and every sinne . to preserve thee therefore from these pompes , and every other sinne : e when thou art going out of thy doore , utter this speech first ; i renounce thee satan , and i am united to thee ô christ : never goe thou abroad without this speech : this will be a staffe , this will be armour and an impregnable tower to thee , so that neither man nor divell shall be able to hurt thee , when they shall see thee appearing every where furnished with these weapons . st. augustine , as in his f fore-alledged place , so in his second booke de symbolo ad catechumenos , cap. ● & . he informes us : g that stage-playes , cirque-playes , and such like spectacles , are the pompes of the divell , which god hath enjoyned us to renounce : flie stage-playes therefore ( saith he ) ô my beloved , avoid these most filthy dens of the divell , lest the snares of the wicked one holde you captive . alchuvinus , a famous english divine , flourishing about the yeare of our lord . in his epistle , de caeremonijs baptismi , writing of that renouncing which we make in baptisme ; wherein we renounce the divell with all his workes● and all his pompes ; informes us : h that these pompes of the divell , are vaine boasting , loud-sounding musicke , in which christian vigour is ofttimes remitted and effeminated , filthy stage-playes , with all superfluous things . i thomas waldensis , a famous popish english writer , assures us : that the pompes of the divel which we renounce in baptisme , before we are united to the fabricke of the church , are unlawfull desires , which defile , but not adorne the soule ; as the lusts of the flesh , the lusts of the eye , with the ambition or ostentation of the world , belonging to the lust of the eyes ; as vaine stage-playes , foolish pride , and the pleasures of this evill world . to these i might adde k gulielmus parisiensis , l alexander fabritius , the m waldenses , n honorius augustodunensis , with * sundry other moderne authours , who make stage-playes , dancing , and such other spectacles , to be the chiefest pompes of the divell which wee renounce in baptisme : but i shall conclude with that of baronius and spondanus his epitomizer , who informe us : q that among the primitive christians in the solemne time of baptisme , when as they all made publike renunciations ; it was the custome of the french church , for christians particularly to renounce all stageplayes , as salvian testifieth : and under the pompes of the divell , which it was then ( and now ) the custome for christians at their baptisme to renounce ; st. cyrill teacheth us in another place , that all stage-playes were esteemed to be comprised , and so all others doe interpret . so that by the resolution both of the primitive church & fathers , and of all other interpreters since , if baronius or spondanus may be credited : stage-playes are the very pompes of the divell which wee most solemnly abjure and protest against in our baptisme , upon our very first admittance into the church of christ. and certainly they must needes be so . for if pompa , in its genuine interpretation , signifie nought else ( as r calepine , eliot , holioke , and other distionaries teach us ) but spectaculum , to wit , a spectacle , stage-play , or glorious gaudy shew ; in which sence this word is oft times used , both by s clemens alexandrinus , t cyprian , v arnobius , x lactantius , y m●nucius felix , x tertullian , y nazienzen , z chrysostome , a augustine , b salvian , c apuleius , d prudentius , and e other ancient christian writers ; and likewise by f zenophon , g cicero , h seneca , i livie , k dionysius hallicarnasseus , l ovid , m plutarch , n suetonius , o plautus , p athenaeus , q diodorus siculus , r macrobius , s herodian , with divers other t heathen authours , to which many v moderne writers might be added : who comprehend all playes and spectacles , under the name of pompes : and if stage-playes were originally invented by , and consecrated unto divels , on whose festivalls they were alwayes solemnly acted in greatest pompe and state ; as all these authours , and the x premises largely testifie : then questionlesse the very pompes of the divell which we renounce in baptisme , can be no other but stage-playes , with such other spectacles , shewes and pastimes , which the idolatrous pagans used in the solemnities and worship of their divell gods : and so the primitive church and christians alwayes tooke them . if then the primitive church , and saints of god , ( who to shew their greater detestation to stage-playes , y disabled all those who did but marrie women-actors or play-haunters , from taking holy orders , or any ecclesiasticall preferments whatsoever ) thus solemnly abominated and renounced stage-playes in their baptisme , as the * very pompes and pastimes of the divell ; it is most undeniably certaine , that they reprobated and condemned stage-playes in the very highest degree . and to put this out of all further question ; we have the z century-writers , in the behalfe of protestants , and a cardinall baronius and spondanus , in the behoofe of the papists , upon the serious perusal of all the severall records , and writers of the primitive church , proclaiming this as an indubitable truth ; that all the christians , fathers and councels in the primitive church , have wholly abandoned , yea utterly condemned stage-playes , as diabolicall , heathenish . unchristian spectacles ; excommunicating all players , all play-haunters both from the church , the sacraments , and the society of christians , till they had abjured , renounced these lewd accursed enterludes , which they did most detest . and shall we then who b professe our selves the undoubted progenie , followers , successours of the primitive churches , saints and christians , so farre degenerate from their piety , purity , zeale and christian discipline ; as not onely to tollerate , but even patronize , admire , honour players , play-poets , theaters , stage-playes● which they so severely censured , so diligently suppressed ? and which is worse , to hate , abominate , revile , condemne , and ignominiously traduce all such for c puritans , praecisians , humorists , cynnicks , novellers , factionists , & i know not what besides ; d ( an apparant argument of their grace and goodnesse when such vitious persons thus revile them ) who either write or speake against them , or out of piety and conscience resort not daily to them ? alas , where is our christianity , our piety , our godly discipline ; where is our claime , our title , our conformity to the primitive church : where our affinity , our cognation to the primitive christians , whose children , successours and disciples we professe our selves , whiles that we thus tollerate , harbour , justifie these diabolicall pompes and spectacles , which they so seriously renounced as extremely opposite to , as inconsisted with the very practise and profession of a christian , and thus e causlesly revile all those who speake or write against them ? when we shal all appeare before the dreadful tribunal of our most holy saviour , as f we shall doe ●re long : and when we shall there behold those blessed patriarkes , apostles , fathers , bishops , saints and holy martyrs in the prim●tive church , who have so zealously anathematized , renounced stage-playes , as the very pompes of the divell , which they and we have solemnly abjured in our baptisme ; passing an eternall doome of condemnation on us for our perfidious resort unto them , against our sacred vow ; alas , g what can we pleade to justifie , to extenuate this our fact , or to intitle our selves to the triumphant church in heaven , whose discipline wee thus reject on earth ? can wee alledge for our selves , that we are pious christians , when as our daily play-house-haunting h proclaimes us worse than pagans ? or can we pleade we are members of the holy catholicke church of christ , when as our frequent presence at playes , at play-houses , and the diametrall contrariety of our lives , our actions to all the primitive christians , proves us the very limbes , the bondslaves of the divell ? certainly we must needes stand silenced , amazed , confounded , condemned then , for justifying , for frequenting stage-playes now , against the unanimous execration , vote and sentence of the whole primitive church and saints of god , both under the law and gospell : who as they i shall judge and doome us at the last , so they must needes abominate and condemne us now . o therefore let no christian now be so impiously shamelesse , so peevishly absurd , as to apologize for playes or players , ( by pen , by tongue or practise , ) as tollerable , as usefull among christians ; or ignorantly , much lesse k maliciously ( out of an implacable detestation to all grace , all goodnesse ) to condemne all such for l puritans , novellers , or factious male-contents ; the common voice and clamour of our dissolute gracelesse times , wherein many turne professed atheists , or incarnate divels , to avoid the jealousie of m being reputed puritans : but since the whole catholicke church both before and under the law and gospell , with all the primitive christians , fathers , councels , of all nations , all places , have thus unanimously proclaimed an everlasting professed hostility , and passed such a finall doome and execration against players and stage-playes ; let this eternally convince our conscience , close up our mouths , alter our resolutions , reforme our play-haunting lives , & cause us readily to subscribe to this . play-confounding argument , against which there can be no resistance , with which i shall conclude this scene . that which the whole church of god , both before and under the law and gospell , together with all the iewes and faithfull saints before , and primitive christians in & since our saviours time , have professedly abominated , rejected , condemned in the very highest degree , even as the very workes and pomps of the divell , must undovbtedly be extremely sinfull and utterly unlawfull unto christians : as is evident by cor. . . phil. . . ●om . . , . cor. . . cap. . , , , : with sundry other scriptures . but the whole primitive n church of god , both before and under the law and gospell , together with all the iewes and faithfull saints before , and primitive christians in and since our saviours time , have professedly abominated , rejected , condemned stage-playes in the very highest degree , even as the very workes and pompes of the divel ; as is evident by the premises . therefore they must undoubtedly be extremely sinfull and utterly unlawfull unto christians . let us therefore henceforth * walke in the way of these good men , and keepe the pathes of the righteous : becomming followers of these blessed primitive christians , as well in renouncing stage-playes as in points of faith . scena tertia. the third squadron of authorities , is made up of ancient and moderne , generall , nationall , provinciall councels and synodes , both of the west and easterne churches : of divers ecclesiasticall and imperiall constitutions , which either expresly or by way of necessary consequence prohibit stage-playes ; excommunicating and censuring all stage-pla●ers , all play-haunters ; and inhibiting all manner of christians , ( especially clergy men ) to act any theatricall enterludes , or to be present at them , under severe penalties . to begin with councels and synods ; i shall here enumerate them in their order , according to their severall antiquities , without any variation from their latine names , which i shall still retaine for greater certainty , since i finde them variously englished : setting downe their severall canons both in latine & english for the readers better satisfaction ; inserting likewise here and there some other canons not altogether impertinent to this discourse . the first councell against stage-playes , players and play-haunters , is , concilium eliberinum in spaine , about the yeare of our lord , consisting of . bishops : where i finde these three subsequent canons most pertinent to our purpose : viz● canon : . . . o canon : . matronae , vel earum mariti , vestimenta sua ad ornandam seculariter pompam non dent . et si fecerint , triennij tempore abstineant . canon : . si augur aut pantomimi credere voluerunt , placuit , ut prius artibus suis renuncient , et tunc demum suscipiantur , ita ut ulterius non revertantur . quod si facere contra interdictum tentaverint , projiciantur ab ecclesia . canon : . prohibendum , ne qua ●idelis vel catechumena , aut comicos , aut viros scenicos habeat ; quaecumque haec fecerit , à communione a●ceatur . can : . matrons , or their husbands may not give ( or lend ) their garments , to adorne any secular playes or shewes : if they doe , let thē be excōmunicated for yeares . can : . if any southsayer or stage-player will beleeve , we ordaine , that they first renounce their arts , & then after a while they may be received , so that they returne unto them no more . but if they shall attempt to doe contrary to this injunction , let them be cast out by the church . can : . we prohibit , that no beleeving woman or catechumenist entertain or marry any comedians or stage-players ; who ever shal doe it , let her be excommunicated . a sufficient evidence , how execrably detestable all stage-players and play-patrons , together with their stage-playes were unto the primitive church and christians , who would neither admit them into the church , nor permit them to continue in the church being admitted , till they had utterly renounced stage-playes ; the very lending of clo●hes to act stage-playes in , and the very marrying with , or harbouring of a stage-player incurring three yeares excommunication both from the church , the sacraments , and the very society of christians . the second councell , is concilium arelatense . held under constantine the great , in the citty of narbo in france , about the yeare of christ , consisting of bishops , as p ado viennensis informes us : where i finde this canon against stage-players , intituled de his qui conveniunt in theatris : and so by consequence against stage-playes too . q canon : . de thea tricis , et ipsos placuit , qu●mdiu agunt , a communione separari . can : . concerning stage-players , we have thought meet to excommunicate them , as long as they continue to act . the third , is , concilium arelatense . about the yeare of our lord . at which there were present some r bishops , and some elders and deacons : where this canon was promulgated . s canon : . de agitatoribus sive theatricis , qui fideles sunt , placuit , eos , quàmdiu agu●t , a communione separari . can : . concerning actors or stage-players , who are christians , we decree them to be excommunicated as long as they persevere to play. the fourth , is , concilium laodicenum , in phrygia pacatiana , about the yeare of our t lord . as some a●●irme , others placing it sooner , others later ; at which most of the bishops in asia were present : where i meete with these two canons , against dancing and stage-playes . v can : . non oportet christianos ad nuptias euntes vel balare vel saltare ; sed castè cae●are vel prandere , sicut competit christianis . can : . christians going to weddings ought neithe● wantonly to sing , nor yet to dance ; but to suppe or dine soberly as becommeth christians . which canon extending principally to dancing , is ratified and revived by * concilium ilerdense can. ult : which hath this title : vt in christianorum nuptijs non saltetur . canon : . non oportet ministros altaris , vel quoslibet clericos spectaculis aliquibus quae aut in nuptijs , aut in scenis exhibentur , interesse : sed antequam thylemici ingrediantur , surgere eos , et de convivio abire . can : . ministers of the altar , or any other clergy men , ought not to bee present at any stage-playes that are acted either at marriages or in play-houses : but before the players or f●dlers enter , they ought to arise , and depart from the feast . which latter canon though it extends onely to clergy men in words , yet the equity of it reacheth indifferently to all christians , as the former canon doth in positive tearmes . the fifth , is , concilium hipponense , anno . wherethere were divers bishops : in which there were x two canons made against stage-playes and actors ; to wit , canon : . & . being the very same with the . & . canons of the . councell of carthage next ensuing , to which i shall refer you : wherein all the canons of this councell of hippo were abbreviated and confirmed . the sixth is , concilium carthaginense in africa , about the yeare of our y lord , or : consisting of bishops , of which st. augustine , then bishop of hippo , was one : where these two canons were composed out of the . and . canons of the forementioned councel of hippo. z canon● . vt filij episcoporum vel clericorum , spectacula secularia non exhibeant , sed nec spectent , quando quidem ab spectaculo et omnes laici prohihibeantur . semper enim christianis omnibus hoc interdictum est , ut ubi blasphemi sunt , non accedant . * canon : . vt scenicis atque histrionibus , caeterisque huiusmodi personis vel apostaticis , conversis vel reversis ad dominum gratia vel reconciliatio non negetur . can : . that the sonnes of bishops and clergy men shall neither exhibit , nor yet so much as beholde any secular enterludes , since that even all lay-men are prohibited from stage-playes . for this hath alwayes beene straitly forbidden all christians , that they come not where blasphemers are . can : . that grace or reconciliation shall not be denied to stage-players and actors , and such like persons , or to apostates , who shall convert , and returne againe to the lord. which canon admits stage-players into the church upon their conversion and renouncing of their ungodly profession , but not before . the seventh , is , concilium carthaginense . a anno christi ● ● at which bishops were present : which as it makes all flattering , all scurrilous clergy men , who delight in filthy jests , or sing or dance publikely at any feasts , liable to a finall degradation : ( see can : . , ) ; so it provides thus against playes , and play-haunting . b canon : . neophyti à ●autioribus epulis et spectaculis abstineant . canon : . qui die solenni , praetermisso ●olenni ecclesiae conventu , ad spectacula vadit , excommunicetur . can : . those who are newly baptized or converted to the faith ought to abstaine from costlier feasts and stage-plaies . can : . hee who upon any solemne feast-day , omitting the solemne assembly of the church , resorts to stage-playes , let him be excommunicated . stage-playes then in this councels judgement are no meet pastimes for any solemne christian festivals . the eighth , is , concilium africanum , anno christi : to which c bishops subscribed their names , st. augustine being one of that great number : where i finde these severall canons to our purpose . d can : . vt scenicis atque histrionibus ( id est conversis vel ●eversis ad dominum ) caeterisque hujusmodi personis , reconciliatio non-negetur . canon : . ●llud etiam petendum , ut quae contra praecepta divina convivia multis in locis exercentur quae ab errore gentili attracta sunt , vetari talia jubeant , et de civitatibus , et de possessionibus , imposita paena , prohiberi : maximè , cùm etiam in natalibus beatissimorum martyrum per nonnullas civitates , et in ipsis locis sacris talia cōmittere non reformident . quibus diebus etiam ( quod pudoris est dicere ) saltationes sceleratissimas per vicos atque plateas exercent , ut matronalis honor et in●●merabilium faeminatū pudor , devotè venientium ad sacratissimum diem , injurijs lascivie●tibus appetatur , ut etiàm ipsius sanctae religionis penè fugiatur accessus . canon : . necnon et illud petendum , ut spectacula theatrorum caeterorumque ludorum die dominico , vel * caeteris christianae religionis diebus celeberrimis amoveantur ; maximè quia sancti paschae octavarum die , * populi ad circum magis quàm ad ecclesiā conveniunt ; et debere transferri devotionis eorum dies si quandò occurrent : nec oportere etiam quenquam christianorum , cogi ad haec spectacula : maximè , quia in his exercendis qvae contra praecepta dei svnt , nulla persecutionis necessitas à quoquam adhibenda est : sed ( uti oportet ) homo in libera voluntate subsistat sibi concessa . cooperatorum enim maximè periculum considerandū est , qvi contra praecepta dei magno terrore cogvntvr ad haec spectacvla convenire . can : . that reconciliatiation shall not bee denied to stage-players and common actours , and such like persons ; in case they repent and abandon their former professions . can : . that also is to be desired , that those feasts which are used in many places contrary to gods precepts , which were drawne from the errour of the gentiles , should be prohihited by command , and excluded out of citties and villages : especially , since in some citties men feare not to keepe them even on the birth-dayes of the most blessed martyrs , and that in the very churches . on which dayes also ( which is a shame to speake ) they use most wicked dances through the villages and streetes , so that the matronall honour , and the chastity , the modesty of innumerable women devoutly comming to the most holy day , is assaulted with lascivious injuries in such manner , that even th● very accesse to the holy exercises of religion is almost discontinued and chased away . can : . and this also is to be requested , that stage-playes and such other playes and spectacles should be wholly abandoned and laid aside on the lords day , and other solemne christian festivalls , especially because on the easter holy-dayes people runne more to the cirque or theatre , than to the church ; laying aside all their holy-day devotion , when these spectacles come in their way : neither ought any christian to be compelled to these enterludes or stage-playes : chiefly , because in practising these things * which are against the commandements of god , no necessity of persecution or violence ought to be used by any man : but every man ( as hee ought ) may abide in that freedome of will which is granted to him . for the danger of the co-actours ought principally to be considered , who against the precepts of god are compelled to come vnto these stage-playes . stage-playes therefore by this whole councels resolution , are no fit sports for lords-dayes and holy-dayes : yea they , and the re●ort unto them , ●re directly contrary to the commandements of god , and exceeding dangerous to those mens soules , who allure or enforce any others to them . canon : . et de his etiam petendum , ut si quis ex qualibet ludicra arte ad christianitatis gratiam venire voluerit , ac liber ab illa * macula permanere , * non eum liceat à quoquam iterum ad eadem exercenda reduci vel cogi . canon : . item placuit , ut omnes * infamiae maculis adspersi , id est , histriones ac turpitudinibus subjecti personae , ad accusationem non admittantur , nisi in propriis causis . can : . and this also is to be desired , that if any man of any ludicrous are whatsoever will come and turne a christian , and continue free from that pollution ; that hee ought not to bee reduced or compelled by any man to practise the same arts againe . can : . also , it is decreed , that all infamous persons , that is to say , stage-players & persons inthralled to filthinesse or lewdnesse , shall not be admitted to accuse any person , but in their proper causes . the ninth , is e concilium carthaginense of bishops , about the yeare of our lord . canon . whereby all stage-players are declared to be infamous persons , and unable to beare any testimony . which canon is verbatim the same with the canon of the councel of africke here recited , to which shall here referre you . the tenth , is , concilium agathense , in france , f anno domini . there being bishops present at it : where this canon was promulgated . g canon : . presbyteri , diacones , subdiacones , etiam alienarum nuptiarum evitent convivia : ne● his caetibus immisceantur ubi amatoria cantantur et turpia , aut obscaeni motus corporum choreis et saltationibus efferuntur , ne auditus et obtutus sacris mysterijs deputati , turpium spectaculorum atque verborū contagione polluantur . can : . presbyters , deacons and subdeacons , ought to avoid the marriage feasts of other persons : neither may they be present in these assemblies where amorous and filthy things are sung , or where obscene motions of the body are expressed in rounds or dances : lest the hearing and sight deputed unto the holy mysteries should be defiled with the contagion of filthy spectacles ( or stage-playes , ) and words . which councell● as it prohibits clergy men from beholding playes or dancing : so it also inhibits h them from drunkennesse : from keeping either haukes or hounds : and from all scurrilous mirth or jesting , under paine of excommunication and suspension . the eleventh , is , concilium arelatense . in the yeare of our saviour . subscribed by bishops ; where ludi funebres , or funerall playes ( which i were frequent among the ancient romanes ) are thus condemned ; the reason of which condemnation trencheth upon stage-playes . k laici , qui excubias funeris observant , cum timore et tremore , et reverentia hoc faciant . * nullus ibi diabolica carmina presumat cantare , nec joca , nec saltationes facere , quae pagani docente diabolo adinvenerunt . quis enim nesciat diabolicum esse , et non solùm a christiana religione alienum , sed etiam humanae naturae esse contrarium , ibi laetari , cantare , inebriari , et cachinnis ora dissolvi , et omni pietate et affectu charitatis postposito , quasi de fraterna morte exultare , ubi luctus et planctus slebilibus vocibus debuerat resonare , pro amissione chari fratris , &c. ideo talis inepta laetitia , et pestifera cantica ex authoritate interdicta sunt . si quis autem cantare desiderat , kyrie eleison cantet : si autem aliter , omnino taceat . si autem tacere non vult , in crastino à presbytero taliter coërceatur , ut alij timeant . lay men who observe funerall watches , let them doe it with feare and trembling , and reverence . let no man presume to sing there any diabolicall songs , nor to make any pastimes , playes or dances , which the pagans have invented by the divels tutorship . for who knoweth not that it is diabolicall , and not onely farre from christian religion , but even contrary to humane nature , to rejoyce , to sing , to be drunke , and to laugh excessively there , and laying aside all piety , and affection of love , as it were to be glad of his brothers death , even there where as sorrow and mourning with dolefull sounds ought to be heard for the losse of a deare brother , &c. therefore such foolish mirth , and pestiferous songs ought to be prohibited by authority . and if any man desire to sing , let him sing , lord have mercy upon mee : but if hee would sing otherwise , let him holde his peace . but if hee will not be silent , let him the next day bee so chastised by the presbyter , that others may feare . the twelfth is , concilium veneticum , about the yeare of our lord . consisting of bishops , l wherein the forementioned canon of concilium agathense , ( see pag. . ) is verbatim recited , and ratified , as the . canon of this councell . the thirteenth , is , concilium toletanum . in spaine , anno . subscribed by bishops , where i finde this canon registred , which though it principally aimes at dancing and filthy rib●ldry songs , yet it necessarily condemneth stage-playes too , which consist of scurrilous songs and dancing , as i have m largely proved in the premises . n canon : . exterminanda omninò est irreligiosa consuetudo , quam vulgus per sa●ctorum solennitates agere consuevit . populi , qui debent officia divina attendere , saltationibus et turpious invigilant can●icis , non solum sibi nocentes , sed et religiosorum ossicijs . hoc etenim ut ab omni hispania depellatur , sacerdotum et judicum à concilio sancto curae cōmittitur . can : . that irreligious custome is altogether to be abandoned , which the common people have used upon the festivals of the saints : the people who ought to attend divine offices , addict themselves wholly to dancing and filthy songs , not onely doing hurt to themselves , but to the offices of religious persons . that this custome may be driven out of all spaine , it is committed to the care of the ministers and iudges by this sacred councell . which * canon was ratified by the publike edict of king reccaredus , who punished the breach of it in rich men , with the l●sse of the moity of their estates ; and the violation of it in the paorer sort , with perpetuall exile . the fourteenth , is , concilium antisiodorense , in france , anno . subscribed by bishops , abbots and presbyters : wherein there are these severall canons applicable to our present theame : the first of which expresly condemnes the pagan o●iginall of playes ; the second the acting of them in churches , p which the papists used : the third , the acting or beholding of them by cl●rgie men . q canon : . non licet kalendis ianuarij vecola aut * cervolo facere , vel * strenas diabolicas observare : sed in ipsa die sic omnia officia tribuantur , sicut et reliquis diebus . canon : . non licet in ecclesia choros secularium vel puellarum cantica exercere , nec convivia praeparare ; quia scriptum est , domus mea domus orationis vocabitur . r canon : . non licet presbytero inter epulas cantare vel saltare . can : . it is not lawfull in the kalends of ianuary to make any bonefires or filthy playes ; or to observe any diabolical new-yeares gifts : but let all offices be so performed on this day , as they are upon other dayes . can. . it is not lawfull for quires of secular men or girles , to sing songs , or provide banquets in the church : for it is written , my house shall bee called an house of prayer . can. . it is not lawfull for an elder to sing or dance at feasts . the fifteenth , is , s capitula graecarum synodorum , collected by martin bishop of bracara , anno dom : . in which we have these two canons . canon : . non licet sacerdotibus vel clericis aliqua spectacula in nuptijs , vel in co●vivijs spectare , sed oporteat antequam ingrediuntur ipsa spectacula surgere et redire inde . canon : . non liceat iniquas observationes agere kalendarum , et ocijs vacare gentilibus● neque t lauro aut viriditate arborum cingere domos : omnis enim haec observatio paganismi est . can. . it is not lawfull for ministers or clergy men to beholde any stage-playes at marriages or feasts , but they ought to rise and returne from thence before the stage-playes enter . can. . it is not lawfull to keepe the wicked observations of kalends , nor to observe the festivals of the gentiles ; nor yet to begirt or adorne houses with laurel or greene ●oughes : for all this practise savours of paganisme . which latter canon comes home to stage-playes , who had their originall from paganisme , as i have v largely proved , as well as this condemned custome . the sixteenth play-condemning councell , is , the sixth councell of constantinople , x anno domini . which councell consisting of bishops , is confessed both by y protestants , and z papists● to be oecumenicall ; and so the canons of it ( especially in point of discipline ) oblige all christians to renounce all stage-playes , all stage-players , which they have much condemned , as these ensuing canons witnesse . e canon : . ne cui liceat eorum , qui in sacerdo●ali ordine enumerantur , vel monachorum , in equorū curriculis subsistere , vel scenicos ludos sustinere . sed etsi quis clericus ad nuptias vocetur , quando ad deceptionē comparata ludicra ingressa fuerint , surgat et discedat , patrum nostrorum sic jubente doctrina . si quis autem ejus rei convictus fuerit , vel cesset , vel deponatur . f can : . is most expresse in point . * omninò prohibet haec sancta , et universalis synodus eos qui dicuntur mimos et eorum spectacula : deinde venationum quoque spectationes , easque quae ●iunt in scena , saltationes perfici . si quis autem praesentem canonem contempserit , et se alicui eorum quae sunt vetita dederit ; si sit quidem clericus , deponatur ; si verò laicus , segregetu● . g canon : . eos quoque sexennij canoni subjici oportet , qui ursos , vel ejusmodi animalia ad ludum et simpliciorum noxum circumferunt ; ac fortunam , ac fatū , et genealogiā , et quorundam ejusmodi verborum multitudinem ex fallaciae imposturaeque nugis proferunt ; eosque qui impraecatores , remediorumque amuletorumque praebitores et vates appellantur . eos autem qui in ijs persistunt , et non ab ejusmodi perniciosis gentilibusque studijs aversantur et aufugiunt , ecclesia omnino exturbandos decrevimus , sicut et ●acri canones dicunt . h quae enim est luci cum tenebris communicatio , ut ait apostolus ? vel quae templ● dei cum idolis consentio ? vel quae fideli cū infideli pars est ? ●quae autē christo cum belial concordia et consentio ? i canon : . kalendas quae dicuntur , et vot● brumalia quae vocantur , et qui in primo martij mensis die fitconventus , ex fidelium civitate omnino tolli volumus : sed et publicas mulierū saltationes , multam noxam , exitiumque afferentes : quin etiàm eas , quae nomine eorum qui falso apud graecos dij nominati sunt , vel nomine virorū ac mulierum fiunt saltationes ac mysteria more antiquo et à vita christianorum alieno , amandamus et expellimus : statuentes ut k nullus deinceps mulieb●i veste ind●atur , vel mulier veste viro conveniente . sed neque comicas , vel satyricas vel tragicas personas induat , neque execrandi bacchi nomen , uvam in torcularibus exprimentes , invocent ; neque vinum in dolijs effundentes , risum moveant , ignorantia vel vanitate ea quae à daemonis impostura procedunt exercentes . eos ergo qui deinceps aliquid eorum , quae scripta sunt , aggredietur , uti ad horū cognitionē pervenerint , si sint quidem clerici , deponi jubemus ; si vero laici , segregari . l canon : . qui in nov●lunijs à quibusdam ante suas o●ficinas et domos accenduntur rogos , supra quos etiam antiqua quadam con●uetudine ●alire ineptè et delirè solent , jubemus deinceps cessare . quisquis ergo tale quid fecerit ; si sit clericus , deponatur ; sin autem laicus , segregetur . in m quarto enim libro regū scriptū est , et edificavit manasses altare universae militiae caeli in duobus ●trijs domus dei , et filios suos traduxit per ignem , &c. et ambulavit in eo ut faceret malum coram domino , ut eum ad iram provoca●et . canon : . a sancta christi dei nostri resurrectionis die usque ad novum dominicum , tota septimana in ecclesijs vaca●e fideles iugiter oportet psalmis et hymnis et spiritualibus canticis in christo gaudentes , festumque celebrantes● n et divinarum scripturarum lectioni mentem adhibentes , et sanctis mysterijs jucundè et lautè fruentes . sic enim cū christo exaltabimur , et unà resurgemus . nequaquam ergo praedictis diebus , equorum cursus , vel aliquod publicū fiat spectaculū . which if this councel may be credited , are no fit sports for holy times . canon : . eos qui docentur leges civiles graecis moribus uti non oportet ; et neque in theatrum induci , nec eas quae dicuntur cylistras peragere &c. si quis autem deinceps hoc facere ausus fuerit , segregetur . o canon : . p oculi tui recta aspiciant , et omni custodia serva cor tuum , jubet sapientia . corporis enim sens●s sua facile in animam effundunt . q picturas ergo quae oculos praestringunt , et mentem corrumpunt , et ad turpium voluptatum movent incendia , nullo modo deinceps imprimi jubemus . si quis autem hoc facere aggressus fuerit , deponatur . can. . it shall not bee lawfull for any who are in the order of priests or monkes , to bee present at horse-races , or to act , or see a part in stage-plaies . but if any clergy man be called to marriages , when these deceitfull sports shall enter , let him arise and depart , the doctrine of our fathers so commanding . if any bee convicted of this thing , either let him give over , or let him be deposed . see pag. , , , , accordingly . can. . is most punctuall . this sacred and universall synode doth utterly prohibit those who are called stage-players and their enterludes ; together with the spectacles of huntings , and those dances that are made upon the stage . and if any shall contemne this present canon , and shall give himselfe to any of these things that are prohibited ; if hee be a clergy man , let him be deposed ; but if a lay-man , let him bee excommunicated . can. . those also ought to be subject to sixe yeares excommunication , who carry about * beares or such like creatures for sport , to the hurt of simple people ; or tell fortunes or fates , and genealogies , and utter a multitude of such like words out of the toyes of fallacy and imposture : and those also who are stiled charmers , givers of remedies and amulets , and prophets . and those who persist in these things , and are not turned from such pernicious and heathenish practises , or doe not shunne them ; wee decree , that they shall wholly bee thrust out of the church , even as the holy canons affirme . for what communion hath light with darknesse , as the apostle saith ? or what agreement hath the temple of god with idols ? or what part hath a beleever with an infidel ? or what concord or agreement is there betweene christ and belial ? can. . those things that are called kalends , and those that are named winter wishes , and that meeting which is made upon the first day of march , wee will shall bee wholly taken away out of the citty of the faithfull : as also we wholly forbid and expell the publike dancing of women bringing much hurt and destruction : and likewise those dances and mysteries that are made in the name of those , who are falsly named gods among the graecians , or in the name of men and women , after the ancient manner , farre differing from the life of christians : ordaining that no man shall henceforth bee clothed in womans apparell , nor no woman in mans aray . neither may any one put on comicall● satyricall or tragicall vizards in enterludes , neither may th●y invocate the name of execrable bacchus , when as they presse their grapes in winepresses ; neither pouring out wine in tubbes , may they provoke laughter , exercising those things through ignorance or vanity which proceed from the imposture of the divel . those therefore who hereafter shall attempt any of these things that are written , after they shall come to the knowledge of them ; if they be clergy men , we command them to be deposed ; and if lay men , to bee excommunicated . can. . those bonefires that are kindled by certaine people on new moones before their shops and houses , over which also they use ridiculously and foolishly to leape by a certaine ancient custome , we command them from henceforth to cease . whoever therefore shall doe any such thing ; if he be a clergy man , let him be deposed● if a lay man , let him be excommunicated . for in the fourth booke of the kings , it is thus written , and manasses built an altar to all the hoast of heaven , in the two courts of the lords house , and made his children to passe through the fire , &c. and walked in it that he might doe evill in the sight of the lord to provoke him to wrath . can● . from the holy day of christ our god his resurrection to the new lords day , the faithfull ( or christians ) ought to spend the whole weeke in their churches , rejoycing without intermission in christ , in celebrating that feast with psalmes and hymnes and spirituall songs ( not with dancing , stage-playes , dice , tables , or such like revel-rout ) addicting their mindes to the n reading of the holy scriptures , and chearfully and richly enjoying the holy sacraments . for thus wee shall bee exalted with christ , and rise together with him . by no meanes therefore on the foresaid dayes let there be any horse-race , or any publike shewe or stage-playe made . can : . those who are taught civill lawes , ought not to use greeke manners or customes ; neither ought they to be brought into the theatre , or to practise any playes called cylistrae . if any man shall presume to doe the contrary , let him be excommunicated . can : . let thine eyes behold right things , and keep thine heart with diligence , is the command of wisdome . for the senses of the body doe easily infuse their objects into the soule . therefore wee command , that such pictures as dazell the eyes , corrupt the minde , and stirre up flames of filthy lusts , be not henceforth made or printed upon any tearmes . and if any shall attempt to doe it , let him be deposed . some of these recited canons , as canon , & . condemne all bearehards , bearebaiting , bonefires , and filthy pictures , ( which r aristotle himselfe condemnes : ) yet withall they oppugne stage-playes , ex obliquo , there being betweene them and playes so great analogie , that the censure of one is the condemnation of the other . but the other canons are so punctuall , so expresse against them , that there can be no evasion from them . the seventeenth synodicall authority against stage-playes , is , synodus francica , under pope zachary ann● dom. . which runnes thus . s illas venationes et silvaticas vagationes cū canibus omnibus servis dei ( speaking of clergie men ) interdicimus . similiter ut accipitres vel falcones non habeant . decrevimus quoque ut secundum canones unusquisque episcopus in sua parochia solicitudinem adhibeat , adjuvante graphione , qui defensor ecclesiae est , ut populus dei * paganias non faciat , sed ut omnes spurcitīas gentilitatis abjiciat et respuat , sive prophana sacrificia mortuorum , sive sortilegos vel divinos , &c. sive hostias immolatitias , quas stulti homines juxta ecclesias ritu paganico faciunt , sub nomine sanctorum martyrum vel confessorū , deū et suos sanctos ad iracundiam et vindictae gravitatē provocantes . sive illos sacrilegos ignes quos nedfri vocant , sive omnes quaecumque sunt paganorū observationes , diligenter prohibeant . we prohibit those huntings and silvaticall wandrings abroad with bounds to all the servants of god , and likewise that they keepe neither hau●es nor falcons . wee decree also that according to the canons . every bishop in his parish shall take care ; the graphio or curate , who is defender of the church , assisting him , that the people of god make no pagan feasts or enterludes , but that they reject and abominate all the uncleannesses of gentilisme , whether prophane sacrifices of the dead , or fortune-tellers , or diviners , &c. or immolated sacrifices , which foolish men make near unto churches , after the pagan manner , provoking god and his saints to wrath , and vengeance . and that they diligently inhibit those sacrilegious fires which they call ne●fri ( or bone●ires ) and all other observations of the pagans whatsoever . which canon is likewise ratified in * synodo suessionensi , sub childerico rege , about the selfe same yeare wherein this synode was held . the eighteenth play-oppugning councell , is , synodus nicaena . anno dom. . or . in which there were t present . or . bishops● as some record : which councell ( commonly reputed the . oecumenicall or universall councell ) determines thus of stage-playes . v canon : . deo quidem universum dedicare et non proprijs voluntatibus servire res magna est . x sive enim editis , sive bibitis , inquit divinus apostolus , omnia in dei gloriam facite &c. cu●vis ergo homini necesse est comedere u● vivat , et quibus est vita quidem matrimonij , e● liberorū , et laici constitutionis , immixtim comedere viros et mulieres est ab omni reprehensione alienum , simodo ei qui dat nutrimentū gratias agunt ; non cū scenicis quibusdā studijs , sive sata●icis canticis et citharaedicis ac meretricijs vocibus , quos prophetica execratio prosequitur sic dicēs : y vae qui cū cythara et psalterio vinū bibunt , domini autē oper● non respiciunt , et opera manui● ejus non consideran● . et sicubi tales fuerint inter christianos , corrigantur . can : . verily to dedicate all to god , and not to serve our owne wills , is a great matter : for whether ye eate or drinke ( saith the divine apostle ) or whatsoever ye doe , doe all to the praise and glory of god , &c. it is necessary therefore for every man to eate that he may live ; and those who live a married life , and have children , and are of a lay-condition , for them to eate men and women together is farre from all reproofe , if so be they give thankes to him who giveth foode ; not with stage-playes , or certaine theatricall practises , or with satanicall songs , or citheredicall and meretricious tunes which the propheticall execration pursueth in these words : woe unto them who drinke wine with the harpe and viol , but they regard not the worke of the lord , & the operation of his hands they consider not . and if there be any such as these among christians , let them be severely punished . which canon teacheth us , first , that stage-playes and ribaldry songs or musick , are no fit pastimes for christians to praise the lord withall on festivall and solemne seasons . which condemnes the atheisticall , if not diabolicall practise of those heathen christians , who use them most at such times as these . secondly , that they are directly contrary to the scripture , and utterly unlawfull , not onely to ministers , but to lay men too . thirdly , that those christians who frequent or use them , ought to be ●everely punished , by the expresse resolution of this whole generall councell , in which all christian churches , were present by their delegates . the nineteenth is , synodus turonensis . under charles the great , anno christi . which determines thus of stage-players and their enterludes , that all christians should avoid them , as the ensuing canons testifie . z canon : . ab omnibus quaecūq : ad auriū et ad oculo●● pertinent illicebras , unde vigor animi emolliri posse credatur ( quod de aliquibus generibus musicorum , aliisque nonnullis rebus sentiri potes● ) dei sacerdotes abstinere debent : quia per auriū oculorūque illicebras vitiorū turba ad animā ingred● solet . histrionum quoque turpiū , et obscaenorum insolentias jocorum , et ipsi omnino effugere , caeterisque effugienda praedicare debent . canon : . * sacerdotibus non expedit , secularibus et turpibus quibuslibet interesse jocis : venationes quoque ferarum vel avium minime sectentur . can : . the ministers of god ought to abstaine from all allurements whatsoever , belonging either to the eares or eyes , from whence the vigour of the minde may be thought to be effeminated , ( which may be conceived of certaine kindes of musicke , and some other things : ) because through the intisements of the eyes and eares , the troope of vices is wont to enter into the soule . they ought likewise wholly to eschew the insolencies of filthy stage-players , and of obscene jests , and also to preach to others , that they ought to be avoided . can : . it is not expedient that ministers should be present at any secular and dishonest playes or sports ; neither may they follow the hunting either of wilde beasts or birds . the twentieth , is , synodus cabilonensis . under charles the great , anno christi . which defines thus of players and stage-playes ; that not onely clergy men , but even all manner of christians ought wholly to abandon them : witnesse this canon which is almost the same with the last recited . a can : . ab omnibus oculorum auriumque illecebris sacerdotes abstinere debent , et * canum , accipitrum , falconū , vel caeterarū hujusmodi rerū curam parvi pendere ; et histrionum sive scurronum , et turpium , seu obscaenorum jocorum insolentiam , non solum ipsi respuant , verum etiàm fidelibus respuenda percenseant . can : . ministers ought to abstaine from all wanton entisements of the eyes and eares , and to neglect or disregard the care of dogges , haukes , falcons , and such other things : and not onely they themselves ought to contemne the insolency of stage-players , iesters , and of filthy or obscene jests and pastimes , but likewise to beleeve and teach , that they ought to bee rejected of all faithfull christians . the . is , concilium moguntiacum under the same emperour anno . where i finde this canon . b canon : . ministri autem altaris domini , vel monachi , nobis placuit ut à negotijs secularibus omnino abstineant . multa s●nt secularia negotia &c. videlicet , conductores aut procuratores esse secularium rerū : turpis verbi vel facti * joculatorem esse , vel jocum seculare diligere , aleas amare , c ornamentū inconveniens proposito suo quaerere , in delicijs vivere velle , gulam et ebrietatē sequi ; canes et aves sequi ad venandum . ecce talia et his similia ( under which all stage playes are included ) ministris altaris domini , et monachis omnino cōtradicimus , de quibus dicit apostolus . nemo militans deo , implicat se negotijs secularibus . can : . we decree that the ministers of the lords altar & monkes shall altogether abstaine from secular affaires . now there are many secular businesses ; as to be hirers or sollicitors of secular affaires ; to be a jester or actour of filthy words or deedes ; or to love a secularjest ; to affect dicing ; to seeke after such attire or ornaments which are inconvenient for his degree , to desire to live in pleasures , to follow hounds and haukes a hunting . loe these and such like things ( which include all stage-playes , dancing , and scurrilous songs and musicke ) wee altogether forbid the ministers of the lords altar , and monkes : of whom the apostle saith thus . d no man that warreth to the lord intangleth himselfe in secular affaires . the . is synodus rhemensis , under the same emperour anno christi . concurring with the former . e canon : . vt episcopi et abbates ante se joca turpia facere non permittant , sed f pauperes et indigentes ad mensam secum habeant● ( which many of them now * disdaine to speak to , much lesse to eate with , though christ f commands it ) et lectio divina ibi personet , et sumant cibū cū benedictione et laude domini secundùm apostolum ; g sive manducatis , sive bibitis● omnia in laudem dei facit● . can : . wee decree , that bishops and abbots permit no secular playes or jests to bee made before them ; but let them have the poore and needy with them at their tables : ( which some now scorne as a disparagement to their greatnesse : ) let the reading of the scripture sound forth there , and let them eate their meate blessing and lauding the lord , according to the apostles rule ; whether yee eate or drinke , doe all to the praise and glory of god. the . is , concilium aquisgranense , under lewis the godly , anno christi . which concludes thus of playes , and prohibits all clergy men especially , from resorting to them . h canon : . quod non oporteat sacerdotes aut clericos quibuscunque spectaculis in scenis aut in nuptijs interesse : sed antequā thylemici ingrediantur , exurgere eos cōvenit , aut inde discedere . canon : . i clericis igitur lege patrū cavetur , ut à vulgari vita seclusi , à mundan●s voluptatibus sese abstineant . non spectaculis , non pompis intersint . k canon : . clerici contubernia faeminarum nullatenus appetant ; non vanis oculis , aut petulanti tumidoque gestu , ac dissolutis renibus incedant : non spectaculis , nō pom●pis secularibus intersint : non aleae , non quibuslibet venationibus inserviant : l nequaquam praeciosis delectentur vestibus &c. and yet few now so richly , so sprucely apparelled as these , who should be patternes of humility and sobriety to others . can : . ministers and clergie men ought not to bee present at any spectacles or stage-playes either in play-houses or at marriages : but before the fidlers or players enter , they ought to rise up and depart thence . can : . it is provided for clergy men by the law of the fathers , that being secluded from a vulgar life , they withdraw themselves from worldly pleasures . they may not be present at stage-playes or shewes . can : . clergy men may by no meanes desire the company of women ; they may not walke with vaine eyes , or with a wanton or proud gesture , or dissolute reines : they may not be present at worldly spectacles or enterludes : they may not give themselves to dice , or any kinde of hunting : they ought not to delight in costly apparell &c. as now too many of them doe , who are more like to courtiers or knights in their beavers , sattins , silkes or velvets , then to ministers . the . is , concilium parisiense , under lewis and lothorius , anno . to the like effect as the former . m canon : . cùm ab omnibus christianis , juxta apostoli documentum , n stultiloquium et scurrilitas sit cavenda , multo magis à sacerdotibus domini , qui alijs exemplum et condimentum salutis esse debent , caveri oportet . haec quippe à sanctis viris penitus sunt propellenda , quibus magis convenit lugere , quàm ad scurrilitates et stultiloquia , et histrionum obscaenas jocationes et caeteras vanitates , quae animam christianam a rigore suae rectitudinis emollire solent , in cachinnos ora dissolvere . neque enim decet aut fas est oculos sacerdotum domini spectaculis faedari , aut mentem quibuslibet scurrilitatibus , aut turpiloquijs ad inania rapi . ait quippe dominus in evangelio : omne verbum ociosum , quod loquuti fuerint homines , reddent de eo rationem in die judicij . paulus ad ephesos , q omnis , inquit , sermo malus ex ore vestro non procedat , sed si quis , bonus ad aedificationem fidei , ut det gratiam audientibus , et nolite contristare spiritum sanctum , in quo signati estis in die redemptionis . et non post multa , r fornicatio autem , inquit , et omnis immunditia , aut avaritia , nec nominetur in vobis , sicut decet sanctis ; aut turpitudo , aut stultiloquium , aut scurrilitas , quae ad rem non pertinent ; sed magis gratiarum actio . et esaias : s cy●hara et lyra , et tympanum , et tibia , et vinum in convivijs vestris , et opus domini non respicitis , nec opera manuum ejus consideratis . sunt et alia hujusce rei innumera exempla , quae prospecta et diligenter animadversa , non solum sacerdotibus , verum etiā caeteris fidelibus magno terrore sint necesse est ; ne dum his contra fas se subdūt , animae suae salutē negligant . proinde nobis omnibus in cōmune visū fuit , ut si qui sacerdotum hactenus his vanitatibus usi fuerint , ab his deinceps domino adjuvante , prorsus se cavere debere meminerint . can. . since that foolish talking and scurrility , according to the apostles instruction , ought to be avoided of all christians , much more ought it to be eschued by the ministers of the lord , who ought to be an example , and condiment of salvation unto others . for these things are utterly to bee abandoned by holy men , whom it better becomes to mourne , than to laugh immoderately at scurrilities and foolish speeches , and at the obscene jests of stage-players and other vanities , which are wont to soften a christian soule from the rigour of its rectitude and uprightnesse . neither is it seemely or lawfull , that the eyes of the lords ministers should bee defiled with stage-playes , or their mindes carried away with any scurrilities or filthy speeches . for the lord ●aith in the gospell : o every idle word that men shall speake , they shall give an account of it in the day of judgement . paul to the ephesians , saith : let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth , but that which is good to the edification of faith , that it may administer grace to the hearers , and grieve not the holy spirit by which ye are sealed to the day of redemption . and not much after , he saith : but fornication and all uncleannesse , or covetousnesse , let it not be named among you , as becommeth saints ; neither filthinesse , nor foolish talking , or scurrility , which are not convenient ; but rather giving of thankes . and esay : the harpe , and the violl , and the tabret and pipe , and wine are in their feasts , but they regard not the worke of the lord , nor consider the operation of his hands . there are other innumerable examples of this matter , which being seene and diligently considered , must needes bring great terrour , not onely to ministers , but also to other christians ; lest whiles they subject themselves to these things against right , they neglect the salvation of their soules . wherefore it hath seemed good to us all in common , that if any ministers have hitherto us●d any of these vanities , that from henceforth they remember , that they ought wholly to abstaine from these things . so that not onely clergie men , but even all christians are prohibited from stage-playes , under perill of the losse and hazard of their soules , by this councell , which hath doomed stage-playes to be scurrilous , filthy and unlawfull pleasures , contrary to gods word , which defile both the eyes , the eares and soules of the spectators . the . is synodus moguntina , sub rabano archiepiscopo , anno . where i finde this canon against clergy mens resort to playes . t canon : . providendum necessariò est , ut clerici à * secularibus negotijs omnino abstineant &c. multa autem sunt secularia negotia : turpis verbi vel facti joculatorē esse , vel jocum seculare diligere , aleas amare &c. ( as before in concil : mogunt : can . . ) quae omnia ministris altaris interdicimus ; hortantes eos ante se joca secularia vel turpia fieri non permittere &c. can : . it is necessarily to be provided , that clergy men wholly abstaine from secular affaires &c. but there are many secular businesses : as to be a jester or actor of any filthy word or deed ( as is the clown in stage-playes ) to love a secular jest , to affect dice-play &c. all which wee interdict to ministers of the altar ; exhorting them not to suffer any worldly or filthy jests or playes to be made before them &c. as in synodo rhemensi before● can. . the . is v synodus constantipolitana . anno christi , or as others place it , consisting of bishops ; which is commonly stiled , the generall councell ; wherein the personating of a bishop ( and so by consequence of other persons ) is thus severely prohibited . x canon : . colligere licet , solenne fuisse in aulis principum statis quibusdam diebus , componere aliquē laicum insignibus episcopalibus , qui et tonsura et caeteris ornamentis y personatū episcopū ageret ; et creâsse etiā ridiculū patriarchā , quo se oblectarent . quae omnia ut in dedecus ecclesiae accersita , prohibentur sub gravibus censuris . can : . wee may collect , that it hath beene a solemne custome in princes courts on some set daye● , to attire some lay man in episcopall robes , who both in tonsure and other ornaments should act a bishops part ; and likewise to create a ridiculous patriarke , with whom they might sport themselves . all which things as brought in to the disgrace of the church , are prohibited under grievous censures . the . is concilium nanetense , about the yeare : where i finde this canon . z nullus presbyterorum quando ad anniversarium diem . aut . vel . alicujus defuncti● aut quacunque vocatione ad collectam convenerit se inebriare nullatenus presuma● ; nec praecatus a amore sanctorum vel ipsius animae bibere , aut alios ad bibendum cogere , vel se aliena praecatione ingurgitare , nec plausus et risus inconditos et fabulas inanes ibi referre aut cantare praesumat ; aut turpia joca vel urso , vel tornatricibus ante se fieri patiatur : nec larvas daemonum ante se fieri consentiat : quia hoc diabolicum est , et sacris canonibus prohibitum . no minister when he shall come to the . or . or . anniversary day of any dead person , or bee invited to a gathering , may by no meanes presume to make himselfe drunke ; neither may hee presume being intreated by the love of the saints , or of his owne soule , to drinke , or to cause others to drinke , or to glut himselfe upon any others request , nor yet to use applauses or rude laughter . or there to relate or sing any vaine fables ; neither may he suffer foolish playes or pastimes to be made before him with beares or tumblers : neither may he agree , that any vizards or shapes of divels be carried before him : because this is diabolicall , and prohibited by sacred canons . the whole scope of which canon , is onely to inhibit clergy men from drinking , pledging or enforcing healthes , upon any occasion or intreaty whatsoever ; and to debarre them from beholding playes and enterludes , especially such where any divels had their parts or representations . the . is concilium lateranense sub innocentio . anno christi . b consisting of patriarkes , arch-bishops , bishops , abbots and priors ; where these ensuing canons were promulgated , which i wish all clergy men would remember . c canon : , . a crapula et ebrietate omnes clerici diligenter abstineant , unde vinum sibi temperent , et se vino ; nec ad bibendum quispiam incitetur , cum ebrietas et mentis inducat exilium , et libidinis provocet incentivum . vnde illum abusum decrevimus penitus abolendum , quo in quibusdam partibus ad * potus aequales suo modo se obligant potatores , et ille judicio talium plus laudatur , qui plures inebriat et calices faecundiores exhaurit . si quis autem super his culpabilem se exhibuerit , nisi à superiore commonitus satisfecerit competenter , à beneficio vel officio suspendatur . venationem et aucupationem universis clericis interdicimus , unde nec canes nec aves ad aucupandum habere praesumant . clerici officia vel commercia secularia non exerceant , maximè in honesta . mimis , joculatoribus , et histrionibus non intendant , et tabernas prorsus evitent , nisi fortè causa necessitatis in itinere constituti . ad aleas vel taxillos non ludant , nec hujusmodi ludis intersint . this councell and canon was received in england . can : , . let all clergy men diligently abstaine from surfeiting and drunkennesse ; to which end let them keepe wine from themselves , and themselves from wine ; neither let any one bee provoked to drinke , since drunkennesse banisheth wit , and provokes lust : whence we decree that abuse to be utterly abolished . whereby drinkers in certaine parts doe binde one another to drinke healthes ( or equall cuppes ) after their manner , and hee in the judgement of such is most applauded , who makes most drunke , and quaffes off most cups . and if any offend in these things , unlesse hee shall give competent satisfaction being admonished by his superiour , let him be suspended from his benefice or office . we prohibit hunting and hauking to all clergy men , whence they may not presume to keepe either dogs or hawks to hawk with . clergy men may not manage secular offices or affaires , especially such as are dishonest . let them not addict themselves to tumblers , jesters , & stage-players , and let them wholly avoid tavernes , unles perchance in case of necessity , when they are in a journey . let them not play at dice or tables , nor yet be present at such playes . the . is , concilium apud castrum gonterij anno . which decreeth in this manner . d statuimus , quod clerici ribaldi , maximè qui goliardi vulgo dicuntur et nuncupantur , per episcopos et alios ecclesiae praelatos praecipiantur tondi , vel etiam radi , ità quod non remaneat in eis clericalis tonsura : ità tamē , quod ista sine scandalo et periculo fiant . a just censure upon such disorderly clergy men , who were not ashamed to turne rimers , iesters and common actors or tumblers , as many of the popish clergie did . we decree , that scurrilous or riming clergy men , especially those who are usually called goliardi ( that is jesters and stage-players , as the marginall authours expound it ) may by bishops and other prelates of the church , bee commanded to bee polled , and likewise shaven , so that their clericall tonsure may not remaine upon them : provided notwithstanding , that these things be done without scandall or danger . to passe by synodus pictaviensis , anno . which e condemnes the dancing of young men and maides together , as the occasion of much luxury , wantonnesse , fornication , lewdnesse , and sundry other misdemeanours : the . councell against the acting and beholding of stage-playes , is synodus lingonensis anno . where i meete with this canon . f prohibemus clericis et viris ecclesiasticis , potissimè in sacris ordinibus constitutis , et maximè sacerdotibus et curatis , ne omnino ludant ad taxillos , ad aleas , neque ad chartas , neque ad stophum , neque ad luctā , neque ad jactum lapidis , ad saltum , ad choreas , neque ad clip●um , neque cum fistula , vel alijs musicalibus instrumentis , quibus cum ore seu bucha luditur . non ludant etiam ad bolas , ad cursum vel currendum in campo pro lucro , vel pro vino , ad jaculandum , vel gladiandum , neque ludant ad quillas , vel torneamenta , seujostas . summopere caveant , ne intersint neque ludant in ludo quod dicitur * chareuari , in quo utuntur larvis in figura daemonum , et horrenda ibidem committuntur : quem ludum non solū clericis , sed generaliter omnibus subditis prohibemus sub excommunicationis paena , et decem librarum nobis applicandarum : neque etiā in ludis illis inhonestis quae solent fieri in aliquibus ecclesijs in festo * fatuorum , quod faciunt in g festivitatibus natalis domini . non ludant etiā ad ludum scatorū , nisi forsan rarò : quia quamvis sit ludus honestus , et proveniat ex subtilitate ingenij , tamen magnam et inutilē requirit occupationem , et prolixitatem temporis . wee prohibit clergy men and ecclesiasticall persons , especially those in holy orders , and most of all priests and curates , that they play not at all at tables , at dice , nor at cards , neither at whirling , nor at wrestling , nor at throwing of the stone , at leaping , at dancing , neither at the buckler , neither with a pipe or other musicall instruments , which are played upon with the mouth or cheeks . likewise they may not play at bowles , at running in the field for money or wine , at darting , or sword-playing , neither may they play at quintins , at torneies , or justs . let them diligently beware , that they be not present at , nor yet play in the play that is called chare●ari , in which they use vizards in the shape of divels , and horrible things are there committed : which play wee prohibit not onely clergy men , but generally all our subjects under paine of excommunication , and of ten pounds to be paid unto our use : nor yet in those dishonest playes which are wont to be made in some churches in the feast of innocents , which they make in the festivalls of our saviours nativity . moreover they may not play at chesse , unlesse it bee very rarely : for albeit it bee an honest play , and proceedes from the subtilty of wit , yet it requires great and unprofitable studie , and much prolixity of time . which canon regulates the sports and pastimes of irregular clergy men , prohibiting them from stage-playes , among other playes . the . is , synodus trecensis , sub ioanne lesguisier episcopo , anno . h curati et ecclesiarum rectores prohibeant suis parochiauis ex parte nostri , ne in suis ecclesijs , vel earum cimiterijs , ludos publicos , choreas vel alia hujusmodi de caetero exerceant &c. let curates and rectours of churches prohibit their parishioners on our behalfe , that they suffer no publike enterludes , dances , or such like things , to be henceforth exercised or acted in their churches or church-yards . the . is , concilium basiliense , anno . sessio . cap. de spectaculis in ecclesia non faciendis : which decrees thus . i turpem illum abusum in quibusdam frequentatum ecclesijs , quo k certis anni celebritatibus nonnulli cum mitra , baculo et vestibus pontificalibus , more episcoporum benedicunt : alij ut reges , ac duces induti , quod festum fatuorum , vel innocentium seu puerorū in quibusdam regionibus nuncupatur : alij larvales vel theatrales jocos : alij choros et tripudia marum ac mulierum facientes , homines ad spectacula et cachinnationesmovent : haec sancta synodus detestans , statuit ac jubet tàm ordinarijs , quàm ecclesiarum decanis et rectoribus , sub poena suspensionis omnium proventuum ecclesiasticorum trium mensium spatio , ne haec et similia ludibria in ecclesia , quae domus orationis esse debet , ac etiam in ca●miterio exerceri amplius permittant , transgresso resque per censuram ecclesiasticam , aliaque juris remedia punire non negligant . this sacred synode detesting that foule abuse frequent in certaine churches , in which on certaine festivals of the yeare , certaine persons with a miter , staffe , and pontificall robes , blesse men after the manner of bishops : others being clothed like kings and dukes , which is called the feast of fooles , of innocents , or of children in certaine countries : others practising vizarded and theatricall sports ; others making traines and dances of men and women , move men to spectacles and cachinnations : hath appointed and commanded as well ordinaries , as deanes and rectors of churches , under paine of suspension of all their ecclesiasticall revenues for three moneths space , that they suffer not these and such like playes and pastimes to be any more exercised in the church , which ought to be the house of prayer , nor yet in the church-yard , and that they neglect not to punish the offenders by ecclesiasticall censures , and other remedies of law . and in the appendix of the same councell i find this constitution . l in via quilibet incedens pudicis oculis , cum modestia et gravitate , ad loca minus honesta non vadat , nec ad spectacula publica , choreas , ludos , hastiludia , torneamenta , et alia hujusmodi . nemo ludat , aut familiares suos ad taxillos , vel alios ludos inhonestos ludere patiatur . every one walking in the way with chast eyes , with modesty and gravity may not goe to dishonest places , nor yet to publike spectacles , dances , playes , tiltings , jests , and such like sports . let none play , nor yet suffer his familiars to play at dice , or tables , or other dishonest games . the . is , concilium toletanum , sub sixto quarto , anno . where i finde these constitutions . m quia tempore quo sacrorum canonum decretis nuptiarum celebratio interdicitur et carnalis copula prohibetur ; nonnullos laicos nubere et carnaliter commisceri , ac proinde convivia publica , strepitus , ac choreas facere ; ( a thing much in use among the russians , who at their weddings spend almost the whole night in n dancing , which practise the o church of god hath alwayes disallowed : ) et cū histrionibus ac joculatoribus solenniter celebrare , et ad ecclesias sic incedere plerunque contingit . nos perniciosā hujusmodi cōsuetudinē divellere cupientes , sacro approbante concilio , commixtiones hujusmodi , strepitus , choreas , joculationes &c. fieri de caetero prohibemus &c. ab ecclesia &c. turpitudo quaeque merito est abolenda . quia verò quaedam tàm in metropolitanis quā in cathedralibus et alijs ecclesijs nostrae provinciae consuetudo inolevit , ut videlicet in festis * nativitatis domini nostri iesu christi , et sanctorum stephani , ioannis , innocentium , alijsque certis diebus festivis , etiàm in solennitatibus missarum novarum dum divina aguntur , ludi theatrales , larvae , monstra , spectacula , necnō quàmplurima inhonesta et diversa figmenta in ecclesijs introducuntur , tumultuationes quoque et turpia carmina , et derisorij sermones dicuntur , adeo quod divinum officiū impediunt , et populum reddunt indevotū . nos hanc corruptelam sacro approbante concilio , revocantes , hujusmodi larvas , ludos , monstra , spectacula , figmenta , et tumultuationes fieri ; carmina quoque turpia et sermones illicitos dici tam in metropolitanis quā in cathedralibus , caeterisque nostrae provinciae ecclesijs , dum divina celebrantur , praesentiū serie omnino prohibemus : ●tatuentes nihilominus ut clerici qui praemissa ludibria , et inhonesta figmenta officijs divinis immiscuerint , aut immisceri permiserint , si in praefatis metropolitanis seu cathedralibus ecclesijs beneficiati extiterint , eo ipso per mens●m por●ionibus suis mulctentur : si verò in parochialibus fuerint beneficiati , triginta ; et si beneficiati non fuerint , quindecē regaliū poenam incurrant , fabricis ecclesiarū et testi synodali aequaliter applicandam . per hoc tamen honestas repraesentationes et devotas quae populum ad devotionē movent , tàm in praefatis diebus , quā in alijs non intendimus prohibere . because in the time wherein by the decrees of holy canons , the solemnizing of marriages and carnall copulation are prohibited ; it falls out for the most part that some lay men marrie , and use carnall copulation , and thereupon make publicke feasts , tumults , and dances ; ( prohibited at marriages by sundry forerecited coūcels : ) and solemnly celebrate their nuptialls with stage-players , and so for the most part walke unto the churches . wee desiring to abolish this pernicious custome , the holy councell approving it , prohibit such commixtures , tumults , dances , playes &c. to be hereafter made &c. so that stage-plaies , masques , mummeries and dances , are altogether unlawfull at mariages , by this councels verdict . all filthinesse is worthily to bee abandoned from the church . but because as well in metropolitan as in cathedrall and other churches of our diocesse there hath a custome growne , that even in the feasts of our lord iesus christs nativity , and of st. stephen , iohn , innocents , and other certain holy dayes , yea in the solemnities of new masses whiles divine things are doing , stageplayes , mummeries , monsters , spectacles , as also very many dishonest and various fictions are brought into the churches , as also tumults , and filthy songs , and scoffing speeches are uttered , so that they hinder divine service , and make the people undevout . wee repealing this corruption by the approbation of this holy councell , doe by the contents of these presents , utterly prohibit these disguised playes , monsters , spectacles , fictions , and tumults to be made , and likewise all filthy verses and unlawfull speeches to be uttered , as well in metropolitan as in cathedrall and other churches of our province , whiles divine things are celebrating : ordaining neverthelesse that clergie men who shall intermixe the foresaid playes and dishonest figments with divine offices , or suffer them to be intermixed , if they shall be beneficed in the said metropolitane or collegiate churches , shall for this cause and this offence forfeit their pentions for a moneth : but if they are beneficed in parish churches , they shall incurre the penalty of thirty ; and if they are not beneficed , of fifteene royalls , to be equally bestowed upon the fabrickes of churches and the chapter house . but yet by this wee intend not to prohibit honest and devout representations which stirre up the people to devotion either on the foresaid dayes or others . which last clause extends not to authorize any publike or private stage-playes , either on the stage or else where , but onely to those representations of our saviours passion , or the legends and martyrdomes of such saints as the priests did use to personate in their churches on festivall and solemne dayes : which shewes and representations were afterwards particularly prohibited , condemned by the councels of millaine , mogunce , and others , before and after recorded , though the p papists still retaine them , to their eternall in●amie . the . is , synodus senonensis , anno . in which these canons were enacted . q quoniam refrigescente nunc christicolarum devotione , intelleximus ex nimia festorum multiplicatione populum ocio et vaniloquio illis diebus deditum , ebrietatibus , commessationibus ludis et lascivijs , mag●s quàm rei divinae , orationibus et contemplationibus vacare &c. moneant itaque ecclesiarum rectores suos parochianos , ut illis diebus easdem ecclesias fr●quentent , orationibus insistant , deum et sanctos quo●um solennia aguntur , pia mente et devoto affectu venerentur et colant : verbum domini , seu * praedicationes vigilanter et attentè audiant . cessent his diebus , ludi , choreae , commessationes , ebrietates , vaniloquia , lasciviae , ab omni vitio abstineatur , &c. which are no fit holy-day exercises , and recreations , if this councel erre not r non solum omnem alearum , taxillorum et sortis ludum , aut interesse dictis , interdictum clericis esse constitutionis concilij generalis denunciamus , prout eisdem autoritate dicti concilij interdicimus , sed et turpes plausus , cachinnos , risus inconditos , larvales et theatrales jocos , et tripudia , et his similia ludibria , nec non omnem alium ludum per quem ecclesiae honestas inquinari potest praedictis clericis prohibemus . non immisceantur caetibus ubi amatoria cantantur et turpia ; ubi ob●scaeni motus corporis choreis et saltibus efferuntur : ne clerici qui sacris mysterijs deputati sunt , turpium spectaculorum atque verborum contagione polluantur . because the devotion of christians now waxing cold , we have understood through the multiplication of holydayes , that the people given to idlenesse and vaine discourse doe in these dayes addict themselves more to drunkennesse , surfetting , playes and wantonnesse , than to divine things , prayers , and cont●mplations , &c. ther●fore let the rectors of churches admonish their parishioners , that on those dayes they frequent their churches , and be instant in prayers : that they reverence and worship god , and the saints , whose sol●mnities are observed , with a pious minde , and devout affection : that they vigilantly and attentively heare the word of the lord , and preaching . let playes , dances , surfetting , drunkennes , idle discourses , lasciviousnesse cease on these dayes , and let there be an abstinence from all vice &c. we denounce not onely all playes of dice , tables , and lot , or to be present at them , to be inhibited clergy men by the constitution of a generall councell , as we forbid them by the authority of the said councell ; but wee likewise prohibit the aforesaid clergy men all unseemely applauses , cachinnations , uncivill laughter , disguised and theatricall playes , and dances , with all such ridiculous enterludes , and likewise all other pastimes by which the honestie of the church may be defiled . they may not mix themselves with such assemblies where amorous and filthy things are sung : where obscene motions of the body are expressed in dances and galliards : lest clergy men who are devoted to holy mysteries , should bee polluted with the contagion of filthy spectacles and words . which reason extends as well to the laity as the clergie : since filthy spectacles and words are as apt to pollute the one as the other . and dare any clergy men then after such expresse inhibitions resort to play-houses , or behold or practise any of these interdicted games and sports ? the . is synodus ratisponae anno . intituled , reformatio cleri germaniae : where we reade thus . s canon : . insuper tabernas publicas cleri evitent , nisi eas peregrè proficiscentes ingredi oporteat , ( which our english t canons have seconded : ) et tàm in ibi , quàm domo et alibi à crapula et ebrietate , omnique ludo à jure prohibito , blasphemijs , rixis ac alijs quibuscunque excessibus et offensionibus penitus abstineant . choreas , spectacula et convivia publica evitent , ne ob luxum petulantiamque eorum nomen ecclesiasticum malè audiat . can : . moreover clergy men must avoid all publike tavernes , ( which too many of them now frequent ) unlesse they are enforced to enter them when they travell : and as well there , as at home and elsewhere they ought wholly to abstaine from surfetting and drunkennesse , and from every play prohibited by law , from blasphemies , brawles , and all other excesses and offences whatsoever . let them shunne dances , stage-playes & publike feasts , lest for their luxury and wantonnesse the ecclesiasticall name be ill reported of . the . is , synodus carnotensis , anno . where these subs●quent constitutions were compiled . v ces●ent diebus festis , judicia , causarum cognitiones , venditiones , mercatus , commessationes , ebrietates , ludi , et nundinae . contra facientes , citentur coram nobis aut officiali nostro &c. in festo sancti nicholai , catherinae , innocentium , aut alio quovis die prae●extu recreationis , ne scholastici , clerici , sacerdotesve stultum aliquid aut ridiculum faciant in ecclesia , aut ab alijs fieri permittant . denique ab ecclesia ejiciantur vestes fatuorum personas scenicas agentium . x quia solent in plerisque locis nostrae diaecesis deferri baculi ipsarum confratriarum , praecedentibus mimis et lusoribus cum tympanis , quod maximè dedecet honorem dei et sanctorum : non enim debent ante eorum imagines baculis confratriarum infixas praecedere instrumenta illa musica ad choream et tripudia potius quàm ad devotionem audientes excitantia . idcirco prohibemus districtè , ne posthac tales baculi deferantur publicè per vicos histrionico ritu , et modulatione musica choreis accommodata &c. quoniam in confratrijs primum recte constitutis , et postea in det●rius prolapsis , multa conspiciuntur committi , ab honestate et christianae mentis religione penitus aliena ; ut illis congruum adhibeamus remedium , imprimis ordinamus ; ne in ipsarum confrat●iarum congregationibus fiant dissoluta convivia , compotationes ad ebrietatem inducentes , choreae , tripudia , et caetera id genus , ad bacchanalia magis quàm ad christianam religionem spectantia . quod nota . y interdicimus , ne clerici publice aut in privato exercea●t ludos turpes aut ludibriosos unde scandalū oriri , et ministeriū ecclesiasticum vituperari possit , pro loco et tempore , cau●a et personis quibus , propter quam , et cum quibus hujusmodi ludos exerceri contingeret . a ludo autem alearum , taxillorum , et similium quae in sorte pendent sic abstineant , ut neque etiam alijs ludentibus fautores aut testes sint , intersint . districtè prohibemus , ne sacerdotes choreis publicis , tr●pudiationibus , saltationibu●ve sese commisceant ; ne turpes , amatorias● aut lascivas decantent cantilenas , aut cantantibus faveant aut intersint . z corrumpunt siquidem bonos more 's colloquia prava . denique non sint vagi oculis , non dicaces , non joculatores , non histriones ; ea enim omnia indecora , ijs praecipuè quibus animarum cura cōmissa est . sacerdotes qui in diebus primarum missarum novorum presbyterorum , post festivas epulas et grandia convivia commessationesque * exeunt in publicum ad exhibendas populo et plebeculae comaedias , maximè crassas et impudicas , et choreas in plateis , committunt sine dubio in legem ecclesiae et apostolorum dogma . quare qui tales fuerunt , si perseveraverint , sciant se condignam punitionem et correctionem non evasuros . item prohibemus sacerdotibus ne in festo sancti nicholai , innocentium , aut alio quovis die stultum aliquod aut ridiculum in ecclesijs aut alio quocunque loco publico faciant fierive permittant , larvati aut quocunque tempore , aut quovis in loco incedant . on holy dayes let matters of judicature , hearing of causes , sales , merchandice , lux●ry , drunkennesse , playes , and faires cease . those who doe contrarie , let them be cited before us or our officiall &c. in the feast of st nicholas , katherine , innocents , or any other day , let not schollers , clergy me● , or priests , under pretence of recreation , act any foolish or ridiculous thing in the church , or permit others to doe it . finally let the clothes of those who act the scenicall persons of innocents or fooles , be cast out of the church . because the staves of the fraternities themselves are wont to be carried about in most places of our diocesse with stage-players , fidlers and tymbrels going before them , which doth most of all unbeseeme the honour of god and the saints : for those musicall instruments stirring up the auditors rather to carantoes and dancing than to devotion , ought not to precede their images fastned in the staves of the fraternities . therefore wee strictly prohibit , that after this such staves be not carried about publikely through villages after an histri●nical manner , or with musicall melody fitted to dances &c. because in fraternities rightly ordained at the first , and afterwards declining unto worse , many things are seene to be committed altogether different from honesty , and the religion of a christian minde : that we may apply a fitting remedy to them , wee first of all ordaine ; that in the assemblies of the fraternities themselves , no dissolute feasts be made , no compo●ations ( or healthes ) conducing to drunkennes , no dances , galliards● and other things of this nature , belonging rather to the feasts of bacch●s , than to christian religion . we prohibit , that clergie men use no dishonest nor ludicro●s playes either in publike or private whence scandall may arise , and the ecclesiasticall ministery be disgraced , according to the place and time , the occasion and persons , in which , for which , and with which such playes shall happen to be used . let them so abstaine from the play of dice , of tables , and the like which depend on chance , that they bee not so much as present among the● that play , either as countenancers , or witnesses . wee strictly forbid , that ministers intermixe not themselves in publike morrices , dances or carantoes : that they sing no ribaldry , amorous or lascivious songs , nor yet fauour , or keepe company with those that sing them : for evill communications corrupt good manners . finally , let them not be roving with their eyes , no talkers , no jesters , no stage-players , for all these things are unseemely especially to those to whom the cure of soules is committed . priests who in the dayes of the first masses of new presbyters , after merry banquets and great feasts and entertainments goe forth in publike to exhibit most grosse and unchast comaedies and dances in the streetes to the common people , offend without doubt against the law of the church , and the apostolicall decree . wherefore those who have beene such , if they shall p●rsevere , let them know , that they shall not escape condigne punishment and correction . also we inhibit ministers , that they neither act nor suffer to be acted any foolish or ridiculous thing , either on the feasts of st. nicholas , innocents , or on any other day , neither in churches , nor in any other publike place : and that they disguise not themselves at any time in any publike or private place . the . is , concilium sen●nense , anno . where inter decreta morum , we have these two canons . a canon : . cum autē deceat domum dei sanctitudo &c. prohibemus idcirco , ne histriones aut mimi intrent ecclesiam , ad pulsandum tympana , cythara , aut alio quovis instrumento musicali : neque in ecclesia aut juxta ecclesiam suis pul●ent instrumentis : prohibemus insuper , ne fiat deinceps festū fatuorum aut innocentiū , neque erigatur decanatus patellae . canon : . clerici neque in publico ludant pylâ , aut alijs ludis , maximè cum laicis . a ludo al●arum aliisque qui à sorte pendent abstineant , neque ludentium fautores , spectatores aut testes existant . non se admisceant choreis publicis , tripudiationibus aut saltationibus : non turpes amatorias aut lascivas deprom●nt cantilenas , seu cantantibus faveant aut adsint . nec in scenam velut histriones prodeant , non comaedias vernaculas agant , non spectaculum corporis sui faciant in publico privatove loco . quae omnia , cùm omnibus sacerdotibus sunt indecora , et ordini clericali multum detrahentia , tùm illis praecipuè quibus animarum cura est commissa . can : . and since holinesse becommeth the house of god : therefore we prohibit , that no stage-players or tumblers shall enter into the church to strike up any tabret , harpe or other musicall instrument ; neither shall they play upon their instruments in or neare the church : moreover wee prohibit that the fea●t of fools or innocents be not from henceforth observed , neither may the deanery of the platter be erected . can. . clergy men may not play publikely at ball or other playes , especially with lay men : they shall abstaine from dice-play , and all other games that depend on chance ; neither may they bee cherishers , witnesses or spectators of such as play : they shall not intermixe themselves in publike morrices , galliards and dances : they shall not sing any filthy amorous or lascivious songs , nor yet favour or b● prese●t with those that sing them . they may not * come forth upon th● stage as actors , nor act comaedies in their mother tongue : they shall make no spectacle of their body in any publike or private place . all which , as they are unseemely to all ministers , and much derogatory from the clericall order , so especially to those to whom the cure of soules is committed . the . is , concilium coloniense , anno . where we have these canonicall injunctions following . b pars . cap. , . vivere quidem de altario sacerdoti licet , luxuriari non permittitur . a crapula itaque et ebrietate , à * compotationibus illis ad haustus aequales , à luxu , ab alea , ab immoderatis sumptibus et commessationibus , concilium generale clericos revocat universos , sequutum veteris testamenti institutum , quo d ministri templi vino et cicera prohibebantur , ne ebrietate gravarentur corda eorum , et ut sensus eorum semper vigeret et esset tenuis . et apostolus ait : e nolite inebriari vino in quo est luxuria , sed impleamini spiritu sancto . et iterum : f non in commes●ationibus et ebrietatibus &c. o●im tanta honestas desiderabatur in clerico , ut ne g nuptialibus quidem convivijs ipsis interesse liceret , non immisceri spectaculis ac caetibus ubi amatoria cantantur , aut obscaeni motus corporis , choreis aut saltationibus efferuntur ; ne auditus et intuitus sacris mysterijs deputatus , turpium spectaculorum atque verborum contagione pollueretur . quid si videret ecclesia illa prisca clericos nostri temporis tabernarios● h tabernisque ( quasi domos non haberent ) noctu diuque alligatos ? quàm execraretur hoc facinus ? posthac ergo non solum nullus ex clero sordidissimum cauponem aut tabernarium agat , sed i ne in tabernas quidem , nisi necessitatis causâ divertat : alioquin poenae canonicae imminent illi qui ordini suo hanc ignominiosam notam inurere tentaverit . k pars . c. . which hath this title , theatrales ludos non inferendos tēplis . olim theatrales quoque ludi et larvarum ludibria inferebantur * templis , pessimo quidem exemplo , adeo ut provisione canonica , qua hic deterrimus abusus aboleretur , opus fuerit : quem ex nostris diaecesibus jam , ut speramus , ejectum gaudemus . l pars . cap. . denique procul absint parochi ab omni luxu : * sobrium enim vult parochum paulus , nec multo vino deditum , ac vino potius ad necessitatem , quàm ad voluptatem utentem . nesciat ergo parochi domus commessationes crapulosas ; execretur * cōpotationes illas , ad aequales haustus obligatorias , ( which our owne m english councel at oxford anno . doth solemnly censure and condemne , under paine of excommunication . ) turpissimum putet nisi causa necessitatis intrare tabernam , quasi domum non habeat ad ede●dum et bibendum . breviter , vitet omnia quae pastoralem authoritatem aut dedecorant , aut imminuunt , &c. n pars . c. , . diligenter quoque populus admonendus est cur feriae , et potissimum dies dominicus , qui à temporibus apostolorum in ecclesia semper celebris fuit , instituta sint : nempe , ut in unum omnes pariter convenirent , ad audiendum verbum domini , ad audiendum quoque sacrum et communicandum . breviter , ad vacandum deo soli ; ut dies illa tantùm orationibus , hymnis , psalmis , et canticis spiritualibus transigatur . hoccine est sanctificare sabbatum . quamobrem cupimus hisce diebus prohiberi nundinas , claudi cauponas , vitari commessationes , ebrietates , lusus improbos , choreas plenas insanijs , colloquia prava , cantilenas turpes : breviter , omnem luxū . nā hisce , et ( quae haec ferè semper consequuntur ) blasphemijs et perjurijs , nomen domini profanatur , et sabbatum ( quod nos admonet , ut quiescamus perversè agere , et benefacere discamus ) contaminatur . part. . cap. , . it is lawfull for a priest to live of the altar , but to be riotous is not permitted . therefore a generall councell recalls all clergy men from surfetting and drunkennesse , & from drinking of healths , from riot , from dice , from immoderate expences and feasts , following the institution of the olde testament , wherein the ministers of the temple were prohibited wine and strong drinke , lest their hearts should be overcome with drunkennesse , that so their sence might be alwayes vigorous and thinne . and the apostle saith : be ye not drunken with wine wherin is excesse , but be ye filled with the holy ghost . and againe : not in rioting and drunkennesse &c. heretofore so great honesty was required in the clergy , that it was not lawfull for them to bee present at marriage-feasts , nor to intermixe themselves in stage-playes and assemblies where amorous poems were sung , or obscene motions of the body expressed either in dances or galliards ; lest the hearing and sight deputed to sacred mysteries should be polluted with the contagion of filthy spectacles and words . what if that ancient church should behold the taverne-haunting clergy men of our times ; who ( as if they had no houses ) are tyed to tavernes both night and day ? how would she detest this wickednes ? from henceforth therefore , let no clergy man not onely keepe no taverne or base victualling house , but let him not so much as turne aside into tavernes● but in case of necessity : otherwise canonicall punishments hang over his head who shal attempt to stampe such a brand of infamie upon his order . part . c. . that stage-playes are not to bee brought into the church . heretofore stage-playes and mummeries were brought into churches by a most lewd example , so that there needed a canonicall provision , by which this most vile abuse might bee abolished ; which wee rejoyce , that now , as wee hope , it is cast out of our dioces . part . cap. . finally let parish priests be farre from all luxurie : for paul will have a parish priest to be sober , not given to much wine , and using wine rather for necessity than for pleasure . let a bishops or ministers house therefore know no riotous feasts ; let it abominate all drinking of healths , binding men to pledge them by equall cuppes , ( which healthes an ancient english councell at oxford , anno . hath long since solemnly condemned under paine of excommunication ) let him repute it a most dishonest thing to enter into a taverne , unles it be in case of necessity ; as if he had no house to eate and drinke in . briefly , let him avoid all things which either disgrace or diminish his pastoral authority . part . c. , . the people also is diligently to be admonished , why holy dayes , and especially the lords day , which hath beene alwayes famous in the church from the apostles times , were instituted : to wit , that all might equally come together to heare the word of the lord , and likewise to heare and receive the holy sacrament . briefly , that they might apply their mindes to god alone ; and th●t they might be spent only in prayers , hymnes , psalmes , and spirituall songs . for this is to sanctifie the sabboth . wherefore wee desire , that on these dayes all playes should be prohibited , all victualling houses shut up , all riot , drunkennesse , dishonest playes , dances fraught with frensies , wicked discourses , filthy songs : briefly , all luxurie to be avoided . for by these things , and that ( which for the most part followes them ) by blasphemies and perjuries , the name of the lord is profaned , and the sabbath ( which admonisheth us that wee should cease to doe ill , and learne to do good ) is polluted . so that if we beleeve this councell , stage-playes , dancing , feasting , and drinking , are o no fit holy-day or lords-day exercises , which should be wholly consecrated to gods service . the . is , synodus heidelsheimensis , anno . which doth thus expresse its resolution in our case . p canon : . item ut clericorum , maximè beneficiatorum , vita sit exemplaris et accepta , universis clericis beneficiatis in sacris , et nostra diaecesi constitutis , constitutione praesenti districtius inhibemus , ne ludis taxillorum aut alijs levitatibus , ac choreis , hastiludijs , torneamentis , et alijs spectaculis publicis et prohibitis intersint , aut talia exerceant prout poenas condignas in contra facientes facti exigente qualitate , authoritate nostra infligendas , voluerint evitare &c. vid. ibidem . can : . moreover that the life of clergy men , especially of such who are beneficed , may be exemplary and acceptable : we strictly inhibit all beneficed clergy men , which are in orders within our diocesse , by this present canon , that they be not present at any games at tables , or at any other vanities , dances , tiltings , torneies , or other publike prohibited spectacles , and that they practise not any of these themselves , as they will avoid condigne punishments against the offenders , the quality of the fact requiring it , to be inflicted by our authority . the . is , concilium treverense , anno . which in cap : de moderandis ferijs , decrees as followeth . q et si quis sive clericus , sive laicus in praenominatis celebribus festis , compotationibus , choreis , ludis , aut id genus lascivijs et levitatibus , temerè aut contumaciter sese dederit aut immiscuerit , ab officialibus nostris arbitrariò pro modo delicti , etiam brachij secularis auxilio ( si opus erit ) invocato , puniri mandamus . and if any whether a clerk or lay man in the forenamed eminent festivalls shall rashly or contemptuously give himselfe to drunkennesse , dances , playes , or such like lasciviousnesse and lightnesse , or shall intermixe himselfe with them , we command that he be punished by our officials as they shall thinke fit , according to the measure of his offence , calling in likewise ( if neede be ) the assistance of the secular power . which shewes how unseasonable dancing , stage-playes , and such other sports and pastimes are , on lords-dayes , holy-dayes , and other christian festivals , set apart onely and wholly for gods worship and service , not for such vanities and playes as these ; as our owne r statutes , as well as these recited councels teach us . the . is synodus augustensis , anno . which excludes all stage-players and dice-players from the sacrament . s cap. . item ne hoc praecellens sacramentum aliqua afficiatur injuria et contemptu , ex sanctorum patrum decreto et institutione etiam infames omnes ab ejus perceptione prohibendi sunt . praestigiatores , incantatores , publicè rei , et scurrae , et qui ludis vacāt jure pontificio prohibitis : itidemque scortae et ●enones , ij , inquam , omnes ab altaris sacramento removendi sunt , donec vita sua improba penitus abdicata irrogatam sibi poenitentiae mulctam persolverint . item ijs annumerandi sunt , qui alearum lusui perpetuo vacant , * quibus non est porrigendum venerabile sacramentum , donec inde abstineant . which accords well with t concilium eliberinum , canon . si quis fidelis alea , id est , tabula luserit , placuit , eum abstinere : et si emendatus cessaverit , post annum poterit communione reconciliari . and with the . generall , councell of constantinople , can. . v nullum omniū sive clericum , sive , laicum , ab hoc deinceps tempore alea ludere decrevimus . si quis autem hoc deinceps facere ab hoc tempore aggressus fuerit , si sit quidem clericus , deponatur , si laicus , segregetur . cap. . also lest this most excellent sacrament should suffer any injurie or contempt , even by the decree and ordinance of the holy fathers , all infamous persons are prohibited from receiving it . iuglers , inchanters , publike offenders , jesters , and those who addict themselves to playes prohibited by the canon law ( as stage-playes are ) as also whores and panders , all these are to be put from the sacrament of the altar , untill their wicked life being wholly abandoned they shall have satisfied that mulct of penance that is imposed on them . to these also are those to be added who perpetually give thēselves to dice-play , to whom the venerable sacrament is not to be administred untill they abstaine from dicing . which accords well with the councell of eliberis : canon . if any beleever ( or christian ) shall play at dice , or tables , wee ordaine , that hee shall be excommunicated : and if being reformed , he shall give it over , after a yeares space , he may be reconciled and admitted to the sacrament . and with the . councell of constantinople can. . we decree , that none of all the clergy or laity ; shall from this time forwards play at dice. and if any one from henceforth shall hereafter attempt to doe it ; if he be a clergy man , let him be deposed ; if a lay man , let him be excommunicated . which councells i would our common dice-players and gamesters would seriously consider . the . is , concilium coloniense , anno. . where i finde this notable canon to our present purpose . cap : . percepimus comaediarū actores quosdam , non scena et theatris contentos transire etiam ad monasteria monialium , ubi gestibus prophanis , amatoribus et secularijs commoveant virginibus voluptatem . quae spectacula , etiamsi de rebus sacris et pijs exhiberentur , parum tamen boni , mali vero plurimum relinquere in sanctimonialium mentibus possunt , gestus externos spectantibus et mirantibus , caeterum verba non intelligentibus . ideo prohibemus et vetamus posthac , vel comaedias admitti in virginum monasteria , vel virgines comaedias spectare . cap. . x we have understood that certaine actors of comedies not contented with the stage and theatres , have entred into nonneries , where they make the nons merry with their prophane , amorous and secular gestures . which stage-playes , * although they consisted of sacred and pious subjects , can yet notwithstanding leave little good , but much hurt in the mindes of holy virgins who behold and admire the externall gestures onely , but understand not the words . therefore we prohibit and forbid , that from henceforth no comaedies shall be admitted into the monasteries of nonnes , neither shall virgins be spectators of comedies . an unanswerable evidence of the desperate venemous corruption of stageplayes . for if comaedies even of religious and holy subjects , void of all scurrility , would with their very gestures and action contaminate the mindes , and enflame the lusts of * devoted mortified nons themselves , and the most chast virgin spectators , much more will amarous wanton comedies corrupt all other actors and spectators , and kindle a very flame of noysome lusts within their breasts . the . is , synodus moguntina , anno . which decreeth thus against stage-playes , dancing , and the like . y cap. , . dum à novitijs sacerdotibus hujus sacri primitiae celebrantur , serio mandamus , choreas et seculares pompas omittendas &c. sed et sanctorum celebritates in diem dominicam incidentes censemus submovendas , et in feriam aliquam praecedentem vel subsequentem transferendas , quô sanctorum omnium domino sua conservetur solennitas &c. et quo dei gloria in observatione divini cultus magis illustretur , et fidelium devotio minus impediatur ; diebus dominicis et festivatatibus celebrioribus , mercimonia , tripudia , saltationes , quas damnat concilium * toletanum , et prophana spectacula , decernimus non permittenda : simul etiam ludicra quaedam à pietate aliena , et theatris , quàm templis aptiora , censemus in ecclesijs non admittenda . cap. . clerici insuper tabernas publicas evitent nisi cas peregre proficiscentes ingredi oporteat et tàm inibi quàm domi et alibi à crapula et ebrietatibus omnique ludo à jure prohibito , blasphemiis , rixis , et alijs quibuscunque excessibus et offensionibus , penitus abstineant . choreas , spectaculaque et convivia publica vitent , ne ob luxùm petulantiamque eorum nomen ecclesiasticum malè audiat . cap : , . we seriously command , that whiles the first fruites of this sacrifice are celebrated by new-ordained priests , dances and all secular shewes be wholly omitted &c. wee likewise decree , that those solemnities of the saints which happen upon the lords day , shall be removed and transferred to some precedent or subsequent holy day , whereby due solemnity may be prese●ved to the lord of all saints &c. and that the glory of god may be more illustrated in the observatiō of divine worship , and the devotion of the faithfull may be lesse hindred ; wee decree that on lords-dayes & more eminent festivals , merchandises , dances , morrices and prophane dances , which the councel of toledo condemns , are not to be tolerated : and we likewise resolve , that certaine playes that are farre frō piety , & more fit for theatres than temples , are not to be admitted in churches . cap. . moreover clergy men must avoid all publike tavernes , unles it be upon occasion whiles they are travelling ; and as well there as at home and elsewhere they must wholly abstaine from surfetting and drunkennesse , and every play prohibited by law ( as all stage-playes are ) from blasphemies , brawles , and all other excesses and offences whatsoever . they must shun dances , stage-playes , and publike feasts , lest the ecclesiasticall name be ill reported of for their luxury & wantōnes the former part of which canon prohibits clergy men from wearing costly apparell , silkes and velvets , which sundry other z councels have condemned in bishops , ministers , and all other clergy men , who should be patternes of humility and frugality , not of luxury , pride , and worldly pompe to others , as many silken and satyn divines now are . the . is , concilium parisiense , anno . where i finde these constitutions . * caeteros dies festos dominicis ecclesia addidit , ut beneficiorum à deo et sanctis ejus nobis collatorum memores essemus , sanctorum exempla sectaremur &c. orationi vacaremus , non autem ocio et ludis &c. moneant autem ecclesiarum rectores subditos suos ut praedictis diebus festis in templum conveniant , illudque frequentent pièac religiose audituri quae in ijs sacra aguntur . * conciones attentè audiant , deum pia mente et religioso affectu venerentur et colant . his autem diebus , ut dictum est , cessent ludi , choreae , ebrietates , vaniloquia , et quaecunque divinam possunt offendere majestatem &c. b fraternitates eas quae ad commessationes et ebrietates ut plu●imum fiunt , reprobamus . insuper baculorum cum imaginibus conductum ad domos la●corum , cum turba sacerdotum , mulierum , et mimorum , districtè sub poena excommunicationis , et emendae arbitrariae inhibemus , et praecipuè clericis , ne talibus sese immisceant , aut asiensum quovis modo praestent . the church hath added other holy-dayes to lords-dayes , that wee might be mindefull of the benefits bestowed upon us by god and his saints , that wee might follow the examples of the saints , that wee might devote our selves to prayer , not to idlenes and playes . therfore let rectors of churches admonish their parishioners , that on the foresaid feast dayes they come together into the church , and that they frequent it piously and religiously , to heare those holy things that are done in them . let thē attentively heare sermons , let them reverence and worship god with a pious minde and religious affection . and on these dayes , as it is said , let playes , dances , drunkēnes , vain discourses , and what ever may offend gods majesty , cease &c. we reject those fraternities which are for the most part made for rioting and drunkennesse . moreover we strictly inhibit under paine of excommunication , and an arbitrary mulct , the carrying about of staves with images to the houses of lay men with a company of priests , of women and stage-players : and specially wee prohibtt clergy men , that they joyne not themselves with such assemblies , nor yet assent unto them by any meanes . the . is , concilium tridentinum , which the c papists boast to be oecumenicall , though d protestants gainsay it . which councell , sessio . anno dom : . decretū de reformatione can. . decreeth as followeth . e omnes vero clerici per se , et non per substitutos compellantur obire o●ficia &c. ab illicitisque venationibus , aucupijs , choreis , tabernis , lusibusque abstineant , atque ea , morum integritate polleant , ut merito ecclesiae senatus dici possint . let all clergy men be compelled to discharge their duties or cures by themselves , not by their substitutes . let them abstaine from hunting , ha●king , dances , tavernes and playes ; and let them excell in that integrity of maners , that they may be deservedly called , the senate of the church . so much pretended goodnesse at least was there in this trent councell , as to prohibit all clergy mens resor● to tavernes , dances , playes , and such like sports : and to enjoyne them even in proper person for to feede their flockes , and not by proxie ; non-residence being such a● odious crime in those bishops , pastors and ministers who have the cure of soules ; that this very f trent co●ncell , together with some g others , and sundry h canonicall constitutions , have solemnly condemned it , as our owne canons and writers doe . the . is , concilium mediolanense . anno . where i finde these following constitutions . i et quoniam piè introducta consuetudo repraesentandi populo venerandam christi domini passioném , et gloriosa martyrum certamina , aliorumque sanctorum res gestas , hominum perversitate eo deducta est , ut multis offensioni , multis etiam risui et despectui sit ; ideo statuimus , ut deinceps salvatoris passio nec in sacro , nec in prophano loco agatur , sed doctè et graviter eatenus à concionatoribus exponatur , ut qui sunt uberes concionum fructus , pietatem et lachrymas commoveant auditoribus , quod adjuvabit proposita crucifixi salvatoris imago , caeterique pij actus externi quos ecclesiae probatos esse episcopus judicabit . item sanctorum martyria et actiones , ne ne agantur , sed ità piè narrentur , ut auditores ad eorum imitationem , venerationem et invocationem excitentur . k cap. de festorum dierū cultu . ijs etiā diebus studebunt episcopi , ne personati homines incedant ; ne ludi equestres , certamina , aut alia ludicra aut inania spectacula adhibeantur . choreae , saltationes in urbibus , suburbijs , opidis , vicis , aut usquam omnino ne patiantur . l cap. de armis , ludis , spectaculis , et ejusmodi à clerico vitandis . clerici personati non incedant : choreas publicas vel privatas non agant . a venatione abstinebunt , fabulis , comaediis , hastiludijs● alijsque prophanis et inanibus spectaculis non intererunt ; ne aures et oculi sacris officijs addicti , ludicris et impuris actionibus sermombusque distracti polluantur . clericalis ordinis hominibus omni genere saltationis et ludi praesertim ve●ò aleae ●t tesserarum ac talorum interdicimus . nec solum ludere vetamus , sed eos ludorum spectatores esse noluimus , aut quenquam ludentem in aedibus suis permittere . m cap de histrionibus et aleatoribus . de his etiam principes et magistratus commonendos esse duximus , ut histriones et mimos , caeterosque circulatores et ejus generis perditos homines è suis finibus ejiciant , et in caupones et alios quicunque eos receperint acriter animadvertant . et quoniam usu compertum est , ex aleae ludo saepe furta , rapinae , fraudes , blasphemias , aliaque id generis flagitia proficisci , prohibeāt taxilis aut alea ludi , et graviter in publicos aleatores , et in eos qui hujusmodi ludis intersint , quive domum ad recipiendos ●udentes expo●itam habent animadvertant . maximè vero efficiant , ut bonis artibus instituendis vel renovandis , otia , quantū fieri poterit , è civitatibus tollantur . and because the piously introduced custome of representing to the people the venerable passion of christ the lord , and the glorious combates of martyrs and acts of other saints , is brought to such a passe by the perversenesse of men , that it is an offence to many , and likewise a matter of much * derision and contempt to many : we therefore decree , that from henceforth the passion of our saviour be no more acted neither in any sacred or profane place , but that it be learnedly and gravely declared by the preachers in such sort , as that they may stirre up piety and teares in the auditors , ( which are the most profitable fruites of sermons ) which the picture of our crucified saviour set before them , and other externall pious actions which the bishop shall judge to be approved by the church , will helpe to further . likewise let not the martyrdomes & actions of the saints be played , but so piously related , that the auditors may bee excited to their imitation , veneration , and invocation . cap. of the observation of holy-dayes . on these dayes the bishops shall endeavour , that no man goe disguised ; that no cirque-playes , combates , or other pastimes or vaine spectacles be exhibited . let no morrice-dances be suffered in citties , suburbes , townes , villages , or in any other place whatsoever . cap. of weapons , playes , spectacles , and such like to be shunned by clergy men . clergy men may not disguize themselves , or put on a vizard ; they may not lead any publike or private dances . they shall abstaine from hunting , tables , comaedies , and tiltings , neither shall they be present at other profane or ridiculous spectacles ; lest the eyes and eares devoted to sacred offices being distracted , should be polluted with impure actions and speeches . we prohibit clergy men all kinde of dancing , and of play , but especially of dice and tables . neither doe we onely forbid them to play , but wee will not so much as have them spectators of plaies , or to admit any one to play in their houses . and were not these ranke puritans thinke ye ? chapter . of stage-players and dicers . of these also wee have thought good to admonish princes and magistrates , that they banish out o● their territories all stage-players , tumblers , juglers , jesters , and other castawayes of this kinde , and that they severely punish victuallers and all others whatsoever who shall receive them . and because it is found by experience , that n robberies , thefts , fraudes , blasphemies , and other wickednesses of this kinde , doe oft proceede from dice-play , * let them forbid all playing at tables and dice , and severely punish all common dicers , and those who are present at such games , or keepe houses to receive such gamesters . but let them chiefly endeavour to effect , that idlenesse may as much as may bee quite banished out of citties by instituting or renewing good arts . if therefore all stage-players , tumblers , and common dicers are thus to be banished and cast out of the common wealth , and all those to be severely punished who entertaine or harbour them , their playes must certainly be execrable , intollerable , which make their persons such . the . is synodus ebroicensis anno . where i finde these following canons . b dies festos secundum scripturas instituit deus in monumentū ac memoriā suorū beneficiorū , ut ea homo agnosceret , et de ipsis gratias ageret , &c. quoni●m festa à creatione mundi fuerunt introducta , ut animus cum corpore cessaret à saeculo , et avocaretur à solicitudinibus et laboribus hujus mundi , occuparetur vero in dei obsequio , recognoscendis ejus beneficijs et gratijs referendis . arbi●ramur vero nu●lo secu●o gravius nec frequentius peccari contra festorum sanctā et legitimā observationē quam in nostro ; quandoquidē plures ipsa insumūt voluptatibus huju● seculi sectandis , in tabernis , ganeis , lusibus illiciris , ac alijs vanis atque etiam viciosis actionibus &c. p ecclesiae hostiarij ergo diebus festis observēt et notēt , qui de presbyteris et parochia●is abfuerint ab ecclesijs ; et inquirant , qua de causa defecerint ; an interea cauponis et ●●sibus tempus insumant &c. god according to the scriptures hath appointed holy-dayes for a monument and remembrance of his benefits , that men might acknowledge them , and give thankes for them , &c. because feasts were introduced from the beginning of the world , that the minde with the body might cease from the world , and might be avocated from the cares and labours of this world , but yet occupied in the service of god , in recognizing his benefits , and rendring thankes . but wee thinke verily , that in no age men offended more grievously and frequently against the holy and lawfull observation of festivalls , than in ours ; since many consume them in following the pleasures of this world , in tavernes , in brothels , in unlawfull playes , and in other vaine , yea , and vitious actions , &c. let therefore the doore-keepers of the church upon holy-dayes observe and note which of the presbyters and parishioners shall be absent from the churches offices , and inquire for what cause they were absent ; whether they spend the time in ale-houses or in playes &c. the . is , synodus rothomagi , anno . which decreeth thus as followeth . q curatis ecclesia●ū praecipimus , ne sinant in caemeterijs choreas duci , aut alios lusus et infanias fieri , sed potius ea quae luctus et mortis memoriam inducunt . r novimus et experimur a●tutias diaboli ad derogandum cultui dei , et ad suū substituendū in illius locum . in nostris enim diaecesibus per omnia festa solennia apostolorum et aliorum sanctorū , ad augendū sacrilegiū , impudica atque obscaena ludicra in his admiscet , ut totū homin●m perdat in sabbatho ●ibique subjiciat . dies vero dominicos videbatur à nūdinis eximere , sed eos nō dissimili ratione foedavit ac prophanavit , &c. eleemosynam enim vertit in crapulas , orationem in choreas , et concionem in scurrilitatē . ad has festorū prophanationes mundandas &c. praecipimus curatis ut paratū habeāt concionatoré , qui verbū dei praedicet bis in die ( pray marke it ) ●i fieri possit , ut contineatur populus in pi●tate , mane scilicet et à prandio . cōmessationes , ebrietates , sumptus , lites , lusus improbos et inhonestos , choreas plenas insanijs , cantilenas turpes ; breviter omnē luxū et lasciviā atque omnē festorū prophanationem damnamus et reprobamus . wee command the curates of churches , that they suffer no dances , or other playes or fooleries to be made in church yards , but those things rather which may put men in minde of sorrow and death . we have knowne and tried the subtleties of the divell to derogate from gods worship , and to substitute his owne in its roome . for in our diocesse through all solemne feasts of the apostles and other saints , to augment sacriledge , he admixeth unchast and obscene playes in these , that hee may destroy the whole man upon the sabbath , and subject him to himself . but he thought good to exempt lords-dayes from faires , yet he hath defiled and prophaned them with a like sacriledge : for hee turneth almes into riot , prayer into dances , and sermons into scurrility . to cleanse these prophanations of holy dayes &c. wee command curates that they provide a preacher , which may preach the word of god * twice in a day ( pray marke it ) if it be possible , that the people may be kept exercised in piety both morning and evening , even from dinner . wee condemne and reprobate rioting , drunkennesse , prodigality , contentions , wicked and dishonest plaies , dances fraught with fooleries , filthy songs ; briefly all luxurie , lasciviousnesse , and all prophanation of holy-dayes , under paine of excommunication . vide ibidem . so abominable , so unlawfull are dances , playes and amorous pastorals on lords-dayes , holy-dayes and all solemne festivals devoted to gods service . the . is , concilium burdigense , anno . which as it complaines that lords-dayes and holy-dayes were much prophaned with playes , pastimes , drunkennesse and other villanies in these words . s tamersi dominici festique dies ad hoc unum instituti sunt , ut fideles christiani ab * externis operibus abstinentes , liberius et majori cum pietate divino cultui vacarent &c. nihilominus nostris temporibus praeposterè fieri solet , ut tàm solennes et religiosi dies non solum in illicitis et secularibus negotijs procurandis , verum etiam in luxu , lascivia , jocis et ludis vetitis , compotationibus caeterisque flagitijs exercendis toti transigantur . which abuses it enjoynes magistrates & officials to suppresse : so it decreeth thus . t clerici nunquam personati incedant , neque comaedias , fabulas , choreas , vel aliquid aliud ludicrum ex ijs quae ab histrionibus exhibentur , agant vel spectent , ne visus et obtutus sacris mysterijs dicati turpium spectaculorum contagione polluantur . ab alea , tesseris , chartis , et quovis alio vetito et indecoro ludo cū privatim , tū publicè penitus abstineant . cōmessationibus et minus honestis convivijs nunquā intersint . forum , mer●catus andronas fug a ̄t ; nec tabernas et diversoria nisi longioris itineris necessitate unquam ingrediantur &c. although lords-dayes and holy-dayes were instituted for this onely purpose , that faithfull christians abstaining from externall workes , might more freely and with greater piety addict themselves to gods worship &c. notwithstanding it is preposterously usuall in our times , that even religious dayes are wholly spent not onely in following unlawfull and secular affaires , but even in riot , lasciviousnes , prohibited sports and playes , compotations and other execrable wickednesses . which abuses it enjoynes magistrates and officials to censure and prohibit : so it decrees thus . clergy men may never put on vizards or goe disguized , neither may they act or behold comedies , fables , dances , or any other of those playes that are exhibited by stage-players , lest the sight and hearing dedicated to sacred mysteries should be polluted with the contagion of filthy spectacles . let them wholly abstaine as well in private as in publike from dice , tables , cards , or every other prohibited and unseemely play . let them be never present at riotous and dishonest feasts : let them avoid places of judicature , markets , and places of resort ; neither let them ever enter into tavernes and innes , but being necessitated by some long journey . the . is , concilium rhemense , anno . which condemnes the use of stage-playes and dancing , especially on lord-dayes , holy-dayes , and the christmas season , when they are most in use , under paine of excommunication . v diebus dominicis et festis in suas paraeseas populus conveniat , et missae , concioni , et vesperijs intersit . ijsdem diebus nemo lusibus aut choreis det operam , maximè dum divinum celebratur officiū , monebiturque ab ordinario vel paraeco magistratus ut id nequaquā fieri permittat . ludos theatrales etiam praetextu consuetudinis exhiberi solitos , et puerilia caeteraque ludicra , quibus ecclesiae inquinatur hone●tas et sanctitas in * christi et sanctorum festivitatibus omnino prohibemus ; contra nitentes autem poenis coerceri volumus à superioribus . let the people meete together in their parish churches on lords dayes and holy dayes , and let them be present at masse , at sermon and vespers . let no man give him selfe on these dayes to playes or dances , especially whiles divine service is celebrating , and the magistrate shall be admonished by the ordinary or parish priest , that hee by no meanes suffer these things to be done . wee utterly prohibit stage-playes and other childish pastimes accustomed to be presented under pretext of custome , with which the honesty and sanctity of the church is defiled in the festivalls of christ , and of the saints : those that doe contrary , wee will shall be punished by their superiours . the . is , synodus turonensis , anno . which is somewhat observable . x cùm juxta divi pauli praeceptum , qui christi funt sobrietatem semper sectari debeant , diebus dominicis praesertim et alijs festis , commessationes , convivia publica , tripudia , saltationes , strepitus et choreas fieri , vaenatu et aucupatu tempus terere , in hospitijs seu cauponis alijs quā peregrinis cibaria et vinum ministrari , ludos palmarios et alios ( maximè dum sacra conficiantur , laudesque deo decantantur ) aperiri : comaedias , ludos scenicos vel theatrales , et alia ejus generis irreligiosa spectacula agi , sub anathematis poena prohibet haec synodus : praecipitqu● omnibus et singulis paraeciarum rectoribus eos apud episcopum deferre , qui huic decreto non pa●uerint , ut illius ordinatione nominatim excommunicati denuncientur et publicentur : * valdè etenim est absurdū fideles , ijs diebus qui propitiando deo sunt destinati , fallacibus illis sathanae blanditijs illectos à divinis officijs , religiosis supplicationibus concionibusque sacris abduci . since according to the precept of st. paul , those who are christs ought alwayes to follow sobriety , especially on lords dayes and other festivalls : this synode prohibits under paine of excommunication ( on the foresaid dayes especially ) all r●oting , publike feasts , galliards , dances , clamours and morrices to be made , to spend time in hunting and hauking ; to serve wine or victualls in innes or victualling houses to any but to strangers ; any prizes or other playes to be shewed , ( especially whiles divine things are performed , and praises sung to god : ) any comedies , stage-playes , and other irreligious spectacles of this kinde ( so it stiles them ) to be acted : and it enjoyneth all and singular rectors of parishes to cite those before the bishop who shall not obey this decree , that in his name they may be denounced and proclaimed excommunicated : for it is very absurd , that christians , on those dayes that are destinated to appease gods anger , allured with those deceitfull inticements of satan , should bee drawne away from divine offices , religious supplications , and holy sermons . so that by this synodes expresse resolution , stage-playes are irreligious spectacles , and the deceitfull inticements of satan , to withdraw mens hearts from god , and from his service ; which should cause all christians to abominate them . the . is , concilium bituriense , anno . where these constitutions were compiled . y pro●●betur populus prophana sodalitia et commessationes , choreas , tripudia , larvas et theatrales ludos diebus dominicis et festis exercere ; pompas instrumentorum musicorum et tympanorum in gestationibus imaginū per vias et compita exhibere ; à caupona abstineant , et nihil nisi quod pietatē redoleat exerceant . imitentur christiani totis hisce diebus sanctos illos quorum memoriam colant per opera charitatis . z clerici nunquam personati sint : a comaedijs , mimis , chorcis , et saltationibus agendis atque spectandis abstineant . aleas , tesseras , chartas , omnes ludos vetitos , cōmessationes , ac inverecunda convivia , mercatus et nundinationes , tabernas ac diversoria praeterquā in itinere devitent &c. hortatur etiam haec synodus christianos omnes ut pro christiani nominis honore et dignitate se gerant , tripudia et saltationes , publicos ludos , mimos , larvas , et aleas , quātū fieri poterit , devitent . the people are prohibited to exercise prophane assemblies , and riotous feasts , dances , morrices , disguises and stage-playes on lords dayes and holy dayes : to exhibit shewes or pompes of musicall instruments and tabers in the processions of images through the streetes and crosse wayes : let them abstaine from the ale-house , and practise nothing but that which may savour of piety . let christians all these dayes imitate by the workes of charitie , those saints whose memorie they observe . let clergy men never put on vizards : let them abstaine from acting and beholding comaedies , stage-playes , morrices and dances . let them shun dice , tables , cards , all prohibited playes , riotous and immodest feasts , markets , faires , tavernes and innes , but onely when they travell . this synode doth likewise exhort all christians , that they carry themselves for the honour and credit of christianity , and that they avoid and shun masques and dances , publike playes , iesters , stage-players , vizards and dice , as much as may be . which stands not with the honour of christianity . which councel extending unto all christians as well as to clergy men , and exhorting them as much as may be , to abstaine from all dancing , dicing , stage-playes , mummeries , stage-players and the like , even for the honour of religion , is an unanswerable evidence , that these sports , these enterludes are altogether unseemely and unlawfull unto christians . the . is , synodus aquensis , anno . which decreeth thus . a cessent in die sanctorum innocentium ludibria omnia et pueriles ac theatrales lusus . b nullus etiam vestibus religiosorum hominū aut mulierum utatur ad larvas , vel scurrilia , sub poena excōmunicationis ipso facto incurrenda . c sacerdotes ne pagellis , aut alea , aliove hujusmodi ludo ludant , aut ●udentes spectent . ne personati unquam incedant , neve comaediarum aut chorearum aut profani ullius spectaculi actores sint vel spectatores . tabernas ne frequentent adeantve nisi itineris causa . a comessationibus aut minus honestis convivijs abstineant omninò : nec dicterijs aut mordacibus utantur salibus , neve sacrae scripturae verbis ad profanos sermones abutantur . let all pastimes , all childish and theatricall enterludes on the day of the holy innocents , cease . let none likewise use the garments of religious men or women for masques and scurrilous playes , under paine of excommunication to bee ipso facto incurred . ministers may not play at cards or dice , or any other such like play , or look upō those that play . they may not walke disguized , neither may they be actours or spectatours of comaedies or dances , or of any prophane play. let them not frequent or goe to tavernes , but by reason of travell . let them wholly abstaine from riotous and dishonest feasts : neither let them use scoffes or biting jests , nor yet abuse the words of holy scripture to prophane discourses . a good pious canon , which i wish all ministers would observe . the . and last printed councell with which i will conclude , is concilium tholosanum , anno . which concludes in this manner . d ludis , spectaculis , histrionumque circulationibus , ecclesiam caemiteriumque deinceps patere prohibemus . e et quoniā sacerdotū vitia ut apparere maximè et primo conspectu occurrere , majori denique dedecore haberi , imò et quae in alijs levia , in illis gravissima censeri consueverunt , ijs tripudia , ludos publicos , aliaque omnia , quibus reliquos homines damnoso aliquo scandalo offendere possent , omnino interdicimus et prohibemus . wee prohibit the church and churchyard from henceforth to stand open to playes , to spectacles , and the jests of stage-players . and because the vices of ministers are wont most of all to appear & to come in ure at the first sight , and to be accounted more shamefull , yea and those things that are reputed slight things in others , are deemed most hainous in them ; wee wholly interdict and prohibit them dances , publike playes , and all other things , by which they may offend any other men by any hurtfull scandall . to these i shall adde as a corollary , the nationall protestant synode at rochell , anno dom. . where these two canons were unanimously composed by all the protestants in france . f all congregations shall be admonished by their ministers seriously to repr●hend and suppresse all dances , mummeries and enterludes . and it shall not be lawfull for any christians to act , or to be present at any comedies , tragedies , playes , enterludes , or any other such sports , either in publike , or in private chambers . considering , that they have alvvayes beene opposed , condemned and svppressed in and by the chvrch . as bringing along with them the corrvption of good manners , especially when as the holy scripture is prophaned ; which is not delivered to be acted or played , but onely to be preached . dancing-masters , or those who make any dancing-meetings , after they have been often admonished to desist , ought to be excommunicated for this their pertinacy and rebellion . by which it is most apparant ; that stage-playes , dan●es and mummeries , have beene evermore condemned in and by the church of god , as the corruptions of mens manners , and unlawfull pastimes . whence the g french protestants ( as i am informed by those who have lived among them ) doe wholly abandon stage-playes and dancing , as h unchristian & sinfull pastimes ; neither will they suffer their sonnes or daughters to dance , or to resort unto a dancing-schoole , as the french papists doe , who delight and glory in nothing more than dancing , to which they are naturally addicted ; whereas effeminate , amorous dancing either of men or women together , or of men in the presence of women , or of women in the sight of men , hath beene alwayes an allurement to lewdnesse , a grand occasion of much whoredome and uncleannesse , a recreation fit for none but whores adulteresses , &c. as h philo iudaeus , i chrysostome , k nazienzen , l basil , m vincentius , n hugo cardinalis , and o bellarmine himselfe , with sundry other fathers and authors formerly quoted act. . scene . most plentifully testifie . by all these severall councels and synodes , in divers ages and countries ( or of which are conf●ssed to be f oecumenicall and universall , to which all the christian churches in these knowne parts of the world subscribed by their selected bishops and proxies , ) it is most apparant , ( to passe by dicing , carding , dancing , health-drinking , bonefires , new-yeares gifts , scurrilous songs , and other recited particulars concerning clergy men , which they have condemned : ) first , that the profession of a stage-player is altogether unchristian , abominable and unlawfull : and that all common actors and stage-players ought to stand excommunicated ipso facto , both from the church , the sacraments and all christian society , till they have utterly renounced , and quite given over their infamous , execrable lewd profession , which is no wayes tolerable among christians . and if the very profession of a stage-player bee so execrable by these councels resolution , much more abominably execrable must stage-playes be , which make it so . secondly , that all christian princes and magistrates ought to suppresse all stage-playes , all common actors , and to banish them their territories and dominions ; severely punishing all such persons who dare to harbour or protect them . thirdly , that stage-playes are diabolicall , heathenish , unchristian polluted spectacles , which defile the eyes , the eares , the soules ; corrupt the manners , enflame the lusts of those who act , who see or heare them acted , disabling them likewise to , * and withdrawing them from gods holy worship and service . fourthly , that stage-playes even in private houses , at marriages or feasts , are unlawfull , and misbeseeming christians ; as well as in publike theatres . fifthly , that the acting of stage-playes whether publike or private , by common actors or others , especially in churches and church-yards , is altogether abominable and unlawfull ; though it be still permitted in some places , among the papists in forraigne parts . sixthly , that the acting of our saviours passion , or of any other sacred history , either in the church , or on the stage , ( a * practise yet in use among the prophane sacrilegious papists and iesuites , ) is altogether to be abandoned , and condemned . seventhly , that dancing , dicing , carding , and stage-playes , are unlawfull and abominable , as at all other times , so chiefly upon lords dayes , holy dayes , and solemne christian festivalls , ( especially on easter● whitsontide and christtide , set apart and consecrated to gods peculiar and more speciall worship ; ) when they are now most in use . if any here demand of me , how the beginning and ending of lords dayes and holy dayes ( on which these stage-playes and pastimes are more specially prohibited ) should be accounted ? i answer ; that the lords day ( notwithstanding some h late reverend opinions to the contrary ) hath alwayes anciently beene reputed to begin at saturday evening , ( not at midnight , or daybreaking , as some now teach , ) and so to continue to the evening following . at the time of the creation , it is most apparant , that the day began at evening : for , the * evening and the morning were the first , second , third , fourth , fifth , sixth , ( and so by consequent the seventh ) day : in ratification of which originall law of nature for the beginning and ending of dayes , the lord himselfe above two thousand yeares after , commanded the israelites to celebrate their sabbath from evening to evening . levit. . . from even to even shall you celebrate your sabbath . by vertue of which precept , the k iewes did alwayes begin and keepe their sabbaths , and solemne festivalls from evening to evening , till our saviours passion , and this present day . neither did our saviours resurrection on the first day of the weeke , alter the beginning and end of that day , nor yet of the sabbath , which we now keepe upon it : for if the first day on which our saviour rose againe tooke its beginning onely from the time of his resurrection ( as some affirme ; ) then our saviour could not possibly be l three dayes in the grave , nor yet be truly said , to rise againe the third day according to the scriptures : the night in which our saviour rose , being according to this computation , a part of the seventh day , and no part of the first , of which the m fathers and all other expositors have alwayes made it parcell , to justifie the truth of our saviours resurrection on the third day . and whereas some object , that it is absurd , that our christian sabbath should begin before the houre of our saviours resurrection , which is the ground of it ; for th●s were to put the effect before the cause , and to make the sabbath precede christs resurrection , which was the cause of its commencement . i answer first ; that christs resurrection did not sanctifie onely the first houre , but the first day on which he rose : therefore the antecedent part of the first day , ( which was past before his resurrection ) as well as the subsequent : for as christians celebrate the day of our saviours passion , even from the very morning , though our saviour suffered not till towards evening : and as the israelites by gods owne appointment , were to begin their passeover , n the evening of the foureteenth day , not at midnight ; though the angell slew not the first-borne of egypt , nor yet passed over the israelites till * midnight : and as all christians keepe holy the mornings of those dayes wherein they receive any publike deliverances , as well as the evening , though the deliverances perchance were not till noone , or after . and as if our saviour should have risen at two of the clocke in the afternoone , ( about which p time he first shewed himselfe to his disciples ) yet no man would have argued ; that therefore the sabbath must not begin before that houre , ( & so be kept from noone to noone ) because we observe not the houre , but the intire day : so our christian sabbath by the selfsame reason , must be still kept from evening to evening , though our saviour rose not till the morning ; because we observe not the houre , the minute , but the intire day whereon he rose againe , which then began at evening . secondly , i would demand , on what day our saviour rose ? on the seventh , or on the first day of the weeke ? if on the seventh , then he was not three dayes in the grave ; and then we have no ground for sanctifying the first day : if on the first day of the weeke , then the day was begun before he rose : for if the day began not till he was risen ; then he rose not on it , but before it . if he rose after the day began ( as it is certaine he did , q by severall scriptures , ) then his resurrection did not change the beginning of the day , it being begun befo●e : ( else this day should have two beginnings , and so it was begun before it began , and after it began , which is a contradiction : ) and if it altered not the beginning of the first day , then by what authority is it changed now ? neither can it be here replied , that the first day hath one beginning , and the sabbath or lords day another : for as it is said of the seventh day : r that the seventh day is the sabbath , and the sabbath the seventh day : so it may be truly said ; that the s lords day is the first day of the weeke , and the first day of the weeke the lords day , they having both the selfe-same limits . thirdly , no scripture informes us , that our saviours resurrection changed the beginning or end of the sabbath , that it should now begin at midnight , or morning , not at evening ; therefore it k●epes the self●same beginning and end it had before . neither doth the objected reason , ( viz : that the cause should precede the effect , warranted by no scripture , ) prove any thing at all . indeed if any had celebrated the first day as a sabbath , before our saviour had risen , the reason had beene good : but since our saviour was risen againe before the first day was ever kept holy ; and since his resurrection on it was the t cause why christians subsequently observed the whole day , not the very minute or houre on which he rose , or that part onely of the day which remained after he was risen ; the reason is of no weight at all : for if our saviours resurrection should not extend to consecrate that part of the first day which preceded it , because the effect should not goe before the cause : a man might by the selfesame reason argue ; that our saviours passion did not relate à parte ante , to save those beleevers who died before , but only à parte post , to redeeme such onely who departed after his incarnation : which were blasphemy for to thinke ; since our saviour was virtually and in destination ( though not actually ) v a lambe slaine from the beginning of the world . now that the christian sabbath or lords day begins at even , and so ought to be sanctified from even to even , not from morning to morning , or from midnight to midnight ; ( which ecclesiasticall beginning of dayes we never find in scripture , or in any ecclesiasticall writers ; ) it is most apparant : first , because we reade of no other beginning or end of the sabbath in scripture but this : and to make it begin from the very houre or minute of our saviours resurrection , is to make it arbitrary and altogether uncertaine , because the very houre and minute of his resurrection is not , neither can it certainly be knowne . secondly , because the sabbath being nothing else in proper speach , but a day of rest , it is most naturall and proper it should then begin when as god and man begin their rest ; and leave off their labour ; not when as they begin their worke : x but god began his rest at the end of the sixth day , not on the morning or midnight of the seventh day : and men begin their y rest at evening , not at midnight or morning : witnesse psal. . , . the sunne ariseth , and man goeth forth to his worke and to his labour unto the evening : and iohn . . i must worke the workes of him that sent me whiles it is called to day : the night commeth when no man can worke : therefore it is most consonant to reason and nature that it should begin at evening . thirdly , this beginning of the lords day on saturday at even doth best prepare christians for the sanctification and duties of the lords day : for it makes them put a period to their labours in due time , it disburdens them the sooner of their weekday imployments ; it causeth them to goe to bed sooner , to rise earlier , and to prepare themselves the better for the duties of the ensuing morning ; and upon this ground did the church appoint z vigils and evening saturday service in ancient times , that christians laying aside all secular imployments , and resorting then unto gods publike worship , might ( after the manner of the iews , who * had their preparatiō of the sabbath ) the better prepare themselves for the sacred duties of the lords day . and hence perchance it is that we have seldome any playes or masques at court upon saturday nights . lastly , it is infallibly evident by the constant practise of the primitive church , who kept the lords day onely frō evening to evening , not from morning to morning ; as is evidenced ( not onely by the assemblies of the primitive christians , who met together * before day-breake upon the lords day to praise their lord and saviour christ , ) but by sundry councels , fathers , and imperiall constitutions . to begin with councels . survey we concilium tarraconense can. . surius concil . tom. . p. . matisconense . can. . ib. p. . toletanum . can. . ib. p. . constantinop . . can. . ib. p. . foro-juliense can. . surius tom. . p. . turonicum . sub carolo magno can. . ib. p. . a concilium apud compendium , apud alexandr : alesium , summa theolog. pars . quaest . artic. . p. . b synodus francfordiana anno dom. . cap. . c concilium moguntinum anno . apud iuonis decreta , pars . c. . synodus galonis et simonis legatoris an. . & synodus andegavensis an. . all these expresly decree . vt dies dominicus à vespera usque ad vesperam servetur . omnesdies dominicos à vespera in vesperam omni veneratione decernimus observari , et ab omni illic●to opere abstinere . nec aliquis à vespera dici sabbathi , usque ad vesperā diei dominicae ad molendina aquar● , nec ad aliqua alia molere audeat &c. so that by the expresse resolution of all these severall councels , whereof one is oecumenicall : the lords day ought to be kept onely from evening to evening ; and so to begin and end at evening . if we peruse the fathers ; we shall finde d st. augustine , enjoyning christians to celebrate the lords day from evening to evening , as the iewes did celebrate their sabbath . and that the lords day and our christian sabbath begins at evening , not at morning or midnight , it is the direct and punctuall verdict of dionysius alexandrinus epist. . bibl. patrum tom. . p. . a. to h. of theophilus antiochenus comment . in evangelia , l. . bib. patr. tom. . p. . c , d. of gregory nyssē oratio . & . de resurrect . christi p. , , ● . of hierō . com. in ionā c. . tō . . p. . e. & cō . in mat. . v. . tō . . p. , . of leo epist. decret . epist. . c. . hrabanus maurus homil. de dominicis diebus : operum tom. . p. . chrysost. hom. . in genes : tom. . col : b. & hom : . in matth : tom : . col : . b. theophylus alexandrinus epist : paschalis . bibl : patrum tom : . p : . g. cassianus de incarnatione domini lib : bibl : patr : tom : . pars . p : . f , g. anastatius sianita e anagogicarum contemplationum hexaëm . l. . bibl : patr : tom : ● pars p. . e. f quaestionum lib : quaest : . ibid : p : . quaest : g , . ibid : p : , . theophylact. in matth : . v : . & . v. . anselmus in matth : . tom. . p : , . & in cap : . . p : . eusebius gallicanus de symbolo hom : . bibl : patr : tom : . pars● . p : . g , h. paschatius rhadbertus in matth : l : . bib. pat : tom : . pars . p : . haymo halberstattensis homil. in die paschatis , p. , . radulphus tungrensis de canonum observantia lib : propositio . bibl : patr : tom : . p : . f , g. & propositio . ibid : p : . f , g. & tom : . p : . b. c. amalarius fortunatus de ecclesiasticis officijs l : . c : . bibl : patr : tom : . pars . p : . f. honorius augustodunensis de imagine mundi lib. . cap : . bibl : patr : tom : . pars . p : . h. & de antiquo ritu miss : lib : . c : . p : . f. christianus grammaticus expositio in matth : bibl : patr : tom : . pars . p : . d , e. zacharias chrysopolitanus in unum ex quatuor lib. . c. . bibl : patr : tom : . pars . p : , . to which i may adde gregorius . decretal . l. . tit. . de ferijs cap. . p. . summa angelica . tit. dies . sect . . & constitutiones symonis islepe archiepisc. cantuariensis , apud gulielmum lindwood . constit. provinciales l. . tit. de ferijs fol. . b. & ioan. aton . fol . a. where he decreeth thus . in primis sacrū diem dominicum ab hora diei sabbati vespertina inchoandum &c. to which the forequoted authours suffragate . lastly , * king edgar and canutus enacted by their lawes , that the sunday should be kept holy from saturday at noone till monday in the morning . and charles the great , capit. lib. . enacted : i that the lords day should be kept holy from evening to evening . by all which testimonies and reasons it is most apparant , that lords dayes and holy dayes begin at evening , and so ought to be celebrated and kept holy from evening to evening . therfore all dancing , dicing , carding , masques , stageplaies , ( together with all ordinary imployments of mens callings ) upon saturday nights , are altogether unlawfull by the verdict of the forequoted councels ; because the lords day ( as all these ancient authorities and reasons , against all new opinions prove , ) is even then begun . neither will it hereupon follow , that we may dance , dice , see masques or playes on lords-day nights ( as too many doe , ) because the lords day is then ended ; since these councels prohibit them altogether at all times whatsoever . but put case they were lawfull at other times , yet it were unseasonable to practise thē on lords day nights : for this were but to k begin in the spirit , and end in the flesh ; to conclude holy daies & duties with prophane exercises ; and l immediately after the service of god to serve the divell , and to commit our selves to his protection . wee must therefore know , that though the lords day end at evening , yet there are then evening-duties still remaining , answerable to the workes of the precedent day : as the m repetition , meditation , and tryall of those heavenly instructions which we have heard or read in the day-time ; n prayer to god for a blessing upon all those holy ordinances of which wee have beene made partakers : o thanksgiving to him for his manifold mercies : p singing of psalmes and hymnes and spirituall songs : q instruction and examination of our children , servants and families : r examination of our owne hearts , estates , and wayes by the touch-stone of gods word : together with a s serious commendation of our soules and bodies into the hands of god by prayer and well-doing , when as we are lying downe to our rest . all which most serious necessary duties , with which wee should close up every day and night , t ( it being for ought we know the utmost period of our lives , ) will out all dancing , dicing , masques and stage-playes , which are incompatible with these holy duties , and altogether unseasonable for the night , which god made for v sleepe and rest ; not for these dishonest workes of darknesse in which too many spend whole nights , who never imployed one halfe night ( or day ) in prayer , as their x saviour , and y king david did . since therefore we never reade of any faithfull saints of god in former times who practised dancing , dicing , masques or enterludes on lords day nights , ( no z nor yet on any other dayes or nights for ought appeares by any author , ) though they have oft times spent whole dayes and nights in prayer : let us not take up this godlesse practise now , which will keepe us off from god and better things . but let us rather follow a edgars and canutus lawes , keeping the sunday holy from saturday evening , till monday morning ; spending the b whole day and night in c prayer and praises unto god , and in such holy actions , as we would be content , that d christ and death should finde us doing . no man i am sure would be willing , that christ , that death , or the day of judgement should deprehend him * whiles he is dancing , drinking , gaming , masquing , acting , or beholding stage-playes : yea who would not tremble to be taken away sodainly at such sports as these , especially on a sunday night , when every mans conscience secretly informes him that they are unexpedient , unseasonable , if not unlawful too ? let us therfore alwaies end the lords day , yea every weekday too with such holy exercises , in which we would f willingly end our dayes : then neede we not be ashamed for to live nor feare to die . lastly● it is evidently resolved by the foregoing councels● that the very beholding and acting of stage-playes either in publike or private , is altogether unlawfull unto christians , and more especially to clergy men , ( who now are not ashamed to * frequent them , against the expresse resolution of all these councels : ) who are neither to behold nor countenance any dancing , dicing , carding , table-playing , much lesse any publike or k private stage-playes ; the very acting or beholding of which subjects them both to suspension and degradation ; as the recited canons witnesse to the full : which i wish all ministers would now at last remember . if any man here object : that many of the alledged councels prohibit clergy men onely from acting and beholding stage-playes ; therefore lay men may safely personate and frequent them still . to this i answer . first that most of these councels expresly inhibit as well lay men as clergy men both from acting and beholding stage-playes : therefore the objection is but idle . secondly , the very reason alledged by these councels , why clergy men should abstaine from stage-play●s : to wit ; lest their eyes and eares deputed unto holy mysteries should be defiled by them &c. * extends as well to the laity as the clergie ; since every lay christian is as apt to be defiled by playes , and l ought to be as holy in all manner of conversation , as clergy men . every lay christian is , or ought to be a m spirituall priest , to offer up spirituall sacrifices of prayer and praise to god both morning and evening , and at all other seasons : whence god himselfe enjoynes even lay men as well as others ; n to cleanse themselve● from all pollution of flesh and spirit perfecting holinesse in the feare of god ; * to keepe themselves unspotted of the world ; p to abstaine from fleshly lusts which warre against the soule ; and q to be holy even as god is holy . there is the selfesame holinesse required both of the laity and clergy ; both of them ought to be alike spirituall priests to god ( at leastwise in respect of r family-duties , and private exercises of piety and devotions : ) if therfore stage-playes unsanctifie or pollute the one , and indispose them to gods service , needes must they o defile the other too : and so they are equally unlawfull to both by these councels verdict . lastly , though many of these councels prohibit only clergie men frō acting or beholding stage-plaies ; partly because their p canons bound none but clergy men , not the laity , untill they were received : and partlie , because the reformation of the clergie ( whose q resort to stage-playes did seduce the laity , ) was the ●peediest meanes to reclaime all laicks : yet they intended not to give anie libertie to lay men , to haunt plaies or theatres ; for as they inhibit ministers themselves from plaies , so they r charge them likewise both by preaching , by ecclesiasticall censures , & all other meanes , to withdraw their parishioner and all others from them . so that the objection is meerelie frivolous ; and i may safelie conclude , that these recited councels have censured and condemned all kinde of stage-plaies , together with their actors and spectatours . and dare then anie clergie man , anie lay man or christian whatsoever after all these pious constitutions , these deliberate resolutions of above a double grand-iurie of oecumenicall , nationall , provinciall synodes and councels , of all times , all ages of the church ; after the solemne verdict of above reverend bishops and prelates , ( who were present at these councels , and subscribed them with their hands , ) once open his eyes to see , his eares to heare , his purse to cheerish , his mouth to justifie plaies or plaiers ? i hope there is none will be so desperately shamelesse , so gracelesse as to doe it now , though they did it out of ignorance heretofore . to these forenamed councels i shall accumulate some canonicall play-condemning constitutions to the same effect , according to their severall antiquities . the first of them ( if we beleeve clemens romanus ) are the very canons and constitutions of the apostles themselves , who decree thus . s can. . qui accepit meretricem , vel mimam seu scenicam , non potest esse presbyter , vel episcopus , vel diaconus , vel omnino in numero sacerdotali hee who hath married a strumpet , or a woman-actor or stageresse , cannot be an elder . a bishop , or deacon , nor yet in the number of the clergy . if then the marrying with a woman-actor or stage-hauntresse ( who were commonly t notorious prostituted strumpets in ancient times , ) disables men from bearing any ecclesiastical function , by the apostles owne verdict ; how execrable must stage-plaies themselves and plaiers be ? the same apostles in their constitutions ( recorded by the selfesame clemens , ) will informe us : where thus they write . v david dixit , x odi ecclesiam malignantium , et cum iniqua gerentibus non ingrediare . et rursus . y beatus vir qui non ambulavit in consilio impiorum , et in via peccatorum non sterit , et in cathedra pestilentium non sedit , sed in lege domini voluntas ejus , et in lege ejus meditatibur die ac nocte . tu vero relicto fidelium caetu , dei ecclesijs ac legibus , respicis speluncas latronum , sancta ducens quae nefaria esse voluit : non solumque id facis , sed e●iam ad graecorum ludos curris , et ad theatra properas , expetens unus ex venientibus eo numerari , et particeps fieri auditionum turpium , ne dicam abominabilium : nec audisti hieremiam dicentem : z domine , non sedi in consilio ludentium , sed timui à conspectu manûs tuae : neque iob dicentem similia : a si verò et cum risoribus ambulavi aliquando , appendor enim in statera justa . quid verò cupis graecos sermones percipere hominum mortuorum , aff●atu diaboli tradentium ●a , quae mortem afferunt , fidem evertunt , ad deorum multitudinem credendam inducunt eos , qui ad illos attentionem adhibent ? vos ergo divinis legibus invigilantes , vitae hujus necessitatibus putate eas praestantiores , majoremque ijs honorem deferentes , convenite ad ecclesiam domini , b quam acquisivit sang●ine christi dilecti , c primogeniti omnis creaturae . ea est enim altissimi filia , quae parturit nos per verbum gratiae , et * formavit in nobis christum , cujus participes facti , d sacra membra existitis et dilecta , non ●abentia maculam neque rugam , neque aliquid hujusmodi sed tanquam sancti et irrepraebensibiles in fide , perfecti estis in ipso , secundum imaginem ejus qui creavit vos . cavete igitur , ne conventus celebretis cum ijs qui pereunt , quae est synagoga gentium ad deceptionē et interitum . e nulla est enim dei ●ocieta● cum diabolo : nam qui congregatur una cum ijs , qui cum diabolo idem sentiunt , unus ex ipsis conn merabitur , e●vae habebi● . fugite quoque indecora spectacula , theatra ( inquam ) et graecorum ludos &c. propterea enim oportet fidelem fugere impiorum caetus , graecorum et ludaeorum , ne ubi unà cum ijs degimus , animis nostris laqueos paremus : et ne ubi in eorum festis versamur , quae in honorem daemonum celebrantur , cum ijs habeamus societatē impietatis . vitandi quoque sunt illorum mercatus , et qui in ijs fiunt ludi . vitate igitur omnem idolorum pompam , speciem , mercatum , convivia , gladiatores , denique omnia daemoniaca spectacula . david hath said , i have hated the congregation of evil doers , and have not kept companie with those who doe wicked things . and againe . blessed is the man , who hath not walked in the counsell of the wicked , and hath not stood in the way of sinners , and hath not sate in the seat of contagious persons , but his delight is in the law of the lord , and in his law will he meditate day and night . but thou leaving the assembly of the faithfull , the church and lawes of god , regardest the dens of theeves , accounting those things holy , which he reputeth wicked : and thou doest not that onely , but thou runnest likewise to the graecian playes , & hastests to theaters , desiring to be reputed among those who resort thither , & to be made a partaker of filthy , that i say not abominable hearings : neither has● thou heard ieremie saying : o lord , i have not sate in the assembly of players , but i have feared because of thy hand : nor yet iob , uttering the like : and if i have at any time walked with scoffers , for i am weighed in a jus● ballance . but why desirest tho● to heare the greeke speeches of dead men , delivering those things by the instinct of the divell which bring in death , overturne faith , induce those to beleeve a multitude of gods , who give attention to those things ? but you waiting upon the divine lawes , esteeme them more excellent than the necessaries of this life , and giving them greater honour , come together to the church of the lord , which he hath purch●sed with the blood of his beloved christ , the first-borne of every creature . for she is th● daughter of the most high , who hath begotten ●s by the word of grace , and hath formed christ in us , of whom being made partakers , you become holie and beloved members , not having spot or wrinkle , or anie such thing , but as holie and unblameable in faith , you are perfect in him , according to the image of him who hath created you . beware therefore that you celebrate no meetings with those that perish , which is the synagogue of the gentiles , to deceit and destruction . for god hath no fellowshippe with the divell ; for hee who is assembled together with those , who thinke the same with the divell , shall bee accounted one of them , and shall have woe . fly likewise ( i say ) the unseemely spectacles and theatres of the gr●cians . for therefore ought a christian to shun the assemblies of wicked men , of greeks and iewes , lest where wee live together with them , wee provide snares for our soules , and lest whiles wee are conversant in their feasts , which are celebrated to the honour of divels , wee become partakers with them of impiety . their markets likewise are to be eschued , and the playes that are made in them . shunne therefore all the pompe , the shew , the market , the feasts , the gladiators of idolls , and finally all daemoniacall playes and spectacles . than which apostolicall constitutions , there can be nothing more expresse and punctuall against stage-playes . to these play-censuring canons of all the apostles together , i shall adde these constitutions of st. paul in particular , registred by the selfesame clement of rome , in these very words . f scenicus si accedat , sive vir sit sive mulier , auriga , gladiator , cursor stadij , ludius , olympius choraules , cytharedus , lyristes , saltator , caupo , vel desistar , vel rej●ciatur . which canon extends to actors onely , not to spectators . theatralibus ludis qui dat operā , venationibus , equorum cursibus , ac certaminibus ; vel desistat , vel rejiciatur . graecos mores qui sequitur , vel mutet se vel rejiciatur . if a stage-player , be it man or woman , a chariotor , gladiator , race-runner , a fencer , a practiser of the olympian games , a flute-player , a fidler , a harper , a dancer● an alehouse-keeper , come to turne christian ; either ●et him ●ive over these professions , or else be rejected . he who gives himselfe to stageplaies , * huntings , horse-races , or prizes ; either let him desist , or let him be cast out of the church . he who followeth greeke● fashions , let him reforme himselfe , or be rejected . which extends to actors and spectators too . so that if the very apostles themselves , or st. paul may be umpires ; the very acting and beholding of stage-playes is unlawfull unto christians of all sorts ; as these their canons and constitutions largely prove . the . constitution which i shall here remember , is that of pope eusebius , about the yeare of our lord . g oportet episcopū moderatis epulis contentum esse , suosque convivas ad comedendum et bibendum non urgere , quin● potius sobrie●atis praebere exemplum . removeantur ab ejus convivio cuncta turpitudinis augmenta , non ludicra spectacula , non acroamatum vaniloquia , non fatuorum stultiloquia , non scurrilium ●admittantur praestigia : ( a full clause against these stageplayes : ) adsint peregrini et pauperes et debiles , qui de sacerdotali mensa christum benedicentes , benedictionem percipiant . recitetur sacra lectio , subsequatur vivae vocis exhortatio , ut non tantum corporali cibo , immo verbi spiritualis alimento , convivantes se refectos gratulentur , ut in omnibus honorificetur deus per iesum christum . a bishop ought to be content with moderate feasts , and not to urge his guests to eate or drinke , but rather to give them an example of sobriety● let all dugmentations of filthinesse be removed from his feast● and let no ludicrous stage-playes , no vaine reci●all of comicall verses , no foolish speeches of fooles , nor legerdemaines of jesters be admitted . let strangers , let poore and feeble persons be present , who blessing christ for the sacerdotall table , may receive a blessing . let the scripture be there recited , and let the exhortation of the living voice follow it , that the guests may rejoyce that they are fed not onely with corporall food , but likewise with the foode of the spirituall word , that god in all things may bee glorified through iesus christ● our lord. such should bishops , such ministers feasts and entertainments be , though now grown out of use with many . the . is the decree of pope innocent the first , anno christi . capit. . sect . . h praeterea , frequenter quidam ex fratribus nostris , curiales , vel quibuslibet publicis functionibus occupatos , clericos facere contendunt , quibus postea major tristitia &c. constat enim eos in ipsis munijs etiam voluptates exhibere , quas à diabolo inventas esse non est dubiū ; et ludorū vel * munerū apparatibus aut praeesse , aut interesse &c. moreover certaine of our brethren strive to make courtiers , or those who are imployed in certaine publike functions , clergy men , from whom greater sorrow ariseth afterwards . for it appeares that in their very offices themselves they exhibit pleasures , which without doubt were invented by the divell , and are either chiefe overseers or spectators of playes and publike spectacles . stage-playes therefore by this popes verdict ( for of them he speakes ) are the very inventions of the divell . the . is the d●cretall of pope sextus , where we reade as followeth . i clerici qui non modicum dignitati clericalis ordinis detrahunt , et se joculatores seu goliardos aut buffones faciunt , si per annum ignominiosam artem illam exercuerint , ipso jure , si minori tempore , et non desistunt post tertiam monitionem , carent omni privilegio clericali . clergy men who doe not a little detract from the dignitie of the clericall order , and make themselves jesters , * stage-players or buffones , if they shall exercise that ignominious art for a yeares space , or for a lesser time , if they desist not after the third admonition , are ipso jure deprived of all clericall priviledge . the is the constitution of pope clement the . an. , which as it k prohibits clergy men and monkes to hunt or hauke ; so it likewise decreeth : l ne moniales aut comatis aut cornutis utantur crinibus , aut choreis , ludis , aut secularibus innersint festis . that nonnes shall not use broydered or horned haire , nor yet be present at dances , playes , or secular feasts . the . is the synodall decrees of odo parisiensis , about the yeare of our lord . which ordaine ; m ne sacerdotes in ●uis domibus habeant scachos , et aleas , omnino prohibetur . prohibetur penitus universis sacerdotibus ludere cū decijs , et interesse spectaculis , vel * ch●reis assistere , et intra●e tabernas , causa potandi , aut discurrere per vicos aut plateas , et ne habeant vestes inordina●as ōnino prohibetur it is wholly prohibited clergie men , tha● they keep● no checker-men , or tables and dice in their ho●ses . all clergy men are ●tterly prohibited to play a● dice , to be● present at stage-playes , or stand by dancers , or to enter into 〈◊〉 to drinke , or to runne through villages or streetes , or to weare disorderly apparell . the . is the constitution of pope pi●s the . anno dom. . which runnes thus . * vt clericiquos propter christum spectaculū fieri oporteat mundo , angelis , et hominibus● maximè debeant ab ijs spectaculis , quae christum non ●apiunt , abstinere ; et ne comaedias , fabulas , choreas , hastiludia , aut ludicrum , et profanum ullum spectaculi genus agant vel spectent . ne talis , tef●eris , pagellis pictis , e● omnino alea , aut ullo praeterea vetito a●t indecoro ludi genere ludant , neve hujusmodi ludi spectatores sint . ne comessa●ionibus aut minus honestis convivijs intersint , cauponasque aut tabernas ne ingrediantur , ni●i longioris itineris causa ne cuiquam propinent , aut provocati ad bibendum respondeant , sed sobrie et castè ex doctrina apostol● vivant . which constitution was framed out of the * fore-recited decree of the councell of trent , of which this pope ( writes langhecrucius , ) was a most diligent observer and practiser . that clergy men who ought to bee made a spectacle to the world , to angels and to men christ , ought chiefly to abstaine from those spectacles , which savour not of christ ; neither may they act or behold comedies , playes , dances , ●usts , or any prophane sport or spectacle . let them not play at tables , dice , cards , or any game at dice : ( which games even * mahomet him selfe hath condemned and prohibited his followers in his alcoran , as the greatest sinnes , and the divell engine , to breed discords among men , and to withdraw them from prayer and gods service : ) nor at any other prohibited or unseemely kinde of play ; n●i●h●r may they bee spectators of such playes or games . they may not be present at riotous or dishonest feasts , neither shall they enter into any ●avernes or alehouses unles it be by reason of some long journey . let them not drinke ( or begin an health ) to any one ; nor yet pledge others when they are provoked to drinke ; but let them live soberly and chastly according to the apostles doctrine . and is it not then a shame for protestant ministers to frequent , to use these playes , these games and sports , or to practise these abuses , which popes , and papists thus condemne , at leastwise by their publike decrees , though they still approve them by their practise ? to these canonicall , i shall here annexe these imperiall constitutions following ; which inhibit all clergy men under severe penalties , yea and other christians too , from dancing , dicing , acting or beholding stage-playes , and such like spectacles as these . the first is the decree of iustinian himselfe , directed to epiphanius the patriarke● in these words . n vehementer credimus quod sacerdotū puritas et decus , et ad dominū deū et salvatorē nostrum iesum christum fervor , et ab ipsis missae perpetuae praeces , multam propitiationē nostrae reipub : et incrementū praebent , per quas datur nobis et barbaros subjugare , et dominum fieri eorum quae anteà non obtinuimus ; et quantò plus rebus illorum accedit honestatis et decoris , tantò magis et nostram remp . augeri credimus . si enim hi praetulerint vitam honestam et undique irreprehensibilem , et reliquum populum instruerint , ut is ad honestatem illorum respiciens multis peccatis abstineat , planè est , quod inde et animae omnibus m●liores erunt , et facilè nobis tribuetur à maximo deo et salvatore nostro iesu christo clementia conveniens . haec igitur nobis speculantibus , nunciatum est , praeter communem rerum fidē , quosdam ex reverendissimis diaconis itemque presbyteris , ( nam eo amplius dicere erubescimus , deo amantissimos nempe episcopos , ) quosdam , inquam , ex his non vereri , alios quidem per se , aleas seu tesseras contrectare , et adeò pudicum , atqve etiam idiotis a nobis freqventer interdictvm spectacvlvm participare : alios verò talem ludum non accusare , sed vel communicare facientibus , au● sedere spectatores actus indecori , et spectare quidem cum aviditate omnimoda , res omnium rerum importunissimas , ●ermones vero audire blasphemos , quos in talibus necesse est fieri , polluere etiam suas manus , et oculos , et aures sic damnatis et prohibitis lvdis ; alios vero neque obscurè et latenter , aut equorum certaminibus se immiscere , aut etiam invitare aliquos super equorū profligatione aut victoria , vel per seipsos vel per alios quosdam● et quia nō decēter talia ludāt , aut scenicorvm aut thylemicorū spectatores fivnt lvdorvm , aut earum quae in theatris certantium ferarum pugnae fiunt , quemadmodum ipsi vel his qui modo et recens initiati sunt , et adorandis mysterijs dignati● ipsi praedicant , ut abr●nvncient adversarii daemonis cvltvi , et omnibvs●pompis eivs , qvarvm non minima pars talia spectacvla svnt . saepè quidem istis talia custodiri praedicamus : videntes autem de his factam nobis relationē in necessitatem incidimus ad praesentem veniendi legem , tum propter nostrum super religione studium , tum etiam propter sacerdotij ipsius simul et communis reipub : utilitatem . et sancimus , neminem neque diaconum , neque presbyterum , et multo magis neque episcopum , ( quod quidem et incredibile fortè videri possit , ) ut quorū in ordinationibus praeces ad dominum mittuntur christum deum nostrum , et invocatio sancti et adorandi sit spiritus , et eorum capitibus aut manibus imponuntur sanctissima eorum quae apud nos sunt mysteriorum , ut scilicet ipsis omnia sensoria instrumenta pura fiant et consecrentur deo. neminem igitur horum audere de caetero et post divinam nostram legem aut cubicare , ( id est tesseris seu aleis ludere , ) quocunque aleae genere aut ludo , aut ita ludentibus communicare aut conversari , aut recreari , aut unà cum ijs agere , aut eis testimoniū perhibere , aut interesse plebei●s hvivsmodi spectacvlis quae prius diximus , aut quid eorum quae in his prohibētur facere , sed omni ad ●lla participio in postervm abstinere &c. si vero quis de caetero tale quid faciens deprehensus fuerit &c. et convictus feurit diaconus et presbyter vel aleator esse , vel alea●orum particeps , aut talibus assidens vanitatibus , vel praedictis interesse spectaculis ; aut etiā fortè aliquis deo amabilium episcoporum ( quod quidē neque eventurum esse confidimus , ) prorsus tales cujusdā participes esse spectaculi , aut cum aleatoribus unà sedere , et disponere , aut pacisci , aut sponsiones ●acere , de caetero ausus fuerit , * eum à sacra ●eperari liturgia jubemus , ac imponi ipsi canonicā poenam , et definiri tempus infra quod conveniat metrapolitanū suū jej●●ijs et supplicationibus utentem magnum propitiari deum super tali transgressione : et si per definitū tempus maneat lachrymis et poenitentia et jejunio et ad dominum deum oratione , remissionem delicti exorans , con●estim ei cui subjectum est hoc diligenter cognito , et sollicitè requisito , communē quidem pro ipso orationem fieri curabit , et cum om●i diligentia injunget ipsi ut posteà à tali sacerdotij d●decoratione abstinear ; e● si putaverit ipsum sufficiente● ad poeni●e●tiam venisse , tum sacerdotali eum restituere dignetur clementiae . si vero et post excommunicationē inventus fucrit , neque vera poenitentia usus , et aliàs etiam aspernatus ●am rem et manifestè ab adversario ( diabolo ) mente ine●●atus , ipsum quidem sacerdos sub quo degit , sacris eximat catalogis , omnino eum deponens : ille autem non amplius ullo modo licentiam habeat ad sacerdotalem venire gradum &c. we verily beleeve that the puritie and honour of ministers , and their zeale to our lord god and saviour iesus christ , and their perpetuall prayers , afford much reconciliation and increase to our republike ; by which there is power given to us , both to subdue the barbarians , and to be made lord of those things which before we have not obtained , and by how much the more honesty and comelinesse accrues to their affaires , we beleeve that our common-weale shall bee so much the more increased . for if these shall live an honest , and every way unblameable life , and shall instruct the residue of the people , that they beholding their honesty may abstaine from many sinnes , it is manifest , that frō thence even all mens soules will be the better , and convenient mercy shall be easily granted to us by our great god and saviour iesus christ. we therfore contemplating these things , it is tolde us , beyond the common truth of things , that certaine of the most reverend deacons and presbyters , ( for wee are more ashamed to say , that even bishops who are best beloved of god , ) i say , that some of these , are not afraid , some of them by themselves , to play at tables or dice , and to participate of so shamefull a spectacle , which wee have oft prohibited even lay-men themselves : that others verily blame not this play , but either communicate with those who use it , or si● spectators of this unseemely act , beholding even with all greedinesse the most inconvenient foolish thing of any , and hearing blasphemous● speeches which must necessarily be uttered in such● sports , o polluting even their hands , their eyes & eares with such condemned and prohibited playes : that others trully , not obscurely and covertly , intermingle themselves in cirque-playes and horse-races , or else bett with others upon the discomfiting and victorie of horses , either by●themselves or some others . and because they cannot conveniently use such playes , they become spectators of stage-playes and enterludes , or of those combates of wilde beasts that are made in theaters ; albeit they thēselves doe preach even to those that are even now but newly admitted to and made partakers of th● sacred mysteries , p that they should renovnce the worship of the divel their adversary , and all his pompes , of which svch spectacles or stageplayes are not the least part . truly we have ofttimes proclaimed that such things should bee observed by them : but seeing there is a relation of these things made unto us , we are fallen into a necessity of comming to the present law , both in respect of our care for religion , as also for the publike benefit of the ministry it self , and of the republike . and we decree , that no deacon nor presbyter , and much more no bishop , ( which truly may chance to seeme incredible , ) as in whose ordinations praiers are sent up to our lord god iesus christ , and the holy and adored spirit is invocated , and the most holy mysteries that are among us are imposed on their heads or hāds , that so al their sensitive instruments may be made pure and consecrated unto god. * let none of them therefore hereafter presume after our divine law , either to play at tables or dice , or at any kinde of dice-play , or game , or to communicate or converse , or to be recreated with those who play thus , or to play together with them , or to beare witnesse to them , or to be present at such plebeian spectacles and stage-playes which wee have spoken of before , or to doe any of those things that are here prohibited , but to abstaine hereafter from all participation with them . and if any one shall henceforth bee deprehended doing any such thing , and if any deacon or presbyter shal bee convicted to bee either a dicer , or a partner with dicers , or one that sitteth by such vanities , or to be present at the foresaid enterludes : or if perchance any one of the bishops beloved of god ( which * truly we trust will never happen , ) shall henceforth presume to be a partaker of any spectacle or play , or to sit together with dicers , and to direct , or bargaine , or ●ett , wee command him to be sequestred from the sacred liturgie , and canonicall punishment to be inflicted on him , and a convenient time to bee appointed within which hee may resort to his metropolitan with fasting and supplications , to appease the great god for this his offence : and if during the appointed time he shall continue imploring the remission of his fault with * teares , repentance , and fasting , and prayer to his god ; this being speedily made knowne to whō he is subject , and diligently examined by him , hee shall provide a common prayer to be made for him , and with all diligence shall enjoyne him , that he shall afterwards abstaine from such a disgrace of the ministry ; and if he shall thinke that hee hath sufficiently repented , let him vouchsafe to restore him to his ministeriall function . but if even after his excommunication he shall be found not to have truly repented , and contemptuously to returne to the same thing againe being manifestly seduced in his mind by the divell ; let the bishop or minister under whom he lives strike him out of the sacred catalogues , and altogether depose him & let him by no means obtaine any future licence to come into the ministeriall order . which constitution shewes how execrable a thing it is , for clergy men especially , to resort to stageplayes . to this worthy constitution or law of his , i shall annexe two others , worthy our observation . a virnullo modouxorem expellat , nisi adulteram &c. nisi circensibus vel theatralibus ludis , vel arenarum spectaculis , in ipsis locis in quibus haec adsolent celebrari , se prohibente gaudentem . b vir dimittere uxorem potest , si ●raeter voluntatem suam circenses et theatricas voluptates captet , ubi scenici ludi sunt , aut ubi ferae cum hominibus pugnant . a man may by no meanes put away his wife , unlesse she be an adulteresse , &c. or unles she resort to cirque-playes , or stage-plaies , or sword-plaies , in those very places where they are wont to be celebrated , contrary to his command . a man may put away his wife , if without his leave shee runne to cirque-playes , and theatrical enterludes , to play-houses , ( or places where are stage-plaies , ) or where beasts fight with men . which lawes of his , authorizing men to put away their wives , ( as c sempronius sophus did ) if they resort to playes , to play-houses , or other spectacles without their licence , d ( because it is an apparant evidence of their lewdnesse , and a meanes to make them common prostituted whores , few else resorting unto playes but such ; ) is an impregnable evidence of the lewdnesse , the unlawfulnesse , the infamy of acting and frequenting stage-playes , and of the intollerable mischievous qualities of plaies themselves which thus strangely vitiate their spectators : and withall should cause all husbands , all parents , to keep their wives and daughters from playes and theaters , ( the e very marts , the instructions of baudery and adultery ) , if they would preserve them chast ; to which adulterers , woers and others oft entice them , that so they may more easily overcome their chastity , and make them pliable to their lusts , f which they are alwayes sure to accomplish , if they can once but draw them to resort to playes ; as ancient , that i say not moderne experience , can too well witnesse . the second , are the imperial constitutions of honorius and theodosius , which runne thus . q placuit nostrae clementiae ut nihil conjuncti clerici cum publicis actionibus vel ad curiam pertinentibus habeant . praeterea ijs qui parabolani vocantur , neque ad quodlibet publicum spectaculū , neque ad curiae locum , neque ad judicium accedendi licentiam permittimus &c. interdicimus sanctissimis episcopis et presbyteris , diaconis et subdiaconis , et lectoribus , et omnibus alijs cujuslibet ordinis venerabilis collegij aut schematis constitutis , ad tabulas ludere aut alijs ludentibus participes esse , aut inspectores fieri , aut ad quodlibet spectaculū spectandi gratia venire . si quis autē ex his in hoc deliquerit , jubemus hunc tribus annis a venerabili ministerio prohiberi , et in monasteriū redigi : sed in medio tempore si se poenitentē ostenderit , liceat sacerdoti sub quo constitutus est tempus minuere , et hunc priori rursus ministerio reddere . it pleaseth our grace that clergy men intermeddle not with publicke actions or things belonging to the court. besides , wee permit not those who are called * parabolani , to have leave to come to any publike spectacle or stageplay , nor yet to the court , or place of judgement . wee prohibit the most sacred bishops , and presbyters , deacons and subdeacons , and all others of the venerable colledge , or livery , to play at tables , or to bee partners with others that play , or spectators of them , or to come to any spectacle or stageplay of purpose ●o behold it . if any of these shall offend in this , we command him to be suspended the venerable ministrie for three yeares , and to be thrust into a monastery : but if in the middle of this time hee shall shew himselfe penitent , it shal be lawfull for the minister under whom hee is placed to shorten the time , & to restore him to his former ministery . to which i may adde these ensuing imperiall constitutions of gratianus , valentinianus , and theodosius . r nullus solis die populo spectaculum praebeat , nec divinam venerationem confecta solennitate confundat . s dominico quae est septimanae totius primus dies et natale , atque epiphaniorum christi , paschae etiam atque quinquagesimae diebus omni theatrorum atque circensium voluptate per universas urbes earundem populis denegata , totae christianorum ac fidelium mentes dei cultibus occupantur . si qui etiam nunc vel ludaei impietatis amentia , vel stolidae paganitatis errore atque insania detinentur , aliud esse supplicationum noverint tempus , aliud voluptatis . acne quis existimet in honorem numinis nostri veluti majo ri quadam imperialis officij necessitate compelli , et nisi divina religione contempta spectaculis operā daret , subeundum forsitan fibi nostrae serennitatis offensam , si minus circa nos devotionis ostenderit quat quā solebat , nemo ambigat , * quod tunc maxime mansuetudini nostrae ab humano genere defertur , cum virtutibus dei omnipotentis potentis ac meritis universis obsequium orbis impenditur . let no man exhibit any stage-play or spectacle to the people on the sunday , nor confound gods worship with any acted enterlude . on the lords day which is the first day and birth-day of the whole week , and on the feast-dayes of the epiphany of christ , of easter also and of whitsontide , all the pleasure of stage-playes and cirque-playes , being denied the people throughout all their citties , the whole minds of christians & beleevers shal be busied in the worship of god. and if any now are deceived either with the folly of iewish impiety , or with the errour and frenzie of foolish paganisme ; let them know , * that there is one time of supplications , another of pleasures . and l●st any one should thinke himselfe as it w●re compelled out of honour to our majesty with a certaine greater necessitie of imperiall duty , and that perchance he shall undergoe the displeasure of our grace , unlesse contemning divine religion , he shall addict himselfe to stage-playes , or if hee shall shew lesse devotion towards us in this kinde than hee was wont : let no man doubt , that then most of all is attributed to our clemencie by mankind , when as the obedience and service of the world is bestowed on the vertues and universall merits of the omnipotent god. the last is that of iulian the apostata , who in his letter to arsacius , the arch-pagan priest of galatia , writes thus by way of injunction , of purpose to draw the pagans to the discipline of the christians . t deinde sacerdotem quemque cohortare , ne in theatro conspiciatur ; ne apud caupones potet ; neve arti cuiquam aut operae pudendae aut ignominiosae praesit . et morem quidem gerentes persequere , rebelles vero à te repelle . moreover exhort every priest that hee be not seene in the theatre ; that he drinke not at ale-houses ; and that hee practise or survey no ignominious , no shameful art or worke . and honour those who are obedient , but repell the rebellious from thee . so much shew of ingenuity was there even in this grand apostate , as to doome stage-playes unfit spectacles , playhouses & alehouses undecent places for pagan priests , how much more then for christian ministers . to all which councels and constitutions of this nature , i shall adde gratian : distinctio , . & causa . quaest. , . i●onis decreta pars . cap : . & pars . c : . , . panormitan : tit : de vita et honestate cleric●rum , & de clerici officio . alvarus pelagius de planctu ecclesiae , lib : . artic : . fol : . isiodor hispalensis de officijs ecclesiasticis l : . c : . hrabanus maurus de sacris ordinibus lib : . operum tom : . p : . a , b alexander fabricius destructorium vitiorum l : pars . c : . ioannis de wankel glossa in breviarium sexti lib : . tit : . de vita et honestate clericorum . v innocentius . decretalium constit : lib : . tit : . de vita et honestate clericorum . episcopus chemnensis , onus ecclesiae , cap : . sect : , &c. ioannis de athon , othoboni constitutiones , fol : , , . & constitutiones concilij oxoniensis , fol : , , . lindwood provincialium constitutionum , l : . tit : de vita et honestate clericorum fol : , . summa rosella , tit : clericus , sect : . & chorea summa angelica , tit : chorea : & clericus , sect , , , . claudius espencaeus digressionum in epist : ad timothaeum lib● . cap : , . ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi , pars . c : ● buchardus decretorum l : . c : . dionysius richelius de vita canon : et ecclesiast : artic : . clichthouius , de vita et moribus sacerdotum , cap : . bochellus d●cretorum ecclesiae gallicanae lib : . tit : , & . ioannis langhecrucius , de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum , l : . cap : , , , , , , , , , , . & l : . c. , . with sundry other canonists and casuists in their treatises , de ecclesiasticis officijs , & de vita & honestate clericorum : who all unanimously conclude , ( as the fore-quoted councels and constitutions doe ; ) that it is utterly unlawfull for any clergy men whatsoever , ( who should be x patternes of piety , temperance and humility to others : ) not onely to hunt , to hauke , to drinke or pledge any healthes ; to make any riotous feasts , to weare any y velvets , silkes , or costly apparell , to intermeddle with secular affaires &c. to dance , to play at dice or tables , or at any unlawfull games , or to looke upon any others who are dancing or playing : but likewise to be actors , hearers , or spectators of any enterludes , stage-playes , or other such spectacles whatsoever either in publike or private ; for the premised reasons . all which concurring authorities , ( seconded by the canons and constitutions of our owne church of england ; witnesse , reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum , ex authoritate regis henrici . et edovardi . londini . tit. de ecclesiastica , et ministris ejus , cap. f. . where we thus reade . presbyteri non sint compo●ores , non aleatores , non aucupes , non venatores , non sycophanti , non otiosi , &c. & ibid : fol● . cap. . f. . caveat episcopus ne otiosos , vanos , impudicos aut aleatores nutriat , &c. together with queene elizabeths injunctions , injunct : . canons anno . fol : . . . & canons . can : , . which thus decree : * that ministers shall not give themselves to drinking or riot , spending their time idly by day or by night , playing at cards , or tables , or any other unlawfull game ; but at all times convenient they shall heare or reade somewhat out of the holy scriptures , or shall occupie themselves with some other honest studie or exercise , alwayes doing the things which shall appertaine to honestie , and endeavouring to profit the church of god , having alwayes in minde , that they ought to excell all others in purity of life , and should b● examples to the people to live well and christianly ; under paine of ecclesiasticall censures to be inflicted on them with severity , according to the qualities of their offences : ) should now at last persuade all christians , ( especially all clergy men , for whom there is no evasion , ) for ever to renounce , not onely the acting , the composing , but likewise the very sight and hearing of all publike and private stageplayes , which so many councels , canonical and imperiall constitutions , have thus unanimously censured , even from age to age . wherefore i shall here close up this scene ( and i hope the mouthes of all play-patrons whatsoever ) with this . play-confounding argument , uncapable ( i suppose ) of any answer . that which severall oecumenicall , nationall , provinciall synodes and councels in severall successive ages of the church : together with sundry apostolicall , canonicall , and imperiall constitutions , have severely inhibited , suppressed , anathematized , condemned under paine of excommunication , and the like ; must undoubtedly be execrable , unseemely , unlawfull unto chri●tians , unsufferable in any christian church or state. but s●verall oecumenicall , nationall , and provinciall synodes and councels , in severall successive ages of the church ; together with sundry apostolicall , canonicall and imperiall , constitutions , have severely inhibited , suppressed , anathematized , condemned stageplayes , together with their actors and spectators , under paine of excommunication , and the like : as all the premises witnesse . therefore they must undoubtedly be execrable , unseemely , unlawfull unto christians , unsufferable in any christian church and state. the premises no christian can or dares controll , against so many apparant evidences : the conclusion therefore must stand inviolable , maugre all that players or play-haunters can object against it . scena qvarta . the fourth squadron of authorities , is the ve●erable troope of severall renowned ancient fathers and writers of the church , from our saviours time till the yeare , who have professedly encountred , censured , condemned stage-playes , in their incomparably excellent writings , a catalogue of whose names and workes i shall here present you withall , together with a note of those impressions which i follow ; omitting the recitall of their words at large ; partly to avoid prolixity ; partly , because i have already recorded their most eminent passages against stage-playes and players in severall * precedent acts and scenes , on which you may cast your eyes . to begin with these ancient fathers and authours according to their severall antiquities , which i would wish the learned to peruse , for their owne better satisfaction in this point . the . of them , is philo iudaeus , an eminent learned iew , if not a christian● whom st. hi●rom highly applaudes , inserting him into ●is catalogue of ecclesiasticall writers . de agricultura lib : in his workes basiliae . p. , . de vita mosis lib : . p : . de fortitudine lib : p : , , , . de specialibus legibus , p. , . de monarchia lib : p : . de vita contemplativa , p : , to . in flaccum● l : p : , . de legatione ad caium , p : . to , & . de decalogo , p : . & de iudice , p : . the . is , clemens romanus , constitutionum apostolicarum lib : . cap : , , . & lib : . c : . apud laur : surium conciliorum tom : . coloniae agrip. . p. , , & . the . is that famou● iewish historian flavius iosephus , whom st. hierom inserts into his catalogue of ecclesiasticall writers . antiquitatum iudaeorum lib : . c : . l : . c : . & l : ● . c. . in his workes in latine , francofurti . p. , , . the . is athenagoras , that eminent christian philosopher , pro christianis legatio , bibl. patrum . coloniae agrip. . tom. . p. . a , b , c , d. the . is theophilus antiochenus , patriarke of the famous citty of antioch , ad autolicum , lib : . bibl : patr : tom : . p : . g , h. the . is tatianus assyrius , contra graecos oratio : bibl : patr : tom : . p : , . the . is irenaeus bishop of lyons , contra haereses lib : . cap : . & lib : . cap : . in his workes ; basiliae . p. , & . the . is clemens alexandrinus , oratio adhortatoria ad graecos , in his latine workes ; basiliae . fol. , . paedagogi , l : . c : , , , . lib. . c. , , . fol. , . & stromatum lib : . fol : . the . is tertullian , who hath profess●dly written an whole booke against stage-playes , viz : de spectaculis lib : in his workes ; parisijs . tom : . p : , to . adversus gentes apologia , cap : * , , & . ibid : p : , , , , , ● . ad martyres l : cap : . ibid : p : . de idololatria lib : c : . & . a booke worke the reading . de pudiciti● , lib : c : . & de corona militis lib : c : . to . tom : . p : . to . the . is hyppolitus , an eminent martyr , de consummatione mundi et antichristi oratio● bibl. patrum tom. . p. , . the . is origen , super leviticum , homil : . in his workes , parisijs in aedibus ascentianis , anno . tom. . fol. . b , c. in esaiam , hom : . tom. . fol. . h. in hieremiam , hom : . ibid. fol. . i. in epist : ad romanos , l : . tom. . fol. . & contra celsum , l : . tom. fol. . c. the . is minutius felix , a famous christian lawyer , in his octavius , oxoniae . p. , , , , , . the . is st. cyprian , bishop of carthage , epistolarum l. . epist . . eucratio . & lib. . epist. . donato . edit . erasmi , antwerpiae , . tom. . p. , , , . de habitu virginum p. . & de spectaculis lib. professedly written against stageplayes . edit . pamelij coloniae agrip. . tom. . p. , , . the . is zeno veronensis episcopus , de iejunio sermo . bibl. patr. tom. . p. . c. & de spiritu et corpore sermo , ibid. p. . d. the . is arnobius disputat . adversus g●ntes , lib. . antwerpiae . p. . l. . p. . l. . p. , , . l. . p. . & l. . p. , to . the . is lactantius firmilianus , lib. . de vero cultu cap. , . in his workes lugduni . p. . to . divinarum institutionum , epitome , cap. , p. , . see de iustitia , l , . c. . p. , . &c. . p. . & de falsa religione , l. . c. . p. . the . is eusebius , bishop of caesarea , de praeparatione evangelica , l. . c. . p. . l. . c. . operū parisijs . tom. . p. , . de demonstratione evangelica lib. . p. . hist. ecclesiast . l. . c. . l. . c. . tom. . p. , . & l. . c. . p. . & apud damascenum parallelorum , l. . c. . p. . the . is iulius firmicus maternus , de errore profanarum religionum lib. cap. . bibl. patr. tom. . p. , . the . is hilary , bishop of poiters , enarratio in psalm . . in his workes , coloniae . agrip. . p. . g. & in psal. . lib. ibid. p. , e , f. the . is macarius aegyptius , homilia . in his workes , parisijs . p. . & homil . . p. . the . is cyrillus hierosolymitanus , arch-bishop of hierusalem , catechesis mystagogica . parisijs . fol. , . the . is asterius , bishop of amasia , oratio in festum kalendarum , bibl. patr. tom. . p. , . the . is st. ambrose , bishop of millaine , de officijs l. . c. . & l. . c. . operum coloniae agrip. . tom. . p. . a , b. . f. de poenitentia , l. . c. . ibid. p. . f. de elia et iejunio , cap. . tom. . p. , . &c. . p. . c , d. enarratio in psal. . octon . . tom. . p. , . annotationes in deut. . irenaeo , tom. . p. , . sermo . tom. . p. . & sermo . p. . a , e , g. the . is st. basil the great , bishop of caesarea in cappadocia , the native countrey of george the arrian , bishop of alexandria ; who was borne in cappadocia , as is most apparant : first , by a zozomen , b socrates scholasticus , * & nicephorus callistus , who all expresly testifie in positive termes , ( as their words in the margent evidence , ) that george the arrian was a cappadocian borne . secondly , by the testimony of athanasius , contra arianos oratio , where ( as nannius translates it , ) he writes thus . e eaque de causa ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ) georgiū cappadocem quendam redimerunt : ( which referres onely to his country ; ) sed nec ille aliquo in numero aut praecio habendus est . dico enim eum istis in locis , non ut christianum se , sed ut idololatram gessisse eundemque moribus et instituto carnificem esse : which relates to his lewd conditions . againe in his epistle , ad solitariam vitam agentes ; hee hath this passage . f nunc autem denuò 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , georgium quendam cappadocem , ( an apparant designation of his country , ) aerarij constantinopoli questorem et depeculatorem omnium , atque ex crimine profugum alexandriam specie militari et authoritate ducis in episcopatum immittit . and in his epistle , ad ubique orthodoxos , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. which petrus nannius renders thus : h quibus declarabat georgium cappadocem natione , successorem mihi datum , satellitium stipatoribusque comitis in cathedram inducendum : and that properly enough . so that if athanastus ( who had cause to know the birth and life of this arrian george , who both persecuted and deposed him ) may be judge , this george , without question , was a cappadocian borne . thirdly , it is evident by the unavoidable suffrage of gregory nazianzen , the countrey-man , if not the coaetanian of this arrian george : who in his oratio . in laudem athanasij , writes thus . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , &c. which not only bilius , but k ioannes lewenclavius too , ( who well understood the signification of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) latine thus . monstrosus quidā cappadox ex ultimis terrae nostrae finibus oriundus , malus genere , animo pejor , &c , which words , monstrosus quidā cappadox , ex ultimis terrae nostrae finibus oriundus : l ( gregory nazianzen being a cappadocian borne ; ) coupled with this foregoing passage : atque hic mihi charissimum solum , patriam , inquam , meam omni crimine solutam velim ; non enim patriae , sed ijs qui libera animi voluntate eum ( viz. george the arrian ) elegerint improbitas assignanda est . illa enim sacra , et apud omnes pietatis laude clara et illustris ; at hi ecclesia parente indigna . porro in vinca quoque spinam nasci audistis , &c. ( wherein he excuseth his native country , cappadocia , from all blame ; that george the arrian was borne & made a bishop in it ; since thornes may grow in vineyards , and those who chose him for their bishop , not his native countrey were to blame : ) and seconded with this ensuing gradation ; malus genere , ( which referres to his parentage , hee being a cappadocian borne , whose wickednesse and lewdnesse , as is confessed , grew into a proverbe : ) animo pejor , which relates to his conditions : are an unanswerable evidence , that george the arrian was a cappadocian borne . hence m billius in his scholia upon this oration , long before dr. rainolds wrote any thing of this subject , concludes peremptorily ; that george the arrian was a cappadocian borne ; cappadox enim erat ( saith hee ) georgius arrianus infestissimus athanasij hostis . quatenus autem cappadox erat , inquit theologus , videam mihi , et patriam communem cum eo habere , nonnihil etiam ad insidias adversus athanasium structas conferre . hence flaccus illyricus , iohannes wigandus , matthaeus iudex , and basilius faber , in their famous magdeburgian ecclesiasticall centuries , ( * yeares before dr. rainolds , ) relating the life and death of george the arrian , expresly affirme from this of nazianzen , that george the arrian was a cappadocian borne . for thus they write : n georgius natione cappadox , ex sordido et vili vitae genere , ad episcopatum , seu tyrannidem potius , alexandriam pervenit . yea both o baronius and spondanus from this passage of nazianzen , and those of athanasius , affirme ; that this arrian george was a cappadocian borne , and the countrey-man of nazianzen : for writing of gregory , and this arrian george : concordant vero ( say they ) omnino patria , cum utrumque fuisse cappadocem veteres scriptores tradant , quoting nazianzen and athanasius in the margent . whence they stile this george , georgius cappadox , quem quidem malum genere , animo pejorem , moribus pessimum fuisse , gregorius nazianzenus ipsius gentilis docet , dum ejus scelera recenset . if then we beleeve either the forenamed historians , or athanasius , nazianzen , billius , the century-writers , baronius or spondanus , who are most expresse in point , this george the arrian was undoubtedly a native cappadocian . lastly , that passage of cassiodorus in his p tripartita historia , where he stiles this george , cappadocem hominem arianae vesaniae : that more punctuall testimony of q nicephorus constantinopolitanus , who reckoning up the names of the bishops of alexandria , whereof he makes this george the . stiles him , georgius cappadox : ( by which title hee distinguisheth him , not onely from r george the arrian bishop of laodicea , but from s george the bishop of alexandria , who succeeded him : perchance the same george whom photius mentions , t as the authour of a booke concerning chrysostome : ) together with v nannius , x billius , the y centuriators , z baronius , spondanus , a nicolaus faber , and the severall index-compilers of athanasius , nazianzen , nicephorus , zozomen , socrates scholasticus , the centuries , baronius , spondanus , bibliotheca patrum , and others , who all stile him , georgius cappadox , as being a cappadocian borne ; yeeld us an infallible testimonie in dr. rainolds his behalfe ; that george the arrian bishop ( a thing not questioned heretofore by any , ) was by birth a cappadocian . neither will those two objections to the contrary , so much as once eclipse this shining truth : to wit , b that homo , or monstrum cappadox , is a proverbiall speech , denoting , not the country , but the lewd conditions of this arrian george , and that ammianus marcellinus , who lived about those times , affirmes for certaine in expresse termes , that george of alexandria was borne at epiphania in the province of cilicia . for first , though homo cappadox be sometimes a proverbiall speech , being applied to a notorious wicked wretch , who is no cappadocian borne , ( where it must of necessity be proverbial , because it cannot be litterall ) ; yet it is never so , when as it is spoken of any native cappadocian , where it may have a proper litterall construction : which is the case of george the arrian , whom all writers hitherto , till some of late , haue conceived to be a cappadocian borne . but admit , that homo , or monstrum cappadox , were a meere adagie , or a periphrasis of a desperate gracelesse wicked miscreant ; ( which is unlikely in our case , since c nazianzen , & d isiodor pelusiota informe us ; that about this george his time the ancient infamie of the cappadocians lewdnesse was quite abolished , cappadocia being then become not onely sacred , but even famous and illustrious both for piety , learning , education of youth and learned pious men , who were as so many lights of holy life and doctrine unto all the world : ) yet no one testimony can be produced by the objectors , to prove , that georgius cappadox , or cappadox coupled with any other proper name , is used onely proverbially , for a man of wicked , lewd or vile conditions ; not for a cappadocian borne . for as anglicus , scotus , brito , iudaeus , and such like nationall stiles , annexed unto proper names , ( as thomas anglicus , ioannes duns scotus , herveus brito , philo iudaeus , &c. ) denominate onely the native countrey , not the morall conditions , vertues or vices of men : so cappadox , united to georgius , or any other proper name , demonstrates onely the native soile , not the notorious wickednesse of the person : else philagrius , whom * nazianzen stiles , philagrius cappadox clarus et illustris ; ( which were an apparant contradiction if cappadox were nothing but a lewd companion ; ) else all the pious cappadocian bishops in the first nicene councels , who are stiled f cappadoces ; else g eustochius cappadox , as i finde him named ; else h st. basil , and famous gregory nazianzen , who are called i cappadoces , k basilius cappadox , and l gregorius cappadox : yea and georgius cappadox , the m sainted martyr too , ( whom n some make the same with george the arrian ; o others , and among them p opmeerus , q hyperius , r georgius stigelius , and ioannes aemilius , s mr. samuel purchas , t mr. george withers , and famous v philip melancthon too , what ever some aver against it , as his words i have quoted in the margent witnes : ) a meere symbolical or allegoricall fiction ; either of pious magistrates , the princes of gods husbandry , who fight against the dragon , rescuing the virgin the church from his assaults , or defending and maintaining discipline and justice , against all tyrants and oppressours : or , of our lord and saviour christ , the true z 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his church , who hath long since y bruised the head , * wounded the body , and a vanquished the power of the great serpent the divell , ( whom the scripture stiles b the dragon , ) and c trampled him under his feete , like a victorious conquerour ; rescuing the d woman , his beloved church , ( whom he stiles his margarit● e his ●ewell ) from his infernall power , as ●he scriptures plainly teach us ; all which the emblematicall picture of s. george doth lively represent : ) must all be now unsaincted , and stigmatized for nought else , but despera●e notorious castawayes , as this their proverbiall appellation of cappadox proclaimes them , if the objection prove once true ; since this title ( cappadox ) is appropiated to them all , yea even to f george the saint , as well as to george the arri●● ; he being principally knowne and conceived to be a cappadocian borne , by this addition , cappadox : which if it be meerely nationall in george the martyr , and others fore-recited , must necessarily be so in george the arrian ; there being no reason to make it proverbiall in the one , and literall or nationall onely in the other . secondly , for the objected authority of g ammianus marcellinus , which is misquoted in the chapter : i answer , first , that he was onely an heathen writer , and not so well acquainted either with the birth or life of george the arrian , as athanasius his competitor , as nazianzen his countrey●man , and the forequoted ecclesiasticall historians were ; who all affirme him to be a cappadocian borne : his single testimony then ought not to be preferred before all theirs ; no more than the testimony of h frier anselme , or sir walter raleigh , who record , that george the martyr , was borne in syria , ( not in cappadocia , ) in st. george his castle five miles from ptolemais ; is to be credited before theirs , who a●firme him born in cappadocia . secondly , his witnes is not certaine , but dubious , grounded onely upon a flying report of others , not upon his owne knowledge . it is but , in fulloni● , in fullio , or infulio ( no man knowes which ) 〈◊〉 vt f●re●atv● , apud epiphaniam cilici● oppidum : and shall we beleeve a ferebatvr , a meere uncertaine rumour , taken up by an heathen , before th● expresse authorities of sundry eminent christians . thirdly , admit the most that may be , that this george was borne in cili● ; yet it no ●ore followes from thence , that george the arria● was no● a cappadocian borne ; than that one borne in st. george his parish in burford in the county of glocester , is no english-man borne . for as glocester-shire is a county of england , and so hee that is borne in it , may be truly called an english-man borne ; so this cilicia in which george the arrian was reported to be borne , was , for ought it appeares , a praefecture or province of cappadocia ; and therefore t●●ugh he had there his birth , yet we may truly stile him a● appadocian borne . that this cilicia wa● but a province of cappadocia , it is somewhat probable by the testimony of strabo , no infamous k cappadocian : of aenea● sylvi●s , and volat●r●nus , who informe us : l that cappadocia was divided by the persians into two kingdomes , viz : cappadocia m●jor , towards taurus , which they properly stiled cappadocia ; and pontus , which some have called cappadocia too : and that this caeppadocia major und●r king archelaus and his predecessors , was parted into praefectures , of them scituated towards the hill taurus ; to wit , praetura melitina , cataonia , cilicia , ( which m aeneas sylvius stiles , cilicia strategia ) tyanensis & isauriensis ; the other intituled , lavinasena , sargasena , sarauna , chamanena , and rhimnena : to which the romans added an eleventh praefecture out of cilici● , namely the region of castabalis and cydrista ●nto derba , the seate of antipater the pirate , the eleventh praefe●ture before archelaus , who annexed likewise cilici● tr●chea , and the whole country that practised piracie unto cappadocia . if then cilicia were but a province of cappadocia , and an eleventh province out of cilicia , together with cilicia trachea were added unto cappadocia by the romans and archelaus : we may as safely conclude , that george the arrian was a cappadocian though borne in cilicia , a part or province of cappadocia , as that st. george his advocate is an english-man , though born in glocester shire . but admit cilicia , where this george was borne , were no part of cappadocia , because it may be objected , that * epiphania was scituated in the province of cilicia , and not in this cilicia : to which i may reply out of volateran , geogr : l : . f : . that there were three citties of that name , and one of them perchance in this cilicia ; yet the country of cilicia it selfe ( admitting he had his nativity there , ) n borders on the south of cappadocia . as therefore o some affirme , that st. george may without any contradiction be said to have both lydda and rama for the stage of his suffering , because they are both conterminous and adjacent , by which devise they have * endeavoured to reconcile some jarring authours : so by the selfesame reason , george the arrian might be reported , to be borne in cilicia , as ammianus writes , though in truth he were borne in cappadocia , as the precedent authours witnesse ; by reason of the neere vicinity of these two countries . all which being laid together , will sufficiently justifie the true , though late oppugned position of our deceased famous dr. rainolds , ( whose p overthrow of stage-playes , hath thus occasioned me even here to quit his credit in this case of george the arrian , which might else be questioned in the case of stage-playes : ) q that george the arrian was a cappadocian borne , as r was the mother of st. basil : to whose play-condemning passages i now proceed : as namely his s hexaemeron hom : . operum basileae . tom : . p : . hom : in psal : . p● . sermo . in divites et avaros , p : . de ebri●tate et luxu sermo , p : , , . de legendi● libris gentilium oratio , p : , . ascetica . tom● p● . & comment : in cap : . esaiae , tom : , p : . the . is gregory nazianzen , that eloquent and famous cappadocian , bishop of constantinople , t st. basils most intire friend , oratio . in his workes , basiliae . p. . oratio . de. funere patris , p : . oratio p● . b. oratio , p● , , . oratio , p. . oratio , p. , . adversus mulieres ambitiosius sese ornantes , p : . ad seleucum , de recta educatione , p : , , . a notable place . & sententiae , p : . the . is gregory nyssen , de oratione lib : opera , basileae , ; p : . de resurrectione christi , oratio , p : . de vita beat● gregori● miraculorum opificis , p : , . & vitae moseos enarratio , p : , , . the . is aurelius prudentius , that eminent christian poet , who much declaimes against stage-playes , cirque-playes , sword-playes , and dancing : in his psychomachia : bibl : patr : tom , p : , f. hymnus , p : . & hamartigeneia , p : , a , b , d , g , e , p : , d. contra symmachum , lib : , p : , d , e● , b , c , & l : , p : , e , f , g. the . is gaudentius , bishop of brixia , de lectione evangelij sermo . bibl. patrum tom : , p. , c. the . is epiphanius bishop of constans , in his compendiaria vera doctrina , de fide catholicae et apostolicae ecclesiae : in his works , lutetiae paris . . col : , e. the . is that learned father st. hierom , epistola . ad nepotianum● cap : , . operū antwerpiae , tom : ● p : . epist : , ad salvinam , cap : , p : , epist : , ad furiam , cap : p : . epist : , ad paulinum , cap : , p : . epist : , ad marcellam , cap : , p : . epist : , cap : . p : . epist : , tom : , p : . adversus iovinianum , lib : , cap : , tom : , p : . commentariorum in ezechiel : lib : , cap : ● tom : , p : , h. the . is caelius sedulius , collectanea in epist : ad ephesios , cap : . bibl. patrum tom : , pars , p : , e. the . is golden-tongued st. chrysostome , bishop of constantinople , who is most abundant and divinely rhetoricall * against stage-playes , play-haunting , players , and dancing : homilia . adversus iudaeos : edit : fronto ducaei parisis , tom. . p. . c , d. homil : in s. iulianum , ibid. p. , a , b. homil. de s. phoca , p. , a , b. hom. de s. martyre barlaam , p. , d , , a. homil. , in geneseos , tom. . edit . lat. parisijs , col. , . hom. . de davide et saule , col. , , . homil . in psal. , col. , . hom. in psal. , col. , b. homil. in psal. , col. , c , d. homil. in psal. , v. ; , & , col. , a , , . hom : in psal : , col : , . hom : , de verbis esai● , vidi dominum sedentem &c. col. , , , . & hom. , col. , . hom. , , , , , , , , , , & , in mat : tom. , col. , , , , , , , ● , , b , d , , a , , a , , , , , , , ● , , , , , , . hō . , in ioā : evang. tom. . col. , hō . , & , in acta apost . col. , a , , . hō . , in ep. ad cor. tom. . col. , , , . hom. , in ephes. , col. , , . hō . , in epist. ad coloss. col. . hom. , , , , , , , , , , & . ad populum antiochiae , tom. , col. , c , , b , c. , c , d. , b , c. , d. , a , d. , a. , a , b , c. , , , , , , , b. , d. , , , , , d. ad neophitos homilia , col. , b , c. de poenitentia hom : , col. , . de ele●mosyna et hospitalitate sermo , col. , a. kalendis habita oratio , col. , . oratio sexta , , . oratio , col. , . oratio in saltationem herodiadis , col. , ; and in sundry other forequoted places : see act : , scene , p. . &c. the . is st. augustine , that famous bishop of hippo : confessionum l. , c. , operum lugduni , tom. , p. , l. , c. , , p. , . l. , c. , . p. , . l. , c , , , p. , to . musicae , lib. , c. , , , . p. , , , . de moribus manichaeorum , l. , c. . p. , . epistola , tom. , p. , . de doctrina christiana , l. , c. , tom. , p. . de consensu evangelistarum , l. , c. , tom. , pars , p. , . de chatechizandis rudibus lib. c. , tom. , pars , p. , . de vera et falsa poenitentia , lib. c. , p. . de civitate dei tom : , lib. , c. , , , . l : , c. , to , , , . l. , c. , . l. , c. , , , , , . l. , c. , l. , c. , , , , , , , , , , , l. , c. , , , , , , , , l. , c. . enarratio in psal. , tom. ● pars , p. , to . in psal. , pars . p. . tractatus . in evang. ioannis , tom. . pars , p. . de symbolo ad catechumenos , l. , c. , p. , , & l , , c. , p. , . de verbis apostoli , sermo , tom. , p. , , & homilia , p. ● . with other forecited places , act. , scene , p. , &c. the . is nilus abbas , oratio , de luxuria , bibl. patrum tom. , pars , p. , g. the . is paulus orosius , a spanish presbyter , historiarum lib. , c. , coloniae , p. . the . is synesius , bishop of cyrene , de regno lib. bibl. patrum tom. . pars , p. , g. the . is cyril , bishop of alexandria , in hesaiam l. , cap. ● operum parisijs , tom. , p. , d. in ioannis evangelium , lib. , c. , p , a , b. the . is theodoret , bishop of cyrus , de sacrificijs , l. . operum coloniae agrip. , tom. , p. . de martyribus lib. , p. , e , f. de activa virtute , p. , d. the . is prosper aquitanicus , bishop of rhegium , de gloria sanctorum peroratio , opera d●aci , fol. . the . is hermias sozomenus ecclesiast . hist. lib. , cap. , bibl. patrum tom. , pars ● p. , e. the . is isiodor pelusio●a , epist. l. , epist. , , bibl. patrum tom. , pars , p. , f , & l. , epist. , pag : , a. the . is primasius , bishop of vtica , comment . in epist. ad romanos , c. , parisijs , fol. . the . is pope leo the first , in octava petri et pauli sermo , opera antwerpiae fol. . the . is salvian , the famous vice-tormenting bishop of massilia or marcelles , in france , de gubernatione dei , lib , opera parisijs , p. , to . the . is olympiodorus , enarratio in ecclesiasten , cap. . bibl. patrum tom. , p. , e. the . is aurelius cassiodorus , variarum , lib. , epist. , , , in his workes aureliae alobragum , , p. , , lib. , epist. , p. , , lib● , epist : , p. , , , , lib. , epist . , p. , . the . is fulgentius bishop of ruspens in africa , mythologiarum , lib. , opera basileae , , p. , l. , p. . & super audivit herodes tetrarcha &c. sermo , bibl. patr. tom. , pars , p. . d , e , f. the . is pope gregory the first , moralium l. , c. . opera parisijs , fol. , e. l. , c. . fol. , d. l. , c. , f. , i , k. & epist : l. , epist. , fol. , k. the . is isiodor , bishop of hispalis , originum lib. , cap. , to ● opera , coloniae agrip. , p. , , , ● de officijs ecclesiasticis , l. , cap. , & l. , c. , p. , c. & , d , e. the . is anastasius sianita , patriarke of antioch , in his viae duae , bibl. patrum tom. , pars , p. , b. the . is valerian , bishop of cemela , homil. , de bono disciplinae , bibl. patrum tom. , pars , p. , c , d. homil. , de otiosis verbis , p. , g , h. , a. hom. ● de parasitis , p. , f , g. the . is our venerable beda , in lucae evangelium , c. , l. , operum coloniae agrip. , tom. , col. . the . is ioannis damascenus , parallelorum , lib. , cap. , opera parisijs , p● , . & lib. , cap. , p. . the . is our famous countrey-man alchuvinus , tutor to charles the great : de caeremonijs baptismi epistola in his workes , lutetiae paris . , col : , b. & de divinis officijs lib : cap : , col : , . the . is agobardus , bishop of lyons : de dispensatione , ministerio , &c. bibl. patrum● tom. , pars , p. , h. , a. the . is paschatius ratbertus , in matth : evangelium l. , bibl : patrum tom. , pars , p. , a● b. the . is hrabanus maurus : de sacri● ordinibus lib : , operum coloniae agrip. , tom. , p. , a , b , c. de vniverso lib : , cap : , to , tom : . p : , to . in de●teronomium l : , c : , tom : , p : . the . is haymo , bishop of halberstat , comment : in isaiam , cap : , coloniae pag . & comment : in ephes : , v : . the . is remigius , bishop of rheemes , explanatio in epist : ad galatas , c. , v : , bibl. patrum tom. , p. , g : & in ephes : , v. , p : , a , b. the . is bruno , bishop of herbipolis , expositio in psal : , v : . bibl. patrum tom. , p. , b. the . is theophylact , archbishop of the bulgarians , enarrat : in marc : cap : , in his workes basiliae , p : . enar : in ephes : c : , p. , in tim : , p : , . the . is iuo carnotensis episcopus , decreta● lovanij , pars , c : , pars , c : , pars● , c : , pars , cap : , , , . pars , cap : . pars , cap : . pars , cap : , , , , to . the . is anselme , archbishop of canterbury , comment : in epist : ad ephe●●os , l. , v : ● tom : . operum coloniae agrip. , p : , c , d. in epist : ad philip : c. , p : , a. in tim : c : ● p : , c. the . is honorius augustodunensis , de antiquo ritu missarum , lib : , cap : . bibl. patrum tom : , pars , p : , e. where he stiles dancing and stage-playes , the very pompes of the divell which we renounce in baptisme . the . is elegant st. bernard , abbot of clarevale , oratio ad milites templi , cap : . opera antwerpiae , , col : , l , m. & epist : , col : , a. the . is ranulphus cirstrensis , in his polychronicon , london , . booke , cap : , fol : . the . is our famous countrey-man iohn saresbery , episcopus carnotensis in france : de nugis curialiū , l. , c. , , , . & l. , c : , . bibl. patr. tō . , p. , , . the . is petrus blesensis , archdeacon of bathe , ep : . bibl. patr. tom . pars , p : , b. epist : , p : , e. epist : , p : , e. the . is aelredus , abbot of rivaulx , in yorkeshire , anno . in his speculum charitatis , lib : , cap : , p : , g. lib. , c. , p : , g , h. l : , c : , p : , a. and his fragmentum , conteining the memorable exhortation of king edgar to his bishops and abbots , ibidem p. , a. the . is gratian. distinctio , , ● & . edit● parisijs , fol● , , , , , . & causa , quaest : , f. . & de consecratione distinctio , fol : . the . is pope innocent the . decretal : constitutionum , lib. , tit. , constit. . operum coloniae agrip. , tom. , p : , . these ● eminent ancient fathers and writers in these their recited works , to which i might adde iustinian that famous christian emperour , in his * forequoted ●awes and workes , have constantly even from our saviours death till the yeare . abundantly oppugned , censured and condemned , not onely sword-playes , cirque-playes , and amphitheatricall bloudy spectacles ; but even t stage-playes themselves , as diabolicall , heathenish , sinfull , lewd , ungodly spectacles , v not sufferable among christians ; condemning withall , not onely the acting , but even the beholding of such lascivious , filthy and contagious enterludes , the seminaries of all those prodigious execrable wicked effects , which i have more fully anatomized in the x p●ecedent acts. and if all these worthy ancient fathers did thus abominate , oppugne the stag●-playes , actors and play-haunters of their times ; ô how would they censure and abhorre the scurrilous , obscene , blasphemous , impious playes and players of our age , y which are farre more execrable , prophane and lewd than the very worst in former dayes ? from these authorities therefore thus recited , i shall frame this . invincible argument against stage playes . that which severall fathers and eminent ancient writers of the church have constantly , professedly condemned , as sinfull , and abominable in these their recited workes ; z must certainly be desperately sinfull , unseemely unlawfull unto christians , intollerable in any christian commonweale . but these severall fathers and eminent ancient writers of the church , have thus constantly● professedly condemned stage-playes and stage-players , in these their recited workes . therefore they must certainly be desperately sinfull , unseemely , unlawfull unto christians , intollerable in any christian commonweale . the minor is evident by the premises : the major i dare challenge the most impudent player , or play-patron to denie . for what man , what christian is there so peremptorily audacious , so unchristianly immodest , so a erroniously schismaticall , as to controll , and quite reject , the unanimous resolutions of so many reverend , pious , incomparably learned fathers ? whose play-condemning censures , seconded by the definitive sentence of the whole primitive church both under the law and gospell ; not onely challenge our reverend respect , b but our subscription too . we are all exceeding ready in matters of faith , to give credit to councels , to the renowned fathers , and ancient writers , especially where all , or many of them concurre : and shall we then reject and undervalue them here in the case of stage-playes , in which they all accord , without the least dissent ? never ( i dare positively affirme it ) did fathers , councels , and writers of all sorts , all ages , more plentifully , more unanimously accord in passing sentence against any abuse or wickednesse whatsoever , then in censuring , in condemning stage-playes , as the precedent and subsequent scenes will evidence : and shall we then desert them where they all concord ? could players , play-haunters or lewd lascivious persons , finde out but one councell , one father or two , to countenance stage-playes , dancing , dicing , health-quaffing , face-painting , love-lockes , or their strange fantastique habits and disguises ; they would so * hugge it , so adore it , that neither the lawes of god or man , the authorities of christ , his prophets and apostles , the concurring resolutions of all other fathers , councels or writers to the contrary should be able to convince them that these things are evill : d so pertinaciously doe men adhere not onely to their opinions , but their errors too , who justifie or foment their vices in the least degree . and shall not then the uncontrolled authority of all the precedent christian councels and fathers , be much more prevalent to withdraw them from pernicious stage-playes , with other oft condemned vanities , which have not so much as one father , one councell to defend them ? shall men beleeve , ( yea sometimes preferre ) the fathers before the scriptures , where they seeme to give any countenance to their errours or superstitions ; and yet reject them , where they all unanimously condemne their sinfull pleasures ? o let us not so farre undervalue these their pious judicious , unanimous resolutions against stageplayes and actors , as still to magnifie , frequent , or patronize them in despite of all these their determinations ; e but let us joyne hearts , and hands , and pens , and judgements , yea and our practise with them ; passing the very selfesame doome on players , on stage-playes , as they all have done before us ; for feare their pious resolutions prove so many unavoidable endictments of condemnation against us at the last . we all professe our selves inheritors of these fathers faith ; let us not then be ashamed to inherit the purity , piety , discipline , and devotion of their lives . f it was one great part of their discipline , to censure ; one badge of their christianity , their piety , to abandon stage-playes , players and play-haunters ; let it be one peece of our ecclesiastical , if not civil discipline , and devotion , to doe the like . and g since we are compassed about with so great a cloud of play-condemning authorities , let us now at last resolve , to lay away every weight , and the sin , ( these sinful stigmatized stage-playes ) which doe so easily beset us ; h let us hearken to the instruction of these pious fathers , and attend unto their doctrine : not i removing those play-exiling land-markes which they have set us : that so imitating them in their piety , wee may at last participate with them in their glory . scena qvinta . the fifth squadron of play-oppugning authorities , is the resolution of sundry chri●tian authours , as well papists as protestants , from the yeare of our lord , to this present time , a catalogue of whose names and workes i shall here present unto you , according to their severall antiquities , together with the impressions which i follow . the . of them is guillermus altisiodorensis ; summa aurea in lib. sententiarum , parisijs , : , tractat : , quaest : , fol : . where he concludes thus . qui dat histrionibus immolat daemonibus &c. the . is saxo grammaticus , historiae danicae l. . francofurti , p. . the . is willielmus malmesburiensis , de gestis regum anglorum , l. , c. , francofurti ● , p. , . the . is gulielmus parisiensis , de legibus , c. , opera venetijs , p. , . & de vitijs et virtutibus , lib. c. , p. . the . is alexander alensis , the famous english schooleman , summa theologiae , coloniae agrip. , pars , quaest. , artic . , sect . , p. , , . the . is edmundus cantuariensis , archbishop of canterbury , speculum ecclesiae , cap. . bibl. patrum tom. , p. , e. the . is vincentius beluacensis , speculum doctrinale , venetijs , lib. , c. , to , fol. &c. speculum morale l. , pars , distinctio , & pars , distinctio , fol. , , , & speculum historiale venetijs , l. , c. , fol. , where he hath excellent large discourses , both against dicing , dancing , cirque-playes and stage-playes , well worth the readers observation . the . is matthaeus parisiensis , our famous english historian , hist. angliae , tiguri , p. , , , . the . is thomas aquinas , summa theologiae , duaci , ª ae . quaest : , artic : , , quaest : , artic : , m , & ª ae quaest : , artic : , m , pag : , , . the . is bonaventura , that famous popish cardinall , in sententias lib : , distinct : , dub : : operum moguntiae , tom : , p : . the . is suidas , historica , basiliae , p : . ardaburius caius , sec p : . the . is ricardus de media villa , super lib. , sententiarum brixiae . distinctio , artic : , quaest : , p : . the . is nicolaus de lyra , in deut : , v : , duaci , tom : , p : . in amos , tom : , p : in tim : c● , tom : , p : . see him on cap : , iudicum , & in cap : , matth : & c : , marc. the . is alvarus pelagius , de planctu ecclesiae , lugduni , l : , artic : , f : , lib● , artic : , fol. , & artic. , fol. the . is thomas gualensis , alias wallis , a learned english writer , lectio , in proverb . solomonis , aedibus ascentianis , , fol : : an excellent full place against stage-playes : & summa collationum ad omne genus hominum , pars , distinctio , cap● . quoted by alexander fabritius , destructorium vitiorum lib : pars , c. . the . is astexanus , de casibus &c. nurembergae , lib. , tit. . & l. , tit. . artic. . the . is that profound english doctor , thomas bradwardin , archbishop of canterbury , de causa dei , lib. ● cap. , corolla , opera londini , p. , . the . is robertus holkot , a famous english schooleman , lectio , super lib. sapientiae , basileae , fol. . . the . is franciscus petrarcha , de remedio utriusque fortunae , lib. , dialogus , , to , printed . p. , to . where wee have an excellent discourse against dicing , dancing and stage-playes . the . is ioannis wickliffe , our famous english apostle , dialogorum l. , c. , fol : , edit . . the . is ioannis de burgo , chancellour of the vniversity of cambridge ; p●pilla oculi , parisijs , pars , cap. , . pars , cap. , o. & pars , cap. , v.x. the . is nicolaus cabasila , de vita in christo l. , bibl. patrum tom. , p. , c , d , e , f. the . is ioannis gerson , the learned chancellour of paris , de praeceptis decalogi , cap. , operum parisijs , pars , col. , & sermo dominicae , adventus ; operum pars , col : , , . the . is alexander fabritius , a learned english-man , destructorium vitiorum , lutetiae , pars , c. , c , d. pars , cap : . de ludis inhonestis ; an excellent place against dancing , dicing and stage-playes ; where he quotes one walerannus and walensis against these pastimes , whose workes there cited are not at this day extant . the . is thomas waldensis , a learned english writer , iohn wickliffes professed antagonist , tit. , de baptismi sacrament . c. , sect . , operum venetijs , , tom. , p. , b , see here act. , scene . the . is tostatus abulensis , that voluminous writer , comment . in deut. , quaestio , operum coloniae agrip. , tom. , pars , p. , b , c. in lib. . regum , quaestio , tom. , pars , f , c , d. & in matth. cap. , quaestio , & , tom. , pars , fol. , e , &c. the . is ricardus panpolitanus , a famous english hermite , in verba salomonis ; adolescentulae dilexerunt te nimis &c. bibl. patrum tom : , p. , a , where he thus writes ; sed quidem ut pueri vadunt ad ludos , ad spectacula , ad multas alias vanitates : quamvis tamen deum semper praeponunt , quasi deum amare nescirent : where hee stiles stage-playes , vanities , those who resort unto them , childish persons , who know not how to love god as they ought . the . is nicolaus de clemangis , de novis celebritatibus non instituendis , tract . oper lugduni batt . , p. , to . de lapsu et reparatione iustitiae , cap. , p. . & epist. , , p , , , , . where he excellently declaimes against dancing , stage-playes , and other wanton effeminate exercises and disorders in his time ; & de corrupto ecclesiae statu , c. , sect . , p. , c. , p. , c. , sect . , p. , c. , sect . , p. , where he censures the luxurie and exorbitances of the clergy , especially for their dancing , dicing , resort to p●ayes , and their esteeme of players . the . is panormitanus , that industrious abbot , . decretalium , de clerico venatore , tit- , lugduni , fol , ; and in sundry other places . the . is antoninus , archbishop of florence , chronicorum , pars , tit. ; c. . sect . , edit . lugduni , fol. ; & pars , tit. , c. , sect . , fol. . the . is aeneas sylvi●s , afterwards pope pius the , epist. l. , epist. , opera basileae , p. , , . & de liberorum educatione , p. . the . is mapheus vegius , de educatione liberorum l. ● c , & l. , c. , , bibl. patrum tom. , p. , e , f , , h● , f , & . ● c , d. the . is ioannis antonius , bishop of champaigne , de gerendo magistratu , lib. bibl. patrum tom. , p. , b , c. the . is paulus wan , quadragesimale , hagenau , , sermo , de custodia quinque sensuum , sermo , de custodia auditus ; & sermo , de custodia tactus . the . is michael lochmair , sermo ● hagenaw , y , z ; sermo , f , g , h ; sermo , k ; sermo , l ; sermo , z ; & , f the . is angelus de clavasio , summa angelica , nurembergae , tit. chorea , histrio , infamia , ludus . the . is baptista trouomala , summa rosella , venetijs , tit. chorea & histrio . the . is raphael volateranus , commentariorum lib. , cap : de celebritate conviviorum et ludorum , edit : parisijs , p : , . the . is ioannis de wankel , glossa in breviarum sexti , lib● , tit : , de vita et honestate clericorum , parisis . fol : . the . is ioannis nyder , expositio super praecepta decalogi , parisiiis , praeceptum ● cap : , , fol : , . the . is alexander ab alexandro , genialium dierum lib : , c : , hanouiae , fol : , , & l : , c : , fol. , . the . is lodovicus vives , notae in augustinum , de civitate dei l. , c. , to , & l. , c. , to , &c. l. , c. ; & de causis corruptionis artium , lib. , edit : , p. , . the . is polydorus virgilius , de inventoribus rerū , , l. , c. , , p. , to . & l. , c. , p. , . the . is ioannis aventinus , annalium boiorum , basileae , lib , pag. , & . the . is episcopus chemnensis , onus ecclesiae , , c. , sect . , fol. , cap. , sect . , , , , fol. , & cap. , sect . , fol. . the . is marc : antonius coccius sabellicus aeneadis , l. , basileae , p. , l. , p. . aeneadis , l. , p. , l. , p. . aeneadis , lib. , p. , , lib. , p. . aeneadis , l. , p. , , lib. , p. : where he shewes at large , how stage-playes were originally devoted to the roman idol-gods , who exacted them at their hands to their great expence . the . is stephanus costa , de ludo tractatus , num . , , , , , to . in tractat. tractatuum , parisijs , pars● , f. , , , , . the . is nicolaus ploue , de sacramentis , ibid. tractat. tractatuum , pars , p. , sect . . the . is reverend mr. iohn calvin , sermo , in deut. , . epistola facillo , operum genevae ● tom. , pars , col. , . see sermo , , & , in lib. iob. the . is henricus cornelius agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum , cap. , , , , & . coloniae . the . is learned and laborius radolphus gualter , hō . . in nahum . f. , . see hō . . in mat. fol. , . & hō . , in marci evangeliū , fol. , . the . is judicious martin bucer , de regno christi sempiterno , lib. . cap. . where he condemnes all popular stage-playes , though he seemes to allow of academicall with some restrictions . the . is acute and learned peter martyr , locorum communium , classis , cap. , sect . , c. , sect , ● & commentary upon iudges in the english translation , p. , . the . is olaus magnus , archbishop of vpsalis , historia , basileae , lib. , c. , , , , , to : which he notably censures all amo●ous lascivious ribaldry dances , pictures , songs and musicke , together with stage-playes and common actors ; taxing all such princes and great ones , who harbour these lewd players in their courts or territories , or tollerate their enterludes among the vulgar . the . is petrus crab , in his severall forealledged councels : see scene , in the margent . the . is frranciscus ioverius , sanctiones ecclesiasticae tam synodicae quam pontificiae , parisijs , classis ● fol : : , classis , fol. , , & . the . is henry stalbridge : his exhortatory epistle to his dearely beloved country of engl●nd , against the pompous popish bishops thereof : as yet the true members of their filthy father , the great antichrist of rome : printed at basil , fol. , where he writes thus . so long as minstrels and players of enterludes played lies , and sung bawdy songs , blasphemed god , and corrupted mens consciences , the popish prelates never blamed them , but were well content , &c. the . is andreas frisius , de republica emendanda , basileae , l. , c. , p. , cap. , p. , , cap. , p. , , cap , , p. , & lib. , cap. , p. : where he condemnes all stage-playes , dancing , dicing , and scurrilous songs and enterludes as unsufferable evils in any christian well-ordered common-weale . the . is reverend matthew parker , archbishop of canterbury , de antiquitate ecclesiae brittanicae , , pag. . the . is pious and learned thomas beacon , his catechisme , in his workes , london , part , fol. , , , , , . where he condemnes , not onely as dicers , card-players and gamesters , but even stage-playes too , as theeves ; severely censuring dancing● stage-playes , enterludes , scurrilous songs and play-bookes , as the fomentations of lewdnesse , the occasions of adultery , and things altogether misbeseeming christians , especially on the lords day , which they most execrably prophane . the . is theodorus balsamon , canones apostolorum et conciliorum , paris : , p. , to ● , to , , , . the . is claudius espencaeus , in epist : , ad timotheum , lutetiae , c. , p. , h : c. , p. , g : c. , p. , a : & digressionum l. , c. , p. , . the . is bartholmeus carranza , summa conciliorum , parisijs , in the places forequoted , scene . the . is franciscus zephyrus , epistola nuncupatoria in apolog. tertulliani adversus gentes , apud tertulliani opera , tom. , p. , to : and commentar : in tertul : apologiam , ibid : p. , , . the . is learned george alley , bishop of exeter , and divinity lecturer at paules , in the second yeare of queene elizabeths raigne , in his poore mans library , london , part , fol. , , & fol. , : where he notably declaimes against play-bookes , and stage-playes , as the fomentation , the fire and fewell of mens lusts , the occasion of adultery , & other intollerable evils among christians or pagans . the . is laurentius surius , in his forequoted councels coloniae agrip. . see scene . the . is caelius rhodiginus , antiquarum lectionum , , l. , c. , . col. , . the . is iohn bodine , his common-weale , l. , c. , london , p. , . see here p● ● . the , , , , are flacius illyricus , ioannis wigandus , mattheus iudex , and basilius faber : in their centuriae ecclesiasticae , , &c. centuria ●● , col. , , . centur. , col. , . cent. , col. , . cent. , col. , , & cent. , col. , . the . is theodorus zuinger . theatrum vitae humanae , basileae , vol. , l. , p. , . the . is ioannis bertochinus , repertorium basileae , pars , pag. . histrio . the . is petrus de primaudaye , in his french academy , london , cap. , p. , where hee censures stage-playes as unsufferable mischiefes . the . is antonius de brutio , super lib. , decretalium , venetijs , tom. , cap. . de vita et honestate clericorum , fol. , . the . is ioanni● simlerus , in exodum , cap. , tiguri , p. . the . is andreas hyperius , de ferijs bacchanalibus . basileae . the . is guilbertus genebrardus , chronicon , lugduni , lib. , p. , & . the . is paulo lanceletto , institutiones iuris canonici , lib. , tit. de eucharistia , lovanij . p. , . the . is petrus berchorius , dictionarij sive repertorij moralis , venetijs , pars , tit. ludere , p. : & de episcopis in tractatu tractatuum , pars , fol. , num . . the . is lambertus danaeus , de ludo aleas , cap. , et ethicae christianae , l. , c. , in his opusc. theolog. genevae , p. . the . is ioannes langhecrucius , de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum , duaci , lib. , c. , , , . where he copiously censures playes and play-haunters out of lactantius , cyprian with other fathers and councels . the . is didacus de tapia , in tertiam partem divi thomae , salamancae . , p. , . see here p. , . the . is petrus opmeerus , opus chronographicum orbis vniversi , antwerpiae , p. , . see here p. . the . is , barnabas brissonius , commentarius de spectaculis in cod. theodosij , honoviae , p. , to , where he largely discourseth against stage-playes , producing sundry passages out of tertullian , cyprian , lactantius , chrysostome , and other fathers , to testifie their unlawfulnesse , and lewd mischievous effects . the . is ioannis mariana , tractatus , coloniae agrip. . tractatus de spectaculis , professedly written against stage-playes , where he proves their unsufferable naughtinesse , and unlawfulnesse both by councels , fathers , and heathen authours . the . is petrus faber , agonistarum lib. lugd. , where he professedly censures stage-playes , and such like enterludes . the . is petrus gregorius thosolanus , syntagma iuris vniversi , franec . , lib. , cap. . the . is learned arias montanus , de varia republica , sive commentaria in lib. iudicum , antwerpiae , cap. , p. , to . the . is iustus lipsius , de gladiatoribus lib : & de amphitheatro lib : antwerpiae . where he not onely describes at large the formes and severall fabrickes of theatres , scenes and amphitheaters , together with the detestablenesse of sword-playes and such like amphitheatricall spectacles , but likewise inveigheth against stage-playes too . the . is rodolphus hospinianus , de origine festorum , tiguri , cap : . fol. , , , , . the . is carolus sigonius , historia de occidentali imperio , france . lib. , p. . see here p. . the . is erasmus marbachius , comment . in deutr. . v. . argentorati . p. , . the . is laurentius bochellus , decreta ecclesiae gallicanae , parisijs . lib. . tit . . and in sundry other places already quoted . scene . in the margent . the . is don antonio de guevara , his diall of princes , booke . cap. . to . london . p. . to . where the intollera●le mischiefes that players and playes occasion are anatomized to the full , and their unlawfulnesse manifested by the testimony of heathen authours . the . is that laborius roman historian cardenall baronius , annales ecclesiasticae , coloniae agrip. . anno . sect . . anno . sect . . anno . sect . . anno . sect . . and in sundry other places . the . is that famous popish cardinall robertus bellarminus , concio . de dominica . adventus , et concio . de dominica quinquagesimae , operum coloniae agrip. . tom . . col. , , , . where he censures stage-playes and dancing as unlawfull unchristian pastimes , especially on lords-dayes and holy-dayes . the . is thomas zerula , bishop of beneventum , praxis episcopalis . venetijs . pars . tit . ludus fol. . the ● is onuphrius paniunius veronensis , de ludis circensibus . venetijs . lib. . cap. , , , . et lib. . p. . to . where he at large relates the idolatrous heathenish originall of cirque-playes and stage-playes , which he there professedly condemnes , quoting st. cyprian , and tertullian , de spectaculis , against them , which bookes are there verbatim transcribed . the . is paulus windecke , theologia iurisconsultorum , lib. . locus . coloniae agrip. . p. , . the . is iulius caesar bulengerus , de cuco et ludis circensibus , de venatione circi , & de theatro &c. opusculorum tom. . lugduni . p : . to . de theatro lib. . throughout , especially cap. , & , de scenae et orchestrae obscenitate , & de infamia theatri : in which bookes , he not onely at large relates the originall of cirque-playes , sword-playes and stage-playes , together with the severall formes and parts of theatres , scenes and stage-playes , with the severall sorts of actors , and all other stage-appurtenances , it being the best discourse in this nature that i have hitherto seene ; but he likewise peremptorily censures stage-playes ( against which he produceth sundry fathers , councels and authorities ) as intollerable polluted spectacles , which misbeseeme all christians . the . is francis de croy , his first conformity , printed in english , london , cap : , . the . is severinus binius , in his forealledged councels . see scene . in the margent . the . is gentianus hervetus , comment . in clement . alexandrini lib. , paedagogi cap : . parisijs . the . is amandus polanus , syntagma theologiae , genevae , l : , c : , . & lib. , c. , p. , . the . is henricus spondanus , epitome baronij , moguntiae , anno christi , sect . , p : , anno , sect . , p : , anno . sect . , , p. , anno . sect : p : , anno . sect . , , p. . see anno . sect : p. , anno . sect : , p : , anno , sect : , p : , & anno , sect . , p : . where hee proves that stage-playes were evermore condemned by the fathers and primitive christians , as the very divels pompes . the . is philippus gluverius , germaniae antiquae , lugduni batt . . lib● , c : , p : , . see here pag : , ● the . is gulielmus am●●ius , de ●ure conscientiae , , lib. ● c. . p. . the . is dr. thomas beard , his theatre of gods iudgements , edition , london . booke , c : , p : ● . these . forraigne and domestique ●uthours of all sorts , as well papists as protesta●ts . historians , statists , civilians , morralists , canonists , as divines . to which i might adde mr. iohn northbrooke , his english treatise against playes and enterludes , london . mr. stephen gosson , his schoole of abuses , london . and his playes confuted in five actions , london . the . and . blast of retrait from playes and theaters , london . the latter of them penned by a penitent reclaimed play-poet . the church of evill men and women , whereof lucifer is the head , and players & playhaunters the members , &c. written by a nameles authour , & printed by richard pinson . mr. iohn field his declaration of gods ivdgement at paris garden , ianuary . , london . mr. philip stubs , his anatomy of abuses , edition . london , p. , to . dr. iohn rainolds , his overthrow of stage-playes , printed , and reimprinted , oxford . i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , london . a short treatise against stage-playes , printed . and dedicated to the parliament : ( all english treatises professedly written against stage-playes by english men , and published by authority , which i would desire our players , our play-haunters to peruse at leisure : ) mr. osmund lake , his probe theologicall upon the commandements , london , p. , to . and those other forequoted english writers , ( pag. , , , . ) whose names and workes i pretermit : all which being put together , amount to in the totall summe . these moderne christian famous writers , i say , with b sundry others whō i pretermit ; have in their recited works , by a constant uninterrupted succession from the yeare of our lord , to this present , unanimously oppugned and condemned stage-playes , ( together with all c mixt effeminate , lascivious , amorous dancing , the epedemicall corruption of our present age , ) as most pernicious , execrable , lewd , unchristian , heathenish spe●tacles , not sufferable in any christian church or state ; branding all d stage-players for gracelesse , lewd infamous miscreants , who ought to be excommunicated ipso facto both from the church , the sacraments , and all christian society , till they have wholly renounced their diabolicall vile profession , and given publike testimony to the world , both of their reformation and sincere repentance . and as all these recited w●iters , even so our owne magistrates , our vniversities , and all our faithfull ministers , both in their publike sermons , and private discourses , together with all godly zealous christians from age to age , have passed the very selfe-same doome and verdict against playes and players , as i have e elsewhere largely proved , and our owne experience can su●ficiently testifie . if then all these protestant and popish authours , magistrates , ministers and godly christians , both at home and abroad , have successively from age to age , from yeare to yeare , thus publikely , thus professedly condemned stage-playes , both by their words and writings , as most pernicious evills ; and that not coldly or slightly , but with the very height of zeale and earnestnesse ; dare any christian now be so perversely obstinate , so singularly wilfull , so desperately audacious , as still to magnifie , frequent , or patronize them ? never , i dare confidently averre , was any one thing whatsoever ( except onely some grosse notorious sinne against the expresse law of god and nature ) so universally , abundantly , professedly condemned by councels , fathers , christian and prophane emperours , princes , magistrates , states , and writers of all sorts , all ages , all places whatsoever , as stage-playes , against which the f fathers of olde , and many christians of late have written whole treatises , bookes and volumes with such affection and acumen , that wee shall never finde them more sharpe and piercing● more vehement , elegant , and divinely rhetoricall , than in their impressions against stage-playes , wherein they farre transcend themselves . yea such hath beene the harmonious unanimity of writers in condemning stage-playes , and actors , that i never met with any christian or heathen authour ( lodge onely and haywood , two e●glish players excepted ) that durst publikely pleade in any printed worke for popular playes and actors . it is true , that these two players lodge & haywood , the first of them in his play of playes , the latter in his apologie for actors , thrust out in print by stealth , perceiving play-houses , playes and actors to grow into disgrace by reason of sundry pious bookes that had beene written against them , by mr. northbrooke , mr. gosson , mr. stubs , dr. rainolds , and others forerecited ; undertooke the patronage of playes and players ( as g demetrius and his silver-smithes did the defence of their great diana and her silver shrines ) for their owne private ends , it being the craft by which they got their wealth and living . but their ridiculous player-like pleas , ●avouring of nought but paganisme , ignorance and folly , were no sooner published by connivance , but they were presently so soledly refuted , ( the first of them , by mr. stephen gosson , a penitent play-poet , in his playes confuted in actions ; the latter by i : g : in his refutation of the apologie for actors , london . both published by authoritie : ) that they durst not , yea they could not since replie unto them , there being so much against playes and players in all writers , all ages , so little ( and that little as good as nothing ) for them , that it is not onely bootelesse , but impious and absurd , for any to indeavour their defence , which h dr. gager , i dr. gentiles , and k dr. case , who writ something in behalfe of academicall stage-playes onely , ( in which argument they were likewise so utterly foyled and overthrowne by that ornament of our church and nation , l dr. rainolds , as they were glad to yeeld the wasters to him , to m change their opinions , & set downe with losse ; ) durst never undertake ; they all condemning popular plaies and plaiers , even in their apologies for private academicall enterludes . let therefore the numerous concurring resolutions of all these learned eminent approved authors , whose single opinions wee highly estimate in most other things , n overballance the prejudicate erronious inconsiderate private and subitane opinions of all ignorant novices , or lascivious injudicious players or play-haunters whatsoever , who are so prepossessed , so besotted with the love of these most sinfull pleasures , that they are altogether unable to judge rightlie of them : and let us chuse rather to judge aright of plaies and plaiers , with all these worthie sages , than to erre with novices , children , fooles , or lewd ones , who for want of grace and rectified judgements , are o unable to discerne betweene good and evill ; contracting the summe of all our present resolues into this play-refelling syllogisme . that which above ● moderne protestant and popish writers of all sorts , of our owne and other nations ; together with many learned godly ministers and private christians have professedly written , preached , declaimed against from time to time , with an unanimous consent , without any publike opposition or controll ; must certainely bee execrable , unseemely , unlawfull unto christians● witnesse , matthew . , . luke . . corinth . . , . hebr. . . cor. . . c. . . ephes. . . cap. . , . pet. . . but above moderne protestant and popish writers of all sorts as well domestique as forraigne , together with many learned godly ministers and private christians , have professedly written , preached , declaimed against stage-playes from time to time , ( even from anno , till now ; ) and that with a most unanimous consent , without any publike opposition or controll : witnesse the premises . therefore , they must certainly be execrable , useemely , unlawfull unto christians . scena sexta . bvt it may be some rash play-house censurers , out of their grosse prophanesse , will be ready to censure all the fore-alledged fathers and moderne christistian authours , for o puritans or precisians , and so blow away all these their authorities at one breath , the very title of a puritan ( as of olde the p name of a christian ) being sufficient to dash , to blast them all . i shall therefore in the next place controll the q madnesse of these antipuritan play-proctors with a squadron of such play-condemning pagan philosophers , orators , historians and poets , as the very divell himselfe dares not brand for puritans , though perchance some desperate players or play-haunters will , against all sence and reason , because they are better than themselves . i shall begin with heathen philosophers , orators , morralists , and then proceed to historians and poets , whose names and workes i shall onely quote for the most part , with those editions which i follow ; because i have recited most of their words at large , act. . scene . & . p. . to . & . to . & act. . scen. . p. . to . on which you may cast backe your eyes . the first play-condemning heathen philosopher is socrates , the very wisest heathen , by the expresse verdict of the delphian oracle , ( witnesse plato his socratis apologia , p. . & diogenis laertij , socrates : ) who condemned comedies and stage-playes , as pernicious , lascivious vanities ; refusing to resort to aristophanes his comedies ; & persuading the athenians with all the graecians to abandon comicall play-poets , which they did accordingly : for which see , plato his socratis apologia , p. . diogenis laertij socrates : aelian variae historiae , l. , c. . volateranus commentariorum lib : . fol : . & plutarch : de gloria atheniensium , lib : p : . the . is isocrates , that famous oratour , oratio ad nicoclem , editione crispini . p. , , . & oratio de pace , p. . the . is that incomparable philosopher plato , who banished all players and play-poets with their stage-playes out of his commonweale . de republica , dialog . . opera lat. basileae . p. , . dialog . . p. , , &c. dialog . . p. , . legum : dialog . . p. , , . dialog . . p. . dialog . . p. , to . see augustine de civit. dei , l : , c : , l : , c : : . cicero tusc quaest : l : , p : : and here p : , accordingly . the . is aristotle , the most eminent of all plato his schollers , and the coryphaeus of all heathen phylosophers : politicorum lib : , c : , & l : , c : , , , and . francofurti . rhetoricae l : , c : , p : , . hanouiae : & problematum l : , quoted by gellius , noctium attic : l : , c : . the . is gorgias , whose censure of playes and tragedies for meere impostures &c. is recorded by plutarch , de audiendis poetis lib : p : . the . is m : tullius cicero , the prince of roman orators , oratio pro pub : quinctio , in his workes aureliae alobrogum , , tom : , p : . epist : lib : , ad marium . epist. , tom . , p : . tusculanarum quaest : l : , pag : , & lib : , pag. , . de legibus lib. . pag. . & lib. . p. . b , c. & de republica lib. . quoted by st. augustine de civit. dei l. . c. . the . is lu : annaeus seneca , the divinest and most absolute heathen morralist , epist. . , , . opera coloniae alobr. . p. , , , &c. . & naturalium quaest. l. . c. , . p. , . de vita beata , c. , , . p. , . de brevitate vitae c. . p. , . & controversiarum l. . proaemium p. , . the . is aulus gellius , noctium atticarum l. . c. . edit . . p. , . the . is c. plinius secundus , naturalis historiae l. . c. . coloniae alobr. . p. . & l. . c. . p. . epistolarum lib. . epistola . coloniae alobr. . p. , , . & panegyric : trajano dictus , p. , . see here pag. , . the . is macrobius ambrosius aurelianus , de somno scipionis , lib. . edit . . p. . saturnaliorum l. . c. . & . p. , , . to , & l. . cap. . p. . to . the . is marcus aurelius antonius , that worthy roman emperor and philosopher , in his epistle to lambert : epist. . in the booke intituled m : aurelius ; where it is recorded : and in guevara his diall of princes , l. . c. , , . see here p. , , , . the . is athenaeus , dipnosophistarum l. . c. . edit . basileae , . p. p. . l. . c. . p. . l. . c. . p. , . l. . c. . p. , to . l. . c. . p. . see l. . c. , , , . &c. . p. . &c. , , . l. . c. . & l. . c. . to . the . is diodorus siculus , bibliothecae historiae , l. . sect . , , , , . hanoviae . p. . to . the . is dionysius hallicarnasseus , antiqu. romanorum l. . sect . . edit . . p. , . c. . p. , . & l. . sect . . p. . see lib. . c. . p. , , . & l. . sect . . p. . to . where he describes at large , how the romans and graecians spent their holy-dayes in dances and stage-playes , which they dedicated to their idols , as a speciall part of their worship and service ; which idols had their salij , curetes , ludiones , histriones , their dancing stage-playing priests devoted to their service : their circenses and theatrales pompae et spectacula ( ib. p. , , , , . ) as this authour oft times stiles them ; an infallible evidence , that stage-playes are the very e pomps of the divel : which playes saith this authour ( p. ) were antiquated and abolished by the lacedemonians , though some other greekes and the ancient romans out of a superstition to their idols who exacted them at their hands , did still retaine them . the . is c. cris●ius salustius , an ancient roman historian , in his bellum ca●ilinarium , opera : coloniae agrip. . p. , . & bellum iugurthinum , p. . the . is valerius maximus , lib. . cap. . & cap. . sect . . raphelengij . p. , , , , . & l. . c. . sect . . p. . the . is titus livius patavinus , that exce●lent roman historian , historiae l. . sect . , . francofurti . p. , . the . is cornelius tacitus , annalium l. . sect . . edit . . p. , . l. . sect . . p. , . l. . sect . , . p , . to . l. . sect● . p. . l. . sect . . p. , . historiae l. . sect . . p. , . de moribus germanorum , l. sect . . p. . & de oratoribus dialogus , sect . , , . p● , , . which dialogue though fathered upon him by some , is yet attributed and that truly to quintilian , ( a . heathen authour ) by most : where , as he complaines of the effeminacie and lasciviousnesse of orators language in these words . ( neque ●nim oratorius , immo hercule ne virilis quidem cultus est quo plerique temporum nostrorum actores ita utuntur ut lasciviâ verborum , et levi●ate sententiarum , et licentiâ compositionis , histrionales modo exprimant , quodque vix auditu fas esse debeat , laudis et gloriae et ingenij loco plerique jactani , cantari saltarique commentarios suos . vnde oritur illa faeda et praepostera , sed tamen frequens quibusdam exclamatio , ut oratores nostri temere dicere , histriones diserte saltare dicuntur , &c. ) so he informes us whence this evill and the decay of eloquence & all other arts did spring ; & that was from the ill education , the idlenesse of youth , and their resort to stage-playes : which he thus notably expresseth . quis enim ignorat et eloquentiam et caeteras artes descivisse ab istâ veteri gloriâ , non inopia hominum , sed desidiâ juventutis , et negligentiâ parentum , et inscientiâ praecipientium , et oblivione moris antiqui ? quae mala primum in urbe nata , mox per italiam fusa , jam in provincias manant &c. iam primum suus cuique filius ex castâ parente natus , non in cellâ emptae nutricis , sed gremio ac sinu r matris educabatur , cujus praecipua laus er at , tueri domum et inservire liberis . eligebatur autem aliqua major natu propinqua cujus probatis spectatisque moribus omnes cujusquam familiae soboles committeretur , coram quâ noque dicere fas erat quod turpe dictu , neque facere quod inhonestum f●ctu videretur . ac non studia , modo curasque sed remissiones etiam lususque puerorum , sanctitate quadam ac verecundi● temperabat &c. at nunc natus infans delegatur graeculae alicui ancillae , cui adjungitur unus aut alter ex omnibus servis plerumque vilissimus , nec cuiq●am serio ministerio accomodatus , horum fabulis et erroribus teneri statim et rudes animi imbuuntur . nec quisquam in totâ domo pensi habet quid coram infanti domino , aut dicat aut faciat ; quando etiam ipsi parentes nec probitati neque modestiae parvulos assuefaciant , sed lasciviae et libertati per quae paulatim impudentia irrepit , et sui alienique contemptus . iam vero propria et peculiaria hujus urbis vitia paene in utero matris concipi mihi videntur ; histrionalis favor , et gladiatorum eq●orumque studia ; quibus occupatus et obsessus animus qvantvlvm loci bonis artibvs relinqvit ! quotum quemque inveneris qui domi quicquam aliud loquatur ? quos alios adolescentulorum sermones excipimus , si quando auditoria intravimus ? &c. a passage very applicable to our present times . so that stage-playes and such like sports in quintilians judgement , are the depravers of youth , the ingenderers of vice and idlenesse ; the overthrow of all good arts ; they so prepossessing mens mindes and tongues , that their thoughts and speeches are of nought but playes and enterludes . the . is plutarchus chaeronensis , that eminent philosopher and historian , de audiendis poetis , lib. moral . tom. . basileae . p. . laconica apothegmata , p. , , , , . laconica instituta , p. , , . romanae quaestiones , quaest. , . p. , . de homero lib. p. . de gloria atheniensium lib. p. , , . symposiacon l. quaest. . p. , . & plutarchi romulus , francofurti . p. . pericles p. . & solon . p. . the . is aemilius probus , excellentium imperatorum vitae , praefatio , bound up with plutarches lives , p. . where he affirmeth , .. . the . is c. suetonius tranquillus . see his ●ulius , sect● . octavius , sect . , . . , tiberius sect● , , . caligula , sect . , , , , , , , , . claudius , sect . , , , , . nero , sect . , , , , , , , , , , , , . vaspatianus , sect . . & titus , sect . , , . where he declares his dislike of stage-playes , taxing those vitious emperours who either act●d , frequented , or supported them , and applauding such who did suppresse them . the . is diogines laertius , de vita philosophorum , lib. . solon . p. . the . is aelianus , variae historiae , l. . c. . edit . . p. . to . where hee brings in socrates declaiming against comedians , as satyricall , invective , injurous persons , who savour of nought that is good or profitable . the . is dion cassius , romanae historiae , lugduni . l. . p. . , . l. . p. . l. . p. . . & p. , . where hee objects this to antony , quod cleopatra ludos cum eo curabat : and withall hee brings in caesar , incouraging his soldiers thus against him , even from his dancing and effeminacie . nemo antonium consulem aut imperatorem fuisse , sed gymnasiarcham existimet . neque metuere quisquam debet . ne is aliquod momentum bello sit allaturus , &c. fieri enim non potest ut is qui regio luxui molli●ieique muliebri indulget viro aliquid dignum vey consulat vel agat . est enim necesse omnino ut quibus unusquisque vitae ra●ionibus utitur , earum similis reddatur . etenim si quis vestrum p ridicvle saltare , ac choream bacchi ducere opus habeat , omnino is ab antonio superabi●ur ea in re : nam saltare hic didicit : sin pugna et armis opus est , quid tandem in eo timendum est ? so lib. . p. , . lib. . p. . hee wher 's ; tt ; us of augustus : ac quoniam equites et faminae illustres adhuc in orchestra saltabant , prohibuit ne non modo patriciorum liberi ( id enim jam ante cautum erat ) sed etiam nepotes eorum , quique equestris essent ordinis , amplius id facerent● a manifest proofe , how ignominious a thing it was reputed among the auncient romans , for men or women of quality to masque or dance in publike or to act a masque or play upon a stage . see p. , , , , . & lib. . p. . where he records this to tiberius his honour , that he banished stage-players out of rome : histriones tiberius roma exturbavit , r arteqve ea interdixit , quod et mulieres ignominia afficerent , et turbas darent . lib. . p. . he writes thus in disparagement of caligula . nunc statim revocatis histrionibus ( whom tiberius had banished & suppressed ) equis gladiatoribusque et alijs huiusmodi rebus , s immodice pecuniam impendens , et thesauros maximos brevissimo tempore exhausit ( a notable president of the prodigality and expence of stage-playes ) et demonstravit priora quoque ista non judicio sed prodigalitate à se facta fuisse , &c. and pag. , . hee thus branded caligula for favouring players , and acting playes and masques himselfe . caius ab aurigis gladiatoribusque regebatur , servus histrionum et scenicorum hominum . tragaedorum eâ aetate principem , semper et in publico secum● habuit , deinde seor●im ipse , seorsim histriones , omnia ea quae hujusmodi homines potentiam nacti agere ausint , peregerunt : quae ad eam rem pertinebant , ipse perniciosissime quacunque occasione suppeditavit ac constituit , coegitque etiam praetores ac consules ut ea pararent : itaque t fere quotidie fabula aliqua acta fuit . principio ipse spectatorem tantum se , ac auditorem praebuit , ac studio suo quasi unus è turba hominum , aut favit cuidam , aut r●st●tit , ita ut aliquando adversarijs iratus ad spectaculum non venerit . procedente tempore multos imitatus est varijs in rebus , cum multis certavit ; nam et aurigavit , et pugnavit et v saltavit , et tragaediam egit , semper haec tractans : semel noctu primoribus patrum quasi ad necessariā deliberationem vocatis , coram saltavit . which suetonius thus expresseth . x sed & aliorum generum artes studiosissime & diversissime exercuit . thrax & auriga , idem cantor atque saltator . batuebat pugnatorijs armis ; aurigabat extructo plurifariam circo . cantandi ac saltandi voluptate ita efferebatur , ut neque publicis quidem spectaculis temperaret , quo minus & pronuncianti tragaedo concineret , et gestum histrionis quasi laudans vel corrigens palameffingeret : nec alia de causa videtur ea die quâ pertij , pervigilium indixisse , quam ut initium in scenam prodeundi licentia temporis auspicaretur . saltabat autem nonnunquam etiam noctis ; & quondam tres consulares secunda vigilia in palatium accitos , multaque & extrema metuentes super pulpitum collocavit , deinde repente magno tibiarum & scabellorum crepitu , cum palla tunicaque talari prosiluit , ac desaltato cantico abijt . quorum vero studio teneretur , omnibus ad insaniam favit . mnesterem pantomimum etiam inter spectacula osculabatur , et si quis saltante eo leviter obstreperet , detrahi jussum manu sua flagellabat , &c. a good caveat for all pagan , all christian princes and magistrates , to beware of being besotted with playes , or actors , as this prodigious pagan emperour & * others were to their eternall infamy . the . is iustin. h●storiae lib. . spirae . pag. . who writs thus of the miserable effects of stage-playes among the athenians after epaminondas his decease . hujus morte etiam atheniensium virtus intercidit . siquidem amisso , quem aemulari consueverant , in segnitiem torporemque resoluti , non ut olim in classem , exercitusque , sed in dies festos , y apparatvsqve ludorvm● redditus publicos effundunt : & cum actoribus nobilissimis , poetisque theatra celebrant , frequentius scenam quâm castra visentes . versificatores oratoresque meliores quàm duces laudentes . qvibvs rebvs effectvm est ( pray marke the fatall consequence ) ut inter otia graecorum sordidum & obscurum antea macedonum nomen emergeret : et philippus obses triennio thebis habitus epaminondae & pelopidarum virtutibus eruditus , regnum macedoniae , greciae & asiae cervicibus , veluti jugum servitutis imponeret . so that the athenians and graecians stage-expences , and their delight in stage-playes , play-poets and actors , corrupted their manners , emasculated their prowesse , and so brought them into subjection unto those , who formerly had beene captives unto them ; as it brought the romans into bondage to the gothes and vandals : a● salvian de gubernation● dei , l. . and carolus sigonius , de occidentali imperio , l. . f. . informe us . see iustin , lib. . p. to t●e same purpose , where he taxeth ptolomie for dancing , singing , and playing . the . is herodianus , historiae lib. . ingolstadij . p. . . . to . & l. . p. . to . where he exceedingly censureth commodus & antoninus the first , for delighting in stage-playes , sword-playes , actors , gladiators , and playing the gladiator himselfe , to his perpetuall infamy and the peoples griefe , contrary to his imperiall dignity , and the earnest intreaty of his friends● which by consequence proved the occasion of his untimely death : the latter for his dancing & delight in stage-playes . the , , , . are iulius capitolinus , trebellius pollio , aelius lampridius , and flavius vopiscus ; in their fore-quoted places : act. . scene . p. . in the margent ; where they condemne heliogabalus , commodus , verus , carinus , the galieni , and other roman emperors , for fostering playes and players , on whom they spent much treasure & time ; whereby they corrupted their owne , and likewise the peoples mindes and manners to their eternall infamy . the . * is amianus marcellinus , hist. l. . c. , . london . p. , , . where he first declaimes against the senators and roman gentry , for their play-haunting & dice-play ; then against the sloath , the vanity & lewde behaviour of the commō people , who flocked thick and threefold to the base sports of the theatre , where the actors were sure to be hissed by them off the stage if they had not with some money bought the favour of the abject multitude ; which there did nought but clamour , shout , and raise up tumults . the , , , , are ovid , horace , iuvenal , and propertius : famous heathen poets , who in their severall forequoted places , act. . scene . & . p. , . , , , . condemne all stage-playes and actors , as intollerable mischiefes in a state : and as the occasions of much adultery , villany , lewdnesse , prodigality , and the like ; as their forequoted testimonies more largely prove , to which i shall referre you . to these i might adde c. velleius paterculus , hist. l. . francofurti , . p. . taurus , the philosopher , apud gellium , noctium attic. l. . c. . who there labours to withdraw his scholler from stagelayes , with a speech of aristotle . together with macro the philosopher , tutor to caius caligula ; whom he dissuaded from playes and players : as philo iudaeus , de legatione ad caium , p. . records : and that passage of plautus , in his captivei prologus , raphelengij . p. . where he writes thus . profecto expedit fabulae huic operam dare : non pertractate facta est , neque idem ut caeterae : nequ● spurcidici in sunt versus immemorabiles . hîc neque periurus leno est , nec meretrix mala &c. an infallible evidence that most stage-playes are fraught with ribaldry ; with bawdes , with whores and panders parts ; and that such playes are lewd and vile , not fit for pagan ( much lesse for christian ) auditors , as this passage intimates . if then all these several pagan writers , philosophers , historians , poets of chiefest note , ( which none but atheists , or men more desperately wicked , dare taxe for puritans ) have thus censured playes and players , as intollerable mischievous evils , even in a heathen commonweale ; taxing all such for vitious unworthy persons , who countenance or applaud them ; can any christian be so far past shame , past grace , or hopes of goodnesse , as once to patronize them ? alas , with what countenance or forehead can any christian pleade for playes or actors as tollerable among christians , which not onely plato , seneca and tully , but even ovid and propertius too have long since doomed , as unfit for pagans ? with what assurance can any one stile himselfe a z christian , who in this case of playes , of actors , and such like branded evills , comes short of all these pagans ? if therefore there bee any sparkes of ingenuity , modesty , grace or goodnesse remaining yet in christians , whereby they may manifest to themselves and others , that they are , if not farre better , yet at least as good as all these pagans : let them now at last declare it in abandoning , in suppressing playes and actors , which they have long since stigmatized as lewd pernicious evils . alas what an intollerable eclipse and blemish will it be to the honour , purity , power and holines of christian religion ? a what a desperate hazard unto all our soules , si non praestat fides quod exhibuit infidelitas ? if christians should fall short of pagans in condemning playes and actors , and prove b farre worse than they , as too too many doe ? as therefore we desire to satisfie our owne consciences and others , or to secure our soules , that we are reall christians as well in truth as appellation , let us now at leastwise equall , if not transcend these pagans in anathematizing and renouncing stage-playes , according to our vow in baptisme , which pagans never made , who have no such strong professed solemne engagements against playes , as we , c who have our baptismall covenant to binde us , the concurring examples of all the d forementioned primitive christians , fathers , councels , and moderne christian writers , to induce us to it . and if any out of ignorance , perversenesse or prophanesse , have deemed it overmuch praecisenesse heretofore , to imitate the piety of the fore-quoted primitive or moderne christians from age to age , in censuring , in renouncing stage-playes , as execrable , lewd , infamous spectacles , unfit for christians : let them not now degenerate so farre beneath themselves , as to prove worse than pagans in this case of playes , e whom they should farre excell : but rather subscribe to this play-refelling argument ; which will certainly condemne and shame them , if it convince them not ; with which i shall close up this scene . that which heathen writers , philosophers , historians , orators and poets of chiefest note , have unanimously censured , condemned from the very principles and remainders of corrupt nature , and their owne experimentall knowledge of its lewd pernicious effects ; must doubtlesse be sinfull and altogeth●r abominable unto christians : witnesse , rom. . , , to . ier. . . c. . , . but these recited heathen writers , philosophers , historians , orators , and poets of chiefest note , have unanimously censured and condemned stage-playes , from the very principles and remainders of corrupt nature , and their owne experimentall knowledge of their many lewd pernicious effects : witnes the premises , and act. . scene . & . therefore they must doubtlesse be sinfull , and altogether abominable unto christians . scena septima . the seventh squadron is composed of sundry pagan and christian states , nations , magistrates , emperors , princes , who have excluded , censured , banished , suppressed playes & actors as the greatest mischiefes . if we look upon heathen states or nations , we shall find the f ancient lacedemonians , athenians , grecians , romanes , germanes , massilienses , goathes and vandals : if upon heathen magistrates , emperours , or princes , we shall see g licurgus , solon , plato , socrates , themistocles , scipio nassica , trebonius rufinus , iunins mauricus , together with augustus caesar , tiberius , nero , trajan , marcus aurelius , domitiā , iuliā , & the whole roman senate , excluding , suppressing , condemning playes and actors , as the occasions of much vic● and lewdnesse ; the fomenters of whoredome , effeminacie , idlenesse , &c. the corrupters of the peoples mindes and manners ; the authors of many tumults , discords , disorders ; the causes of much prodigality , of many intollerable mischiefes in a state : as i have more largly manifested , act. . scen. . , . to . on which you may reflect . if we looke on christian states or nations , wee shall discer●e the h whole state and nation of the iewes both before and since christs time , together with i all the primitive christians , the k waldenses , albigenses , and french protestants ; the cities of geneva , tigure , basil , and the l whole state of england in sundry acts of parliament , condemning , suppressing playes and players , as most prophane unchristian spectacles , not tollerable in any christian republike : witnesse act. . scene ● , , . & act. . scene , , , . on which you may cast your eyes . if we desire any precedents of christian emperors , princes , magistrates ; we have not only the examples of noah , melchizedeck , abraham , isaac , iacob , ioseph , moses , ioshuah , david , solomon , hezekiah , iosiah , with other godly patriarkes , kings and princes , recorded in the scriptures for our christian imitation ; who were so farre from ch●rishing from approving enterludes , mummeries , masques or stage-playes , either in their pallaces , courts or kingdomes ( as too many princes since have done ) that we never read in scripture , nor in any other story whatsoever , that they were so much as once experimentally acquainted with them ; m the whole iewish nation ( some few apostates onely excepted ) oppugning them from time to time ( and so by consequence th●se patriarkes , magistrates and princes too . ) as opposite to their religion , manners , lawes and government , as i have elsewhere largely proved : ( which me thinks should somewhat move all christian princes & governors to abandon stagep●aies now , since they can finde no king , no pious person in all the bible , that ever harboured or beheld them heretofore : ) but likewise the patterns of n constantine , theodosius , leo , anthemius , iustinian , valentinian , valens , gratian , o charles the great , theodoricus , henry , the . emperour of that name , philip augustus king of france ; our famous p queen elizabeth , & her counsel , with our london magistrates , and vniversities in her raigne , who all suppressed , inhibited stage-playes , sword-playes , and actors , as unsufferable mischiefes in any christian state or city . to these i might adde * lodovicus the emperour , who by his publike edicts ( agreeing verbatim with the the . & . forequoted canons of synodus turon●nsis . p. , . ) inhibited all ministers all clergy men from stage-playes , hunting , hauking &c. together with q charles the . and henry . of france , ( who by their solemne lawes and edicts prohibited all stage-playes , all dancing on lords-dayes , or other solemne annuall festivals , ●nder paine of imprison●ment , and other penalties to be inflicted by the magistrates ; ) and our owne most gracious soveraigne lord , king charles ; who together with the whole court of parliament , in the first yeare of his hignesse raigne , enacted this most pious play-condemning law , ( intituled , r an act for publishing of divers abuses committed on the lords day , called sunday . ) forasmuch as there is nothing more acceptable to god , than the true and sincere worship of him , according to his holy will , and that the * holy keeping of the lords day , is a principall part of the true service of god , which in very many places of this realme hath beene , and now is profaned and neglected by a disorderly sort of people , in exercising and frequenting beare-baiting , bull-baiting , enterlvdes , common playes , and * other unlawfull exercises and pastimes , upon the lords day . and for that many quarrells , bloodsheds , and other great inconveniences have growne by the resort and concourse of people going out of their owne parishes to such disordered and unlawfull exercises and pastimes , neglecting devine service both in their owne parishes and elsewhere . be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , the lords spirituall and temporall , and the commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same ; that from and after dayes next after the end of this session of parliament assembled , there shall be no meetings , assemblies or concourse of people out of * their owne parishes on the lords day within this realme of england , or any the dominions thereof for any sports or pastimes whatsoever : nor any bull-baiting , beare-baiting , enterlvdes , common playes , or other unlawfull exercises or pastimes used by any person or persons * within their owne parishes : and that every person or persons offending in any the premises shall forfeit for every offence shillings pence : the same to be employed and converted to the use of the poore of the parish where such offences shall be committed . and that any one iustice of the peace of the county● or the chiefe officer or officers of any citie , borough or towne corporate where such offence shall be comitted , upon his or their view , or confession of the partie , or proofe of any one or more witnesse by oath , which the said iustice or chiefe officer or officers by vertue of this act shall hav● authority to minister , shall finde any person offending in the premises ; the said iustice or chiefe officer or officers , shall give warrant under his or their hand and seale to the constables or church-wardens of the parish or parishes where such offence shall bee committed , to levie the said penalty so to bee assessed , by way of distresse and sale of the goods of every such offendor , rendring to the said offendors the overplus of the monie raised of the said goods so to be solde . and in default of such distresse , that the party offending be se● publikely in the stockes by the space of three houres . which act , being to continue unto the end of the first session of the next parliamēt , only : was since recontinued by the statute of . caroli cap. . and so it remaineth still in force : so that if it were as diligently executed , as it was piously enacted , it would suppresse many great abuses ( both within the letter and intent , which is very large ) that are yet continuing among us to gods dishonour , and good christians griefe in too many places of our kingdome ; which our iustices , our inferiour magistrates might soone reforme , would they but set themselves seriously about it , as some here and there have done . if then all these pagan , these christian nations , republickes , emperors , princes , magistrates , have thus abandoned , censured , suppressed playes and players , from time to time , as most intollerable pernicious evi●s in any state or city , how can , how dare we now to justify thē , as harmelesse , cōmendable , or usefull recreations ? what , are we wiser , are we better than all these pagan sages ; than all these judicious christian worthies , who have thus abandoned , suppressed playes and actors , out of a long experimentall knowledge of their many vitious lewd effects ? or are we ashamed to be like our ancestors in judgement , in opinion , as wee are in tonsure , complement , habit and attire in this age of novelties , which s likes of nothing that is old or common , ( though t such things commonly are the best of all , ) that wee thus undervalue the resolutions of all former ages in this ca●e of playes and players , preferring our owne wits and lusts before them● o let us ashamed now at last to countenance , to pleade for that , which the very best , the wisest heathen , yea christian nations , states and magistrates of all sorts , have thus branded and cast out as lewd , as vitious , as abominable in the very highest degree ; & let us now submit our judgments , our practise , lusts and foolish fansies to their deliberate mature experimentall censures , abominating , condemning playes and players , if not exiling them our cities coasts and countrey , as all these have done : arming our selves with peremptory resolutions against all future stage-playes , with this play-oppugning syllogisme , with which i shall terminate this scene . that which the ancient lacedemonians , athenians , graecians , romans , germanes , massilienses , barbarians , gothes and vandals● the whole iewish nation of old ; divers christian countries , and citties since : together with many pagan , many christian republickes , magistrates , emperours , princes in severall ages and places , have censured , abandoned , rejected , suppressed , as a most pernicious evill , as a very seminary of all vice and wickednesse ; must certainly be sinfull , execrable , and altogether unlawfull unto christians : witnesse , rom. . . c. . . to . pet. . , . but such is the case and condition of stage-playes : as the premises , and act. . scene . &c. most plentifully evidence . therefore they must certainly be sinfull , execrable , and altogether unlawfull unto christians . chorvs . yov have seene now courteous readers severall squadrons of unanswerable authorities encountering stage-playes and actors , and giving them such an onset , as i hope will put them with their patrons quite to route , so that they shall never be able to make head againe ; their forces being so weake , so few , that they cannot bring one councell , one father , one ancient , one moderne christian or pagan writer of any note into the field , to maintaine their cause , against this army-royall of play-condemning authorities , which i have here mustered up against them . it is not their long since conquered and confuted v lodge or x haywood ( two scribling hackney players , their onely professed printed play-champions that i know of , ) who can withstand their all-conquering troopes ; which either severall , or united , are impregnable ; able to over-power to vanquish all the forces , that the whole world can raise agai●st them . let it therefore be your wisdome now at last to take the best , the strongest side , not onely in quality , but in number too . stage-playes and actors , ( as the foregoing scenes declare ; ) have bin oppugned , condemned in all ages , all places , by all sorts of men ; iewes and gentiles , greekes and barbarians , christians and pagans ; emperours , magistrates , people , writers of all sorts , have bent , not onely their hearts and judgements , but their very hands , their tongues , their pens and power against them : yea those who are dead and rotten long agoe , still fight against them in their surviving workes : y ( licet ossa jacent , calamus bella gerit : ) and they will one day rise up in judgement ( as they doe now in armes ) against us , if we submit not to them . let us , o let us not therefore be any longer beso ●e , befooled with these lewd stigmatized playes or actors , as we have beene in former times ; but since all ages , all nations , ( yea those who loved them best and most at first , to wit , the z greeks and romans ) together with all primitive and moderne pious christians , fathers , councels , writers , have thus unanimously , successively condemned , renounced them , let us abominate and reject them too . it was the branded infamie of the iewes , a that they pleased not god , and were contrary to all men : and will it not be ours too , if all these authorities will not sway us ? if scriptures , councels , fathers ; if christian , if pagan writers , nations , citties , republickes , emperours , magistrates , kings , and edicts thus severed , thus united , will not stir , nor draw us from our stage-playes , play-houses and actors , what then can we conclude of our selves but this ; b that god hath given us over to an impenitent heart , a reprobate sence , a cauterized conscience , if not to strong delusions , to beleeve , to affect these lying playes and fables ; that we all might be damned , who will not beleeve the truth , which all these witnesses have confirmed ; but take pleasure in unrighteousnesse , in ungodly playes and actors , c which leade their followers to destruction , and without repentance plunge them into hell for ever , amids those filthy divels , whose disavowed pompes and workes , they deeme their chiefest pleasures . let us therefore earnestly pray to god , to open our eares , that we may heare : to incline our hearts that we may beleeve , what all these testifie and averre of stage-playes ; that so now at last we may take our finall farewell of them , d as all true penitent christians have done before us , and never returne unto them more , to gods dishonour , the republickes dammage , or our owne eternall ruine ; concluding from henceforth of all stage-playes , all amphitheatricall spectacles , as prudentius , that worthy christian poet , did many hundred yeares agoe : e heu ! quid vesani sibi vult ars impia ludi ? hae sunt deliciae iovis infernalis ; in istis arbiter obscuri placidus requiescit averni . and then we neede no more , no other arguments to disswade us from resort to stage-playes , when we shall thus adjudge them , the chiefest delights of the infernall divel iove , who rests well pleased , well delighted with them , as too many carnall christians doe ; who will one day rue it , when it is too late , if they now repent it not in time . actvs . scena prima . having thus at large evinced the unlawfulnesse of stage-playes by reasons , by authorities ; i come now to refute those miserable apologies , those vaine pretences , or a excuses rather , which their advocates oppose in their defence ; the most of which are already answered to my hands . apologies for stage-playes are of great antiquity . tertullian in his booke de spectaculis , cap. , , . & . brings in the pagan romans , ( whose b consciences the pleasures of these enchanting enterludes had bribed ) apologizing for their playes with great c acutenesse ; the feare of losing these their secular pleasures adding a kinde of sharpnesse to their wits . i finde st. cyprian complaining , d that the vigour of ecclesiasticall discipline was so farre enervated in his age , and so precipitated into worse in all dissolutenesse of vice ; that vices were not onely excused , but authorized ; there wanting not such flattering advocates and indulgent patrons of naughtinesse who gave authority unto vices ; and which was worse , converted the very censure of the heavenly scriptures into a justification of crimes and stage-playes ; producing some texts of scripture in defence of playes , as well as reasons ; which this father at large refells . the like play-apologies of voluptuous pagans , i reade recorded in e arnobius , f chrysostome , g augustine , and h salvian ; who answer them to the full . and as these pagans of olde , so some who would be deemed christians now , ( as namely one thomas lodge , a play-poet , in his play of playes , and one thomas haywood a player , i● his apology for actors , ) have lately pleaded as hard for stage-playes , as ever i demetrius did for his great diana : ) whose severall allegations in the behalfe of playes are soledly refelled ; by mr. stephen gosson , in his playes confuted : by the authour of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters ; by mr. iohn northbrooke , in his treatise against vaine playes and enterludes ; by dr. rainolds , in his overthrow of stage-playes : by i : g : in his refutation of the apologie for actors , ( which you may peruse at leisure ) and by sundry others k forerecited , whom i spare to mention . the players , the play-patrons of our present age , as their cause is worse , so l their pleas for playes are no other , no better than those of former times , which neede no other replies then what these fathers , these authours have returned : yet since their answeres are now growne obsolete , and our m play-advocates persevering in their former folly , proceede to justifie one vanitie , one falshood with another , disputing much for the lawfull use of stage-playes ( perchance to exercise or declare their witts in the unhappy patronage of evill things : ) i shall therefore addresse my selfe to give a satisfactory answer to all their chiefe play-propugning objections , that so i may pu● them to perpetuall silence . the first , if not the best argument in defence of stage-playes , may be cast into this forme . that which is not prohibited , but rather approved and commended by the scripture , cannot be sinfull nor unlawfull unto christians . but stage-playes are not prohibited , but rather approved and commended by the scripture . therefore they cannot bee sinfull nor unlawfull unto christi●ns . the major being unquestionable , the minor may be thus confirmed . acts . , . there is mention made of the theatre at ephesus , n a place wherein playes were acted : and in the cor. . . st. paul writes of himselfe and of the other christians in this age : we are made a theatre or spectacle unto the world , unto angels , and to men . to which may be added the kings . . kings . . . &c. . , . cor. . , . & * . . eph. . , , , . which mentiō horses , chariots , races , duels , combates : alluding to the olympian games , the roman circus , sword-playes , and other amphitheatricall spectacles , which these scriptures seeme to justifie ; and so by consequence stage-playes too , which are in the selfesame predicament . to this i answer first ; though stage-playes are not expresly condemned in the scripture by name , yet they are in other generall tearmes ( as well as apostasie , atheisme , poysoning , incest and such other sinnes whose names we finde not in the text ) as i have o already proved : so that both the major and minor are false . secondly , i answer , that the reason why stage-playes are not by name condemned in the scripture is , because the penmen of it being iewes , were unacquainted with stage-playes , p which the iewes would not admit , as being opposite to their religion , and pernicious to their state : wherefore they condemne them onely under those generall termes , q of idolatry , sacrifices of idols , vanities of the gentiles , rudiments and customes of the world , &c. under which they are fully comprized . thirdly , though the scriptures inhibit not stage-playes by name , yet st. paul himselfe in his constitutions , ( if clemens romanus may be credited ) hath condemned playes and players in expresse tearmes , r decreeing , that all players and play-haunters should desist from stage-playes , or else be cast out of the church ; and the s other apostles also decreed the like : yea the * whole primitive church in severall generall and nationall councels , the ancient fathers in their renowned writings , and the holiest christians v from age to age , have given sentence against them as unlawfull spectacles , which the word of god inhibits as misbeseeming christians : this therefore is sufficient to disprove the minor. fourthly , the scriptures here produced as approving stageplayes , doe no wayes countenance , but oppugne them . for first , that theatre mentioned acts . . . was not a theatre on which playes were acted , but a * place of publike meeting , where malefactors were punished , orations made to the people , and the magistrates and people usually met together to consult of publike affaires : a place much like the praetorium , into which our saviour was brought , matth : . . or like to areopagus or m●rs hill in a●hens , where paul made an oration to the athenians : acts . , . that this was such a theatre , is evident : first , because such places of publike concourse and consultation , where speeches were made , and malefactors sometimes executed , were stiled theatres : witnesse x ausonius , y apuleius , z cicero , a tacitus , b livie , c philost●atus , d varro , e philo , f chrysostome , g synesius , iuvenal , appianus , & bulengerus de theatro , l. . c. . where this very text is quoted . hence h eusebius and i nicephorus , write , that ignatius with other martyrs were tortured and put to death in the theatre : yea hence k orosius , ( and out of him l baronius and spondanus ) record ; that iu●ian the apostate , commanded a theatre to be built of the materialls that were brought to re●disie the temple at hierusalem , in which theatre after his returne from persia he intended to cast the bishops , monkes ; and other christian inhabitants of that place to beasts which should teare them in peeces ; ut scilicet ibi esset christianorum carnificina , unde eorū religio videretur esse progressa . secondly , the very words and circumstances of the text a●●ure us , that this was such a theatre : for first , it is said , that all the people rushed with one accord into the theatre , v. . as into a place of common counsell . secondly , that the cause of this their concourse was , to prevent the decay of their craft of making silver shrines , and to maintaine the honour of their great goddesse diana : v. . thirdly , that paul would have entred into the theatre to have made an oration unto the people , from which his friends disswaded him : v. , . fourthly , that the assembly there w●s confused , some crying one thing , some another , and that the most part knew not why they were come together : verse . fifthly , that they caught gai●s and aris●archus , and drew them as malefactors into the theatre : verse . sixthly , that they drew alexander out of the multitude , who there beckened to them● with his hand , and would there have made his defence to the people : v. . seventhly , that the town-clerke made there a solemn speech to the people , admonishing them to be quiet , and to doe nothing rashly against paules companions , whom they had brought into the theatre , since they were neither robbers of churches , nor yet blasphemers of their goddesse : informing demetrius and his fellow craftsmen , that if they had a matter against any man , the court-dayes were kept , and there were deputies before whom they might implead one another : and if they inquired any thing concerning other matters , it should be determined in a lawfull assembly : v , . to . all which concurring particulars infallibly prove , that this theatre i was onely a place of publike counsell , justice and execution ; not a theatre whereon playes were acted : therefore it gives no colour of approbation to playes or play-houses , no more than the courts of iustice at westminster argue , that the playes and play-houses about london are lawfull . but admit this theatre were a place for stage-playes , yet it affords no justification at all to playes or play-houses . for the assembly in the theatre , which this scripture mentions , was k but a tumultuous concourse of idolaters , without any lawfull authority : and that not to act or see a stage-play , but to defend their goddesse diana , and their idolatrous trade of making her silver shrines , by which they got their living : to persecute st. paul and his companions , whom they accused as malefactors , and to withstand the preaching of the gospell , which would suppresse their trade and their diana both together . this unlawfull assembly therefore , which both the scripture , their owne l towne-clerke , and themselves condemned , is no justification of , but a strong evidence against our play-assemblies , which are commonly as tumultuous , as opposite to christs word , his saints , his kingdome , as this ephesian conventicle . secondly , that text of cor. . . we are made 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which the fathers and most latine authors render , spectaculum ; and our english translations , a spectacle , or gazing-stocke : makes nought for stage-playes . for what if the apostles were made a theatre or spectacle to the world , to angels and to men : ( that is , as m some fathers interpret it ; the whole world of men and angels good and bad , beheld the miseries , the afflictions they endured for christ and his gospell , not onely in one corner , but in all the quarters of the world . or as n others of them paraphrase it : they were made a wonderment , a laughing-stocke to uncleane spirits , and to the wicked of the world , who rejoyced at their miseries , their torments , being glad to see them drawne to the place of execution called [ theatrum ] a theatre , where the innocent martyrs for the most part suffered in the view of all the people , as our traytors usually suffer on a stage or scaffold , erected for that purpose : both which expositions o some good interpreters have conjoyned : ) yet this no wayes justifies but oppugnes our stage-playes . for first , the apostles did not make themselves a voluntary spectacle , as all players doe ; but they were made spectacles by others . secondly , they were no spectacles of lasciviousnesse , vanitie , follie , mirth , or wickednesse , as plaies and plaiers are ; but of grace , of faith , of pietie , p patience , constancy , martyrdome , and the like , which plaies and plaiers are not . thirdly , they were spectacles of gods owne institution , they being q appointed , called , destinated to their sufferings by god himselfe ; whereas plaies and actors are spectacles not of gods , but of the very r divels owne invention and appointment . fourthly , they were memorable publike spectacles of admiration , of s imitation , both to the world , to angels , and to men : playes , players and play-haunters were yet never such . fifthly , they were reall , not hypocriticall , histrionicall personated spectacles , consisting of representations onely , as all playes and actors are . sixthly , they were spectacles t appointed onely unto death , not to laughter : spectacles of passion , of compassion , not of mirth and pleasure : spectacles onely at a stake , appointed unto martyrdome ; not on a stage , to stir up laughter : spectacles they were , which the very v angels and saints applauded , not condemned ; which divels and wicked men derided , persecuted , not applauded : spectacles , which were x the crowne , the honour , not the reproach , and y infamy of christianity , as playes and players are : therefore they give no colour , no approbation to our play-house spectacles with which they have no analogie , but this alone ; that as the chiefe agents in the apostles and martyrs tortures , were desperate wicked men , envenomed , enraged with bitter rancor against all grace , all goodnesse ; even z such are the common actors and abetters of our theatricall enterludes . all the argument then that our play-patrons can collect from hence , is from the allusion which the apostle hath to theatres , to spectacles ; which being an allusion onely to the spectacle of a martyr , at the stake ; or of a malefactor at the place of execution , as all expositors accord ; not to a play or enterlude on a stage , subverts their very foundation , and takes them off from this their hold , in which they had most repose . but admit , it were an allusion to a play-house theatre , yet as theeves can never justifie their stealing , nor u●urers their usurie to be lawfull , because the scripture saith , a that christ , that the day of the lord shall come as a theefe in the night : and b that he will require his owne with usurie : no more can our play-champions conclude from hence , that stage-playes are warrantable or lawfull among christians , because st. paul by way of similitude , writes thus of himselfe and his fellow-apostles : wee are made a theatre or spectacle to the world , unto angels , and to men . these two maine scriptures being thus fully vindicated from our play-proctors wrestings , the other will fall away of themselves : there being no analogie at all betweene a race and a stage-play : an horse or chariot for warre , and a comedie for sport . i shall therefore answer them all together in st. cyprians words . c in this place i may say , that it had beene better for these objectors never to have knowne the scriptures , than thus to reade and wrest them . for these words and examples which are laid downe as exhortations to evangelicall vertue , are translated into apologies for vice ; for these things are written , not that they should be gazed upon , but that a more earnest vehemency should be stirred up in our minds in profitable things , whiles there is so great a diligence in ethnickes in unprofitable things . it is an argument therefore of exciting vertue , not a permission or libertie of beholding the gentiles error ; that by this the minde may be more enflamed to evangelicall vertue by divine rewards , when as men must passe through the miserie of all toyles and griefes , before they can come to terrene emoluments . d that elias is the horseman or charioter of israel , it yeelds no patronage to the beholding of cirque-playes , for he never ranne in any circus : that david danced in the sight of god , it no wayes availes nor justifieth the sitting of faithfull christians in the theatre : for by distorting none of his members with obscene motions , hee hath ended the dance , and put a period to the play of graecian lust . his lute , his trumpets , flutes and harpes have resounded gods praises , not an idols . it is not therefore hence determined , that unlawfull things may be looked on : those lawfull things by the divels cunning being now changed from holy into unholy things . let shame therefore instruct or restraine these men , although the holy scriptures cannot doe it . for is it not a shame , is it not a shame i say , for faithfull men , who challenge to themselves the name of christians , to justifie the vaine superstitions of the gentiles intermixed with their stage-playes , out of the sacred scriptures , and to give authority to idolatry ? for when that which is done by ethnickes to the honour of any idol is frequented by christians in a stage-play , both heathen idolatry is maintained , and in contumely of god , true religion is trod under foote . this is st. cyprians answer to the objected scriptures , and with it i rest . scena secvnda . the second objection in defence of playes is this : e that they are innoxious , pleasant , honest & laudable recreations , which the ancient greekes and romans not onely tollerated but applauded : therefore they are tollerable among christians . not no answer this objection with that exclamation of * volateranus in this very case of playes : sed quid nunc de faece hujus saeculi dicam ? quum virtutem ac gloriam veterum imitari nullo pacto valeamus , vitia tamen omni studio imitamur . iam scena ubique renovata est , ubique com●dias specta● uterque sexus , quodque longe impudentius , ipsi sacerdotes et praesules , quorum erat officium omnino prohibere . multo igitur severiores in hac parte graeci , qui omnes suos comicos jamdiu aboluerunt , propter unum aristophanem , quamvis moribus mi●ime officeret . i answer first ; that playes are no harmelesse , honest or laudable recreations , as all the premised authorities , and this whole treatise prove at large : this objection therefore is but a begging of the cause in question . secondly , i answer , that although some pagan greekes and romanes approved stage-playes at the first in lewd and dissolute times ; yet f at last after long experience of those intollerable mischiefes which they occasioned , enforced by deare bought repentance , they banished them their commonweales and territories by publike solemne edicts , as inconsistent with their safety . and although some vitious histrionicall roman emperours , as nero , caligula , heliogabalus , commodus , and others , reduced plaies & plaiers , yet the gravest romā emperors , senators , philosophers did still oppose and reexile them as the seminaries of all vice and lewdnesse , and intoll●rable mischiefes in the commonweale : as i have g largely proved . wherefore wee should rather imitate the best , the wisest pagan greekes and romans in abandoning , than the worst or lewdest in retaining stage-playes . secondly , the reason why the ancient pagans , graecians and romans tollerated plaies and plaiers ( as h bodine and guevara observe ) was not for any good or laudable quality in them , but onely out of superstition and idolatrous devotion to their idol-gods , i who exacted solemne stage-playes from them as the most pompous if not serious part of their idolatrous worship : which playes ( saith guevara ) were dedicated to them by the divine sufferance of the living god , who would that their idol-gods being but laughing-stockes should be served , honoured and feasted by jeastures , mockes and playes . the truth of this is evident , not onely by that of k aristotle ; who prohibiting the sight of all unchast fabulous playes or pictures , and advising the magistrates to suppresse them ; comes in with this exception : nisi forte apud illos deos , quibus etiam per leges lascivia illa conceditur , et apud quos sacra facere aetate quidem provectioribus pro se , pro liberis et conjugibus permittitur : by dionysius hallicarnasseus , antiqu. rom. l. . c. . & . c. . by ci●ero in verr●̄ , act. . oratio de aruspicum responsis , p. , , . oratio . in catilinam , p. . b. where he informes us , that stage-playes were exacted by , and dedicated to the roman gods , who were honoured and attoned by them : by thucidides historiae , lib. . p. . polybius historiae l● , p. . c. and diodorus siculus bibl. hist. l. . sect . ● , . p. . to . with sundry other pagans : and by l st. augustine , de civitate dei lib. . c. . to . & l. . c. . hraban●s maurus l. . c. . with others l formerly quoted ; but by that also which m livy and n ovid have recorded of the romanes : who when as all the fidlers and players departed from rome to tibur in one discontented company , because the censors prohibited them to eate in the temple of iove , as they had accustomed : the senate out of their care to religion ( there being no man left in rome to sing and play before their sacrifices ) sent embassadours after them to tibur , requesting the tiburtines to doe their best endeavour to perswade them to returne to rome : upon which embassie the tiburtines sent for these companions into their senate house , where they first perswaded them to goe backe to rome ; but their intreaties not prevailing , they concluded to make them drunke with wine , o ( of which they were very greedy ) and then to put them into carts being drunke , and so to carry them backe to rome ; which they did accordingly . where upon their returne , the senate to obtaine their good will , restored them to their former priviledges , and withall aut●orized them to goe freely about the citty , and to act their solemne stage-playes every yeare . vpon which * valerius maximus descants thus : personarum usus pudorem circumventae temulentiae causam habet . idolatrie therefore , and the * pleasing of idol-gods being the chiefe , if not the onely cause why these pagan greeks and romans allowed playes or players ; their example grounded on this reason , p should rather engage all christians eternally to detest them , than any wayes to approve them . thirdly , admit that stage-plaies were in high estimation among these lascivious vitious pagans , yet they were q evermore execrable among christians , who have constantly abandoned them from age to age . it is therefore a great dishonour , a shame , if not a sinne for christians ( who r should follow the footsteps of their blessed saviour onely , and those who walke as he hath walked ; s abandoning all the fashions , wayes and customes of lewd idolatrous pagans : ) to swerve from christ and primitive christians as not worthy the following , in this case of plaies ; and to make the worst● the most lascivious heathens , the quides and patternes of their actions . alas , where is our christianitie , our pietie , our obedience or our love to christ , if we chuse rather to imitate the very vices of the lewdest pagans than the graces , the holinesse of the best christians ? it was the brand , the infamie of the iewish nation ; t that they were mingled among the heathen , and learned their workes : and shall it not be much more ignoble and sinfull for us christians , to justifie the lawfulnesse of stage-playes from the bare examples of these wicked pagans ? o let it be v never be heard in gath , nor published in askelon , that any christians should grow so atheistically prophane , so stupendiously impious , as to preferre the lewd examples of the deboisest heathens , before the unparalleld patternes of their most holy saviour , and the best of christians : ( alas , what need we run to such precedents of impiety , when as we have better examples nearer hand ? ) but since all christian , yea● x the very best of pagan greeks and romanes have utterly condemned and exploded stage-playes , the very y worst of greekes and romanes onely approving them by their practise , and that to sinister ends : let us rather imitate the best , the wisest of them in abandoning , than the very worst of them in patronizing , in applauding stage-playes ; for feare we renounce our christianity , and prove farre worse than the very worst of pagans ever were . scena tertia. the third objection in the behalfe of playes is this ; z that they are not onely commendable but necessary in a commonweale ; and that in three respects : first , for the solemne entertainment and recreation of forraigne embassadours , states and princes : secondly , for the solemnizing of festivals and triumphes : thirdly for the exhileration and necessary recreation of the people . therefore they ought to be countenanced , continued , not suppressed . to this i shall first reply ; that stage-playes are so far from being commendable or necessary in a cōmonweale , that they are the very greatest mischiefes which can befall it : a whence the wisest states and magistrates have beene so farre from tollerating , that they have quite discarded them as inconsistent with the publike welfare . so that the very ground of this objection failes , and then the particulars cannot stand , which i shall now examine . for the first of them ; that stage-playes are necessary for the solemne entertainment of embassadours , and forraigne states ; though i will not take upon me to define what entertainment will befit such personages ; yet with all humble submission to better judgments , i conceive , that common stage-playes ( to which every cobler , tinker , whore , and base mechanicke may resort from day to day , b as many of them doe ) are no meete sports or entertainments for c christian princes , states , and potentates ; whose pietie , majestie , gravitie are so transcendent , that they cannot but disdaine the sight , the presence of such ridiculous , infamous , scurrilous , childish spectacles , as common stage-playes are , which savour neither of state , nor royaltie , but of most abject basenesse , though too many great ones ( i know not out of what re●pects ) have vouchsafed to honour them ( or d rather dishonoured themselves ) with their presence . for my owne part it is beyond my creed to beleeve , that christian monarches , peeres , or forraigne embassadours , who are ( at leastwise should be ) men of e highest dignity , of f eminentest piety , severest gravity , deepest wisdome , sublimest spirit , and most sober , g exemplary conversation , without any mixture of levitie , vanitie , or childish folly , ( the least tincture of which in men of supreme ranke , ( though it be but in their h sports ) is i no small deformity , no meane ecclipse unto their fame ) should so farre degenerate , or k descend below themselves , as to admit of common plaies or actors , ( the l most infamous , scurrilous , ignoble pleasures and persons that the world affords ) into their royal presence . we know that m many christian , many pagan states and emperours , have long since sentenced , exiled playes and players , and that the whole church of god , with all faithfull christians from age to age have execrated and cast them out , as the very greatest grievances , shames and cankerwormes both of church and state : we know , that n many publike acts of parliaments , even of this our realme , have branded players with the very name , the punishment of rogues and vagabonds , and condemned stage-playes as unlawfull pastimes . and can any one then be so brainsicke , so shamelesse to affirme , that these anathematized heathenish spectacles , these stigmatized varlets , ( which all times , all christians , all men of gravity and wisdome have disdained as the most lewd infamous persons , are fit to entertaine the noblest princes , or to appeare before them in their royall pallaces , at times of greatest state ? certainly as o eagles scorne to stoope at flies , or as magnanimous lions disdaine to chace a mouse ; even so those generous christian monarches , who have cast out playes and actors as intollerable mischiefes in their meanest citties ; will p never so farre grace them , as to deeme them worthy to approach their courts , as necessary ornaments and attendants , on dayes of most solemnitie . it was king davids godly protestation ; q that he would set no wicked thing before his eyes ; that the worke of those who turned aside should not cleave unto him : that a froward heart should depart from him , and that he would not know a wicked person : who so privily slandereth his neighbour , him ( saith he ) will i cut off : him that hath an high looke and a proud heart , i will not suffer : he that worketh deceit shall not dwell in my house ; he that telleth lies shall not tarrie in my sight , &c. certainlie , there is never a true christian prince or potentate this day living , but is , but must , or ought to be of davids mind , r he being a man after gods owne heart : therefore hee can never suffer stage-plaies , which are wicked , lewd and heathenish pastimes ; or common actors , ( who are s perverse , yea froward , wicked , proud , deceitfull , slanderous , lying persons in the highest degree ) to come into his presence , or harbour in his pallace . t a king that sitteth in the throne of judgement ( saith the wisest king ) scattereth all evill with his eyes : yea , v a wise king scattereth the wicked , and bringeth the wheele over them , prov. . , & . needs therefore must a just , a prudent christian prince , abandon playes and players from before his eyes , the one being the x greatest evills to a state : the other , the y very worst and most infamous men . it is true indeed , x that some dissolute roman emperors , as (z) caligula , nero , heliogabalus , carinus , and others , have beene much enamoured with playes and actors : but this was onely the blot , the infamie of these shames of monarchy , as * philo iudaeus , a marcus aurelius , b iuvenal , c iohn sarisbery , and their d owne historians witnesse : who have recorded it onelie for their greater shame : e res haud mira tamen cytharaedo principe mimus , nobilis &c. being the sole encomium , that they have lest behind them for it . their examples therefore can be no good argument to second this objection , especially since f the best roman senators , monarches , both pagan and christian have exiled stage-players , and suppressed playes , as even nero himselfe ( who g was most devoted to them , and most honoured players ) was h at last enforced to doe , by reason of those intollerable oft-complained mischiefes which they did occasion . i confesse , that many christian writers both of ancient and moderne times , and among sundry others whom i spare to mention , * vincentius , * olaus magnus , i iohn sarisbery , and k peter de bloyes , ●rchdeacon of bath ( two ancient english writers ; l aenaeas sylvius ( afterwards pope pius the ) and mr. m radolphus gualther , have publikely complained and bewailed in their writings ; that stage-players , tomblers , fidlers , singers , iesters , and such like idle persons , have followed princes courts , and haunted great mens houses ; that they have there found accesse and harbour , when as experienced , vertuous , well-deserving men , have beene excluded , contemned , and sent away without reward ; these caterpillars and pests of the commonweale , not onely anticipating in the meane while their charity to the poore , their bounty to men to best desert , but even exhausting their treasures , depraving their manners , fomenting their uices to the publike prejudice , and their owne eternall perdition : but this they censure as their shame , their folly and oversight , not their praise ; as did st. chrysostome long agoe , whose words i would these objectors would observe : n wilt thou heare againe ( saith he ) some other things which shew the folly and madnesse of these wise law-givers ? they gather together players & theatres , & bring in thither troopes of harlots , of adulterous youthes &c. making all the people to sit on scaffolds over them : thus recreate they the citty ; thus doe they crowne great kings , whose victorious trophees they admire . but alas what is more cold than this honour ? what more unpleasant than this pleasure ? doest thou then seeke applauders of thy actions among these ? tell me , i pray thee , wilt thou be praised with dancers , with effeminate persons , stage-players , whores ? and how can this be but the very extremity of folly and frenzie ? but thou wilt say , these are infamous persons . why then doest thou honour kings , why doest thou murther citties by such who are infamous ? why doest thou bestow so much upon them ? for if they are infamous , they ought to be cast out , &c. it is therefore no lesse then madnesse , then extremest folly in st. chrysostomes judgement , to honour , to court kings or great ones with playes or common actors : and a farre greater frenzie is it for such to foster , to applaud them , and to be praised by them ; o because no true praise can proceed from any , but such who really deserve applause themselves . adde we to him the verdict of laborious gualther , p who reputes it an argument of corrupted , of everted discipline , that at this day players , iesters , effeminate persons , and furtherers of most dishonest pleasures are in great request in princes courts and in great cities , &c. which he there proves at large . to him i shal annex that notable passage of olaus magnus to the like purpose , well worth all princes , all players and play-haunters most serious consideration : in his historiae l. . c. . de histrionibus et mimis . where he writes thus . q nemo miretur quod hac etiam pessima occupatione repl●t● sit haec chartula pusilla , nempe talibus hominum generibus , quorum nume●us est infinitus , et tantae reputationis in curijs et mensis sublimium dominorum , ut fere vel nullum vel exiguum credatur adesse solatium praeter unicum hoc quod emanat ab infamibus his protomimis . refert trebellius , * galerum in tantum dilexisse scurras et parasitos , et id genus infamiae hominum , ut poneret eos in secunda sua mensa . si consilium r suetonij locus habuisset , tales mimi publico spectaculo virgis et flagris caesi , remotiusque effugati fuissent : quod et vincentius in speculo . historiae lib. . c. . de rege galliae philippo attestatur ; quem asserit dixisse , histrionibus dare est daemonibus immolari , &c. and cap. . de abjecta commendatione mimorum , et utili laude prudentium : where he thus expresseth himselfe . sed nec ignotum universis relinquitur , qvanta ignominia principievs sit , aut laudis cupidis à talibus commendari , s quorum praecipua professio est infamibus colludere , turpibusque colloquijs bonos more 's corrumpere , eosque effaeminatos efficere , a● libidinosos reddere et luxuriosos ; praeterea comaediarum more adulteria et stupra representare vel concinnere , unde spectandi enascatar voluptas et consuetudo , ac turpissima quaeque faciendi licentia perniciosa , et denique ad omnium virorum gravium obmutescere rationem et censuram . cujus rei testis est illa t massiliensis meretrix , quae in actu publico prostans vestemque deducens , gravi catone vis● descendere in spectaculum , à gestu se statim continuit , et alijs mirantibus , ait , severum virum adesse : qua quidem voce ostendit , longe pluris esse * gravissimi viri aspectum , quàm totius populi applausum . quocircà , etsi cuncti , maxime principes laudari appetant , tamen intime caveant , ne id procurant vel admittant fieri ab histrionibvs et protomimis nisi similes illis aestimari et forsan esse volvnt . vera enim laus haberi debet , quae à laudato viro proficiscitur , quia à tali viro emanat qui virtute praeditus cum laude venit . sed haec peramplius verior esse judicatur , quae ex rectè factis et justis meritis , multitudinis etiam laude ●oncurrente procedit● : alioquin nihil aliud nisi popularem auram aut scurrarum fucum captant : quo nihil instabilius aut detestabilius inveniri potest . igitur attendendum erit unicuique , * maxime principi in sublimiori dignitate constituto , ne sic scurrarum , mimorum , histrionum , protomimorum brevi tempore delectetur spectaculis , uti immemor salutis , perdito tempore , honore , laude , et bone nomine in uno momento rapiatur ad aeterna tormenta , quae ab immundis spiritibus forsitan in umbra et forma histrionum apparentebus et flagellantibus importunius sustinebit ; sentietque perpetuo flendum esse cum diabolis , sicuti in momentanea vita inconsideratè risit cum stultis . exclamandum hîc merito foret contra quosdam alti nominis viros , in sublimitate constitos , qui pro summa voluptate ducunt , scurras videre et a●dire , nudas mulierum * picturas intueri , et ijs delectari , atque alijs praebere videndas ; quasi propria caro , mundus , et daemonia non sufficerent ad infatuandum hominem , creatum ad imaginem dei , ni et studiose in suam irreparabilem damnationem excitarent tot importunatissimos hostes , ignorantes verbum beati gregorij , dicentis ; talem te ostendis in corde diligere , qualem imaginem ante te geris in oculis , &c. all which recited premises , together with that memorable x fore-mentioned worthy speech of the emperor trajan to a courtier , who intreated him to heare an active player : and that private advice of macro , unto caius the emperour ; y insane spectantem saltatores ità ut unà gesticularetur , aut ad mimorum scurrilia dicteria non subridentem , sed cachinnantem pueriliter &c. who whispered thus into his eare , ne quis audiret alius , blandè admonens : non decet te alijs audiendo spectandoque et usu caeterorum sensuum esse similem , sed tantum debes in ratione vivendi excellere , quantò eminentiorem te fortuna constituit : absurdum enim fuerit terrae marisque principem , cantibus , cavillis , et hujusmodi ludis succumbere : oportet illum semper et ubique meminisse majestatis imperatoriae , tanquam pastorem gregi praepositum , et undicunque dictis factisque in melius proficiscere : ( a good lesson for this scandalous , ignoble , dissolute emperour , who was not onely a spectator , an applauder , but sometimes z an actor too of masques and stage-playes to his eternall shame : ) are sufficient to disprove this crack-brain'd frentique objection of an infamous player ; that stage-playes are necessary pastimes for the recreation , the solemne entertainment of christian princes , states , embassadours , nobles ; whose majesty , whose greatnes cannot but disdain such base infamous spectacles , which make their a actors and spectators infamous . certainly he who shall reade the b epistle of marcus aurelius , unto lambert ; the c panegyricke of c. plinius secundus , to the ●mperor trajan : the answer of d agesilaus , to callipides the expert tragicke player ; ( who saluting this royall king , and thrusting himselfe into his presence , expecting and hoping that this noble prince would have taken some speciall notice of him , and spoken kindly to him ; and then perceiving that he slighted him , demanded of him ; doest thou not know me ô king , and hast thou not heard whom i am ? who looking upon him , returned him no other reply but this , art not thou callipides the player ? intimating , that kings should wholly contemne such lewd infamous persons as not worthy their least respect : ) or guevara his diall of princes , lib. . c. . to . & act. . scene . act. . scene , , . will presently adjudge all stage-playes , all actors , unworthy a pagan , how much more then a christian emperours , kings or princes royall presence ; who have farre more honourable , majestique , heroicke sports and exercises to refresh themselves withall : as tilting barriers , iusts , and such like martiall feates , ( the e ancient solemne festivall entertainments of kings and nobles , wherein our warlike f english nation have farre excelled others ; ) with an hundred such like laudable exercises , ●avouring both of royalty , valour , and activity ; which if they were now revived insteed of effeminate , amorous , wanton g dances , enterludes , masques and stage-playes , h effeminacy , idlenesse , adultery , whoredome , ribaldry and such other lewdnesse would not be so frequent in the world as now they are . but admit this idle surmise as true as it is fabulous , it then administers a pregnant argument against all common stage-playes : for if stage-playes be meet ornaments for princes pallaces at times of greatest state and royallest entertainment , great reason is there to suppresse their daily acting , and to appropriate them to such times , such places , such purposes as these , i for feare their assiduity , their cōmonnes should make the k despitably base and altogether unmeet for such sublime occasions . extraordinary royall occasions , persons , entertainments will not suite with common prostituted enterludes , which every tinker , cobler , foot-boy , whore or rascall may resort to at their pleasure , as they doe unto our stage-playes ; which as they are every mans for his penny , so they are every dayes pastime too , at every roguish play-house . and are such common hacknie enterludes , thinke you , fit for high-dayes , for princes courts and presence ? if therefore you will exalt these sordid stage-playes to such sublime imployments as you here pretend , you must now shut up our standing play-houses , and sequester all stage-playes from the vulgar crew , appropriating them onely to some certaine solemne publike festivities , and times of royall entertainment , ( as the l ancient greekes and romans did ; who had no constant ( much lesse any private ) enterludes acted day by day , but onely publike stage-playes , at times of publike triumph , or on the great solemne feast-dayes of their idol-gods , to whom they were devoted : ) that so their m raritie may ennoble them to such royall services as are pretended , when as their n assiduous commonnesse hath now made thē & their actors base ; too base ( i dare say ) for any princes presence , when as they deeme themselves highly honoured , with the very meanest varlets . to the second clause of this objection , that stage-playes are necessary for the true solemnizing of our saviours nativitie , and other such solemne christian festivalls ; it is so diametrally opposite unto truth , above severall councels , besides fathers and other christian writers professedly contradicting it , ( see act. . scene . & act. . scene . ) that i cannot so much as name it but with highest indignation . alas into what atheisticall heathenish times are we now relapsed , into what a stupendious height of more than pagan impiety are we now degenerated , when as stage-playes ( the very z chiefest pompes and ornaments of the most execrable pagan idols festivities ) are thought the necessary appendants of our most a holy christian solemnities ? when as we cannot sanctifie a lords-day , observe a fift of november , or any other day of publike thanksgiving to our gracious god , nor yet celebrate an easter , a pentecost , or such like solemne feasts , ( much lesse a christmasse , as we phrase it ) in a plausible pious sort , ( as too many b paganizing christians now conceit ) without drinking , roaring , healthing , dicing , carding , dancing , masques and stage-playes ? which better become the sacrifices of bacchus , than the resurrection , the incarnation of our most blessed saviour , c which are most execrably prophaned , most unchristianly dishonoured with these bacchanalian pastimes . what pious christian heart bleedes not with teares of blood , when he beholds the sacred nativitie of his spotlesse saviour , transformed into a festivitie of the foulest divels ? when he shall see his blessed iesus , d who came to redeeme , to call men from their sinnes , and e to purifie unto himselfe a peculiar people zealous of good workes ; entertained , honoured , courted , served like a divell , yea rather e crucified and nailed to his crosse againe , with nought else but desperate notorious sinnes● by an unchristian crew of christians , ( i might say f pagans , o● g incarnate divels ) who during all the sacred time of his nativity , when they should be most holy , are more especially and that professedly too● a most impure people , zea●ous of nothing but of stage-playes , dicing , dancing● healthing , riot●ng , and such evill workes , as would make the very h lewdest pagans to blush for shame . i is this the honour , the entertainment , the gratitude , the holy service , the welcome we render to our saviour , for his nativity , his incarnation or his passion , to court him thus with heathenish playes or hellish pastimes , as if he were no other , no better than a pagan idol or infernall divel , who were alwayes w●rshipped , courted with such solemne enterludes ? are k christ and belial ( thinke we ) reconciled ? or is there no difference betweene our saviours nativity , and a divel-idols birth-day , that we thus commemorate them in the selfesame manner ? for how did the l idol●trous gentiles honour , or please their iupiter , venus , flora , apollo , berecynthea , bac●hus , and such like divel-gods upon their gaudiest feast-dayes , but with healthing , dancing , masques and stage-playes ; the very workes and pompes of satan , invented for , appropriated to these idols service , as i have largely proved ? and how doe we christians spend or celebrate for the most part , the nativity of our saviour , but with such heathenish sports as these , which turkes and infidels would abhorre to practise ? m o wickednes , o prophanesse beyond all expression ! even thus to abuse our saviours solemne birth-time , as to make it a patronage for all kinde of sinne ! were wee to celebrate the very foulest idol-divels birth-day ( as n many wretches doe in deedes , whiles they solemnize christs in shew ) how could we please or honour him more , than to court him with lascivious masques or stage-playes , ( an * invention of and for himselfe , which he hath oft exacted from his worshippers upon his solemne festivals : ) or to give him the very selfesame welcome that most men give to christ , in the feast of his nativity ; when the divell hath commonly more professed publike service done him , than all the yeare beside ? for may i not truly write of our english citties , and country villages in the christmas season , as salvian did of rome : * video quasi scaturientem vitijs civitatem ; video urbem omnium iniquitatum generi servientem , plenam quidem turbis , sed magis turpitudinibus : plenam divitijs , sed magis vitijs : vincentes se invicem homines nequitia flagitiorum suorum , alios impuritate certantes , alios vino languidos , alios cruditate distentos , hos sertis redimitos , illos unguento oblitos , cunctos vano luxus marcore perditos , sed penè omnes una errorum morte prostratos : non omnes quidem vinolentia temulentos , sed omnes tamen peccatis ebrios . populos putares non sani status , non sui sensus , non animo incolumes , non gradu , quasi in morem baccharum crapulae catervatim inservientes &c. those who are temperate and abstemious at all other times , prove epicures and drunkards then . those who make conscience to p redeeme all other seasons , deeme it a q point of christianity to mispend all this , r eating , drinking , and rising up to play , whole dayes and nights together . those who are civill at other seasons , will be now deboist ; and such who were but soberly dissolute before ( if i may so speak ) will be now stark mad , forgetting not onely their saviour but themselves . those who repute it a shame to be unruly disorderly any other part of the yeare ; thinke it an honour to be outragiously disordered and distempered now , s turning day into night , and night into day , against the course of nature , like seneca his antipodes , setting no bounds to any lust . that which is not tollerable at other times seemes laudable unto most men now : that which were it done at any other season could not but be condemned as an execrable sinne , becomes now a vertue , at least a veniall crime . in a word , those who make a kinde of conscience of drinking , amarous dancing , healthing , dicing , idlenesse , stage-playes , and of every sinne at other times● t deeme it a part of their piety to make no bones of these , of any deboistnesse or prophanesse now : those who are constant in religious familie-duties , now discontinue them ; those who remembred their saviour and sinnes before , now qui●e forget them : those who seemed saints before , turne divels incarnate now : those who were reasonable men before , are metamorphosed into beasts or monsters now : those who were formerly good at least in outward shew , doe now turne bad ; and all who were bad before , prove now ten●times worse ; & all under this pretence of solemnizing christs nativitie , as if he were delighted onely with their sins . thus doe we even crucifie our blessed saviour in his very cradle , and like that [ v ] tyrant herod , seeke to take away his life , as soone as he is born , whiles we thus impiously celebrate & prophane his birth , & evē pierce him through with these grosse disorders which are now too frequent among many christians . should turkes & indels behold our bacchanaliā christmas extravagancies , would they not thinke our saviour to be a glutton , an epicure , a wine-bibber , a divell , a friend of publicanes and sinners , as the * iewes once stiled him ; yea a very bacchus● a god of all dissolutenesse , drunkennesse and disorder , since his nativitie is thus solemnized by his followers , who are never so dissolutely , so exorbitantly deboist in all kindes , as in this his festivall ? would they not take up that speech in salvian . * ecce quales sunt qui christum colunt ? falsum plane illud est quod aiunt se bona discere , quod jactant se sanctae legis praecepta retinere . si enim bona discerent , boni essent . talis profecto secta est , quales et sectatores : hoc sunt absque dubio quod docentur . apparet itaque prophetas quos habent impuritatem docere , et apostolos quos legunt nefaria sensisse , et evangelia quibus imbuuntur haec quae ipsi faciunt praedicare . postremo sancta à christianis fierent , si christus sancta docuisset . aestimari itaque de cultoribus suis potest ille qui colitur . quomodo enim bonus magister est , cujus tam malos videmus esse discipulos ? ex ipso enim christiani sunt , ipsum audiunt , ipsum legunt : promptum est omnibus christi intelligere doctrinam . vide christianos quid agant , et evidenter potest de ipso christo sciri quid doceat . would they not condemne our god , our saviour , our religion , and loath both th●m , and us ? qui ita agimus ac vivimus , ut hoc ipsum quod christianus populus esse dicitur , opprobrium christi esse videatur ; * as the same father speakes . o inaestimabile facinus et prodigiosum ! quid non ausae sint improbae mentes , in the christmas season ? armant se ad peccandum per christi nomen ; auctorem quodammodo sui scele●is deum faciunt : et cum interdictor ac vindex malorum omnium christus sit , dicunt se scelus quod agunt agere pro christo. such are our gracelesse unchristian christmas lives : who when as our saviour daily cries unto us : * let your light so shine before men , that they may see your good workes , and glorifie your father which is in heaven : we on the contrary live so in the christmas season , ( that i speake not of other times ) that the sonnes of men , that infidels and pagans may openly behold our evill workes , and blasphem● ou● father● our most blessed saviour , who is now grieving in heaven , whiles we are thus dishonouring his nativitie here on earth . and should not our hearts then smi●e us , should not shame confound us all for this our heinous sinne ? for this our indignity to our blessed lord and saviour , who never findes worse entertainmen● in the world than in the feast of his nativity , when he expects the best ? o let us now at length remember , that our holy saviour was borne into the world for this very purpose , x to redeeme and call us from ( not to ) those sinnes and sinfull pleasures ; y to destroy out of us ( not to erect within us ) those very workes and pompes of satan , which now we more especially practise at his sacred birthtide : as if he were borne to no other purpose , but to set hell loose , to give a liberty to all kinde of wickednesse , and to prove a meere broker ( for such a one men then make him ) to the very divell . did we but seriously consider and beleeve , that our saviour christ was for this end borne into the world ; z that hee might purifie and wash ●s both from the guilt , and power of all our sinnes in his most precious blood : a that hee might sanctifie and cleanse us with the washing of water by the word from all iniquitie , and present us to himselfe a glorious church without any spot or wrinkle : b that he might teach us to deny ungodlinesse and worldly lusts , and to live soberly , righteously and godly in this present evill world , expecting every day his second comming : c that he might quite destroy out of us the workes of the divell , purge us from all iniquitie , and purifie us unto himselfe a peculiar people zealous of good workes : d that wee being delivered out of the hands of our enemies might serve him without feare in holinesse and righteousnesse before him all the dayes of our lives , e shining as lights in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation : f that we should henceforth cease from sinne , and no longer live the rest of our time in the lusts of the flesh to the will of men , but to the will of god : g that we might be holy in all manner of conversation and godlinesse , even as hee is holy , especially at holy s●asons : h that wee should not henceforth live unto our selves , but unto him who died for us and rose againe : i that whether we live we might live unto him , or whether we die we might die unto him , and that living and dying we might be his ; k glorifying him both in our soules and bodies which are his . and did we withall remember , that this our blessed saviour l hath called us , not to uncleannesse , but unto holinesse : that he hath likewise enjoyned us , m to cast off all the workes of darknesse , and to put on the armour of light : to walke honestly as in the day ; not in chambering and wantonnesse , not in rioting and drunkennesse , n not in divers lusts and pleasures , o according to the course of this wicked world , according to the power of the prince of the ayre , which now worketh in the children of disobedience . that he hath seriously charged us , p that wee walke not from henceforth as other gentiles walke , in the vanity of their mindes , who having their understandings darkned , and being alienated from the life of god , and past all feeling , have given themselves over unto all lasciviousnesse to worke all uncleannesse with greedinesse . that wee put off concerning our former conversation the olde man which is corrupt according to the deceitfull lusts ; and that we put on the new man which after god is created in holinesse and true righteousnesse . q that we take heed unto our selves , lest at any time ( how much more at times of greatest devotion ) our hearts be overcome with surfetting and drunkennesse , and that day come upon us at unawares . r that we crucifie the flesh with the affections and lusts thereof , and abstaine from fleshly lusts which warre against our soules , s since the time past of our lives may suffice us to have wrought the will of the gentiles ; when as we walked in lasciviousnesse , lusts , excesse of wine , revellings , banquettings , and abominabl● idolatries : t that we give up our soules and bodies as an holy and living sacrifice unto god ; not fashioning our selves to the course of this present evill world , v but keeping our selves unspotted from it : x walking circumspectly as in the day , not as fooles , but as wise , redeeming the time because the dayes are evill ; and making no provision for the flesh to fulfill the lusts thereof . did we ( i say ) but seriously ponder and unfainedly beleeve all this , it would soone y turne our dissolute christmas laughing , into mourning ; our bacchanalian jollities into sin-lamenting elegies ; our riotous grand-christmasses into such pious christian duties , as would both honour our saviours birth-day , and make it welcome to our soules . let us therefore cordially meditate on all these sacred scriptures , on the ends of our saviours blessed incarnation , ( which was , z to redeeme us from all these our sinnes and sinfull pleasures ; to crucifie our lusts , to regenerate and sanctifie our depraved natures , to make us holy even as he is holy , and to conforme us to himselfe in all things : ) and then this inveterate heathenish a common custome of prophaning christs nativitie with all kinde of lasciviousnesse , wickednesse and delights of sinne , ( which should be ●pent in honouring , blessing and praising of our gracious god for all his mercies to us in his sonne : in psalmes , in hymnes and spirituall songs ; in holy and heavenly contemplations of all the benefits we receive by our saviours blessed incarnation , in charitable relieving of christs poore members , and mutuall amity one towards another : ) will become most execrable to your pious soules . the damnablenesse of which much applauded unruly christmas keeping that you may more evidently discerne , i shall for learning and religions sake discover whence it sprang ; and that was , originally from the pagan saturnalia , from whence popery hath borrowed and transmitted it unto us at the second hand . the ancient pagan romans , upon the b ides of december , c consecrated to saturne , and their goddesse vesta , ( not in the moneth of ianuary , as d macrobius misreports ) accustomed to keepe their saturnalia , or annuall feast of saturne for dayes together , which they spent in feasting , drinking , dancing , playes and enterludes : at the end of which they celebrated their e festum kalendarum , on the first of ianuary , ( now our new-yeares day ) to the honour of their idol ianus , which they likewise solemnized with stageplayes , mummeries , masques , dancing , feasting , drinking , and in sending mutuall new-yeares gifts one to another , for divers dayes together . * in these their saturnalia and feasts of ianus , all servants were set at lihertie , and became checke-mates with their masters , with whom they sate at table : f every man then wandred about without controll , and tooke his fill of pleasure , giving himselfe over to all kinde of luxurie , epicurisme , deboistnesse , disorder , pride and wantonnesse ; to pastimes , enterludes , mummeries , stage-playes , dan-cing , drunkennesse , and those very disorders that accompany our grand unruly christmasses : which saturnalia and festivalls the ensuing authors thus describe . servicum saturnalia caenant ( writes g plutarch ) aut liberalia , in agro vagantes celebrant , ululatio eorum et tumultus ferre non possis prae gaudio et imperitia rerum pulcrarum , talia agentium et loquen●●um : quid desides ? quin bibimus et capimus cibos ? sunt haec miselle , in promptu : cur tibiinvides ? vocem statim hi dedêre : tum bacchi liquor infunditur ; et corona aliqui● ornat caput . laurique pulcram ad frondem turpiter canit , inducia phaebo , januamque alius domus : pulsam operiens , excludit caram conjugem , &c. saturnalibus tota servis licentia permittitur : ludi per urbem in compitis agitantur ( writes h macrobius : ) maxima pars grai●m saturno , et maxima athenae conficiunt sacra , quae cronia esse iterantur ab illis . cumque diem celebrant , per agros urbesque ferè omnes exercent epulis laeti , famulosque procuraut quisque suos● nostrique itidem , et mos traditur illinc iste , ut cum dominis famuli epulentur ibedeus , &c. parallell to which is of i seneca : decemb●r est mensis quo maximè civitas desudat : jus lu●●uriae publicè datum est : ingenti apparatu sonant omnia , tanquam quicquam inter saturnalia nunc intersit , et dies rerum agendarum . adeo nihil interest , ut non videatur mihi errâsse qui dixit , olim mensem decembrem esse , nunc annum , &c. and that of horace : k age libertate decembri — ( quando ita majores voluerunt ) utere : narra , &c. l nunc est bibendū , nunc pede libero pulsanda tellus ; nunc saliaribus ornare pulvinar deorum , tempus &c. that the ancient romanes ( yea and the graecians too ) in times of paganisme ) did spend their saturnalia , * feriae , and other solemne festivals in dancing , drinking , feasting mummeries , masques and enterludes , the poet virgil , ovid , tibullus , philo iudaeus , with * sundry others , will plentifully informes us . the first of these describes it thus . n veteres ineunt proscenia ludi praemiaque ingentes pagos et compita cir●um thesai● posuêre , eatque inter pocula laeti , mollibus in pratis unctos saliêre per utres . necnon ausonij troia gens missa coloni versibus incompt●s ludunt , risuque soluto ; oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis , et te bacche vocant per carmina laeti , tibique oscilla ex altâ suspendunt mollia pinu . the second , thus . o plebs venit ac virides passim disjecta per herbas potat , et accumbat cum pare quisque sua . sub jove pars durat : pauci tentoria ponunt , sunt quibus è ramis frondea facta casa est . sole tamen vinoque calent ; annosque praecantur quot sumunt cyathos , ad numerumque bibunt . invenies illic qui nestoris ebibat annos ; quae sit per calices facta sibylla suos . illic et cantant qui●quid dedicere theatris , et jactant faciles ad sua verba manus . et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas , cultaque diffus●s saltat amica comis . cum redeunt , titubant , et sunt spectacula vulgi et fortunatos obvia turba vocat , &c. p rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem sed dîs , non studijs , ille dabatur honos . luce sua ludos unvae commentor habebat quos cum taedifera nunc habet ille dea , &c. q ibunt semi-mares , et inania tympana tundent● aeraque tinnitus are repulsa dabunt . scena sonat , ludique vocant , spectate quirites et fora marte suo litigiosa vacent . annuimus votis ; consul nunc consule ludos , &c. r talia luduntur fumoso mense decembri quae jam non ulli composuisse nocet . the third , thus . s nunc mihi nunc fumo veteris proferre falernum consulis et chio solvere vincla cado . vina diem celebrent , non fes●a luce madere est rubor ; errantes et malè ferre pedes . sed bene messallam sua quisque ad pocula dicat ; numen et absentis singula verba sonant , &c. agricola assiduo primùm satiatus aratro cantavit certo rustica verba pede . agricola et nimio suffusus baccho rubenti primus inexperto duxit ab arte choros &c. whom t philo iudaeus ( writing of the romans festivals ) doth second in this manner . in omni festo nostro e● celebritate quae miramur , sunt haec : securitas , remissio , ebrietas , potatio , ●ōmessationes , deliciae , oblectamenta , patentes januae , pernoctationes , indecentes voluptates , insolentiae , exercitiū intēperantiae , insipientiae meditatio , studia turpitudinis , honestatis pernicies , * nocturnae excitationes ad cupiditates inexplebil●s ; somnus diurnus quando vigilandi tempus est , naturae ordinis perversio ; tunc virtus ridetur ut noxia , vitium tanq●am utile rapitur : tunc in contemptu sunt quae oportet facere , quae vero non oportet in precio . tunc philosophia , et omnis eruditio , divinae animae divina revera simulachra , tenent silentium : ac istae artes quae suis lenocinijs ventri , et his quae sub ventre sunt , voluptatem conciliant , ostendunt suam facundiam . haec sunt festa istorum qui se faelices dicunt : quorum ●urpitudo quamdiu inter privatos parietes locaque prophana continetur , minus peccare mihi videntur : ubi verò torrentis in morem populans omnia , vel in sacratissima templa irrumpit , quicquid in his sanctum est sternit continuò , facie●s prophana sacrificia , victimas absque litatione , praeces irritas , prophana enim mysteria simul et orgya , pietatem sanctitatemque fucatam et adulterinam , castitatem impuram , veritatem falsatam , cultum dei superstitiosum . ad haec quidem corpora abluuntur lavacris et purificationibus , affectiones verò animae quibus vita sordidatur , nec volunt , nec curant eluere . et ut candidati templa sub●ant dant operam , diligenter emaculatis vestibus amicti ; mentem verò maculosissi●am in ipsa sacraria penitissima inferre non verentur . a most accurate character , both of our unruly christmasses , and such christmas-men . if wee now parallell our grand disorderly christmasses , with these roman saturnals and heathen festivals ; or our new-yeares day ( a chiefe part of christmas ) with their festivity of ianus , u which was spent in mummeries , stage-playes , dancing , and such like enterludes , x wherein fidlers and others acted lascivious effeminate parts , and went about their towns and cities in womens apparrell : whence y the whole catholicke church ( as alchuvinus , with others write ) appointed a solemne publike fast upon this our new-yeares day , ( which fast it seemes is now forgotten ) to bewaile those heathenish enterludes , sports , and lewd idolatrous practises which had beene used on it : prohibiting all christians under paine of excommunication , from observing the kalends or first of ianuary ( which wee now call new-yeares day ) as holy , and from sending abroad new-yeares gifts upon it , ( a custome now too frequent ; ) it being a meere relique of paganisme and idolatry , derived from the heathen romans feast of two-faced ianus ; and a practise so execrable unto christians , that not onely the whole catholike church ; but even the famous councels , z altisiodorum , viz. b towres ; capit. graecarum synodorum , here p. . & concil . constantinop : . here p. . together with * st. ambrose● d augustine , * ast●rius , f hrabanus maurus , g alchuvinus , h gratian , i iuo carnotensis● k isiodor hispalensis , l pope ●achary , m pope martin , n saint chrysostome , o michael lochmair , p ioannes langhecrucius , q bochellus , r stephanus costa , s francis de croy , t polydor virgil , v durandus , with x sundry other , have positively prohibited the solemnization of new-yeares day , and and the sending abroad of new-yeares gifts , under an anathema & excommunication , as unbeseeming christians , who shovld eternally abolish , not propagate , revive , or recontinue this pagan festivall , and heathenish ceremonie , which our god abhors . if wee compare ( i say ) our bacchanalian christmasses & new-yeares tides , with these saturnalia and feasts of ianus , we shall finde such neare affinitie betweene them both in regard of time , ( they being both in the end of december , and on the first of ianuary : ) and in their manner of solemnizing ; ( both of them being spent in revelling , epicurisme , wantonnesse , idlenesse , dancing , drinking , stage-playes , masques , and carnall pompe and jollity : ) that wee must needes conclude the one to be but the very y ape or issue of the other . hence z polydor virgil a●firmes in expresse tearmes ; that our christmas lords of misrule , ( which custome , saith he , is chiefly observed in england , ) together with dancing , masques , mummeries , stage-playes , and such other christmas disorders now in use with christians , were derived from these roman saturnalia , and bacchanalian festivals ; which should cause all pious christians eternally to abominate them . if any here demaund , by whom these saturnalia , these disorderly christmasses & stageplayes were first brought in amōg the christians ? i answer , that the paganizing priests and monkes of popish ( the a same with heathen rome ) were the chiefe agents in this worke : who as they borrowed their feast of b all-saints , from the heathen festivall pantheon ; and the feast of the c purification of the virgin mary , ( which they have christned with the name of candlemasse ) from the festivall of the goddesse februa , the mother of mars ; d to whom the pagan romans offered burning tapers , as the papists in imitation of them now offer to the virgin mary on this day at evening : ( answerable to which , are their ordinary e burning tapers on their idolized altars , borrowed frō f satur●e and those other idol-gods whose g blindnes stood in need of those burning torches which the pagans placed on their altars ; they h having eyes and yet not seeing : though our saviour christ ( the i sunne of righteousnesse , k the light that lightens every one that commeth into the world , l the father and author of all light , m the light of the heavenly hierusalem it selfe , which needes neither sunne nor moone , because he is the light thereof , and the n light it selfe wherein is no darknesse , ) needes no such tapers , as o lactantius tells us● ) so they have deduced ( not the celebration of our saviours nativity in a christian manner , which was ancient ) but the riotous solemnizing of this sacred festivall , from these pagan saturnalia ; which having p baptized or new guilded over with this glorious pompous title , of christ-masse , ( a name i am sure of their owne imposing , not knowne to the ancient fathers , as the masse therein imports : ) they transmitted it as a most sacred relique or tradition to dissolute posteritie : who are so farre besotted with its bacchanalian pastimes , enterludes , and other heathenish disorders , that they have both lost their saviour and themselves , whiles they thus celebrate his nativitie ; which in regard of those q infernall prophanesses , of that licentious libertie of sinning which men now take unto themselves more than at other seasons , may more truly bee stiled divels-masse , or satvrnes-masse ( for such r too many make it ) than christ-masse ; there being farre more affinitie betweene the divell , saturne , masse , and riotous christmas-keeping , than betweene christ and them : who as he s never approved idolatrous sacrilegious pompous masses , which rob him of his honour , worship , and all-sufficient sacrifice once for all : so he cannot but abhor these bachananaliā pagā christmasses , which deprive him of his service , praises , love , and proclaime him an open patron of those notorious sinfull christmas practises which hee doth most abhorre . when these disorderly extravagant kinde of christmasses crept first into the church , i cannot certainly determine , yet this i doe conjecture . after that pope t boniface , and u pope gregory the first , under pretence of drawing men from paganisme to christianity , had changed divers of the x pagan festivalls into christian : as pantheon into all saints ; februalia , lupercalia , proserpinalia and palilia , into the feast of candlemasse ; quirinalia , into innocents ; the feast of the kalends of ianuary , into our saviours circumcision or new-yeares day ; these saturnalia into our saviours nativitie ; and the like : ( contrary to the judgement of y st. ambrose , z st. augustine , the a whole councell of affricke , and b others , who wished all pagan festivals not changed into christian , but quite abolished , the better to avoid all heathenish customes : ) it came to passe , that the observation of these pagan festivalls , ( whose names they onely changed ) c brought in all pagan rites and ceremonies that the idolatrous heathens used , ( as drunkennes , health-quaffing , wantonnesse , luxurie , dancing● dicing , stage-playes , masques with all other ethnicke sports ) into the church of god ; ( she being never defiled with these prophane abominations , till these pagan holy-dayes were metamorphosed into christian ; ) which by reason of mens naturall pronesse unto evill , did soone transform● all christian festiualls into pagan , as good authors witnesse : partly through the d p●oples strong propensity to carnall pleasures , to heathenish rites and ceremonies to which they naturally adhere ; but principally through the e int●llerable luxurie and voluptuousnesse of the popish clergie ; whose excessive ●ndowments power , pride and lordly pompe● drew them on by little and little to that stupendio●s epicurisme and dissolutenesse of life , that to stop the peoples mouthes , and to palliate , if not authorize these their luxurious courses , they not onely stuffed their f kalenders with new-invented festivals and saints dayes ; but likewise g countenanced all pagan sports and customes on them , exhibiting publike banquets , enterludes , mummeries , dances , and merriments to the people ; who being bribed with their belly-cheare , and soothed with their pleapleasures , h applauded them for the present , and then fell to i imitate them for the future ; till at last k all christendome was over-runne , yea all life , all power of christianitie quite eaten out with these pagan christmas pastimes and delights of sin . that the popish clergy ( whose extravagancies and most intollerable luxurie in this kinde , l many councels and m authors have declaimed against at larg ) were the chiefest instruments of ushering in these pagan christmasses , together with stage-playes , dances , and such like bacchanalian practises into the church of christ , it is most apparant , not onely by those n councels and authors which crie out against them , for their strange unparalleld excesses in all these kindes ; and by that elegant oration of king edgar to our english praelates , worthy to be registred in golden characters , where he thus displayes the epicurian lives of the clergy in his raigne : o taceo , quod clericis nec est corona patens , nec tonsura conveniens ; quod in veste lascivia , insolentia in gestu , in verbis turpitudo , interioris hominis loquuntur insaniam . praeterà in divinis officijs quanta negligentia , cum sacris vigilijs vix interesse dignentur , cum ad sacra missarum solennia ad ludendum vel ad ridendum magis quàm ad psallendum congregari videantur . dicam , dicam quod boni lugent , mali rident , dicam dolens ( si tamen dici potest ) quomodo diffluant in commessationibus , in ebrietatibus , in cubilibus , in impudicitijs , ut jam domus clericorum putentur prostibula meretri●um , et conciliabula histrionum . ibi alea , ibi saltus et cantus , ibi usque in medium noctis spatium protractae in clamore et horrore vigiliae : ( the chiefe ingredients of our exorbitant christmasses . ) sic , sic patromonia regum , eleemosynae pauperum , imo ( quod magis est ) illius pretiosi sanguinis pretium profligatur . ad hoc igitur exhauserunt thesauros suos patres nostri , ad hoc fiscus regius , distractis redditibus multis , detumuit , ad hoc ecclesijs christi agros et possessiones regalis munificentia contulit , ut delicijs clericorum meretrices ornantur , luxuriosa convivia praeparentur , canes et aves et talia ludicra comparentur ? hoc milites clamant , plebs submurmurat , mimi cantant et saltant , et vos negligitis ! vos parcitis ! vos dissimulatis ! &c. but likewise by sundry p forequoted councels , and canonicall constitutions ; by which it appeares most evidently ; that divers of the popish clergie were common iesters , actors , dicers , dancers , epicures , drunkards , health-quaffers ; that they both acted & caused playes and enterludes to be personated both in churches & elswhere , especially on the feasts of innocent● , new-yeares day , and the christmas holy-dayes ; the commonnesse of which abuses , was the onely cause of those severall canons and constitutions to suppresse them , on which you may reflect . hence aven●ine records q of pope boniface the . that he made and brought in secular sports and enterludes , endeavouring to reduce the golden age : and of r pope nicholas the . that he instituted secular playes at rome , contrary to the councell of constans ; and that persons were crushed to death , and drowned with the fall of the tiberine bridge , who flocked to rome to behold those enterludes . hence s polydor virgil , t lodovicus vives , v ioannes langhecrucius , and v didacus de tapia , cry out against the popish clergie , for acting and representing to the people , the passion of our saviour , the histories of iob , mary magdalen , iohn the baptist , and other sacred stories ; together with the lives and legions of their saints ; and for erecting theaters for this purpose in their churches , on which their priests and monkes , together with common enterlude-players , and other laickes did personate these their playes . which grosse prophanesse though thus x declaimed against by many of their own authors , & condemned by their conncels , y is yet still in use among them , as not onely z didacus de tapia , and others who much lament it , but even daily experience , & the iesuites practise , together with iohn molanus , divinity-professor of lovan , witnesse : who in his historia ss . imaginum & picturarum antwerpiae . lib. . cap. . de ludis qui speciem quandam imaginum haben● , in quibusdam anni solennitatibus , p. , , , . out of a conradus bruno , and b lindanus , writes thus in justification of these their enterludes . now even stage-playes have a certaine shape of images , and oft times move the pious affections of christians , more than prayer it selfe . and after this manner truly stage playes and shewes are wont to be exhibited on certaine times of the yeare , the certaine pictures of certaine evangelicall histories being annexed to them . of which sort is this , that on palm-sunday children having brought in the picture of our saviour , sitting upon an asse , sing praise to the lord , cast bowes of trees on the ground , and spread their garments on the way . and that likewise upon easter eve , when as the presbyter after midnight receiving the image of the crucifixe out of the sepulcher , goeth round about the church , and beates the doores of it that are shut , saying , * lift up your gates yee princes , and bee yee lifted up yee everlasting gates , that the king of glory may come in : and he who watcheth in the gates demanding , who is this king of glory ? the presbyter answers againe , the lord strong and mighty in battaile ; the lord of hoasts he is the king of glory . likewise , that on the day of the resurrection of our lord in the morning after morning prayers , angels in white garments , sitting upon t●e sepulcher , aske the women comming thither and weeping , saying ; whom seeke ye women in this tum●lt , weeping ? d he is not here whom ye seeke : but goe ye quickly , and tell his disciples ; come and see the place where the lord lay . and that on the same day the image of our lord , bearing an ensigne of victorie , is carried about in publike procession , and placed upon the altar to be gazed upon by the people . likewise that of ascention day in the sight of all the people , the image of the lord is pulled up in the midst of the church , and shewed to be taken up into heaven . in the meane time about the image are little winged images of angels , carrying burning tapers in their hands , and fluttering up and downe , and a pr●est singing ; e i ascend unto my father and your father ; and the clergy singing after him , and unto my god and your god : with this solemne hymne , now is a solemne &c. and this responsory : f goe ye into the world &c. and that upon white sunday , the image of a dove is let downe from aboue in the midst of the church , and presently a fire falls downe together with it with some sound , much like the noyse of guns , the priest singing , g receive ye the holy ghost &c. and the clergy rechanting ; h there appeared cloven tongues to the apostles , &c. by all which and other such like spectacles , and those especially which represent the passion of our lord , nothing else is done , but that the sacred histories may be represented by these exhibited spectacles and enterludes to those who by reason of their ignorance cannot reade them . and these things hi●herto out of conradus bruno in his booke of images , cap. . thou hast the like defence of these shewes and enterludes in i william lindane the reverend bishop of r●remond in his apologie to the germans , where among other things he saith : for what other are these spectacles and playes than the living histories of lay-men ? with which the humane affection is much more efficaciously moved , than if they should reade the same in private , or heare thē publikely read by others &c. thus he . o the desperate madnesse , the unparalleld profanes of these audacious popish priests & papists , who dare turne the whole history of our saviours life , death , nativitie , passion , resurrection , ascention , and the very gif● of the holy ghost descending in cloven tongues , into a meere prophane ridiculous stage-play ; ( as even their owne k impious pope pius the . most prophanely did● ) contrary to the l forequoted resolutions of sundry councels and fathers , who would have these things onely preached to the people , not acted , not represented in a shew or stage-play . no wonder then if such turne the sacred solemnity of our saviours incarnation into a pagan saturnal , or bacchanalian feast ; who thus transforme his humiliation , his exaltation , yea his whole worke of our redemption into a childish play. but let these playerlike priests and friers , who justifie this prophanesse , which every christian heart that hath any sparke of grace must needes abominate , attend unto their learned spanish hermite , didacus de tapia , who reades this lecture both to them and us . * that this verily is altogether intollerable , that the life of iob , of st. francis , of mary magdalen , ( how much more then of christ himselfe ) should be acted on the stage . for since the very manner and custome of play-houses is prophane , it is lesse evill ( if it were tollerable ) that prophane things onely should be acted , and that holy things be handled onely in a holy manner &c. but now that a theatre , a place so familiar to divels , and so odiovs vnto god● ( pray marke it ) should be set up in the very middest of the body of the church , before the high altar and the most holy sacrament , for playes to be acted on it , he onely can brooke it , who by reason of his sins hath not yet knowne or felt , hovv crosse and opposite these things are to the holines of god. it is evident then by all these premises , that our riotous , ludicrous & voluptuous christmasses , ( together with stage-playes , dancing , masques and such like pagan sports ) m had their originall from pagan , their revivall and continuance from popish rome , who long since transmitted them over into england : for if n polydor virgil may be credited , even in the . yeare of henry the second , anno dom. . it was the custome of the english to spend their christmas time in playes , in masques , in most magnificent and pompous spectacles , and to addict themselves to pleasures , dancing , dicing , and other unlawfull prohibited games , which * then were tolerated and permitted ; contrary to the usage of most other nations , who used such playes and wanton pastimes not in the christmas season , but a little before their lent , about the time of shrovetide . what therefore salvian writes of sodomie and publike stewes , ( from * which the popes exchequer receives no small revenue ) o haec ergo impuritas in romanis et ante christi evangelium esse caepit : et quod est gravius , nec post evangelium cessavit : the same may i say of stage-playes and unruly christmas-keeping : they had their first originall from heathen rome ( i meane from their saturnalia , bacchanalia , floralia &c. ) before the gospell preached to her ; and they p have beene since revived , continued , propagated by antichristian rome , even since the gospell preached : which should cause all pious protestant christians eternally to abandon them , conforming themselves to the most ancient practise of the primitive christians , who celebrated this festivall of our saviours nativitie in a farre different manner . for when as the q angel of the lord appeared to the shepheards , abiding in the fields , ( not feasting and playing in their houses ) and keeping r watch over their flockes ( not dancing , dicing , carding , drinking or keeping christmas rout ) by night ; and said unto them ; feare not : for behold i bring unto you tidings of great joy which shall be to all people : for to you is borne this day in the city of david , a saviour which is christ the lord : what christmas mirth and solace was there made , but this which st. luke hath recorded for our everlasting imitation ? s sodainly ( saith hee ) there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly hoast praising god and saying ; glory to god in the highest , on earth peace , good will towards men . this is the onely christmas solemnity which the holie ghost , which christ himselfe , the whole multitude of the heavenly hoast , and the very best of christians have commended to us from heaven ; this i am sure is the t ancientest and the best patterne of christmas-keeping , that we reade of ; why then should we be unwilling or ashamed for to imitate it ? when our saviour was borne into the world at first , we heare of no feasting , drinking , healthing , roaroaring , carding , dicing , stage-playes , mummeries , masques or heathenish christmas pastimes ; alas these precise puritanicall angels , saints and shepheards ( as some i feare account them ) knew no such pompous pagan christmas courtships or solemnities , which the divell and his accursed instruments have since appropriated to his most blessed nativitie . u here we have nothing but glory be to god on high , on earth peace , good will towards men : this is the angels , the shepheards only christmas caroll : which the virgin mary in the former chapter , hath prefaced with this celestiall hymne of prayse . x my soule doth magnifie the lord , and my spirit hath rejoyced in god my saviour : and zacharias seconded with this heavenly sonnet : y blessed be the lord god of israel , for he hath visited and redeemed his people : and hath raised up an horne of salvation for us in the house of his servant david . this was the only sport and mer●iment , these the soule-ravishing ditties , with which men and angels celebrated the very first christmas that was kept on earth ; yea this is the z onely christmas solemnity that the blessed saints and angels now obserue in heaven : why then should we so earnestly contend for any other ? if we reflect upon the christians in a tertullians , b clemens alexandrinus , c philo iudaeus , d minucius felix , e plinie the seconds , f chrysostomes , and g theodorets times : wee shall finde them h banishing all gluttony , drunkennesse , health-quaffing , intemperance , dancing , dicing , stage-playes , fidlers , jesters , baudie songs and lewd discourses from their feasts , and christian festivals ; which they celebrated in this manner . i first of all they assembled themselves together into one companie , that so they might as it were assault and besiege god with their united prayers : k after that they did feed their faith , erect their hope , settle their confidence , inculcate their discipline with the scriptures and holy conferences , and with the often inculcations of divine precepts , using withall exhortations , corrections and ecclesiasticall censures : after which they kept their agape , or feasts of love , wherein no immodesty was admitted ; at which feasts they never sate downe to eate , till they had first praemised a solemne prayer unto god : and then falling to their meat , they did eate no more than would satisfie their hunger , and drinke no more than was fit for chast persons : satiating themselves so , as that they remembred they were to worship god in the night : discoursing like such as those who knew that god overheard them . after the bason and ewer and lights are brought in , every one as he was able , was provoked to sing a psalme unto god out of the holy scriptures , or out of his owne invention : and by this it was manifested how he had drunke . and as prayer began , so it likewise concluded their feasts ; after which every one departed , not into the routs of roaring swashbucklers , nor ●et into the company of riotous ramblers , nor into the lashings out of lascivious persons ; but to the same care of modesty and chastitie , like those who had not so much repasted a supper as discipline . yea such was the puritanicall rigidnesse of the primitive christians on the solemne birth-dayes and inaugurations of the roman emperors , when as other men kept revel-rout , feasting and drinking from parish to parish , making the whole cittie to smell like a taverne , kindling bonefires in every street , and running by troopes to playes , to impudent prankes , to the enticements of lust &c. accounting their licentious deboistnesse at such seasons their chiefest piety and devotion , ( as our grand christmas keepers now doe : ) that they would neither shadow nor adorne their doores with laurell ; nor diminish the day-light with bonefires and torches , nor yet drinke , nor dance , nor runne to play-houses , which they wholly abandoned ; but kept themselves temperate , sober , chast and pious ; l celebrating their solemnities , rather with conscience and devotion than lasciviousnesse ; whence they were reputed publike enemies , as tertullian , m philo iudaeus , and n clemens alexandrinus most plentifully informe us . hence theodoret writes , o that the christians of his time , in stead of solemnizing the festivals of love and bacchus , did celebrate the festivities of peter , paul , th●mas , sergius , marcellus , leontius , antoninus , and other holy martyrs ; and that in stead of that ancient pompe , that filthy obscenity and impudency that the pagans used on their festivals , the christians instituted holy-dayes full of modesty , chastity and temperance : not such as were moistned with wine , lascivious with riotous feasts , dissolute with shoutes and laughter ; but such as resounded with divine songs , as were spent in hearing holy sermons , on which prayers were humbly powred out to god not without teares and sigh●s . thus did the primitive christians spend their solemne holy-dayes ; and so should we doe too , as our owne statute of . & . ed. . c. . expresly enjoynes us . how the primitive christians celebrated the nativitie of our saviour in particular , and in what manner we also ought to solemnize it , let gregory nazianzen in his oration upon our saviours nativity , now at last informe us ; where thus hee writes : p hoc festum nostrum est , ( treating of our saviours nativitie ) hoc hodierno die celebramus , dei nimirum ad homines accessum , ut ad deum proficiscamur , aut , ut aptiori verbo ut ●r , revertamur , abjectoque veteri homine novum induamus ; et quemadmodum in veteri adamo mortui sumus , ita in christo vivamus , unà cum eo nascentes , unà crucifixi , unà sepulti , unà resurgentes . praeclara enim vicissitudo atque conversio mihi sentien●a est , ut quemadmodum ex secundioribus rebus adversae natae sunt , sic contra ex adversis ad laeta prosperaque redeam . vbi enim abundavit peccatum , superabundavit gratia : et si gustus condemnavit , quantò magis christi passio justificavit ? quocirca non ostentoriè , sed divinè ; non mundi ritu , sed supra mundi ritum ; non res nostras sed nostri , vel ut rectius loquar , domini ; non ea quae infirmitatis sunt , sed quae curationis ; non ea quae creationis , sed ea quae recreationis instaurationisque celebremus . id autem hac demum ratione consequemur , si nec domus limina sertis coronemus , * nec choreas agetemus , nec vicos ornemus , nec oculum pascamus , nec aurem cantu demulcea●us , nec lenocinijs gustum titillemus , nec olfactum effaeminemus , nec tactui obsequamur , promptis inquam illis ad vitium vijs , peccatique januis , nec teneris et circumfluentibus vestibus emolliamur , quarum ut quaeque pulcherrima , ita maximè inutilis jacet , nec gemmarum splendori●●s nec auri fulgoribus , nec colorum artificijs nativam pulchritudinem ementientibus , atque adversus imaginem divinam excogitatis , q nec commessationibus et ebrietatibus , quas cubilia et lasciviae comitantur , quandoquidem malorum magistrorum mala doctrina est , vel potius malorum seminum mala seges . nec thoros altos servamus , ventri delicias sternentes : nec vina generosa , coquorum lenocinia , liquorum profusas magnificentias in precio habeamus . nec terra et mare charum nobis ac preciosum stercus offerant : hoc enim nomine deli●ias ornare soleo . nec alius alium intemperantia superare contendamus . mihi enim intemperantia est quicquid superfluum est , usibusque necessarijs superest , idque esurientibus alijs atque inopia laborantibus ; ijs inquam , qui ex eodem luto et temperatione creati sunt . verum haec prophanis atque ethnico fastui solennitatibusque relinquamus : qui cùm ijs deorum nomen tribuant , qui sacrificiorum nidore oblectantur , congruentur profectò eos helluando colunt , mali utique m●lorum daemonum et fictores et sacerdotes et cultores . at nos à quibus verbum adoratur , verborum delicijs ( si quid tamen delicijs dandum est ) indulgeamus , atque ex lege divina et narrationibus , cùm alijs , tum ijs praesertim , quibus praesentis festi mysteria explicantur , voluptatem capiamus . ita enim commodae , minimaeque ab eo , à quo convocati sumus , alienae deliciae nostrae fuerint . which thus he seconds , in his oration against iulian. r ac primum quidem fratres laetemur non corporis splendore , non vestium permutationibus et magnificentijs , non s commessationib●s et ebrietatibus , quarum fructum cubilia et impudicitias esse didicistis : nec floribus plateas coronemus , nec unguentorum turpitudine mensas , nec vestibula ornemus , nec visibili lumine splendescat domus , nec tibicinum concentu plausibusque personent : hic enim gentilitiae festorum celebrationis mos est . nos vero ne his rebus deum honoremus , ne praesens tempus indignis rebus attollamus ; verum animae puritate , et mentis bilaritate , et lucernis totum ecclesiae corpus illustrantibus , hoc est divinis speculationibus ●t sententijs super sacrosanctum candelabrum erectis , et excitatis , orbique universo praelucentibus . parvum meo quidem judicio ac tenuè , si cum hoc comparetur , lumen illud omne est , quod homines festos dies celebrantes privatim publicèque accendunt , &c. hymnos pro tympan●s assumamus , psalmodiam pro turpibus et flagitiosis cantibus , plausum gratiarum actionis et canoram manuum actionem pro plausibus theatricis , gravitatem pro risu , prudentē sermonem pro ebrietate , decus et honestatem pro delicijs . quod si etiam te ut festum laeto animo celebrantem , tripudiare convenit ; tripudia tu quidem , sed non obscenae t herodiadis tripudium , ex quo baptistae caput secuta est , verum u davidis ob arcae requietem saltitantis , quo quidem itineris sancti ac deo grati agilitatem volubilitatemque mysticè designari existimo . these are the christmas exercises , this the only christmas-keeping , that the primitive christians used , all and this godly bishop calls for . to passe by that excellent passage of salvian , against our christmas enterludes , which fully meetes with the objectors frenzie : * christo ergo ô amentia monstruosa , christo circenses offerimus et mimos , tunc et hoc maximè , cum ab eo aliquid boni capimus , cum prosperitatis aliquid ab eo attribuitur , aut victoria de hostibus à divinitate donatur ? et quid aliud hac re facere videmur , quam si quis homini beneficium largienti injuriosus sit , aut blandientem convitijs caedat , aut osculantis vultum mucrone transigat , &c. which i have formerly englished . as also to pretermit x st. cyprian , y st. augustine , z leo , a bernard , with b sundry other fathers , who have written of our saviours nativitie , how it ought to be celebrated with the greatest holinesse , sobriety , and chiefest devotion ; i shall relate the summe of all their mindes in the words of st. ambrose , who is somewhat copious in this theame● sermo . dominica . adventus , he writes thus . c hoc tempus , fratres charissimi , non immerito domini adventus vocatur , nec sine causa sancti patr●s adventum domini celebrare caeperunt , et sermones de his diebus ad populum habuerunt , id namque ideo instituerunt , ut se unusquisque fidelis praepararet et emendaret , quo dignè dei ac domini sui * nativitatem celebrare valeret . nam si aliquis vestrum seniorem suum in ejus domum suscepturus , ab omnibus sordibus et immundis rebus ipsam domum mundaret , et quaeque honesta et necessaria essent , secundum suam possibilitatem praepararet ; et hoc facit mortalis suscepturus mortalem ; quanto magis se mundare debet creatura , ut suo creatori apparenti in carne non displiceat : ille justus venit ad nos peccatores , ut ex peccatoribus faceret justos : pius venit ad impios , ut nos faceret pios : humilis venit ad superbos , ut ex superbis faceret humiles . quid plura ? ille natura bonus venit ad homines qui erant pleni omnibus malis . quapropter hortamur vos , ut his di●bus abundantius eleêmosynas faciatis ; ad ecclesiam frequentius conveniatis , confessionem pec●atorum vestrorum purissimè faciatis , et ab omni immunditia vos studiosissimè contineatis . odium nihilominus , iram , et indignationem , clamorem et blasphemiam , superbiam atque jactantiam cum omni carnali delectatione procul a vobis repellatis : ut cùm dies dominicae nativitatis advenerit , salubriter ipsum celebrare possitis . et sicut multi sunt soliciti de carnalibus divitijs , et de preciosis vestimentis , ut honorabiliores caeteris videantur in illa die ; ita vos solicitiores estote de spiritualibus divitijs et vestimentis : quia sicut anima melior est carne , ita deliciae spiritales meliores sunt quàm carnales . et multò melius est animam ornare virtutibus , quàm corpus preciosis induere vestibus . haec admonitio fratres , idcirco ad vos facta est , ut qui boni sunt per hanc sint meliores ; et qui malos se esse recolunt , certissime convertantur ; ut pariter in die dominicae nativitatis laetari spiritaliter mereātur . which he thus prosecuts in his . ser. dominica . adventus . d laetitia quanta sit , quantusque concursus , cum imperatoris mundi istius natalis celebrandus est , bene nostis quemadmodum duces eius et principes omnes militantes accurate sericis vestibus accincti , operosis cingulis auro fulgente pretiosis ambiant solito nitidius in conspectu regis incedere . credunt enim maius esse imperatoris gaudium , si viderit majorem suae apparationis ornatum ; tantoque illum laetum futurum , quanto ipsi fuerint in ejus festivitate devoti ; ut quia imperator tanquam homo corda non conspicit , affectum eorum circa se probet vel habitum contuendo , ita fit ut splendidius se accuret quisquis regem fidelius diligit . deinde quia in die natalis sui sciunt eum largum futurum ac donaturum plura vel ministris suis , vel ijs qui in domo ejus abjecti putantur et viles , tanta prius thesauros ejus replere divitiarum varietate festinant , ut in quantum prorogare voluerit , in tantum prorogatio copiosa non desit , et ante voluntas donandi deficiat , quàm substantia largiendi . haec autem ideo solicite faciunt , quia majorem sibi remunerationem pro hac solicitudine sperant futuram . si ergo fratres saeculi istius homines propter praesentis honoris gloriam terreni regis sui natalem diem tanta apparitione suscipiunt , qua nos accuratione aeterni regis nostri iesu christi natalem suscipere debemus ? qui pro devotione nostra non nobis temporalem largietur gloriam , sed aeternam ; nec terreni honoris administrationem dabit quae successore finitur , sed caelestis imperij dignitat●̄ , quae non habet successorē . qualis autē nostra remuneratio sit futura , dicit propheta . e quae oculus non vidit , nec auris audivit , ne● in cor hominis ascendit , quae praeparavit deus diligentibus ●e . quibus indumentis nos exornari oportet ? quod autem diximus nos , hoc est animas nostras : quia rex noster christus non tam ●itorem vestium , quam animarum requirit affectum , nec inspicit ornamenta corporum , sed considerat corda meritorum : nec fragilis cinguli praecingentis lumbos operositatem miratur , sed fortis castimoniae restringentis libidinem ad pudicitiaem plus miratur . ambiamus ergo inveniri apud ipsum probati fide , compti misericordia , moribus accurati ; et qui fidelius christum diligit , nitidius se mandatorum ejus observatione componat : ut verè nos in se credere videat , cùm ita in ejus solennitate fulgemus , et magis laetus sit , quo nos perspexerit puriores . atque ideo ante complures dies castificemus corda nostra , mundemus conscientiam , purificemus spiritum , et nitidi ac sine macula immaculati domini suscipiamus adventum : ut cujus nativitas per immaculatam virginem constitit , ejus natalis per immaculatos servulos procuretur . quisquis enim in illo die sordidus fuerit ac pollutus , natalem christi ortumque non curat : intersit licet dominicae festivitati corpore , mente tamen longiùs à servatore separatur . nec societatem habere poterunt immundus et sanctus , avarus et misericors , corruptus ac virgo ; nisi quod magis ingerendo se indignus offensionē contrahit cū minimè se cognoscit . dum enim vult officiosus esse , injuriosus existit : sicut ille in f evangelio , qui in caetu sanctorū invita●us ad nuptias venire ausus est vestem non habens nuptialem : et cùm alius niteret justitia , alius luceret fide , alius castitate fulgeret , ille solus conscientiae faeditate pollutus , cunctis splendentibus deformi horrore sordebat . et quantò plus simul discumbentium beatorum candeb at sanctitas , tantò magis peccatorum illius apparebat improbitas , qui poterat minus displicuisse forsitan , si in consortium justor●m minime se dedisset . igitur fratres suscepturi natalem domini , ab omni nos delictorum faece purgemus , repleamus thes●●rum ejus diversorum numerum donis , ut in die sancta sit unde peregrini accipiant , reficia●tur viduae , pauperes vestiantur , &c. g supervenientem festivitatem ejus omni ambitione retinere debemus : retinere , inquam , ut si dies solennitatis transeat , apud nos sanctificationis ejus beatitudo permaneat . haec enim gratia natalis est domini salvatoris , ut in futurū ad * praedestinatos transeat , in praeteritum remaneat ad devotos . oportet ergo esse nos sanctitate pur●s , mundos pudicitia , ●itidos honestate , ut quò diem fest● advenire propinquius cernimus , e● accuratius i●cedamus . si enim mulierculae solent aliquas ferias suscepturae , maculas vestium suaru●● aqua diluere : cur non magis nos accepturi na●alem domini , ma●ulas ●nimar● nostrarum fletibus abl●amus ? h vnusquisque ergo quicquid in se reprehensibile recognoscit , in hac die in q●a filius dei nascitur , corrigat : id est , qui fuit adulter , voveat deo castitatem : qui avarus , largitatem : qui ebriosus , sobrietatem ; qui superbus , humilitatem : qui detractor , charitatem voveat et reddat : secundum illu● psalmi versiculum : i vovete , et re●dite domino deo vestro . nos fideliter voveam●s , ille dabit possibilitatem solvendi . valde quippe ●onestum est fratres , ut nullus sit qui non ●odiè domino aliquid offerat . regibus vel amicis susceptis munera damus , et creatori omnium ad nos venienti nihil dabimus ? nihil enim à nobis magis requirit , quàm nosmetipsos . offeramus igitur ●i nos ipsos , quatenus et à praesentibus malis , et ab aeternis cruciatibus , ipsius ineffabili pietate liberati , in caelestis regn● beatitudine suscepti perpetuò valeamus gaudere . and sermo . dominica quarta adventus : he proceedes thus . k propria divinitate fratres dilectissimi , jam adveniunt dies , in quibus natalem domini servatoris cum gaudio desideramus celebrare , et ideo rogo et admoneo , ut quantum possumus cum dei adjutorio laboremus , quatenus in illo die cum sincera et pura conscientia , et mundo corde● et casto corpore , ad altare domini possimus accedere , et corpus , vel etiam sanguinem ejus non ad judicium , sed ad remedium animae nostrae mereamur accipere . in christi enim corpore vita nostra consistit , sicut et ipse dominus noster dixit● l nisi manducaveritis carnē filii hominis et biberitis ejus sanguinem , non habetis vitam in vobis . mutet ergo vitā , qui vult accipere vitā . nā si non mutat vita● , ad judicium accipiet vitam , et magi● ex ipsa corrumpitur , quam sanetur ; magis occiditur , quàm vivificetur . sic e●im dixit apostolus : m qui manducat corpus domini , et bibit sanguinem ejus indignè , judicium sibi manducat et bibit . et ideo licet omni tempore bonis operibus ornatos ac splendidos esse conveniat , praecipu● tamen in die natalis domini , sicut in evangelio ipse dixit , n ut lucere debeant opera nostra coram hominibus . considerate quaeso fratres , quando aliquis homo potens aut nobilis n●talem aut suum aut filij sui celebrare desiderat , quanto studio ante plures dies quicquid in domo suo sordidum viderit ordinat emundare , quicquid ineptum et incongruum projicit , quicquid utile et necessarium praecipit exhibere : domus etiam si obscura fuerit , dealbatur , et diversis respersa floribus adornatur : pavimenta autem à scopis mundantur , quicquid etiam ad laetitiam animi , et corporis delicias pertinet omni sollicitudine providetur . vt quid ista fratres charissimi nisi ut dies natalicius cum gaudio celebretur hominis morituri ? si ergo tanta praeparas in natalicio tuo , aut filij tui ; quanta praeparare debes suscepturus natalem domini tui ? si talia praeparas morituro , qualia praeparare debes aeterno ? quicquid ergo non vis inveniri in domo tua , quantum potes labora ut non inveniat deus in anima tua . certè si rex terrenus aut quivis potens paterfamilias ad suum natalicium te invitasset , qualibus vestimentis studeres ornatus incedere ? quàm novis vel nitidis , quàm splendidis , quo nec vetustas , nec vilitas , nec aliqua faeditas oculos invitantis offenderet ? tali ergò studio , in quantum praevales christo auxiliante contende , ut diversis virtutum ornamentis animam tuam compositam , simplicitatis gemmis , et sobrietatis floribus adornatam , ad solennitatem regis aeterni , id est , ad natalem domini salvatoris , cum secura conscientia procedas , castitate nitida , charitate splendida , eleëmosynis candida . christus enim dominus noster si te ita compositum ejus natalitium celebrare cognoverit , ipse per se venire , et animam tuam non solùm visitare , sed etiam in ea requiescere , et in perpetuum in illa dignabitur habitare , sicut scriptum est : * et inhabitabo in illis et inambulabo inter eos : et iterum , * ecce sto ad ostium et pulso ; si quis surrexerit et aperuerit mihi , intrabo ad illum , et caenabo cum illo , et ille mecum . qu●m faelix est illa anima qui vitam suam ita deo auxiliante studuerit gubernare , ut christum hospitem in●abi●atorem mercatur excipere . sicut è contrario quàm infaelix est illa conscientia , toto lachrymarum fonte lugenda , quae se i●a malis operibus cru●ntavit , ut in ●a non christus requiescere , sed diabolus incipiat dominari . talis enim anima si medicamentum paenitentiae non citò subvenerit , à luce relinquetur , à tenebris occupabitur , vacuabitur dulcedine , replebitur amar●tudine ; à morte invadetur , à vitae repudiabitur . ideo etiam ab omni inquinamento ante christi nat●lem mult●s diebus abstinere debemus . quotiescunque fratres aut natalem domini , aut reliquas solennitates celebrare disponitis , * ebrietatem ant● omnia fugite , iracundiae quasi bestiae crudelissimae repugnate , odium velut venenum mortiferum de corde vestro rep●llite , et tanta in vobis sit charitas , quae non solùm ad amicos , sed etiam usque ad ipsos perveniat inimicos , &c. and in ●is sermo . in die circumcisionis domini nostri iesu christi ; as if he had purposely written against our moderne christmas disorders ; he concludes thus . q est mihi adversus plerosque vestrum fratres , querela non modica , de his loquor , quinobiscum natalem domini celebrantes , gentilium se ferijs dediderunt , et post illud caeleste conviviū superstitionis sibi prandium paraverunt ; ut qui ante laete laetificati fuerant sanctitate , inebriarentur postea vanitate ; ignorantes , quod qui vult regnare cum christo , no● possit gaudere cum saeculo : et qui vult invenire justitiam , debet declinare luxuriam . alia est enim ratio vitae aeternae , alia desperatio lasciviae temporalis . ad illam virtute ascenditur , ad istam perditione descenditur . atque ideo qui vult esse divinorum particeps , non debet esse socius idolorū . r idoli enim portio est inebriare vino mentem , ventrem cibo distendere , saltationibus membra torquere , et ita pravis actionibus occupari , ut cogaris ignorare quod deus est . vnde sanctus apostolus haec praevidens dicit : s quae portio justitiae cum iniquitate ? aut quae societas luci cum tenebris ? aut quae pars fidelis cum infideli ? qui autem consensus templo dei cum idolis ? ergo si nos sumus templum dei , cur in templo dei colitur festivitas idolorum ? cur ubi christus habitat , qui est abstinentia , temperantia , castitas , inducitur commessatio , ebrietas atque lascivia ? dicit salvator , t nemo potest duobus dominis servire ; hoc est , deo et mammonae . quomodo igitur potestis religiose epiphaniam domini procurare , qui jam kalendas quantum in vobis est , devotissime celebrastis ? ianus enim homo fuit unius conditor civitatis , quae ianiculum nuncupatur , in cujus honorem à gentibus kalendae sunt ianuariae nuncupatae : unde qui kalendas ianuarias colit , peccat , quoniam homini mortuo defert divinitatis obsequium . inde est quod ait apostolus : u dies observatis , et menses , et tempora , et annos , timeo ne sine causa laboravero in vobis . observavit enim diem et mensem qui his diebus aut jejunavit , aut ad ecclesiam non processit . observavit diem qui hesterno die non processit ad ecclesiam , processit ad campum . ergo fratres omni studio gentilium festivitatem et f●rias declinemus , ut quando illi epulantur et laet● sunt , tunc nos simus sobrij a●que jejuni , quo intelligant laetitiam suam nostra abstinentia condemnari . * illi habeant mare in theatro nos habeamus portum in christo. if then our saviours nativitie ought thus to be celebrated by us ; if all x drunkennesse , epicurisme , health-quaffing , dancing , dicing , enterludes , playes , lascivio●snesse , pride and pagan customes must now be laid aside ; if all kinde of sinne and wickednesse whatsoever must now be banished our bodies , soules , and houses ; if our soules must now especially be cleansed by repentance from all their spirituall fil●hinesse , adorned , beautified with every christian grace , and made such holy spirituall temples , that y christ the king of glory may come and dwell within them : if nought but z holinesse , temperance , sobriety and devotion must now be found within us , yea , if fasting and abstinence must now be practised , as all these fathers teach us , let us now at last for very shame abandon all those bacchanalian infernall christmas disorders , enterludes , sports and pastimes which now overspread the world , as a diametrally contrary not onely to christians , but to our saviours nativitie , which they most desperately dishonour and prophane . and if there be any such deboist ones left among us ( as alas there are too too many every where ) who will still support and pleade for these abominable christmas excesses , not onely in despite of god , of christ , of angels , fathers , b councels , and godly christians who condemne thē , but even of our owne pious statute , viz. . & . ed. . cap. . which expresly enjoynes men● c even in the christmas holy-dayes , as well as others ; to cease from all other kinde of labour , and to apply themselves * onely and wholly to la●d and praise the lord , to resort and heare gods word , to come to the holy communion , to heare , to learne and to remember almighty gods great benefits , his manifold mereies , his inestimable gracious goodnesse so plentifully powred upon all his creatures , and that of his infinite and unspeakable goodnesse , without any mans desert : and in remembrance hereof to render him most high and hearty thankes , with prayers and supplications , for the reliefe of all their daily necessities ; because these holy-dayes are separated from all prophane uses , and sanctified and hallowed , dedicated and appointed no● to any saint or creature , but onely unto god and his true worship . ( which statute excludes all stage-plaies masques , * dancing , dicing , and such other christmas outrages from this sacred festivall ; it being separated from all prophane uses , and onely and wholly devoted to gods worship , and the forenamed duties of religion , which are inconsistent with them : ) if there be any such , i say , as these within our church , i only wish them banished into nelewki in moscovia , every christmas ; where if we beleeve d guagninus , all moschovites are prohibited to health , to be drunke , or to keepe revel-rout , except onely in the christmas , easter , whitsontide , and certaine other solemne feasts of saints , especially of st. nicholas their patron , and the festivities of the virgin mary , peter and iohn ; on which like men let out of prison , they honour bacchus more than god , or these their saints ; healthing and quaffing downe sundry sorts of liquors so long , till they are as drunke as swine , and then they fall to roaring , shouting , quarrelling , abusing , and from thence to wounding , stabbing and murthering one another ; insomuch that if this drunkennesse and disorder were permitted every day , they would utterly destroy one another with mutuall slaughters . this is the moschovites christmas-keeping , who have liberty granted them to be drunke all christmas , yea these are their drunken fatall ends , which if our christmas roaring boyes affect , they may doe well to keepe their christmas commons with these beastly drunken swine , where strangers have libertie to be drunke , to carouze & health even all christmas , & at all times else . but let all who have any sparkes of sobriety , temperance or grace within them , abominate these unchristian christmas extravagancies ; e passing all the time of their sojourning here in feare , concluding with that speech of holy peter ; f the time past of our lives may suffice us to have wrought the will of the gentiles , and to have walked in lasciviousnesse , lusts , excesse of wine and riot , revellings , banquettings , abominable idolatries ; bacchanalian christmas pastime● and disorders : and thereupon resolving , g to purge out all this old leaven , ( of dancing , dicing , healthing , playes and riot ) that so they may be a new lumpe , because christ their passeover is now sacrificed for them : casting away all these workes of darknesse , and putting on the armour of light : walking honestly as in the day , ( especially in the dayes of christs nativitie ) h not in rioting and drunkennesse , not in chambering and wantonnes , strife and envying , ( no nor i yet in dancing , dicing , carding , stageplayes , mūmeries , masques , and such like heathenish practises , which are altogether unsuitable for christians , especially at such sacred times as these , as sundry k forequoted councels have resolved : ) but putting on the lord iesus christ , ( who about this time put on our nature , as wee must now put on his grace , his holinesse ) and making no provision for the flesh to fulfill the lusts thereof : so shall wee celebrate our saviours nativity , and all other christian festivals , with which stage-playes are altogether inconsistent , both to our saviours honour , our owne present comfort , and our eternall future joy . for the third part of the objection : that stage-playes are necessary to recreate and delight the people . i answer first ; that there are many other farre better , easier and cheaper recreations void of all offence , with which the people may seasonably delight themselves : therefore they neede not these lewd superfluous costly enterludes to sport themselves withall . secondly , wee see that people live best of all without them . there are l many nations in the world , who never knew what stage-playes meant ; yea there are sundry shires and citties in our kingdome , where players ( who for the most part harbour about london , where they have only constant standing play-houses ) never come to make them sport ; and yet they never complaine for want of pleasures , or these unnecessary stage-delights : the most , the best of men live happily , live comfortably without them ; yea m farre more pleasantly than those who most frequent them . therefore they are no such necessary pastimes , but that they may well be spared . thirdly , there are none so much addicted to stage-playes , but when they goe unto places where they cannot have them , or when as they are suppressed by publike authority , ( as in * times of pestilence , and in lent till now of late ) can well subsist without them , finding out far better recreations to solace themselves withall , and to passe away their idle houres : therefore they are meere superfluous pleasures which may be better spared than enjoyed . fourthly , what people should these delight ? good people ? alas , * they hate them , abhorre them , they see nought else in playes but filthinesse , wickednesse , and that which grieves their righteous soules : therefore their soules can take no pleasure in them . lewd people ? alas , their h lewdnesse should be crossed , checked , suppressed , not countenanced , not fomented with this foode of vice : yea these should rather be afflicted , nay terrified with gods judgements , hell , and the serious contemplation of their owne forlorne sinfull estates , which might leade them on to sin-lamenting sorrow and sincere repentance ; then soothed , then delighted with these momentany pleasures of sinne , which doe but i crust their consciences , obdurate their impenitent hearts , and k post them on to hell with more security and greater speed . good men neede not these infernall delights to make them worse ; ill men neede to want them● that they may grow better ; l for whiles they diligently frequent them , they are altogether hopelesse of becomming good : therefore it is necessary onely that all should want them , but no necessitie at all that any should enjoy them . lastly , m all the wisest heathen emperours , states , philosophers , have deemed them so unnecessary , so intollerably pernicious , that they have wholly abandoned them as good for nothing but to corrupt the peoples mindes and manners : n yea all the primitive christians , the primitive church both under the law and gospell ; together with sundry councels , fathers , christian emperors , kings and writers have excluded them church and state as unlawfull , unsufferable to remaine in either , as recreations no wayes fit for christians , especially on festivals and holy seasons ; on which no man ever thought them usefull but o one poore scribling hackney stage-player , for his owne advantage , who was likely to be undone if playes should once miscarry . wherefore i may safely conclude with the unanimous suffrage of all the forequoted authorities : that stage-playes are no whit usefull or necessary to recreate or delight the people , who may live well without them ; but cannot live well with them , as i have more largely proved act. . scene , , . & , . on which you may reflect . scena qvarta . the fourth objection for the lawfulnesse of playes is this : p that they are ancient , and of long continuance , that they are tollerated still among us ; that many , yea most frequent them , approve them in their judgements ; therefore they are certainly lawfull . to this i answer first ; that the long continuance and antiquitie of stageplayes is no good argument of their goodnesse . the q divell and r sin are of greater antiquitie and continuance than stage-playes ; yet their antiquity makes neither of them good : yea both of them are therefore the s worse , because they are so ancient ; and so are playes . ill things the elder they are the worse . secondly , though playes are ancient , yet their t originall is knowne what it was , it was from their father the divell , and idolatrous pagans : and that which had so bad a beginning , will hardly contract any reall goodnesse by any effluxe of time . thirdly , though they were ancient and of long continuance among heathen greekes and romans , yet they are but of punic standing among christians , u the primitive church and christians wholly abandoning and never admitting them , as i have largely proved . fourthly , though they have long continued , yet their persciption hath beene oft interrupted , and themselves suppressed as well by pagans as christians : yea x the very best and chiefest of pagans , of christians have alwayes constantly oppugned them from their very infancy till this present , as most pernicious evills , as i have largely proved . their antiquitie therefore is onely an argument of their long-continued , long-oppugned lewdnesse , no proofe at all of their present goodnesse . secondly i answer . that their tolleration is a strong evidence of their mischievous naughtinesse : since good and profitable things are alwayes approved , established , and nought but y ill things tollerated or connived at , which are to be removed : but admit they are thus tollerated , yet their tolleration makes them not good or lawfull in themselves . we know , that z usury is permitted by the lawes and state ; yet a it remaines a sinne still : we know , that many wicked men and notorious malefactors are tollerated for a time ; and that not onely by men , but b even by god himselfe , who is patient and long-suffering towards sinners : and yet they are not therefore good , but bad men still ; and c so much the worse , by how much the longer they are forborne . the tolleration therefore of stage-playes will not evince their goodnesse : the rather , because though they are connived at de facto , yet * they are long since condemned de jure by our lawes , our statutes , our magistrates , and writers , as unlawfull pastimes : their tolleration therefore is no better an evidence of their lawfulnesse , than a reprive or pardon of a condemned traytors innocency : which are onely arguments of a princes l●nity , but infallible testimonies of the traytors guilt . that playes , that players are suffered still , ( as too many other condemned sins & mischiefes are ) it is onely the d fault of magistrates , who may , who should suppresse them , not of our lawes , which are most severe against them . thirdly , for the * multitude of play-haunters , and play-approvers , i answer ; first , that it is no argument of their goodnesse , but of their badnesse rather ; since r multitude , for the most part is an infallible signe of the worser , not of the better part ; of the s broad way which leades to destruction , where the passengers are alwayes many ; not of the narrow way that leades to eternall life , which few ever finde , and fewer walke in . if multitude were an argument of goodnesse , t then pagans and mahometans should be as good , nay better than christians ; papists , better than protestants● drunkards and wicked men , better than sober and good men , because they are more in number than they : yea then the world the flesh and the divell should be good , yea as good or better than god himselfe , because more follow them , serve them , than ther● follow god. the multitude therefore of play-haunters , of play-patrons is no convincing evidence of their goodnesse . secondly , we must not judge of the lawfulnesse of unlawfu●l things by the most , but by the u best of men : now the best , the wisest of men , as i x have largely proved , have alwayes condemned stage-playes , no matter therefore what the multitudes judgement or practise is , y whom we must not follow to doe evill . thirdly , christians are not to walke or judge by examples , but by precepts ; the z word of god , not the actions or lives of men , must be the onely rule both of their practise and their judgements too . now the scripture , ( yea the a whole church of god from age to age ) have passed sentence against stage-playes , as unlawfull pastimes : no matter therefore what the world esteemes them . fourthly , for those who approve of stage-playes or resort unto them , what are they ? children , youngsters , ignorant injudicious persons who know not how to distinguish betweene good and evill , judgeing onely of the goodnesse of things by sence , by pleasure , b by the opinion and practise of others , b or as they are swayed by their u●ruly lusts , not by right reason or the word of god : or else they are gracelesse , dissolute , prophane , lascivious , godlesse persons , ( as c most players , play-haunters , and play-proctors are ) who d call good evill , and evill good : who e count sinne their honour , sobriety , modesty , and true piety , their shame : f judging amisse of god , of grace , of holinesse , of all kinde of goodnesse and good men : no matter therefore , what these judge of stage-playes , who thus misjudge of all things . let us therefore judge of stage-playes g with righteous judgement , as god , as christians , as the prim●tive church● as councels , fathers , and the best , the wisest of christian , of pagan emperours , magistrates , republickes , philosophers , and writers of all sorts have h already determined of them to our hands ; and then we must certainly condemne them , as most intollerable and unchristian pleasures ; as all these have done . scena qvinta . the fifth allegation in the behalfe of stage-playes is this : that there is much good history , many grave sentences , much good councell ; much poetry , eloquence , oratory , invention , wit , and learning in them . therefore they must certainly be very good and commendable recreations . to this i answer first : that it is true , there is in many stage-playes many commendable parts of history , poetry , invention , rhetoricke , art , wit , learning ; together with much good language , and some sage counsell too , all which are good and usefull in themselves ; g but yet there is so much obscenity , scurrility and lewdnesse mixed with them , like deadly poyson in a sugred potion , that these h very good things make the playes farre worse . the stronger the wine , the better , the sweeter the conserves wherewith poyson is contemperated , the more deadly , the more dangerously it workes ; the deeper it sinkes into the veines , and the more greedily and i insensibly it is swallowed downe . so the more k witty , the more eloquent and rhetoricall the playes , the more imperceptibly , the more perniciously & abundantly diffuse they their vices , their obscenities , & poysonful corruptions into the eares and hearts of the spectators . it is a true saying of judicious augustine , l that evill things elegantly expressed are most pernicious : whence m lactantius affirmes ; that the heathen philosophers , orators and poets were most hurtfull in this , that they did easily intangle unwary mindes with the sweetnes of their words , and the harmony of their smooth-running verses , which were but as honey covering poyson . the more elegant and witty therefore the playes , the more dangerous and destructive are they , as the fathers teach us ; there being nothing else but n poyson under the honey of art and eloquence . secondly , the reason why there is so much history , poetry , sweetnesse , wit and curious language in our stage-playes , is o onely to conceale their venome , their contagion , that so the auditors , the spectators may swallow it downe with greater greedinesse , and lesse suspition . p nulla aconita bibuntur fictilibus : the divell and his accursed instruments know full well , that poysoned potions must be infused q not into earthen , but into golden cuppes ; that venemous pills must not be tempered with gall or colloquint , but with honey , sweet-meates , or the most luscious conserves , else none will swallow or quaffe them downe : wherefore they temper , they guild over their venemous obscenities and stage-corruptions ( which r if they came naked on the stage without these trappings , would be so bitter , so foule and desperately obscene that few christians could digest them ) with these specious outsides , these luscious conserves of wit , of eloquence , invention , learning , history , and the like , that so they may the better countenance , shrowd and vent them to the hurt of others . what gregory the great writes of heretiques : s habent hoc haeretici proprium , ut malis bona permisc●ant , quatenus facile sensus audientis illudant . si enim semper prava discerent citius in sua pravitate cogniti , quod vellent , minimè persuaderent . ita permiscent recta perversis , ut ostendendo bona auditores ad se trahant ; et exhibendo mala , latenti eos peste corrumpant . or what t faustus rhegiensis writes of the divell and malicious poysoners . diabolus calliditate veteris artificij ac multiformis ingenij , condit blandimenta peccandi . sic etiam malefici facere solent qui mortiferos herbarum temperant succos in condito aut aliquo dulci poculo nescientibus propinaturi , gustum mentita suavitate componunt , virus amaritudinis obscurant fraude dulcedinis . provocat primus odor poculi , sed praefocat inclusus sapor veneni . mel est quod ascendit in labia , fel est quod descendit in viscera . or what u vincentius lerinensis writes of heretiques : faciunt quod hi solent qui parvulis austera quaedam temperaturi pocula , prius ora melle circumli●unt ; ut incauta aetas cum dulcedinem praesenserit , amaritudinem non reformidet : quod etiam ijs curae est , qui mala gramina , et noxios succos , medicaminum vocabulis praecolerant , ut nemo ferè ubi supra-scriptum legerit remedium , suspicetur venenum . the same may i truly write of play-poets and actors . they cover and sweeten over their poyson , their corruption with eloquence , art and witty inventions , that so they may have the freer vent ; and temper their evill with some shewes of good , that so it may more easily circumvent the auditors , and find freer entrance into their soules . this x cyprian , this y tertullian , z salvian , with other a fathers , together with b didacus de tapia , and sundry c moderne authors testifie : heare but tertullian for them all , who writes thus of the pleasure , the eloquence and good ingredients that are oft in playes . d nemo venenum temper at felle et hellebora , sed conditis pulmentis et bene saporatis , et plurimum dulcibus id mali injicit . ita diabolus letale quo conficit , rebus dei gratissimis ac acceptissimis imbuit . omnia itaque illic ( speaking of the theatre ) seu fortia , seu honesta , seu sonora , seu canora , seu subtilia proinde habe ac si stillicidia mellis de libalun●ulo venenato ; nec tanti gulam facias voluptatis , quanti periculum . all the eloquence and sweetnesse therefore that is in stage-playes , is but like the drops of honey out of a poysoned limbecke , which please the pallate onely , but destroy the man that tastes them . so that i may well compare our stage-playes to apothecaries gallie-pots : e quorum tituli habent remedia , pyxides venena : which have glorious soothing titles without , but poysons onely within . thirdly , though all these good things are in stage-playes now and then , yet they are there onely as good things perverted , which prove f worst of any . nothing is there so pernicious g as good parts , or a good wit abused : as wit , art , eloquence and learning cast away upon an amorous , prophane , obscene lascivious subject ; on which whiles many out of a vaine-glorious humour have spent the very creame and flower of their admired parts , i may truly affirme with salvian , h non tam illustrasse mihi ipsa ingenia , quàm damnasse videantur : they seeme to me not so much to have illustrated as damned their much applauded wits and parts , in being acutely elegant in such unworthy sordid theames , which modest e●es would blush to reade , and chast tender consciences bleede to thin●e of . as therefore ovids transcendent poetry , martials prophane and scurrilous pande●ly wit , catullus , tibullus , and propertius their eloquence , made their obscene lascivious poëms farre more pernicious , not more chast and commendable ; so the elegancy , invention , stile and phrase of stage-playes , is onely an argument of their greater lewdnesse , not any probate of their reall goodnesse . what therefore i vincentius lerinensis writes of origen and tertullian , that their transcendent abilities of eloquence , learning and acutenesse , made their erronious tenents farre more dangerous : the same wee may conclude of playes and poets ; the more witty and sublime their stile or matter , the more pernicious their fruites : for then , k viperium obducto pot●mus melle venenum . we drinke downe deadly poyson in a honey potion ; which proves honey onely in the pallate , but gall in the bowells , death in the heart ; as the most delightfull amorous stage-playes alwayes doe . scena sexta . the . objection in the defence of stage-playes is this ; which is as l common as it is prophane : that stage-playes are as good as sermons ; and that many learne as much good at a play as at a sermon : therefore they cannot be ill . to this i shall answer first in the words of mr. philip stubs , and of i. g. in his refutation of the apologie for actors , p. . oh blasphemy intollerable ! are obscene playes and filthy enterludes comparable to the word of god the foode of life , and life it selfe ? it is all one as if they had said ; baudry , heathenry , paganisme , scurrilitie and divelry it selfe is equall with gods word : or that sathan is equipollent with the lord. god hath ordained his word , and made it the ordinary meanes of our salvation : the divell hath inferred the other as the ordinary meanes of our destruction . god hath set his holy word and ministers to instruct us in the way of life ; the divell instituted playes and actors to seduce us into the way of death . and will they yet compare the one with the other ? if he be accursed , m that calleth light darknesse and darknesse light ; truth falshood , and falshood truth ; then à fortiori● is hee accursed that saith , playes and enterludes are equivalent with sermons , or compareth comedies & tragedies with the word of god ; whereas there is no mischiefe , almost , which they maintaine not . thus they . but if stage-playes be as good as sermons ( as many prophane ones , who heare and reade more playes than sermons , deeme them ; ) then players certainly by the selfesame argument , are as good as preachers : and if this be so , what difference betweene christ and belial , play-houses and churches , ministers and actors ? yea why then doe we not erect new theaters in every parish , or turne our churches into play-houses , our preachers into actors , since they are thus parallels in their goodnesse ? but what prodigious and more than stygean profanesse is there in this comparison ? who ever paralleld hell with heaven , vice with vertue , darknesse with light , divels with angels , dirt with gold ? yet there is as great a disparity in goodnesse betweene playes and sermons , as there is in these ; the one being evermore reputed the n chiefest happinesse , the other the * greatest mischiefe in any christian state. but this part of the objection is too grosse to confute , since the very naming of it is a sufficient refutation . i come therefore to the second clause : that many learne as much good at playes , as at sermons . and i beleeve it too ; for had they ever learn'd any good at sermons , ( which would be altogether needles , if so much goodnesse as is objected might be learn'd from playes ) they would certainly have learned this among the rest , never to resort to stage-playes . the truth then is this ; most play-haunters learne no good at all at sermons ; not because sermons have no goodnesse for to teach them , but because they are unapt to learne it : partly , p because they seldome frequent sermons , at leastwise not so oft as playes : partly , because their eares are so dull of hearing , and their mindes so taken up with play-house contemplations whiles they are at church , that they mind not seriously what they heare : partly because the evill which they learne at playes , overcomes the good they learne at sermons , and will not suffer it to take root within them : and partly , because playes and sermons are so incompatible , that it is almost impossible for any man to receive any good at all from sermons , whiles hee is a resorter unto stageplayes : well therefore may they learne as much goodnesse from playes as sermons , because they never learned ought from either , but much hurt from both , q the very word of god being a stumbling blocke , a meanes of greater condemnation , yea a savour of death unto death to such unprofitable hearers who reape no grace nor goodnesse from it . but to passe by this , if there be so much goodnesse learn'd from playes , i pray informe me who doe learne it . if any , then either the actors or spectators : for the actors , their goodnesse verily is so r little , that it is altogether to be learnt as yet ; and if ever they chance to attaine the smallest dram of grace ( as they are never like to doe whiles they continue players ) it must be then from sermons onely , not from playes , which make them every day worse and worse , but cannot possibly make them better . for the spectators , they can learne no good at all from playes , because ( as s isiodor pelusiota long since resolved it ) players and stageplayes can teach thē none . never heard or read i yet of any whom stage-playes meliorated or taught any good : all they can teach them , all they learne from th●m is but some scurrill jests , some witty obscenities , some ribaldry ditties , some amorous wanton complements , some fantastique fashions , some brothel-house courtshippe to wooe a strumpet , or to court a whore : these are the best lessons these schooles of vice and lewdnesse teach , or these their schollers learne : i shall therefore close up this objection with that of t mr. stubs and u i. g. in their forequoted places . if you will learne to doe any evill , skilfully , cunningly , covertly or artificially , you neede goe no other where than to the theatre . if you will learne falshood , cosenage , indirect dealing● if you will learne to deceive , to play the hypocrite , sycophant , parasite and flatterer : if you will learne to cogge , lie and falsifie ; to jest , laugh , and fleere ; to grin , nodde , and mow ; to play the vice , to curse , sweare , teare , and blaspheme both heaven and earth in all kindes and diversities of oathes : if you will learne to play the bawd or curtesan ; to pollute your selfe , to devirginate maides , to deflowre wives , or to ravish widdowes by enticing them to lust : if you will learne to drabbe and stabbe , to murther , kill and slay ; to picke , steale , rob and rove : if you will learne to rebell against princes , closely to carry treasons , to consume treasures , to practise idlenesse , to sing and talke of filthy love and venery ; to deride , quippe , scorne , scoffe , mocke and floate ; to flatter and smooth : to play the divel , the swaggerer , the whoremaster , the glutton , the drunkard , the injurious or incestuous person ; if you will learne to become proud , haughty and arrogant : finally , if you will learne to contemne god and all his lawes , to care neither for heaven nor hell , and to commit all kinde of sinne and mischiefe with secrecie and art , you neede not goe to any other schooles : for all these good examples may you see painted before your eyes in enterludes aud playes . these , and these onelie are the great good instructions that either actours or spectatours learne from stage-plaies ; which make them fit schollers only for the divel , and traine them up for hell , x where all play-house goodnesse ( unlesse god grants mercie and sincere repentance ) ever ends . scena septima . to passe by other objections in the defence of stage-playes ; as namelie , that they reprehend sinne and vice ; that they inveigh against the corruptions and corrupt ones of the times ; that they remunerate and applaud vertue , and sharply censure vice : that their abuses , their exces●es may be regulated , and themselves reduced to a good decorum : therefore they are lawfull : which objections i have answered by the way before : viz. at pag. . to . p. . to . & p. . to . the grand objection of our present dissolute times for the justification of these playes is this ; y that none but a companie of puritans and precisians speake against them ; all else applaud and eke frequent them ; therefore cetainly they are very good recreations , since none but puritans disaffect them . to this i answer , that the objection is as false as frivolous : for first , i have already fully manifested , that z many heathen states and emperors , and among the rest , tiberius , nero , and iulian the apostate , ( who were as farre from puritanisme , as the deboisest anti-puritans , the most dissolute players or play-patrons this day living ) have condemned , suppressed playes and players : besides , i have largely proved , that a not onely plato , aristotle , cicero , seneca , and other heathen philosophers ; but even horace , iuvenal , nay ovid and propertius , ( the most lascivious heathen poets , who were as farre from puritans , as they were from christians ) have declaimed against stage-plaies . and is not this then a notorious falshood ? that none but puritans condemne stage-plaies . were tiberius , nero , iulian , aristotle , tibullus , ovid , ( thinke you ) puritans ? were all those b fore-quoted pagans , who censured and suppressed stage plaies puritans ? if these be now turn'd puritans in the objectors phrase , i pray what manner of christians ( i dare not say incarnate divels ) are those persons , who thus taxe these dissolute pagans for puritanicalll precisians ? certainlie if they are somewhat better than infernall fiends , yet they are by c many degrees worse than the very worst of all these pagans ; who by their owne confessions , are d saints , are puritans in respect of them . o then the stupendious wickednesse ! the unparalleld prophanesse of our gracelesse times ! when christians are not afraid , ashamed to professe themselves more desperately vitious , lascivious , and deboist , than the very worst of pagans , whom they thus honour with the stile of puritans● because they are more vertuous , lesse vitious than themselves ! certainly if atheisticall prophanesse , and infernall lewdnesse increase but a little more among us , as it is very like if stage-playes still continue , i am afraid these o●jectors will grow to that excesse of wickednes ere long● that the divell himselfe , ( nay , * beelzebub the very prince of divels ) shall be canonized by them for a puritan , because he equalls them not in wickednesse . let these play-patrons therefore , either waive this false objection , or else confesse these very heathen puritans ( as they deeme them ) to be much better , much worthier of the name of christians , than themselves . secondly , i have infallibly manifested ; e that the whole primitive church both under the law and gospell , together with all the primitive christians , fathers and councels have most abundantly censured and condemned playes and players in the very highest degree of opposition . and were the primitive church and christians , the fathers , or bishops who were present at these councels , puritans ? if not : then the objection is false . if puritans ; then puritans are no such novellers , or new upstart humorists as the world reputes them : yea then they are in truth no other , but the true saints of god , the undoubted successors of the primitive church and christians , whose doctrine , discipline● graces , manners they onely practise and maintaine . and indeede if the truth of things bee well examined , wee may easily prove f the fathers , the primitive church and christians , ( yea christ himselfe , his prophets and apostles ) puritans , if that which brands men now for puritans in prophane ones censures , may descide this controversie . to instance in some few particulars . one grand badge of a puritan is ( as the objection testifieth ) to condemne stage-playes , players and play-haunters , and wholly to renounce these pompes of the divell : but this g the apostles , the fathers , the primitive councels , church and christians did , as i have plentifully manifested , h this being the most notorious character of a faithfull christian , to abstaine from stage-playes . by this badge therefore they are arrant puritans . to condemne i effeminate mixt dancing , lasciviousnesse , and k diceplay ; together with l health-drinking , drunkennesse , deboistnesse , roaring , whoring , m ribaldry , obscene or amorous songs and jests , and naked filthy lust provoking pictures , are now * chiefe symptomes of a notorious puritan : but n christ , his prophets and apostles , together with all the primitive churches , christians , fathers , councels have condemned all and each of these with an unanimous consent : therefore they are arrant puritans . to speake or write against o mens wearing of perewigges , love-lock●s , and long haire , together with the effeminate frizling , pouldring , and accurate nice composing of it : to declaime against our whorish females frizling , broydring , pouldring , dying , plaiting , with their late impudent mannish , that i say not monstrous cutting and shearing of their haire ; and their false borrowed excrements : to declaime against face-painting , vaine wanton complements , strange fashions , tyr●s , newfangled or overcostly apparell , are eminent characters of a branded puritan : but p christ iesus himselfe , his prophets and apostles , with all the primitive churches , councels , fathers , chri●tians , have earnestly spoken , written , declaimed against all & each of these lewd sinfull practises . therefore they are puritans . to q be holy in all manner of conversation even as god and christ are holy : r to live right●ously , soberly and godly in this present evill world , s crucifying the flesh with the affections and lusts thereof ; avoiding , detesting all sinne and wickednesse whatsoever in ones selfe and others ; and * shining as lights and patternes of holinesse in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation● to be u frequent in hearing , reading , preaching , or meditating● and discoursing of gods word : to repeate sermons , ( a duty warranted by x scripture , and much pressed by y caesarius arelatensis , an ancient father ; to pray constantly z morning and evening with ones family ; a to abandon b all lewd places and companions , c all pleasures and delights of sinne , all christmas excesses and disorders , all pagan rites and heathenish customes ; and to d make the holiest s●ints his best , his sole familiar friends , the e word & service of god his chiefe delight : to f stand for god and for his truth in evill times when they are most opposed ; to live civilly and pio●sly in the g middest of wicked men , and h not to joyne with them in the same excesse of sinne and riot of dissolutenesse and deboistnesse that they runne into : to i reprove or crosse men in their sinfull fashions , customes , disorders , lusts or courses : with sundry other particulars which i pretermit ; are now k infallible arguments and symptomes of a ranke puritan . but this did christ , his prophets and apostles , together with all the primitive churches , councels , fathers and pious christians , as those whom the world stiles puritans doe now : therefore without all doubt they are puritans ( as puritans are now reputed ) even in the very highest degree . yea , were our saviour christ , st. paul , st. iohn , together with all those holy patriarkes , prophets , apostles , martyrs , fathers , and other primitive saints which we reade of in the scriptures , or ecclesiasticall writers , now living here among us , i doubt not but they would all be l pointed at , hissed , reviled , hated , scorned , if not persecuted , as the very archest puritans , for their transcendent holinesse , and rebukes of sin & sinners : since those poore saints of god , m who have not attained to the moity of their transcendent grace and purity , are now stiled , & pointed at for puritans , even for that little purity and holinesse which is discovered in their lives . if therefore christ himselfe , his prophets and apostles , together with all the primitive churches , fathers , councels , and christians were puritans , in that very sence , & on the selfesame grounds that those whom the world stiles puritans are so named now , as i have fully manifested by the premises ; and dare make good in all particulars against any anti-puritans whatsoever ; the objectors must now either disclaime their a●tecedent , ( that none but puritans condemne stage-playes : ) or in case they grant all these to be puritans , they must now invert their rash conclusion : that stage-playes certainely are evill , because christ , his prophets and apostles , the whole primitive church , the fathers , councels , and primitive christians , ( all ranke puritans ) have out of their very puritie and holinesse condemned them long agoe , and none but the very shame , the scumme of christians , or men unworthy that worthy title did anciently approve them , as i have largely evidenced , act. . scene , . act. . scene , , . & act. . scene . to . thirdly , i have manifested , that many n moderne christians , not onely protestants , but papists too , have utterly condemned stage-playes . and i hope all papists ( the originall inventors of this stile of puritans , which they have cast * on orthodox protestants as a very motto or by-word of disgrace , ) are exempted from this number of puritans intended in the objection . either papists therefore must be puritans , for condemning playes , which many of the chiefe objectors being papists ( as are most of all our players ) will hardly grant ; or else the objection must be false . fourthly , admit that none but puritans condemne or censure stage-playes ; consider then , i pray you , with an impartiall eye , what kinde of persons these play-abhorring conformable puritans and precisians are : p are they not the holiest , the devoutest , the eminentest and most religious gracious s●ints , who leade the strictest , purest , heavenliest , godliest lives , outstripping all others both in the outward practise , and inward power of grace ? are they not such whose piety , whose universall holinesse in all companies , times and places , are an q eye-sore , a life-sore , an heart-sore , yea a shame and censure unto others ? are they not such as r lactantius writes of ? sunt aliqui ●ntempestivè boni , qui corruptis moribus publicis convicium benè vivendo faciunt . ergo tanquam scelerum et malitiae suae testes extirpare funditus ni●●●tur et tollere ; gravesque sibi putant tanquam eorum vita coarguatur . idcirco auferantur , quibus coram vivere pudet ; qui peccantium frontem etsi non verbis , qui● tacent , tamen ipso vitae genere dissimili feriunt et verberant : ca●tigare enim videtur quicunque dissenti● . ( the case of the primitive , pious christians , amongst the dissolute vitious ge●tiles . ) and they not such who are s peremptory in the co●scionable performance of every holy duty ; resolute in the t hatred of every customary sinne , u refusing to runne into the same excesse of wickednesse , into the grosse corruptions of the x times , into which most men rush y with greedinesse , as the horse into the battell ? doubtlesse , what ever the malice of others may conceive of them , yet they are no other but such as these , as the very fiercest anti-puritans consciences whisper to them ; z qui suspectis omnibus ut improbos metuunt , etiam quos optimos sentire potuerunt . if any man doubt of this , these few experimentall arguments may convince him . for first , there is never a sincere , de●out or pious christian this day living in england , who a excells in holinesse of life , in integrity of con●ersation , b avoiding all the corruptions that are in the world through lust ; and c living righteously , soberly and godly in this present evill world ; refusing to d conforme himselfe to the fashions , vanities , pleasures , sinnes , and wicked humours of the times , ( which perchance he hath too much followed heretofore before his true conversion , ) but is e commonly reputed , and oft times stiled , a puritan , a precisian , and the like , be his place or condition what it will. hee who hath more grace and goodnesse , more chastity , modesty , temperance or sobriety , more love and dread of god , more hatred of sin and wickednes ; lesse tincture of atheisme , impiety , voluptuousnesse and prophanesse , than others among whom he lives , let him be never so just in his dealings towards men , never so * conformable to the doctrine and ceremonies of the church , is forthwith branded for a notorious puritan and precisian all england over ; and f the more eminent his graces and holinesse are in the view of others , the more is he maligned , envied , hated , and the greater puritan is he accounted , as every mans owne experience can informe him● these puritans and precisians therefore are the best of christians . secondly , those who are most violently invective , and maliciously despitefull against puritans and precisians , both in their words and actions , are such who are unsound or popishly affected in their religion , or prophane and dissolute in their lives . the most romanized protestants , the * deboisest drunkards , the effeminatest ru●fians , the most fantasticke apish fashion-mongers ; the lewdest whoremasters , panders , strumpets ; the prophanest roarers , players , play-haunters , and brothel-hunters ; the most prodigious swearers , epicures , and health-quaffers ; the most gracelesse vitious persons of all rankes and professions ; ( especially temporizing , sloathfull , unorthodox , epicurean , ale-house haunting , dissolute clergy men , the g greatest enemies of all others , to true grace and piety , as all ages witnesse ; ) are alwayes the greatest railers , the h fiercest enemies against puritans and precisians as the world now stiles them : therefore they are certainly the very best and holiest christians , because the very worst of men ( who like i vitious nero , never heartily condemne ought else , but some great good or other ) detest , revile them most . k et argumentum recti est , malis displicere , as not onely seneca , but the l scripture teacheth us . thirdly , there is no man ever stiled a puritan or precisian by another in scorne or contempt , as these names are now commonly used ; but it is either for some evill or other that he hates , which he who stiles him so , affects ; or for some grace or goodnesse , or some m transcendent degree of holinesse that is in him , which the other wants . to instance in some particulars . let a man make conscience n of drunkennesse , of drinking and pledging healthes , of frequenting ale-houses , tavernes , and tobacco-shops ; and presently he is cried out upon and censured for a puritan by all the pot-companions , and drunkards with whom he shall converse . let any one refuse to follow the guise and dissolute effeminate fashions of the times ; let him crie out against o love-locks and ruffianly long haire ; against false haire and perewigs which our men and women now generally take up , as if they were quite ashamed of that head which god hath given them , and proud of the tire-womans which they have dearely bought : let any gentlewoman of quality now refuse to cut , to p poulder , frizell , and set out her haire like a lascivious courtezan , or to paint her face like some common prostituted harlot ; or to follow any other amorous complements and disguises of the times , * adorning her selfe onely in modest apparell , with shamefastnesse , sobriety and good workes , as becomes a woman professing godlinesse ; the onely feminine ornaments that st. paul commends : and what else shall they heare from all the ruffians , fantastiques , and frenchefied wanton dames that live about them , but this opprobrious censure , that they are become professed puritans . if any make conscience of frequenting play-houses , dice-houses , whore-houses ; of q lascivious mixt dancing , lascivious ribaldry songs and discourses , inordinate gaming , and such other sinfull pleasures which the most delight in ; refusing to beare men company in these delights of sinne : our play-haunters , dicers , gamesters , whoremasters , and such voluptuous persons , will presently voyce them up for puritans . yea such is the desperate wickednesse of the times , that let a man be vitious in one kinde , and yet temperate in another ; as let him be a play-haunter , a gamester , and not a drunkard ; a drunkard , and yet no swearer , no whoremaster , no ruffian , or the like ; or let a man be vitious in diverse kindes , and yet not so bad as others of his companions , and he shall be sometimes reproached for a puritan , because he is not so universally , so extremely wicked and deboist , as those of his companions who are farre worse than he . whence we oft times finde , that such who are reputed no better than prophane ones , when they are in company somewhat better than themselves ; are censured for puritans among prophane ones , r because they are not so unmeasurably wicked as the worst of them . and as those who are not so desperately outragious in their extravagant sinfull courses as others , are thus houted at for puritans and precisians , by such as are lewder than themselves : so those who outstrip all others in holinesse , pietie and vertue , are reputed puritans too , because they excell in goodnesse . for let a man be a diligent hearer and repeater of sermons and lectures ; a constant t reader and discourser of gods word ; a strict observer of the lords day ; a lover , and u companion of the holiest men ; a man that is x holy and gracious in his speeches in all companies and places , desirous to sow some seedes of grace , and to plant religion where ever he comes : let him be y much in prayer , in meditation , in fasting and humiliation , z much grieving for his sinnes , and complaining of his corruptions ; let him be alwayes a hungring and thirsting after grace , and using all those meanes with conscionable care which may bring him safe to heaven , b abandoning all those sins , those pleasures and companies which may hinder him in his progresse towards heaven : let a man be a diligent powerfull soule-searching c sinne-reproving minister , residing constantly upon his benefice , and d preaching every lords-day twice : or let him be a diligent upright magistrate , e punishing drunkennesse , drunkards , swearers , suppressing ale-houses , f m●y-games , revels , g dancing , and other unlawfull pastimes on the lords day , according to his oath and duty ; let any of any profession be but a little holier or sticter than the major part of men ; and this his holines , his forwardnes in reliligion , is su●ficient warrant for all prophane ones , for all who fall short of this his practicall power of grace to brand and hate him for a puritan , as every mans conscience cannot but informe him . it is manifest then by all these particular experimentall instances ; that those whom the world stiles puritans and precisians , are the very best and holiest christians , and that they are thus ignominiously intituled , yea h hated and maligned , because they are lesse vitious , more pious , strict and vertuous in their lives than such who call them so . fourthly , there is no man so fierce an antipuritan in his health and life , i but desires to turne puritan and precisian in the extremity of his sicknesse and the day of death . when god sends his judgements , crosses , or tormenting mortall diseases upon such who were most bitter satyrists against puritans all their lives before ; or when hee awakens such mens consciences to see the gastly horrour of their notorious sinnes , when they are lying perplexed on their death-beds with the feare of damnation ready to breath out their soules into hell at every gaspe , they will then turne puritans in very good earnest , desiring to die such as they would never live : yea then in such extremities as these they send for those very puritan ministers , whom they before abhorred to instruct , to comfort them , to pray with them , for them , and to advise them what to doe that they may be saved : & however they reputed thē no better than hypocrites , k fooles , or l distracted furious mad ones before , yet they would willingly change lives , change soules and consciences with them then , wishing with many teares and sighes that they were but such as they . this every dayes experience almost testifies ; therefore puritans and precisians even in the true internall conscientiall judgement of every anti-puritan are the most godly men . fifthly , let a drunkard , a whoremaster , a swearer , a ruffian , or any other prophane notorious wicked person be truly converted from these their sinnes , and unfainedly devoted and united to the lord so as m never to returne unto them more , n cleaving unseparably unto him both in their hearts and lives ; or let god worke any such visible notorious happy change in men , as to * call them out of darknesse into his marvelous light , and to translate them from under the power of satan into the kingdome of his deare sonne ; and no sooner shall they be thus strangely p altered from bad to good , or from good to better , but presently they are christened , as it were , with these two proverbs or reproach , and pointed at for * puritans and precisians , as if they were now unworthy for to live because they are thus converted to the lord. before people turne religious and gracious , they are never pestered with these disdainfull tearmes : but q no sooner can they begin to looke towards heaven , to change their vitious courses and amend their lives , but these mottoes of contempt are cast upon them , even because they are growne better than they were before . thus was it long agoe even in salvian his dayes , who thus complaines . r statim ut quis melior esse tentaverit deterioris abjectione calcatur . si fuerit sublimis , fit despicabilis ; si fuerit splendidissimus , fit vilissimus : fi fuerit totus honoris , fit totus injuriae : ubi enim quis mutaverit vestem , mutavit protinus dignitatem . perversa enim sum et in diversum cuncta mutata . si bonus est quispiam , quasi malus spernitur : si malus est , quasi bonus honoratur . si honoratior quispiam se religioni applicuerit , illico honoratus esse desistit , ac per hoc omnes quodammodo mali esse coguntur ne viles habeantur . et ideo non sine causa apostolus clamat : seculum totum in malo positum est : et verum est ● merito enim totum in malo esse dicitur , ubi boni locum habere non possunt : siquidem ita totum iniquitatibus plenum est , a●t ut mali sint , qui sunt ; aut qui boni sunt malorum persecutione crucientur . and thus is it now in our dayes . therefore puritans and precisians are undoubtedly the very primest christians , because they are never honoured with these titles till they s turne better than they were at first , yea better than all those that reproach them by these names of s●orne . and here we may observe a difference betweene eminency in religion , and excellency in all other things besides . for let a man be exquisite in any other art or profession whatsoever , be it in phisicke , musicke , law , philosophy , or any liberall science , or mechanicke trade ; yea let a man be a zealous forward papist , iesuite , priest or votary ; the more eminent they are in all or any of these , the more honoured , reverenced , frequented , admired , and beloved are they of all sorts of men ; because they are but naturall humane excellencies , to which corrupt nature and the divell have no antipathy at all . but let any man become a t conscionable , zealous , sincere and forward professor of true religion , transcending others in the practicall power of grace , or in the inward beauty of holinesse ; and the more perspicuously eminent he growes in these , the more is he commonly hated , slaundered , persecuted , reviled by the tongues of wicked men , and the greater puritan doe they account him ; because x there is grace within him , that is diametrally contrary to their corruptions . neither neede we wonder at it : for ever since god at first put y enmity betweene the seede of the woman and the seede of the serpent , z those who have beene borne after the flesh , have persecuted , slandered , abhorred those who have beene borne after the spirit ; and a those who who are of this world , have hated such who are redeemed out of the world ; there b being never as yet in any age , any concord or truce betweene christ and belial , light and darknesse , righteousnesse and unrighteousnesse , beleevers and infidels ; c those who are upright in the way , being alwayes an abomination to the wicked , for these very reasons onely , and no other ; d because they follow the thing that good is , and e runne not with them into the same excesse of riot ; f because their works are good , and theirs who thus revile and hate them , evill : g because their lives are not like other men , and their wayes are of another fashion : because they are not for wicked mens turnes , and they are cleane contrary to their doings , upbraiding them with their offending the law , objecting to their infamy the transgressions of their education , and abstaining from their wayes as from filthinesse , h testifying unto them by their holy lives , that the workes they doe are evill . these and no other were the true originall causes of mens hatred & reproach against i christians , against christ and his apostles heretofore ; and of mens inveterate rancor and malicious calumnies against puritans now , what ever mens pretences are against it , as i have more largely manifested in a k precedent treatise . if any thinke this strange , that men should be thus persecuted , hated , reviled , nicknamed , slandered and contemned even for their grace , their holinesse , and the very practicall sincere profession of religion : let them consider but these few particulars which will give them ample satisfaction in the point . first , those frequent predictions or premonitions of our saviour to all the professors of his name : l that they shall be hated , persecuted , reviled of all men & nations for his sake : m that they shall seperate them from their company , cast out their names as evill , & say all maner of evill against thē * falsly for his names sake : n that in the world they shall have tribulation , and o that whosoever killeth them shall think he doth god good service . secondly , that memorable position of st. paul , tim. . , . yea , and p all that will live godly in christ iesus shall suffer persecution : q for through many tribulations and afflictions we must enter into the kingdome of heaven . thirdly , the examples of gods saints in all ages even from adam to this present . if we looke upon cain and abel , the two first-borne of the world , wee shall beholde gracelesse r cain , who was of that wicked one , slaying his righteous brother abel : & wherfore slew he him ? s. iohn resolves the question in these very termes , because his owne workes were evill and his brothers righteous : and thereupon he grounds this inference ; marvell not , my brethren , if the world hate you . s non enim mirum est , ( writes salvian ) nunc sanctos homines quaedam aspera pati , cum videamus quod deus etiam per maximum nefas , primum sanctorum sivit occidi . looke we upon holy king david , we shall finde him thus complaining : psal. . , . they that hate me wrongfully are multiplied , they also that render me evill for good are my adversaries , ( pray marke the onely reason ) because i follow the thing that good is . the prophet isay complaineth thus of his times : isay . , . iudgement is turned away backward and justice standeth afarre off ; for truth is fallen in the streets , and equity cannot enter : yea truth faileth , and hee that departeth from evill maketh himselfe a prey , or is accounted mad : yea hee brings in christ himselfe prophetically speaking in this manner : * behold i and the children whom the lord hath given me are for signes and wonders even in israel . the prophet amos writes thus of his age : amos . . they hate him that rebuketh in the gate , and abhorre him that speaketh uprightly : and the prophet u zechariah informes us , that ioshua the high priest , and his followers that sate before him ( to wit , christ and all his followers ) were men wondred at in the world , as if they were some monstrous creatures , or men besides themselves . the prophet daniel we know , was so x unblameable in his life and actions , that his very enemies could not finde any errour , fault , or occasion against him , except it were concerning the law of his god , and that hee made prayers and supplications before the lord his god three times a day : and for this his piety onely they procured him to be cast into the lions den . i could instance in y divers others of gods dearest saints who were thus persecuted and maligned for their graces before our saviours time , but that tertullian hath long since forestalled mee ; whose memorable passage to this purpose i wish all antipuritans to consider . z aprimordio justitia vim patitur : statim ut ●oli deus caepit invidiam religio sorti●a est . qui deo pla●uerat occiditur , et quidem à fratre , quo procliviùs impietas alie●um sanguinem sectaretur , à suo auspicata insectata est . denique non modo justorum , verum etiam et prophetarum : david exagitatur , elias fugatur , hieremias lapidatur , esaias secatur , zacharias inter altare et ●dem trucidatur ; perennes cruoris sui maculas silicibus adsignans . ipse clausula legis et prophetarum , nec prophetes sed angelus dictus , contumeliosa caede truncatur in puellae salticae lucar . et utique qui spiritu dei ageb●ntur , ab ipso in martyria dirigebantur , etiam patiendo quae praedica●sent , &c. talia à primordio et praecepta et exempla debitricem martyrij fidem ostendunt . if wee looke upon a christ and his apostles , we shall finde them hated , persecuted , slandered , reviled with opprobrious names and obloquies , b being made as the very filth of the world , and as the offscouring of all things unto this day ; yea wee shall see them martyred and put to death for no other cause at all , c but onely for their grace , their holinesse , their transcendent goodnesse , and their opposition to the sinnes and errours of the times : as i have d elsewhere amply discoursed . if we behold the primitive christians but a while , we shall discover no other cause of their hatred and persecutions against them , but onely this , that they were christians , that they were better than they were before , and more holy than their neighbours . this e pliny himse●fe affirmes in his epistle to the emperour trajan . affirmabant autem hanc fuisse summam vel culpae christianorum , vel erroris ; quod essent soliti stato die ante lucem convenire , carnemque christo quasi de● dicere secum invicem : seque sacramento non in scelus aliquod obstringere , sed ne furta , ne latrocinia , ne adulteria committerent , ne fidem fallerent , ne depositum appellati d●negarent : a●d yet for this alone were they persecuted and put to death . hence was it that clemens alexandrinus writes thus in the behalfe of christians : f nos ergo prosequuntur , non ut qui nos esse injustos depraehenderent , sed quod nos vitae humanae injuriam facere existiment e● quod simus christiani , et ipsos inquam , qui sic vitam instituimus , et alios ad●ortamur ut vitam degant similem . hence is that exce●lent discourse of tertullian to the like purpose : g ecce autem et odio habemur ab omnibus hominibus nominis causa . non scelus aliquod in causa est , sed nomen : et solius nominis crimen est . non ideo bonus caius , et prudens lucius , quia christianus . vt quisquis nomine christiani ( i may now say puritani ) emendatur offendit . oditur in hominibus innocuis , nomen innocuum . nomen detinetur , nomen expugnatur , et ignotam sectam , ignotum et auctorem vox sola praedamnat , quia nominatur non quia convincitur . which i may as justly apply to purita●s and precisians , as ever he did unto christians who are persecuted and hated onely for their graces , their surpassing goodnesse , under the vizard of these odious names , * by such who would rather slaunder , than imitate their holinesse . hence gregory nazianzen also thus complained of the usage of the pious christians of his age : h spectaculum uovum facti sumus non angelis et hominibus , sed omnibus fermè improbis et flagitiosis , et quovis tempore et loco , in foro , in compo●ationibu● , in voluptatibus , in luctibus : iàm etiam ad scenam usque prodijmus ( quod propemodum lachrymis refero ) et cum perditissimis obscaenissimisque ridemur ; nec ullum tam jucundum est spectaculum , quàm christianus comicis cavillis suggillatus . and is it not as true of i puritans and precisians now , as it was then of christians ? hence also was the complaint of holy st. augustine . k insultatur homini quia christianus est : insultatur etiam homini qui inter multos christianos melius vivit , et timens aspera verba insultatorum incidit in laqueos diaboli . l tibi pro convicio objicitur quod christianus es . cur autem modo objicitur quod christianus est ? tam pauci non christiani remans●runt , ut ijs magis objiciatur , quia christiani non sunt , quàm ipsi audeant aliquibus objicere quia christiani sunt . tamen dico vobis fratres mei , incipe quicunque me audis vivere auomodo christianus , et vide si non tibi objiciatur et à christianis , sed nomine , non vita , non moribus . nemo sentit nisi qui expertus est . and is not this the case of puritans● among titular christians now ? survey we all the other m fathers and ecclesiasticall historians , we shall finde them very copious in this theame● that the best christians have beene evermore hated , persecuted and reviled by carnall men , and that onely for their grace and goodnes : witnesse the expresse resolution of st. chrysostome : o christianorum genus , non quia est odibile , sed quia est divinum , odiunt carnales : which st. augustine thus seconds . invidentiae illius diabolicae qua invident bonis mali , nulla alia causa est , nisi quia illi boni sunt , illi mali . p omnis enim malus ideo persequitur malum , quia illi non consentit ad malum . and this onely is the cause why puritans and precisians are thus maligned and despited now . if any here object , that they condemne not puritans for their goodnesse , but because they are hypocrites and dissemblers ; or because they are seditious factious persons , & enemies to the state and government ; the crimes wherewith the world now charge them , * whose accusations are still as various , flitting and uncertaine against puritans , as they were of old against the christians . to this i answer first : that it is no wonder for puritans to be reputed hypocrites and impostors now : for even our saviour christ himselfe was not onely counted , but q called a deceiver , and one who did but cheate the people ; though we all know and beleeve that there was no guile at all within him : yea all the apostles and saints of god were accounted deceivers , and yet they were true , cor. . . and r st. hierom informes us , that christians were thus stiled even in his age . vbicunque viderint christianum , statim illud è trivio 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; vocant impostorem et detrahunt . hi rumores turpissimos serunt , et quod ab ipsis egressum est , id ab alijs audisse se simulant ; ijdem auctores et exaggeratores : as our antipuritans are now . secondly , admit that puritans were but hypocrites & impostors ( which is impossible for any particular men to judge , since they are unacquainted with the secrets of their hearts , * which god alone can onely search , which me thinkes should stop these objectors mouths ) yet none exclaime against them as puritans and precisians for these vices onely ; but for that very profession of religion which they make . for let a man be never so treacherous or deceitfull in his dealing , yet if he make no forward profession of religion , he may passe very well s for a politique , crafty , provident man ; he shall then be no puritan : but let him professe religion , be he never so honest in his dealings , yet he s●●●● certainly be branded for a puritan : it is not therefore mens hypocrisie , but their profession of religion that makes them puritans : which if it be but meerely counterfeit , why doe not our antipuritans make that profession of religion in truth , the very shew o● which they so much hate , even for the substance sake ? thirdly , admit some puritans or precisians are meere impostors , making * religion a very vaile to cloake their treachery , and circumvent their brethren ; as there are now too many such : yet malice it selfe must needs acknowledge that the major part of them are most just and upright in all their dealings towards men ; witnesse experience , and the common speech ; that such and such are very honest and upright in their trades , or they are worthy gentlemen which men may safely trust , but yet they are puritans ; as if their piety were a disparagement to their honesty : and yet men hate and slander them all alike for the hypocrisie onely of some few ; as they did the christians in st. augustines dayes . x quanta mala ( saith he ) dicunt in malos christianos quae maledicta perveniunt ad omnes christianos ? nunquid enim dicit qui maledicit , aut qui reprehendit christianos , ecce quid faciunt non boni christiani ? sed ecce quae faciunt christiani ; non seperat , non discernit . thus doe men deale with puritans now ; they hate , revile and persecute them in the lumpe without distinction ; they deeme them hypocrites and deceivers all alike , when as the most of them are not such ; ( as if their very profession of religion y made them hypocrites , which men are apt to believe : ) therefore they detest them not for their hypocrisie which reacheth onely to some few , but for the strict holinesse and precisenesse of their lives alone , wherein they all accord . fourthly , the reason why men thus uncharitablie forejudge● all puritans for hypocrites , though they neither know their hearts nor persons , is onely this ; because they z see that holinesse , grace and goodnesse in them , which they finde not in themselves or others : and th●reupon to satisfie their owne selfe-condemning consciences , they censure all excesse of grace and holinesse as meere hypocrisie , for feare themselves should be reputed but prophane in wanting all those graces , those eminent degrees of holinesse wherein they excell . it was a true speech of an heathen orator : a an non hoc ita fit in omni populo ? nonne omnem exuperantiam virtutis oderunt ? quid ? aristides nonne ob eam ipsam causam patria pulsus est quod praeter modum justus esset ? certainly if the exuberancy of morall vertues have made heathens b odious unto vitious pagans , no wonder if the transcendent eminency of puritans graces procure the malice , the reproaches of all carnall christians , who being c unacquainted with the power of saving grace themselves , are apt to censure it as folly , hypocrisie or madnesse in all others : but yet this may be their comfort ; * cùm damnamur à vobis , à deo absolvimur . if any now reply , that puritans live not as they speake and teach ; therefore the world condemnes them for hypocrites and dissemblers : let seneca give them a satisfactory answer . * aliter , inquit , loqueris ; aliter vivis . hoc per malignissima capita , et optimo cuique inimicissima b platoni objectum est , objectum epicuro , objectum zenoni , omnes enim isti dicebant non quemadmodum ipsi viverent , sed quemadmodum vivendum esset . de virtute , non de me loquor . et cum vitijs convicium facio , in primis meis facio : cum potuero , vivam quomodo oportet . nec malignitas me ista multo veneno tincta deterrebit ab optimis . ne virus quidem istud , quo alios spargitis , vos necatis , ne impediet , quo minus perseverem laudare vitam , non quam ago , sed quam agendam scio , quo minus virtutem adorem , et ex intervallo ingenti reptabundus ●equar . expectabo scilicet , ut quicquam malivolentiae in●●olatum sit cui sacer nec rutilius fuit nec cato , &c. de alterius vita , de alterius morte disputatis ; et ad nomen magnorum ob aliquam eximiam laudem virorum , sicut adoccursum ignotorum hominum minuti canes , latratis . * expedit enim vobis neminem videri bonum ; quasi aliena virtus exprobratio delictorum vestrorum sit . inviti splendida cum sordibus vestris confertis , nec intelligitis quanto id vestro detrimento audeatis . nam si illi qui virtutem sequuntur avari , libidinosi , ambitiosique sunt ; quid vos estis quibus ipsum nomen virtutis odio est ? negatis quenquam praestare quae loquitur , nec ad exemplar orationis suae vivere . quid mirum ? cum loquantur fortia ingentia , omnes humanas tempestates evadentia : cum refigere se crucibus conentur , in quas unusquisque vestrum clavos suos ipse adjicit . non praestant philosophi quae loquuntur , multa tamen praestant quod loquuntur , quod hone●ta mente concipiunt . nam si et paria dictis agerent , quid esset illis beatius ? interim non est quod contemnas bona verba , et bonis cògitationibus plena praecordia studiorum salutarium , etiam citra affectum , laudanda tractatio est . quid mirum si non ascendunt in altum ? arduos aggressus virtutis suscipe : etiam si decidunt magna conantur . generosa res est , respicientem non ad suas , sed ad naturae suae vires , conari alta , tentare , et mente majora concipere , quam quae etiam ingenti animo adornatis effici possint . qui hoc facere proponet , volet , tentabit , ad deos iter faciet ; ne ille , etiamsi non tenuerit , magnis tamen excidet ausis . * vos quidem qui virtutem cultoremque ejus odistis , nihil novi facitis . nam et solem lumina aegra formidant , et aversantur diem ●plendidum nocturna animalia , qui ad primum ejus ortum stupent ; et latibula sua passim petunt , abduntur in aliquas rimas , timida lucis . gemite , et infaelicem linguam bonorum exercete convicio . instate , commordete , citius multo frangetis dentes quam imprimetis . it is true that the best of all c gods children have their weaknesses , their passions and infirmities , which they cannot wholly conquer whiles they continue here ; they have d flesh in them as well as spirit , which sometimes shewes it selfe ; they have e a dying body of sinne within them , which though it f raignes not in them as a king , yet sometimes it overmasters them in some particular actions as a tyrant ; g doe● but yet this frees them from hypocrisie . first , that they unfainedly h desire and endeavour to mortifie all their sinnes and lusts , and to be freed from them . secondly , they utterly i abominate and detest their sinnes , continually watching , fighting , praying against them , and labouring to destroy them . thirdly , when they fall into any sinne of infirmity out of humane frailty , k they condemne and judge themselves for it ; it is their greatest griefe and shame , and they goe mourning for it all their dayes , l loathing and abhorring themselves because they have thus offended . fourthly , they become more m vigilant against their sins and frailties for the time to come , binding n themselves by solemne vowes and covenants never to relapse into them more , o crying mightily unto god for strength to resist● and power to subdue them . fifthly , they p allow not themselves in one knowne sinne whatsoever ; they sinne not so frequently , in that manner as others doe , q keeping themselves innocent for the most part from great offences , and notorious sinnes , in which those who most condemne them wallow . lastly , they leade farre r holier and stricter lives than other men , they serve and honour god more than they ; they s love and feare god more than others , being farre more frequent , more constant in hearing , reading , prayer , meditation , fasting , and all holy duties , than those who declaime against them most ; and yet t they desire , they endeavour to be better and holier every day . therefore they are no hypocrites , as all antipuritans for the most part are ; who professe themselves christians as well as puritans , and yet live like pagans , like infidels in grosse notorious sinnes , without any shame or sorrow for them , or any warre against them , endeavouring not to t grow better than they are . for the second part of the objection ; that puritans and precisians are seditious , factious , troublesome , rebel●ious persons and enemies both to state and government : and that this onely is the cause why they are so much hated , persecuted , reviled . i answer , that this is an ancient scandall which hath beene alwayes laid upon the choycest saints of god from age to age ; whe●fore we may the lesse wonder at it now . for did not d pharaoh long agoe , thus censure moses and aaron , and thereupon drove them out of his presence as factions persons who did let the people from their worke , and stirre them up to mutinie ? did not e king ahab accuse the holy prophet eliijah as a troubler of israel , when as it was onely himselfe and his fathers house that did disquie● it ? and f did he not hate and imprison the good prophet micaiah as an enemie to him and his proceedings , because he alwayes prophecied truth unto him , and would not flatter him in his ungodly courses and humours ? did not that wicked g favourite haman , accuse the whole nation of the iewes to king ahasuerus , that their lawes were diverse from all people , that they kept not the kings lawes , and that it was not for the kings profit to suffer them ; and thereupon procure the kings letters to the lieutenants and governours of the people , that they might be destroyed ? did not h rehum and sh●mshai write letters to king axtaxerxes against hierusalem of purpose to hinder the building of it ou● of their malice ●o the pious iewes : that it was a rebellious and a bad citie , and hurtfull unto kings and provinces , and that they had moved sedition of old time in the middest thereof , for which cause it was destroyed : informing the king withall , that if the walls thereof were set up againe , they would not then pay toll , tribute and custome , and so the kings revenue should be endammaged ? and did not * s●nballat send his servant to nehemiah with an open letter in his hand , wherein it was written ; it is reported among the heathen , and gashmu saith it , that thou and the iewes thinke to rebell , for which cause thou buildest the wall , that thou maist be their king ? &c. was not the prophet i ieremy persecuted and imprisoned by the high priest , the prin●es and all the people , for a man of strife and contention to the whole earth ; as a professed enemie both to the king , the state , and all the people , for no other cause but this , that he faithfully delivered those displeasing messages which god enjoyned him to proclaime against them for their sinnes ? did not k amaziah the priest of bethel accuse the prophet amos to king ieroboam , for conspiring against him in the middest of the house of israel , and that the land was not able to beare his words ? which scandalons accusation not succeding , did hee not thereupon advise him , to flee into the land of iudah , and to eate bread and prophecie there ; charging him like an episcopall controller , not to prophecie any more at bethel , for it was the kings chappell , and the kings court , where he would have no faithfull prophets , no truth-telling sinne-rebuking c●aplaines come who knew not how to flatter . did not l the governours who conspired together against the prophet daniel , put in this information against him to king darius , that he neither regarded him nor his decree which hee had signed ; accusing him of disobedience● faction and opposition to his lawes and royall authority ? yea was not our blessed saviour himselfe , though he m payed tribute to caesar , injoyning all his followers , n to give unto caesar the things that were caesars ; being as free from all sedition or rebellion against princes as from all other sinnes ; accused , condemned as a seditious anti-monarchicall person ? did not the o whole multitude of the people with the chiefe priests and scribes accuse him before pilate , saying ; we found this fellow perverting the nation , and forbidding to give tribute to caesar , saying , that he himselfe was christ a king ? and did not they thereupon cry out against p●tate when as he sought to have released him , saying , if thou let this man goe , thou art not caesars friend , for he speaketh against caesar ? and if our most innocent saviour were burthened with these most false and scandalous reproaches of sedition , faction , treason and rebellion against caesar ; no wonder if * none of all his followers can be exempted from these calumnies : p for if they have thus falsely called the master of the house belzebub , how much more will they stile those of his houshold so ? the disciple not being above his master , nor the servant above his lord ; as himselfe doth argue in this very case . to confirme this further by some other pregnant examples . was not q st. paul himselfe , together with all the disciples and beleeving christians both at philippi and thessalonica , accused by the iewes and other lewd companions , as men who did exceedingly trouble the citty , and teaching new customes which it was not lawfull for men either to receive or observe ? that did all contrary to the decrees of caesar , and that they had turned the whole world upside-downe , insomuch that r their sect was every where spoken against ? did not the iewes cry out against this most laborious apostle st. paul , saying , s men and brethren helpe ; this is the man that teacheth all men every where against the people and the law and this place , and hath likewise defiled this holy place ; and did not all the people thereupon lay violent hands upon him , intending to put him to death , as a most seditious factious person . yea did not t tertullus the iewish orator , accuse him before felix , and the high priests & pharisees traduce him before festus , for a pestilent fellow , a mover of sedition among all the iews throughout the world , & a ringleader of the sect of the nazarens ? and yet who so free from sedition , fa●tion , rebellion or discord , as this most blessed apostle ; who commandeth u every soule to be subject to the higher powers : x to obey those who have the rule over them , and to submit unto them even out of conscience sake ? y who exhorts all men to make supplications , prayers , intercessions and thanksgivings for kings and all that are in authority : to z keepe the unity of the spirit in the boud of peace : to a marke those who cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine they had received , and to avoid them : b blaming the corinthians for their dissentions . besides this , doth not st. peter informe us , c that albeit the christians in his time had their conversation honest among the gentiles , submitting themselves to their governours , kings and lawfull ordinances for the lords sake ; yet the gentiles were alwayes speaking against them as evill doers , and falsly accusing their good conversation in christ , as if they were nought but seditious factious people , and rebels or enemies to governours and government ? to passe by d many notable texts of scripture which ratifie this notorious truth ; doe not e tertullian , f arnobius , g lactantius , h iustin martyr , i minutius felix , k st. chrysostome , with l all ecclesiasticall historians , both ancient and moderne , expresly informe us , that the primitive christians ( who were oft nicknamed by the ignominious titles of m galilaans , sibyllists , impostors , greekes , sarmentisij , semassij , biothonati , magitians , n ioannites , and the like , as they are now derided under the names of puritans and precisians ) though they were neve● detected of any tre●son , rebellion , mutinie , or sedition whatsoever ( the case of those whom men stile puritans and precisian● now : ) yet they were alwayes slandered , accused , traduced , persecuted as refractory , seditious , factious , mutineers ; as enemies and rebels to the emperours and governours under which they lived , and as the authors of all the mischiefes and troubles that hapned in the world ; by which false pestilent suggestions in the eares of princes , continuall bloody persecutions were raised up against these innocent lambes , who had no other offensive or defensive armes , but prayers and teares : and doe not the century-authors thence conclude evē for our present times ; o solenne est ut christianis crimina seditionis , blasphemiae , et lesae majestati● à persecutoribus affingantur , quibus tamen non sun● obnoxij ? doe we not likewise reade , that p athanasius , q basil , r nazianzen , s chrysostome , with sundry other ancient sinne-reproving , error-confuting bishops were accused of faction and sedition for ●pposing the sinnes and vices of the times ? and was not our owne worthy t bishop latimer , with other pious martyrs , accused , slandered as raisers of sedition , as factious , turbulent , and seditious persons , by those whose sinnes and errours they reproved , and that even in good king edward the ● his dayes ? survey wee all the fathers , all ecclesiasticall stories , we shall finde poore innocent peaceable harmelesse conscionable christians in all times and places , maliciously slaundered with the crimes of sedition , faction , rebellion , disobedience to princes and their lawe● , of purpose to make them odious both to prince and people , even without a cause ; u they being but as lambes in the very midst of wolves . and is it any wonder then● that puritans and precisians should suffer the very selfesame calumnies now ? alas what powder treasons , x what conspiracies have these poore play-condemning puritans and precisians hatched against king or state ? what rebellions have they raised ? what publike up●ores have they ever caused from the beginning of reformation till this present ? what treacheries , what mutinies are they guilty of , that they are thus condemned , as if they were as bad or worse than papists , priests or iesuites , ( for so some a●firme ; ) whose y very faith is faction , whose doctrine rebellion , and their practise treason ? certainly were these whom the dissolutenesse of the times now brand for puritans and precisians , though every way conformable to our churches discipline , such rebels , factionists , mutineers , disobedient antimonarchicall persons as the world conceives them , as papists , priests , iesuites , prophane & dissolu●e companions proclaim thē for to be , we should have seene some fruits , experiments and z detections of it ere this . but blessed be god , we have heard of no puritan treasons , insurrections or rebellions in our age ; and experience ( in despite of scandall and all lying rumours ) hath manifested , that these puritans and precisians are such persons as both a feare god and honour the king , though they oppugne the corruptions , sinnes , profanesse , and popish and pelagian errors of the times , with all such factious innovators , who either broach new heresies and superstitions , or revive olde . as for their loyalty to their prince , his power and prerogative , it is so apparant , that however papists and persons popishly affected , b now slander them as enemies to monarchie and princes prerogatives in words , ( to c take off this merited imputation from themselves ) yet they b●ame them even under the very name of puritans , as over-great advancers and chiefest patriots and propugners of monarchy , of princes supremacy , in their d printed workes ; none going so farre in suppressing the popes usurped authority , or e●larging the kings and tempora●l magistrates prerogatives and supremacy as they , as even the iesuite in his answer to deus et rex , hath proclaimed u●to all the world . let therefore the moguntine iesuites contzen disciples , ( following the desperate plot of their master , to cheat a protestant church of her religion● and to scrue in popery into it by degrees without noyse o● tumult , by raising slaunders upon the doctrines and persons of the most zealous protestant ministers and protestants , to bring them into the princes , e and peoples hatred , and thrust them out of office ) accuse puritans of faction , sedition and rebellion now , f without any ground or proofe at all as the pagans did the christians long agoe : or let the epicures and prophane ones of our voluptuous times repute them such , because they g wage warre against their sinnes and sinfull pleasures : yet now upon the serious consideration of all these premises , i hope their consciences will acquit them of these malicious slaunders , and readily subscribe to this apparant truth , that they are the holiest , meekest , and most zealous christians , and that they are onely hated and reviled for their goodnesse . h since therefore these play-censuring conformable puritans and precisians in their proper colours ( uncased of these odious persecuted termes of scandall , which represent them to mens fansies in a most ugly forme ; i there being never poore persecuted word , since malice against god first seized upon the damned angels , and the graces of heaven dwelt in the heart of man , that passed through the mouthes of all sorts of unregenerate men with more distastfulnesse and gnashing of teeth , than the name of pvritan doth at this day : which notwithstanding as it is now commonly meant , and ordinarily proceedes from the spleene and spirit of prophanesse and good fellowshippe , is an honourable nicke-name of christianity and grace ; as a worthy reverend divine observes : ) are the very eminentest , choicest , and most gracious forward christians , let us not thinke the better , k but farre worse of stage-playes , because they all abominate , condemne them , as all good christians have done before them : and if any have thus persecuted , hated , or reviled them out of ignorance or malice heretofore , let them heartily bewaile it , and give over now , l because it is not onely a kinde of sacriledge , but even an high indignity and affront to god himselfe , to hate , to slaunder , persecute or wrong his servants , especially for controlling us in our delights of sinne , of which these constantly condemned stage-playes are the chiefe . and for a close of this objection , and scene together , let us all remember that worthy sentence of st. hierom : m apud christianos , ut ait quidam , non qui patitur , sed qui facit contumeliam , miser est : and then these maliciou● calumnies against puritans and precisians will quickly vanish . chorvs . yov have seene now christian readers , the severall arguments and authorities against stage-playes , together with the ●lender apologies for them , which how poore , how illiterate and weake they are , the very meanest capacity may at first discerne . y i beseech you therefore by the very mercies of god , as you tender the glorie of almighty god ; the honour and credit of religion ; the happinesse and safety both of church and state ; the serious covenant you have made to god in baptisme ; z to forsake the divell and all his workes , the pompes and vanities of this wicked world , with all the sinfull lusts of the flesh ; whereof stage-playes certainly are not the least : as you regard that solemne confession you have publikely made to god , and ratified in the very sacred blood of the lord iesus christ , at every receiving of the sacrament ; a that you doe earnestly repent , and are heartily sorrie for all your misdoings ; that the remembrance of them is grievous unto you ; the burthen of them intollerable ; and that you will ever hereafter serve and please god in newnesse of life , to the honour and glory of his name : * offering and presenting unto the lord your selves , your soules and bodies to be a reasonable , holy , and lively sacrifice unto him : or as you respect your owne , or others soules , whom c your evill examples may leade downe to hell : that upon the serious perusall of all the premises , you would now at last abominate and utterly abandon stage-playes , as the very fatall pests both of your mindes and manners , and the most desperate soothing enemies of your soules , d as all ages , all places have found thē by experience . it may be some of you through e ignorance and incogitancy have formerly had good opinions and high thoughts of playes and players , ( as being altogether unacquainted with their infernall originall● and most lewd effects , which f i have here displayed to the full , and that made you so diligently to frequent them : ) let not this then which was only the ●in of ignorance , of weaknesse heretofore , become the g sinne of wilfulnesse , or presumption now : but as god by these my poore endeavours hath opened your eyes to see , so doe you pray unto him for strength and grace , to re●orme your ancient errour in this case of playes . h repent therefor● with teares of griefe , for what is past ; and then speedily divorce your selves from playes and theaters for time to come ; that as your consciences upon the serious perusall of all the premises , cannot but now subscribe to this strange paradox , ( as some may deeme it ) which i have here made good : i that all popular and common stage-playes , whether comicall , tragicall , satyricall , mimicall , or mixt of either : ( especially as they are now compiled and personated among us ) are such sinfull● hurtfull , pernicious recreations , as are altogether unseemely , yea unlawfull unto christians : so the lives and practise likewise may say amen unto it . so shall you then obtaine the intended benefit , and i my selfe enjoy the much desired end of these my weake endeavours , which was , which is no other , but gods owne glory , your temporall and eternall happinesse , and the republickes welfare : for which as i have hitherto laboured , so i shall now by gods assistance proceede to endeavour it in the ensuing part of this play-scourging discourse ; which now craves your favour and attention too . the second part . actvs primvs . if then all popular stage-playes , bee thus sinfull hurtfull , execrable , unseemly , unlawfull unto christians , as i have at large evinced in the precedent part of this my histrio-mastix , i shall thence inferre these . ensuing corollaries which necessarily issue from it . first , that the profession of a play-poet , or the composing of comedies , tragedies on such like playes for publike players or play-houses , is altogether infamous and unlawfull . secondly , that the very profession of a stage-player , together with the acting of playes and enterludes , either in publike theaters or private houses ; is infamous , scandalous , and no wayes lawfull unto christians . thirdly● that it is an infamous shamefull , and unlawfull practise for christians to be either spectators or frequenters of playes or play-houses . in briefe ; the very penning , acting and beholding of stage-playes , are infamous , unseemly , unlawfull unto christians , since playes themselves are so . to begin with the first of these● i shall for the better clearing of its truth and the avoyding of all mistakes , most willingly acknowledge . first , that as poetrey it selfe is an excellent endowmēt , p●culier unto some by (a) a kind of naturall genius ; so it is likewise lawfull , yea b usefull and commendable among christians , if righly used : as not onely the divine hymmes recorded in scripture , together with the famous ancient poëms of tertullian , arator , apollinaris , nazianzen , prudentius , prosper , and other christian worthies , with the moderne distiques of dubar●as , beza , scaliger , bucanon , heinsius , withars , hall , quarles , our late soveraig●e king iames , with infinite others ; but likewise the much applauded verses of homer , pindarus , virgil , statius , silius italicus , lucan , claudian , horace , iuuenall , and some parts of ovid , where he is not obscene , most plentifully evidence ; whose poëms are both approved , read , & highly magnified of all learned christiās , who both allow & teach them in their publike schooles . yea , were not poetrie and poets lawfull , we must then rase out of our bibles . acts . . cor. . . titus . , . where the sentences of menander , epimenides , and aratus , three heathen poets are not only recited but canonized too . if any desire any further satisfaction in this point which is so cleare , i shall onely referre them to tertullian ad vxorem lib. . to st. basil , de legendis libris gentilium oratio : to nicephorus callistus eccle●●asticae historae . l. . c , . to the ancient & moderne commētators on these texts ; to georg alley bishop of exeter , c) his poore mans librarie part . misellanea praelectionis . pag. . . & d. rainolds overthrow of stag●●playes p. , . who will abundantly satisfie them in this poynt . secondly , that it is lawfull to compile : a poeme in nature of a tragedie , or poeticall dialogue , with severall acts and parts , to adde life and luster to it , especially , in case of necessitie when as truth should else be suffocated . hence d nicephorus and cassiodor record of apolinaris the elder , that being inhibited by iulian the apostate to preach or teach the gospell , or to traine the christians children to learning and poetrie , he thereupon translated divers bookes of scripture into verse , and composed divers tragedies in imitation of euripides , and sundry comedies and lyricke verses in imitation of menander and pindarus , consisting only of divine arguments and scripture stories ; by which he instructed those to whom he could have no liberty to preach : the like did gregory nazianzen and others in the primitive church , upon the same occasion , having no other meanes to defend e or propagate religion with approbation or connivance but by such poëms as these . hence divers pious christians likewise in king henry the . and queene maries bloudy raigne , being restrained by superiour popish-powers to oppose received errors or propagate the truth and doctrine of the gospell in publike sermons , or polemicall positiue treatises , did covertly ven● and publish sundry truthes , yea censure sundry errors , and interpret divers scriptures in rimes , in comedies , tragaedies , & poems like to playes under the names , the persons of others , whom they brought in discoursing of sundry points of true religion , which could not else bee preached but by such poems as these , which the people gladly heard and read , and the magistrates and popish priestes conived at at first ; till at last king henry the . by the statute of . & . h. . c. . f and queene marie by her expresse proclamation in the first yeare of her raigne ( which the popish prelates did most strictly execute ) prohibited the setting forth or penning of any songs , playes , rimes , or enterludes , which medled with interpretations of scripture , contrary to the doctrine established in their raignes . g wherefore i shall here approve & not condemn , the ancient tragedy stiled , christus passus h falsly attributed to nazianzen ) wherein christs passion is elegantly desc●phered , together with bernardinus ochin his tragedy of freewil , plessie morney his tragedie of ieptha his daughter , i edward the . his comedie de meretrice babilonica , iohn bale his comedies de christo & de lazare , skeltons comedies , de virtute , de magnificentia , & de bono ordine , nich●laus grimoaldus , de archiprophetae tragedia , &c. which like geffry chaucers & pierce the plowmans tales and dialogues , were penned only to be k) read , not acted , their subiects being al serious , sacred , divine , not scurrilous wanton or prophan , as al modern play poëms are . thirdly , as it is lawfull to pen , so likewise to recite , to read such tragicall or comicall poëms as these , composed onely to be read , not acted on the stage . and in truth the tragedies , comedies and play-poëms of ancient times , as those of sophocles , euripedes , aeschylus , menander , seneca , and others , were onely read or recited by the poets themselves , or some others of their appointment before the people , not acted on the stage by players , as now they are ; it being a great disparagement to poets to have their poëms acted , as l horace m diodor●s siculus and n quintilian testifie . that these ancient comedies and tragedies were thus read or recited onely , not played or acted on the stage , is evident by the expresse testimonies of horace : sermo : l. . satyr . . & , epist. l. . epist. . & de arte po●tica lib. of iuuenall , satyr . . . & . of diodorus siculus . bibl. hist l. . sect . . p. , . of plutarch , de audiendis poetis lib. of plinie : epist : l. . epist : . epist : l. . epist. . l , . epist : . . l. . epist. . l. . epist. . l. . epist. . l. . epist. . of suetonius in his octauius sect . . of quintilian de oratoribus dialogus : . . . of polydor virgil , de invent. rerum , l. . c. . of scaliger poeticis l. . c. . of dr. reinolds , in his overthrow of stageplayes p. . of bul●ngerus de theatro . l. . c. . p. . a.b. with sundry others , who all give testimony to this truth . which takes of one grand obiection that players , and play-poets make to iustifie the acting , and penning of stage-playes ; that many good men have compiled playes and tragedies in former times , of purpose that they might be acted on the theatre ; when as in truth these playes of theirs were never acted but recited onely , they being composed for readers , not spectators , for private studies , not publike play houses , as our present stageplayes are . the sole controversie then is this ; not whether it bee simply unlawfull to penne a poëm in nature of a tragedie or comedie , which may be done without offence , in case it be pious , serious , good and profitable ; not wanton amorous , obscene , prophane , or heathenish , as most playes are now : but , whether the profession of a playhouse-poet , or the penning of playes for publike or private theaters , be warrantable or lawfull ? and for my owne particular opinion , i hold it altogether unlawfull , for these ensuing reasons . first , to be an inventer , a contriver of evill , scandalous , unprofitable or noxious things , is certainely unlawfull unto christians : witnesse rom. . , . psal. . . eccles : . . prov. . . c. . . and isay. . . but stage-playes ( as i have o already manifested at larg ) are evil , scandalous , unprofitable , noxious pastimes yea intolerable mischeifes both in a church or state. therefore the inventing and contriving of them must certainely be unlawfull . secondly , to be a compiler , an author of the certaine , the common occasions of much wickednesse , sin and lewdnesse , can be no wayes warrantable or lawfull : as is evident by by the thes. . . sam. . . and rom. . . but stage-playes ( as the p premises testifie ) are the certaine , the common occasions of much wickednesse , vice and lewdnesse : yea play-poets and play-poëms if q cornelius agrippa may be credited , are the very greatest entisements to all lecherie , bauderie , vice , and lewdnesse : vnde poetae inter lenones principatum facile obtinuerunt , quo suis lasciuis rithmis alijsque fabulis ac amatorijs bucolicis , praeceptiunculis , comaedijsque ex penitissimis veneris armarijs depromptis laesciuis carminibus , lenocinio functa , pudicitiam omnem subuertit , ac adolescentiae bonam indolem , moresque corrumpit . therefore to be an author , a compiler of stageplayes , can bee no wayes warrantable or lawfull unto christians . thirdly ; to foment men in their sinnes and sinfull courses , to uphold them in their ungodly professions , is without all scruple sinfull and unlawfull : witnesse tim. . . hab. . , . ezech. . , , . but the penning of playes for play-houses , foments men in their sinnes & sinfull courses : n it fostereth the spectators in their idlenesse , vanity , wantonesse , ribaldry , prodigality , lewdnesse , and the like ; it drawes them on to many other sinnes , which else they might eschewe : it supports all publike actors in their graceles , infamous , ungodly , lewd profession of acting , and others in their sinfull practise of beholding stage-playes : if there were no new playes to act or see , all players , all play-haunters would quickly vanish , the play-poet being the o prime mover in this infernal sphere of lewdnesse . therefore the penning of playes for play-houses , is without all question very unlawfull . fourthly to be a professed factor for the devill and his instruments ; to maintaine his p pomps & vanities which we have all renounced in baptisme , is sinfull and abominable : as the pet. . , . ioh. . . ephes. . , . c. . . & ioh. . . infalliblie evidence . but stage-poets are professed factors for the devill and his instruments q who are most honoured & delighted with them , now as well as heretofore ) and they maintaine ( yea forge and pen ) the very pompes and workes of the divell which we have all renoūced in baptisme ; for i have infalliblie proved r stageplays ( which they so seriously compile ) to be the devills pomps which wee protest against in baptisme : therefore the profession of a play-poet even in this respect , is sinfull and abominable . fif●ly for men to wast their wits , their parts and precious time ( with which they might and ought to doe god and men good service ) on amorous , filthy , wanton , ridiculous , vaine , prophane , unpro●itable , subiects , which tend not to gods glorie , to the good of men , or the peace and comfort of their owne soules at last ; is altogether unlawfull , see isay. . . psal. . . psal. . . sam. . . cor. . . rom. . , . cor. . . & . , , . eccles. . . luk. . , . pet. . , , . for proofe of this proposition . ) but those who penne playes for the stage ; doe wast their wits , their parts and precious time , ( with which they ought to do god & men good service ) on s amarous , filthy , wanton , ridiculous , vaine , prophane , unprofitable , ( yea sometimes on atheisticall , blasphemous , sacrilegious , diabolicall , detestable ) subiects , ( for such for the most part , are all our moderne playes ) which tend not to gods honor t but to his great dishonour , and the devils advantage : which bring no good at all , but exceeding much hurt and mischeife unto others : and no comfort , no peace , but horror and vexation onely to the soules of their composers , who have oft beene so terrified with the sad consideration of those infinite horid sinnes which their stage-playes have produced both in themselves and others , that it hath almost driven them to despair● , and drenched their soules in stoods of brinish teares to wash away their guilt of play-making : as the memorable example of x steven gosson , and the author of the third blast , of retrait from playes and theaters , besides a more bloody fresh example , most fully testifie . therefore the penning of playes for the stage is altogether unlawfull . sixtly ; for men y to bend their wits like bows for lyes , and lying fables● to corrupt and misrepresent true histories , and to make their braine a very forge for lying vanities , and old-wives fables ; is certainly unlawfull among christians , who must put away lying fables , and speake nought but truth : see ephes. . , . c. . , . tim. . , . and part . act . scene . p. , . accordingly . but play-poets thus racke and bend their wits like bowes for lyes and lying fables ; they corrupt and misrepresent true histories , and make their braines a very forge for lying vanities and old wives fables : witnes act . scene . p. , . with the authors there quoted : witnesse the common prouerbiall speech z permulta canunt mendacia vates , that play-poets broach verie many lies , that being no poëm in a socrates his iudgement , à qua abesset mendacium , in which there i● not some lye or other couched : witnes b lyes● or vaine common thrid-bare fabulous figments of stage-poets extolling vaine & idle things , with many words , as c philo iudaeus phraseth them . witnesse● the . blast of retrait from stage-playes , p. . which informes us : that the notablest liar is becom● the best poet : ●nd that he who can make the most notorious lye , and disguise falshood in such s●n● , that it may passe unperceived , is hold the best writer , for the strangest comedie brings greatest delectation and pleasure . yea witnesse our own experience , our moderne playes being nought but amorous ridiculous figments , lies & vanities , or sophisticated stories . the penning therfore of such stories as these must needs be ill . seventhly : that profession , or action , which hath no good warrant either from the practise of the saints ; or from the word of god , the square of all our lives and waies , and in the prosecution of which a man cannot proceed with faith , or comfort , nor yet ●eriously pray for , or expect a blessing from god● must questionles be unwarantabl●● unlawfull for a christian : witnesse , gal. . , , . c. . . psal. . . , . rom. . . cor. . . ehes. . , . psal. . , . . phil. . , , . but the profession of a play-poet , and the composing of playes for theaters , hath no warant at all either from the practise of the saints of god f among whom we read of no professed play poets or players of ancient or moderne times , but such onely who upon their true conversion & repentence renounced this their hellish lewd profession : nor yet from the sacred word of god , the square of all our lives and wayes ; in which i cannot so much as find one title , one syllable to iustifie either the penning or acting of a stage-play : so that a man cannot proceed on in them either with faith or comfort , nor yet expect or pray for gods blessing or assistance on his playes or studies , which serve onely to advance the divills service , and g foment mens lusts and vices . therefore the very profession of a play-poet , and the compiling of playes for theaters , must questionlesse be unwarrantable , unlawfull for a christian. lastly , that very profession & function which christians , which heathens , which even relenting play-poets themselves have censured , renounced , condemned , as sinfull and abominable ; must undoubtedly bee unlawfull for a christian : but christians , heathens , yea and play-poets themselves have thus censured , renounced , condemned the profession of a play poet , and the making of playes to furnish play-houses . witnesse all the fore-quoted fathers councels and christian writers , who in condemning playes , have censured their composers , not onely by consequence , but in h expresse termes too . witnesse the i athenians , and k solon , who inhibited the penning of comedies and tragedies : together with l plato & m tullie , who banished all playpoets out of their republikes , as the effeminaters , the corrupters of mens minds and manners , leading them on to a dissolute , sloathfull , vitious , voluptuous life : witnesse the n lacedemonians , & massilienses , who would never admit the penning or acting of comedies or tragedies ; together with * gorgias p horace and q iuuenall , who condemne the composing of playes for the stage , as a base unworthy thing , unfit for eminent poets : yea witnesse the constant practise of all players and play-poets in the r primitive church , who upon their true conversion to the faith , renounced these their lewde ungodly professions , and never returned to them more : together with the moderne examples of s aenaeas sylvius , and t theodorus beza , who publikely renounced , censured , and bewailed in their riper yeares those wanton amorous playes and poems which they had compiled in their youth● of u m. stephen gosson , & the authour of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters ; two eminent english play●poets who being deepely wounded in conscie●ce for those playes they had penned for the stage , thereupon abandoned this their hellish trade of play-penning , as incompatible with christianity or salvation , and by way of holy recompence and revenge , compiled * three memorable printed treatises against penning , acting and frequenting stage-playes , which now are extant to their eternall praise , and to the just condemnation of all those play poets which persevere in their relented and reclaimed steps . the penning therefore of stage-playes for the theater ( which hath no precept , no example for to warrant it in the scripture or in the primitive church ) must certainely be sinfull and unlawfull unto chr●stians . all which i would wish our moderne play-poets to consider . who being oft times men of eminent parts , and choysest wits , able pithily to expresse what ever they undertake : i shall onely say of them and their poëms as * quintilian doth of seneca & his books , multae in eo claraeque sententiae , multa etiam elocutionis gratia legenda ; sed in eloquendo corrupta plaeraque , atque adeo perniciosissima , quod abundant vitijs . velles enim suo ingenio dixisse , alieno iudicio , &c. digna fuit illa naturae quae meliora vellet , quae quod voluit fecit . and thus much for the first conclusion . actvs . scena prima . i proceed now to the second corollary , that the very profe●●iō of a stageplayer , & the acting of stageplays is base and infamous , yea sinfull and unlawfull among christians . first , for the infamie of stage-players and play-acting , it may be evidenced by these examples . first , they were infamous even among pagans and infidells : witnesse the ancient pagan romanes , who adiudged all actors , all stage-players infamous persons ; & thereupon excluded thē their temples , disfranchised them their tribs , as unworthy of their stock or kinred ; disabling them both to inherit lands as heires to their parents , or to beare any publike office in the common●wealth : as a livie b cicero , c valerius maximus , d aemilius probus e tacitus , f macrobius g suetonius , h gellius , i iuvenall , k tertullian , l arnobius , m augustine n cassiodorus , o tostatus , p agrippa , q alexander ab alexandro , r gothofrede , s arius montanus , t caelius rhodiginus , u barnabas brissonius , x budaeus , y dr. rainol●s , z and infinite others testifie . hence a nerva & pegasus pronounce● all such infamous , qui quaestus causa in certamina discendunt , et propter praemium in scenam prodeunt : hence also b praetoris verba dicunt : infamia notatur qui artis ludicrae pronunciandiue causa in scenam prodierit . infames sunt qui comicam artem exercent : which extends as well to voluntary as hired actors . and hence even by the municipall lawes of the ancient heathen romans as c vlpian & other civillians informe us , all stageplayers and actors were infamous persons ; and so disabled to beare testimony , to inherit lands , or to receive any publicke place of honour in the common-weale . and as these romans , even so the pagan grecians too ( who d hono●red stage-players at the first ) reputed thē infamous at the last , as e chrysosto● f volat●ranus , together with g plato & h aristotle informe us , and i agesilaus his answer to callipedes implies . secōdly , as they were thus k infamous among pagans , so much more are they among christians , as both l councels m fathers , n civilians , o canonists , p casuists , q schoolmen , r historians s divines , vnanimously testifie : heare bu● t arias montanus for all the rest , who informes us in expresse termes , that publicke dauncing or acting of playes for money or sport , is condemned as base● infamous , and unworthy any ingenuous person , not only by scripture & reason , but almost by all humane laws . et vocari fecerunt ( saith he ) simsonem ex domo vinctorū &c. nec ad digniorem et honestiorem agendam rem , quam ad ridiculum atque turpe de se spectaculum saltandrop aebendum inimicis , principilius , ac populo . qui legit intelligat ; publice saltantes ; et huiusmodi spectaculorum personas , ●urpitudinis atque infamiae nota inustas , et ratio ipsa , et antiqua jura * fere omnia volunt , divina vero lex minimè admittenda , sensuit , in vulgaribus etiam ac vilibus capitibus● nedum in honestioris ordinis atque census viris● nequ● vero tantum vl●●o non quaerenda & optanda , sed nec si inui●is fuerin● illata , ferenda esse censet &c. certe qui de virtute vera , ●leque corruptis hominum moribu prudenter locuti sunt , hujus generis actiones ingenuo homine iudignissimas duxerunt , vt ille de nero●e . u in scena nunquam cantavit orestes , haec opera , atque hae sunt generosi principis artes , gaudentis patrio peregrina aut pulpita sal●u prostitu● , graiaeque apium meruisse coronae ? which passage of his extends as well to masquers , or academical voluntary actors , as ●o common stage-players , they being both alike in●amou● in this authors judgement . how great this infamy of actors was among christians in the primitive church , and yet is , or at leastwise ought to be , with modern christians , will appeare by these par●iculars . first , it x excluded them from the church , the sacraments , & all christian society● making them ipso facto acting● witnes the severe imperiall edicts of valentinian valens and gracian , against male and female actors . y scenici & scenicae qui in ultimo vitae necessitate cogente interitus imminentis ad dei summi sacramenta properarunt , si fortassis evaserint , nulla posthac in theatralis spectaculi conventione revocentur : ante omnia tamen diligenti observatione tueri sanctione jubemus , ut verè et in extremo periculo constituti , id pro salute poscen●es ( si tamen antistites probant ) beneficij consequantur . quod vt fideliter fiat , statim eorum ad judices si in presenti sunt , vel curatores vrbium singularum desiderium perferatur , quod & inspectatoribus mis●is sedula exploratione quaeratur , an indulgeri his necessitas pos●at extrema suffragia : which edicts , exclude all stage-players from the sacrament , even when they lay vpon their death-beds , vnlesse they earnestly des●red it , and manifested such sincere repentance for their play-acting , as might in the magistrats or ministers judgement prepare and fit them to receive it . hence , z concilium eliberinum . can. . concilium arelatense . can● , . & . can. . concil . carthag . . can. . concil . constantinopolitanum . can. . . concil . hipponense . can , . concil . carthaginense . . can. . concilium africanum . can. . . & synodus augustensis . can. . expressly decreed ; that all stage-players shall be excomunicated , and debarred from the sacrament till they gave over their profession , & that upon their repentance they should be admitted to the sacrament & reconciled to the church . hence a clemens romanus . constit. apostol . l. . c. . tertullian de pudicita . c. . cyprian epist. l. . epist. . chrysostome hom. . de davide & saule , theodoret de martyribus . lib. tom. . p. . gratian distinctio . . & . & de consecratione distinctio . . expresly teach , that sage-players are to continue excomunicated and excluded from the eucharist , & all christian society , till they abandon playes and acting . and hence b ioannes . sarisberiensis de nugis curialium l. . c. . alexander , alensis summa theologiae pars . quest. . artic. . sect. . p. . aluarus pelagius de planctu , ecclesiae l. . artic. . f. . astexanus de casibus . l. . tit. . artic. . tostatus in math. c. . quaest. . c ioannis de burgo , pupilla oculi pars , cap. . l : photius monocanonis . tit. . ca. . . ioannis bertochinus de episcopis , tracta●us tract . part . f. . ● . . nichol●us plo●e , de sacr●menti● . ibid. pars . . f. . n. . stephanus costa. de ludo. tract . tract . part . . f. . . , . angelus de clavasio , summa angelica histrio . & infamia . baptista tr●●●mala summa rosella tit. adulatio . ioannis banghe●●ucius de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum lib. . ca. . d didacus de tapia in teriam partem divi thom● a●tic . . q●aest , vtrum sacramentum dari potest histrionibus . p. . . ( e ) paulo lanceletto , institutiones juris canonici lib. . ●it . de eucharistia . p. . . ivo carnote●sis , pars . decret . c. . & pars . c. . aquin. tertia parte , qu. . art. . iosephus angles flores theolog. qu. in . l. ● sent . pars . quaest . de suscipientibus eucharistiam . art , . conclus . . p. . . iacobus spielegius● lexicon juris civilis , & iohannis calvini lexicon juridicium , histrio● centuriae . magd : cent : . col . . bar●●ius & spondanus annal. eccl. an. . sect . , & . sect. . bulengerus de theatro lib. . ca. . the blast of retrait from playes & theaters . pa. . doct rainolds , m● northbrook & m. gosson in their treatises against stag●playes , ioannis mariana de spectaculis lib. with f sundry other schoolemen , canonists , and divines , expresly determine , that the eucharist or sacrament of our saviours body and blood , ought not to be administred to stageplayers● as long as they vse their detestable infamous v●christian art of acting playes , which excludes them from the sacrament , not only of the lords supper , but of baptisme too no g players , no play-haunters being received into the primitiue church● or admitted to the sacrament of baptisme , till they had renounced their acting & beholding of stageplayes , as the very pompes and inventions of the devill , as i haue elsewhere largely manifested . such was , such is the notorious infamie of acting playes , as thus to exile men frō the church , the sacraments and all christian society , and to make them excommunicate ipso facto ; an infallible evidence of its great vnlawfullnes . secondly , the acting of playes , disables players to receive any sacred orders , or ecclesiasticall preferments whatsoever ; no player being capable of any ministeriall , or epi●copall function ; hence augustine de ecclesiasticis regulis cap. . & out of him , * i●o carnotensis & * gratian , conclude ; clericum non ordinandū qui aliquādo in scena lusisse probatur : hence hierom● epi. . oceano , ca. . & anselme in epist. ● ad timotheum . c. . tom . . p. . write thus h non congruit , vt here in amphitheatro , hodie in ecclesia ; vespere in circo● mane in altario : dudum fautor histrionum , nunc consecrator virginum . hence pope gregorie the first , determines thus of stageplayers i illos qui in scena lusisse noscuntur non ordinandos censemus : all which extend to voluntary , as well as hired actors . hence tostatus abulensis informes vs , k histriones & qui adhaerent ijs sunt infames , nec possunt promoveri ad sacros ordines . hence l panormitan affirmes , histriones non possunt promoveri ad clericatum etiam peracta paenitentia , dummodo exercuerunt artem suam causa quaestus . hence m stephanus de costa , writes . histriones infames sunt , nec possunt ad ordines promoveri . hence n ioannes bertochinus propounds this question . quaero an histrio possit elegi episcopus ? & he resolves it thus : respondeo quod non , neque post peractam paenitentiam . quinimo histrio non potest corpus christi accipere , ratio est● quia est infamis notorie . hence o antonius de brutio avers : histriones non possunt promover● post paenitentiam , quia infames , nisi papa dispensarit : and he quotes gratian distinctio . . & causa . quaest. . to warrant it . all which p io●nnis de burgo our countrey-man , thus seconds . item mimi , histriones & huj●smodi non sunt ad ordines promovendi , nisi ex dispensatione papae , quia sunt infames . hoc intellige de his qui publice coram populo faciunt aspectum sive ludibrium sui corporis exercendo opus illud . si autem in occulto aliquis saltaret , vel huiusmodi opus facere posset , nihil ominus post peractam paenitentiam potest ordinari . vilitas enim personae est causa quare tales ab ordinibus repelluntur : for which he quotes extrauag . de vita est honestate clericorum : cum decorum in glos . * inno : &c. so that no academicall or private voluntary actors by the cannon law ought to be admitted to orders , before they have publikely repented and done some open pen●ance for this their private acting . the same we shall finde affirmed by aluarus pelagius : de planctu ecclesiae . l. . artic. . h. histriones ( writes he ) non promoventur ad clericatū : & in q sundry other canonists : yea the canon law is so strict in this , r that if any one married a woman actor , he could not be promoted to any ecclesiasticall living , or take orders upon him . thirdly , the acting of playes made players so infamous , that they could give no publike testimony between man & man● witnesse concil . africanum canon . . & concil . carthaginense . . can. . here p. . ioānes bertachinus repertorij moralis . pars . . p. tit. histrio ; angelus de clauasio , summa angelica . tit. infamia . adulatio , histrio , & testis : with s divers others . fourthly , it made players so execrablie infamous , that for a christian woman to marrie a stageplayer , was excommunication ipso facto : witnes , concilium eliberinum , can . . here p. . fiftly , the infamie of players was such , that they might lawfully be disinherited by their parents , and so might play-haunters too ; histriones enim sunt infames &c. et qui adhaerent mimis et histrionibus possunt exheredari &c. as tostatus informes us . t lastly , such is the infamie of play-acting , that our owne u statutes have branded players with the stile of rogues and vagabonds , making them liable to the stocks , the whipping post , and all other punishments to which rogues are subiect : which statutes if any actors thinke over rigorous ; let them remember that both x augustus caesar , and y tiberius , two heathen roman emperours , made stage-players liable to the lash , or bedles whip , ( a punishment suitable to such base idle rogues as they ) when as it was altogether unlawfull for any ingenuous roman to be scourged act. . , . & . . to . by all which testimonies together with that passage of tully concerning roscius the eminent roman actor , to whom * syla gave an annual pension and a ring of gold ; etenim , cum artifex ejusmodi est , ut solus dignus videatur esse , qui in scena spectetur ; tum vir ejusmodi est , ut solus dignus videatur qui eo non accedat : quid aliud apertissime ostendens , ( as * st. august : descants on it ) nisi illam scenam esse tam turpē , ut tāto minus ibi esse homo debeat , quāto fuerit magis vir bonus : it is abundandly evident , that stageplayers are most * infamous persons , and their very pr●fession most base and execrable both among pagans and christians . * neither is the art or publike profession of acting stage-playes vile and execrable onely when it is practised for lucre sake , but likewise the voluntary personating of them too for recreation or entertainement , especially in persons of ranke and quality . to instance in some particulars . first , it hath beene alwayes reputed dishonorable , shamefull , infamous , for emperors , kings , or princes to come upon a theatre to dance , to masque , or act a part in any publike or private enterludes● to deligh● themselves or others : hence z dion cassius a suetonius , b philo iudaeus with sundrie c other writers impu●e this as an inexpiable infamie to that monster and shame of monarches , caius caligula , d ( who w●s so farre beso●●ed , as not onely to drinke his horses incitatus health . &c. and to spend whole nights in beholding masques and stage-playes , turning night as it were into day ; but likewise by a publike edict to compell all the people to be present at his enterludes at his unseasonable houres , and to chop off the heads of such as either came not to them , or departed from them ere they were ended : ) quod procedente tempore et aurigauit et pugnauit , et saltavit , et tragaediam egit , semper haec tractans : et quod semel noctu primoribus patrum quasi ad necessariam deliberationem vocatis , coram saltav● , ac desaltato cantico abijt : which caused chaerea to conspire his death , and to murther him as he was coming out of the theater : which f dion cassius thus rela●eth . postquam vero saltare etiam et fabulam agere caius instituit , chaerea cum suis rem extra●endam porro non rati , observarunt e theatro exeuntem , ut pueros spectaret , deprehensumque in angiportu obtruncar●nt . an end most sutable to his vitious tyrannicall play-adoring life , which had quite exhausted the romane treasurie . we find this recorded to nero his perpetuall shame . g quod postremo ipse scenam inscendit , multa cura tentans cytharam et praemeditans , assistentibus familiaribus quod faeminarum illustrium senatorumque plures per arenam faedasset , et acriore in dies cupidine adigebatur promiscuas scenas frequentandi . nam adhuc per domum aut hortos cecinerat iu●enalibus ludis , quos vt parum celebres et tantae voci angustos spernebat . non tamen romae incipere scenas ausus , neapolim quasi graecam vrbem dilegit : inde initium fore vt transgressus in achaiam insignesque et antiquitus sacras coronas adeptus maiore fama studia ciuium eliceret , &c. h ibidem saepius per complures cantauit dies . neque eo segnius adolecentulos equestris ordinis et quinque amplius millia è plebe robustissimae iu●entutis vndique elegit , qui divisi in factiones plausuum genera condiscerent , operamque nauarent cantanti sibi insignes pinguissima coma , et excellentissimo cultu pueri , nec sine annulo laeues : quorum duces quadragena millia h s. merebant . etiam romae neroneum agens ante praestitutum diem reuocauit : nomen suum in albo profitentium citharaedorum iussit ad scribi sorticulaque in vrnam cum caeteris demissa , intrauit ordine suo● simulque praefecti praetorij citharam sustinentes , post tribum militum , juxtaque amicorum intimi . vtque constitit peracto principio , nioben se cantaturum per cluvium rufum consularem pronuntiavit , et in horam fere decimam perseveravit● coronamque eam , & reliquā certaminis partem in annum sequentem distulit , ut saepe canendi occasio esset . quod cum tardum videretur , non cessauit identidem se publicare . non dubitauit etiam priuatis spectaculis operā inter scenicos dare , quodā praetorum h s. decies offerente i tragaedias quoque cantauit personatus heroum deorumque , item heroidum , a● dearum personis effictis ad similitudinem oris sui , et faeminae , prout quamque diligeret : inter caetera cantaui● canacen parturientem , orestem matricidam , oedipodem excaecatum , herculem insanum . in quaefabula fama est tyrunculum militē positum ad custodiam aditus , cum eum ornari ac vinciri catenis , sicut argumentū postulabat , vid● r●t , accurisse ferendae opis gratia . mox ipse aurigare atque etiam spectari saepius voluit , positoque in hortis inter servitia et sordidam plebem rudimento , vniversorum se oculis in circo maximo praebuit , certamina deinceps obijt omnia . cantante eo , ne necessaria quidem causa excedere theatro licitum erat . itaque & enixae quaedam in spectaculis dic●ntur , et multi taedio audiendi ●audandique , clausis oppidorum portis , aut furtim dissiluisse de muro , aut morte simulata funere elati . k constitit plerosque equitum dum per angustias aditus & ingruentem multitudinem enituntur obtritos , et alios dum diem noctemque sedilibus continuant , morbo exitiabili correptos ; quippe gravior inerat metus si spectaculo defuissent , multis palam et pluribus occultis , vt nomina ac v●ltus , alacritatem , tristitiamque coeuntium scrutarentur . vnde ten●iorib●s st●tim irrogata supplicia , aduersus illustres dissimulatum ad presens , et mox redditum odium . interea senatus propi●quo iam lustrali certamine , ut dedecus averterit , offert imperatori victoriam cantus , adijcit facundiae coronam , qua ludicra deformitas velaretur . sed nero nihil ambitu nec potestate senatus opus esse dictitans , se aequum adversus aemulos et religione indicum meritam laudem assecuturum , * primo carmen in scena recitat : mox flagitante vulgo vt omnia studia sua publicaret ( hac enim verba dix●re ) ingreditur theatrum , cunctis citharae legibus obtemperans : ne fessus resideret , ne sudorem nisi ea quam indutus gerebat veste detergeret ; vt nulla oris vel narium excrementa viserentur . postremo flexus genu , et caetum illum manu veneratus sententias iudicum opperiebatur ficto pauore . et plebs quoque vrbis histrionum quoque gestus inuare solita personabat certis modis , pla●suque composito , cr●deres laetari , ac fortasse laetabantur per iniuriam * publici flagitij : so he stiles it . sed qui remotis èmunicipijs , seueramque adhuc , et antiqui moris retinentes italiam , quique per longas prouincias lasciuiae inexperti , officio legationum , aut priuata v●ilitate advenerant : neque aspectum illum tolerare , neque labori inhonesto sufficere , cum manibus nescijs fatiscerent , turbare●t gnaro , ac saepe a militibus verberarentur , qui per cuneos stabant , ne quod temporis momentum impari clamore , aut silentio segni praeteriret , &c. such was the playerlike citharedicall life of this lewd vitious emperour : which made him so execrable to some noble romanes , who affected him at first , before he fell to these infamous practises ; that to vindicate the honour of the romane empire , which was thus basely prostituted , they conspired his destruction : which conspirarie being detected , subrius flavius a chiefe captain , one of the conspirators , being demaunded of nero , for what reason he had thus conspired against him ? returned this answere l oderam te inquit , nec quisquam tibi fidelior militum fuit dum amari mer●isti ; odisse caepi postquam parricida matris et vxoris , auriga , histrio , et incendiarius extitisti . and sulpitius asper , a centurian , being demanded the like question , made this reply ; non aliter tot flagitijs eius subueniri posse . and when as some of these conspirators would have had piso to succeed nero in case their treachery had succeeded , flavius made them this answere m non referre dedecori , si citharaedus dimoueretur et tragaedus succederet : quia vt nero ●ithara , ita piso tragico ornatu canebat . all which , together with the satyricall invectiues of * inuenall and o others against this infamous playerlie emperor , are a sufficent evidence , what an ignoble shamefull thing it is for any prince or emperour to sing , to dance , or act upon a stage . hence p aelius lampridius , and eutropius in their commodus antoninus , and herodian historiae l. . & . p. . to . severely censure this dissolute emperour commodus● whom they and the people stiled , a gladiator , an actor on the stage : quod nudus ingressus amphitheatrum est , sumptisque armis numeros gladiatorios implebat &c. triste vero ( writes q herodia● ) romano populo spectaculum id visum , nobilissimum imperatorem , post tam multos parentis sui maiorumque triumphos , non quidem adversus barbaros arma capere militaria , vel romanorum imperio congruentia , se● amplissimam dignitatem , turpissimo faedissimoque cultu contaminare ; eoque tandem vesaniae provectus est , ut deserere principalem aulam atque in domicilium gladiatorium migrare institueret . neque se amplius herculem appellari patiebatur , adoptato nobilissimi gladiatoris nomine , qui jam vita excessisset : atque in basi simulachri colossei solis effigiem gerentis subscripsit , non quos consuesset imperatorios paternosque titulos , sed pro germanico , mille gladiatoru● vict●rem : to such prodigious degrees of basenesse of degeneracy doe dissolute princes come to by degrees , when as they once addict themselves to such infamous delights . these actions of his were so execrable to the senate , the common people , and to all his freinds ; that when as on the feast of ianus , r statuisset non quidem ex imperatorijs ( ut mos erat ) aedibus , sed ex ipso gladiato●rio prodire in publicum , deducente gladiatorum agmine in conspectu populi romani &c. martia his best beloved concubine , intellecto tam absurdo turpique consilio , primū orare multis lachrymis , supplexque ad genua accidere , ne aut romanum imperium contumelia afficeret , aut ipse vitam suā perditis ac deploratis hominibus tam periculose cōmitteret . sed cum diu supplicando nihil proficisse● , lachrymans discessit . ille praefectum exercitibus laetum nomine et electum cubiculi custodem , ad se accitis , parare iubet in ludo ipso gladiatorio , quo se dormitum recipiat , vt illic ad sacrificandum mane procederet , ac se armatum romano populo ostentaret . illi supplicabant et persuadere tenta●ant , ne quid imperio indignum faceret . but loe the desperate obstinacie of this wicked emperour ; ●ommodus id aegre ferens , eos quidem amandauit : reversus autem in cubiculum ad capiendum somnum ( nam meridie id facere moris habebat ) sumpto in manus libello , conscribit in eo quoscunque illa nocte interficere destinaverat . ex quibus prima erat martia , mox laetus atque electus : post hos ingens eorum numerus qui plurimum authoritatis in senatu obtinebant . * siquidem senes vniversos , & reliquos patris amicos tollere è medio ( quod graves turpium factorum inspectores habere puderet ) bonaque ipsa divitum d●largiri partim militibus , partim gladiatoribus decreverat , vt alteri se defenderent , alteri oblectarent . which booke comming to martia her hands , shee and electus with others , conspired to poyson him : which when they had effected ; all the people rejoyced , & ra● to their temples , to giue publick thanks● s vocerebant urque quidam , jacere tyrannum , pars gladiatorem , qui faelicitatem suam alijs in rebus studijs faedissimis contaminasset . which severall passages , are a most pregnant testimony , how infamous , how disgraceful a thing it is , for kings or emperours to turne actors , masquers , or gladiators on a stage , even in the very judgement of heathens , much more of christians . it is storied of antoninus the emperour to his deserved infamie ; * quod è syriae profectus , statim debacchari supra modum caepit , cultum patrij numinis , cui dicatus fuerat , celebrare supernacuis saltationibus , vestitum vsurpans luxuriosum : ad tibiarum et tympanarum sonum in publicum prodibat orgya numinis celebrans &c. from which maesa earnestly deswaded him ; ne spectantium oculos offenderet . ipse ver● identidem aurigans aut saltans conspiciebatur : quippe ne latere quidem sua patiebatur flagitia , procedens etiam in publicum * pictis oculis genisquepurpurissatis , faciemque suapte natura for mosam , indecoris coloribus inficiens . quod ammaduertens maesa , ac suspectans militum ob talem imperatoris vitam indignationem : persuadet leui alioqui stolidoque adolescenti , vt sibi consobrinum suum alexandrum adoptaret , et caesarem declararet , &c. postea igitur quam alexander caesar est appellatus volebat eum statim antoninus suis illis institutis imbuere , ut scilicet choros agitans saltansque , vestitu eodem atque artibus vteretur ; quem tamen mater mammaea a * faedis illis et quae imperatores dedecebant actionibus av●rtebat : atque omnium disciplinarum doctores clam accersebat ; modestiamque edocens , ac palaestra virilibusque gymnasijs insuefaciens , graecisque eum pariter ac la●inis literis instituens . quibus iratus antoninus magnopere indignabatur . quapropter omnes illius doctores aula exegit . quosdamque illustriores partim morte , partim exilio affecit ; ridiculas allegans causas , * quod filium ipsius corrumperent , eum neque agitare choros , neque ebacchari permittendo , sed ad modestiam componendo , et virilia officia edocendo . eo●ue vecordiae provectus est ut omnes scenicos artifices ac theatricos ad maximas imperij dignitates promoveret . quippe exercitibus saltatorem quendam praefecit , qui olim i●uenis publice in theatro operas dederat . alium item è scena , iuuentuti , alium senatui , alium etiam equestri ordini praeposuit . aurigis item et comaedis mimorumque histrionibus maximae imperij munia demandabat : seruisque suis aut libertis vt quisque turpitudine reliquos an●eibat , procurationes tradebat prouinciarum . ita rebus omnibus per omnem contumeliam et temulentiam debacchantibus , * cum caeteri omnes , tum imprimis romani milites indignabantur ; abominabanturque eum , vtpote vultum componentem ●legantius quam faeminam probam deceret : insuper aureis monilibus , mollissimoque vestitu ba●dquaquam viriliter ornatum , , saltantemque in conspectu omnium . quare propensi●res animos in alexandrum habebant , spemque meliorem in puero modeste et continentere ducato , &c. quae intelligens antoninus nihil non insidiarum alexandro matrique intendebat , &c. quod milites aegre ferentes , imperato●em e medio tollere turpiter se gerentem vellent ; quapropter ipsum antoninum et matrem soaemidem interficiunt , cumque ijs seruos ministrosque omnes scelerum . so execrable did his dancing , acting , effeminacy , & love of stage-players make him to all the senate , soldiers and people , that they thought him unworthy for to raigne or live , and at last dragged his carcase through the citty and cast it into the common iakes . it is registred among other of heliogabalus his lewd effeminate unworthy actions u quod agebat domi fabulam paridis , ipse veneris personam subiens , ita vt subito vestes ad pedes defluerent , nudusque vna manu ad mammam , altera pudendis adhibita , ingenicularet , posterioribus eminentibus in subactorem reiectis et oppositis . vultum praeterea eodem quo venus pingitur schemate figurabat , corpore toto expolitus ; ipse cantavit , saltavit , ad tibias dixit , tuba cecinit , pandurizavit , organo modulatus est . fertur et vna die ad omnes circi et theatri meretrices ( a good evidence that all whores , and few women else frequent these play-houses ) tectus cuculione mulionico , ne agnosceretur , ingressus &c. an aparant proofe , that an emperour dancing or acting a part in playes or masques even in his own private pallace is infamous , and his resort to playhouses more abominable . to passe by the censure of * philarcus & * athenaeus , upon lysimachus , who bring in demetrius thus usually speaking of his court. aulam lysimachi nihil differre a scena comica : to whom lysimachus replied : ego igitur meretricem exeuntem ex scena tragica non vidi . it is recorded to the shame of vitellius ; vitellio cogniti scurrae quibus ille amicitiarum dehonestamentis mire gaudebat . quantoque magis appropinquabat vrbi , tanto corruptius iter , mixtis histrionibus & spadonum gregibus , et caetero neronianae aulae ingenio . namque et neronem ipsum vitellius admiratione celebrabat sectari cantantem solitus non necessitate , qua honestissimus q●isque , sed luxu et sagina mancipatus emptusque . the like is storied to the infamie of * gallienus the elder , qui natus abdomini et voluptatibus . quod saepe ad tibicinem processit , ad organum se recepit , cum processui et recessui cani iuberet : et quod mensam secundam scurrarum et mimorum semper prope habuit . to which i may add that of saloninus gallienus ; y quod plura quae ad dedecus pertinebant ab eo gesta sunt : nam noctibus popina dicitur frequentasse , et cum lenonibus , mimis , scurrisque vixisse : and that of the emperour carinus too , z quod mimos vndique advocavit . exhibuit et ludum sarmeticum quo dulcius nihil est : donatum est et graecis artificibus , et gymnicis , et histrionibus , et musicis aurum et argentum : donata et vestis serica . sed haec omnia , nescio quantum ad populum ( writes vopiscus ) gratiae habeant , nullius certe sunt momenti apud principes bonos . dioclesiani denique dictum fertur , cumei quidam largitionalis suus editionem cari laudaret , dicens ; multum placuisse principibu● illos , causa ludorum theatralium , ludorumque circensium ; ergo ( inquit ) bene risus est imperio suo carus . all which is a convincing proofe , how absurd a thing it is for princes to * delight in playes or actors , much more to act enterludes or masques themselves , theopompus historiarium lib. ● & athenaeus dipnosph . lib. . c. . pa. . condemne king philip , qui cum thessalos prodigos esse cognovisset , atque omnino intemperantes , artibus omnibus illis placere studuit : nam et tripudiabat , et lasciviebat , omniaque praeter modestia● patiebatur . erat enim natura scurra , singulisque diebus ebrius &c. a polybius & athenaeus , severely censure antiochus the illustrious , whō they phrase the mad : quod vna cū recitatoribus ludebat , totusque velatus inferebatur a mimis , atque in t●rram deponebatur quasi vnus esset ex mimis . concinnitate deinde evocante , rex exiliebat , tripudiabatque et iocabatur cum mimis , ita vt omnes verecundia caperentur . ad res huiusmodi misoras inducit stupor is , qui ex ebrietate ●ascitur . yea b athenaeus taxeth straton king of sidonia for this very thing quod conventus cum tibicinis , saltatricibus ac cytharistis faciebat ; multasque amicas ex peloponeso accersebat , compluresque cantatrices ex ionia , atque ex vni●ersa graecia amicas puellas , quarū alias quidē saltantibus , alias canētibus amicis praemium certaminis proponere solebat , quibuscum etiam coire saepius delectabatur : cum vitae huiusmodi institutionem complecteretur , ipsa natura seruus erat voluptatum . by all which severall recited examples ( well worthy all christian princes consideration and detestation too ; de quibus nescio an decuerit memoriae prodi , as c eutropius writes of caligula his vices , nisi fort● quia iuvat de principibus nosse omnia , vt improbi saltem famae metu declinent talia : ) it is most evident : that it hath beene alwayes a most infamous thing for kings , and emperours to act playes or masques either in private or publike ; or to sing , or dance upon a stage or theatre ; or to delight in playes and actors . which assertion is likewise confirmed by plinius secundus panegyr : traiano dictus p. . . . here p. , . froysart his chronicle booke . cap. . fol. . . the generall history of france p. . gueuara his dial of princes l. . c. . to . d. rainolds his overthrow of stage-playes p. . to . & . to . arius montanus in lib. iudicum c. . p. . . & iuuenal satyr . by tacitus , herodian , suetonius polybius , athenaeus , flauius vopiscus , aelius lampridius , trebellius pollio , eutropius , corceius sabellicus , antoninus , grimston , in the lives of these fore-named emperours , and in the places quoted in the margent with d sundry others whom i pretermit . see here p. , , , , . to . & p. . the example of ptolomie , accordingly . secondly as it is absurd & most infamous for princes , so also is it for any magistrates , nobles , gentlemen , or persons of ranke or quality , to act a part in publicke or private on the stage . hence e cornelius tacitus writes thus of nero his times . sed faeminarum illustrium senatorumque plures per arenam faedati sunt . ratusque dedecus amoliri si plures faedasset , nobilium familiarum posteros egestate ●enales in scenam deduxit , quos fato perf●nctos , ne nominatim traedam , maiorib●s eorum tribuendum ●uto . nam et ei●s flagitium est qui pocuniam ob delicta potius dedit , quam ne delinquerent . notos quoque equites romanos operas ●renae promitter● subegit , donis ingentibus , nisi quod merces ab eo quii ubere potest , ●im necessitatis affert . ne tam●n adhuc publico theatro dehonestare●ur , instituit ludos i●uinalium vocabulo in quos passim nomina data non nobillitas cuiquam non aetas aut acti honores impedimento , quo minus graeci latiniue histrionis artem exercerent vsque ad gestus , motusque haut viriles &c. whereupon divers of the senators and people complained and cried out , proceres romani specie orationum et carminum scena polluantur , quid superesse , nisi vt corpora quoque nudent , et caestu aessumant , easque pugnas pro militia et armis meditentur &c. vid ibidē : which infamous act f suetonius thus expresseth , spectaculorum plurima et varia genera edidit , invenales , circences , scenicos ludos , gladiatorum munus : iuvenalibus senes quoque consulares anusque matronas recepit ad lusum . ludos quos proaeternitate imperij susceptos appellari maximos voluit , ex vtroque ordine et sexu plerique ludicras partes sustinuerunt . exhibuit autem ad ferrum etiam quadringentos senatores , sexcentosque equites romanos et quosdam fortunae atque eflimationis integrae ex ij●dem ordinibus , confectoresque ferarum et ad varia arenae ministeria , &c. which ignobl●flagitious ba●e practise of his & others , the poet iuvenal doth thus notably inveigh against . g at vos troiugenae vobis ignoscitis , & quae turpia cerdoni . volesos , bru●ósque decebunt . quid si nunquam adeò foedis , adeóque pudendis vtimur exemplis , vt non peiora supersint ? consumptis opibus vocem damasippe locasti sippaerio , ●lamosum ageres vt phasma catulli . laureolum v●lox etiam bene lentulus egit , iudiceme , * dignus vera cruce : nec tamen ipsi . ignoscas populo : populi frons durior huius , qui sedet , & spectat trisc●rria patriciorum : planipedes audit fabios ridere potest qui mamercorum alap●s , quanti sua funera ven●ant , quid refert ? vendunt nullo cogente nerone , ne● dubitant celsi praetoris vendere ludis . * finge tamen gladios inde , atque hinc pulpita pon● , quid satius ? mortem sic quisquam exhorruit , vt sit zelotypus thymeles , stupidi collega corinthi ? res haud mira tamen , citharoedo principe mimus nobilis , haec vltra quid erit nisi ludus ? & illic dedecus urbis habes , nec mirmillonis in armi● , nec clypeo gracchum pugnantem , aut falce supina . ( damnat enim tales habitus , & damnat & odit . ) nec galea frontem abscondit , movet ecce tridentem , postquam vibrata pendentia retia dextra nequicquam effudit , nudum ad spectacula vultum erigit , & tota fugit agnoscendus arena . ergo ignominiam graviorem pertulit omni vulnere , cum gracco iussus pugnare secutor . &c. an elegant description & demonstratiō of the infamie of such mensacting playes : which laberius an anciēt roman knight , drawne upō the stage to act a part by the hire & cōmād of nero , doth excellently descypher in this expression of his owne dishonor . h laberiū asperae libertatis equitem romanum ( writes macrobius ) caesar quingentis millibus invitavit , ut prodiret in scenam , es ipse ageret mimos quos scriptitabat . sed potestas non solum si iu●itat , sed etiam si supplicet , cogit . vnde se et laberius a caesare coactum in prologo testatur his versibus . necessitas , cuius cursus aversi impetum voluerunt multi effugere , pauci pot●erunt . quo me detrusit pene extremis sensibus ? quem nulla ambitio , nulla unquam largitio , nullus timor , vis nulla , nulla aucto●itas movere potuit in iu●enta de statu ; ecce in senecta vt facile labefecit loco viri excellentis mente clemente edito , submissa placidè blandiloquens oratio . etenim ipse dij negare cui nihil potuerunt hominem me denegare quis posset pati ? ego bis tricenis annis actis , sine nota , eques romanus lare egressus meo , domum revertar mimus . * nimirum hoc die vno plus vixi mihi quam vivendum fuit . fortuna immoderata in bono atque in malo , si tibi erat libitum literarū la●dibus floris cacumen nostrae famae frangere , cur cum vigebam membris praeuiridantibus , satisfacere populo , et tali cum poteram viro , non flexibilem me concuruasti , vt caperes ? nunc me quo d●ijcis ? quid a scena affere ? decorem formae , an dignitatem corporis ? animi virtutem , an vocis iocundae sonum ? vt haedera serpens vires arboreas n●cat ; ●ta me vetustas amplexu annorum necaet ; sepulchris similis , nil nisi nomē retineo . in ipsa quoque actione subinde se qua poterat vlciscebatur , inducto habitu syri , qui velut flagris caesus , praeripientique se similis , exclamabat . porro , quirites libertatem-perdimus● et paulo post adiecit ; necesse est mult●s timeat quem multi timent : quo dicto vniversitas populi ad solum caesarem oculos et ora convertit ; notantes eius impotentiam hac dicacitate lapidatam . a most pregnant evidence of the point in question . among the ancient romans as macrobius , cicero , seneca and others in their i forequoted passages witnes , it was an infamous thing for senators , knights , for men or women of quallity , or their children , to dance either in a publicke theatre , or at any private feasts : hence seneca thus complaines k cantandi saltandique obs●aena studia effaeminatos tenent : l hinc molles corporis motus docentium , mollesque cantus et infractos : sapientia vero animorum magistra , non indecoros corporis motus , ne● varios per tubam et tibiam cantus efficit , &c. hence m augustus caesar , quoniam equites et feminae illustres adhuc in orchestra saltaban● , prohibuit ne non modo● patriciorum liberi ( id enim antea cantum erat ) sed etiam nepotes eorum , quique equestris ●rant ordinis , amplius id facerent . in his actionibus legis●atoris augustus et imperatoris speciem nomenque ostendit . hence this is laid as a tax upon caligula , that in his presence , n patricij pueri troiam l●serunt . and her●upon o claudius his successor , to draw men from this infamie ; in orchestram introduxit inter alios viros etiam equites ac mulieres , quales caij principatu saltare solebant ; non quod ijs delectaretur , sed vt praeterita arg●eret . nam posthac certe nemo eorum in scena visus est dum claudius viveret ? pueri quoque quos ad pyrr●icam saltationem cains evocaverat , semel duntaxa●●a saltata civitate donati , ac ablegati sunt , alij deinde ex famulis claudij saltarunt : haec in theatro . yea such was the infamie of acting playes among the ancient pagan romans ; that even lewde * vitellius inacted this law : pollu●rentur● and plinius secundus in his panegyricall oration to traian , in the name of the whole roman senate & people , stiles the acting of playes ; p effaemin●tas artes , et ind●●ora seculo studia : which the whole roman nation did condemne . see here p. , . accordingly . to these severall recited pagan testimonies , i might accumulate , the forequoted evidences of the q praetor , budaeus , arius montanus , vlpi●n , aemilius probus , dio , * xiphilinus , dionyssius gothofredus , ioann●s d● burgo &c. together with the concurrent suffrages of lipsius saturnal . l. . c. . and of lubine caelius secundus , farnaby , and others in their commentaries and notes upon i●venal , satyr . who all affirme , the voluntarie descending of any persons of quality or ranke upon the stage ( * etiam ●t sine praemio ) to act a part even without reward or hire , to be infamous and absurd : but our learned dr. rainolds in his overthrow of stage-playes p. . to . & . to . and in other pages of that discourse , hath proved this point so fully , that i will here proceede no further in it . thirdly , it is altogether infamous , yea unlawfull , for any clergie-men whatsoever or their children , and for any who intend to enter into orders , either voluntarily or compulsorily , for reward or without reward , to act a part upon the stage , either in any publicke or private enterludes . hence the r councel of carthage , anno. dom. . can. . decrees : that sonnes of bishops and cleargie men ( much lesse then they themselves ) should neither exhibit , act or behold any secular enterludes : hence also the . councell of carthage : can. . . . the . coun. of s carthage , can : . the . coun. of constantinople , can . . . . the . synod of towers , can . . . the . synod of cabilon , ca● . the coun , of mentz an. . can . . the coun. of paris , an. . can . . the synod of mentz under rabanus : can . . the coun. of nants , quoted by gratian : distinct . her . p. . the coun. of gants , an. . here . p. . the synod of lingres , an. . her . p. . . the councel of toledo , an. . here . p , . . the synod of seine , an. . here . p. . the synod of chartres , an. . here p. . . the coun. of seine , an. . can . . here p. . the synod of heidelsheim an. . can . . here p. . the councel of triers an. . here p. . the synod of mentz , an. . can . . here p. . . the coun. of paris : . here p. . the councell of trent . sess. . de reformatione can. . here p. . the councel of millaine . here p. . the councel of burdeaux an. . here p. . . the councel of biturium an. here p. , . the synod of aquin. an. . here p. . the councell of tholoose : an. . and sundry other forementioned councells act. . scene . together with t sextus , odo parisiensis , and pope pius the . ivo carnotensis decret . pars . cap. , . . pars . cap. , , , , , . hostiensis summa l. . tit. de clerico venatore fol. . summa angelica ludus , have possitiuely prohibited all sorts of clergie-men whatsoever * from dancing● from acting ( and which is farre more strict , even from * beholding ) stage-playes or any such ioculatorie enterludes , either in publicke or private ; which resolutions and decrees of theirs , are abundantly ratified by the concurrent suffrage of all the u forequoted canonists and civilians on which you may reflect . yea such is the rigidnesse of the canon-law in this particular ; than it makes not onely all professed stageplayers , but likewise all schollers and others who have voluntarily acted any part in publicke or private enterludes , uncapable of any ecclesiasticall orders or preferments , till they have done publicke pennance , and openly manifested their serious repentance for the same ; as our owne famous english canonist x ioannis de burgo , chanceller of the vniversitie of cambridge in henry the . his raigne ( the onely ancient extant writer of that vniversity before henry the . his dayes , which i have hitherto met with ) * with others , expresly testifie in their forementioned passages . and hereupon ioannis langhecrucius a famous popish canonist and divine , in his treatise de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum . l. . after he had largely proved in the . & . chapters of that booke , that clergie men ought not to act or see any stage-playes or enterludes ; in the . chapter he propounds this question ( which naturally comes here to be discussed from the premises ; ) whether schoolemasters or their schollers may at this day act any cōedies , tragaedies or other stagplayes ? y and he resolves it negatively that they may not doe it , whether these masters or scholers are such as are already admitted , or as yet not entred into clericall orders : z verū si quis in terroget ( writ he ) anne ludimagistri possint per discipulos suos cōaedias et tragaedias aliosue ludos scenicos agere ? respōdendū videtur , quod si praedicti ludimagistri , eorūve discipuliclericali tōsura insigniti sint , eos non posse , vt per supradicta pat et . quia jure canonico expresse cautū est , vt clerici mimis ioculatoribus et histrionibus non intendant . verum si discipuli non sint tonsurati , nec illis quidem permittendum hoc videtur , ( pray marke it ) praesertimsi lascivi vel prorsus profani sint , cū ab illis * christiana religio eos prohibeat . nam cum paruuli qui succrescentes in maiorum suorum locum in reipublicae tam ecclesiasticae quam secularis administratione succedant , * consequēs sit , ab ipsis prane ac nequiter institutis reip●b : perniciē imminere ; idcirco summopere refert , vt pueritia , quae seminarium est omnium rerum publicarū in timore domini , verecundia , pudicitia , et bonis disciplinis edoceatur , prout supra ex ss . con●ilio tridentino demonstratum fuit . a divus enim cyprianus , consultus quid sibi videretur de histrione quodam , an talis deberet communicare cum catholicis , qui adhuc in in eiusdem artis suae dedecore perseuerabat ; respondit his verbis : puto ego nec maiestati divinae , nec evangelicae disciplinae congruere , vt pudor ●t honor ecclesiae , tam turpi et infami contagione faedetur , &c. nec excusetse quispiam , si à theatro ipse cessaverit cum tamen hoc caeteris doceat . non potest enim uideri cessasse , qui vicarios substituit , et qui pro se vno plures succedaneos suggerit , contra institutionem dei , erudiens et docens quem admodum masculus frangatur in faeminam , et sexus arte mutetur , et diabolo divinum plasma maculanti , per corrupti at que ener nati corporis delicta placatur , &c. * then he quotes the forementioned passage of st. cyprian to donatus epist. l. . epist. . to iustifie this his answer : after which he thus proceeds . deinde in aecumenica synodo sexta , quae fuit constantinopolitana . canon . statutum est : vt nullus vir muliebri veste induatur , nec mulier veste viro conveniente ; sed nec comicas , nec tragicas nec satyricas personas induant . qui secus fecerit , si clerici sint , deponantur ; si laici , segregentur à communione : ( which canon prohibites all manner of persons whatsoever , whether laymen or clergiemen , from acting any sort of enterludes , be they comedies , tragaedies or satyrs ) quare piè et rectè a provinciali synodo mechliniensi statutum fuit ; vt illi auctores , qui per gentilitatē aut turpes amores iuuenum mores * corrumpere possent à scholis arceantur ? et vt non solum è templis et locis sacris , verum etiam è domibus et hortis ecclesiasticorum tollantur imagines , sculpturae , aulaea , quae gentilitatem , aut mendaces ethnicorum fabulas , satyrorum , faunorum● sy●enarum , terminorum ac nympharum , ac id genus alia repraesenta●t : ( which are the commonnest representations in all masques and stage-playes : ) similiter quaecunque figurae lasciu● , procaces , et ob pudendam nuditatem vel alias tam obscenae , vt pios mentes offendant , et superstitiosae , qui fidelium mentes à religione et devotione distrahunt et saepius graviter offendunt . then hee quotes the b forementioned cano●s , prohibiting childrens acting of playes in churches upon innocents day : together with the canons of the councell of millaine ; c from all which he truely and positively concludes : that it is unlawfull for schoolemasters or their schollers , to act any comedies , tragedies or other stageplayes . and shall protestants then allow of that which the very papists condemne ? god forbid . from all which premises thus layd together , wee may quickly lear●e what to judge , not onely of the perso●ating of all private and publick masques and mummeries , which are now to frequent , but likewise of the acting of * academicall enterludes , by vndergraduates , graduates , deacons , and sometimes young divines ; which playes are commonly as scurrilous , as prophane as scandalous , as invectiue against religion and the professors of it , as experience witnesseth , as any that are acted in our standing play-h●uses . certainly whatever the error , the corruption of the times may judge ; yet the fore-aleaged * councels , fathers , authors doome the acting , ( yea the very beholding of such academicall e●terludes , especially by clergie-men , who are now to forward to pen , to act and see them● whereas d above . severall councels have possitively decreed , that they ought not to be present at any such playes or e●terludes ) to bee both scandalous and infamous , not onely in the repute of christians , but of pagans too , especially of the anciant pagan romans ; in scenam enim pr●dire et populo esse spectaculo * nemini in graecis gentibus fuit turpitudini : quae omnia apud romanos , partim infamia , partim humilia , atque ab honestate remot● ponuntur , as e aemilius probus writes . and ca● any gentlemen or schollers whatsoever , thinke this an honor to them , to be excellent actors , masquers or dancers , in any academicall enterludes , which the very heathe● ( besides , councels , fathers , and christian authors ) haue long since sentenced as their shame ? doubtles no ingenuous christian ought to be so stupid● so prophane or gracelesse , as to harbour any such conceit within their breasts . and here that i may not to farre digresse into a large discourse against academicall or private enterludes since i have beene so over●eedious against popular , i shall onely commend these three considerations to the readers , a●d all academicall actors consciences . first , that the fathers , the primitiue christians , the fore-recited councels , and pagan authors , never made , nor knew of any such novell distinction as ●his , of popular & academicull enterluds , but condemned all playes alike , as well those in f private houses , as in publike theators , as well those that were acted by voluntary as by hired and professed actors , both which they reputed infamous , as i haue here largely manifested . secondly that all , at leastwise most of all the arguments , the authorities here produced against popular stage-players , stand firme against academicall too , there being no other difference betweene them that i know , but this ; that the one ●re m●re frequent , m●re publike then the other : their materials , circumstance● , concomitants , and manner of acting . being g for the most part both alike , and their original too . thirdly , that academicall enterludes are in this regard farre worse then popular , in that they give a kind of authoritie , and justification to publike enterludes actors , and play-haunters , o●r common players and playhaunters alleaging the exampl●s of our vniversity enterludes as their cheifest agument , their best apologie both for the vse and lawfullnesse of publicke stage-playes , as present experience manifes●s : and in that their h example , their scandall is farr worse then that of popular stage-playes , and so apt to doe more harme , by increasing the number both of popular players and actors , and hardning them in the love , the practise of acting and frequenting playes ; because the persons who commonly act , behold and pen them being schollers and divines ( who should be i patternes of piety , gravity , sobriety and right christian conversation unto others ) are of farre better education ranke and qua●lity , in regard of their professions , and of the vniversities thēselves in which they live , ( they being the very eyes and lampes , the seminaries and nurseries of our iland , where youth are vsually either made or marde for ever , to the great publike good or hurt ) then either the penners , or actors , of our common enterludes , who are k ordinarily men of meanest quallity & lewdest conditions , even such as our l owne statutes brand for rogues . which three considerations added to all the premises , to page . . . & to doct. reynolds his learned over-throw of stageplayes , ( where he hath professedly proved , academicall stageplayes as w●ll as popular , to be unlawfull , mauger all doct. gagers , or doctor gentiles their slen●er cavils and objections to the contrary , which are there so solidly answered , that they were inforced to yeeld their cause● m doct gager subscribing at last unto d. reynolds his judgement ; ) will be a sufficient evidence , to convince the vnlawfulnes of academicall enterludes , and the n infamie of such as shall presume to act thē ; a●l voluntary , hyred , or professed actors of academicall , of common stageplayes being infamous persons , as the foregoing authorities , largely testifie i shal therfore here cōclude this scene , * with that excellent passage of cornelius agrippa , of the infamie of acting & frequenting stagplayes , proinde exercere histrinicā , non solū turpis et scelesta occupatio est , sed etiā conspicere et dilectari flagitiosum : siquidem et lasciuientis animi oblectatio cadit in crimen . nullū denique nomen olim fuit infamius , quam histrionum , et legibus ipsis arcebantur ab honoribus , quicunque fabulam saltassent in theatro . and thus much for the infamie of acting stageplayes : a good prologue or introduction to the unlawfulnes both of the profession of stage-players and of acting playes , which i shal next discusse . scena secvnda . in the handling of which subiect , i shall first of all briefly evidence , that the profession of a player , and the acting of stage-playes are unlawfull . secondly , i shall lay downe the severall groundes and reasons of their unlawfullnesse . for the first of these , i shall need to vrge no more but these ten arguments first . that which hath ever been infamous , scandalous and of ill report , both among christians and pagans to , must questionlesse be sinfull , unlawfull unto christians , who are to follow things only of good report , and to provide things honest in the sight of all men , giving no offence , either to iew or gentile , or to the church of god. . tim. , . . pet. . . . . c , . . . phil. , . . . rom. , . c. . . . cap. . . cap. . . . cor. . , , . ephes. . . but the professiō of stagplayers , & the acting of playes either in publike or private , have been ever infamous , scandalous , and of ill report , both among christians and pagans , as the foregoing scene demonstrates . therefore it must questionlesse bee sinfull , unlawfull unto christians . secondly . if those who have acted stage-playes , have all wayes beene banished , excluded and cast out of the common weale , and made uncapable of any honor , or promotion , by christian by pagan republiques , emperors , kings , magistrats , if they have bin excommunicated both from the word , the sacraments , the societie of christians , & disabled to give any testimony , or to take any ecclesiasticall orders or promotions upon them , by the solemne resolutions , constitutions and decrees , of councels , fathers , and the whole primitiue church , even for their very play-acting ; which thus debarred them from all the priviledges both of church and common weale , then certai●ely the profession of a stage-player , together with the acting of playes , is unbeseeming and unlawfull unto christians , see p. , . but those who acted playes , have alwayes thus beene handled : as being altogether unworthy of any privileges of church or cōmon weale ; witnes the examples of plato , aristotle , the massilienses , lacaedemonians , iewes , auncient germaines , tiberius , augustus , nero , traian , marcus aurelius , constantine , trebonius rufin●s henry the third , philip augustus , and others forecited ; who excluded players and play-poets out of their republikes , and banished them their dominions : ( to which i might adde * lewis the . surnamed the godly , who made divers good laws against dice-houses , players , playes and other en●rmities ) witnesse the forealeaged councels , fathers and primitive church , & christians who excommunicated al stage-players & actors from the word , the sacraments and all christian society ; disabling them to give any publike testimony , or to take any ecclesiasticall orders and preferments &c. even for their very acting of stage-playes : see part . act. . scene . act . scene . act. . scene . , . and the next fore going scene , where all this is largely manifested . therefore the profession of a stage-player , together with the acting of stage-playes , is unbeseeming and unlawfull unto christians . thirdly : ●he profession , the action of any unlawfull scandalous or dishonest sports , cannot but bee unlawfull , especially unto christians , who must absteine , not onely from all evill things , but likewise from all appearance of evill : thes. . . see here part . act. . scene . act. . scene , , . & act. . scene . accordingly . but stageplayes as the premises prove at large , are unlawfull , scandalous and dishonest sports . therefore their action cannot but be unlawfull , especially unto christians . fourthly . that profession which hath neither gods word for its rule , nor his glorie for its end , must certainely be unlawfull unto christians ; witnesse , psal. . . . gal. . . cor. . . c. . . pet. . . which informe us , that gods people must make his word the square , his glory the cheife and onely end of all their actions . but the pro●ession or art of acting playes , hath neither the word of god for its rule ( there being neither precept nor example in all the scripture for to warrant it , but many texts against it : see here p. . to . & . to ; ) nor yet the glory of god for its end , as i have here largely manifested , p. . to . & f. ● . to . therefore it must certainely bee unlawfull unto christians . fiftly , that art or trade of life , in which men cannot proceed with faith or comfort , & on which men cannot pray for or expect a blessing from god , must questionlesse be unlawfull unto christians : witnesse , rom. . . psal. . , . phil. . . . . iohn . . neh. . . c. . . psal. . . but in this art or trade of acting playes , men cannot proceed with faith or comfort , because it hath no warrant from the word , the * rule of faith ; nor from the spirit , the efficient cause of faith ; nor from the church or saints of god , * the houshold of faith : neither can men pray for or expect a blessing from god upon their playacting ; * it being a calling of the very * divels institution , not of gods appointment ; a calling not authorized by the word of god , and therefore no wayes intitled to the blessing of god : a profession i dare say , on which the very professors themselves , could never heartily pray as yet for a blessing ; neither doe or can those pious christians which go by whiles they are acting , say , * the blessing of the lord be upon you , wee blesse you in the name of the lord. a profession which hath oft times drawne downe the very vengeance and curse of god on many who have practised or beheld it , see here f. . to . therefore , it must questionlesse bee unlawfull unto christians . sixtly . that calling or profession in which a man cannot attribute his gaines to the blessing and favour of god ; so as to say , it is god that hath blessed mee in this my honest vocation and made me rich ; and for his gaines and thriving in which hee cannot render any thanks & prayse to god ; must doutblesse be an ungodly calling and profession , not lawfull among christians : witnes prov : . . gen. . . . chron. . . eccles. . . matth. . . . psal. . , . , . acts . , . tim. . , . & phil. . . but players cannot attribute or ascribe their gaines to the blessing and favour of god ; it being but * turpe lucrum , dishonest filthy gaine , much like the * hire of an harlot : neither can they render true praise or thankes to god for what they gaine by acting , because they have no assura●ce that it proceedes from his good blessing , on this their lewde profession . therefore it must doutlesse bee an ungodly calling and profession , not lawfull among christians . seventhly . that profession towards the maintenance of which , a man cannot contribute without sinne , and sacrificing to the devill himselfe , must questionlesse bee unlawfull unto christians ; see cor. . , , . rom. . , . iohn , . but no man can contribute towards the maintenance of stage-players , as stageplayers , with out sinne , without ●acrificing to the very devill himselfe : for histrionibus dare imman● peccatum est : & histrionibus dare , est daemonibus immolare ; as st * augustine , * raymundus , and sundrie others testifie : see here p. , , . . . & . therefore it must questionlesse bee unlawfull unto christians . eightly . that calling or profession which altogether indisposeth and unfits men for gods worship & service , and for all religious duties , must necessarily bee sinfull and unsu●able unto christians : see luke . , . hebr. . . & matt● . . , . act. . , . iam. . . pet. . , . but the profession of playacting doth altogether indispose , and unfit men for gods worship , his service , for the hearing of his word , the receiving of his sacraments , ( from which all players were excomunicated ) & from all other religious duties : see here p. . to . & fol. . to . & p. . to . therfore it must necessarily be unlawfull unto christians . ninthly . that profession which is pernicious and hurtful both to the manners mindes and soules of men , and preiudiciall to the church , the state that suffers it must certainely bee unlawfull , intolerable among christians : see here p. , . & ioh. . . but the profession of acting playes is pernicious both to the manners mindes and soules of men , of actors & spectators , & preiudicial to the churches and states that suffer them : witnesse : page . to . therefore it must certainely be unlawfull , intollerable among christians . lastly . that calling which the very professors of it upō their conversion & repentance have vtterly renounced with shame , and highest detestation , as altogether incompatible with christianity , piety or salvation● must certainely be sinfull and utterly unlawfull unto christians : see rom. . , . but sundry professed actors and stage-players both in the primitive church and since , upon their true conversion and repentance , have vtterly renounced and given over their profession of acting playes , with soule confounding shame and highest detestation , as altogether incompatible with christianity , piety , or salvation : see here p. . fol. . . . . p. . to . . & . therefore it must certainely be sinfull and altogether unlawfull unto christians . and that upon these severall grounds which is the second thing . first , in regard of the parts & persons that are most usually acted on the stage : which are for the most part p devills , heat●en idoll gods and goddesses , satyrs , syluanes , furies , fayries , fates , nymphes , muses , & such like ethnicke idolatrous figments , which christians should not name or represent : or else adulterers , whoremasters , adulteresses , whores , bawdes , panders , incestuous persons , sodomites , parricides , tyrants , traitors , blasphemers , cheaters , drunkards , parasites , prodigals , fantastiques , ruffians , and all kinde of vitious godlesse persons ; whose very wickednesses are the cōmon subiect of those stageplayes which men so much applaud : and if the persons of any magistrates ministers or professors of religion are brought upon the stage ( as now too oft they are ) it is q onely to deride and jeere them , for that which most commends them to god and all good men . the parts and persons therefore of stage-playes being such , the represention of thē on the stage must needs be ill , as i have largely proved : pag. , , . . to . &c. secondly , in respect of the subiect matter of stage-playes q which is either prophane or heathenish , fraught with the names , the histories , ceremonies , applauses , acts and villanies of pagan idols : or ribaldrous , wicked , & obscene , consisting of adulteries , whoredomes , rapes● incests , treasons , murthers , sollicitations to lewdnesse , ribaldrie , bawdrie , treacherie , prodigious periuries , blasphemies , oathes , execrations , and all kindes of wickednes : or impious and blasphemous , abusing scripture , god , religion , grace , and goodnesse : or satyricall , slanderous , and defamatorie ; or vaine and frothy at the best , full of amorous , effeminate wanton dalliances , passages● pastorals , or of idle words & actions . all which can neither be uttered nor acted , without sinne and shame , as i have more largely proved , act. . & . throughout ; and as r tertullian s chrysostome t cyprian u lactantius , x saluian , y northbrooke , z gosson , a stubs , b doct. reynolds , and c others witnes ; because such things as these , d ought not to be named , much lesse then personated , among christians : they are evill in their owne nature , their representations therefore , being the e appearances of evill , which christians must abstaine from , cannot be good . thirdly , in regard of the very manner of acting playes , consisting of sundry particular branches , which i have at large discussed act. . scene . . . . . , . . &c. on which you may reflect , and therefore shall passe more breifly over them now , reciting only some passages , some authorities that i there omitted . the first considerable particular in personating of stage-playes , is the hypocrisie of it , in counterfeiting not onely the habits , gestures , offices , vices , words , actions , persons , but even the gestures and passions of others , whose parts are represented ; which i have proved hypocrisie , act. . scene . p. . to hence f philo iudaeus compares hypocrites and secret enemies unto stage-players : tanquam in theatro personatos sub alieno habitu tegentes veram faciem : hence g athanasius stiles the hypocriticall epicritian heretiques , who covered their foule heresy with a faire outside , stageplayers . hence also is that passage of h zeno veronensis an ancient father . denique hypocrita ille dicitur , qui in theatro persona vultui superimposita , cum ●lius sit , alius esse simulatur ; verbi causa , interdum regis persona vtitur , cum sit ipse plebeius , aut etiam domini cum forte ipse sit servus . ita ergo in hac vita complurimi hominum tanquam theatro simulatis personis vtuntur et fictis , ( as too many likewise doe in this our age ) et cum sunt extrinsecus aliud , aliud se esse hominibus ostendunt . parallel to which is that of i paschatius ratbertus : nunc autem quia hypocritae vt mimisecundum tragicam pietatem in theatricis ludorum , coram hominibus diabolo astipulante permulcent se , et cupiunt iusti videri , cum rex militum venerit , invenient non se fuisse quorum partes agebant in superficie , sed scenicorum imitatores quorum speciem tenebant in corde . which being added to that of learned and laborious mr. fox , who stiles hypocrites and false teachers , k histriones pietatis , ( as l dr. humphries and others call the masse● histrionicam fabulam , et theatricum papismi spectaculum ) is a sufficient evidence , that stage-players are hypocrites , and the acting of playes hypocrisie , therefore unlawfull unto christians . the second unlawfull circumstance in the acting of playes ; is the grosse obscenity , amorousnesse , wantonnesse , and effeminacie that attends it , which he●e i shall but name because i have at large debated it . act . scene , , , . to which i shall referre you . the third , is the apparent vanity , follie , and fantastique lightnesse which appeares in those m ridiculous antique , mimicall , foolish gestures , complements , embracements smiles , nods , motions of the eyes , head , feete , hands , & whole intire body which players vse , of purpose to provok their spectators to profuse inordinate laughter , which absurd irrationall , unchristian if not inhumane gestures and actions , more fit for skittish goates then men , or sober christians , ●f grave men , if reason or religion may be judges , are intruth naught else but the very n extremitie of folly , of vanity , if not of bedlam frenzy . for what greater evidences can there be of vanity , folly . or frenzy , o then to see a wise man act the fooles or clownes ; a sober man the drunkards , bedlams , wantons , fantastiques● a patient man , the furies , murtherers , tyrants &c. a chast man the sodomites , whoremasters , adulterer , adultresses , whores bauds or panders ; an honest man the theefs or cheaters ; yea a reasonable man the horses , beares , apes , lyons , &c. or a male the womans part ? what more absurd , then to behold a base notorious rogue representing not only the person of a maiestrate minister , peere , knight , &c. but even the maiestie , pompe state , office , of the greatest monarch ; the vanity that salomon reprehended long agoe : when he p saw folly set in great dignity ; when he beheld servants to ride on horses , and princes walking as servants on the earth . or what can be more impious or prophane , then to be hold a christian who beares the image of god , of christ ingraven on his soule , perdidit● as q st. augustine speakes ) to act the part , the person , to put on the habit , the image of a pagan , an idol , r yea a heathen-god and goddesse on the stage , the very recitall of whose names , whose rites , the very making of whose images , is grosse idolatry , condemned by the expresse letter of the second commandement , and s infinite other scripture , as all christian writers iointly witnesse . certainely if the scriptures be so rigid , as to prohibit , t all idle wanton foolish words ; all unseemely gestures , and lasciuious motions of the body : u as the pride the loftines of the countenance , the * amorous glances of the eye , the walking with stretched out neckes and wanton eyes , the mincing , and tinckling of the feete &c. commanding christians z to put away vanitie , folly and madnes , with all ( a ) unseemely things ; and confineing them b to gravitie , modestie , comlines and sobrietie , both in their actions c gestures , apparell d haire e words , thoughts , f & things of smallest moment , the g gravitie of christ & christians being such in former time that they were never seen to laugh seldome to smile , much lesse to use any light dishonest gestures , or play any wanton childish pranks , as actors doe : ) we cannot but from thence conclude , that it condemns these wanton postures , complements , dalliances , motions , & representations , that alwayes attend the acting of playes ; which in their very best acception h are vanity & the appearance of evill , if not impiety and sinne it selfe ; & so vnlawfull unto christians . the fourth is the apparell wherein playes are acted ; in which two things are considerable , which make the acting of playes unlawfull : first , the abuse ; secondly , the excessive gawdinesse , amorousnesse , and fantastique strangenesse of theatricall apparell . for the first of these ; not to insist upon this particular , that infamous sordid actors oft usurpe the habits of i ministers , magistrates , gentlemen , citizens , and others ; yea , th● robes of emperours , princes , nobles , bishops , iudges , and those whose parts they act , which are no waies suitable to their condition or profession ; i shall onely pitch upon this one particular abuse , of mens acting female parts in womens apparell and haire in enterludes ; vbi alius soccis obauratis , indutus serica veste , mundoque pretioso , & adtextis capite crinibus , incessu perfluo faeminam mentitur ; as k apuleius expresseth it . which practise is diametrally contrary to deut. . . the woman shall not weare that which pertaineth to a man , neither shall a man put on a womans garment ; for all that doe so , are ●n abomination to the lord thy god. which scripture , as it condemnes womens cutting of their haire like men ( as hrabanus maurus , nicholaus de lyra , hugo cardinalis , iunius , and sundry other l forequoted expositors on this text affirme , who couple it with the cor. . , to . ) together with their cloathing of themselves in mans array : ( a mannish whorish practise , of which m pope ione , a notable strumpet ; n theodora , o a roman matron , who waited on stephanio the player , in cut haire , and mans apparell , as his page ; * tecla , a famous virgin , quae pro paulo quaerendo tonsuram & virilem habitum suscepit ; ( even against s. pauls professed doctrine , cor. . , , . ) and so repaired thus disguised to his lodging , to bee instructed by him . * eugenia a female romish saint , who did cut her haire , and cloath her selfe in mans apparell , and so went disguized to the monastery of saint helenus the bishop , whether no woman might have excesse , where shee entred into religion , and lived many yeeres in mans apparell like a monke , and was at last elected abbot of that monastery , which office she managed with great humility like a man , as all reputed her . * marina , and eufrosina , who polled their heads , and put on mans apparell , and then entred into monasteries , where they lived and died professed monkish votaries , ( or rather disguised prostituted strumpets to their chast fellow monkes ) as * sundry others have done of latter times . * gundo , an infamous virago , quae comam capitis inscidit , & contra dei iura virilia sumpsit indumenta ; armisque accincta , baculoque innixa : and thus attyred , resorted to the monastery of s. karilephus , who avoyded the sight of all women ; but no sooner was she entred into the inward parts of the abbathie , but she was presently strucke blinde in both her eyes , and possessed with a devill , vomiting up blood in a horrid manner , for this her unnaturall bold attempt : with divers other romish p female votaries , who have polled their heads , and entred into monasteries as professed monkes , in mans apparell , the better to satiate their owne and other unchaste monkes lusts , have beene notoriously guilty . witnesse cornelius agrippa , who writes thus of these chaste virgin nonnes and monkes : q quin & plurimae monialium & vestarum & beguinarum domus * privatae quaedam meretriculorum fornices sunt , quas etiam monach●s & religiosos ( ne diffametur eorum castitas ) nonnunquam sub monachali cuculla , ac virili veste in monasterijs aluisse scimus , &c. habent enim sacerdotes , monachi , fraterculi , moniales , & quas vocant sorores specialem lenociniorum praerogativam , quum illis religionis praetextu liberum sit quocunque pervolare , & quibuscunque quantum & quoties libet , subspecie visitationis & consolationis , aut confessionis secreto sine testibus loqui , tam pie personata sunt eorum lenocinia & sunt ex illis quibus pecuniam tet●gisse piaculum est , & nihilillos movent verba pauli dicentis ; bonum est mulierem non tangere ; quas illi non rarò impudicis contrectant manibus & clanculum cons●uunt ad lupanaria , stuprant virgines sacras , vitiant viduas , & hospitum suorum adulterantes uxores , nonnunquam etiam , quod ego scio & vidi , iliaci instar praedonis abducunt , & platonica lege , cum popularibus suis communes prostituunt , & quarum animas lucraridebent deo , illarum corpora sacrificant diabolo ; aliaque his multo sceleratiora , & * quae nefas est eloqui , insana libidine perpetrant : interim castitatis voto abunde satisfacientes , si libidinem , si luxuriam , si fornicationem , si adulteria , si incestum verbis acerrime incessent detestenturque● & de virtute locuti clunes agitent . sed & flagitio●issimi lenones scelestissimaeque lenae saepe sub illis religionum pellibus delitescunt . tales habent aulicae dominae plerumque sacrorum suorum mystas , & aulicarum nuptiarum scortationumque consultores . which passage seconded by * divers other popish and protestant authors , i wish our romish catholikes , who glory of the chastity of these their goatish votaries , would consider . ) so it likewise reprehends mens nourishing of their haire like women , and their putting on of womens attire , ( though it be but now and then , ) as an abomination to the lord : and no wonder , that ●he putting on of womans apparell , and the wearing of long haire should make men abominable unto god himselfe , since it was an abomination even among heathen men : witnesse , not onely the r forequoted examples of heliogabalus , sardanapalus , nero , sporus , s caius caligula , and others : together with t commodus and u annarus the effeminate governor of babilon , ( all great sodomites and adulterers : ) whose going clad sometimes in womans apparell ( for none of them went constantly in that array , some of them onely once or twice ) hath made them for ever execrable to all posterity : insomuch that x aelius lampridius writes of commodus , ( qui clava non solum leones in veste muliebri , sed etiam multos homines afflixit ) quod tantae impudentiae fuit , ut cum muliebri veste in amphitheatro & theatro sedens publicè saepissime biberit . and what accursed fruits this effeminacy of his produced , the same author witnesseth ; y nec irruentium in se iuvenum carebat infamia , omni parte corporis atque ore in sexum utrumque pollutus . it is storied of z ortyges the tyrant of erythre and his companions , qui legibus solutis res administrabant civitatis ; that they grew to that height of effeminacy : quod per hyemem muliebribus calceis induti ambulabant , comas nutriebant , nodique capillorum erant studiosi , ( let our ruffianly love-locke wearers marke it : ) caput purpureis cotoneisque diadematibus convolventes . habebant etiam mundum muliebrem totum aureum , sicut habere faeminae consueverunt ; which made them so abominable to the people , that hippotes the brother of cnopus invaded them with an army , and slue them . the a samians are taxed for effeminacy by duris and athenaeus , quod circa brachia ornatum muliebrem gestare consueverant , atque cum iunonium celebrarent comas pexas habentes , atque in tergum reiectas incedebant . sic illi pexi iunonis templa petebant aurea caesarèam contortam vincula nectunt : and the sybarites are taxed for the selfesame crime ; b quod est etiam apud cos consuetudo , ut pueri ad impuberem usque etatem purpuram , capillorumque nodos auro revinctos gestant . c pausanias writes of leusippus , who went clad in womans apparell , and wore long effeminate haire like a woman , consecrated to alpheus , the better to circumvent the chastity of a virgin whom he loved ; that he was slaine by daphne and her nymphes , who discovered him to be a male in womans attire , as he was bathing among them : so detestable was this his lewdnes to them . yea , such was the detestation of this effeminate unnaturall odious practise of mens putting on womens apparell , even among ethnickes ; that the d lycians when they chanced to mourne , did usually put on a womans garment , ( ut deformitate cultus commot● , maturius stultum proijcere maerorem velint , that the very deformity and infamy of that array might move them the sooner to cast of their foolish sorrow : and charondas the famous lawgiver , as e diodorus siculus informes us ; is much applaud●d for enacting this law among the thurians , that whereas other lawmakers made it capitall for any man to forsake his colours in the warres , or to refuse to beare armes for the defence of his country , he con●ra●iwise e●acted ; that such men as these , should sit three dayes toge●her in the market place , clothed in womans apparell . which constitution ( saith diodorus ) as it exceeds the lawes of other places in mildnesse ; so it doth secretly deterre such cowardly persons from their effeminate c●ward●ce , ( probri magnitudine ) with the greatnesse of the reproachfull shame . siquidem mort●m oppetere longè praestat , quàm tantum ignominiae dedecus in patriâ experiri : for it is farre better for a man to be slaine , then to undergoe so great an ignominy and shame in his owne country . the wearing of womans apparell , even for a little space in these pagans judgements being so shameful , so execrable a thing , that a man were better to bee put to death , then to p●t on such array ; with which ascanius doth thus upbraide the troianes . f vobis picta croco , & fulgenti murice vestes : desidiae cordi : iuvat indulgere choreis : et tunicae manicas , & habent ridimicula mitrae . o verè phrygiae ( neque enim phryges ) ite per alta dyndama , ubi assuetis biforum dat tibia cantum , tympana vos buxusque vocat berecynthia matris ideae : sinite arma viris & cedite ferro . nothing being more abominable even among heathens then effeminacy in g long , compt , frizled haire , and womanish apparell , as these examples , and h maffaeus vegius , de educatione puerorum . lib. . cap. . and act . scene . abundantly testifie : on which you may reflect . if then the putting on of womans apparell were so abominable to pagans , no marvell is it if this text of deuteronomy stiles it an abomination to the lord our god ; the grounds and reasons of which , as i have at i large insisted on before , so i shall briefly touch upon them now in k gulielmus parisiensis his words . causae vero prohibitionis , ne vir utatur veste faeminea , vel è converso , multae fuere . primò , fuit congruentia ipsius naturae , videlicet , ut quod natura sexu discreverat , discerneret & vestitus . secundo ut oportunitas auferretur-turpitudinum latibulis ; posset e●●● * intrare vir ad mulierem sub habitu muliebri , & è converso mulier sub habitu virili , ( as the examples of l achilles , who by putting on womans apparell des●●ured deidamia king lycomedes daughter ; of m clodius , who by this wile abused pompeia , iulius caesars wife ; and of n leucippus , who by this stratagem sought to ravish daphne , with * other examples of women clad in mans apparell to satiate the lusts of others , witnesse : ) ablata est igitur per hanc discretionem vestitus , multa opportunitas slagity . ter●io , exterminatio sacrorum . p martis & veneris : in sacris n. martis , non solum virili vestitu vestiebantur mulieres , sed etiam armabantur , ut in ipsis vestimentis b●llicis , id est armis , ipsum tanquam deum belli & victoriae datorem colerent . et cocogrecus in libro maledicto quem scripsit de stationibus ad cultum veneris , inter alia sacrilega & deo odibilia praecepit , ut qui nefandum illum ritum exercct , coronam faemineam habeat in capite suo . eodem modo in sacris veneris viri effaeminabantur , videl● cet in vestibus muliebribus sacra veneris exercentes , propter huiusmodi sacrilegos ritus veneri se placere credentes atque quaerentes . quarta causa est , q ut occasio magna provocationi libidinis auferretur : magna enim est provocatio libidinis viris vestitus muliebris , & è converso : ( how much more then when amorous wanton parts are acted in it ? ) & hoc est quoniam vestis muliebris viro circundata , vehementerrefricat memoriam , & commovet imaginationem mulieris , & è converso : alibi autem didicistis , quia imaginatio rei desiderabilis commovet desiderium . quinta causa , r ut auferretur occasio maleficij quibus gentes illae refertissimae erant , & in ijs nutritae . consueverant n. malefici & maleficae in vestibus aut de vestibus libidinis , maleficia exercere , & hoc nos in eorum libris saepe legimus . vt ergo occasio huiusmodi tolleretur , iàm voluit deus hanc confutationem vestitus esse in viris & mulieribus . sexta causa , ut tolleretur error periculosus & superstitiosa credulitas , quâ trahi possent ad idololatriam , quibus credebant decepti applicatione vestium muliebrium , maxime in sacris veneris , coniungi sibi ac conciliari amore fortissimo corda mulierum , propter quas hoc facerent , vel quae postea huiusmodi vestibus uterentur : similiter & deceptae mulieres idipsum credebant de viris , & virilibus vestimentis . voluit ergo deus hunc superstitiosum errorem auferri de cordibus eorum per ablationem abusionis istius , ne per illum tandem traherentur ad cultum veneris . vpon all which severall reasons , but especially the . , . & . iuo carnotensis . decret . pars . cap. . . & pars . cap. . , . rupertus in deut. lib. . c. . fol. . ioannis wolphius in deut. lib. . sermo . . fol. . dionysius carthusianus in deut. . fol. . hugo cardinalis in deut. . petrus bertorius . tropologiarum . lib. . in deut. cap. . fol. . conradus pellicanus in deut. . v. . lucas osiander in deut. . vers . . tostatus abulensis in deut. . quaest. . tom. . pars . p. . b.c. procopius , leonardus marius , & cornelius à lapide in deut. . vers . . erasmus marbachius . comment . in deut. . pag. . ioannis mariana , scholia in deut. . vers . . p. . paulus fagius annotationes paraph. onkeli chald. in deut. franciscus iunius analysis in deut. . v. . operum genevae . . tom. . col. . . ( who makes this text of deuteronomy , a * precept of honesty , not founded in the ceremoniall or politicall law , but in the very law of nature , as doe all other orthodox writers : ) together with maphaeus vegius , de educatione puerorum . lib. . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . angelus de clavasio , summa angelica . tit. ornatus . sect . . iacobus de graffijs descitionum aurearum . pars . l. . c. . sect . . hyperius de ferijs bacchanalibus . lib. ioannis langhecrucius , de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . lib. . cap. . . pag. . . i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. . with sundry t other forequoted fathers , councels , and other authors , have absolutely condemned , even from this very text , not onely mens constant wearing , but likewise their very putting on of womans apparell ( especially to act an effeminate amorous womans part upon the stage ) as an abominable , unnaturall , shamefull , dishonest , unchaste , unmanly wicked act , which god and nature both detest , for the precedent reasons . yea , so universally exeorable hath this practise beene in all ages , that the ● . councell of bracara , anno dom. . ( as * iuo carnotensis informes us ) enacted this particular canon against mens acting of playes in womens , or womens acting or masquing in mens apparell : si quis balationes ante ecclesias sanctorum , seu qui faciem suam transmutaverit in habitu muliebri , & mulier in habitu viri , emendatione pollicita , tribu● annis paeniteat : and baptista trovomala , discussing this very question ; x whether it be a mortall sinne for a woman to put on mans , or for a man to weare womans apparell to act a masque or play ? maketh this reply . respondent omnes praedicatores & totus mundus quod sic : all preachers , and the whole world doe answer that it is : and for this ( saith he ) they alleage gratian distinctio . . cap. si qua mulier : and deut. . . the reason why it is a mortall sinne is rendred by y angelus de clavasio , because it is contrary to this text of deut. . . and inconvenient for the persons who put it on : and by z alexander alensis , and a aquinas : because it is directly contrary to the decency and virility of nature , and likewise to this text of deuteronomy ; nec pertinet ad honestatem viri veste muliebri indui : utrique enim sexui diversa indumenta natura dedit . * habet enim & sexus institutam speciem habitus ( writes isiodor hispalensis ) ut in viris tonsi capilli , in mulieribus redundantia crinium ; quod maxime virginibus insigne est , quarum & ornatus ipse proprie sic est , ut concumulatus in verticem ipsam capitis sui arcem ambitu criniū contegat . if then all these severall authors , and councels , together with vincentius belsensis speculum historiale . lib. . cap. . & lib. . cap. . with b others fore-alleaged ; if all preachers , and the whole world it selfe ; or if our owne worthy doctor rainolds ( who hath largely and learnedly debated this particular point in his overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . to . & . to . &c. ) may be judges , the very putting on of womans apparell by players or their boyes to act a play , and so è converso , is a most execrable abomination to the lord our god , prohibited by this text of deuteronomy . neither will the shortnesse of the time excuse the fact : for as nero was truely said to weare his suits , and to put on his apparell , though he never more one garment twice , changing his raiment every day , as c historians relate ; so he d who puts on a womans attyre for a day , an houre or two , or any lesser space to act a womans part , be it but once in all his life , is a putter on of womans apparell within the very words and meaning of this text● which principally provides as the fore-alleaged reasons , authors , and examples witnesse , against such temporary occasionall wearing and pu●ting on of womans apparell , which e oft-times happens , rather then against the daily constant wearing of it , which few have beene so unnaturall as to use . what f tertullian therefore writes of hercules , attyred by his mother in womans apparell , to satiate his lusts . ( naturam itaque concussit larissaeus heros in virginem mutando , &c. feras in puero matris sollicitudinem patiens certe iam ustriculas : certe virum alicuius clanculo functus adhuc sustinet , stolam fundere , comam struere , cutem fingere , speculum consulere , collum demulcere , aurem quoque foratu effaeminatus . ecce itaque mutatio , monstrum equidem geminum , de viro faemina , mox de faemina vir , quando neque veritas negari debuisset , neque fallacia confiteri . vterque habitus mutandi malus , alter adversus naturam , alter contra salutem . turpius adhuc libido virum cultu transfiguravit , quàm aliqua maternaformido ; tamet si adoratur à vobis qui erubescendus est scytalo sagittipelliger ille , qui totam epitheti sui sortem cum muliebri cultu compensavit . tantum lydiae clanculariae licuit , ut hercules in omphale , & omphale in hercule prostitueretur , &c. the same may i say of women who impudently cut their haire , or put on mens , or men who effeminately * nourish their haire , or put on womans apparell to act any mummery , masque , or stage-play , or for any such like ends ; g that they sinne against nature , their sex , their owne salvation , making themselves not onely double monsters , but even an abomination to the lord their god , as all the premises witnesse . and what christian , what mummer , masquer , or actor is there so desperately prodigall of his owne salvation , as thus to become an h anathema maranatha , a perpetuall unsufferable abomination to his god , by putting on such apparell for an houre , to act a matrons , perchance a strumpe●s part , which may make him miserable for all eternity ? as therefore this putting on of womans apparell is an abomination unto god , so let it be an execrable and accursed thing to us ; and since there i● so much ingenuity left in most men , rather to goe could and naked , yea to expose their lives to hazard , then thus unnaturally to cloath their nakednesse , or to walke abroad in womans vestments ; let there not bee henceforth so much impudency in any actors , mummers , masquers , as to appeare publikely in feminine habits , or attires on the stage , rather then to foregoe their lascivious sinfull playes and enterludes , which ( if i s. augustine , or * others may be credited , ) are the very broad way , which leades men downe to hell and endlesse death , in which many multitudes daily walke and sport themselves . i shall therefore close up this particular ( which k d. rainolds hath at large discussed , and i l my selfe more copiously insisted on in the foregoing part ) with the commentary of m erasmus marbachius on this text of deuteronomy . distinxit deus in creatione virum à muliere , ut forma corporis , ita quoque officio : * hanc distinctionem vult deus conservari , & neutrum sexum habitu & vestitu in alium se transformare , nec quae alterius sunt usurpare . mulieris est suo vestitu indui , & colum ac lanam tractare , domestic●querei curam ager● . viri est , suis quoque vestibus indui , & quae foris & reipub . curare , &c. prohibentur itaque hac lege larvae , quibus se homines transformant ut agnosci nequeant , quae res occasionem praebet multorum gravissimorum scelerum . praetereà turpis & inhonestus vestitus , qui nec virilem , nec muliebrem sexum decet ; ipsa etiam vestitus novitas , quae animi levis & inconstantis , & vani indicium est : the next particular , which i shall briefly touch . the second unlawfull circumstance of actors apparell , is its overcostly gawdinesse , amorousnesse , fantastiquenesse , and disguizednesse . for the gaudinesse , lasciviousnesse , and newfanglednesse of players attire , it hath beene long since discovered and censured by the fathers . hence n philo iudaeus discribing a lascivious painted frizled accurately attyred strumpet , stiles her ; praestigiatrix splendidè ac scenicè ornata . hence o gregory nazianzen stiles all women , who paint their faces , embroyder or frizle their haire , and weare lascious gawdy apparell ; theatricè comptae & ornatae , ob venustatem invenustae ; as levenclavius translates it : recording this as none of his mothers meanest vertues : p quod pictum & arte quaesitum ornatum , ad eas , quae theatris delectantur ablegabat ; who were all notorious prostituted strumpets . hence q chrysostome , declaiming against the compt , glittering , painted , amorous females of his age , writes , that they were nihil à theatralibus faeminis discrepantes : and to beat downe all fantastique pride and gawdinesse in apparell , he reasons thus : r sed ornaris & comeris ? verum & equos comptos videre licet , homines vero scenicos omnes . hence s s. bernard taxing the pride of prelates and popish priests in his time proceeds thus . vnde hinc est eis quem quotidie ●idemus m●retricius nitor , histrionicus habitus ? hence t iohn sarisbery our countri-man useth this expression in censuring the effeminate compt fantastique gallants of his age ; interim invident meretrici histrionis habitum . and hence our learned * walter haddon , phraseth masse-attire , gawdy copes , and such like vestments , histrionicus vestitus : which severall phrases and expressions , with sundry others to the like purpose are frequent in most greeke and latine authors . all which being coupled with . henry . c. . ( which speakes of the costlinesse of players robes ) and with act . scene . pag. . to . where i have more largely demonstrated this particular , will bee a sufficient evidence , of the gawdinesse , lasciviousnesse , and newfanglednesse of stage apparell , and so by consequence of x its unlawfulnesse too . for the strange disguisednesse of threatricall attires , it is most apparant : for doe not all actors , mummers , masquers u●ually put on the y vizards , shapes and habits of iupiter , mars , apollo , m●rcury , bacchus , vulcan , saturne , venus , diana , nep●une , pan , ceres , iuno , and such like pagan idol-gods and goddesses : the persons , the representations of devils , satyrs , nymphes , sylvanes , fayries , fates , furies , hobgoblin● , muses , syrens , centaures , and such other pagan fictions ? yea , the por●raitures and formes of lyons , beares , apes , asses , horses , fishes , foules , which in outwar● appearance metamorphose them into idols , devils● monsters , beasts , whose parts they repre●ent ? and can these disguises bee lawfull , be tolerable among christians ? no verily . for first , the former sort of them , as z iosephus , a philo iudaeus , b tertullian , c with all ancient and moderne expositors on the . commandement witnesse , are meerely idolatrous ; the very d mentioning of these idols names , much more then the representation of their parts , the making and e wearing of their vizards , shapes , and images being wholy condemned by the scripture ; which commands christians to f flie all idolatry , and not to come neere it , lest it should infect them . secondly , there is no warrant at all in scripture for any such stag●-disguises , but very good ground against them . for first it g condemnes mens disguising of themselves like women , and womens metamorphosing themselves into men either in haire , apparell , offices , or conditions : how much more then mens transfiguring of themselves into the shapes of idols , devils , monsters , beasts , &c. betweene which and man there is no analogie or proportion , as is betweene men and women . secondly , it ●njoynes men and women , h to attire themselves in modest , decent , and honest apparell , suitable to their sexes and degrees , as b●commeth those who professe godlinesse : but s●ch vizards and disguises as these , are neither modest , decent , honest , nor yet suitable to their human nature . thirdly , it requires them , i to abandon all wanton , strange , lascivious , vaine , fantastique dresses , fashions , vestments : much more then such habits , such disguises as these , which are both inhuman , bestiall , and diabolicall . fourthly , it commands men , k not to bee like to horse and mule , which have no understanding : therefore not to act their parts , or to put on their skins or likenesse . it was gods heavy iudgement upon king l nebuchadnezar , that he was driven from men , and did eate grasse as oxen , and that his body was wet with the dew of heaven , till his haires were growne like eagles feathers , and his nailes like birds clawes : yea , it is mans greatest misery , m that being in honour he became like to the beasts that perish : and must it not then bee mans sinne and shame to act a beast , or beare his image , n with which he hath no proportion ? what is this but to obliterate that most o glorious image which god himselfe hath stamped on us , to strip our selves of all our excellency , and to prove worse then bruits ? certainely , that god who p prohibits , the making of the likenesse of any beast , or fish , or fowle , or creeping thing , whether male or female , to expresse or represent his owne likenesse ; condemning the idolatrous gentiles , q for changing the glory of the uncorruptible god into an image made like to corruptible man , and to birds , and foure footed beasts , and creep●ng things ; r with which he hath no similitude or proportion ; must certainely condemne the putting on of such bruitish vizards , the changing of the glory , the shape of reasonable men , into the likenesse of unreasonable beasts and creatures , to act a beastiall part in a lascivious enterlude . fiftly , it enjoynes men , r not to alter that forme which god hath given them by adding or detracting from his worke ; not to remove the bounds that he hath set them ; but to s abide in that condition wherein he hath placed them : vpon which grounds , as the t fathers and others aptly censure face-painting , perewigs , vaine fashions , disguises and attires , together with the enchroachments of one sex upon the habits , offices , or duties of the other ; so i may likewise condemne these play-hou●e vizards , vestments , images and disguises , which during their usage in outward appearance offer a kinde of violence to gods owne image and mens humane shapes , metamorphosing them into those idolatrous , those bruitish formes , in which god never made them . sixtly , it censures mens degenerating into beasts , or devils , either in their mindes or manners , be it but for a season ; as the u marginall scriptures witnesse ; therefore it cannot approve of these theatricall , bestiall , and diabolicall x transfigurations of their bodies ; which are inconsistent with the y rules of piety , gravity , honesty , modesty , civility , right reason , and expedience , by which all christians actions should be regulated . seventhly , it informes us , that even z achish king of gath , a meere pagan idolater , when he saw david acting the madman before him , and feining himselfe distracted , scrabling on the doores of the gate , and letting the spittle fall downe upon his beard ; said thus unto his servants ; loe you see the man is mad : wherefore then have yee brought him to mee ? have i need of mad-men , that yee have brought this fellow to play the mad-man in my presence ? shall this fellow come into my house ? if then this heathen king was so impatient to see david act the bedlam in his presence , even in his ordinary apparell , that he would not suffer him to stay within his palace ; how much more impatient should all christian princes and magistrates be of beholding christians acting , not onely mad-mens , but eve● devils , idols , furies , monsters , beasts , and sencelesse creatures parts upon the stage in such prodigious deformed habits and disguises , as are unsuitable to their humanity , their christianity , gravity , sobriety ; bewraying nought else but the very vanity , folly , and bruitish frensie of the●r distempered mindes ? certainely those who readily censure and detest such habits , such representations in all other places must needs condemne them in the play-house , whose a execrable infamous lewdnesse may happily make them more unlawfull , never commendable or fit for christians . lastly , these theatricall habits , vizards , and disguises have beene evermore abominated , condemned by the church and saints of god : as namely , by the iewish church and nation : who , as they never admitted nor erected any images of pictures of god , of christ , or saints within their temple , as b hecataeus abderita , c cornelius tacitus , d dion cassius , e philo iudaeus , and f iosephus witnesse : accounting it a hainous sinne g contrary to the expresse words of the second commandement , to paint or make any picture , any image of god ; because the h invisible incorporiall god , ( whom no man hath seene at any time , nor can see ; betweene whom and any image , picture , or creature there is i no similitude , no proportion , ) cannot be expressed by any visible shape or likenesse whatsoever , ( his image being onely spirituall and k invisible like himselfe , ) as not onely the l scripture , but even m seneca and n tully informe us : vpon which grounds the primitive christians ( who had no images , no pictures , no altars in their churches , as o arnobius , p origen , q minucius felix , and r lactantius testifie , for which the pagans blamed them : ) as also s iustin martyr , t irenaeus , u clemens alexandrinus , x tertullian , y origen , z min●●ius felix , a cyprian , b arnobius , c lactantius , d gregory nyssen , e ambrose , f hierom , g augustine● h eusebius , i epiphanius , k cyrillus alexandrinus , l damascen , and m other fathers ; together with n constantine the great , o constantinus caballinus , nicephorus , stauratius , philippicus , anthemius , theodosius the second , leo armenus , valence , theodosius the third , michael balbus , theophilus , charles the great , with other emperours ; the councels of p eliberis , q constantinople , toledo , and frankford ; with sundry r popish and s protestant writers since , our late renowned t soveraigne king iames , and our owne homilies , against the perill of idolatry , ( established by u act of parliament , and confirmed by our articles and canons , as the undoubted doctrine of our church , to which all our clergie subscribe : ) doe absolutely condemne , x as sinfull , idolatrous , and abominable the making of any image or picture of god the father , son , and holy ghost , or of the sacred trinity , & the erecting of them , of crucifixes , or such like pictures in churches , which like the y emperor adrians temples built for christ , should be without all images , or saints pictures . so they likewise cōdemned the very z art of making pictures and images , as the occasion of idolatry , together with all stage-portraitures , images , vizards , or representations of heathen idols , &c. as grosse idolatry , as a iosephus witnesseth : the selfesame censure is passed against these theatricall pictures , vizards , images , and disguises , by philo iudaeus , de decalogo . lib. pag. . by tertul de spectaculis . lib. cap. . de corona militis . lib. cap. . . & de idololatria . lib. by cyprian epist. lib. . epist. . & lib. . epist. . & de spectac . lib. by arnobius adversus gentes . lib. . by lactantius de vero cultu lib. . cap. . by augustine , de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . to . by the . councell of constantinople . can. . . ( see here pag. . , , , ) by the synode of lingres . her● , pag. . by the councell of basil , here pag . by the councell of toledo , here pag. . . by sundry oother for●-quoted councels and synods . here pag. . , , , &c. by our owne statute of . henry . cap. . against mummers and vizards . here pag. , . by tostatus in deut. . quaest. . tom. . pars . p. . b.c. by polidor virgil , de inventoribus rerum . lib. . c. . by ioannis langhecrucius , de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . lib. . cap. . pag. . , . by doctor rainolds , in his overthrow of stage-playes , and by most others who have written either against stage-playes , vaine fashions , and apparell , or face-painting . wherefore they are certainely unlawfull , as i have formerly proved at large . act . scene . & act . scene . , , , , . on which you may reflect . i shall therefore close this point with that speech of * saint bernard , in his apologie to william the abbot , in his passage against the i overcostly building and adorning of temples , and the setting up of vaine images and pictures in churches , ( a thing much condemned by k sundry fathers , councels , and imperiall christian constitutions ; by all reformed churches , and orthodox l protestant writens , and by m the statutes , n iniunctions , o homilies , p canons , q ancient and moderne bishops , & authorized r writers of the church and state of england , who teach , that all images and pictures , especially crucifixes , with the images , the pictures of god the father , and the sacred trinity , which to make is grosse idolatry and superstition , ought wholy to be abolished and cast out of churches , in which some of late erect thē : ) where thus he writes . caeterum in claustris ( i may ●ay in spectaculis & theatris ) corā legentibus fratribus quid facit illa ridicula monstruositas , mira deformis formositas , ac formosa deformitas ? quid ibi immundae simiae , quid feri leones ? quid monstruosi centauri ? quid semi-homines ? quid maculosae tigrides ? quid milites pugnantes ? quid venatores tubicinātes ? videas sub uno capite multa corpora , & in uno corpore capita multa . cernitur hinc in quadrupede cauda serpentis , illinc in pisce caput quadrupedis . ●bib●stia praefert equum , capram trahens retro dimidiam , hic cornutum animal equum gerit posterius . tam multa denique tamque mira diversarum formarum ubique varietas apparet , ut magis legere libeat in marmoribus quam in codicibus , totumque diem occupare singula ista mirando , quam in dei lege meditando . o vanitas vanitatum ! sed non vanior quam insanior . pro deo si non pudet ineptiarum ; cur vel non piget expensarum . and thus much for the manner of acting stage-playes . the . thing which makes the profession of a player and the very acting of playes unlawfull , is the end for which they are acted , which is double ; profit , or pleasure ; the first , the end of all common players : * qui praemium incertum petunt certum scelus : the second onely of academicall and private actors . to begin with the first . i say it is altogether unlawfull for any to act playes for gaine or profit sake , or to make a trade or living of it . first , because the profession of a player is no lawfull warantable trade of life , but a most infamous lewde ungodly profession , condemned by pagans , by christians in all ages , as the s examples of plato , aristotle , the lacedemonians , massilienses , and others , who excluded stage-players their republikes , and of the t primitive church and christians who excommunicated and banish●d them the chu●ch , together with our owne u statutes , who brand them all for vagrant rogues and sturdy beggers , most plentifully evidence . that therfore which all ages have thus solemnely censured as infamous , ●xecrable and unchristian , can be no lawfull calling for men to live or gaine by . besides , the professiō of a stage-player , x had its original institution from pagan idols and idolaters : it was originally devoted to idolatry , to bacchus , and heathen devill-gods : it tends onely to y dissoluten●sse and prophanenesse , to nourish idlenesse , vice , and all kinde of wickednesse both in the actors and spectators : yea , it makes men professed vassals to the devill , to maintaine his very works and * pompes which they have utterly renounced in their baptisme : it tends neither to gods glory , nor the good of men : needs therefore must it be unlawfull ; and so likewise to get money by it . secondly , stage-playes in their very best acception are but a vanities or idle recreations , which have no price , no worth or value in them : they cannot therefore bee vendible because they are not valuable . in every lawfull way of gaine or trade , there ought to be b quid pro quo , some worth or other in the thing that is sold , equivalent to the price the vendees pay , or else the gaine is fraudulent and sinfull ; but there is no value at all in stage-playes or their action , which are but empty worthlesse vanities ; therefore no price ought to bee taken for them . thirdly , c neither the word or church of god , nor the lawes and statutes of any christian kingdom ( which for the most part condemne al actors and their lewde profession , ) did ever authorize the acting of playes ( no nor yet the playing at cards or dice , or bowles , ) as a lawfull trade and meanes for men to live and gaine by . yea , the acting of stage-playes can never be made a lawfull profession , because playes themselves are but recreations , which must not be turned into professions ; recreations being onely to bee used d rarely , when men are tyred out with honest studies , callings , and imployments ; ( as stage-playes ought to be were they lawfull , ) but professions , e constantly from day to day . therefore men cannot act them , to gaine a living by them . vpon these grounds the f fathers , schooolemen , and canonists teach us ; that for men to give their money to stage-players for their playing , is a very great sinne : yea , g guillermus altissiodorensis , h hierom , iuo , i vincentius bellovicensis , k olaus magnus , l ioannis bertachinus , m stephanus costa , and n divers other certifie us ; that , histrionibus dare est daemonibus immolare , to give to stage-players , is nought else but to sacrifice unto devils : because their profession is unlawfull & diabolicall too : it being both a sinne for play-haunters to give , or players to take any money for their playes and action . hence is it that o most divines and casuists informe us , that money gotten by dice , by cards , by acting playes , or any unlawfull profession whatsoever , is plaine theft , and that dicers and players are bound to restore their gaines in case they are able , or else to distribute it to the poore . hence p saint cyprian ( and out of him q ioannes langhecrucius , and * iuo carnotensis ) informes us , that players gaines doe but seperate them from the society of the saints in heaven , and fat them up for hell : for thus he writes of a player who pretended poverty and necessity to continue in his acting ; quod si penuriam talis & necessitatem paupertatis obtendit , potest inter caeteros qui alimentis ecclesiae sustinentur , huius quoque necessit as adjuvari , si tamen contentus sit frugalioribus & innocentibus cibis . nec putet salario se esse redimendum ut à peccatis cesset , quando hoc non nobis sed sibi praestet . caeterum quando vult inde quaerat . * qualis quaestus est qui de convivio abrahae , isaac , & iacob & homines rapuit , & male ac perniciose in seculo saginatos ad aeternae famis ac sitis supplicia deducit ? et ideo quantum potes , eum à pravitate ac dedecore , ad vitam innocentia , atque ad spem vitae suae revoca , ut sit contentus ecclesiae sumptibus parcioribus quidem , sed salutaribus . quod si illic ecclesia non sufficit ut labor antibus praestentur alimenta , poterit se ad nos transferre , & hic quod sibi ad victum atque vestitum necessarium fuerit , accipere , nec alios extra eoclesiam mortalia docere , sed ipse in ecclesia salutaria discere . the acting therefore of playes for hire , gaine , or profit sake ( which ought not to bee the end of any mans lawfull calling , but r onely gods glory and the good of men , which playes and actors never aime at : ) must certainely bee unlawfull ; which i would wish our players and play-haunters to consider . secondly , as it is unlawfull to act playes for profit , so likewise for pleasure sake , s because this life is no life of carnall joy and jollity , but of weeping and mourning for our owne and other sinnes , and because carnall pleasures dampe , or quite extinguish all spirituall heavenly joyes , obdurate mens hearts , stupifie their consciences , withdraw their mindes and thoughts from god and better things , t lullmen fast a sleepe in dangerous security , so that they never seriously thinke either of their sinnes or latter ends , as is evident by many players and play-haunters lives , who are so intoxicated , so stupified with these syrenian enterludes , that they never seriously thinke of sinne , of god , of heaven , or hell , or of the meanes of grace . but because i have beene more copious in this theame before , i shall here briefely passe it over now , referring you to part . act . & act . scene . for fuller satis●action . the . and last ground of the unlawfulnesse of acting playes is the evil fruits that issue from it , both to the spectators ( of which i have at large discoursed , part . act . thorowout , ) and likewise to the actors , which i shal here onely name . as first , it makes the actors guilty of many sinnes ; to wit , of vaine , idle , ribaldrous , and blasphemous words ; of light , lascivious , wanton gestures and actions ; losse of time , hypocrisie , effeminacy imp●dency , theft , lust , with sundry other sinnes , which they cannot avoyd : secondly , it ingenerates in them a perpetual habit of vanity , effeminacy , idlenesse , whoredome adultery , and those other vices which they daily act : u discunt enim facere dum assuescunt agere , & simulatis erudiuntur ad vera , as lactantius and cyprian truely write . whence we see for the most part in all our common actors the reall practise of all those sinnes , and villanies which they act in sport ; they being ( as x ludovicus vives , y iohn calvin the civilian , and z iacobus spielegius write ) perditissimis moribus , & deploratae nequitiei ; men of most lewde , most dissolute behaviour , and most deplorable desperate wickednesse , as i have a elsewhere largely proved . and how can it bee otherwise ? b quo semel est imbuta recens servabit odorem testa diu , being as true as it is ancient . when children c youthes and others , shall be trained up either in vniversities , schooles , or play-houses , to play effeminate amorous wanton strumpets parts ; to act the parts of wooers , lovers , bawdes , panders , whore-masters , incestuous persons , sodomites , adulterers , cheaters , roarers , blaspemers , paricides , and the like : when they shall be instructed . d magisterio impudicae artis gestus quoque , turpes & molles & muliebres exponere , as saint cyprian phraseth it , to expresse effeminate , womanish , wanton , dishonest mimicall gestures , by the tutorship of an unchast art ; to court whores and strumpets , to sollicit the chastity and circumvent the modesty of others ; to contrive , to plot and execute any villany with greatest secrecy and security ; to act any sinnes or wickednesse to the life , as if they were really performed ; when they shall have their mindes , their memories , and mouthes full fraught with e amorous ribaldrous panderly histories , pastorals , iests , discourses , and witty , though filthy obscenities from day to day ; ( the case of all our common actors ; especially those who have beene trained up to acting from their youth ; ) no wonder if we discover a f whole grove of all these notorious acted sinnes and villanies budding forth continually in their ungodly lives ; insomuch that those who in their yonger dayes represented other mens vices onely , fall shortly after to act their owne , the better to inable them to personate other mens of the selfesame kinde ; he being best able to play the sinnes of others , who hath oft-times perpetrated the very selfesame crimes himselfe . wh●nce commonly it comes to passe , that the eminen●est actors are the most lewde companions . g et nonne satis improbata est cujusque artis exercitatio , quâ quanto quisque doctior tanto nequior ? thirdly , it makes men vaine , lascivious , prophane and scurrilous in their discourses ; fantasticall and new-fangled in their haire and apparell ; mimicall , antique , histrionicall in their gate , their gestures , complements and behaviours : prodigall in their expences , impudent and shamelesse in their carriage ; false and trecherous in their dealings ; malicious , bloody and revengefull in their mi●des ; atheisticall , gracelesse , unchaste , deboist and dissolute in their lives ; and for the most part impenitent and desperate in their deathes ; according to that true rule of the famous roman orator ; h mors honesta saepe vitam quoque turpem exornat ; vita turpis ne morti quidem honestae locum relinquit . these and many such like evils are the fruits of play-acting● as too many ancient and moderne visible examples witnesse . fourthly , it nourisheth men up in vanity and idlenesse , in which they * waste their precious time which should be husbanded , redeemed to farre better purposes . for though our common players be ever acting , yet they are alwayes idle● and make thousands idle to besides themselves ; horum enim non otiosa vita est dicenda , sed desidiosa occupatio● nam de illis nemo dubitabit , quin operose nihil agant : as i seneca wittily de●cants . and so great is our popular stage-players ( that i say not our ordinary play-haunters ) idlenesse ; quod totam vitam ordinant adludendum , as k aquinas writes of them : they even spend th●ir whole lives in playing : whence l marcus aurelius long agone , and our owne m statutes since , have ranked players among the number of idle vagrant truants , rogues , and v●gabonds , which ought severely to be punished and then set to some honest worke , ●o get their livings ; their acting being nought else but idlenesse in gods , in mens account . and alas what a poore reward must they expect from god at last , when n he shall remunerate every man according to his workes , who have never wrought , but one●y loytered and played all their dayes ? lastly , the acting of stage-playes o inthrals the actors both in the guilt , the punishment of all those sinnes which their playes or action occasion in the spectators . which being so many in number , so great in quality as experience manifests them to bee , what actors conscience is able to stand under their guilt , their curse and condemnation , either in this life or in the day of judgement , when they shall all be charged on his soule ? lastly , the acting of stage-playes , as it p of right excludes all actors , both from the priviledges of the common-weale , from the church , the sacraments , and society of the faithfull here , and drawes a perpetuall infamy upon their persons ; ●o it certainely q debars them from entring into heaven , and brings downe an eternall condemnation on their soules and bodies hereafter , if they repent not in time , those being bound over to the judgement of the great generall assises and eternall torments even in heaven● who are thus r bound and justly censured by the lawes and edicts of the church or state on earth . hence was it , s that divers players and play-poets in the primitive church , and since , renounced their professions , as altogether incompatible either with christianity or salvation ; yea hence a late english player some two yeeres since , falling mortally sicke at the city of bathe , whether he came ●o act ; being deepely wounded in conscience , and almost driven to despaire with the sad and serious consideration of his lewde infernall profession , lying upon his death-bed ready to breath out his soule ; adjured his sonne whom hee had trained up to play-acting , with many bitter●teares and imprecations , as he tendred the everlasting happinesse of his soule , to abjure and forsake his ungodly profession , which would but inthrall him to the devils vassalage for the present , and plunge him deeper into hell at last . such are the dismall execrable soule-condemning fruits of play-acting ; the profession therefore of a common player , and the personating of theatricall enterludes , must needs be unlawfull even in this respect . and thus much for the second corolary ; that the profession of a stage-player , and the acting of stage-playes is infamous , yea sinfull and unlawfull unto christians . actvs . i now proceed to the . consectary ; that it is a sinfull , shamefull , and unlawfull thing for any christians to be spectators , frequenters of playes or play-houses . in which i shall be very compendious , because i have so largely manifested it in the first part of this discourse . now the reasons of the unlawfulnesse of beholding stage-playes , are briefely these . first , because playes themselves are evill , and the appearances , the occasions of evill ; t therefore the beholding of them must bee such : secondly , u because it hath alwayes beene a scandalous , infamous and dishonest thing both among christians and pagans to resort to stage-playes , and a thing of ill report : thirdly , because it is x contrary to our christian vow in baptisme , to forsake the devill and all his workes , the pompes and vanities of this wicked world and all the sinfull lusts of the flesh , of which stage-playes are not the meanest : fourthly , because y it gives ill example to others , and maintaines , and hardens stage-players in their ungodly profession , which else they would give over , were there no spectators to encourage or reward them . fiftly , because it is an apparant occasion of many great sinnes and mischiefes ; as z losse of time , prodigality , effeminacy , whoredome , adultery , unchaste desires , lustfull speculations , luxury , drunkennesse , prophanenesse , heathenisme , atheisme , blaspemy , scurrility , theft , murther , duels , fantastiquenesse , cheating , idle discourses , wanton gestures and complements , vaine fashions , hatred of grace , of holinesse , and all holy men , acquaintance with lewde companions , the greatest enemies to mens salvation ; and a world of such like sinnes and mischiefes , as i have formerly proved at large , act . thorowout . sixtly , because it a with-drawes mens mindes and thoughts from god and from his service unto vanity ; and indisposeth them to all holy duties , making all gods holy ordinances ineffectuall to their soules . seve●thly , because it b tends onely to satisfie mens ●leshly lusts which warre against their so●les ; men being carried alwayes to the play-house by the si●full carnall suggestions of the flesh ; or by the ●ollicitations of lewde companions ; but never by the dictate , the guidance of gods holy spirit or word , c by which all christians must be wholy guided , even in all their actions . eightly , because all christians ought to turne away their eyes from beholding vanity . psal. . . ( a text d applyed by the fathers unto stage-playes : ) and what greater , what worser vanities can men behold , then th●●cting of lascivious enterludes ? ninthly , because stage-playes are e but pagan heathenish pastimes , yea the ordinary recreations of devill-idols , of idolatrous voluptuous pagans , whose pleasures and sports no christians ought to practise . lastly , because the f primitive church and saints of god , together with the very best of christians , of pagans in all places , all ages , have constantly abandoned the beholding of stage-playes themselves , and condemned it in others , the very worst of pagans onely , or men unworthy the name of christians , and few or none but such alone affoording them their presence , as the fore-quoted authorities plentifully evidence . act . scene . . act . scene . , . & act . scene . , , , , , . which severall reasons with all the rest that i have formerly produced against stage-playes in the first part of this play-condemning treatise , will be a su●ficient conviction of the unlawfulnesse of beholding , of frequenting stage-playes , g as well in private houses , as in publike theaters : which should cause all christians , all play-haunters to abandon stage-playes , as all the fore-alleaged fathers , councels , and authors doe advise them ; and that especially upon lords-dayes and holi-dayes , on which stage-playes and dancing are especially prohibited by this pious decree of pope * eugenius c. . with which i shall cloze up this act. ne mulieres festis diebus vanis ludis vacent . sunt quidem & maxime mulieres , quifestis ac sacris diebus , atque sanctorum natalicijs , quibus debent deo vacare , non delectantur ad ecclesiam venire , sed balando ac verba turpia de●antando , ac choreas ducendo , similitudinem paganorū peragendo advenire procurant . tales enim si cum minoribus veniunt ad ecclesiam , cum majoribus peccatis revertuntur . in tali enim facto debet unusquisque sac●rdos diligentissime populum admonere , ut pro sola oratione his diebus ad ecclesiam recurrant , quia ipsi qui talia agunt , non solum se perdunt , sed etiam alios d●perire attendunt . * die autem dominica nihil aliud àgendum est , nisi deo vacandum : nulla operatio in die illa honesta comperiatur , nisi tantum hymnis & psalmis , & canticis spiritualibus dies illa transeatur . which i would wish all grosse prophaners of this sacred day now seriously to consider . actvs . scena prima . having thus run over these three corollaries of the unlawfulnesse of penning , acting and beholding stage-playes ; i come now to answer such objections as may bee made against them ; especially against the unlawfulnesse of acting & beholding stage-playes . the arguments ( or pretences rather ) for the acting of stage-playes ( which i shall first reply to ) are these : first , it is lawfull to read a play ; therefore to pen , to act , or see it acted . to this i answer first ; that the obscenity , ribaldry , amorousnesse , heathenishnesse , and prophanesse of most play-bookes , arcadiaes , and fained histories that are now so much in admiration , is such , that it is not lawfull for any ( especially for children , youthes , or those of the female ●ex , who take most pleasure in them ) so much as once to read them , for feare they should inflame their lusts , and draw them on to actuall lewdnesse , and prophanesse . hence h origen , i hierom and k others informe us , that in ancient times children and youthes among the iewes were not permitted to read the booke of canticles before they came to the age of . yeeres , for feare they should draw those spirituall love passages to a carnall sence , and make them instruments to inflame their lusts . vpon which ground l origen adviseth all carnall persons , and those who are prone to lust , to forbeare the reading of this heavenly song of songs . si enim aliquis accesserit , qui secundum carnem tantummodo vir est , huic tali non parum ex hac scriptura discriminis periculique nascetur . audire enim purè & castis auribus amoris nomina nescie●s , ab interiori homine ad exteriorem & carnalem virum , omnem deflectat auditum , & à spiritu convertetur ad carnem : nutrietque in semetipso concupiscentias carnales , & ●ccasione divinae scripturae commoveri , & incitari videbitur ad libidinem carnis . ob hoc ergo m●neo & consilium do , omni qui nondum carnis & sanguinis molestijs caret , neque ab affectu naturae materialis abscedit , ut à lectione libelli hujus , eorumque quae in eo dicentur , penitus temperet . aiunt enim observari etiā apud hebraeos , quod nisi quis ad aetatem perfectam maturamque pervenerit , libellum hunc ne quidem in manibus tenere permittatur . if children , yong men , and carnall persons then upon this ground , are thus advised to refraine the reading of this sacred canonicall booke of spirituall love expressions betweene christ and his beloved church : m ne sub recordatione sanctarum faeminarum , &c. qu● ibi nominantur , noxiae titulationis stimulus excitaretur , &c. how much more then ought they to forbeare the reading of lascivious amorous scurrilous play-bookes , histories , and arcadiaes ; there being no women , no youthes so exactly chaste , which may not easily be corrupted by them , and even inflamed unto fury with strange and monstrous lusts ; n since there is no stronger engine to assault and vanquish the chastity of ●ny maetron , girle or widdow , of any male or female whatsoever , then these amo●o●s play-poets poems and histories , as agrippa in his discourse of bawdery , hath truely informed us . atque tamen ( writes hee ) quae in his libris plurimum edocta puella est , quaeque horum s●it jacere dicteria , & ex horum disciplina cum procis in multas horas facunde confabulari , haec demum est probè aulica . hence clemens romanus constit. apostol lib. . cap. . & carolus bovius in his scholia upon the same place . ib. p. . nazianzen de recta educatione ad selucum . pag. . basil , de legendis libris gentilium oratio . tertullian de idololatria . lib. cap. . to . ambrose in evangelium lucae . lib. . vers . . hierom. epist. . cap . & epist. . to damasus . lactantius de falsa religioue . cap. . . augustine de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . . & confessionum . lib. . cap. . . isiodor hispalensis de summo bono . lib. . cap. . prosper aquittanicus , de vita contemplativa . c. . theodoret in cant. cantic . tom. . pag . isiodor pelusiota . epist. lib. . epist. . . gregory the first . epist. l. . epist. . iuo carnotensis . decret . pars . cap. . to . gratian distin●tio . . the . councell of carthage . c●n. . the councell of colen under adolphus . anno● . synodus mechlinienses apud ioannem langhecrucium , de vita & honestate ecclesiast● lib. . cap. . pag. . de institutione . iuventutis . can. . the councell of triers . anno● . cap. de sc●olis . surius . tom. . concil . pag. . . o the synod of towres . anno . the councell of burdeaux . . the synod of rothomagium . an. . franciscus z●phyrus in his epistle to simon and nicholas prefixed to tertullians apologie . g●orgius fabritius , his epistle to the duke of saxony . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . lib. cap. . & . lodovicus vives , de tradendis disciplinis . lib. . pag. . . episcopus chemnensis , onus ecclesiae . cap. . sect . . , , . osorius de * regum instit. lib. . pag. . mapheus vegius de educatione liberorum . lib. . cap. . lib. ● cap. . . & de perseverantia religionis . lib. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . . d. humphries of true nobility . booke . d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . . thomas beacon , bb. babington , bb. hooper , ioannis nyder , m. perkins , dod , elton , lake , downeham , williams , and all other expositors on the . commandement , together with most commentators on ephes. . , , . have expresly condemned and prohibited christians to pen , to print , to sell , to read , or schoole-masters and others to teach any amorous wanton play-bookes , histories , or heathen authors , especially ovids wanton epistles and bookes of love ; catullus , tibullus , propertius , martiall , the comedies of plautus , terence , and other such amorous bookes savoring either of pagan gods , of ethnicke rites and ceremonies , or of scurrility , amorousnesse & prophanesse ; as their alleaged places will most amply testifie to such who shall peruse them at their leisure : the reason of which is thus expressed by isiodor hispalensis , iuo carnotensis , & gratian , ideo prohibetur christianis legere figmenta poetarum , quia per oblectamenta fabularum mentem nimis excitent ad incentiva libidinum . non enim thura solum offerendo daemonibus immolatur , sed etiam eorum dicta libentius capiendo . the penning and reading of all amorous bookes was so execrable in the primitive times , how ever they are much admired now , that p heli●dorus bishop of trica was deprived of his bishopricke by a provinciall synod , for those wanton amorous bookes he had written in his youth , his bookes being likewis● awarded to the fire to be burnt ( though they are yet applauded and read by many amorous persons ) quia lectione eorum juvenes multi in periculū conijcerentur : because divers yong men by reading of them might bee corrupted and entised unto lewdnesse ; answerable to which memorable pious act are these constitutions of the councell of burdeaux . an. . and of the synod of towres . anno . well worth our observation . q quia multi à vera fide aberrantes contra professionem , etiam consultò gravius peccant , &c. prohibet haec synodus , ne libri magicae artis , vel ad * lasciviam & luxum provocantes imprimantur , vendantur , legantur , aut retineantur omnino ; jubetque sicut repertifu●rint comburantur , sub ejusdem anathematis paena quam ipso facto incurrunt , qui minime paruerint . moneantur etiam saepissime fideles christiani à suis parochis & confessarijs ut fugiant , tanquam virus mortiferum , lectionem librorum quorumcumque , qui vel ad artes magicas pertinent , vel obscaenas & impias narrationes continent : eosque ut olim tempore * apostolorum factum legimus , comburant . yea , r ignatius loyola , the father of the iesuits , was so precise in this particular ; that hee forbade the reading of terence in schooles to children and youthes , before his obscenities were expunged , lest he should more corrupt their manners by his wantonnesse , then by his latine helpe their wits . and aeneas sylvius , afterwards pope pius the second , in his s tractat● , de liberorum educatione , dedicated to l●dislaus king of hungary and bohemia ; discoursing what authors and poets are to be red to children ; resolves it thus . ovidius ubique tristis , ubique dulcis est , in plerisque tamen locis nimium lascivus . horatius sive fuit multae eloquentiae , &c. sunt tamen in eo quaedam quae tibi nec legere voluerim nec interpraetari . martialis perniciosus , quamvis floridus & ornatus , ita tamen spinis densus est , ut legi rosas absque punctione non sinat . elegiam qui scribunt omnes puero negari debent ; nimium enim sunt molles tibullus , propertius , ca●ullus , & quae translata est apud nos , sapho , raro namque non amatoria scribunt , desertosque conqueruntur amores . amoveantur igitur , &c. animadvertere etiam praeceptorem op●rtet dum tibi comaedos tragaedosque legit , ne quid vitij persuadere videatur . and in his . epi●tle pag. . , where hee repents him seriously of that amorous treatise which he had penned in his youth , he writes thus to our present purpose . tractatum de amore olim sensu pariterque aetate juvenes cum nos scripsisse recolimus , paenitentia immodica pudorque ac maeror animum nostrum vehementer excruciant : quippe qui sciamus quique protestati expresse fuimus , duo contineri in eo libello , ●pertam videlicet , sed heu lasciviam nimis prurientemque amoris historiam , & morale quod eam consequitur , edificans dogma . quorum primum fatuos atque errantes video sectari * quam plurimos , alterum heu dolor , pene nullos . ita impravatum est atque obfuscatum infaelix mortalium genus . de amore igitur quae scripsimus olim juvenes , contemnite ô mortales atque respuite ; sequimini quae nunc dicimus , & seni magi● quam juven● credite . nec privatum hominem plures facite quàm pontificem : aeneam reijcite , pium suscipite , &c. a passage which plainely informes us , that amorous playes and poems though intermixed with grave sentences and morals , are dangerous to be read or penned , because more will be corrupted by their amorousnesse , then instructed or edified by their morals , as daily experience too well proves . if these authorities of christians will not sufficiently convince us of the danger , t●e unlawfulnesse of reading amorous bookes and playes , the most assiduous studies of this our idle wanton age ; consider then that t plato , a heathen philosopher , banished all play-poets , and their poems out of his common-wealth ; that u the lacedemonians , massilienses , and at last the athenians to , prohibited and suppressed all playes and play-poems , not suffring them to bee read or acted : x that aristotle , plutarch , and quintilian expresly condemned the reading of wanton , amorous , fabulous , obscene lascivious poems and writers ; that y augustus banished ovid for his obscene , and p●nderly bookes of love ; and that z ovid himselfe disswaded men very seriously from re●ding his owne or other mens wanton bookes and poems , as being apt to inflame mens lusts , and to draw them on to whoredome , adultery , effeminacy , scurrility , and all kinde of beastly lewdnesse . and can christians then approve or justifie the delightfull reading and revolving ( that i say not the penning , studying , * printing and venting ) of such lewde amorous bookes and playes , which these very heathen authors have condemned , and so prove farre worse then pagans ? i shall therefore cloze up this first reply to this objection with the words of learned reverend george alley , ( bishop of exeter , in the second yeere of queene elizabeths raigne , ) against the reading , writing , and printing of wanton bookes and playes . a it is to be lamented , that not onely in the time of the idolatrous and superstitious church , but even in this time also lascivious impur● , wanton bookes , pearce into many mens houses and hands . alas what doth such kinde of bookes worke and bring with them ? forsooth nothing else but fire , even the burning flames of an unchaste minde , the brands of pleasure , the coles of filthinesse ; the fire i say , that doth consume , devoure , and roote out all the nourishments of vertue , the fire i say , which is a proeme and entrance into the eternall fire of hell. what is so expedient unto a common-wealth as not to suffer witches to live ? for so the lord commanded by his servant * moses . and ( i pray you ) be not they worse then an hundred witches , which take mens senses from them ? not with magicall delusions , but with the enchantments of dame venus , and as it were to give them circes cup to drinke of , and so of men to make them beasts . what punishment deserve they as either * make or print such unsavory bookes ; truely i would wish them the same reward wherewith b alexander severus recompenced his very familiar vetronius turinus , ut fumo videlicet pereant qui fumum vendunt , that they perish with smoke who sell smoke . and what other things doe these set forth to sale , but smoke , ready to breake out into flame ? for , that certaine persons bequeath themselves wholy to the reading of such lascivious and wanton bookes , who knoweth not , that thereof commeth the first preparative of the minde , that when any one sparke of fire ( be it never so little ) falls into the tinder of lady venus , suddenly it is set on fire as towe or flaxe . many doe read the verses which lycoris the strumpet , the paramour of gallus the poet did read , and the verses which corynna mentioned in ovid , and which neaera did read . it will perchance be replyed , that they doe read them , either for the increase of knowledge , or to drive away idlenesse . i answer , if any doe salute venus , but a limine , as they say , that is , a farre off , as it wer● in the entrie , what kindling and flames , i pray you , will ensue thereof when the coles bee once stirred ? * it is to be feared that no small number of them who professe christianity , be in this respect a great deale worse then the heathen . the people called e massilienses , before they knew christ , yea , or heard whether there were a christ , but were very pagans , and sacrificers to idols , yet were knowne to all the world to be of such pure and unc●rrupt manners , that the manners of the massilienses ( as plautus testifieth ) are commonly counted the best and most approoved manners of all others . these among many other good orders of their well nurtured city made a severe law , that there should be no comedy played within their city , for the argument for the most part of such playes , did containe the acts of dissolute and wanton love . they had also within their city ( about . yeeres before the birth of christ ) a sword of execution wherewith the guilty and offenders should be slaine ; but the uprightnesse of their living was such , that the sword not being used was eaten with rust , and nothing meet to serve that turne : and alas are not almost all places in these dayes replenished with iuglers , , scoffers , iesters , players , which may say and doe what they lust be it never so fleshly and filthy ? and yet suffred with laughing and clapping of hands ? d hiero syracusanus , did punish epicharmus the poet , because he rehearsed certaine wanton verses in the presence of his wife , for hee would that in his house not onely other parts of the body should be chaste , but the eares also , which be unto other members of the body instead of a tunnell , to be kept , sartas tectas , that is , defended and covered , as the proverbe saith , and to be shut from all uncomely and ribaldry talke . vnto which fact of hiero , the worthy sentence of e pericles is much consonant and agreeable . sophocles , who was joynt fellow with pericles in the pr●torship , beholding and greatly praysing the well favored beauty of a certaine boy passing by him , was rebuked of pericles his companion after this sort : not onely the hands of him that is a pretor ought to refraine from lucre of money , but also th● eyes to bee continent from wanton lookes . the f athenians provided very well for the integrity of their iudges , that it should not be lawfull for any of the areopagites to write any comedy or play : and epicharmus suffred punishment at the hands of hiero for the rehearsall of certaine unchaste verses . but i speake it with sorrow of heart ; to our vicious ballad-makers , and indictors of lewde songs and playes , no revengment , but rewards are largely payd and given : g gerardas a very ancient man of lacedemonia , being demanded of his hoste , what paine adulterers suffred at sparta , made this answer : o mine hoste , there is no adulterer among us neither can there be : ( prey marke the reason : ) for this was the manner among them , that they were never present ●t any comedy , nor any other playes , fearing lest they should heare and see those things which were repugnant to their lawes . but to revert to our purpose : wanton bookes , can bee no other thing but the fruits of wanton men , who although they write any one good sentence in their workes , yet for the unwor●hinesse of the person the sentence is rejected . the h sen●te of lacedemonia would have refused a very worthy and apt saying of one demosthenes , for the unworthinesse of the author , if certaine men of authority called among them ephori , had not come betweene , and caused another of the senators to have pronounced the sentence againe , as his owne saying . plutarch writeth , that there was a law among the grecians , that even the good bookes of ill men should be destroyed , that the memory of the authors also , should thereby utterly be blotted out and cleane put away , * gerson ; sometimes chancellor of paris , speaking of a certaine booke made by ioannes meldinensis , the title whereof is the romant of the rose , writeth of that booke two things . first , he saith , if i had the romant of the rose , and that there were but one of them to bee had , and might have for it . crownes , i would rather burne it then sell it . againe , saith he , if i did understand that ioannes meldinensis did not repent with true sorrow of minde , for the * making and setting forth of this booke , i would pray no more for him , then i would for iudas iscariot , of whose damnation i am most certaine . and they also which reading this booke , doe apply it unto wicked and wanton manners , are the authors of his great paine and punishment . the like ioannes raulius said of the booke and fables of one operius danus , that hee was a most damned man , unlesse he repented and acknowledged his fault , for the setting forth of that booke . i would god they heard these things whom it delighteth to write or read such shamelesse and lascivious workes . let them remember the saying of saint paul ; i a man shall reape that which hee hath sowen . k chrysostome , a great enhaunser of pauls prayses , writeth ; that so long shall the rewards of paul rise more and more , how long there shall remaine such , which shall either by his life or doctrine be bronght unto the lord god. the same may we say of all such , who while they lived have sowne ill seed , either by doing , saying , writing , or reading , that unlesse they repented , the more persons that are made ill by them , the more sharpe and greater growth their paine , as saint augustine wrote of arrius . god save every christian heart , from either the delighting or reading of such miserable monuments . thus concludes this reverend bishop , and so shall i this first reply . secondly , admit it be lawfull to read playes or comedies now and then for recreation sake , yet the frequent constant reading of play-bookes , of other prophane lascivious amorous poems , histories , and discourses , ( which many now make their daily study ; ) to read more playes then sermons , then bookes of piety and devotion , then bookes or chapters of the bible , then authors that should enable men in their callings , or fit them for the publike good , must needs be sinfull , as all the forequoted authorities witnesse , because it avocates mens mindes from better and more sacred studies , on which they should spend their time , and fraughts them onely with empty words and vanities , which l corrupt them for the present , and binde them over to damnation for the future . the scripture we know commands men , m not to delight in vanity , in old wives tales , in fabulous poeticall discourses , or other empty studies which tend not to our spirituall goo●● n not to lay out our money for that which is not bread , and our labour for that which satisfieth not : o but to redeeme the time , because the dayes are evill . yea , it commands men to p be fruitfull and abundant in all good workes● q to be holy in all manner of conversation ; r to be alwayes doing and receiving good , and finishing that worke which god hath given them to doe , growing every day more and more in grace , and in the knowledge of god and christ , s laying up a good foundation against the time to come , t and perfecting holinesse in the feare of god , u giving all diligence to mak● their calling and election sure : x doing all they doe to the praise and glory of god. now the ordinary reading of comedies , tragedies , arcadiaes , amorous histories , poets , and other prophane discourses , is altogether inconsistent with all and every of these sacred precepts , therefore it cannot bee lawfull . besides the scripture commands men even y wholy to abandon all idle words , all vaine unprofitable discourses , thought● and actions . if then it gives us no liberty so much as to thinke a vaine thought , or to utter an idle word , certainely it alots us no vacant time for the reading of such vaine wanton playes or bookes . againe , god enjoynes us , z that our speech should be alway●s profitable and gracious , seasoned with salt , that so it may administer grace to the hearers , and build them up in their most holy faith : therefore our writings , our studies , our reading must not be unedifying , amorous and prophane , which ought to be as holy as serious , and profitable as our disco●rses . moreover , it is the expresse precept of the apostle paul , ( whom many prophane ones will here taxe of puritanisme ) eph. . . &c. . , . but fornication and all uncleanesse , or covetousnesse , let it not be once named among you as becommeth saints : neither filt●inesse , nor foolish talking nor jesting , which are not convenient , &c. let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouthes but that which is good to * edifie profitably , that it may mini●ter grace to the hearers , &c. and may wee then read or write these sinnes and vices which we ought not to name ? or study or peruse such wanton playes and pamplets , which can administer nought but gracelesnesse , lust , prophanesse to the readers ? lastly , wee are commanded to * search the scriptures daily : to meditate in the law of god day and night , and to read therein all the dayes of our lives , that we may learne to feare the lord , and to keepe and doe all the workes and statutes of his law ; which was b king davids study all the day long , yea , in the night season to : and because no time should bee left for any vaine studies or discourses ; we are further enjoyned , c to have the word of god alwayes in our hearts ; to teach it diligently to our children , and to talke of it when we are sitting in our houses , and when wee are walking by the way , when we lye downe , and when we rise up : which for any man now conscionably to performe , is no lesse then arrant puritanisme , in the worlds account . if then we believe these sacred precepts ( to which i might adde two more ; * pray continually . rejoyce in the lord alwayes , and againe i say rejoyce ) to bee the word of god , and so to binde us to obedience ; there are certainely no vacant times alotted unto christians , to read any idle books or play-house pamphlets , which are altogether incompatible with these precepts , and the serious pious study of the sacred scripture , as s. * hierom writes . quae enim ( quoth he ) cōmunicatio luci ad tenebras ? ●ui consensus christo cum belial ? quid facit cum psalterio horatius ? cum evangelijs maro ? cum apostolis cicero ? et licet omnia munda mundis & nihil reijciend●m quod cum gra●iarum actione percipitur ; tamen simul non debemus bibere calicem christi , & calicem daemoniorum ; as he there proves by his owne example , which i would wish all such as make prophane playes and human authors their chiefest studies , even seriously to consider ; for saith he , when ever i fell to read the prophets after i had beene reading tully and plautus , sermo horrebat incultus , their uncompt stile became irkesome to me ; & quia lumen caecis oculis non videbam , non oculorum putabam culpam e●se , sed solis . whiles the old serpent did thus delude me , a strong feaver shed into my bones , invaded my weake body , and brought me even to deaths doore : at which time i was suddenly rapt in ●pirit unto the tribunall of a iudge , where there was such a great and glorious light as cast me downe upon my face , that i durst not looke up . and being then demanded what i was , i answered , i am a christian : whereupon the iudge replyed , thou lyest : ciceronianus es , non christianus : thou art a ciceronian , not a christian : for where thy treasure is , there also is thy heart ; whereupon i grew speechlesse , and being beaten by the iudges command , and tortured with the fire of conscience ; i began to cry out and say , lord have mercy upon me . whereupon those who stood by falling down at the iudges feet , intreated that he would give pardon to my youth , and give place of repentance to my error : exact●rus deinde cruciatum si gentilium litterarum libr●s aliq●ando legiss●m . i being then in so great a strait , that i could be content to promise greater things , began to sweare and protest by his name , saying , domine si unquam habuero ●odices seculares , si legero , te negavi . and being dismissed upon this my oath i returned to my selfe againe , and opened my eyes , drenched with such a showre of teares , that the very extremity of my griefe would even cause the incredulous to believe this tr●nce , which was no slumbe● or vaine dreame , but a thing really acted● my very shoulders being blacke and blue with stripes , the paine of which remained after i awaked . since which time saith he ; fateor me tanto dehinc studio divina legisse , quanto non ante mortalia leg●ram . and from hence this father exhorts all christians to give over the reading of all prophane bookes , all wanton poems , which in his . epistle to damasus , hee most aptly compares to the huskes with which the prodigall in the gospell was fed ; where hee writes thus fitly to our purpose . f possumus & aliter siliquas interpraetari . daemonum cibus est carmina poetarum , saecularis sapientia , rhetoricorum pompa verborum . haec sua omnes suavitate delectant , & dum aures versibus dulci modulatione currentibus capiuntur , animam quoque penetrant , & pectoris interna devinciunt . verum , ubi cum summo studio fu●rint , & labore perlect● , nihil aliud nisi inanem sonum , & sermonum strepitum suis lectoribus tribuunt , nulla ibi saturitas veritatis , nulla re●ectio justitiae reperitur : studiosi ●arum in fame veri , in virtutum penuria perseverant . vnde & apostolus prohibet ; g ne in idolio quis recumbat , &c. nonne tibi videtur sub alijs verbis di●ere , ne legas philosop●os , orato●es , poetas , nec in illorum le●tione requiescas ? nec nobis blandiamur , si in eis , quae sunt scripta , non credimus , cum aliorum conscientia vulneretur , & putemur probare , quae dum legimus , non repr●bamus . absit ut de ore christiano sonet , iuppiter omnipoten● , & me hercule , & me castor , & caetera magis portenta quam numina . at nunc etiam sacerdotes dei ( and is not as tr●e of our times ? ) omissis evangelijs & prophetis , videmus comaedias legere , amatoria bucolicorum vers●um verba canere , ten●re virgilium , & id , quod in pueris necessitatis est , crimen in se fa●ere voluptatis . cavendum igitur si captivam velimus habere uxorem , ne in idolio recumbamus : aut si certè fuerimus ejus amore decepti , mundemus eam , & omni sordium errore purgemus , ne scandalum patiatur frater pro quo christus mortuus , cum in ore christiani carmina , in idolorum laudem composita , audierit personare . since therefore all these idle play-bookes and such like amorous pastorals are but empty huskes , h which yeeld no nourishment but to swine , or such as wallow in their beastly lusts and carnall pleasures ; since they are incompatible with the pious study and diligent reading of gods sacred word , ( i the gold , the hony , the milke , the marrow , the heavenly manna , feast and sweatest nourishment of our soules , ) with the serious hearing , reading , meditation , thoughts and study whereof we should alwayes constantly feed , refresh , rejoyce , and feast our spirits , which commonly starve and pine away whiles we are too much taken up with other studies or imployments , especially with playes and idle amorous pamphlets : ( the very reading of which * s. augustine , repented and condemned : ) let us hencefore lay aside such unprofitable , unchristian studies , betaking our selves wholly at leastwise principally to gods sacred word , which is k onely able to make us wise unto salvation , and to nourish our soules unto eternall life : & since christianity is our general profession , let not paganisme , scurrility , prophanes , wantonnes , amorousnesse , playes , or lewde poeticall figments or histories , but gods word alone , which as * sūmula raymundi saith , transcends all other bookes & sciences ; be our chiefest study , at all such vacant times as are not occupied in our lawfull callings , or other pious duties . i shal therfore cloze up this . reply , with that apostolicall constitution recorded by l clemens romanus , ( if the booke bee his ) which i would wish al papists who deny the reading of the scripture unto lay-men , to whō this good precept is directed as the very * title and first chapter proves , even seriously to consider . sed sive ad fideles & ejusdem sententiae homines accedis , conferens cum ijs vitali● verba loquere : sin minus accedis , intus sedens percurre legem , reges , prophetas : psalle hymnos david , * lege diligenter evangelium , quod est horū complementū . abstine ab omnibus gentiliū libris . quid enim tibi cum externis libris , vel legibus , vel prophetis ? quae quidem leves à fide abducunt . nam quid tibi deest in lege dei , ut ad illâs gentium fabulas confugias ? nam si historica percurrere cupis , habes reges : si sophistica & prophetica , habes prophetas , & iob , & proverbiorum authorem , in quibus omnis poeticae , & sapientiae accuratam rationem invenies ; quoniam domini dei , qui solus est sapiens , voces sunt . quod si cantilenas cupis , habes psalmos : si rerum origines nosse desideras , habes genesim : si leges & praecepta , gloriosam dei legem . ab omnibus igitur exteris & diabolicis libris vehementer te contine● m quoniam in ipso verbo sunt omnia . ibi remedium vulnerum , ibi subsidia necessitatum , ibi resarcitus defectuum , ibi profectuum copiae , ibi denique quicquid accipere vel habere hominibus expedit , quicquid decet , quicquid oportet . sine causa ergo aliud à verbo petitur , cum ipsum sit omnia . thirdly , admit a man may lawfully read a play-book , yet it n will not follow , that therefore he may pen , or act a play , or see it acted . for first , a man may lawfully read such things , as hee cannot pen , or act , or behold without offending god. a man perchance may lawfully read a masse-booke , but yet he cannot write a masse-booke , nor yet act , or say , or see a masse without committing sinne . some men may lawfully read an * alcoran , or any hereticall booke , * ut magis judicent quàm sequantur ; rather to confute then follow it ; but no man can pen , or print , or publish it with delight , ( no nor yet read it out of love and liking , as men read play-bookes ) but he must transgresse . a man may safely read the stories of * the sodomites sinnes , of the canaanites and israelites idolatries ; but yet to act , or see them acted cannot bee lesse then sinfull . a man may and must p daily read the sacred scriptures , the passion of our saviour , the histories of adam , abraham , moses , david , solomon , iob , and others recited in the bible ; yet none q may play or see them played without sinne , yea highest blasphemie and prophanesse ; though some gracelesse wretches as well in private as in popular stage-playes much prophane them , bringing not onely ministers , preaching and praying , but even the very sacred bible and the stories in it on the stage , r as some late notorious damnable ( if not damned ) precedents witnesse ; when as not onely our owne pious statute of s . iacobi . cap. . but likewise t concilium rhemense , anno . which decrees thus : vt ea vitent fideles quibus cultus divinus impediri potest , statuimus , ne quis scripturae sacrae verba ad scurriliae , detrectationes , superstitiones , incantationes , sortes , libellos famosos audeat usurpare . si quis contra fecerit , juris & arbitrij paenis coerceatur : and u concilium bituriense . anno . which thus ordaines . non liceat cuiquam verba & sententias sacrae scripturae ad scurrilia , fabulosa , vana , adulationes , detractiones , superstitiones , & diabolicas incantationes , divinationes , sortes , libellos famosos , & alias ejusmodi impietates usurpare : qui in eo peccaverint , ab episcopis legitimis paenis coercētur : together with the synod of rochell . an. . ( here p. . ) & * bb. gardener have long since prohibited and condemned this atheisticall horrid prophanesse , which no christian can so much as thinke off , but with highest detestation . since therefore many things may be lawfully read , which cannot honestly be penned , acted , heard or seene , the argument is but a meere inconsequent . secondly , though a man perchance may in some cases lawfully read a play-booke , * yet it will not follow , that he may compose , or act , or see a stage-play : for first , a man may read a play with detestation both of its vanity , ribaldry and prophanesse ; but he can neither pen , nor play , nor yet very willingly behold it , as all play-haunters doe , without approbation and delight . secondly , a man may read a play without any prodigall vaine expence of money , or over-great losse of time : but none can compile , or act , or see a stage-play x without losse of time , of money , which should bee better imployed : thirdly , stage-playes may be privately read over without any danger of infection by ill company , without any publike infamy or scandall , without giving any ill example , without any incouraging or maintaining of players in their ungodly profession , or without participating with them in their sinnes ; y but they can neither be compiled , beheld , or acted , without these severall unlawfull circumstances which cannot be avoyded . fourthly , stageplayes may be read without using or beholding any effeminate amorous , lustfull gestures , complements , kisses , dalliances , or embracements ; any whorish , immodest , fantastique , womanish apparell , vizards , disguises ; any lively representations of venery , whoredome , adultery , and the like , which are apt to enrage mens lusts : without hypocrisie , feining , cheats , lascivious tunes and dances , with such other unlawfull stage ingredients or concomitants : z but they can neither be seene nor acted , without all , or most of these . fiftly , he that reades a stage-play may passe by all obscene or amorous passages , all prophane or scurrill iests , all heathenish oathes and execrations even with detestation ; but he who makes , who acts , who heares , or viewes a stage-play acted , hath no such liberty left him , but hee must act , recite , behold and heare them all . yea sometimes such who act the clowne or amorous person , adde many obscene lascivious jests and passages of their owne , by way of appendix , to delight the auditors , which were not in their parts before . lastly , when a man reads a play , he ever wants that viva vox , that flexanimous rhetoricall stage-elocution , that lively action and representation of the players themselves which put life and vigor into these their enterludes , and make them pierce more deepely into the spectators eyes , their eares and lewde affections , precipitating them on to lust : yea , the eyes , the eares of play-readers want all those lust-enraging objects , which actors and spectators meet with in the play-house : therefore though the reading of stage-playes may be lawfull , yet the composing , acting , or seeing of them in all these several regards , cannot be so . so that this first objection is both false and frivolous . the second objection for the composing and acting of playes is this . a the penning and acting of playes doth whet & exercise mens wits and poetry , embolden youth , confirme their voyces , helpe their memories , action and elocution ; and make them perfect orators . therefore it is both lawfull , yea and usefull to . to this i answer first : that this objection makes onely for academicall and private , but nought for popular enterludes . secondly , academicall stage-playes are seldome acted or penned for any of the ends , the uses here recorded , but onely for entertainement , for mirth and pleasure sake . thirdly , b men must not doe evill that good may come of it : therefore they may not exercise their wits , their inventions about lascivious amorous play-house poems ; they may not strengthen or stuffe their memories with such vaine lewde empty froth as playes now are ; nor embolden themselves by acting effeminate , scurrile , whorish , impudent , or immodes● parts : nor yet helpe their action , their elocution by uttering , by personating any unlawfull things , which may either draw or tempt them unto lewdnesse . we know that frequenting of tavernes and brothels ; courting of impudent strumpets , keeping of deboist company , reading of amorous bookes and pastorals , adde spirit and boldnesse unto men , yea oft improve their elocution , carriage , and amorous fond discourse , as much or more then playes , * yet none may use these wicked courses to obtaine these petty benefits ; no more then he may oppresse , or steale , or cheate , or perjure himselfe to augment his wealth , or use charmes and sorceries to recover health . fourthly , * melius est aliquid nescire , quàm cum periculo discere . the hurt , the danger that accrues to men by penning , by acting playes , is evermore * farre greater then the good , the benefits here alleaged : the evill is certaine , the good , uncertaine : it is no wisedome , no safety therefore to plung men into sundry great and certaine evils , to atchieve some probable meane emoluments . fiftly , the good that comes by penning or acting playes , is onely temporall ; the hurt , the mischiefe is eternall ; the good extends no further then mens bodies ; the * damage reacheth to their soules , yea oft unto their bodies , goods and names : it is no discretion then for men to hazard the losse , the damage of their soules , for such petty improvements of their bodies . sixtly , there is little or no analogie betweene the action , the elocution of players , of orators and divines : the principall prayse of actors is a lively counterfeiting and representation of the parts , the persons they sustaine , by corporall gestures rather then by words : the chiefest prayse of orators is to * expresse , to describe the things they speake of in an elegant flexanimous phrase , and grave elocution : the duty of the one being to represent things to the eye , whereas the other speaks onely to the eare . which diversity is warranted both by the story of cicero the orator , and roscius the actor , who , as f macrobius writes , did use to contend together ; vtrum ille s●●pius ●andem ●ententiā varijs gestibus efficeret , an ipse p●r eloquentiae copiam sermone divers● pronunciaret : by the very stiles of actor , and * orator , the first , importing onely corporall gestures , and representations ; the other , verball expressions● and by the usuall phrases of seeing a stage-play , and hearing an oration . now what proportion is there betweene gestures and words ? betweene * acting and speaking well , that one should be such a helpe or furtherance to the other ? alas what profit , what advantage can an orator gaine by acting an amorous females , a bawdes , a panders , a ru●●ians , drunkards , murtherers , lovers , soldiers , kings , tyrants , fayries , furies , devils or pagan idols part with suitable gestures and speeches ? tell me i beseech you , what furtherances these are to make a perfect orator , who though hee may plead or speake for others , must act no other man but himselfe alone , whereas players must never act themselves but other parts ? certainely if wee believe g quintilian , or a h late famous orator of our owne , the acting of playes , which is full of wantonnesse , of light , of lewde , of foolish gestures and speeches , is the next way to marre an orator , whose speech , action and deportment mu●t be grave and serious . hence i quintilian ( as eminent an orator as most now extant ) in his directions how an orator should frame his speech , his voyce and gesture , expresly forbids him● to imitate the voyce * or gestures of players , or to expresse or act the slaves , the drunkards , lovers , penni-fathers , cowards , or any such play-house part , because as they were no wayes necessary for an orator , so they will rather corrupt his minde and manners , then any wayes helpe his elocution or action . the acting therefore of playes is no wayes necessary or usefull for an orator , it being no furtherance but an apparant obstacle to true oratory , action , elocution ; there being no analogie betweene the wanton amorous gestures , speeches , pastorals , jests , and florishes of a poet , an actor ; and the sad , grave , serious elocution or action of an orator . and as play-acting is no wayes usefull for an orator , so much lesse k for a minister , or divine , there being no analogie betweene preachers and players , sermons and playes , theaters and churches , betweene the sacred , sober , chaste , and modest gestures , the soule-saving speeches of the one , and the lascivious , scurrill , prophane , ungodly action and discourses of the other . hence the l forementioned councels , fathers and canonists , together with * concilium foro-juliense , can. . which i before omitted , have inhibited ministers and clergie men from penning , acting and beholding stage-playes , as being no wayes suitable , but altogether incompatible with their most holy and grave profession : hence also they excluded all common actors , ( and likewise academicall to , till they had done publike penance ) from the ministeriall function ; the acting of playes being so far from making men fit for the ministry , that it made them both unfit , and likewise uncapable to receive it . what therefore m agis junior replyed to a wicked fellow who oft demanded of him , quis essèt spartanorum optimus ? quitui est dissimilimus ; the same may i say of ministers ; that hee is the best minister who is most unlike a player both in his gesture , habit , speech and elocution . hence n saint ambrose , bishop of millaine , refused to give ecclesiasticall orders to one who sued for them , and likewise deprived another ( who afterwards fell to the arian heresie ) quia lucebat in eorum incessu species quaedam scurrarum percursantium : condemning not onely all those clergie men , but also lay-men to , who used playerly gestures , qui sensim ambulando imitantur histrionicos gestus , & quasi quaedam fercula pomparum , & statuarum motus nutantium , ut quotiescunque gradum transferunt modulos quosdam servare videantur : avice too common in this our antique wanton age . we that know that o all christians , and more especially ministers , ought to be sober , modest , grave , chaste , both in their gesture and deportment ; hence p concilium senonense . an. . decreta morum . cap. . decrees thus . clerici in incessu quoque honestatem exhibeant , ut gravitate itineris , mentis maturitatem ostendant . incompositio enim corporis , risus dissolutus , indece●s ●culorum vagatio , inaequalitatem indicant mentis . and then it proceeds thus . non in scenam velut histriones prodeant , non comaedias vernaculas agant ; non spectaculum corporis sui faciant in publico privatove loco ( pray marke it : ) quae omnia cum omnibus sacerdotibus sunt indec●ra , & ordini clericali multum detrahentia , tum illis praecipue , quibus animarum cura est commissa . an infallible evidence that histrionicall gestures , and t●e acting of stage-playes either in publike or private , are no wise usefull , but altogether scandalous , and unseemely for a minister ; and that the acting , the beholding of playes , will make men q amorous , wanton , light and playerlike in their gestures , as r saint chrysostome with others largely testi●ie . and as theatricall gestures are altogether unseemely in a minister , ( whence protestants condemne s all masse-priests gestures , crouchings and noddings in the celebrating or acting of their masses , which they compare to playes , ) so likewi●e are all poeticall play-house phrases , clinches , and strong lines , as now some stile them ; ( too frequent in our sermons ; which in respect of their * divisions , language , action , stile , and subject matter , consisting either of wanton flashes of luxurious wits , or meere quotations of humane authors , poets , orators , histories , philosophers , and popish schoole-men ; or sesquipedalia verba , great empty swelling words of vanity and estimation more fitter for the stage , from whence they are oft-times borrowed , ( then the pulpet , ) unsutable for mini●ters t qui dum indecēter elegantes videre volunt , passim jam turpibus verbis impude●●er insaniunt . ministers are gods u ambassadors , therefore they * must speake nothing in the pulpit but those words which god shall put into their mouthes ; they must deliver gods message in his owne dialect ; not in the y language of poets , and other humane authors , in which gods spirit never breathes . they are christs vnder-shepheards , z therefore they must speake unto their flockes in christs owne voyce , which they must onely know and heare , and follow , not in the voyce of strangers , whose voyce they will not , yea they must not heare : they are the a ministers , the mouth of christ , therefo●e they must onely preach and speake his language : they have no other commission , b but to goe and preach the gospell , ( not histories and poets ) unto men : they are the c stewards of the misteries , and manifold graces of the gospell , of the milke and bread of gods holy word ; and these alone they must dispence : they are sent out by god for no other purpose , but onely d to open mens eyes , and to turne them from darkenesse to light , and from the power of satan unto god , that they may receive forgivenesse of sins , and inheritance among them that are sanctified through faith that is in christ iesus : therefore they must come unto them , not with the dimme lights of human learning , e but with the light , the brightnesse of the glorious gospell of iesus christ : * not with entising words of mans wisedome ( which never yet converted or saved any one soule , ) but in demonstration of the spirit and of power : g not with the wisedome of this world , which human authors teach , but with the wisedome of god in a mistery , which the holy ghost teacheth : h not with philosophie and vaine deceit after the tradition of men , after the rudiments of the world , and not after christ : but with the word and gospell of christ , the i mighty power of god unto salvation , which is able ( yea onely able ) to save mens soules . hence k saint hierom writes thu● to nepotianus , docente te in ecclesia non clamor populi , sed gemitus suscitetur . lachrymae auditorū laudes tuae sint . sermo presbyteri scripturarum lectione conditus sit . nolo te declamatorem esse & rabulam , garrulumque sine ratione , sed mysteriorum peritum , & sacramentorum dei tui peritissimum . verba voluere , & celeritate dicendi apud imperitum vulgus admirationem facere , indoctorum hominum est , &c. hence l prosper aquitanicus positively affirmes , quod non se debeat ecclesiae doctor de accura●i sermonis ostentatione jactare , ne videatur ecclesiam deinon velle aedificare , sed magis se quantae sit eruditionis ostendere . non igitur in verborum splendore , sed in operum virtute totam praedicandi fiduciam ponat : non vocibus delectetur populi acclamantis sibi , sed fletibus , nec plausum à populo studeat expectare sed gemitum . hoc specialiter doctor ecclesiasticus elaboret , quò fiunt qui audiunt ●um sanis disputationibus meliores , n●n vana assentatione fautores . lachrymas quas vult à suis auditoribus fundi , ipse primitus fundat , & sic e●s compunctione sui cordis accendat . tam simplex & apertus , etiam si minus latinus , disciplinatus tamen & gravis sermo debet esse pontificis ut ab intelligentia sui nullos , quamvis imperitos , excludat : sed in omnium audientium pectus cum quadam delectatione descendat . de●ique alia est ratio declamatorum , & alia debet esse doctorum . illi elucubratae declamationis pompam totis facundiae suae viribus concupiscunt : isti sobrio usitatoque sermone christi gloriam quaerunt . illi rebus inanibus pretiosa verborum induunt ornamenta , isti veracibus sententijs or●ant , & commendant verba simplicia . illi affectant suorum sensuum deformitatem tanquam velamine quodam phaleràti sermonis abscondere ; isti eloquiorum suorum rusticitatem student pretiosis sensibus venustare . illi totam laudem suam infavore vulgi , isti in virtute dei constituunt . illi plausibiliter dicunt , & nihil auditoribus suis declamando proficiunt : isti usitatis sermonibus docent , & imitatores svos instituunt ; quia rationem suam nulla fucatae compositionis affectatione corrumpunt . isti sunt ministri verbi , adjutores dei , oraculum spiritus sancti . per tales deus placatur populo , populus instruitur deo. hence m isiodor pelusiota writes thus sharply to theopompus and talelaeus two preaching monkes . quis te comicis salibus non perstringat ? quis te non commiseretur , qui cum in ●hilosophiae discipulorum domini tranquillitate sedeas , gentilium historicorum & poetarum tumultum atque aestum tecum trahas ? quid enim dic quaeso , apud illos est , quod religioni nostrae sit praeferendum ? quid non mendacio ac risu scatet ex ijs quae magno studio consectantur ? an non divinitates ex vi●iosis affectionibus ? an non fortia facinora pro vitiosis affectionibus ? an non certamina pro vitiosis affectionibus ? quamobrem ipsam quoque faeditatis & obscaenitatis lectionem fuge ( nam & ●a miram ad aperienda vulnera jam cicatrice obducta vim habet : ) ne alioqui vehementiori cum impetu spiritus improbus revertatur , ac deteriorem ac perniciosiorem tibi priore ignorantia aut negligentia clad●m inferat . sermo , qui ad audientium utilitatem habetur , potens sermo est , quique optimo jure sermo appelletur , imitationemque ad deum habeat . at qui voluptate sola ac plausu terminatur , aeris sonitus est , magno strepitu aurem personans . quare aut sermonem tuam gravitate moderare , ac sermonis fastui ac pompae mediocritatem antepone , aut te cymbalum theatrorum scenae accomodum esse scito . and hence is that lamentable complaint of n episcopus chemnensis : modernis autem temporibus in academijs publicis scientia duntaxit mun●ana invaluit , scientia dei non est in terra . sacrarum literarum doctrina ubique prorsus perijt , doctores scientia inslati docent suum chere , circumferuntur omni v●nto doctrinae . sicut gentes , ambulant in vanitate sensus sui , tenebris haebentes obscuratum intellectum , propter caecitatem cordis ipsorum . caeci speculatores educunt discipulos caecos in viam quam nesciunt , ponunt tenebras in lucem , & prava in recta , & nox nocti indicat scientiam . et sic ubique suos seducunt oratores . extollunt doctrinam aristotelis , averrois , & aliorum gentilium scribarum , ad excogitandum profunda & voraginosa dogmata , obscurantia solem sapientiae christianae ac evangelicae vitae , ac purum aerem religiosi status suis fastuosis verbis , acutisque disputationibus , ac sophisticis garrulitatibus maculantia . modo equidem cernimus omnia fere gymnasia ubi olim tradebatur theologica doctrina , poeticis figmentis , vanis nugis , ac fabulosis portentis esse impleta . vbi est literatus ? vbi legis verba ponderans ? ubi est doctor parvulorum ? videbis populum alti sermonis , ita ut non possis intelligere disertitudinem linguae ejus , in qu● nulla est s●pientia . atqui praedicatores concionary student , non ut syncero affectu , sed gratia propriae laudis & verbis ornatis & politis aures auditorum demulceant . meliores autem s●nt sermones veriores quàm disertiores . de talibus doctoribus disertis inquit salvator . o in van●m m● colunt , docentes doctrinas & praecepta hominum : relinquentes enim mand●ta dei , tenetis traditiones hominum . all which recited passages , are sufficient testimonies , that poeticall streines of wit and playerly eloquence● are no wayes tolerable , much lesse then commendable in a preaching minister . therefore the acting , the penning of playes , is no wayes necessary or usefull for clergie men to further them in their ministry . all the benefit that schollers reape by acting playes , is this ; that it makes * them histrionicall , antique , unprofitable verball , preachers , more fit for a play-house then a pulpit . the acting and penning therefore of stage-playes is no wayes helpefull either for an orator or a preacher , as the objectors dreame , lastly , men may learne boldnesse , eloquence , action , elocution by farre readier , easier , and and more laudable meanes then the penning or acting playes ; as by frequent declamations , and often repetitions of eloquent orations , and the like ; the onely meanes p quintilian prescribes , and the ordinary method that all schoole-masters & tutors use , to make men perfect orators : no need therefore of penning , of acting playes , for these pretended ends , which it cannot effect . we never read that the apostles , prophets , and elegant fathers of old , ( as cyprian , basil , nazianzen , chrysostome , ambrose , hierom , augustine , leo , gregory the great , chrysologus , bernard , and such other unparaleld christian preachers ; that demosthenes , cicero , or quintilian , the most accomplished heathen orators for action , phrase , and elocution that the world hath knowne , ) did ever attaine to their perfectiō of oratory by acting playes : neither have we heard of any orators of latter times who hve trod this unknowne path to elocution , to perfect rhetoricke by acting playes ; yea i have not read to my remembrance of any one common actor or play-poet , that was an exquisite orator : the acting therefore of playes is but a preposterous spurious course , to traine up youthes to an oratoricall grave comely action or elocution , who should rather be q educated in the feare and nurture of the lord , in the grounds and principles of religion , in the knowledge and study of the scriptures ; in honest callings , sciences , arts , imployments , which might benefit themselves and others , then in penning or acting stage-playes , which hath alwayes beene condemned as infamous , both by christians and pagans too . the . objection for the composing and acting of playes , is this : r that they dilucidate and well explaine many darke obscure histories , imprinting them in mens mindes in such indelible characters , that they can hardly bee oblitterated : therefore they are usefull and commendable . to this i answer first , that this objection extends not unto feined comedies or tragedies , which are now most in use , but unto such reall tragicall histories onely as are brought upon the stage , which play-poets and players mangle , falsifie , if not obscure with many additionall circumstances and poeticall fictions ; they doe * not therefore explaine , but sophisticate , and deforme good histories , with many false varnishes and play-house fooleries . secondly , these histories are more fully , more truely expressed , more readily and acurately learned in the originall authors who record them , then in derivative play-house pamphlets , which corrupt them ; all circumstances both of the persons , time , occasion , place , cause , manner , end , &c. being commonly truely registred in the story , which are either t altered or omitted in the play. thirdly , if this objection be true , historians which we so much magnifie would be of little use or worth ; we might then make waste paper of their voluminous workes , and turne all the applauded histories both of former and future ages into playes , which better expresse them then our stories , and more deepely imprint them in mens mindes . lastly , admit the objection ●rue ; yet the histories playes explaine would not doe the actors or spectators halfe the good , nor yet sticke by them halfe so long , as the * corruptions that accompany them ; that being a true rule of u aulus gellius . adolescentium indolem non tam juvant quae benè dicta sunt , quàm inficiunt quae pessime . since then the good they bring to men is no way equivalent to the hurt , as * s. augustine himselfe long since a●firmed , the penning and acting of them cannot be lawfull . x id enim magis est eligendum , cui majus bonum , vel minus malum est consequens , as a very heathen hath truely taught us . the . objection for the penning and acting of playes is this : that both our vniversities , and long continued custome approve them : therefore they are good . to this i answer first ; that the objection it selfe is false , since y both our vniversities condemne all popular enterludes , and the best , the gravest in our vniversities , all academicall stage-playes too : as i have already prooved : act . scene . pag. . , . secondly , though the dissoluter & yonger sort in our vniversities , ( being z but youthes or children , who are apt to dote on spectacles of vanity , and unable to judge of good or evil ) approve perchance of stage-plaies in their practise ; yet the holiest , the gravest in our vniversities condemne them in their judgements , if not their practise to . and here by the way , in case of examples , we must ever learne to judge of the lawfulnesse or unlawfulnesse of things , not so much by the actions , as by the judgements and selfe-condemning a consciences of men , by which they shall at last bee judged . there is never a drunkard , whore-maste● , lyer , hypocrite , thiefe , that lives or wallowes in these sinnes approving them as lawfull by his continuall practise , but doth secretly passe sentence against them in his conscience ; as therefore we must not argue , that drunkennes , whoredome , adultery , lying , hypocrisie and theft are lawfull , because they are commonly committed , & sometimes applauded , since the very committers do condemne them , no more may we argue , that the acting or beholding of stage-playes is lawful , because schollers and vniversity men do sometimes act and see them ; since if they will but seriously examine their checking consciences , they shal ●inde them passing a secret doome of cōdemnation against them , what ever their practise be . thirdly , b christians must not live by examples , but by precepts : if therefore the rules of religion and christianity allow them not , no matter though the whole world approve them ; they will be evill & unlawfull still , and so much the worse because so many justifie them . lastly , admit the objection true ; yet c si auctoritas quaeritur , orbis major est urbe : the authority of the * whole church of god from age to age , of . fathers , . councels , above . moderne christian authors , of diuers christian & heathen nations , magistrates , emperours , states , &c. of . heathen writers , and of our owne church and state , * who condemne the penning , acting , and seeing of stage-playes , is far greater then the custome or exemplary authority ( not the sad and serious resolution after full debate , which stageplayes never had as yet ) of both our vniversities : this objection therefore is too light to sway the ballance of this present controversie ; * consuetudo enim si ex eo quod plures faciunt nomen accipiat , periculosum dabit exemplū , non orationi modò , sed ( quod majus est ) vita . ergo consuetudinem vivendi vocabo consensum bonorum , sicut sermonis , consensum eruditorum . and thus much for the chiefe objections , both for the compiling and acting of stage-playes . scena secvnda . i now come to answer the objections , the pretences for seeing and frequenting stage-playes . the first of them is this . wee goe to play-houses ( say all our play-haunters ) with no evill intent at all : for recreation sake alone , and for no sinister purpose : therefore our resort to playes cannot be evill , because our intentions , our purposes are not so . to this i might here reply as * saint cyprian did to those lascivious virgins who ran to wanton bathes , as some doe to our bathes , to see & to be seene , or to bathe with naked men ; and made this very objection . videris , inquis , qua illuc mente quis veniat , mihi tantum reficiendi corpusculi cura est & lavandi : to which hee gives this answer : non te purgat ista defensio , nec lasciviae & petulantiae crimen excusat . sordidat lavatio ista , non abluit , nec emundat membra sed maculat . impudice tu neminem conspicis , sed ipsa conspiceris impudice . oculos tuos turpi oblectatione non polluis , sed dum oblectas alios pollueris . spectaculum de lavacro facis , &c. theatra sunt faediora quo convenis , verecundia illic omnis exuitur , &c. but i answer , first ; that men cannot run to playes and play-houses with any good intent : for every intention is regulated by its object , and if that be ill , the intention it selfe cannot bee good . if a man intend to murther another for any good or publike end , the intent cannot be good because the thing intended , to wit the murther , is evill . d vzza no doubt had a good intent ( far better then any play-haunters have in flocking to playes or play-houses ) when as hee put forth his hand to stay the arke , which was shaken and like to fall : and yet god presently ●●ew him for it , because god had forbidden any to touch it but the * priests . the f bethsheemites had questionlesse a good intention , when they tooke downe the arke and pried into it upon its unexpected returne from the philistins : and yet god slew fifty thousand threescore and ten men for it ; because he had prohibited all but the priests and levites to looke into it . * men must not doe evill that good may come of it : therefore they must not , they cannot goe to stage-playes , ( whose sinfulnesse and unlawfulnesse i have sufficiently discovered● ) with any good intent ; these playes themselves being ill their good intentions cannot make either them , or your resort unto them , good & lawfull . secondly , i answer , that the intētions , the aymes of most who resort to playes , are meerely ill . for to what end doe our h common strumpets , bawdes , panders , adulteresses , adulterers , whore-masters , &c. frequent either playes or play-houses , but for lewde and sinister purposes ; to conclude of times , of places for their shamefull workes of darknesse , to draw others on to sinne , and to sa●iate their owne ungodly lusts ? and why doe most other spectators flocke unto them ; but i thither● or to spend and passe their time which might bee better imployed : k to see and to be seene : to learne some apish fashions , or antique complements : to behold such or such an obscene or satyricall comedie acted : l to laugh excessively in a profuse unchristian childish manner ; to satisfie some secret carnall lust or other , which prickes them on to stage-playes ; or some strange fantastique humor of novalty , vanity , ridiculous mirth and jollity ; and the like ? these i dareboldly say are the chiefe , if not the onely ends why men repaire to stage-playes ; and these all are sinfull : therefore their intention in resorting unto stage-playes is not good . thirdly , no man when he goes to see a stage-play , propounds gods glory ( which m ough to be the utmost end of all mens actions ) for his end ; nor yet the good , the peace , the comfort of his own and others soules : his intentions therefore cannot be warrantable . fourthly , admit the objection true ; that your meanings and mindes are good when you run to playes ; yet bonus animus in malare dimidium est mali ; as even n plautus the comedian writes : your good intentions make your ill actions far the worse , because you commit them with greater greedinesse , and lesse remorse , as if they were truely good , at least not ill . fiftly , admit that you goe to stage-playes onely for recreation sake : yet it will not follow , that your resort to playes is lawfull , because playes themselves are no lawfull recreations . and if the consequent of this objection bee now admitted : then men might by the selfesame reason run to brothels , whore-houses , dice-houses , tavernes , alehouses , to whore , to drab , to drink themselves drunke , and cast away all their estates at one desperate throw , as too many doe , without offence , under pretence of recreation . the scripture therefore is expresse , o that we must not make a sport or mocke of sinne , it being the object p onely of our godly sorrow , and deepest griefe , not of our carnall joy : that we may not recreate our selves q with scurrility , ribaldry , lascivious , prophane or amorous enterludes , but onely with good and lawfull things , which are no r wayes scandalous , or of ill report : therefore we may not make playes the object of our recreation , which were ever * infamous and unlawfull too . sixtly , i answer , that mens pretence of going to stage-playes meerely for their honest recreation , is but a false surmise , which will be most apparant , if we shall truely weight , what it is to doe a thing , onely for honest recreation , and what necessary ingredients and circumstances all lawfull recreations must have , t every honest lawfull recreation must have these conditions : first the object , the subject of it must be lawfull , christian , and commendable , * not sinfull , not infamous , or prohibited by the magistrate . secondly , it must be bounded with due circumstances of x place and persons , both of them must be honest , & of good report : in which all stage-playes ( especially in play-houses , ) are defective . thirdly , it must have all these circumstances of time : first , it y must not bee on lords-dayes , on times devoted to gods more speciall service , on times either of publike or private fasting and solemne humiliations : nor yet in times designed for our honest studies , callings , or any necessary publike inployments : secondly , it must not be in the z night season when men by gods appointment , and the ordinary course of nature ought to take their rest , to enable them the better to the duties of the ensuing day : and so much the rather because such a night-recreations are occasions , if not provocations unto workes of darkenesse . thirdly , it must be onely at such times when we stand in need of recreations to refresh our bodies or spirits : it must bee alwayes either after sicknesses , or naturall infirmities , or distempers of body or minde , to recover strength , health and vigor : or else after b honest labours , studies , and imployments , in our lawfull callings , to repaire the decayes , to refresh the wearinesse of our bodies , or to whet the blunted edge of our over-wearied mindes : fourthly , it must bee c rare and seldome , not quotidian . fiftly , the recreation must d not be overlong , not time-consuming ; it must be onely as a baite to a traviler , a whetting to a mower or carpenter , or as an howres sleepe in the day time to a wearied man ; we must e not spend whole weekes , whole dayes , halfe dayes or nights on recreations , as now too many doe , * abundance of idlenesse in this kinde , being one of sodomes hainous sinnes : fourthly , they must g not be over-costly or expensive ; but cheape and obvious , with as little expence as may bee . fiftly , they h must bee such as are suitable to mens callings , ages , places , sexes , conditions , tempers of body , &c. that being not lawfull or convenient in these regards to one , which yet are and may bee commendable in , or suitable to another . the recreations of princes being not meet for peasants ; and so ● converso ; nor all the pastimes of the laitie agreeable to the clergie . sixtly , they must be all directed to a lawfull end , i even to the strengthning , quickning and refreshing both of our bodies and spirits , that so we may goe on with greater cheerefulnesse in the duties of our callings , and in the worship and service of god , whose k glory must bee the utmost ayme of all our recreations . if our recreations faile in all or any of these circumstances , or if wee use prophane playes or sports in l churches , in other sacred places devoted to gods service , they presently cease to be lawfull or honest , and so prove sinfull pleasures . now stage-playes , & those who resort unto them under the pretence of recreation , are defective or peccant in all or many of these parti●ulars . therefore they are not used , not frequented onely for honest recreation ●ake . lastly , admit men goe to stage-playes onely to recreate their mindes , and to refresh their spirits ; i answer , that this is so farre frow justifying or extenuating , that it doth highly aggravate the execrable vitiousnesse of this their action , and proclaime them sinners in an high degree . for what men or women are there who can make a play , a sport , a recreation of sinne and sinfull things ; of ribaldry , prophane and scurrill iests , adulteries , rapes , incests , blasphemies , and such other notorious abominations , that are usually acted on the stage , ( m which vex every righteous soule from day to day , and grieves it to the heart , ) but such who are voyd of grace , of sin-abhorring , vice-lamenting repentance , and wholy enthralled to the love , the service of these sinfull lusts and pleasures , which will plunge them over head and eares into eternall torments at the la●t ; this being one of the highest degrees of lewdnesse , n for men to take joy and pleasure even in sinfull things . if any here reply in the second place , that they delight not in the scurrilous sinfull passages , speeches , gestures , representations or parts in stage-playes , which they altogether abhor , but only in the action , & in those honest spectacles and discourses , which no man can condemne . to this i answer first , that commonly the more o obscene and scurrilous the play , the more lascivious the players action is , the more it exhilerates , and delights the auditors , the spectators ; no playes , no actors giving lesse content , then those that are most free from lascivious , amorous , prophane , effeminate jests , and gestures , as experience and the premises witnesse . this very suggestion therefore is untrue . secondly , p those wh● delight in the appearances of evill , in the lively representations of sinne , or sinfull things , can never cordially abhorre the evils , the sinnes themselves : for he that truly loathes a man , a toade , a devill , a serpent , ( and so by consequent , a sinne , will abhorre their very pictures , and resemblances . hence is it that a christian who detests all sinne , hates q the very thoughts and imaginations , and absteines from all the appearances of it too . since therefore play-haunters delight thus in the representations of whoredome , adultery , and such like execrable crimes , needs must they take pleasure in the sinnes themselves . for , if men did cordially detest these sinnes as they pretend , the nearer the representations came unto the sinnes ( as they oft-times come too neere in stage-playes , r even to the actuall commission of the very abominations acted : ) the more they would abhorre them , by reason of that neere similitude they beare unto the sinnes : but the more lively the resemblances of these stage-lewdnesses are , the greater vicinity they have unto the sins themselves , the more they are applauded , admired l & actor ●o peritior quo turpior judicatur : therefore they doe not hate , but love these sins themselves , what ever they pretend . thirdly , that which most play-haunters deeme nothing else but the representation of sinne in the acting of playes , is even the sin it selfe in gods repute : the acting of an effeminate whorish part upon the stage in womans apparell , with amorous , womanish speches , gestures , kisses , cōplements , dalliances & imbracements , with wanton , unchaste , lascivious glances , nods , and sollicitations unto lewdnesse , yea the very expressions of the acts of venery on the stage , are m nought else but effeminacy , scurrility , wantonnesse , whoredome and adultery it selfe in gods esteeme : the personating of a fooles part in jest , * is folly and vanity in good earnest : the o speaking of vaine words , the swearing by the names of pagan idols , and the very uttering of their names , much more the acting of their parts : the very naming of fornication and adultery , together with foolish talking and jesting on the stage , are nought else but actuall sinnes in gods account , not onely in the actors , but the * spectators too ; who give consent unto them : those therefore who take pleasure in all or any of these , delight not in the representations onely of sinne , but even in sinne it selfe , which should be their greatest sorrow . fiftly , these play-house sh●dowes , and counterfeit resemblances of evill , are a ready meanes to enamour men with , to inscare them in the very sinnes themselves , p as the fathers and premises witnesse : if then play-haunters detest these sinnes , why doe they not likewise q hate the very repres●ntations of them , which are a beaten rode , a strong all●rement to these sinnes themselves ? certainely , their little care to avoyd the one , bewrayes their love , their little detestation of the other . sixtly , whereas some object , that they hate all scurrilous , filthy , amorous parts , discourses , passages , pastorals , jests , and gestures in the playes they goe to , approving none but chaste , but modest representations , passages , speeches : to this i answer● that as few play-haunters , i dare say , can speake this seriously from his hearts : so it is but an idle false surmise . for first , every man who resorts to playes , comes with a resolution to heare and see the whole play acted , not one particular scene or act : he resolves , not this before hand with himselfe , i will onely see and heate this act , this scene , this part ; but i will debarre mine eares , mine eyes from all the rest , because i de●est their lewdnesse : no man goes thus pre-resolved to a play ; he comes not therefore with an intention to abhor its lewdnesse , but to approve the whole . secondly , few play-haunters ( that i say not any , i meane in point of conscience , though many doe it out of lasciviousnesse and lust ) inquire before hand of the play , whether it be scurrilous or obscene ? whether there be any prophanesse , any lewde parts or passages in it ? whether it bee such a one as they may behold with a safe conscience ? whether there bee any lewde ungodly persons who resort unto it , &c. but they run head-long to it without these premised queries : those therefore who make no such conscionable inquiries of the unlawfull parts and passages of playes before they resort unto them , can * hardly detest them when they come . thirdly , he who truely abhors the lewde scurrill parts and sinfull passages of playes , will chuse rather to * avoyd the whole play for the evill parts and particles which defile the whole ; ( as every man is apt to flie those cities that are but in part infected with the plague , and to eschue those sweet conserves and wholsome potions that are contempered with a little poyson , ) then to behold the evill parts though with detestation , that he may injoy the pleasure of the good ; there being more danger of ●inne , of corruption by the one , then hope of any reall benefit or contentment from the other . lastly , every play-haunters r presence at the whole entire play , and his contribution to the actors for playing of the whole , is a notorious approbation of , an unavoydable assent unto the whole , in gods , if not in mens esteeme , who will thence conclude that they consented to and tooke pleasure in the whole . let no play-haunters therefore any longer cheat thēselves or others with these dilusory false pretences , which have neither truth nor substance in them : but quite abandon playes and play-houses , notwithstanding these evasions which wil not help them in the day of iudgement . and thus much for the first objection . the . objection or pretence for seeing stage-playes is this : that it serves to pa●se away mens idle time , which would else perchance be worse imployed . to this i answer first ; that s therefore it is evill because it thus consumes mens pretious time which should bee better imployed , either in publike or private duties of piety and devotion , or else in some honest studies , callings , or imployments for the publike good . secondly , there is no man who hath so much vacant time , that he needs to run to playes , to play-houses , to waste , to poast away his idle houres . alas , we all complaine with t seneca and others , ars longa , vita brevis ; that our studies , our professions are long , our lives exceeding short and swift ; and shall wee then adde wings , adde spurs of life-consuming pleasures of sin to our few winged dayes , to make them flie away with greatest haste and worser speed , as if we had too much life ? u our time is too too swift already ; it runnes whiles wee sit still ; it is alwayes flying more swift then any poast , whiles we are eating , drinking , sleeping , playing , and thinke not of its haste : yea so swift winged is it * ubi per luxum ac negligentiam def●uit , ubi nullae rei bon● impenditur , ut quod ire non intelleximus praeterijsse sentimus ; that whiles we waste it thus on playes and sports , it is past and gone before we discerne it move . and shall we then bee so desperately prodigall of our lives , our rich and peerelesse houres , as to plot , to study how to passe them qui●e away with mo●e celerity , and farre lesser fruit ? certainely if we would but seriously consider and peruse that elegant treatise of an y heathen , of the shortnesse of life , or this memorable speech of his z quotidie morimur , quotidie enim demitu● aliqua pars vitae , & tunc quoque cum ●escimus vita decrescit . infantiam amisimus , deinde pueritiam● deinde adolescentiam , usque ad hesternum quicquid transijt temporis perit . hunc ipsum quem agimus diem , etiam cum morte dividimus , &c. if we would with all remember the end for which god made us ; to wit , * to doe his service ; * to finish the worke which he hath given us to doe ; * and to passe the time of our pilgrimage here in his feare : or the cause for which our blessed saviour redeemed us , d that we might serve him in holinesse and righteousnesse before him all the dayes of our lives : e that we should no longer live to our selves but unto him alone , and that living and dying we might ●e hi● . if we w●uld further seriou●ly ponder how many holy duties we have every day to performe towards god ; how many graces , and degrees of grace we want ; how many daily sinnes and lusts we have to lament and mortifie ; f how many offices of piety , of charity , of courtesie , duty and civility wee have to exercise towards our selves , our friends , our neighbours , our families , our enemies , as we are men , or christians , in all those severall relations wherein wee stand to others : considering withall what time we ought to spend upon our lawfull callings , upon the care and culture of our soules * which are then most neglected , when as our bodies are most pampered , most adorned ; all which are su●ficient to monopolize even all our idle dayes & more . and if we would adde to this ; these strict commands of god : exod. . . sixe dayes g shalt thou labour and doe all thy worke ; gen. . . in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eate bread till thou returne unto the ground : ( a curse , a precept layd on all mankinde . ) ephes. . , . see that yee walke circumspectly , not as fooles but as wise , redeeming the time , because the dayes are evill : . thes. . , , , , . for even when we were with you this we commanded you , that if any would not worke , neither should he eate . for we heare there are some ( and o that we did not now heare of many ●uch among us ) which walke among you disorderly , not working at all , but are buste-bodies . now them that are such we● command and exhort by our lord iesus , that with quie●nesse they worke and eate their owne bread , not being weary in well doing . and if any obey not our word by this epistle note that man , and have no communion with him , that he may be ashamed , did we , i say , consider all this , or did we remember , * how narrow , steepe , and difficult the way is unto heaven , and what paines all those must take who meane to climbe up thither ; we should then speedily discover , how little cause men have to run to stage-playes to passe away their idle houres , which flie away so speedily of themselves . but suppose there are any such ( as alas our idle age hath too too many , ) who though they are loath to die , ( as all men should be * willing to depart who have finished or survived their worke , or else want good imployments , ) yet h they have so much idle time , that they know not how to spend , standing all the day idle , like those lazy loyterers , matth. . . to . even for want of worke ; or loytring abroad like our common vagrant sturdy-beggers , not so much because they cannot , but because they will not worke ; let all such idle bees know , that christ iesus their lord and master hath a vineyard in which they may and ought to spend their time ; he hath store of imployments for them though themselves have none , even enough to take up all the vacant houres of their lives . when therefore any play-haunters or others have so much idle time that they know not how to bestow it , let them presently step into the lords vineyard ; let them repaire to sermons , and such other publike exercises of religion ; calling upon one another and saying , h come and let us goe up to the mountaine of the lord , to the house of the god of iacob , and hee will teach us his wayes , and we will walke in his pathes : or else betake themselves to their owne private prayers and devotions : let them i read the scriptures , or some other pious bookes , which may instruct them in the wayes of godlinesse : k or sing psalmes● and hymnes , and spirituall songs to god● let them seriously l examine their owne consciences , hearts and lives , by the sacred touch-stone of gods word ; let them m bewayle their owne originall corruption , with all their actuall transgressions , and sue earnestly to god for pardon for them ; let them labour n after all the graces and degrees of grace which yet they want , and bee ever adding to those graces which they have : let them o renew their vowes and covenants with god , and walke more closely , more exactly with him every day : let them muse p and meditate on god , on all his great and glorious workes and attributes ; on christ and all his suffrings ; on the holy ghost and all his graces ; on the word of god and all its precepts , promises , threatnings ; on heaven and everlasting happinesse : on hell and all its torments ; on sinne and all the miseries that attend it : q on their owne frailty and mortality ; on the r vanity of all earthly things ; on the day of death and s judgement , which should be alwayes in their thoughts ; and on a thousand such like particulars , on which they should imploy their mindes and vacant houres . if men will but thus improve their idle time which now they waste on playes and such like vanities ( which t onely treasure up wrath unto their soules against the day of wrath , and plunge them deeper into hell at last , ) what benefit , what comfort might they reape ? their idle vacant seasons would then prove the comfortablest , the profitablest of all others , and bring them in a large returne of grace here , of glory hereafter . let us therefore henceforth labour to improve our cast , our leisure times to our eternall advantage ; t & ab hoc exiguo● & caduco temporis transitu , in illa nos toto demus animo , quae immensa quae aeterna sunt , quae cum melioribus communia : haec nobis dabunt ad aeternitatem iter , & nos in illum locum ex quo nemo eijciet , sublenabunt : haec una ratio est extendendae mortalitatis , imo , in immortalitatem vertendae : and then we need not run to masques , to playes , or play-houses to passe away our time . lastly , i answer , that men cannot be worse imployed then in hearing or beholding stage-playes , nihil enim tam damnosum bonis moribus , quàm in aliquo spectaculo desidere : tunc enim per voluptatem facilius vitia surrepunt . it was u seneca his resolution to his friend lucilius , when he requested his advice , what thing hee would have him principally to avoyd ; and it may be a satisfactory answer to this objection . for how can men be worse imployed , then in hearing , seeing , learning all kinde of vice , of villany , and lewdnesse whatsoever ? then in depraving both their mindes and manners , and treasuring up damnation to their soules ? x this is the onely good imployment , that our play-haunters have at playes , which is the worst of any . this objection therefore is but idle . the . objection which play-frequenters make for the seeing of playes , is this . that the frequenting of stage-playes ( as their owne experience witnesseth , ) doth men no hurt at all : it neither indisposeth them to holy duties , nor inticeth them to lust or lewdnesse : therefore it is not ill . an objection made in y chrysostomes time , as well as now . to this i answer first ; that play-haunters are no meete judges in this case , because most of them being yet z in the state of sinne and death , are altogether sencelesse of the growth and progresse of their corruptions , of which they take no notice . excellent to this purpose is that speech of a seneca quare vitia sua nemo confitetur ? quia etiam nunc in illis est . somnium narrare , vigilantis est ; & vitia sua confireri , sanitatis indicium est expergiscamur ergo , ut errores nostros coarguere possimus . stage-haunters are for the most part lulled asleepe in the dalilaes lappe of these sinfull pleasures , yea they are quite dead in sinnes and trespasses ; their b eyes are so blinded that they will not see , their hearts so hardned that they cannot discerne , their consciences so cauterized that they never seriously behold nor yet examine the execrable filthinesse , greatnesse , multitude , growth , or daily increase of their beloved sinnes and lusts ; no marvaile therefore if they affirme this falsehood ; that they receive no hurt at all from stage-playes . secondly , every man ( especially those who were never thorowly humbled for their sinnes , as few play-frequenters are , ) is a * corrupt , a partiall , and so an unfitting ●udge , in his owne cause . as therefore men in ordinary differences , referre the censure and determination of their owne causes to indifferent arbitrators who are no wayes ingaged in their suits , declining their owne particular discitions to avoyd all partiality ; it being against reason ( as d mr. littleton and our law-bookes teach us , ) that any man should be the iudge of his owne cause . or as e aristotle writes of physicians , that they use the helpe of other physicians in their owne sicknesse , because they cannot discerne the true touch of their owne diseases by reason of their distemper : the same should our play-haunters doe in this particular ; referre the examination of the hurt they receive from playes and play-houses unto others , who are impartiall judges ; but not unto themselves , whom selfe-love makes too partiall . thirdly , i answer with s. hierom ; f tunc maxime oppugnaris , si te oppugnari nescis . adversarius noster , tanquam leo rugiens , aliquem devorare quaerens circumit ; & tu pacem putas ? sedet in insidijs ; insidiatur in occulto ; & tu frondosae arboris tectus umbraoulo , molles somnos futurus praeda , carpis ? inde me persequitur luxuria , inde compellit libido , ut habitantem in me spiritum sanctum fugem , ut templum ejus violem : persequitur , inquam , me hostis , cui nomina mille , mille nocendi artes● & ego infaelix victorem me putabo , dum capior ? in illo aestu charybdis luxuriae salutem vorat . ibi ore virgineo ad pudicitiae perpetranda naufragia , scylla seu renidens , libido blanditur . hic barbarum litus , hic diabolus pyrata cum socijs portat vincula capiendis . nolite credere , nolite esse securi . licet in modum stagni fusum aequor arrideat ; licet vix summa jacentis elementi spiritu terga crispentur : magnos hic campus montes habet ; intus inclusum est periculum , intus est hostis , expedite rudentes , vela suspendite ; tranquillitas ista tempesta● est . stage-players and play-haunters are commonly most dangerously corrupted by the playes they act and see , when as they are least sensible of their hurt ; yea their oft resort to playes and play-houses which perchance did somewhat gall their consciences at the first , hath made them sencelesse of their mischiefe at the last . g vulnere vetusto & neglecto callus obducitur , & eo insanabile quo insensibile fit . solum est cordurum quod semetipsum non exhorret quia nec sentit . i shall therefore shut up this reply with that of h bernard , which i would wish all unlamenting play-haunters & sinners to consider . scio , longius à salute absistere membrum quod obstupuit , & aegrum sese non sentientem , periculosius laborare . fourthly , the hurt men receive from stage-playes , is like the growth of their bodies , it increaseth by certaine insensible degrees , so that it is hardly discerned whiles it is growing , till time hath brought it to maturity . i nemo repente fit tu pissimus : is as true as ancient . no man becomes extreamely vitious on a sudden , but by unsensible gradations , and so doe play-haunters too , even by those seeds of vice which stage-playes sow and nourish in them . what k seneca writes of the discourses of lewde companions ; horum sermo multum nocet ; nametiam si non statim officit , semina in animo relinquit ; sequiturque nos etiam cum ab illis discesserimus resurrecturum posteà malum . the same may i truely write of playes ; whose evill fruits , like * tares that are buried under ground , are oft concealed for a time , till at last they bud forth by degrees , and come to perfect ripenesse ; and then they are abvious unto all mens view . no wonder therefore if play-haunters discover not the hurt they receive from playes , because it creepes thus on them by imperceptible gradations , though faster upon some then others . but albeit play-haunters feele no hurt at first , ( no more then those who drinke downe poyson in a sugered cup , which yet proves fatall to rhem at the last , though it were sweet and luscious for the present , ) yet when terrors of conscience , death , and judgements , when crosses and afflictions shall thorowly awaken them ; when god shall set all their sinnes in order before them , or bring them by his grace and mercy to sincere repentance , then they shall finde and know it to their griefe ( as sundry l penitent players and play-haunters have done before them , ) that stage-playes have done them hurt indeed . fiftly , stage-playes have exceedingly m depraved , corrupted many spectators from time to time , and drawne them on to divers sinnes , which have even sunke their soules to hell ; as the premises largely testifie : and can any then think to escape all danger , even where they have seene so many perish ? can any man rest secure where multitudes have miscarried ? what n s. cyprian therefore writes in a like case , that shall i here commend to stage-haunters . ad vos nunc mea exhortatio convertitur , quos nolumus experiri talia praecipitia ruinarum . metuite quantum potestis ejusmodi casus exitia . et in ista subversione labentium vos experimenta perterreant . nimium praeceps est quitransire contendit , ubi alium conspexerit cecidisse , & vehementer infrenis est cui non incutitur timor alio pereunte . amator vero est salutis suae qui evitat alienae mortis incursum , & ipse est providus qui solicitus fit cladibus caeterorum . adversa est confidentia quae periculis vitam suam pro certo commendat ; & lubrica spes est quae inter fomen●a peccati salvari se sperat . incerta victoria est , inter hostilia arma pugnare ; & impossibilis liberatio est ●lammis circundari , nec ardere ; quod o solomon non negat , dicens . quis alligabit in sinu suo ignem , vestimenta autem sua non comburet ? credite quaeso vos , credite divinae fidei quinimo plu● quàm nostrae . difficile quis venenum bibet & vivet : verendum est dormienti in ripa , ne cadat , cum dicat apostolus , p qui se putat stare videat ne cadat . in h●c parte expedit plus bene timere , quàm male fidere . et utilius est infirmum se homo cognoscat , ut fortis existat ; quàm fortis videri velit , ut infirmus emergat . sixtly , all play-haunters receive much hurt from stage-playes q what ever they pretend : for first , these playes enflame their lusts , ingender unchast affections in their soules ; mispend their mony and time , indispose them to gods service & sincere repentance , by inthralling them in the guilt of sundry other mischiefes , as i have r elsewhere largely prooved . secondly , it makes them guilty of all the sinnes that are either acted or committed at the play-house ; of all the play-poets , all the actors wickednesse which they maintaine and cherish both with their purses and presence . a fearefull mischiefe . s nam qui alios peccare fecerit , multos secum praecipitat in mortem , & necesse est ut sit pro tantis reus , quantos secum traxerit in ruinam ; as salvian well observes . thirdly , your very contribution unto players for their playes and action if saint t augustine and others may be credited , guilty● and is it not the greatest hurt that can be , to be guilty of an hainous sinne , which subjects men to gods curse and vengeance here , and to eternall torments hereafter ? fourthly , your very example in frequenting playes and play-houses , as it is u scandalous and offensive to gods church , gods saints , x and u●beseeming the gospell of christ , so it is a meanes to harden vitious play-haunters , to encourage and draw on many spectators unto stage-playes , who are polluted , vitiated , and made worse by them : whose ●ins shall certainely be put on your , as well as on their scores at last , whose lewde example was the originall occasion both of their sinne and hurt . i shall therefore cloze up this reply with that of y chrysostome , to those who made this very objection . sed ego , inquies , ostend●m , nihil multis huj●smodi ludos ob●uisse : im●ò veroid maximè nocet , quod frustrae & incassu● temp●●s consumi● , & scandalum alijs offers . nàm ets● tu quod●m excelsi animi robore , nihil inde tibi ●●li contraxisti : ●●●t●men qu●niam alios imbecilli●●es exemplo tui spectaculorum studios●s fecisti , quomodo non ipse malum tibi contraxisti , qui causam mali committendi alijs praebuisti ? qui enim 〈◊〉 corrumpuntur tam viri quàm mulieres , omnes corruptionis crimi●● & causam in caput tuum transferunt . nam quemadmodum si non esseu● qui spectarent , nec essent etiam qui luderent : sic quoniam uterque sunt causa peccatorum quae committuntur , ignem etiam patientur . quare quamvis ●nimi tui ●odestia eff●cist● , ut nihil tibi inde obfuerit , quod ego fieri posse non arbitror : quoniam tamen alij causa ludorum multa peccaru●t , gr●ves propter hoc paenas lues , quamvis etiam multô modestior & temperantior esses , si nullo modo e● pergeres . which passage ( formerly z englished ) i would wish all play-haunters seriously to consider . lastly , admit that many spectators ●eceive no hurt from stage-playes ; yet certainely they are very dangerous temptations unto evill ; and it is gods preventing grace alone , of which no play-haunter can presume , that preserves men from their grosse corruptions . why then shall wee runne our selves into such temptations , such infectious , insinuating , i● not ensnaring pleasures of sinne , which wee may avoyd with safety , but not resort to without feare of danger ? a quid tibi necesse est in ea versari domo in qu● necesse habea● aut perire , aut vincere ? quis unquam mortalium juxta viperam securos somnos cepit ? quae et si non perculia● , certè sollicitat . securius est perire non posse , qu●m juxta periculum nonp●risse . o therefore let us flie these pestiferous enterludes which will endanger hurting us , if that they harme us not . if any here reply , as some did to b tertullian in this very case : that the sunne shines on a dung-hill , and yet its beames are not defiled by it : so men may looke ●n stage-playes and yet not be polluted ; c for unto the pure all things are pure : and admit there be some obscenity in stage-playes , yet chaste hearts and eares will not be tainted with it . d auribus enim castis obscan● sermones cum sono defici●●t , nec secretum pudici cordis irr●mpunt : nec ●rumpit serm● turpis ex mente nisi se voluntarie mens autè corrumpat , quàm recipiat aliquid unde corrumpatur , aut proferat . turpia quoque verba per aures ingressa , quid praevalent , si non fuerint arbitrio mentis admissa ? quando autem praevalent , non ipsam corrumpunt mentem , sed jam corruptam spon●e reperiunt . pulchrorum quoque corporum formae per oculos irrepentes , animum non movent incorruptum ; & quandò corruptibiliter movent , non corrumpun● sarum , sed ostendunt propria voluntate corruptum ; as prosper aquitanicus writes . to this i answer first , that the sunne is of a pure and celestiall nature , uncapable of any defilement whatsoever ; it s shining therefore on a dunghill can no wayes maculate its pure rayes , which oft-times make the dung-heape stinke the more . but mans nature as it was capable of pollution at the first , before adams fall , so it is * altogether ●ilthy , stinking , and corrupted since , more apt to be inflamed with any lascivious amorous speeches , gestures , playes and enterludes , then tinder , gun-powder , flax , or charcole are with the least sparkes of fire . f every sonne of lapsed adam is borne into the world a sinfull , uncleane , depraved creature , overspred with a universall leprosie of corruption : g all the imaginations of his heart are evill , yea onely evill , and that continually : h yea all his righteousnesse is but as menstruous rags , and i in him there dwells nothing that is good : his very k eyes being full of adultery , so that they cannot cease from sinne ; and his l heart most desperately wicked and deceitfull above all things , as both scripture and experience teach us : no wonder then if stage-playes ( which if we believe m s. chrysostome , are farre more contagious & filthy th●n any dung , ) defile mens vitious natures , though no stinking dung heape can pollute the shining sunne . we see that n the very sight of the forbidden fruit was sufficient to tempt adam and eve to sinne even before their natures were depraved : and we know o that the casuall sight of bathsheba was sufficient to provoke even regenerate david to an adulterous act : and will not then the premeditated voluntary delightfull beholding of an unchast adulterous play , much more contaminate a voluptuous , carnall , gracelesse play-haunter , who lies rotting in the sinke of his most beastly lusts ? a very heathen could informe us thus much : p ad deteriora non tantum pronum iter est , sed etiam praeceps ; that mans nature is not onely prone , but precipitate unto evill things : and shall christians then thinke themselves , as uncapable of contagion as the shining sunne ? god forbid : we may perchance● bee such in heaven hereafter , as neither q vèlle , ne● posse peccare ; but here we cannot be such ; for what man among us can say , r that he hath made hi● heart cleane , and that he is pure from his sinne ? certainely if any dare say so , ( as some papists write of their ●uper-errogating super-arrogant saints , ) s iohn● will tell him that he is a lyer , and there is no truth in him . and although t unto the pure all things ( that is all good , all lawful● , all indifferent things , all meates and drinkes , for of them the apostle speakes ) are pure , yet unto the impure ( and such * for the most part are all play-haunters ) all things ( that is all good , all indifferent things , all meates , all drinkes and recr●●tions ) are uncleane ; and so by consequence stage-playes too ; because their very conscience● is defiled . secondly , whereas it is objected , that evill things corrupt not chaste or honest eyes , or eares , or hearts . i answer , that it is true indeed in these three particular cases : first , when as the evils which men see or heare are meerely casuall , not run unto of set purpose upon deliberation . secondly , when men are necessitated to heare and see them , even against their wills : and yet in these two cases they prove * oft-times contagious . thirdly , when as men see or heare them * with highest detestation of their lewdnesse , and strong resolves against them : not with delight or approbation . but thus men see and heare not stage-playes , to which they purposely and willingly● resort , in which they place their pleasure and delight . therefore they cannot but corrupt , yea dangerously defile them , because they doe not loath but love them over-much . and what so apt to contaminate and deprave men , as that which they best affect ? the last objection for the seeing of playes is this : if you debarre us from beholding stage-playes ( say some ) you will then deprive us of all our mirth , our pleasures , and cause us for to live a melancholy , sad , dumpish lif● , the which we cannot brooke : therefore you must still permit us to resort to playes . to this i answer first : that it is the condition of all voluptuous carnall persons , to deeme themselves much restrained , when as they are inhibited from any one sinfull pleasure in which they take delight ; as if u all their comforts , their contentments , yea their life it selfe , were utterly lost and gone . let a drunkard be but restrained from his cups and pot-companions ; an whore-master from his queanes and whoredomes , a common dicer from his unlawfull gaming , or a play-haunter from his stage-playes , which delight and feed his lusts ; x they presantly thinke themselves undo●e , yea quite bereaved of all their pleasures : and all because they place their happinesse , their chiefe delights in these their carnall contentments , which alwayes end in horror . but alas what * hard in●urious rest●aine is this , to inhibit them from sinne and sinfull things , which would certainely plung them into eternall misery , from which the very lawes of god , of nature , of nations have long since debard them , under the severest penalties ? what , are christians growne now such carnall epicures , as to thinke there is no pleasure , mirth or solace but in sinne alone , in amorous pastorals , obscene lascivious speeches , jests , and enterludes , or such lewde notorious abominations as should even pierce all christian hearts with griefe ? y what , is there no pleasure thinke we but in that which god prohibits ? in that which he and all good men abhorre ? in that which shuts men out of heaven , and poasts them on to hell ? good god , if these be the chiefe delights of christians now , which was the vice , the shame of pagans , of christians heretofore , why doe any such voluptuous carnall christians hope for heaven ? are there any lascivious stage-playes , spectacles , songs , or such like sinfull vanities there ? are there any such lust-fomenting , sin-engendring sports or pastimes in heaven , as carnalists delight in here on earth ? o no , z there is no uncleanesse , vanity or lasciviousnesse in that holy place● if men therefore thinke themselves miserable when they are deprived of these pleasures here , what happinesse can they hope to finde in heaven hereafter , where there are no such enterludes , such carnall contentments as they delight in now ? if then wee may bee happy , yea eternally happy in the highest degree without these lust-enraging enterludes hereafter , why should wee deeme our selves unfortunate in being restrained from them now ? especially since christ himselfe informes us , * that if any man will come after him , he must deny himselfe in all his sinfull pleasures , and crucifie his flesh with the affections and lusts thereof . the saints and angels now in heaven ; the primitive church and christians , yea and many pagans , whiles they were on earth , accounted their lives most comfortable , though they wanted stage-playes , a yea , this was one of their greatest contentments , that they had quite abandoned them : nay those very saints of god on earth , who now lead the most comfortable , joyfull , happy lives of all men in the world , are such who never come at stage-playes● and many carnall men there are who live full mer●y , full jolly lives without them . this objection therefore is but frivolous . secondly , though men are deprived of stage-playes , of all other unlawfull pleasures whatsoever ; yet they have choyce enough of sundry lawfull recreations , and earthly solaces with which to exhilerate their mindes ; and sences : b they have the seuerall prospects of the sunne , the moone , the planets , the stars , the water , the earth , with all the infinite c variety of creatures , of fishes , birds , fowles , beasts , cre●ping things , trees , herbes , plants , rootes , stones , and mettals that are in them , to delight their eyes : they have * the musicke of all birds and singing creatures to please their eares ; the incomperably delicate d ●doriferous sents and perfumes of all h●arbes , all flowers , fruits , &c. to refresh their noses● the * savory tastes of all edible creatures to content their pallats , so farre as the rules of sobriety and temperance will permit : the pleasures * that orchards , rivers , gardens , ponds , woods , or any such earthly paradices can affoord them : the * comfort of friends , kindred , wives , children , possessions , wealth , and all other externall blessings that god hath bestowed upon them . and what want of pleasures , of contentments can they complaine of , who have all these for to delight them , the very meanest whereof are farre more pleasant , then the very best of enterludes , then all our stage-playes put together ? besides , though men are debard from stage-playes , dicing , or mix lascivious dancing , or any other unlawfull sports , they have store of honest , of healthfull recreations still remaining , with which to refresh themselves ; as walking , riding , fishing , fowling , hawking , hunting , ringing , leaping , vauting , wrestling , running , shooting , * singing of psalmes and pious ditties ; playing upon musicall instruments , casting of the barre , tossing the pike , riding of the great horse , ( an exercise fit for men of quality ) running at the ring , with a world of such like lawdable , cheape , and harmlesse exercises ; which being used in due season , with moderation , temperance , and all lawfull circumstances , will prove more wholsome to their bodies , more profitable & * delightfull to their soules , then all the enterludes , the unlawfull pastimes in the world . men need not therefore complaine for want of recreations in case they are deprived of playes , when they have such plenty of farre better sports . thirdly , admit the objection true , that you shall be stript of all your earthly pleasures in case you are kept from playes , yet what prejudice should your soules or bodies suffer by it ? carnall worldly pleasures , you know , are no part , no particle of a christians comfort , hee can live a most happy joyfull life without them ; yea he can hardly live happily or safely with them . worldly pleasures are full of dangerous soule-entangling snares , which are apt to endanger the very best of christians . hence was it , * that holy moses chose rather to suffer affliction with the people of god , then to enjoy the pleasures of sinne for a season . hence our e saviour pronounceth an woe unto them that laugh now , for they shall weepe and lament hereafter ; hence f s. iames adviseth men , to turne their laughter into mourning , and their joy into heavinesse : and g solomon hereupon instructs men ; that it is better to goe to the house of mourning , then to the house of feasting ; for that is the end of all men , and the living will lay it to his heart . that sorrow is better then laughter , for by the sadnesse of the countenance the heart is made better : and that the heart of the wise is in the house of mourning , but the heart onely of fooles in the house of mirth : there being nothing more dangerous to mens soules , h more opposite to their vertues , then carnall pleasures . this heathen men long since acknowledged . voluptas esca malorum quâ nulla capitalior pestis hominibus à natura datur , nihil altum , nihil magnificum & divinum suscipere possunt , qui suas omnes cogitationes abjecerunt in rem tàm humilem atque contemptam : writes i cicero . respuendae sunt voluptates , enervant & effaeminant . voluptati indulgere initium omnium malorum est . indurandus itaque est animus & blandimentis voluptatum procul abstrahendus . vna hannibalem hyberna soluerunt , & indomitum illum nivibus atque alpibus virum enervaverunt fomenta campaniae . armis vicit , vitijs victus est , &c. debellandae itaque sunt imprimis voluptates ; is the advice of k seneca . and good reason is there for it . quippe nec ira deûm tantum , nec tela , nec hostes , quantum sola noces animis illapsa voluptas , as l silius italicus affirmed long agoe : answerable to which is that of m scipio , appliable to our present times . non est tantum ab hostibus armatis aetati nostrae pericul● , quantum à circumfusis undique voluptatibus : qui eas sua temperantia frenavit ac domuit , multo majus decus majoremque victoriam sibi peperit quàm nos syphace victo habemus . and is it then any such tedious irkesome matter for christians out of their love to christ , ( for whom they should part with * all things ) to part with these their worldly pleasures , so dangerous to their soules , when as pagans have thus censured , abandoned them long agoe ? let us therefore contemne the losse of these our worthlesse , vaine and sinfull enterludes , n whose danger farre exceeds their pleasure , and since we shall not enjoy them hereafter in heaven , let us not desire them whiles we are on earth . fourthly , this world , this life is o no time , no place for pleasure , mirth or carnall jollity , it being onely a vale of misery , a place of sorrow , griefe and labour to all the saints of god. p cum enim legatur adam in loco voluptatis ab initio positus ut operaretur , quis sanum sapiens , filios ejus in loco afflictionis ad feriandum positos arbitretur ? every man is q borne into this world weeping , to signifie that it is a place of teares , not of laughter ; a prison , not a paradice ; and shall we then thinke to make it onely a theater of jollity and delights ? fiftly , let no men so far deceive themselves , as to expect an * earthly paradice and an heavenly too ; as to enjoy the pleasures of earth and heaven both . r delicatus es frater si & hic vis gaudere cum saeculo , & posteà regnare cum christo , writes saint hierom. alas , those who receive their pleasure in this life , must not looke for any comfort , but torments onely in the life to come , s and so much pleasure as they have enjoyed here , so much torment shall they susteine hereafter t none reape injoy hereafter , but those who sow in teares of godly sorrow now . u our light afflictions ( not our carnall pleasures ) which are but for a moment , are the onely instruments that purchase for us a farre more exceeding and eternall weight of glory . x through many afflictions ( not through the pleasant way of worldly pleasures and spectacles which are quite out of the rode to heaven ) we must all enter into the kingdome of heaven , y where all teares shall be wiped from our eyes , which here must ever flow with teares of sorrow for our owne and others sinnes . memorable is that speech of abraham to the rich man. z luke . . sonne , remember that thou in thy life time receivedst thy pleasure , ( as some translations render it ) and lazarus paine ; but now he is comforted , and thou art tormented . lo here , a voluptuous life , ending in torments ; and a sorrowfull life terminating in eternall blisse . it is recorded of the wicked , iob . , . that they take the timbrel and harpe , and rejoyce at the sound of the organ : they spend their dayes in wealth and in a moment goe downe to hell. and solomon , eccles. . , . speakes thus unto all voluptuous persons who delight in worldly jollity : if a man live many yeeres , and rejoyce in them all , yet let him remember the dayes of darkenesse for they are many . all that commeth is vanity : rejoyce , o young man , in thy youth , and let thy heart cheere thee in the dayes of thy youth , and walke in the wayes of thy heart , and in the sight of thine eyes ; but know thou that for all these things god will bring thee to iudgement . which two remarkable places coupled with revel . . . how much she hath glorified herselfe and lived deliciously , so much torment and sorrow give her : are sufficient evidences that all worldly pleasures without gods merci● and repentance bring men onely to * hell , to torments at the last . it will be therefore your happines , your a eternall advātage , not your prejudice , to foregoe all your sinfull pleasures now , that so ye may gaine far greater , far better in heaven hereafter . sixtly , those enterludes and carnall pastime● wherein the world takes so much solace , can bring no true joy to a christians heart , who tramples upon them as not worthy the enjoying . it is an excellent saying of b bernard : gustato spiritu , necesse est desipere carnem : affectanti caelestia , terrena non sapiunt : aeternis inhanti , fastidio sunt transitoria . revera illud verum & solum est gaudium , quod non de creatura sed de creatore concipitur , & quod cum possideris nemo tollet à te . cui comparata omnis aliunde jocunditas , maeror est ; omnis suavitas , dolor est ; omne dulce , amarum ; omne decorum , faedum ; omne postremò quodcunque aliud delectari possit , molestum . every pious christian hath the c god of all comfort and consolation , ( without whom nothing is pleasant , ) with all his great and glorious attributes : the mercies of god the father ; the merits and soule-saving passion of god the sonne ; the consolations , joyes and graces of god the holy ghost ; the wisedome , power , goodnesse , eternity , omnipotency , mercy , truth and alsufficiency of the sacred trinity , * which are onely able for to fill the soule : the word , the promises of the god of truth ; the eternall joyes of heaven ; the fellowship of the blessed saints and angels , to ravish , solace , and rejoyce his soule upon all occasions : on these he may cast the eyes , yea fix the very intentions and desires of his heart : in the●e his affections may even satiate themselves , and take their full contentment , without any subsequent repentance , sinne , or sorrow of heart : those then who cannot satisfie their soules with these celestiall spectacles , and soule-ravishing delights , in which all chistians place their complacency and supreme felicity , it is a sure character , that they have yet no share in christ , no acquaintance with the least degrees of grace , no interest in gods favour , no true desire of grace , of heaven , and everlasting life , which would soone embitter and debase al worldly pleasures , which are but cyphers in respect of these . lastly , if any play-haunter bee yet so devoted to his play-house spectacles that he will not part with them upon any tearmes : let him then behold farre better , farre sublimer spectacles then these with which to delight himselfe ; which i shal commend unto him in s. augustines words : quid ergo facimus fratres ? writes d he in our very case . dimissuri eum sumus ? sine spectaculo morietur , non subsistet , non nos sequetur . quid ergo faciemus ? demus pro spectaculis spectàcula . et quae spectacula daturi sumus christiano homini , quem volumus ab illis spectaculis revocare ? gratias ago domino deo nostro , sequente versu ostendit nobis quae spectatoribus spectare volentibus spectacula praeberemus , & ostendere debeamus . ecce aversus fuerit à circo , à theatro , ab amphitheatro , quaerat quod spectet , prorsus quaerat ; non eum relinquimus sine spectaculo . quid pro illis dabimus ? audi quid sequitur . multa fecisti tu domine deus meus mirabilia tua . miracula hominum intuebatur , intendat mirabilia dei. multa fecit dominus mirabilia sua , haec respiciat . quare illi viluerunt ? aurigam laudas regentem quatuor equos , & sine lapsu atque offensione currentes . forte talia miracula spiritalia non fecit dominus . regat luxuriam , regat injustitiam , regat imprudentiam : motus istos qui nimium lapsi haec vitia faciunt , regat & subdat sibi & teneat habena● & non rapiatur : ducat quo vult , non ●rahatur quò non vult : aurigam laudabat , aurigam laudabit . clamabat , ut auriga veste cooperiretur , immortalitate vestietur . haec munera , haec spectacula dedit deus ; clamat de caelo , specto vos : luctamini , adjuvabo : vincite , coronabo , &c. nunc specta histrionem . didicit enim homo magno studio in fune ambulare , & pendens te suspendit . illum attende aeditorem majorum spectaculorum . didicit iste in fune ambulare , nunquid fecit in mare ambulare ? obliviscere theatrum tuum , attende petrum nostrum , non in fune ambulantem , sed ut ita dicam , in mari ambulantem , &c , see here , pag. . to . to the same purpose . christians then in this fathers judgement have farre greater , farre better spectacles then all the play-houses in the world can yeeld them : they have * many heavenly , sweet and spirituall spectacles on which to cast their eyes and thoughts ; these they must alwayes contemplate ; not these base filthy enterludes . i shall therefore cloze up this objection with that excellent passage of tertullian , which answers it to the full . nostrae caenae , nostrae nuptiae nondum sunt : non possum cum illis ( spectatoribus ) discumbere , quia nec illi nobiscum . vicibus disposita res est . e nunc illi letantur , nos con●lictamur . f seculum ( inquit ) gaudebit , vos tri●tes eritis . lugeamus ergo dum ethnici gaudent , ut cum lugere caeperint , gaudeamus ; ne pariter nunc gaudentes , tunc quoque pariter lugeamus . delicatus es christiane , si & in seculo voluptatem concupiscis , im● nimium stultus si hoc existimas voluptatem . philosophi quidem hoc nomen quieti & tranquillitati dederunt , in ea gaudent , in ea avocantur , in ea etiam gloriantur . tu mihi metas & scenas & pulverem , & harenas suspiras . dicas velim , non possumus vivere sine voluptate , qui mori cum voluptate debebimus ? nam quod est aliud votum nostrum , quàm quod & apostoli ; g exire de seculo & recipi apud dominum . haec voluptas , ubi & votum . iam nunc si putas delectamentis exigere spacium hoc , cur tàm ingratus es , ut tot , & tales voluptates à deo contributas tibi satis non habeas , neque recognoscas ? quid enim jocundius quàm dei patris & domini reconciliatio , quàm veritatis revelatio , quàm errorum recognitio , quàm tantorum retrò criminum venia ? quae major voluptas , * quàm fastidium ipsius voluptatis , quàm seculi totius contemptus , quam vera libertas , quàm conscientia integra , quam vita sufficiens , quàm mortis timor nullus , quod calcas deos nationum , quod daemonia expellis , quod medicinas facis , quod revelationes pe● is , quod deo vivis ? hae voluptates , haec spectacula christianorum , sancta , perpetua , gratuita ; in his tibi ludos circenses interpraetare ; cursus seculi intuere , tempora labentia dinumera , metas consummationis expecta , societates ecclesiarum defende , ad signum dei suscitare , ad tubam angeli erigere , ad martyrij palmas gloriare . * si scenicae doctrinae delectant , satis nobis literarum est , satis versuum est , satis sententiarum , satis etiam canticorum , satis vocum , nec fabulae , sed veritates , nec strophae , sed simplicitates . vis & pugillatus & luctatus ? praesto sunt , non parva sed multa . aspice impudicitiam dejectam à castitate , perfidiam caesam à fide , saevitiam à misericordia contusam , petulantiam à modestia adumbratam , & tales apud nos sunt agones , in quibus ipsi coronamur . vis autem & sanguinis aliquid ? habes christi . quale autem spectaculum in proximo est , adventus domini jam indubitati , jam superbi , jam triumphantis ? quae illa exultatio angelorum , quae gloria resurgentium sanctorum ? quale regnum exinde justorum ? qualis civitas nova hierusalem ? at enim supersunt alia spectacula , ille ultimus & perpetuus judicij dies , ille nationibus insperatus , ille derisus , cum tanta seculi vetustas , & tot ejus nativitates h uno igni haurientur . quae tunc spectaculi latitudo ? quid admirer ? quid rideam ? ubi gaudiam , ubi exultem spectans tot ac tantos reges , qui in caelum recepti nuntiabantur cum ipso iove , & ipsis suis testibus inimis tenebris congemiscentes ? item praesid●s persecutores dominici nominis saevioribus quàm ipsi flammis saevierunt insultantibus contra christianos , liquescentes : quos praeterea sapientes illos philosophos coram discipulis suis una conflagrantibus ●rubescentes , quibus nihil ad deum pertinere suadebant , quibus animas aut nullas , aut non in pristina corpora redituras adfirmabant ; etiam poe●as , non ad rhodamanti nec ad minois , sed ad inopinati christi tribunal palpitantes . tunc magis * tragaedi audiendi , magis scilicet vocales in sua propria calamitate . tunc histriones cognoscendi solutiores multò per ignem : tunc spectandus auriga in flammea rota totus rubens : tunc xystici contemplandi , non in gymnasijs , sed in igne ja●ulati , nisi quod nec tunc quidem illos velim visos , ut qui malim ad eos potius conspectum insatiabilem conferre qui in dominum desaevierunt . hic est ille ( dicam ) i fabri aut quaestuariae filius , k sabbati destructor , l samarites & daemonium habens . m hic est quem à iuda redimistis , hic est ille arundinis & colaphis diverberatus , sputame●tis dedecoratus , felle & aceto potatus . hic est quem n clam discentes subripuerunt , u● resurrexisse dicatur , vel hortulanus detraxit ne lactucae suae frequentia comeantium laederentur . vt talia spectes , ut talibus exultes , quis tibi praetor , aut consul , aut quaestor , aut sacerdos de sua liberalitate praestabit ? & tamen haec jam quodammodo per fidem habemus spiritu imaginante repraesentata . caeter●m qualia illa sunt , o quae nec oculus vidit , nec auris audivit , nec in cor hominis ascenderunt ? credo circo , & utraque cauca & omni stadio gratiora . actvs qvintvs . the unlawfulnesse of penning , acting , and beholding stage-playes , being thus at large evinced , and those objections answered , which are most usually opposed in their unjust defence , there is nothing now remaining , but that i should cloze up this whole treatise with a few words of exhortation to play-poets , players , and play-haunters , whom the love of stage-playes hath f seduced , to their eternall prejudice . and here i shall first of all beseech all play-poets , to ponder with themselves ; that they are the primary causes of all the sinnes which players , playes or play-houses doe occasion : not any one sinne is there that any actors , auditors , or spectators commit by meanes of acting or beholding these their stage-playes , but flowes originally from them , and g shall at last be set on their account : for if there were no play-house-poets there could be no playes to see or act , and so by consequence no such accursed h fruits of stage-playes as now are too too frequent in the world , both to the publike and mens private hurt . now tell mee i beseech you , what man , what christian is there who in gods , in mens account would thus be branded i for an inventor of evill things ; a publike nursery of all sin and wickednesse ; a man borne onely for the common hurt both of himselfe and others , yea an instrument raysed up from hell it selfe to draw on thousands to that horrid place of their eternall woe . k quanto autem non nasci melius fuit , quā sic numerari inter publico malo natos ? l better had it beene for you never to have had a being , to m have perished in the wombe like an untimely birth : yea happier were it that a n milstone had beene fastned about your neckes and you so drowned in the very depth of the sea , then that you should thus pull downe damnation , eternall damnation on your owne and infinite others heads by these your prophane ungodly enterludes , which will o prove no other at the last but the evidences of your vanity , folly , sinne and shame , and without repentance your owne and others destruction . o therefore deare christian brethren , as you tender your owne , the states , the churches welfare ; as you feare , that dreadfull p reckning which you must shortly make before the iudgement seate of christ , when q all your idle , wanton , amorous , prophane , ungodly , scurrilous playes and words , with all the sinnes they have produced , shall be charged on your soules ; let me now perswade you with many a r bitter sigh and teare , to lament your former , and seriously to renounce your future play-making , as h many tr●e penitent play-poets have done before you , endeavouring to consecrate your much applauded wits , your parts and industry to gods glory , the churches , the republikes benefit , your owne and others spirituall good , which you have formerly devoted to the t devils pompes and service , u the republikes prejudice , sinnes advantage , religions infamy , and mens common hurt . o consider , consider i beseech you , that as long as you continue play-poets , you are but the u professed agents of the world , the flesh , the devill , whose pompes , whose lusts and vanities you have long since renounced ; that you doe but sacrifice your wits , your parts , your studies , your inventions , your lives to these accursed masters , who can gratifie you with no other * wages at the last , but hell and endlesse torments ; a poore reward for so hard a service . doe not , o doe not then devote your pretious time , your flourishing parts of poetry , eloquence , art and learning to these usurping hellish tyrants , which you should x wh●ly dedicate to your god , y to whom they are onely due : but since you are * no longer debtors to the flesh to live after the flesh , nor yet to the a world , the devill , or sinne to doe them servic● , let god alone henceforth enjoy them , b from whom , for whom you did at first receive them . alas my brethren when you shall come to die , when * terrors of conscience shall seize upon your soules , or when as d christ himselfe shall sit upon his throne of glory for to iudge you , what good , what comfort , ( yea what e shame and f horror ) will all your play-poems bring to your amazed spirits ? then will you wish in earnest , o that we had beene so happy as never to have pend , or seene a stage-play ; yea woe be to us that we were ever ●o ill imployed as to cast away our time , our parts , our studies , our learning upon such heathenish , foolish and unchristian vanities . alas , g one day , one houre in gods courts , gods service , had h beene farre better to us ; then all t●e yeeres of our vaine uselesse lives , which wee have spent on playes and theaters , which now bring nothing else but a more multiplied treasure of endlesse miseries and condemnation on our owne and others soules , which these our enterludes have drawne on to sundry sinnes . i o that the day had perished wherein we were borne , and the night wherein it was said , there is a man-childe conceived ! why dyed we not from the wombe , why did we not give up the ghost when we came out of the belly , before ever we had learnt the art of making playes ? for then should wee have lien still and beene at rest ; then had we beene free from all those play-house sinnes and tortures which now ●urcharge our soules , then had wee never drawne such k troopes of players , of play-haunters after us into hell , whose company cannot mitigate , but infinitely enlarge our endlesse torments . and then all this over-late repentance will be to little purpose . o then be truely penitent and wise l be●imes , before these dayes of horror and amazement over-whelme you , that so you may have m peace and comfort in your latter ends , in that * great , that terrible day of the lord iesus , when all impenitent play-poets , players , and play-haunters m faces shall gather blacknesse , their hearts faint , their spirits languish , their joynts tremble , their knees smite one against the other , and their mouthes shreeke out unto the n mountaines to fall upon them , and unto the rockes to cover them , for feare of the lord , and for the glory of his majesty , when he shall come in ●laming fire to render o indignation and wrath , tribulation and anguish to every soule of man that doth evill , whether he be iew or gentile . certainely the time will p come ere long , when the q sunne shall become blacke as sackcloth , and the moone a● blood : when the starres of heaven shall fall unto the earth even as a figtree casteth her untimely fruit when shee is shaken with a mighty winde ; when th● heave●s shall depart as a scrowle when it is rolled together , and the elements melt with fervent heat ; when every mountaine and i sland shall be moved out of their places , yea the earth also and the workes that are therein shall be burnt up with fire : when the kings of the earth , and the great men , and the rich men , and the chiefe captaines , and the mighty men , ( who now wallow securely in their sinfull lusts and pleasures without feare of god or man ) and every bond-man and every free-man ( who lives and dyes in sinne and vaine delights ) shall hide themselves in the dennes and rockes of the mountaines ; yea say to the mountaines and rockes , fall on us , and cover us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne , and from the wrath of the lambe : for the great day of his wrath is come , and who shall be able to stand ? and then what r good , what profit will all the stage-playes you have penned , seene , or acted , doe you ? will they appease that sin-revenging iudge , before whose tribunall you shall then bee dragged ? will they any way comfort or support your drooping trembling soules ? or any whit asswage your endlesse , easelesse torments ? o no! * nothing but christ , nothing but grace and holinesse , ( which the t world , which playes and play-poets now deride and laugh at ) will then stand you instead , and sheild of all the terrors of that dismall day . * wherefore ( beloved ) seeing that all these dreadfull spectacles , and this day of horror draw so nigh , be diligent that yee may be found of god in peace , without spot and blamelesse ; abandoning play-making , with all such fruitlesse studies , passing all the time of your sojourning here in feare , endevouring to be holy in all manner of conversation , even as god is holy ; x and growing up daily more and more in grace , and in the knowledge of our lord and saviour iesus christ , y laying up in store for your selves a good foundation against the time to come ; that so you may lay hold on eternall life , and receive that crowne of righteousnesse which the lord the righteous iudge shall give at that day to all those who love , and wait for his appearing . secondly , i shall here beseech all voluntary actors , of academicall or private enterludes , in the name and feare of god , as they tender the glory of their creator and redeemer , the peace of their owne consciences , the eternall welfare of their soules , or their owne credit and repute with men , now seriously to consider the intolerable infamy , sinfulnesse , shame , and vanity of acting playes , which not only * the primitive christians , a●d protestants , but even pagans and papists have condemned . alas how can you justifie or excuse your selves in the sight of god for this your action , when as you are thus condemned in the eyes of men ? or how can you appeare before god with comfort in the day of iudgement , when as you are unable to stand innocent before mans tribunall in these dayes of grace ? certainely , if z for every idle word that men shall speake , ( yea and for every idle part or gesture to , which they shall act or use ) they must give an account at the day of iudgement ; what a dreadfull reckning must you then expect for all those idle wanton words and gestures which have passed from you whiles you have acted playes ? repent therefore , repent i say with floods of brinish teares for wha● is past , and never adventure the acting of any academicall enterlude for time to come . and if any clergie-men , who have taken ministeriall orders upon them , are guilty of this infamy , this impiety of prophaning , of polluting their high & heavenly profession by acting or dancing on any publike or private stage ; becomming thereby the worlds , the devils professed ministers instead of christs , to the intolerable scandall of religion , the ill example of the laity , ( a who are apt to imitate them in their b lewdnesse ) and their own deserved infamy ; let such disorderly histrionicall divines , consider that of * bernard , si quis de populo deviat solus perit , verum pastoris error multos involuit , & tantis ob est quantis praeest ipse . d verum tu sacerdos dei altissimi , cui ex his placere gestis , mundo an deo ? si mundo , cur sacerdos ? si deo , cur qualis populus talis & sacerdos ? nam si placere vis mundo , quid tibi prodest sacerdotium ? volens itaque placere hominibus , deo non places . si non places , non placas . alas how can any commit the custody of their soules to such who are altogether negligent of their owne . e qui sibi nequam , cui bonus ? * placet vobis ut illi homini credam animam meam qui perdidit suam ? was s. bernards question to pope innocent ; it may be mine to patrons and ordinaries who present or admit such play-acting or other scandalous ministers to the cure of soules , which ought to be deprived of all sacred orders and preferments , as the g precedent councels and canonists witnesse . but how ever such actors chance to escape all humane penalties here , let them remember that they shall surely undergoe the everlasting censure of the h great shepheard of the sheep , christ iesus , hereafter : and let this for ever disswade them from this ungodly practise of personating stage-playes , which hath beene most execrably infamous in all former ages . as for all professed common actors , i shall here adjure them by the very hopes and joyes of heaven , and the eternall torments of hell , to abominate , to renounce all future acting , and this their i hellish profession , which makes them the very instruments , the arch-agents , the professed bondslaves of the devill , the publike enemies both of church and state , the authors of their owne and others just damnation ; excommunicating them both from the church , the sacraments , and society of the faithfull in this life , and everlastingly excluding them from gods blessed presence in the life to come . you then who are but newly entred into this infernall unchristian course of play-acting , consider i beseech you , that this your infamous profession is the broad beaten rode to all kinde of vice , of wickednesse & prophanesse ; the readiest passage unto hell it selfe , in which you cannot finally proceed without the assured losse of heaven ; & a professed apprentiship to the very devill , whose pompes , whose service you have long since renounced in your baptisme ; and therefore cannot now embrace without the highest perjury . o then take pitty on your owne poore soules before it be too late ; before stage-playes , sinne , and satan have k gotten such absolute full possession of you , as utterly to disable you to cast off their yoake : and now i pray say thus unto your soules ; * cur ergo tantopere vitam istam desideramus , in qua quanto amplius vivimus tanto plus peccamus ? quanto est vita longior , tanto culpa numerosior . quotidie namque crescunt mala & subtrahuntur bona . mi●ime pro certo est bonus qui melior esse non vult : & ubi incipis nolle fieri melior , ibi etiam desinis esse bonus . alas why will you die , why will you voluntarily cast away your soules for ever by this trade of acting playes , when as you need not hazard them if you will now renounce it ? what , is there any profit or pleasure in your owne damnation ? is there any advantage to be gotten by the devils service ? is there any safe living in the very mouth of hell it selfe ? why then should you proceed on in this diabolicall trade ? doe your friends or gracelesse paren●s presse , or else induce you to it , even against your wills ? o give them that pathetical resolute answer which helyas the monke once gave unto his parents . m sime vere ut boni , ut pij parentes diligitis ; si veram si fidelem erga filium pietatem habetis , quid me patri omnium deo placere satagentem inquietatis , & ab ejus servitio cujus servire regnare est , retrahere attentatis ? vere nunc cognosco , n quod inimici hominis domestici ejus . in hoc vobis obedire non debeo , in hoc vos non agnosco parentes sed hostes . si diligeretis me gauderetis utique quiavado admeum atque vestrum , immo universorum patrem . alioquin quid mihi & vobis ? o quid à vobis habeo nisi peccatum & miseriam ? hoc solum quod gesto corruptibile corpus de vestro me habere fateor & agnosco . non sufficit vobis quod me in hanc seculi miseriam miserum miseri induxistis , quod in peccato vestro peccatores peccatorem genuistis ; quod in peccato natum de peccato nutristis , nisi etiam invidendo mihi misericordiam quam consecutus sum ab eo qui non vult mortem peccatoris , filium insuper gehennae faciatis ? o durum patrem ! ô saevam matrem ! ô parentes crudeles & impios ! imo non parentes sed peremptores , quorum dolor salus pignoris , quorum consolatio mors filij est . qui me malunt perire cum ijs , quâm regnare sine eis . qui me rursus ad naufragium unde tandem nudus evasi , rursus ad ignem , unde vix semiustus exivi , rursus adlatrones à quibus semivivus relictus sum , sed miserante samaritano jàm aliquantulum convalui , revocare conantur , & militem christi prope jam rapto caelo triumphantem , ab ipso jam introitu gloriae , tanquam canem ad vomitum , tanquam suem ad lutum , ad seculum reducere moliuntur . mira abusio . domus ardet ; ignis instat à tergo , & fugienti prohibetur egredi , evadenti suadetur regredi ? & haec ab his qui in incendio positi sunt & obstinatissima dementia , ac dementissima obstinatione fugere periculum nolunt ? proh furor ! si vos contemnitis mortem vestram , cur etiam appetitis meam ? si inquam negligitis salutem vestram , quid juvat etiam persequi meam ? quare vos non potius sequimini me fugientem , ut non ardeatis ? an hoc est vestri cruciatus levamen , si me etiam perimatis , & hoc solumtimetis , ne soli pereatis ? ardens ardentibus quod solatium praestare poterit ? quae inquam consolatio damnatis socios habere suae damnationis , & c ? desinite igitur parentes mei , desinite , & vos frustra plorando affligere , & me gratis revocando inquietere . doth the love of gaine or pleasure allure you to it ? alas , p what will it profit you to win the whole world ( much lesse a little filthy gaine , or foolish carnall momentany delight ) and then to lose your soules ? q remember therefore your creator in the dayes of your youth , by abjuring the devils service , and betaking your selves to gods , lest the devill being your lord and master in your youth , prove your tormentor onely in your age . r recedat itaque peccandi amor , succedat judicij timor . nam quamdiu in vobis carnalium re●um vixerit appetitus , spiritalium à vobis sensuum elongabit affectus . nemo in vas aliquo faetore corruptum balsama pretiosa transfundit ; & sicut dixit dominus : nemo mittit vinum novum in utres veteres . difficile est ut assurgere ad bonum possis , nisi à malo ante diverteris : quamdiu nova delicta adijciuntur , vetera non curantur . prorsus peccata non redimet , qui peccare non desinit : quia nemo potest duobus dominis servire . in uno animae domicilio iniquitas atque justitia , castitas atque luxuria simul habitare non possunt . interdicatur igitur accessus voluptati , atque libidini , ut domus munda pateat castitati : excludatur diabolus cum militia vitiorum , ut christus cum choro possit intrate virtutum . you who have beene ancient stage-players , and have served many apprentiships to the devill in this your infernall profession , o consider , consider seriously i beseech you , the wretched condition wherein now you stand : your parts are almost acted , your last dying scenes draw on apace , and it will not be long ere you goe off the theater of this world s unto your proper place ; and then how miserable will your condition be ? you have beene the devils professed agents , his meniall hired servants all your lives , and must you not then expect his wages at your deathes ? you have treasured up nought but wrath unto your selves against the day of wrath , whiles you lived here , t precipitating both your selves and others to destruction ; and can you reape ought but wrath and vengeance hereafter if you repent not now ? your very u profession hath excommunicated you the church , the sacraments , the society of the saints on earth ; and will it not then much more exclude you out of heaven ? * o miserabilis humana conditio , & sine christo vanum omne quod vivimus ! was s. hieroms patheticall ejaculation : and may it not be much more yours , who have lived without christ in the world , who have renounced his service , and betaken your selves to the devils workes and pompes against your bapti●mall vow , as if you had covenanted by your selves and others to serve the devill , and performe his workes , even then when you did at first abjure them : o then bewaile with many a bitter teare , with many an heart-piercing sigh ; with much shame , much horror , griefe and indignation , the losse of all that precious time which you have already consumed in the devils vassalage● and since god hath forborne you for so many yeeres , out of his tender mercy , o now at last thinke it enough , yea too too much that you have spent your best , your chiefest dayes in this unchristian diabolicall lewde profession ; professing publikely in z s. peters words ; the time past of our lives may suffice us to have wrought the will of the gentiles , and of the devill to , we will henceforth live to god alone : if you will now cast of your former hellish trade of life , with shame and detesta●ion ; if you will prove new men , new creatures for the time to come ; christs armes , christs wounds , yea and the church her bosome stand open to receive you , notwithstanding all the * lusts and sinnes of your former ignorance . but if you will yet stop your eares , and harden your hearts against all advice proceeding on stil in this your ungodly trade of life , * in which you cannot but be wicked , then know you are such as are marked out for hell ; b such who are given up to a reprobate sence to worke all uncleanesse even with greedinesse , that you all may be damned in the day of iudgement , for taking pleasure in unrighteousnesse , and disobeying the truth . as therefore you expect to enter heaven gates , or to escape eternall damnation in that great dreadfull day , c when you must all appeare before the iudgement seate of christ , to give a particular account of all those idle , vaine and sinfull actions gestures , words and thoughts , which have proceeded from you , or beene occasioned in others by you all your dayes ; be sure to give over this wicked trade of play-acting without any more delayes , which will certainely bring you to destruction , if you renounce it not , d as all true penitent players have done before you . for if the righteous shall scarcely be saved in the day of iudgement , where shall such ungodly sinners , as you appeare ? e certainely , f you shall not be able to stand in iudgement , or to justifie your selves in this your profession in that sinne-confounding soule-appaling day : but g you shall then be punished with everlasting perdition from the presence of the lord , & from the glory of his power , if the very riches of his grace and mercy will not perswade you to renounce this calling now ; * quantoque diutius deus vos expectavit vt emendetis , tanto districtius judicabit si neglexeritis : by how much the longer god hath forborne you here expecting your repētance , the more severely shal he then condemne you . if any stage-players here object , that they know not how to live or maintaine themselves if they should give over acting . to this i answer first , that as it is no good argument for bawdes , panders , whores , theeves , sorcerers , witches , cheaters , to persevere in these their wicked courses , because they cannot else maintaine themselves ; so it is no good plea for players . h no man must live by any sinfull profession ; nor yet doe evill that good may come of it : therefore you must not maintaine your selves by acting playes , it being a lewde unchristian infamous occupation . secondly , there are divers lawfull callings and imployments by which players might live in better credit , in a farre happier condition then now they doe , would they but bee industrious : i it is therefore players idlenesse , their love of vanity & sinfull pleasures , not want of other callings , that is the ground of this objection . thirdly , admit there were no other course of life but this for players ; i dare boldly averre that the charity of christians is such , as that they would readily supply the wants of all such indigent impotent aged actors ( unable to get their livelihood by any other lawfull trade ) who out of conscience shall give over playing . certainely , the charity of christians was such in k cyprians dayes , that they would rather maintaine poore penitent actors with their publike almes , then suffer them to perish , or continue acting ; and i doubt not but their charity will be now as large in this particular as it was then . lastly , admit the objection true ; yet it were farre better for you to die , to starve , then any wayes to live by sinne or sinfull courses . there is l sinne● yea every pious christian as is evident by the concurrent examples of all the martyrs , should rather chuse to die the cruellest death , then to commit one act of sinne . better therefore is it for players to part with their profession for christs sake even with the very losse of their lives and goods , ( which m they must willingly lose for christ , or else they are not worthy of him , ) then to retaine their play-acting , and so lose their saviour , themselves , their very bodies and soules for all eternity , as all unreclaimed , unrepenting players in all probability ever doe . let players therefore if they will be mercifull to themselves , shew mercy rather to their soules , then to their bodies or estates . * talis enim misericordia crudelitate plena est , qua videl●cet ita corpori servitur , ut anima juguletur . quae enim charitas est , carnem diligere , & spiritum negligere ? * quaeve discretio , totum dare corpori & animae nihil ? qualis vero mis●●icordia ancillam reficere & dominam interficere ? nemo pro hujusmodi misericordia sperat se consequi misericordiam sed certissime potius paenam expectet . yea let them renounce their play-acting though they perish here , rather then perish eternally hereafter to live by it now . lastly , i shall here exhort all play-haunters , all spectators of any publike or private enterludes , to ponder all the premised reasons and authorities against stage-playes , together with those o severall soule-condemning wickednesses , sinnes , yea fearefull judgements , in which they frequently involue their actors and spectators : to remember , that they are the very p devils snares , his workes , his pompes , which they most solemnely renounced in their baptisme : that they are q the greatest , the most pernicious corruptions both of their actors , their spectators mindes and manners ; the onely canker-wormes of their graces , their vertues ; the chiefest incendiaries of their carnall lusts● the common occasions of much actuall lewdnesse , sinne and wickednesse ; the principall obstacles of their sincere repentance ; the grand empoysoners of their soules ; and if we believe r s. augustine , the mortiferous broad beaten way to hell it selfe , and everlasting death , in which whole troopes of men run daily on unto destruction . o then let all these , all other fore-alleaged flexanimous considerations divorce you now from stage-playes , from theaters , which else will seperate you from your god ; and so engage your hearts , your judgements , your consciences against them , as never to frequent them more upon any occasion or perswasion whatsoever . you have heard and seene at large what censures , what verdicts the * primitive church , both before and under the law and gospell ; the ancientest christians , councels , fathers ; the best ch●istian , the best pagan nations , emperours , princes , states , magistrates , writers , both ancient and moderne , have constantly , have unanimously passed upon stage-playes , theaters , players , play-haunters , against whom tertullian , cyprian , chrysostome , augustine , salvian , and other fathers , with sundry moderne authors , have professedly written ample volumes : you have seene all ages , all places , all qualities and degrees of men , t iewes and gentiles , greekes and barbarians , christians and pagans , protestants and papists , yea popes and iesuits to , concurring in their just damnation . be not , o be not yee therefore u wiser , nay worser , then all , then any of these play-condemning worthies who have gone before you ; ( whose harmonious play-confounding resolutions agreeable with the scripture , if saint x bernard may be credited , must binde you to renounce all stage-playes , in the very selfesame manner as if god himselfe had expresly commanded you to abandon them : ) frequent not playes which they abominated ; pleade not for enterludes which they so seriously , so abundantly condemned : let not that censure of holy y bernard be verified of you ; that you have now not onely lost the power of the ancient christian religion , but even the very shew and outside to : but as you are christians in name , in profession , so bee you such in truth , in practise . and since it was the z most notorious character of christians heretofore , to abominate , to abandon players , playes and play-houses ; let it bee your honour , your piety , your practicall badge of christianity to forsake them now : that so imitating the primitive play-renouncing christians in their holinesse , you may at last participate with them in their eternall blisse . and so much the rather let me admonish you to withdraw your selves from playes and play-houses , because no ordinance of god can doe you any good , or clense you from your sinnes , whiles you resort to theaters , as i have * largely proved : heare but saint chrysostome once more to this purpose , where speaking against mens and womens parling , laughing , and gazing about in churches ( which * hee severely censures ) he writes thus . a nunquid theatrica sunt haec quae hîc geruntur ? opinor autem quod id theatris debeamus . inobedientes enim multos nobis constituunt & ineptos : quae enim hîc extruuntur , illic subvertuntur : & non hoc solum , sed & alias immunditias necesse est theatri studiosis adhaerere . et perinde fit ac si quis campum velit purgare , in quem fons lut● fluens , ins●uat ; quantum enim purgaris , tantum influit . hoc & hîc fit , quando enim purgamus à theatro huc venientes , & immundiciam afferentes , dum illuc iterum abeunt , majorem contrahunt immundiciam , quasi dedita opera sic vivant ut nobis negocium faciant , & iterum veniunt multo luto sordidati , in moribus , in gestibus , in verbis , in risu , i● desidia . deinde iterum nos fodimus , quasi dedita opera in hoc fodientes , ut puros illos dimissos iterum videamus luto ac caeno inquinari . you then who have beene constant play-haunters besmeared with their filth and dung for divers yeeres together , you who have spent your youth your manhood , your best and chiefest dayes * which you should have dedicated to god , your honest callings , and farre better things ; on playes , on play-houses , and such lascivious sports , you who have cast away your money , your estates on players , playes & play-houses , ( the b very factors , pompes and synagogues of the devill ) c wherewith you should have cherished christs poore needy members ; you who have beene ancient patriots , supporters of actors or their enterludes either by your purses , or your presence , drawing thereby upon your soules the guilt of many a fearefull unlamented sinne ; remember , o remember that it is now d more then time for you to clense your selves from these augaean stables ; with which you have beene too long defiled : to renounce these cursed pompes of satan , which you have too long served ; e to redeeme the short remainder of that most sacred time which you have too prodigally , too sinfully consumed ; to take some speedy serious course for the f mortifying of those soule-slaying ●leshly lusts which you have over-long fomented ; for the g adorning , the saving of those immortall soules , which you have over-much neglected ; for the h attoning of that holy god , that blessed saviour that sanctifying spirit of grace , which you have too highly , too long i provoked , k crucified , l grieved ; which you m can never doe whiles you resort to stage-playes . and since the world , the flesh , the devill have had your youth and strength , let god be sure to enjoy your age , whom you have n sacrilegiously robbed of all the rest . alas , all the time that you have already past in play-haunting , and such delights of sinne , hath beene but a time of spirituall death , wherein you have beene worse then nought in gods account : o ab eo enim tempore censemur ex quo in christo renascimur , as saint hierom truely writes : and what other profit have you reaped from playes or play-houses , p nisi quod senes magis onusti peccatorum fasce proficiscimini , as the same father speaks ? o therefore now at last before it be too q late , before death hath wounded you , heaven excluded you , hell devoured you , repent of all your former play-haunting with many a sob and teare , abandoning all playes , all play-houses for the future ; r ut sic correcti atque in meliu● reformati , qui admirati fuerant prius in spectaculis insaniam , nunc admirentur in moribus disciplinam . you who are but young and newly entred into this dangerous course of play-haunting ; you of whom i may say as * seneca once did of the roman gentry ; ostendam nobilissimos juvenes mancipia pantomimorum , remember that holy covenant which you not long since made to god in baptisme , s to forsake the devill and all his workes , the pompes , the vanities of this wicked world , with all the sinfull lusts of the flesh , of which stage-playes ( as the t fathers teach you ) are the chiefe ; o perjure , perjure not your selves , renounce not your christianity , your faith , your vow , your baptisme ( by frequenting playes ) in your youth , your child-hood ; u bequeath not your selves so soone unto the devill , after your solemne consecration unto god in christ ; let not him gaine possession of your persons , your service in your youth , that so hee may command , and challenge them in your age ; * non enim obtin●bis ut desinat si incipere permiseris : ergo intranti resistamus , &c. but as x you have given up your soules and bodies as an holy living sacrifice unto god in baptisme , to serve him with them in holinesse and righteousnesse before him all the dayes of your lives ; so be yee sure to make good your promise , by y remembring , by serving your creator in the dayes of your youth , your strength , your health and life , who will z then crowne you with glory and immortality at your death . pitty it is to see how many ingenious youthes and girles ; how many young ( that i say not old ) gentlemen and gentlewomen of birth and quality , ( as if they were borne for no other purpose but to consume their youth , their lives in lascivious dalliances , playes and pastimes , or in pampering , in a adorning those idolized living carcases of theirs , which will turne to earth , to dung , to rottennesse and wormes-meat ere be long , and to condemne , their poore neglected soules ) casting by all honest studies , callings , imployments , all care of heaven , of salvation , of their owne immortall soules , of that god who made them , that saviour who redeemed them , that spirit who should sanctifie them , and that common-weale that fosters them ; doe in this idle age of ours , like those b epicures of old most prodigally , most sinfully riot away the very creame and flower of their yeeres , their dayes in play-houses , in dancing-schooles , tavernes , ale-houses , dice-houses , tobacco-shops , bowling-allies , and such infamous places , upon those life-devouring , time-exhausting playes and pastimes , ( that i say not sinnes beside , ) as is a shame for pagans , much more for christians to approve . o that men endued with reason , ennobled with religion ; with immortall soules , c fit onely for the noblest , heavenliest , sublimest and divinest actions , should ever bee so desperately besotted as to wast their precious time upon such vaine , such childish , base ignoble pleasures , which can d no way profit soule or body , church or state ; nor yet advance their temporall , much lesse their spirituall and eternall good , which they should ever seeke . you therefore deare christian brethren , who are , who have beene peccant in this kinde , for gods sake , for christs sake , for the holy ghosts sake , for religions sake , ( which now extremely * suffers by this your folly ; ) for the church and common-weales sake , for your owne soules sake , which you so much neglect , repent of what is past recalling , and for the future time resolve through gods assistance , never to cast away your time , your money , your estates , your good names , your lives , your salvation , upon these unprofitable spectacles of vanity , lewdnesse , lasciviousnesse , or these delights of sinne , of which you must necessarily repent and be f ashamed , or else be condemned for them at the last ; g passing all the time of your pilgrimage here in feare , and imploying all the remainder of your short inconstant lives , in those honest studies , callings● and pious christian duties , h which have their fruit unto holinesse , and the end everlasting life . and because we have now many wanton females of all sorts resorting daily by troopes unto our playes , our play-houses , to see and to be seene , as they did in i ovids age ; i shall only desire them ( if not their parents and husbands , to consider ; k that it hath evermore beene the notorious badge of prostituted strumpets and the lewdest harlots , to ramble abroad to playes , to play-houses ; whether no honest , chast or sober girles or women , but only branded whores , & infamous adulteresses did usually resort in ancient times : the * theater being then made a common brothell : and that all ages , all places have constantly suspected the chastity , yea branded the honesty of those females who have beene so immodest as to resort to theaters , to stage-playes , which either finde or make them harlots ; * inhibiting all married wives and virgins to resort to playes and theaters , * as i have here amply proved● since therefore saint paul expresly enjoynes all women ( especially those of the younger sort ) to be l sober , chaste , keepers at home , ( yea m therefore keepers at home , that they may be chaste and sober , as ancient and moderne commentators glosse it ; ) that the word of god be not blasphemed : ( where as the dissolutenesse of our lascivious , impudent , rattle-pated gadding females now is such , that as if they had purposely studied to appropriate to themselves king solomons memorable character of an whorish woman , n with an impudent face , a subtile heart and the attire of an harlot ; they are lowde and stubborne ; their feet abide not in their houses ; now they are without , now in the streets , and lie in wait at every corner ; being never well pleased nor contented , but when they are wandring abroad to playes , to play-houses , dancing-matches , masques , and publike shewes ; from which nature it selfe ( if we believe s. * chrysostome hath sequestred all women ; ( or to such suspicious places under pretence of businesse or some idle visits , where they oft-times leave their modesty , their chastity behinde them , to their eternall infamy : ) let me now beseech all female play-haunters , as they regard this apostolicall precept , which enjoynes them , to be sober , chast , keepers at home ( or good carefull house-wives , as * som● have rendred it : ) * adorning themselves in modest apparell , with shamefastnesse and sobriety : ( which now are out of fashion ) not with broidered cut or borrowed plaited haire , or gold , or pearles , or costly array , ( the onely fashions of our age ; ) but ( which becommeth women professing godlinesse ) with good workes : as they tender their owne honesty , fame or reputation both with god and men ; the honour of their sex ; the prayse of that christian religion , which they professe , the glory of their god , their saviour , and their q soules salvation , to abandon playes and play-houses , as most pernicious pests ; where r all females , wrecke their credits ; most , their chastity ; some , their fortunes ; not a few , their soules : and to say unto them as the philosopher did unto his wealth which he cast into the sea , * abite in profundum malae cupiditates ; ego vos mergam ne ipse mergar à vobis . catastrophe . i have now deare christian readers , through gods assistance , compleatly finished this my histrio-mastix , wherein i have represented both to your view and s censures to , ( as well as my poore ability , and other interloping imployments would permit , ) the unlawfulnesse , the mischievous qualities and effects of stage-playes themselves , and of their penning , acting , and frequenting ; endeavoring ( out of a t cordiall desire of your eternall welfare ) as much as in mee lieth , to perswade you to abandon them ; by ripping up the severall mischiefes and dangers that attend them . if any therefore henceforth perish by frequenting stage-playes , after this large discovery of their sin-engendring soule-condemning qualities , their sinne , u their blood shall light upon their owne heads , not an mine , who have taken all this paines to doe them good . all then i shall desire of you in recompence of my labour , is but this ; that as i have acted my part in oppugning , so you would now play your parts to in abominating , in abandoning , stage-playes , without which this play-refuting treatise , will doe no good , but hurt unto your soules , by turning your sinnes of ignorance , into sinnes of knowledge and rebellion . the labour of it hath beene mine alone ; my desire , my prayer is and shall bee , that the benefit , the comfort of it may be yours , the republikes , and the glory , gods ; the x convincing concurrence of whose ever-blessed spirit , so blesse , so prosper it to your everlasting weale , that y your whole spirits , soules and bodies , may be henceforth preserved blamelesse , from all future soule-defiling enterludes and delights of sinne , unto the comming of our lord iesui christ● ( z before whose dreadful tribunall we must al ere long be summoned , to give an account of all our actions : ) & that you may so judge of stage-playes now , as you will determine of them in that great dreadfull day of iudgement , and in the day of death , when you shall not judge amisse . and because no dissolute libertines , or licentious readers through satans or the worlds delusions , should cheat their ●oules of the benefit intended to them by this worke , out of a prejudicate opinion , that it is overstrict , and more then puritanically invective against players , playes and theaters ; to prevent this fond evasion , and to put all a exclaiming play-patriots to perpetuall silence , pretermitting the memorable omitted authorities of gulielmus stuckius , antiquitatum convivalium . lib. . cap , ● , , &c tiguri . . and of gulielmus peraldus , summae virtutum ac vitiorum . tom. . lugduni . . tit. de luxuria . c. . p. . to . two excellent learned discourses against stage-playes , health-drinking , and b mixt lascivious dancing , which i shall commend unto your reading ; with c the imperiall edicts of charles the great , against stage-playes and dancing on lords-dayes , and holy-dayes , and all fore-cited play-condemning authorities : ) i shall here by way of conclusion , cloze up this whole discourse , with the words of ioannis mariana , a famous spanish iesuit ; who besides his large and learned booke , de spectaculis , professedly oppugning stage-playes , hath since the publication of that treatise , in his . booke and . chapter de rege & regum institutione . pag. . to . ( dedicated to king philip the . of spaine , and published in the yeere . cum privilegio caesareae majestatis & permissu superiorum , with the speciall prefixed approbations of stephanus hoieda , visitor , and petrus de onna , master provinciall of the iesuits of the province of toledo , in spaine , ) delivered his positive and deliberate resolution against players , playes , and play-houses in these ensuing termes , which is every way as harsh , as rigid and precise as any verdict , that either i my selfe , or any other fore-quoted authors have here past against them . his words well worthy all players and play-haunters consideration are these . * publicam ludorum insaniam , quae spectacula nominantur , * seperata disputatione pro virili parte castigavimus , multisque argumentis & majorum testimonijs confirmavimus , theatri licentiam , de qua potissimum laborandum est , nihil esse aliud ; * quam o●ficinam impudicitiae & improbitatis , ubi omnis aetatis , sexus & conditionis homines depravantur : simulatisque & ludicris actionibus ad vitia vera informantur . admonentur enim quid facere possint , & inflammantur libidine , quae aspectu maxime & auribus concitatur : puellae presertim , & juvenes , quos intempestive voluptatibus infici grave est , * atque reipublicae christianae exitiale malum . quid enim continet scena , nisi virginum * stupra , & mores prostituti pudoris faeminarum , lenonum artes , atque lenarum , ancillarum & servorum fraudes , versibus numerosis & ornatis explicata , sententiarum luminibus distincta , eoque tenacius memoriae adhaerentia , quarum rerum ignoratio multò commodi●r est ? histrionum impudici motus & gestus , fractaeque in faeminarum modum voces , quibus impudicas mulieres imitantur , quid aliud nisi ad libidinem in●lammant , per se ad vitia satis proclives ? an major ulla corruptela morum excogitari possit ? quae enim in scena per imaginem aguntur , peracta fabula cum risu commemorantur , sine pudore deinde fiunt , voluptatis cupiditate animum titillante : qui sunt veluti gradus ad suscipiendam pravitatem , cum sit facilie à jocis ad seria transitus . rectè enim & sapienter solomon , quasi per risum , inquit , stultus operatur scelus ; turpia enim , atque inhonesta factu dictuque dum ridemus , approbamus : suoque pondere pravitas identidem inpejus trahit : * censeo ergo , moribus christianis certissimā pestem afferre theatri licentiam , nomini christiano gravissimam ignominiam . censeo principi eam rem vel maxime curae fore , ne aut ipse suo exemplo authoritatem conciliet arti vanissimae , si frequenter intersit spectaculis , audiatque libenter fabulas , praesertim quae ab histrionibus venalibus exhibentur : & quoad fieri poterit , de tota provincia exturbet eam pravitatem . neque concedat mores suorum ea turpitudine depravari . * hoc nostrum votum est destinataque sententia . verum populi levitas & peccantium multitudo , quasi moles quaedam opponitur ; tum auctoritas eorum qui communi errori patrocinantur . et est excusatio furoris multitudo insanorum , hoc quoque nomine prava nostra natura , quod vitijs suis & cupiditatibus favet , neque facile avelli se sinit ab ijs quae cum voluptate suscipiuntur ; cujus sumus natura cupidissimi . vsque adeo ut si quis vanitati resistat , ei vehementer irascatur populi multitudo . * ille si● publicus inimicus , augustinus ait , cui haec faelicitas displicet , quisquis eam auferre vel mutare tentaverit , eum libera multitudo , avertat ab auribus , evertat à sedibus , auferat à viventibus . excaecat nimirum prava consuetudo animos , & quae passim fieri videmus , defendere conantur quidem * licentiae patroni , magni scilicet theologi , quasi juri & aequitati consona , otio & literis abu●entes : quos redarguere facile erit testimonio & authoritate veterum theologorum , in hac re non discrepantium ; à quibus discedere nostrae aetatis theologos velle non putamus . has omnes simulatae veritatis praestigias retegere non erit difficile , multitudinem à furore retinere difficilius erit : nisi publica accesserit authoritas , quorum interest magistratuum . profecto curandum est , ut ea opinio publice suscipiatur , * theatra sane , quibus obscaena argumenta tractantur ; officinam universae improbitatis esse , qui concurrunt eò non secus facere , quam qui ad ganeas , ad furta , ad caedes , ad lupanaria : qui suscepti laboris fructus erit multò maximus . erunt enim qui pravitate cognita desinant peccare , salutemque suam turpi voluptate potiorem habeant , neque prudenter & scientes in mortem ferantur furentes , rapidi , & miserabiles . illud certe omni cura prestandum , ut haec * natio perditorum hominum , penitus à templis exturbet●r : quod romanorum tempore fuisse aliquando factum , tacitus , libro quartodecimo his verbis indicat . ac ne modica quidem studia plebis exarsere , quia redditi quanquam scaenae pantomimi , * certamnibus sacris prohibeantur . * qua ergo fronte histriones de foro raptos é publicis diversorijs in templu● christiani inducent , ut per eos sacra festorum laetitia augeatur ? aut quî conveniat , uti augustinus contra romanos antiquos ait ; histriones ignominia notare , atque in infamiûm numero ponere , per quos divinus cultus honestatur ? cur à sacris ordinibus repellantur , quod ecclesiasticae leges sanciunt , quorum opera dies festi & caelestium celebritates illustrantur ? sed obijcis fortasse , eos in templis non in turpibus argumentis versari , sed sacras historias referre ; quod utinam verum esset , & non potius ad movendum populi risum , obscaenissima quoque actitarent . et est acerbum negare non posse , quod sit turpe confiteri . * s●imus s●pe in sanctissimis templis inter fabuli actus , ch●ri adinstar adulterorum furta , amores tu●pes recitari , ut honestissimus quisque ea spectacula vitare debeat , si decori , & pudori consultum velit . * et putabimus tamen quae à modestis hominibus fugiuntur , ea caelestibus esse grata ? ego crediderim potius quasi sordes & religionis ludibria , hos omnes ludos à sanctissimistemplis esse exterminandos , ac imprimis publicos histriones , qui cum turpi vita sint , religionem faedare potius sua ipsorum ignominia videntur ; & assueti turpibus , in sanctissimis locis odorem , quo imbuti sunt , ore , oculis , & toto corpore exhalant : ac nescio an aliquando fabulam agant , quin verba turpia , vel imprudentibus saepe excidant : & hos tamen contendemus divinis celebritatibus adhibere ? sed fac , ( quod nunquam accidisse probabis ) histriones severa aliqua lege constrictos , intra modestiae fines contineri posse , ac sacras tantum historias cum dignitate referre ; * contendo , non minus eum morem cum religionis sanctitate pugnare , neque minus dedecus reipub . afferre : quî enim conveniat ab hominibus turpibus divorum res gestas referri , eosque francisci , dominici , magdalenae , apostolorum , ipsius etiam * christi personas repraesentare ? an non id sit caelum terrae , aut caeno potius , sacra profanis miscere ? imagines in templis magna honestate depingi cavetur , & impudicam faeminam mariae aut catharinae , probosum hominem augustini , aut antonij personam sustinere patiamur ? quod arnobius certe , & antiquior tertullianus ab antiquis factitatum accusant : ignominiosos homines in scenam sanctissimorum deorum personas inducere . nonne violatur majestas . ( tertullianus ait ) & divinitas constupratur , laudantibus vobis ? quae verba ad nostros mores transferas licet , atque in antiquis interpreteris● nostrorum licentiam & turpitudinem accusari . * itaque si duorum optio danda esset , mallem ab histrionibus profanas fabulas agi , quam sacras historias : quo●iam cum decore & honestate eos facere non posse persuasum plane habeo , tum ob eorum vilitatem & dedecus , tum ob faedissimos mores , paremque actionum levitatem & turpitudinem . et ipse cogitabam in templis festisque divorum omnia ad pietatera & modestiara comparanda esse , quibus rebus animus excitatur ad religionem & ad rerum divinarum contemplationem , ijsque communiter & privatim vacandum esse . risus , plausus , clamores an id praestens , per se quisque considerabit . sequitur pravitas alia , neque minor superiori , neque minus devitanda . * mulieres excellenti pulchritudine , eximia actionum venustate & gratia inducuntur in theatrum , quod maximum est incitamentum libidinis , & ad corrumpendos homines potissimum valet . deus enim ( uti basilius ait libro de virginitate ) cum conderet animantes in utrumque sexum distinctas , aestrum mutuae cupiditatis inseruit , inter homines maxime , qua se invicem appeterent , majorem multò in viro , quoniam faeminam de ejus latere formatam diligit ut proprium membrum , & ad eam toto impetu rapitur . * sic faemina in se quandam virtutem habet , miramque potestatem trahendi ad se virum , non secus a● magnes , cum ipse non moveatur , ferrum ad se rapit . contra hanc potissimum cupiditatem pugnare debent , quicunque pudicitiae dignitatem consequi student , nunquam interrupto usque ad vitae finem certamine : * quod an ij faciant , qui tanto studio ad theatra concurrunt , pius & modestus lector secum ipse consideret . enim vero cum histriones studia omnia lucro metiantur , ut multitudinem alliciant , quam non ignorant aspectu mulierum , & auditu maxime capi , omnes fraudes suscipiunt , nulla honestatis cura : usque eò ut in templa etiam turpes has mulierculas inducant : quod his annis non semel factitatum est , neque uno loco in hispania , quod horrescunt audire aures ; de quibus rebus egerint pudet , pigetque dicere . et * principum munus est resistere levitati multitudinis , & perditorum hominum temeritati . non ignoramus antiquis temporibus mulieres in scenas fuisse invectas , quas insigni impudentia corpora etiam nudasse , omnemque aetatem objecta specie libidinis expugnasse passim atque corrupisse , sua quoque aetate * chrysostomus multis locis accusat . nudas quidem in nostra theatra mulieres prodire non arbitror , tametsi nonnunquam in ipsa actione nudari audiebam , certe tenuissimis vestibus indutas prodire , quibus membra omnia figurantur , ac ferme subijcuntur oculis . mulieris autem aspectu pulchrae & ornatae , preterea ge●tus & verba in molliciem fracta adjungentis , quid potentius esse possit ad illiciendas animas , atque in sempiternam mortem impellendas , inflammandasque libidine , ego sane non video : vincit officium linguae periculi magnitudo : eo amplius quod haec etiam turpitudo suos patronos habet , non quosuis de populo , sed viros eruditionis & modestiae opinione praestantes . aiunt enim aut comaedias in universum abdicandas , aut mulieres inducendas in theatrum , * quod majus periculum immineat si pueri substituantur in veste muliebri & ornatu , quo aspectu ad praeposteram & nefariam libidinem populus solicitetur . nimirum velamen malitiae quaerunt : aliud agunt , aliud agere videri volunt . hispanorum nationi suspicio criminis imponitur , à quo natura abhorret , ( paucos excipio ) & nos in provincijs quibus id malum viget , scimus saepe pueros in scenam prodijsse sine periculo ; variasque personas ut res se dabat cum dignitate , eligantiaque actitasse . cupiditas autem muliebris sexus latius patet , majoresque multo impetus habet , non solum in corruptissimis hominibus & pravis , quales sunt qui puerorum amoribus indulgent , sed in alijs etiam viris , aliqua probitatis & modestiae laude conspicuis . mit●o quod faeminae scenicae , quae histriones consectantur & adjuvant , formasunt venali , sive quod tot viris procacibus & otiosis circumseptae , * mira●uli instar esset , si pudice viverent : & ex turpi questuplerumque raptae , posito amplius in theatro pudore ad ingenium redeunt . ita vulgato inter plures corpore omnibus exitium afferunt , juvenes otiosi & perditi ( quorum magnus numerus ubique est ) eo aspectu concitati feruntur precipites : unde rixae graves , vulnera , & cedes , contemptus parentum & rei familiaris prae amore earum muliercularum . quae probra , & similia multa alia , qui digna non putat quae omni studio avertantur , ferreus sit & communi hominum caeterorum sensu rationeque destitutus . * censeo praeterea nullam certam sedem histrionibus extruendam publice , domum aut theatrum , quam lucri parte locatam unde inopes alantur , aut quod in alias publicas utilitates impendatur ; ea enim species obtenditur ab ijs qui contra statuunt . * primum enim facto theatro occasio manifesta praebetur honesta conditione viris & faeminis inter se libere conveniendi , praesertim domus , aut theatri magistro venali : nam qui emit magno , venda● necesse est omnem licentiam , quae ab illo flagitare homines perditi poterunt : fietque ex theatro lupanar multo exitialius quam alia : deinde frequentiores ludi erunt perpetua sede publice designata , quam omnino sit opus . alliciet loci opportunitas ad ludendum & spectandum , & praefectus cum magno eam sedem conduxerit histriones undique conquiret , nullumque diem elabi sine ludo patietur ; quin potius diebus noctes continuabit , quanta cum perturbatione reipublicae dicere non est necesse . quis enim juvenes avellat ab ea vanitate ? opifices & agrestes relicto opere quotidiano concurrent , famuli heros contemnent , faeminae viros & familiam , prae cupiditate spectandi : quod scimus hoc etiam tempore ex parte contingere . praeterea histrionum numerus extructo certe theatro per urbes & oppida , immensum augebitur pondus iners atque inutile , cum sint enervati voluptatibus ; nam & lucri aviditas multos excitabit , neque nisi magno numero poterunt tam multis theatris satisfacere . * postremo , num juvenes ex his privilegijs & bacchanalibus , aut strenuos milites , aut bonos senatores fore credimus ? discent illi quidem ea inspectione amare , armorum pondus , aliasque molestias sustinere non poterunt , cum totos dies residere in theatris consueverint : quo tempore aut aequos calcaribus inci●are & flectere potuissent , aut alia ratione vires corporis exercere , aut certe pacis artes commentari . scimus romae primum ex lapide theatrum à gneio pompeio fuisse extructum , nam antea scena ad tempus ex materia facta utebantur , tanta ex eo opere populi gratia , ut magni cognomen ex ea fabrica accesserit . id fuit multitudinis judicium , qua pal●ae instar levissimae in omnes partes circumfertur : nam prudentiorum magnae partis repraehensionem incurrit , unde laudem captabat . sic docet tacitus libro quartodecimo , productis etiam in utramque partem probandi & improbandi theatra argumentis : ut * quod in ea temporum faece & morum labe dubitatumest● nobis pro certo lege esse debeat , nequaquam populi christiani moribus & sanctitati convenire , ut per urbes & appida , certa , perpetuaque sedes histrionibus detur . scimus saepa à censoribus romae eversa theatra nihilominus , quasi morum certissimam à lascivia labem : & erit in populo christiano , hac professione , qui restituenda contendat ? ad haec : suscepta christi religione per omnes pene civitates cadunt theatra , uti augustinus ait , caveae turpitudinum & publicae professiones flagitiosorū ; & nos ea instauranda contendamus ? vincit rei dignitas orationis facultatem . * neque excuses , nostra theatra non esse conferenda cum antiquis , neque majestate operis , neque ludorum apparatu● turpit●dinem loci accusamus , non structurae modum ; rivus tenuis , naturam continet fontis unde manat ; surcu●us arboris unde excisus est , succum habet . nam si magno vectigali , sublato theatro rempub● privari accuses , risum tenere non potero , neque enim tanti lucrum esse debet , ut mores populi & religio negligantur ; neque deerunt aliunde rationes , si theatra repudiemus , ad egenorum inopiam sublevandam . et mihi qui secus statuunt , magni pompeij factum imitari velle videntur . is enim ut reprehensionem evaderet quasi theatro constituto turpitudinis scholam apperuis●et , veneris templo theatrum quasi appendicem adjunxit , religionis sanctitate novam structuram velaturus , nimirum verebatur ne aliquando memoriae suae censoria ignominia accederet , quasi arcem omnium turpitudinum struxisset ; uti tertullianus ait : ergo pompeij imitatione cum templis , aut hospitijs pauperum theatrum jungatur , quo majus lucrum sit , honestius susceptae improbitatis velamen . * censeo ergo cum multis , fore è republica , si histriones pretio venales penitus removeantur . omnes enim pecuniae vias norunt , & pecuniae causa omnes turpitudines suscipiunt , instillantque alijs ; questuaria arte exhauriunt iunt pecunias , & veluti sopitis voluptate sensibus latenter extorquent , quas non minori turpitudine insumant , otio & desidia ut torpeant cives efficiunt , quae omnium vitiorum radix est , vitijs omnibus & fraudibus viam muniunt , libidine maxime , quae auribus & oculis suscipitur . divinum cultum minuunt diebus festis , cum vacandum esset rebus divinis , populo ad spectacula attracto , quae pestis omnibus piaculis procuranda videbatur . * quod si non obtinemus , ut ludi scenici penitus amoveantur , & placet nihilominus eam oblectationem populis dare : quod jus & aequitas postulare videtur , impetrare certe cupimus , ut delectus aliquis sit , neque promiscue licentia quidvis agendi histrionibus concedatur : sed legibus certis circumscribantur & finibus , quos nemo impune transgrediatur . * tametsi nullis legibus putabam furorem hunc satis frenari : prudenter quidam o here , inquit , quae res nec modum habet neque consilium , ratione , modoque tractari non vult . sequamur tamen platonis institutum , qui poetarum carminibus examinandis praefici sanxit viros prudentes non minores quinquaginta annis : eorum judicio quaecunque agendae erunt fabulae examinentur , ipsi etiam intermedij actus quibus major turpitudo inesse solet ; mulieres in theatra inducere nefas esto : theatrum nusquam publice constituatur . diebus festis ( u●i antiquis legibus sancitum meminimus ) ludi scenici ne exhibeantur , ne temporibus quidem jejunij christiani : quid enim commercij squalori cum theatri risu , plausuque . a templis & sanctorum qui cum christo in caelo regnant , ac omnino divinis celebritatibus amoveantur : ac praesertim ij modi & gestus , quibus turpitudo in memoriam revocatur , & ferme oculis subijcit●r , quae sunt vulnerareligionis nostrae probra , monstraque immania : hispanorum nationis dedecora , * adeo faeda , ut stilus contrectare vereatur , suoque se faetore tueri hoc genus mali videatur . postremo , quoad fieri poterit minori aetate pueri & puellae arceantur ab ijs spectaculis , ne à teneris reipublicae s●minarium vitijs inficiatur , quae gravissima pestis est . a●sint inspectores publice designati , viri pij & prudentes quibus cura sit ut turpitudo omnis amoveatur , & potestas coercendi paena si quis se petulanter gesserit . denique , populus intelligat , histriones non probari à republica , sed populi oblectationi atque importunis precibus dati : quae cum non potest quae ●unt meliora obtinere , solet aliquando minora mala tolerare , & populi levitati aliquid concedere . what could any puritan or precisian ( as the * world now stiles all such who run not with them into the same excesse of riot and prophanesse ) write more against stage-playes , play-houses , players , play-haunters ; or what have i said more against them in this treatise , then this great iesuit hath done , and that by publike approbation both of his royall soveraigne , his visitor and superior too ? and must not stage-playes then be extremely bad when as pofessed iesuits so severely censure them ? yea , shall not protestants , nay papists to , be unexcusably licentious , if they should be more moderate or indulgent unto playes , then they ? let no player , or play-haunter , no voluptuous libertine therefore henceforth quarrel either with me or others , as being too puritanically rigid against stage-playes , when as these loose iesuits equalize , if not exceed us in their play-condemning censures , as this large transcribed passage fully proves . b yee therefore , beloved readers , seeing yee now know these things before hand , beware lest ye also being led away to playes , to theaters , with the error , the example , the importunate sollicitations of the wicked ( as many ignorant and unstable nominall christians have beene before you ; ) fall from your owne stedfastnesse , faith and christian vertues , into a sinke of hellish vices , to your eternall ruine . c now the god of peace that brought againe from the dead our lord iesus , that great shepheard of the sheepe , through the blood of the everlasting covenant , make you perfect in every good worke to doe his will ; working in you that which is well-pleasing in his sight , through iesus christ ; to whom be glory for ever and ever . amen . augustinus de symbolo ad catechumenos . l. . c. . quisquis contempto deo sequeris mundum , & ipse te deserit mundus . sequere adhuc quantū potes fugitivum , & si potes apprehendere eum , tene eum : sed video non potes , fallis te . illen . labiles motus suos torrentis ictu percurrens , dum te videt inhaerentem sibi , & tenentem se , ad hoc te rapit , non ut salvet , sed ut perdat te . quid n. cū pompis diaboli amator christi ? noli te fallere , odit n. tales deus , nec inter suos deputat professores , quos cernit viae suae desertores . ecce ruinosus est mundus , eccetantis calamitatibus replevit dominus mundum , ecce amarus est mundus & sic amatur , quid faceremus si dulcis esset ? o munde immunde ! teneri vis periens , quid faceres si maneres ? quem non deciperes dulcis si amarus alimenta mentiris ? vultis dilectissimi non inhaerere mundo , eligite amare creator●m mundi , & renunciate pompis mundanis , quibus princeps est diabolus cum angelis suis. finis . a table ( vvith some briefe additions ) of the chiefest passages in this treatise : p. signifying the page : f. the folioes● from pag. . to . ( which exceeded the printers computation ) m. the marginall notes : if you finde f. before any pages from . to . then looke the folioes which are overcast : if p. then the pages following . a abomination , used alwayes for a heinous sinne in scripture . pag. . . mens wearing of womens , and womens putting on of mens apparell , an abomination to the lord. p. . to . . to . acting of popular or private enterludes , for gaine or pleasure , infamous , unlawfull , and that as well in princes , nobles , gentlemen , schollers , divines , as common actors . p. . , , , . to . p. . to . sparsim . accompanied with effeminacic , hypocrisie , and others sinnes . p. . to . . to . it occasions divers sins in actors and spectators . p. . to . . to . it helpes not mens action or elocution . p. . to . objections for acting of playes answered . p. . to . & . to . children ought not to bee trained up nor taught to act . pag. . , , , , . acting of idols , devils , evill persons par●s , or evill things , sinfull p. . to . , , , , , . see idols . achilles taxed for putting on womens apparell . p. . , . adrian his temples built for christ , without images . pag. . adultery an hainous dangerous sinne . pag. . to . punished with death in divers places . p. . . see the homily against adultery . part . pag. . . and thomas beacon his . booke of matrimony . p. . to . occasioned , fomented by playes and play-houses . p. . to . , . aegyptians , condemned musicke . p● . aetredus , his censure of lascivious church-musicke . pag. . . of playes . pag. . aeneas sylvius , his prophane play and life . p. . , . his recantation of his amorous poems . pag. . . his censure of wanton poets . p. . . of playes and players . pag. . m. aeschylus , one of the first inventors of tragedies . pag. . f. . his strange and sudden death . fol. . . aethiopians , punished adultery with death . pag. . agefilaus his answer to callipides . p. . . c. agrippa , his censure of dan●ing . pag. . . of lascivious church-muficke . pag. ● . of popish stewes , and of the incontinency of monkes , nons , and popish clergie men . pag. . , , , , . of playes and players . pag. . . of wanton poems . p . , . alcibiades , traduced by eupolis . pag. . f. . his dislike of musicke . p. . alcaeus , his modestie . fol. . alchuvinus , his censure of stage-playes , wanton musicke , kalends , new-yeeres gifts , and mens acting of playes in womens apparell . pag. . , , , , . m. his passage for sanctifying the lords day . pag. . m. ale-houses , much haunted on lords-dayes and holy-dayes . f. . clergie men prohibited to keepe , or haunt them . p. . to . , , . alexander fabritius , his censure of dancing , dancing-women and their attires . p. . , , . of dice-play ; epistle dedicatory . & p. . m. of stage-playes p. . . alexander severus , his temple for christ. p. . m. withdrew players peusions . pag. . alipius , a memorable story of his fall and apostasie by resorting to a play-house . fol. . bishop alley , his censure of playes and play-bookes . p. ● . to . altars , honoured and danced about by pagans . p. . , . m. none in the primitive church . p. . placing of tapers on them , derived from saturne his worshippers . pag. . m. see bishop ●ewels censure of altars , & of their standing at the east end of the church ; in his answer to m. hardings preface . p. . in his reply to harding . artic. . devis . . pag. . . & artic. . devis . . p. . thomas beacon , in his cat●chisme . fol. . william wraghton , in his hunting of the romish fox . fol. . bishop hooper , his iudgement of them . see hooper . gulielmus altisiodorensis , his censure of playes . pag. ● . s. ambrose , his censure of dancing , especially in women . pag. . . m. of dicing . epist. ded. . of mens putting on womens apparell . p. . , . of mens long and frizled haire . p. . , . m. of images , especially of the deity . p. . m. of kalends and new yeeres gifts . p. . . of lascivious songs . p. . of stage-playes . p. . . of giving money to players . p. . . how christs nativity ought to be celebrated . p. . to . ammianus marcellinus , his censure of playes and dicing . p. . . anna●us , his effeminacy . pag. ● . anselme , his censure of playes . pag. . . fol. . anthemius , his edict for sanctifying the lords day , and suppressing stage-playes . pag. . . against images . pag. . antioch , its preeminence before rome , p. . . antiochus the mad , taxed for his dancing , masquing , play-haunting , pag. . , . antiphanes the comedian , his death . fol. . antoninus the emperor censured for his dancing and delight in playes . pag. . , . antoninus his censure of playes and players . pag. . apparell , the end and use of it . p. . over costly new-fangled play-house apparell censured . pag. . . to . , , , , , , , , , , . to . mens putting on of womens , and womens of mens apparell ( especially to act a play ) unlawfull , abominable , unnaturall , the occasion of sodomie and lewdnesse : proved at large . p. . to . . to . , , . to . appearances of evill to be avoyded . p. . , to , , . apostles , their constitutions against stage-playe● and actors . p. . . to . slandered and persecuted as seditious persons . p. . . puritans , as the world now judgeth . pag. . , . applauses of playes and players censured p. . , . see chrysost. hom. . in act. apostol . tom. . col. . . against stage-applauses , and the heming and applauding of preachers in their sermons . aquinas his censure of playes , players , & putting on womens apparell . pag. . , , . f. . , . arabians punish adultery with death . p. . arcadius his edict against sword-playes . pag. . . architas his modesty . pag. . ardalion his strange baptisme and conversion . p. . ardaburius censured for delighting in playes . pag. . m. arias montanus his censure of dancing , playes and acting . fol. . . pag. . . aristodemus his effeminate practise and death . pag. ● . aristophanes his abuse of socrates . p. . . aristotle his censure of playes , players , and wanton pictures . p. . , , , , , . m. . arnobius his censure of playes and dancing . p. ● . of images in churches , and of making gods image . p. . . m. ast●rius his verdict against dancing , stage-playes , mummers , kalends , new-yeeres gifts , stage-playes , and mens acting in womens apparell . pag. . , . fol. . ateas his censure of musicke . p. . athanasius , what singing he ordained in churches . p. . . his testimonies of george the arrian . pag. . . of the ill effects of acting pagan idols vices . p. . against images . p. . m. atheisme , occasioned and fomented by stage playes . f. . . & p. . athe●agoras his censure of sword-playes and stage-playes . p. ● . athaeneus , his censure of dancing , dancers , players , playes , long haire , effeminacy , lascivious musicke , &c. p. . , , . m. . . athenians first inventors of stage-playes . p. . their prodigality on them and hurt by them . p. . fol. . p. . . abandoned playes and play-poets at last . p. . , , . s. augustine , his censure of dancing and amorous songs . p. , , . of images , specially of god. p. ● m. of new-yeeres gifts and heath-drinking . pag. . , . of stage-playes● players , theaters , & play-haunting . epistle ded. . p. . , , , , , . , , to , , , , fo . , , , , , , , , , , . of mens acting in womens apparell & long haire . p. . . . . see enar. in ps. . p. . his repentance for resorting to playes before his cōversion . f. . his opiniō of the beginning of the lords day . p. . of giving mony to stage-players . p. . , . augustus his proceedings and lawes against playes , actors , and dancing . p. . , , , . m. aurelius his lawes and cens●res against playes and players , whom he banished into hellespont . p. . , , , , . axiothea her resort to plato his schoole in mans apparell taxed . p. . b bishop babington his censure of stage-playes . p. . . bacchanalia , how celebrated by pagans . p. . , . to . imitated by christians . f. . p. . to . . to . bacchus , players , playes & play-houses dedicated to his worship . p. . , , , . not to be invocated . p. . baptisme in jest upon the stage turned into earnest . p. . . stage-playes and dancing the uery pompes of the devill which wee renounce in baptismo . p. . , , . to . , , , , , . , , , , . to , , , , , , , , . our vow in baptisme to be performed and most seriously considered , p. . to . a great preservative against sin if oft remembred . p. . . baronius his censure of stage-playes . p. . , . s. basil his censure of dancing . p. . , . m. . . of health-drinking , p. . of lascivious songs and musicke . p. . , , , , . of stage-playes , and play-poets . p. . , , , . of mens effeminate long haire . p. . m. ba●tologies in prayer prohibited . p. . thomas beacon his censure of dancing , dicing , and stage-playes . pag. . m. . of lascivious church-musicke . p. . to ● . bellarmine his censure of playes . fol. . pag. . . beare-baiting censured and prohibited . p. . & fol. . s. bernard against stage-playes , dicing , long haire , and ribaldrie songs . p. . . . against images , &c. p. . , . his prayse of the scriptures fulnesse . p. . b●za his recantation of his lascivious poems . p. . bishops children prohibited to behold , act , or set forth stage-playes , p. . , . ought to suppresse playes , dancing , & play-haunters . p. . ought to invite the poore to their tables , and to have some part of the scripture read at meales , and then to discourse of it p. . . see gratian. distinct. . not to weare costly apparell . p. ● must not play at dice , nor behold dice-players , nor keepe any dicers or idle persons in their houses . p. . to . . bishops parts not to be acted on the stage . p. . . ought not to read heathen or prophane authors . pag. . , , , , , &c. ought to preach constantly once a day in bb. hoopers opinion . fol. . p. . see ministers . petrus blesensis hi● character of an officiall . f● . m. his censure of players . and such who harbour them . pag. . , . bodine his censure of stage-playes . pag. . . m. bolton his verdict of stage-playes pag. , . bonefix●s condemned by councels and fathers . p. . , , , , , , , , , f● , bookes of paganisme and pagan idols prohibited to be read . p. . , , to . prophane , lascivious , amorous play-bookes , poems , histories , and arcadi●es unlawfull to be penn●d , printed , read , especially of children and youthes . pag. . m. . m. . , , . . to . magicke , and lascivious bookes ought to bee burnt . p. . , , , . bowing to and before altars , derived from pagans . p. , see my lame giles his haltings . p. . to . & the appendix to it . p. . . bowing and kneeling downe to images , is idolatry . p. . to . m exod. . . c. . levit. . . num. . . deut. . , . iosh. . , . iudg. . , , , king. . king. . . c. . . chron. . . dan. . , , . rom. . . therefore bowing and cringing to altars ( a thing never used by the i●wes or primitive church and christians , but onely by the papists , who decree thus : summa reverentia & honor maximꝰ sanctis altaribus exhibeatur , & maxime ●ubi sacrosanctum corpus domini res●rvatur & missa celebratur . bochellus decret . eccles. gal. l. . tit. . c. . p . ) must be idolatry too . if any reply ; that they bow and kneele not unto images , altars , or communion tables , but before th●m : i answer , that as bowing , kneeling , praying , and worshipping before god ; is the same in scripture phrase with bowing , kneeling● praying unto god , and worshipping of god : as is evident by de●t . ● . sam. . , , . chron. . ● psal. ● . . psal. . ps. ● : ps. . . ps. . , . psal. . , . isay . . rev. . . c. . . ● . . . cap . . c. . . compared with isay . . c. . . c● . . rom● . . gen. . . . c. . . heb. . . exod. . ● c. . . c. . . chron● . . chron. . . c. . , . nehem. . . p● . . . and as bowing , kneeling , or fall●ng d●wne before m●n , is all on● with bowing , kneeling , and fall●ng down to men : witnesse gen. . . sam. . . sam . . cap. . . king. . , . king. . . prov. . . compared with genes . . . exod. . . king. . . chron . . so bowing , kneeling , and falling downe before images , altars , or communion-tables , is the very same in gods owne language and repute , with bowing , kneeling , and falling downe unto them : as the chron . . l●k . . . dan. , . , . paralleld with exo. . . levit. . . matth. . ● and the fore alleaged scriptures infallibly demonstrate , and the homily against the perill of idolatry . p. . to with william wraghton his rep●y to the rescuer of the romish fox , and the authors here quoted . p. . . abundantly prove : needs th●refore must it be most grosse idolatry , as our owne homilies and writers teach us . thomas bradwardine his passage against stage-playes . p. . bram●nes , brasilians , & those of bantam punish adultery with death . p. . . bribe-takers act their parts in hell. p. . m. brinsley his censure of stage-playes . p. ● . . f● . brownists censured . p. . bucer his opinion of academical and popular playes . p. . . for two sermons every lords day . p. m. brissoniu● his censure of stage playes . p. . c. bulengerius his censure of , and booke against stage●playes● p. . , , iohn de burgo● his verdict● of players , playes and dancing . p. . , , . m. . . c c. caligula censured for favouring players , for acting and frequenting stage-playes , putting on wom●ns apparell , and drinking his horses health . pag. . , , , , , , . slaine at a play. f. . p. . calvin his censure of playes and players . p. . . of dancing . p. . . candlemas , and the burning of tapers on it derived from the pagan februalia . p. . . canticles , anciently prohibited to be read of children and carnall persons p. . . cappadocia , its extent and division . p . . its prayses . p. . cappadocians , not alwayes infamous . pag. . to . cappadox , not a proverbiall but a nationall title . p. . to . carinus censured for favouring players , and lewde persons . f. . p. . . cassiodorus his censure of playes and players . p. . , , , . cirque-playes censured and condemned by fathers and emperours . pag. . , , , . fol. , , , . catiline his conditions , pag. . . cato , how much feared of the romanes . f. . his gravity . p. . catullus censured , pag. . censors appointed to correct playes and players . p . , . charles the great his censure and edicts against stage-playes , dancing , and ribaldry songs on lords-dayes and holy-dayes , p. . . . see the places of bochellus quoted in the margent : against images . p. . charles the . of france his danger at a masque . f. . . charles the . of france , his edicts against playes and dancing on lords-dayes and holy-dayes . p. . king charles his pious statute for suppressing all playes , and enterludes , and unlawfull pastimes on the lords-day . p. . , , , , . dancing upon lords-dayes punishable by this statute . ibidem . charondas his law against cowards pag. ● m. . children to be kept from playes . p. . . see parents . christ wept oft , but never laughed . pag. . , . fol. . accused of sedition & rebellion . p. . . counted a deceiver . p. . a puritan , pag. . , . his nativity how to be celebrated . p. . , , , to for what end he dyed and suffered , and was incarnate . p. . , . to ● the onely patterne of our imitation . f. . p. . dishonoured and offended with stage-playes● p. . . f. . . p. . to . his passion ought not to be acted , and yet papists and prophane iesuits play it . p. . to , , , , , , , . why he redeemed us . p. . , , . christians , must imitate & follow christ alone . p. . , , . must excell pagans in grace and vertue . p. . , , ● , , , , to . what they are and ought to be . p. . , , , persecuted and hated for their goodnesse and because they are christians . p. . to nick-named pag. . accused of faction , rebellion , and hypocrisie . pag. . to . must not follow pagan customes . p. . to . , , , , , , , , , , , . to . not to read playes and wanton bookes : but the scriptures and good bookes . p. . to . the primitive christians condemned stage-playes , and excommunicated players and play-haunters . p. . ● , . to . . to . . to . and passim . ill christians worse then pagans . p. . , . to . ● exceedingly dishonour christ , and scandalize religion . pag. . to . christmas disorders censured at large● p. , , to . . to . see. haddon cont. osoriū . l. . f. . derived from papists , & pagans saturnalia . p. . to . sparsim . . to . christmas , how to be celebrated . p. . , , , , , , . to . sparsim . . to . see holi-dayes . christmas lords of misrule , whence derived . p. . chrysologus , his censure of dancing● pag. . m.f. . chrysostome , his censure of dancing , especially at ma●riages . p. . , . m. . see marriage . of dice-play . epist. dedicit . . p. . of lascivious songs and musicke . p. . , , , , , . see homil. . ad ephes. & hom. . ad collos. of gawdy apparell and stage-attires . p. . . of excessive laughter . p. . to . , . of ●ffeminacy pag. . of mens long haire , womēs cutting their haire , & mens putting on of womens apparell . pag. . , , . of stage-playes , players , play-haunters and play-houses . p. . , , , , , to , . , , , , , , , . see hom. ● in collos. & . in ephes. churches , no playes , dances , scurrilous songs or pastimes to bee suffred in them , nor yet in church-yards . p. . . to . sp●rsim . . , . gazers in i● censured . p. . . no images , crucifixes , or saints pictures to be suffred in thē . p. . to . not to be overcuriously or vainly adorned . p. . . the primitive church excommunicated players & play-haunters , & condemned stage-playes , and dancing . p. . . to . see playes . clemangis his censure of dancing , dicing , playes , and players , and of the abuses on lords-dayes and holidayes . f. . , ● . p. . . of popish non● and their grosse incontinency . p. . m. clemens alexandrinus his censure of lascivious kisses and dancing . p. . m. . of mens acting in womens apparell and wearing long haire p. . . of lascivious apparell . p. . of images , especially of god the father . p. . . m. of excessive laughter . p. . s●urrilous songs . p. . effeminate musicke . pag. . of stage-playes , and theaters , p. . m. . , , , . clemens romanus his censure of mens long and frizled haire . p. . m. of players , playes , and play-haunters . p. . f. . p. . to . his command and exhortation to lay-men to read the scriptures . p. . commodus , censured for acting the player and gladiator ; for favouring players and gladiators , for sodomie and putting on womens apparell , &c. fol. . , , , , . his murther . f. . p. . company of ●vill persons to be eschued . p. , . to . f. . . a dangerous snare , apt to draw men to playes and sundry sinnes . pag. . to . , . f. . , . got by frequenting playes . f. . , , . see master boltons walking with god. p. , &c. constantine the great an englishman borne : a suppressor of stage-playes , of sword-playes . p. . . and of images . p. . constantius his edict against sword-playes . p. . councels : . against stage-playes . pag. . to . against dancing , dicing , health-drinking , beare-bayting , bonefires , new●yeeres gifts , lascivious pictures , songs and musicke● prophaning of lords-dayes , holi-dayes , churches , pagan customes , haunting of ale-houses and tavernes , clergy-mens seeing and acting of playes , dancing , dicing , non-residency , &c. p. . to p. . m. . , , , , , , , , , &c. see these severall titles . generall councels binde in point of manners . ibidem . for s●nctifying the lords day . p. . m. . to . crab his councels against stage-playes . p. . to . crossing of the face when men goe to playes , shuts in the devill . p. . crownes of lawrell not to be worne of christians . p. . . cyprian his censure of mens long haire . p. of mens acting in womens apparell . p. , , , . of lascivious apparell . p. , of images . p. . his bookes against stage-playes , and censure of players , playes , play-haunting and theaters , &c. pag. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . cyr●llus alexandrinus , his censure of making gods image . p. . of dancing & stage-playes , especially on lords-dayes and holi-dayes . pag. . , , , , of wanton musicke . p. . . cyrillus hierusolomitanus , his censure of stage-playes , as the devils pomps , &c. which we renounce in baptisme . pag. . , , . d damascen his censure of playes & dancing , specially on the lords day . pag. . . f. . . p. . of making the picture of god. p. m. damnation , oft occasioned by stage-playes . f. . to . p. . oft to bee thought on . ibidem . dancing at marriages , condemned . p. . , , , , , , , , . see marriage : the devils procession and invention . p. . , , one of the devils pomps which we renounce in baptisme . p. . , , , , ● , , . an occasion of the breach of all the . cōmandements . p. . . an offence against all the sacraments . p. . . derived from pagans who spent their festivals in dancing , and courted their idols with it . p. . , , , , , , , , , . to , , . infamous among pagans , and condemned by them . pag. . to . & . to . . to . , , , . a concomitant of stage-playes . p. . , , . condemned by the waldenses and french protestants . p. . to . , . christians ought not to teach their children , especially their daughters , to dance . p. . , , , . delight & skil in dancing , a badge of lewde lascivious women & strumpets . pag. . , , , , , , . . . the devill danceth in dancing women . p. . , , , , . effeminate , mixt , lascivious dancing condemned by scriptures , councels , fathers , pagan and moderne christian authors of all sorts , as an occasion of much sin and lewdnes , &c. p. . , . to . , . f. . , , , , . , , , , , , , , to . , , , , , . prohibited and condemned upon lords-dayes , and holi-dayes as a sinfull , unse●mely , and unlawfull pastime , by councels , fathers , imperiall and canonicall constitutions , christian writers of all sorrs by our owne english canons and homilies , and by the statutes of . car. c. . & , & . e. . c. . p. . m. . , . to . , , , ● , , . to . p. , , , . to . , , , , , . to . , , , , , , to , , , , , . all clergie-men prohibited to dance , or to behold others dancing , or to reward or encourage dancers . p. . to . sparsim . see prudentius contr . symmachum . lib. . bibl. patrū . tom. . p . d greg. nyssen de resurrect christi . oratio . . p. ● valeri●n . hom. . de bono pudicitiae . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . c. d. arias montanus in lib. iudicum . c. . p. . to . ioannis munster de saltationibus . lib. gulielmus st●cki●s antiqu. convivalium . l. . cap● . . zeghedini lo●i communes . tit. chorea & saltatio . gulielmus peraldus summa virtutum ac vitiorum . tom. . tit. de luxuria c. . p. . m. deering his . lecture on the hebr●wes . francis salis his introduction to a devout life . part . c. . . p. . . vincentius beluacensis speculum morale l. . pars . distinct. . p. . . & summula raymundi . fol. . where a dance is thus defined . chorea est circulus ca●henatus cujus centrum est diabolus . with sundry others here omitted , against dancing . david his royall resolution . p. . censured for feining himselfe mad . p. . . his dancing before the arke no justification of our lascivious dancing . p. . to . , , . day of iudgement at hand , and ever to be meditated on● p. . . . to . dice-play , and dice-houses censured , condemned , by councels , fathers , all sorts of writers both christian and pagan , by mahomet in his alcoran , by imperiall edicts , and princes lawes , and by the statutes of ou● kingdome epistle dedicatory . . . p. . , , , , , , to . , , . ministers and clergie-men prohibited to play at dice or tables , to stand by or looke upon dicers , or to suffer any dicing , carding , or gaming in their houses . p. . to . sparsim . dicers excommunicated and kept from the sacrament in the primitive church . p. . . did●cus de tapia , his censure of players , playes , and theaters . pag. . , , . diodorus siculus his testimony of the originall of playes : & censure of them . p. . . diogenes cinnic●s his censure of musicke . p. . diogenes la●rti●s his censure of stage-playes . p. . dion cassius , his censure of dancing , playes , & caligula his acting of them . p. . to . dionysius halicarnasseus his censure of playes , their originall and use . p. . devils and devill-idols the inventors , the fomenters of stage-playes , and dancing which were appropriated to their solemne honour and worship , their festivals being spent in playes and dancing , which they exacted from their worshippers . p. . to . , , , , , ● , , , ● , , , , , , , ● , , , , , , , , , , to , , , , , , , , to , , to , , , , , , , . have stage-playes in hell every lords-day night . p. . . the inventors of no good things , and the enemies of mankinde . pag. . , , , &c. claime playes , play-haunters , and play-houses as their owne . p. . , . f. , , . honoured oft-times in stead of christ. p. . , . the onely gainers by stage-playes . p. . to . divinations and charmes unlawfull . pag. . , . divorce ; women who resort to playes & play-houses , may be divorced from their husbands by the ancient romanes and iustinian his lawe● . p. . , . s. dominicke , a story of his going to hell. p. , . domitian banished players and suppressed playes . p. . . domna censured for putting on mans apparell . p. . drunkennesse , occasioned by stage-playes p. . to . , . a great and scandalous sinne , especially in clergy men . p. . , . to . sparsim . . m. e edgar , his excellent oration to his prelates . p. . edricke his censure . p. . edward the . his statutes and commission for abolishing images and saints pictures out of churches . p. . . m. for sanctifying the lords day , &c p. . his comedy , de meretrice babilonica . p. . effeminacy , a great sinne . p. . . fol. . . a neces●ary concomitant of play-acting and a fruit of playes . pag. . to . . , . f. , , , . to . . in haire , apparell , speech or gestures much condemned . ibidem . queene elizabeth , and her counsell suppressed playes , play-houses , and dice-houses . p. . . her injunctions against images & pictures in churches , which she caused to bee demolished & taken out of churches . pag. . . m. her statutes against playes and players . p. . engl●sh lawes , statutes , magistrates , vniversities , writers , against dicing , mummers , players , dancing , stage-playes , lascivious songs and musicke , play-bookes , &c. p. . , , , , . to . . to . . to . . to . f. , , . p. . , , , , , , , . to . against images in churches . p. . , . m. epist. ded. . for the sanctification of the lords day . pag. . , , , , , . ephori . pag. . . ephorus his censure of musicke . p. . epicarmus punished for his wanton verses . p. . epiphanius his censure of stage-playes , wanton musicke , mens wearing of womens apparell , long haire , and womens cutting their haire . pag. . , , . of images in churches● p. . m. erasmus his censure of wanton church-singing . p. . esau and iacob a tipe of the reprobate and elect. p. . euclid censured for putting on womens apparell . p. . eu●hrosina and empona censured for cutting their haire , and putting on mans apparell . p. . . eupolis the poet drowned by alcc●iad●● . p. . f. . eus●bius his censure of stage-playes , dancing and wanton musicke , especially on lords-dayes . p. . . fol. . . ● . . . of making the image of god. p. . m. euripides his death . f. . eustatius condemned for an heretique , for perswading women to cut their haire and put on mans apparell under pretence of devotion . p. , . examples of gods fearefull iudgements upon play-poets , players , and play-haunters . f. . to . exhortations to play-poets , players , play-haunters , p. . to . f. . . pag. . to , , , , , , , ● , , . to . f fa●e-painting condemned p. , , , , , , , , . see gulielmus peraldus summa virtutum ac vitiorù . tom. . de superbia . c. . fathers : against dancing . p. . , . to . dicing . epistle dedicatory . . heathenish customes . pag. . to . health-drinking . p. . , , , , . mens long haire and periwigs . p . to . , . lascivious songs and musicke . p. . to . fan●astique and gawdy apparell and fashions . p. . , . to . images in churches , and the making of gods image . pag. . to . stage-playes . p. , . to . . to . . to . sword-playes . p. . , , , , reading of play-bookes and prophane authors . p. . , . to . new-yeeres gifts . p. ● , , , , , , . see all these titles . their concurring resolutions to bee submitted to . p. . , , , , . puritans . p. . . to . feastivals of pagans spent in playes , in dancing and excesse . pag. . . to . , . to . , . see dancing : to bee abandon●d by all christians pag. . , , , , . to . turned into christian holi-dayes , and so brought in heathenish abuses . pag. . to . s●e holi-da●es . f●asts of the primitive christians described p. . to . few saved . p. . , . see d. c●etwin his strait way and narrow gate . iulius firmicus , against mens long haire and putting on of womens apparell : and stage-playes . p. . , . floralian enterludes acted by whores obscene and invective . p. . , . fol. . fornication a hainous sinne . pag. . to ● . men prone unto it . p. . . occasioned and fomented by stage-playes . pag. . to . , , , , , , . see whores and whoredome . not to be acted among christians . p. . to . . to . a●dreas frisi●s his censure of dancing , dicing , playes and scurrill songs . pag. . g gallienus censured , yea slaine for favouring players , acting and frequenting playes . p. . f. . p. . . gallus the poet censured . p. . gelliu● his censure of stage-playes . p. . george the arrian , a cappadocian borne . p. . to . george the martyr made symbolicall by melancton and others . p. . . gerardas his saying . p. . ger●anes punish adultery with death . p. . used to poll th●ir wives taken in adultery & so ●urne thē packing . p. condemned stage-playes & kept their wives from them . p. , , . gerson his censure of lascivious poems , playes and dancing . p . . . gestur●s of ministers and others ought to be grave . p. . . gluverius his censure of stage-playes . p. . . gods image or picture cannot , ought not to be made ; a great impiety to make it p. . to . his commandements not to be broken in ●est pag. . to . he abhorres stage-playes , . fol. , . gorgias his censure of stage-playes . pag. . . gosson a penitent play-poet , his censure & books against stage-playes . p. . , ● , , , , , . i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , and his censure of playes . p. . , , , , , , , . gothes and vandals rejected stage-playes p. . f. ● p. . gratian the emperour his edict against players , and playes . p. . . gratian the canonist , his censure of players and playes . pag. . . of new-yeeres gifts . p. . of health-drinking . p. . grecians , the originall inventers of playes p. . . admired playes and players at first , but abandoned and made them infamous at last . pag. . , , , , , . their manners , customes , and playes prohibited christians . p. . , , , , , . gregory the great , turned pagan festivals ●nto christian. p. . . his censure of playes and pagan authors . p. . , , . gregory nazianz●n , his censure of dancing p. . , . m. . , . ●ace-painting . p. . , . mens long and frizled hai●e . pag . mens putting on of womens ●pparell . pag. . , , . lascivious attyres . p. . . players and stage-playes . p. . , , , , , ● , , fol. . . how christs nativity must bee solemnized . pag. . , . gregory nyssen , his censure of dancing , lascivious pictures , and stage playes . p . , . fol. . pag. . of images and gods picture . pag. . gregory the worker of miracles , his hatred of playes caused a sudden pestilence among players and play-haunters . f. . . th. gualensis his censure of playes and laughter . p. . , . gualther his censure of dancing , players , iesters , playes , and play-haunters , p. . m. . , , , , , , . guevara his censure of stage-playes and actors . p. . , , . gulielmus parisiensis his censure of stage-playes and dancing . p. . his passage and reasons against mens putting on of womens apparell , or women of mens . p. . , . gunda her punishment for cutting her haire , and putting on mans apparell . p. . h haire , womens cutting and frizling of their haire condemned by deut. . . king. . . isay . , , , . cor. . , , , . tim. . ti● . . , , , . pet. . , , . rom. . . zeph. ● . . prov. . , . rev. . . c. ● . . by councels , fathers , and christian writers of all sorts as an unnaturall , impudent whorish practise . pag. . to . . m. f. , . . . to . sparsim . . see gulielmus peraldus summa virtu●um ac vitiorum . tom. . tit. de superbia . c. . accordingly . examples of women who have cut their haire , censured . ibidem . whores and adulteresses punished heretofore by cutting their haire , which our women now make a fashion . p. . , . popish nons cutting of their haire when they are admitted into nonneries derived from the ancient punishment of harlots , and eustatius his disciples . p. . , . condemned . ibidem . mens wearing of long , false , curled haire & lovelockes , condēned by deut. . . ezech. . . dan. . . cor. . , . rev. . . num. . . ier. . . psal. . . compared together , by councels , fathers , and other writers , as an effeminate unnaturall amorous practise , an incitation of lust , an occasion of sodomy , and a practise of ancient ganymedes and sodomites . p. . to . , , . , , , , to . . ep. ded. . & . to the reader . see guli . peraldus qua supra . m. bolton his comfortable directions for walking with god. p. . . w. t. his absoloms fall , wherein every christian may as in a mirror behold the vile and abominable abuse of curled long haire so much now used in this our realme pag. . , , , ● , . arch-bishop abbot his . lecture upon ionah . sect . . p. . . augustin . e●ar . in psal. . tom. . pars . pag. ● . m. edward rainolds his sinfulnesse of sinne . p. . quintil. instit. l. . c. . agai●st mens long compt haire . hauking , hunting , yea keeping of haukes and hounds prohibited clergie men by sundry canons and councels . p. . to . sparsim . haymo his censure of stage-playes and actors . p. . . of making gods image . p. . m. health-drinking , prohibited , condemned by councels , fathers , and others . pag. . , , , , , , , , . m. . . see my healths sickne●se , with the authors th●re quoted . h●abanus maur●s com. in titum . c. . tom. . pag. . e. homil. in dominicis diebus . tom. . op. p. . d. iohannis sarisberiensis , de nugis curialium . l. . c. . iuo carnotensis . decret . pars . c. master gualther hom. . in haba● . p. . . innocentius . operum tom. . p . gulielmus stuckins antiqu . convivalium . lib. . thorowout . hostiensis summa . l. . tit. de tempore ordinat . f. . ioan. langhecrucius . de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . l. . c. . p. . &c. . p. . gratian distinct. . polydor virgil. de invent. rerum . l. . c. . p. . d. iohn white his sermon at pauls crosse. march . . sect . . nathaniel col● his preservative against sinne . p. . m. heildersham his . lecture upon iohn the . vers . . pag. . barnaby rich his irish hubbub . london ● . p. . . m. edward raynolds his sinfulnesse of sinne . . p. . who expresly condemne the drinking and pledging of healths , especially in clergie-men , who ought by the canon law to be deprived for it . heaven , no stage-playes there . pag. . . hecataeus abderita his testimony of the iewes wanting images . p. . h●lena constantine the great his mother , an english woman . p. . heliodorus deprived of his bi●hopprick● for his amorous bookes . p. . helioga●alus censured . p. . , . henry the . the emperor rejected playes and players . p. . henry the . of england his statute against rimers and minstrels . p. . henry the . his statute against mumm●rs , vizards and dice-play . p. . . his expences upon playes and masques . p. . his commissions for aboli●hing images in churches . pag. . m. hen●y the . of france his edicts against stage-playes and dancing on lords-dayes and holi-dayes p. . hercules censured for putting on womans apparell . pag. . herod agrippa smitten in the theater by an angell , and so dyed . fol. . . see freculphi chronicon . tom. . l. . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . herod the great , the first erecter of a theater among the iewes , who thereupon conspire his death . p. . f. . . p. ● herodian his censure of playes and dancing . p. . . , , , . herodias , her dancing taxed : the devill danced in her . p. . . m. . m. . . f. . hi●ro punished epica●mus for his wanton verses . p. . hierom his censure of mens long and curled haire . p. . . of lascivious musicke and songs . p. . , . of images , specially of god. p. . m. of players and stage-playes . pag. . . of dancing . p. . of reading poets and prophane authors . p. . , , , , , , . his trance . p. . . for laymens reading the scripture . p. . m. how ministers ought to preach . p. . . hilarie his censure of stage-playes , pag. . . of making gods image . p. . m. histories sophisticated by players and play-poets . p. . . hol●ot his censure of stage-playes and dancing . p. . m. . . holi-dayes , how to be spent and solemnized . p. . to . f. . , &c. , , . to . sparsim . . to . exceedingly prophaned with dancing , dicing , drunkennesse and prophane pastimes . p. . . to . sparsim . . . fo . . to . . to . . to . . dancing and stage-playes prohibited on holi-dayes by councels , fathers , and all writers , ibidem . see dancing . & p. . augmented by papists who have turned pagan festivals into christian. p. . to . see haddon cont. osorium . l. . f. . , . abridged by trajan . f. . ho●inesse becommeth christians . pag. . , . homilies of our church against images in churches , &c. p. . . , . honorius augustodunensis censure of stage-playes . pag. . m. . of playerly masse-priests . p. . . honorius the emperour suppressed sword-playes , p. . . bishop hooper preached twice every day of the weeke ; would have bishops to preach once every day , would have two sermons every lords day . his censure of those who complaine of two much preaching . f. . a professed anti-arminian . f. . condemned dice-play . epist. ded. . yea , altars too , of which he writes thus in his . sermon upon ionah , before king edward . an. . p. . if questio● now be asked , in there then no sacrifices left to b● done of christian people ? yea truely ●ut none other then such as ought to be done without altars : and they be of . sorts : the first is the sacrifices of thankes-giving . psal. . , . amos . . heb , . . hos. . the . is benevolence and liberality to the poore , mich. . . cor. . , , cor. . . hebr. . . the third kinde of sacrifice is the mortifying of our owne bodies , and to dye from sinne . rom. . . matth. ● . luk. . if we study not daily to offer these sacrifices to god , we be no christian men . seeing christian men have no other sacrifices then these , which may and ought to be done without altars , there should among christians be no altars . and therefore is was not without the great wisedome & knowledge of god , that christ , his apostles and the primitive church lacked altars , for they knew that the use of altars then was taken away . it were well then that it might please the magistrates to turne the altars into tables , according to the first institution of christ , to take away the false perswasion of the people they have of sacrifices to be done upon the altars . for as long as the altars remaine , both the ignorant people , and the ignorant and evill perswaded priest will dreame alway●s of sa●rifice . therefore were it best that the magistrates remove all the monuments and tokens of idolatry and superstition . then should the true religion of god sooner take place , &c. & sermon . f. . a great shame it is for a noble king , emperor or magistrate contrary to gods word to detaine or keepe from the devill or his ministers , any of their goods or treasure , as the candles , images , crosses , vestm●●●s , altars ; for if they be kept in the church as things ind●ffe●ent , at lengt● they w●ll be maintained as things necessary . and doe not wee see his words prove true ? against the making of gods image and s●ffring or erecting im●ges in churches . pag . m. of which hee writes thus in his● declaration of the second commandement . london . fol. . to . this commandement ●ath . parts : the first taketh from us all liberty and licence , that we in no case represent or manifest the god invisible & incomprehensible with any figur● or image , or represent him unto our sences that cannot be comprehended by the wit of man nor angell . the s●cond part forbiddeth to honour any image . the third part sheweth us , that it is no need to present god to us by any image . moses giveth ● reason of the first part , why no image should be made , deut. . . remember , saith 〈◊〉 to the people , that the lord spake to thee in the vale of oreb . thou ●eardest a voyce , but sawest no manner of si●ilitude , but onely a voyce be●rdest thou . esay c. . . & &c. diligent●y sheweth what an absurdity and undecent thing it is to proph●re the majestie of god incom●reh●nsible with a little blocke or stone ; a spirit , with an image . the like doth paul in the . o● th● acts. the text therefore forbiddeth all mann●r of images that are made to expresse or represent almighty god. the second par● forbiddeth to honor any image made : the first word honour signifieth , to bow head , legge , knee , or any part of the body unto them , as all those do● ( pray marke it ) that say with good conscience they may bee suffred in the church of christ , &c. seeing th●n there is no cōmandement in any of both testaments , to have images , but as you see the contrary ; and also the universall catholike and holy church never used images , as the writings of the apostles and prophets testifie , it is but an ethnike v●rity and gentile idolatry , to say god and his saints be honoured in them , when as all histories testifi● , that in manner ●or th● space of . yeeres after christs ascention , when the doctrine of the gospell was most sincerely preached , was 〈◊〉 image used , &c. therefore s. ioh● biddeth us not onely beware of honouring of images , but of the images themselves . thou shalt finde the originall of images in no place of gods word , but in the writings of the gentiles and infidels , or in such that more followed their owne opinion and superstitious imaginations , than the authority of gods word . herodorus saith , that the aegyptians were the first that made images to represent their gods . and as the gentiles ●ashioned their gods with what figures they lusted , so doe the christians . to declare god to be strong they made ●im in the forme of a lion , to be vigilant & diligent , in the forme of a dog , &c. so doe they that would be accounted christians , paint god and his saints , with such pictures as they imagine in their fantasies . god , like an old man w●th a ●orie head , as ●hough his youth were past , which hath neither beginning nor ending &c. no difference at all bet●eene a christian man and gentile in this idolatry , saving onely the name . for they thought not their images to be god , but supposed that their gods would be honoured that wayes , as the christians doe . i write these things rather in contempt and hatred of this abominable idolatry then to learne any eng●ishman the truth , &c. the third part declareth , that it is no n●ed to shew god unto us by images , and proveth the same with . reasons . first , i am the lord thy god , that loveth thee , helpeth thee , defendeth thee , is present with thee : be●ieve and love m● , so shalt thou have no need to seeke me and my favourable presence in any image . the second reason : i am a jealous god and cannot suffer thee to love any thing but in me and for me . i cannot suffer to be otherwise honoured than i have taught in my tables and testament the . reason is , that god revengeth the prophanation of his divine majesty , if it be trans●ribed to any creature or image , and that not only in him that committeth the idolatry , but also in his posterity in the third and fourth generation , if they follow their fathers idolatry . then to avoyd the ire of god and to obtaine his favour , we must use no image to honor him with all . gods lawes expulseth and putteth images out of the church , then no mans lawes should bring them in . all which he thus seconds in his briefe and cleare confession of the christian faith in an ● . articles , according to the order of the creed of the apostles . london . artic. . & . i believe ( write● he ) that to the magistrate it doth appertaine , not onely to have regard unto the common-wealth , but also unto ecclesiasticall matters , to take away and to overthrow all idolatry and false serving of god , and to advance the kingdome of christ , to cause the word of the gospell every where to be preached , and the same to maintaine unto death : to chasten also and to punish the false pro●hets which leade the poore people after idols and strange gods , &c. i believe also that the beginning of all idolatry was the finding out and invention of images , which a●so were made to the great offence of the soules of men , and are as snares and traps for the feete of the ignorant to make them to ●all . therefore they ought not to bee honoured , served , worshipped , neither to be suffred in the temples or churches , where christian people doe meet together , to heare and understand the word of god , b●t rather th● same ought utterly to bee taken away and throwne downe , according to the effect of the . comma●dement of god : and that ought to be done ●y the common authority of the magistrate , and not by the private authority of every particular man for the wood of the gallowes whereby justice is done , is blessed of god , but the image made by mans hand is accursed of the lord , and so is he that made it . and therefore we ought to beware of images above all things . this was this godly martyrs faith concerning images : this was the faith and doctrine of all our pious martyrs and prelates in king henry the . king edward the . queene maries , and queene elizabeths raignes : this is the authorized doctrine both of the articles and homilies of our church which every english minister now subscribes to , and is enjoyned for to teach the people as the undoubted truth : yea this was one of the articles propounded by doctor chambers , to which the reverend bishop , iewell , and all other yong protestant students in both our vniversities subscribed , in edward the . and queene maries raigne , imagines & simulachra non esse in templis habenda ; ●osque gloriam dei imminuere qui vel fuderint vel fabricati fu●rint vel finxerint , vel pinxerint , vel fabricanda & facienda locarint : as doctor humfries de vita & morte iuelli . pag. . informes us : which i wish our moderne innovators and patrons of images would remember . horace his censure of playes & players . p. . , , . hybristica sacra , how solemnized . p. . hylas the player whipped . p. . hypocrisie , a necessary concomit●nt of acting playes , and a damnable sinne . pag. . to . . . christ , his apostles , the primitive and moderne christians unjustly taxed of it . p. . to . hypocrites and players , the same . p. . . . hypolitus his censure of stage-playes , and lascivious songs . f. . . i king iames his statute against prophaning scripture and gods name in playes . p. . . his statutes make players rogues , and playes unlawfull pastimes . pag. . . expresly condemned the making of god the fathers image or picture . p. . iason , the first introducer of heathenish playes among the iewes . p. . , , , . ianus the author of new-yeeres gifts , &c. see kalends and new-yeeres gifts . idlenesse a dangerous mischievous sinne occasioned , fomented by stage-playes . p. . , , to . , , . to . , . idols and devils parts and stories unlawfull to be acted ; their images , shapes and representations not to be made . p. . to . , , , f. . . pag. . , , . to . the mentioning of their names and imprecations , adjurations , or exclamations by them , unlawfull . p. . , , . to . , . things originally consecrated to them unlawfull . pag. . to . . to . stage-playes invented by , and consecrated unto idols , and devil-gods , who were courted with them in their festivals . see devils , dancing , and festivals . pag. . , . fol. . , p. , , . idolatry a grand sinne ; to which men are naturally prone . p. . , , , , , . the mother of stage-playes . p. . to . , . f. . , . pag. . . the acting of an idols part , or making his representatiō idolatry . p. . , , , , . the ve●y reliques and shadowes of it ●o be avoyded . p. . , , , , , , . occasioned by stage-playes and play-poets p. . . , fol. . , ● . p. . , . iesuits act christs passion , &c. in stead of preaching it p. . , , , , . gods iudgement upon them for a prophane play. f. . some of them have condemned stage-playes . pag. . , &c. iewes , condemned and rejected stage-playes , and idols shapes and vizards . pag. . . to . , , , , . had no images in their temples , and condemned the ve●y art of imagery . p. . to . keept their sabboth from evening to evening . p. . . ignatius the martyr , condemned dancing on the lords day . p. . . m. ignatius loyola , prohibited terence to be read in schooles . p. . images and pictures of god the father , sonne and holy ghost unlawfull to be made , or set up in churches . pag. . . to . see hooper . images in churches condemned by fathers , councels , emperours , protestant churches and writers , and by our owne english statutes , articles , injunctions , homilies , canons , ancient bishops and writers , ibidem . see bishop ie●els reply to m. harding . artic . . p. . to . rodericke mors his complaint to the parliament in king henry the . dayes . cap. . ● d. iohn ponet bb. of winchester , his apologie or answer to martyn . . c●p . . . pag. . , . archb shop vshers an●wer to the iesuits challenge . pag. . to . edit . ult . & a short description of antichrist . . pag. . demolished at zuricke , and basil , and here in england by henry the . edward the . and queene elizabeth . p. . m. images condemned by the persians , syrians , scythians , and lybians of old . origen . cont. celsum . lib. . fol. . none suffred in the temples and synagogues of the iewes , turkes , sarazens , mores , moschovites , or barbarous heathen nations of asia , africa and europe now . haddon . cont. osorium . lib. . f. . condemned by ma●omet in his alcoran . edit . lat. bibliandri . . p. . , , , . & shall christians , shall protestants suffer , applaud , erect them , when as these condemne them ? see thomas waldensis . tom. . tit. . de religiosorum domibus . cap. . to . imitation of pagans and their customes unlawfull . p. . to . . to . see pagans . impudency a dangerous sinne occasioned by stage-playes . p. . . to . infamous to act playes . see acting , players . p. . , . to . intention of play-haunters . p. . to . inventions of pagans , how farre lawfull and unlawfull . p. . to . iosephus his censure of stage-playes and theaters p . , , , &c. of images . p. . . isiodo● hispa●e●sis , his censure of dice-play● epist. dedic . . of stage-playes and theaters . p. . f. . . pag. . , , . m. of new-yeeres gifts . p. . . m. of reading prophane writers p. . , , . isiodor pelufiota his censure of playes and players . p . . of reciting human authors in sermons . pag. . isocrates his censure of playes and players . p. . , . iren●eus his censure of players & playes . p. . m. . iudgements of god upon play-poets , players , play-haunters● f. . . to . iulian the apostate his edi●t against ministers resort to playes or ale-houses . p. . . iulius messalla his expence on playes . p. . . iuo carnotensis his censure of playes , players , acting in womens apparell , &c. . , , , . iunius mauricus his censure of playes . p. . iustinian his edicts against dicing , players , sword-playes , stage-playes , which hee stiles the devils pompes . p. . , , . to . his law for divorcing of play-haunting wives . p. . , . iustin martyr his censure of images . pag. . of lascivious musicke . p. . iustin the historian his censure of playes and dancing . p. . . iuvenal his censure of players , playes , play-haunters and dancers . pag. . , , , , , . m. . . k kalends , their observation , especially of the first of ianuary , prohibited . p. . to . , , , , , , , , , , . kings most honoured when god is best served by their subjects . p. . have suppressed playes and dicing , and exiled players . p . to . . to . . to . , . infamous for them to act or frequent playes , or favour players . pag. . , , , , to ● . f. . . p. . to . . to . . to . . a good king and bad councellors , worse then an ill king and good councellers . p , . what makes kings evill . f. . their life ought to bee exemplary . p. . , . kissing in dances and playes dangerous p. . , . knights prohibited to act , to dance , or come upon the stage . p . , , . l laberius , his censure of his play-acting . p. . . lacedemonians prohibited stage-playes , and lascivious musicke . p. . , , , , . l●ctantius his censure of images . p. . , ● m. of acting in womens apparell . p. ● . of stage-playes and actors . p. . , , , , . . ioan. langhe●rucius his censure of health-drinking , stage playes , acting of academicall enterludes , and acting in womens apparell● p. . , m. . , , . lasciviousnesse condemned : a necessary concomitant and effect of playes , and play-acting . p. to . . to . bishop latymer his censure of dice-play . epist. dedic . . of dancing and prophaning lords-dayes . f. . of images . p. . accused of sedition . pag. ● . laughter , prophane , profuse , excessive , censured . p. . to . , , . christ never laughed . . , . this life no time of laughter but of ●eares . p. . , . see chrysost. hom. . in collos. . an excellent discourse to this purpose : occasioned by playes . p. . . to . , . laurell , christians prohibited to dresse their houses with it . p. . , , m. . , . see tertul. de corona militis . lib. c. . . laymen enjoyned by councels , fathers , and god himselfe to read the scriptures diligently . epist. dedicat. ● . pag. . . to . are spirituall priests● and ought to be as holy as the clergie . p. . , . leo the emperour his edict for the sanctifying of the lords day and suppression of stage-playes p. . . lewis the . of france his edict against players , play-houses , and dice-houses . p. . leucippus , his effeminacy in haire and apparell censured . p. . . livie his censure of stage-playes . p. . . f. . p. . lodovicus the emperor his edict against clergie-mens resort to playes , &c. p. . lodovicus arch-bishop of magdeburge , his death , f. . lodovicus vives , his censure of players , playes , play-bookes , dancing , and popish enterludes . pag. . , , . fol. . pag. . . london magistrates suppressed playes , play-houses and dice-houses . p. . . lords day , ( exceedingly prophaned by stage playes , masques and dances , which are prohibited on it by councels , fathers , imperiall lawes , our owne english statutes , homilies , injunctions , and sundry other writers , ) how it ought to bee spent and sanctified p. . , . to ● . , , , , , , . to . , , , , , . to . sparsim . . , , . see dancing , holi-dayes . & thomas waldensis . tom. . tit. . cap. . , playes , masques and dancing unlawfull on it , ibidem . & p. . , . and on lords day and saturday nights . pag. . , , , . it begins at evening , not at morning or midnight ; proved at large by councels , fathers , and others . p. . to . hence iuo carnotensis . decret pars . cap. . gratian distinct. . and all canonists on this place of his , upon the words of pope leo epist . cap. . conclude thus , that the lords day begins at evening : non passim ( say they ) di●bus omnibus sacerdotalis vel levitica ordinatio celebretur , sed post diem sabbati ejusque noctis quae in prima sabbati luc●s●it , exordia consecrandi deligantur . quod ejusdem observantae eritsi mane ipso dominico die continuato sabbati jej●nio celebretur , à quo tempore praecedentis noctis initia non recedunt . quod ad diem resurrectionis ( sicut etiam in pascha domini declaratur ) pertinere non est dubium , &c. his qui consecrandi sunt nunquam benedictio nis in die dominicae resurrectionis tribuatur , cui à vespere sabbati initium constat ascribi . dies dominica initium habet à vespere sabbati ; & vespera praecedentis noctis trahitur ad diem sequentem , ut sive de vesp●re in sabbato , sive de mane in domini●o ordines conferantur semper in die dominico videantur conferri . hence also hostiensis . sum. lib. . tit. de ferijs . fol. baptista trovomala in his summa rosella tit. feriae sect . . . summa angelica . tit. dies sect . . lindwood constit. provin● lib. . tit de ferijs . ●ol . . with all other canonis●s tit de ferijs , & ioannis de burgo pupilia oculi pars . cap. . de ferijs . d●e . lay downe this for an infallible maxime . quod abstinendū est à servilibus operibus omni die dominica abhora vespertina diei sabbati inchoando , non ipsam horam praeveniendo . quod feriationem tenere debemus à vespera in vesperam . quod debemus festum incipere , quantum ad feriationem à vespera in vesperam ; scilicet ab ultima parte diei praecedentis seu vigiliae . quod dies diversis modis incipit & desinit : nam quoad celebrationem divinarum , consideratur de vespera in vesperam : quoad judicia , de mane in vesperam , & sic de luce in lucem : sed quoad contractus , de media nocte in mediam noctem : and this hath beene the received resolution of all former ages , which should over-b●llance all new opinions . see polydor virgil. de invent. rerum . lib. . cap. . for the beginning and ending of dayes . lovelockes , bushes of vanity whereby the devill leads and holds men captive . epistle to the reader : provocations to lust and unnaturall lewdnesse , in use among sodomites and pagans of old , ●nd none else . p. . to . , , , , , . see haire . lucas tudensis against making the picture of the trinity . p. m. luxury a dangerous sinne , occasioned by stage-playes . p● . to . lycurgus prohibited playes . p. . lyd●ans effeminated by musicke , dancing , playes , and idlenesse . p. . lyes , condemned : frequent in playes . p. . , , , . lysima●hus his court censured . p. . m macarius aegyptius his censure of playes and players . p. . m. f. . p. . macrobius his censure of dancing and play-acting . p. . , , , , . his testimony of the saturnalian feasts . p . . macro his advice to caligula . p. . magicke bookes censured p. . magistrates ought to suppresse players , playes , and play-houses , and have anciently done so . p. . to . . mahomet his censure of dice-play . p . manners and mindes of people corrupted by playes . p. . to . marriages ; dancing and playes at them prohibited , condemned by fathers and councels . see dancing : & saint chrysostom . hom. . in colos. . tom. . col. . to . hom. . in ephes. . tom. . col. . where hee writes thus . in matrimonio omnia oportet esse plena temperantia & modestia , gravitate & ho●esta●● . contrarium autem video , saltantes tanquam camelos , tanquam mulos . quid facis ô homo ? quid ludibria illa , quid monstra in●ucis ? omnino turpe est & indecorū , viros molles & saltantes & omnem pompam satanicam domum introducore . quando unguentum componitis nihil malè olens sinitis appropinquare . matrimonium est unguentum ; cur caeni faetorem inducis in compositionem unguenti ? quid dicis ? s●ltar virgo , & nō eam pudet suae aequalis ? oport●● enim ipsam hac ●sse honestiorem & graviorem , ex ulna enim egressa est , non ex palaestra , &c. ne transuehas & in pompam ducas virginitatem . an non sunt haec probrum & dedecus ? sunt . probrum enim & dedocus est se indecore gerere etiamsi sit regis filia , etiamsi serva si● virgo , &c. the ●rum enim non est matrimonium , est mysterium , seu sacramentum , & rei magnae typus . sacramentum inquit , hoc magnum est , ego au●em dico in christo & ecclesia . ecclesiae est typus & christi , & saltatri●es introducis ? si ergo , inquis , n●̄que v●rgines saltant , neque quae nupserunt , quis saltabit ? nullus . saltationis enim quaenam est necessitas ? in mysterijs graecorum sunt saltationes : in nostris autem , silentium , honesta gravitas , pudor & modestia . magnum peragitur mysterium , foras meretrices saltatrices , foras prophani , &c. haec vobis non temere dicta sunt , sed ut vos nec nuptijs , nec saltationibus , nec choris adsitis satanicis . vide enim quid invenerit diabolus . nam quoniam a scena & ijs quae illic sunt turpia & indecora , ipsa natura abduxit mulieres , quae sunt theatri abduxit in gynaecium , molles inquam , se● pathicos & meretrices . hanc pestem invexit lex nuptialis , imo vero non lex nuptialis , absit , sed lex nostrae mollitiei . quid ergo dico oportere ? omnia tu●pia cantica quae sunt satanica , inhonestas cantilenas , immundorū juvenum circuitiones auferre à matrimonio , , & haec poterant castigare sponsam & modestam reddere ; statim n. apud se considerabit , papae ; qualis est hi● vir ! est philosophus ; hanc vitam nihili ducit , ad procreandos liberos & educandos me domi duxit , & ad domum custodier d●m . ex his ipsis ostendit mentem suam , nullo horum delecta●i , neque unquam concessurum ut siant saltationes & can●ntur impudica cantica . sed haec sponsae sunt injucunda ad primum usque & secundum diem , non autem deinceps ; sed & maxima●●apiet voluptatem se ab omni suspicione liberans . nam qui neque tibias neque saltantes , nequ● fractos ●antus sustinuerit , idque 〈◊〉 nuptiarum , vix ipse in animum induxerit ut turpe aliquid unquam aut faciat aut dicat . sed videntur res quidem in●ifferens quae fiunt circa matrimonium . sunt autem causae magnorum malorum . omnia sunt plena iniqui●ate . turpitudo & stultiloquium & scurrile verbum , inquit , exore vestro non exeat . omnia autem illa sunt turpitudo , & stultiloquium & scurrilitas , non leviter , sed cum intentione . ars enim est hoc , & magnam affert laudem ijs qui eam exercent . ars facta sunt peccata . non leviter & tom●re ea tractamus sed adhibito studio & scientia , & de caetero diabolus est harum rerum dux & imperator . vbi n. ebrietas & lascivia , ubi lermo obscaenus & saltatio , ade●t diabolus sua afferens . cum his convivans dic quaeso , christi mysterium peragis , & diabolum invocas ? me fortè existimatis gravem & importunū . nam hoc quosque est multae perversitatis , quod qui increpat ludibrio habetur tanquam austerus . nonne auditis paulum dicentem . quicquid faciatis sive comedatis , sive bibatis , sive aliquid faciatis , omnia ad gloriam dei facite ? vos autem ad maledicentiam & ignominiam . non auditis prophetam dicentem . servite domino in timore , & exultate ei in tremore ? vos autem diffundimini & luxu diffluitis . an non vero licet etiam tutò laetari ? vis audire pulchros modos ? maximè quidem ne oporteret quidem . sed me dimitto , & me tibi accommodo . si velis , non audias satanicos modos , sed spirituales . vis videre saltantes ? vide chorum angelorum . et quomodo fieri potest ut videam ? si haec abegeris , veniet christus quoque ad has nuptias . si adsit autem christus , adest etiam chorus angelorum . si velis , nunc quoque faciet miracula sicut & tunc . faciet nunc quoque aquam vinum & multo admirabilius . diffluentem & dissolutam convertet laetitiam & cupiditatem , & transferet ad spiritualem . hoc est ex aqua vinum f●cere . vbi sunt tibicines ( pray marke it ) nequaquam est christus . sed & si fuerit ingressus , eos primum eijcit , & tunc facit miracula . quando itaque es facturus nuptias ne domos obeas , specula & ve●tes commodato accipiens ; res n. non fit ad ostentationem , neque filiam adducis ad pompam : sod ijs quae in ea sunt domum exhiler●ns , voco vicinos , amicos & cognatos . quos nosti quidem bonos & probos , eos voca , & ut ijs quae adsunt contenti sint admone . ex ijs qui sunt ex orchestra , adsit nullus . illic n. est sumptus vacuus & indecorus . ante alios omnes voca christum . orna sponsum non aureis ornamentis , sed mansuetudine & pudore & consuetis vestibus . pro quovis mundo aureo & implicaturis & intexturis , induens pudorem & verecundiam , & quod illa non quaerat . nullus sit tumultus , nulla perturbatio . vocetur sponsus , accipiat virginem . prandia & caenae non sint plena ebrietatis , sed satietate cum voluptate . videamus quam multa ex hoc sunt bona , quando viderimꝰ , ex ijs quae nunc fiunt nuptijs , si nuptiae & non potius pompae sunt dicendae , quot mala ? illic enim christus , hic satanas . illic tristitia , hîc cura . illic voluptas , hîc dolor . illic sumptus , hic nihil tale . illic probrum & dedecus , hîc modestia . illic invidia , hîc nulla plane est invidia : illic ebrietas , hîc salus , hîc temperantia . haec autem omnia cogitantes , hactenus malum sistamus , ac cohibeamus , ut deo placeamus , & digni habeamur qui consequamur bona quae sunt promissa ijs qui ipsum diligunt , gratia & benignitate domini nostri iesu christi . the whole homilies are worth the reading , but thus much onely i thought good to insert to controll the marriage disorders of our lascivious age . marbachius his censure of vizards , disguises , wanton apparell , and acting in womens apparell . p. . . mariana the iesuit his book against , and censure of stage-playes , players , and theaters . p. . . to . marius his censure of dicers , of players . p. . martiall his poems censured . p. . , . masse turned into a stage-play , and priests oft-times into actors . p. . to . . to . sparsim● pag. . to . , , . sacrilegious unto christ and his merits . p. . massilienses prohibited and condemned playes and idlenesse . p. . , , , , , . may-games , and may-poles derived from the ancient prohibited heathen majumae . p. . m. . m. & from the floralian feasts and enterludes of the pagan romanes , which were solemnized on the first of may. see ovid fastorum . lib. . pag. . mille venit varijs florum dea nexa coronis . scena joci morem liberioris habet . exit & in majas festū florale kalendas . & lib. . pag. . t● . mater ades florum ludis celebranda jocosis incipis aprili , transis in tempora maij : alter te fugiens , cùm venit , alter habet . cum tua sint , cedantque tibi confinia mensùm , convenit in laudes ille vel ille tuas . circus in hunc exit clamataque palma theatris , &c. dic dea , respondi , ludorum quae sit origo . &c. convenêre patres : & si bene floreat annus . numinibus nostris annua festa vovent . annuimus votis , consul nunc consule ludos . posthumio lenas persoluêre mihi . quaerere conabar quare l●scivia major , his foret in ludis liberiorque jocus ; sed mihi succurrit numen non esse severum , aptaque delicijs munera ferre deam . tempora sutilibus cinguntur tota coronis , et latet injecta splendida mensa rosa. ebrius incinctis philyra conviva capillis , saltat , & imprudens utitur arte meri● ebrius ad durum formosae limen amicae cantat : habens unctae mollia ●erta comae . nulla coronata peraguntur seria fronte : nec liquidae vinctis flore bibuntur aquae , &c. bacchus amat flores ; baccho placuis●e coronam ex ariadnaeo sidere nosse potes . scena lenis decet hanc : non est , mihi credite , non est , illa cothurnatas inter habenda deas . turba quidem cur hos celebret meretricia ludos , non est de tetricis , non est de magna professis , vult sua plebeio sacra patêre choro , &c. see alexander ab alexand. genial . dierum lib. . cap. . godwin , his roman antiquities lib. . sect . . cap. pag. . polydor virgil , de invent. rerum . lib. . c. . bulengerus de theatro . lib. . cap. . pag. . to the like purpose . he who shall but seriously consider this manner of celebrating these floralian festivals , and paralell them with our may-games ; will soone conclude as polydor virgil doth in expresse tearmes ( de invent. rerum . lib . cap. ) that our may-games , maying , and may-pole● ( adorned commonly with flowrie garlands ) had their originall from these floralian feastivals , or the heathen majumae ; and that therefore christians ought wholy to abandon them , as they are expresly enjoyned both by imperiall edicts , councels and fathers . see here , p. . m. . , , , , , , . m. ( pope martyns decree ) pag. , , , , , , . tertullian de corona militis lib. polydor virgil. de invent. rerum . lib. . cap. . m. stubs his anatomy of abuses . p . . ( who particularly condemne both may-games and may-poles : ) and francis de croy his first conformity● cap. . . accordingly . menander the com●dian his death● fol. . ministers and clergie-men , prohibited to dance , card or dice , or to behold dancers , carders , dicers , in publike or private , or to suffer them in their houses , to act or behold either publike or private enterludes : to play at any dishonest or unlawfull games : to disguise themselves : to hauke , hunt , or to keepe haukes or hounds : to haunt or keepe tavernes or ale-houses , or to enter into them but only in case of necessity when they travell : to begin or pledge any healths ; to frequent or make any riotous feasts ; or to weare costly apparell . p. . , . . to . , . fol. . pag. . to . sparsim . see vincent● speculum . hist. lib. . cap. . . , summa angelica clericus . . & all canonists . de vita & honestate clericorum : conclude the like . ought to suppresse and disswade others from dancing , dicing , health-drinking , or resort to playes . ibidem . scurrilous iesting , dancing , dicing , play-acting , or play-haunting ministers to bee suspended and deprived . ibidem . their duties . ibidem . ought not to meddle with secular affaires ; not to beare secular offices . ibidem . ought to be resident on their cures , and to preach twice a day . fol. . pag. . , . ought to be grave in their gestures and speeches , nor player-like . p. . to . ought not to read lascivious poems , or prophane authors , not to stuffe their sermons with them , p. . , . to . no players or actors of playes to bee made ministers , or to take orders , f. . p. . , , . minucius felix , his censure of playes and players , p. . , , . of images . p. . . modestie and shamefastnesse banished by playes . fol. . to . their prayse . ibidem . molanus his justification of prophane sacrilegious popish enterludes . p. . , . monkes many of thē sodomites , whoremasters , epicures . pag. . , , , , . see vincentij speculum . hist. lib. . c. . to . lib. . cap. . to . cap. . to . women-monkes . pag. . , , , , , , . morice-dances censured . p. . see dances and may-games . moscovites how they keepe their christmas . pag. . moses prohibited playes and enterludes . why . pag. . mourning for other mens sinnes , a duty . p. . to . this life a life of mour● ibid. & p. . to . see chrysost. hom. . in colos. accordingly . multitude no argument of goodnes . pag. . , . mummeries and mummers condemned . p. . . fol. ● . . to . murthers occasioned oft by playes . fol. . to . musicke , lawfull , usefull . p. . lascivious effeminate musicke , unlawfull . p. . to . . . see vincentij speculū . hist. lib. . cap. . m. northbrooke his treatise against vaine playes , &c. fol. . , . agrippa de v●nitate scient . cap. . m. stubs his an●tomy of abuses . p. . , , &c. church-musicke ought to be grave , serious , pious , not quaint , delicate , or lascivious ; which abuses of it are censured . p. to . & reformatio legu●● ecclesiast . ex authoritate regis . hen. ● . & edw. . lo●di●i . tit. de divin●s offi●●● . c. . ● . . grounded on , and authorized by the statutes of . h●●ry . c. . . h●●●y s. c. . & . . & . edward . c. . which proscribos this rule in 〈…〉 . in divinis 〈◊〉 recitandis & psalmis 〈◊〉 , ministri & clerici diligent●r doe c●gitare ●ebent , non solum ●se doum la●dari oportere , sed alios etiam hortatu & exemplo & observatione illorum , ad cundem cultu● adducendos esse . qua propter partite voces & distincte pronuncient , & cantus sit illorum clarus & aptus , ut ad auditorum omnis fensum , & intelligentiam perveniant . itaque vibratam i●am & operosam musicani , quae figurata dicitur , auferri placet , quae sic in multitudinis auribus tumultuatur , ut saepe linguam non possit ipsam loquent●m intelligere . ( see q. eliz. injunctions . injunct . , accordingly . ) which kinde of quaint and delicate church-musicke is largely censured , by hugo parisiensis . lib. . de claustro animae , by vincentius beluacensis . speculum histor. lib. c. . by iohn bale his image of both churches , on rev. c. sect . . by william wraghton his hunting and rescuer of the romish fox . fol. . , , . by gualtherus haddon contr. osorium lib. . fol. . . & m. northbrooke against dice-play . fol. . . musicke , when , why , and by whom brought into the church . p. . to . n name of god not to bee used in playes , in which it is oft prophaned . pag. . to . names of idols not to be named , invocated , &c. by christians . p. . , , , . to . , , . naked harlots not to be looked on . pag. . dancing naked censured . p. . . see lampridij commodus . p. . nero censured , and his death conspired for his singing , acting , dancing , and masquing on the stage . p● . . fol. . . pag. . , , , . to . suppressed playes and players . p. . . , . nerva prohibited sword-playes . pag. . . new-yeeres gifts , and the observation of new-yeeres day , condemned as a pagan custome , by councels , fathers , and others . pag. . , , , , , , , , , , , . spent in stage-playes , mummeri●s and dances by pagans . ibidem . a publike fast enjoyned on it to bewaile the abominations thereon committed by pagans . ibidem . night , not to be spent in playes , in dancing , masques , and such disorders , but in sleepe , in prayer , in devotion : night disorders censured . p. . , , , , , , , , , , . nilus his censure of playes . pag. . , . non-residency censured by . severall councels . p . . by sundry canonicall decrees and canonists . ibid. see the canonists in their ●itles , de clericis nonresidentibus . & my anti-arminianisine . tit. bisho●s in the table , together with m. whetenhall his discourse of the abuses now in question in the churches of christ. p. . , , , , . d. taylor his commentary upon titus . c. . vers , . p. ● to . doctor wille● on the sam cap. . master robert bolton , of true happinesse . pag. . master william attersoll on philemon . master ieremy dike his cav●at to archîppus on col. . . london . of late : bishop hooper on the . commandement , his first sermon upon ionas . fol. . sermon . fol. . . sermon . fol . , bishop latymer his . sermon of the plough . master william tyndall in his workes . london . pag. . , , , , , , . master roger hutchinson in his image of god , . epistle dedicatory to archbishop cranmer , & f. . , , , , , . and his . sermon of the lords supper . . reformatiolegum ecclesiasticarum fol. . cap. . . . bernard gilpin his sermon before king edward . p. . to . see in ezechiell woodward , his dowayes drosse , epistle to his revolted country-men , a story of gilpin against non-residency . haddon contr. osorium . l. . f. . the ship of fooles . p. . , . thomas beacon his preface to his workes , to the archbishops and bishops of england , & his catechisme . f. . ●ulielmus peraldus summa virtutum & vitiorū . tom. . avaritia● p. . , . petrus binsfeldius de iustitia & injustitia clericorum in ordine ad beneficia . c. . in his enchiridion theologiae . . pag. . to . summa angelica clericus . ambrose serm. . & . tom. . p. . & . g. h. hierom. epist. . c . . epist. . c. . epist . . c. . epist. . c. . prosper de vita contempl. l. . c. . to . augustinus de pastoribus . lib. tom. . chrysostom . de sacerdotio . lib. . tom. . operum● greg. magnus pastoraliū . lib. & hom. . in evangelia . bernard . hom. . super cant. de consideratione . l. . c. . declamationes , & ad pastores . sermo . hildebertus . epist. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . hinc mari rhemensis . epi●t . . bibl. patrum tom . pars . p. . pe●rus blesensis . epist. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . athanasius constanti●nsis , de necess●ria episc. residentia . epist. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. ● to . cyprian epist. l. . epist. . ● . & l. . epist. . bb. iewell on the thesa●onians . p . . with sundry other commentators on the . commandement , on ezech. . . to . , ● c. . . ier . . to . c. . . c. . . c. . cap. . , . zech. . , , , , . m●l . , , . prov. . . isay . . c. , , , , . ps. . , . gen. . , , . sam. . , , . luk. . . ioh. . . to . c. . , , . acts . , , . cap. . , . rom. . , . cor. . , , , , , , , , , , , . cor. . , . phil. . , , , . col. . . thes. . , , . c. . . thes. . , . tim. . , , . c. . , , , , , . c. . , . c. . . tim. . , . c. . , , , , , . cap. . , . c. . , , , , . titus . , . c. , ● . to the end . c. . . to . heb. . , . c. . , . pet. . , . c. . , , . pet. . , , , . iude . . all which condemne non-residency , and non-residents , who act their parts in hell. pag. . and goe to heaven by their curates , to hell by themselves . pag. . for preaching and feeding of their flocks with care & conscience being a personall duty imposed on them by god himselfe , as the very essence of their function , they can no more discharge it by a substitute , then themselves or laymen can receive the sacrament , pray , heare , read the word , or serve god by a deputy , neglecting all these duties themselves . and if cures may bee well discharged by a poore stipendiary curate , i see no reason but lay-patrons ( as some ecclesiasticall doe ) may keepe their livings in their owne hands when they fall , so as they procure a sufficient clergie-man to discharge the cure , which they may doe perchance with the tenth part of the profits : which some non-residents thinke too much for a laborious learned curate who takes all the toile , when as two or three good livings is not sufficient for themselves , who take no paines at all , or very little . certainely if . or . or . pounds a yeere be a sufficient stipend for an able painefull substitute , ( perchance a man of more worth , more learning , and of a greater charge then his master non-resident ) it must needs be a more then sufficient competency for the negligent encūbent , who transcends not his curate , either in function , or desert , but onely in sloath , in pride , and idlenesse . i shall therefore desire all such non-residents & pluralists who feed their flockes by substitutes , to consider the words of guli . peraldus summa virtutū ac vitiorū . tom. . tit. avaritia f. . . ( a most excellēt discourse against pluralists , ) where thus he writes . contra illos verò qui credunt se posse habere plura talia beneficia , quia vicarios ponunt . primò dicimus , quod eadem ratione laīcus unus , immo etiam mulier posset habere decē beneficia ecclesiastica : posset enim ponere vicarios . praeterea , ridiculum est matrimonium contrahere spe ponendi vicarium ; & qui hoc facit , videtur incidisse in illam maledictionem . deutronomij . vxorem habebit & alius dormiet cum ea . tertio , quaerimus de vicario eo , utrum ●it pastor vel mercenarius ? si mercenarius est , latro est , sicut prius ostensum est . quum ergo dicit aliquis , bene possum habere hoc beneficium , quia ponam ibi vicarium , paene idem est ac si dicat ; bene possum illud habere , quia ponam ibi latronem , qui furetur , & mactet , & perdat ; ioannis ● si verò pastor est , quae ratio est ut tu habeas duas ecclesias , ipse vero nullam ? nunquid dicet tibi ioannes , id est gratia dei , vel in quo est gratia dei ; non licet tibi habere uxorem fratris tui ? quarto quaerimus à tali , utrum vicarius ille ●it minus bonus , vel aequè bonus , vel melior quam ipse ? si minus bonus , tunc naturalis ratio dictat , quod non est recipiendus pro eo . operarius n● in vineam alicujus conductus , non potest vicarium minus bonum pon●re . si verò aeque bonus est vel melior , quae causa est , quod iste habeat duo beneficia , & ille nullum ? quintò , quod ipse deberet attendere quid acciderit de primo vicario synagogae . sic enim legitur exodi . . moyses relinquens populum , satis parvam moram facturus cum domino , dimisit vicarium satis bonum aaron , & tamen in reditu populum quem reliquerat fidelem , infidelem & idololatram invenit . praeterea dixit apostolus , quod si quis non laborat , non manducet . quo jure igitur pascitur aliquis de beneficio illo ubi ipse non laborat ? ordinavit deus , ut qui seminat spiritualia , metat carnalia . qua ratione ergò pauper vicarius spiritualia seminabit , & alius carnalia metet ? et quum dominus dicat ; quos deus conjunxit homo non separet : quo jure denarius ille quem subditus offert vicario pauperi sibi spiritualia seminanti , accipietur à patrono male vivente ? et si quò ad forum contensiosum jus ibi● videatur habere : tamen quoad judicium sac●ae scripturae ipse raptor est , usurpans sibi alterum eorum quae à deo conjuncta sunt sine reliquo ; id est mercedem sine iabore : immo etiam homicida reputatur , & respectu mercenarij quem defraudat , & respectu pauperum subditorum quorum sudorem comedit . de primò legitur . ecclesiast . . qui effundit sanguinem , & qui fraudem facit mercenario , fratres sunt . de secundo ●egitur ibidem . qui aufert in sudore panem quasi qui occidit proximum suum . vltimò dicemus , quod illi qui vicarium ponunt , qui sola cupiditate lucri serviunt , & non amore dei , talem amorem faciunt matri suae ecclesiae qualem amorem aliquis faceret matri suae carnali , si pedem verum ei auferret , & loco ejus pedem ligneum sub●●itueret . pes ligneus non vivit neque corpori adhaeret . si● vicarius qui charitatem non habet non est membrum vivum vita spirituali , nec adhaeret corpori ecclesiae . sola n. charitate vivit quis , & adhaeret caeteris membris ecclesiae . see much more to this p●rpose in that pithy● discourse . nonnes , many of them notorious whores , and bawdes ; who have clad themselves in mans apparell , shorne their haire , and entred into religion in mon●staries as monkes , to satiate these their holy votaries lusts . pag. . , , , , , . , , . see william wraghton his hunting of the romish fox . fol. . and iohn bale his acts of english votaries . cambdeni britta . glocester-shire , barkly castle . their haire shaven off when they enter into orders . pag. . , , . yet ioannes de wankel . clementinarum constit. tit. de statu monachorum . f. . propounds this question . an moniales possint nutrire comam , aut debeant sibi crines praescindere ? & hostiensis sum. lib. . tit. de tempore ordinationis , &c. concludes : quod mulieribus ordines non sunt conferendi , quia nec tonsurari debent , nec mulieris coma amputanda est : quoting gratian distinct. . to warrant it . see summa angelica . faemina . sect . . & sum , rosella . faemina . . accordingly . master northbrooke his treatise against , and censure of dancing , dicing , stage-playes , and actors . p. . . . m. ● . o oathes of the gentiles , or by pagan-idols unlawfull . pag. . , . to . fol. . objections in defence of stage-playes , of acting , penning , and beholding them , answered . pag. . to . . to . . to . . to . . to . in defence of lascivious mixt dancing , answered p. . to . obscenity and scurrility condemned ; which abound in stage●playes● p. . to . . to . , , , , , , . to . , . occasions of sinne to be eschued . pag. . , . ochin his tragedie of free-will . p. . odo parisiensis , his decretals against clergie-mens dicing and resort to playes . pag. . . officiall , characterized . f. . see vincentij speculum . hist. lib. . cap. . ofilius hilarus the player , his death . fol. . olaus magnus his censure of players , iesters , playes , lascivious pictures , and such who favour players . p. . . . olympiodorus his censure of playes and play-haunting . fol. . operius danus his wanton bookes censured . p. . opmeerus his verdict of stage-playes . pag. . oratorie not helped or acquired by acting playes . p. . to . organs by whom brought first into churches . p. . , , , . see william wraghton his hunting of the romish fox , and his answer to the rescuer . fol. . , , . origen his censure of altars and images . p. . . of stage-playes , actors , and play-haunters . fol. . m. . , , , . orosius his doome of stage-playes . p. . fol. . p. . ortyges his effeminacy and death . pag . . osorius his censure of wanton bookes and poems . p. . m. ovid his exile for his amorous bookes . pag. . . see thomas beacon his booke of matrimony . pars . fol . his censure of playes , play-houses , play-poets , and the resorters to them ; and of wanton dancing , songs and musicke . p. . , , , , , , , . his description of pagan feastivals . p. . , . oxford , the vniversiti●s edict against stage-playes . p. . , , . p pagans , the originall inventors and frequenters of stage-playes . pag. . to . , . see stage-playes : their customes and ceremonies to be avoyded . ibidem . & p. . , , , , , , , . to . , , , , . to . . to . sparsim . no paternes for christians , who must excell them . p. . to . . to . . to . some inventions of theirs lawfull , others not . p. . to . their vertues counterfeit , and shining sinnes . pag. . to . spent their feastivals and honored their idols with playes and dances . see dances , feastivals and idols . many , yea al the best of them condemned stage-playes , and made players infamous . see players and stage-playes . paganisme , men prone unto it . pag. . . rich. panpolitanus his censure of playes and play-haunters . p. . papists much addicted to playes , many of our players being such . p. . , . to . sparsim . . to . act the passion and story of our saviour , the legends of their saints , &c. both on the stage and in churches , which many of them condemne : many of their priests players . p. . to . . to . sparsim . . to . ● , , . see popes , monkes , nons. parents ought not to traine up or encourage their children to act , to dance , or behold stage-playes : see acting and dancing . & pag. . , , , , , , ● , , , , , , , ● , , , , , , ● , , to . sparsim . . to . s. paul his constitu●ions against playes and players . p. . ● , . would not have a lodging in rome neere the play-house , and why . fol. . see hrabanus maurus . comment . in epist. pauli . lib. . operum . tom. . pag. . d. thomas waldensis . tom. . tit. . de religiosorum domibus . cap. . fol. . hierom. comment . in philemon . tom. . pag. . e. iacobus pamelius comment . in epist. pauli ad philem. apud hrabanum maurum . operum . tom. . p. . g. and most ancient many moderne protestant and popish authors on the epistle to philemon , accordingly . pauls church in london originally consecrated to diana . p. . peace becomes christians who must bee peaceable . p. . , . pericles his grave saying . p. . petrarcha his censure of playes and dancing . p. . , , , . philipides the ●omedian his sudden death . fol. . philip augustus , his dislike and censure of playes and players . p. . , . philip of mac●don , slaine at a play. f. . censured for acting and dancing . pag. . philo iudaeus , his prayse . p. . . his censure of stage-playes , dancing , mens putting on of womens apparell , and wearing periwigs , or long effeminate frizled haire . p. . , . m. . , , , . m. . . of images in churches . pag. . m. of the vizards and histories of pagan-idols . pag. ● , ● of luxurious feasts . p. . , . his opinion how the sabboth should be sanctified . p. . m. pictures amorous and lascivious , provocations unto lust and lewdnesse , condemned . pag. . , , , , , , , , . pilades the player whipped . p. . plag●es occasioned by stage-playes . fol. . , . all the roman actors consumed by a plague . ibidem . the romanes used playes to asswage the p●stilence that was in rome . ibidem . & p. . , . plato his censure of lascivious songs and musicke , play-poets , players , and playes . p. . , , , , , , . plautus his misery . f. . play-bookes : see bookes . players , infamous , both among christians and pagans , excommunicated the church , debarred from the sacraments , uncapable of orders , of giving testimony , of bearing any publike office , of inheriting lands : disfranchised their tribes , rogues by statute , and subject to the whipping-post , p. . m. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . fol. . , , , , . to . , , , , , ● , , , , . to . ● . to . , , , , . renounced their profession before they could be admitted into the primitive church . ibidem . many of them papists and most desperate wicked wretches . p. . , . to . , , , , , . the giving of money to them , a grand sin , yea a sacrificing unto devils . pag. . , ● , , , , , , , . their gaines , theft , and ought to bee restored . ibidem . professed agents and instruments of the devill , the pests of the common-weale , the corrupters and destroyers of youth . p. . , . to . . to . . to . sparsim . . to . sparsim . . to . ● , , . hypocrites : see that title . can hardly be saved without repentance and giving over their ungodly trade . ibidem . & p. . . fol. . to . , , , . to . play-haunters , the worst and lewdest persons , for the most part . p. . , . to . , , , , , , , , , ● , , , , , , &c. see whores : excommunicated in the primitive church . pag. . , , . vnfit to heare gods word , or to receive the sacrament . p. . to . , , , , , , , . f. . to , , . their mindes and manners corrupted by playes , and themselves made guilty of many sins . ibid. see p. . to . , , , , . to . iudgemēts o● god upon play-haunters . f. . to , , . play-haunting unlawfull . p. . to f. . , , . objections in defence of it answered . p. . to . play-houses stiled by the fathers , and others , the devils temples , chappels , synagogues ; the chaire of pestilence , the dens of lewdnesse and filthinesse ; the schooles of bawdery and uncleanesse ; the stewes of shame and modesty ; the shops of satan : the plagues , the poysons of mens soules ; a babilonish brothell , &c. p. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . f. . . publike stewes and common receptacles of whores in former times and now to . p. . , , , , , , , to . , , . to . , , , , , . see whores & stewes . alwayes ful of devils , who claime them as their owne . p. . , , . , , . f. . , , . p. . not to be tolerated , and why . pag. . , , , , , , , , . to . sparsim . . . . play-poems recited , not acted in former times . p. . . play-poets , examples of gods iudgements on the chiefest of th●m . fol. . . their profession and the penning of playes , for play-houses , unlawfull p. . . to . the objections in defence of them answered . p. . to . examples of divers play-poets who have repented , bewayled with much griefe and many teares their penning of playes , and written against it too● pag. . , , , , , . fol. . , , , , , , , , . pleasures : see worldly . pliny his censure of playes and actors . p. . . , , . plutarch his censure of playes , players , and play-poets . p. . , . po●try , lawfull and commendable . p. . to . obscene poets , poems , most pernicious and unlawfull . p. . . to . . to . see bookes . poe●s , banished by plato . p. ● the chi●fe fomenters of paganisme p. . . the greatest panders . p. . , , ● to . policarpus his censure of marcion● p. . polydor virgil his censure of eff●minate wanton church-musicke , p. . ● . of dancing , stage-playes , and mummers . p. . , , . pom●a , what it signifieth . p. . . pompes of the devill which we renounce in baptisme , are stage-playes and dancing . see baptisme , dancing , devill . poore prejudiced by stage-playes . pag. . , , , , , . ought not to wander abroad . ibidem . pope boniface the . his secular enterludes . p. . pope clement the . his censure of playes , players , dances , &c. see clemens romanus . pope clement the . his prohibition of nons to behold playes or dances . pag. . pope eugenius his decree against enterludes & playes on the lords day . p . pope eusebius his decre●all against clergie-mens resort to playes , &c. p. . . pope gregory the first his censu●e of playes and players . p. ● . . against bishops reading of pagan authors . p. . , . turned pagan festivals into christian. p. . pope innocent the . his censure of playes . p. . . see iuo carnotensis decret . pars . c. , & pars . c. . pope innocent the . his censure of playes . p. . . pope ione , an infamous strumpet , who cut her haire and clothed her selfe in mans apparell . p. . pope leo the . his censure of playes●● . p. . pope leo the . reputed the history of christ a meere fable . p. . pope nicholas the . his s●cular playes . f. . p. . pope pius the . see aeneas sylvius . pope pius the fift , his decretall against clergie-mens dancing , dicing , or resorting to playes , &c. pag. . sextus his decretals against acting and jesting clergie-men . pope sixtus the fourth , erected a male and female stewes , out of which hee and his successors reserved an annual r●venue . p. . . . popes , popish priests , prelates , monkes , &c. great sodomites , adulteres , epicures , &c. p. . , , , , , . the chiefe fautors and bringers in of stage-playes , christmas disorders , and pagan customes into the church , yea oft-times actors and spectators of stage-playes . p. . to . . to . sparsim . . to . popish saints what they are , and how honoured . p. , , . porpherya player , his strange conversion . p. . . processions , their reason and abuses , pag. . . prodigality a great sinne occasioned by playes . p. . . to . ●. , , , , , , , , , . propertius his censure of playes & play-houses . p. . prosper aquitanicus his censure of playes● p. . . his opinion for plaine and profitable preaching . p. . . prudentius his censure of playes . p. . . fol. . psalmes ought to bee sung at christian feasts , not filthy songs . pag. . , , , . to . . m. ptolomie censured for dancing , playing , and acting . p. . puel de dieu , her mannish practice and execution . p. . , . puritans ; condemners of stage-playes and other corruptions stiled so● p. . , ● , , , . to . . the very best and holiest christians called so , even for their grace and goodnesse . ibidem . & fol. . christ. his prophets , apostles , the fathers , and primitive christians , puritans as men now judge . p. . to . hated , and condemned onely for their grace yea holinesse of life . ibidem . accused of hypocrisie and sedition , and why so . pag. . to . puritan , an honourable nickname of christianity and grace . p. . q quarrels & tumults occasioned by stage-playes . p. . , . quiroga his index expurgatorius expunging a passage of lodovicus vives against popish enterludes . p. . quintilian his censure of playes , &c. pag. , m. of the ill education of youth . ibidem . of seneca . p. . against childrens or mens acting of playes to make them orators . p. . r hrabanus maurus his censure of players , playes , dancing , new-yeeres gifts , health-drinking , and acting in womens apparell . p. . fol. . p. . , , . m. his judgement of the beginning and sanctifying of the lords day . p. . m. d. rainolds his overthrow and censure of stage-playes both popular and academicall ; of dancing , and mens acting in womens apparell . p. . , , , , , , , . of images in churches . pag. . . vindicated against a late opposer . p. . to . rare things most admired . p. . . rayling and satyrs , especially against goodnesse , and good men , frequent in stage-playes . p. . to . , . condemned . ibidem . raymundi summula its prayse of the scripture . pag. . against giving to players . p. . reading : see bookes and scriptures : some things lawfull to be read , and yet unlawfull to be penned or acted . p . to . recreations , when , why , and how to bee used , what circumstances requisite to make them lawfull . p. . to . see master bolton his generall directions for our walking with god. p. to . great variety of honest recreations besides stage-playes . p. . . . to . repetition of sermons commended , commanded by scriptures and fathers p. . , . see chrysost. hom. ● in ep●es . . tom. col. . c. sint praeces vobis communes ; unusquisque ea● ad ecclesiam , & eorum quae illic dicuntur & leguntur , & maritus ab vxore partem domi exigat , & illa à marito . si sanctum quemquam inveneris qui possit domu● vestrae benedicere , & pedum ingressu valeat universam inferre dei benedictionem , ●um voca : thus he see cor. . . domi inquit , à suis maritis discant . hoc autem & illas ornatas reddit , & viros attentiores facit , ut qui debeant , quae in ecclesia audiverunt , uxoribus ea interrogantibus recitare , ac veluti apud eas deponere . theophylact. enar. in cor. . pag. . see primasius in cor. . and most moderne protestant commentators , accordingly . reprehention of sinnes and vices , how , when , where , and by whom to bee made . p. . to . not to be done by players . ibidem . r●publike , much prejudiced by playes and actors , which ought not to be tolerated in it . p. . . to . to . restitution , to bee made by players and gamesters p. . . romanes , anc●ently condemned , suppressed● playes and theaters , and made players infamous . p. . , , , , , ● . rome christian , the same with pagan . p. . to . it s beastines . p. . . roscius the actor his skill . p. . tull● his censure of his acting . p. . f. . ruscians much given to dancing . p. ● . s sabb●th : see lords day : examples of gods vengeance upon the prophaners of it . f. . . sabine virgi●s ravished at a play. pag. . , . salust , his censure of playes and dancing● p. . ● salvian his censure of stage playes : epistle to the reader . p. . , , , , , , . f. . , . p. . samians taxed for their effeminacy and long compt haire . p. . iohn saresberi● against lascivious musicke , playes , players , and dice-play . p . , , , , . saturnalia , when and how celebrated . p. . to . the ground and patterne of disorderly christmasses . ibidem . scipio africanus , his censure of dancing . p. . . scipio nassica , his censure , his suppression of playes and theaters . p. . , , . scriptures against dancing . p. . pagan customes , and names of pagan-idols . p. . , . stage-playes . p. . to . , . against effeminacy , adultery , fornication , idlenesse , prodigality , drunkennesse , mens long haire , womens curling and cutting their haire , mens acting in womens apparell , lasciviou● attire , fashions , apparell : lying , hypocrisie , vanity , &c. see ●hese titles : ought diligently to bee read , as well of laymen as clergie-men . epist. ded. . f. . pag. . , . to . . , . to be read at meales at bishops and ministers tables . p. . , , , . not to be abused or used in stage-playes , iests , libels , &c. f. . p. . to . . f. . , , . their excellency and all-sufficiency . p . . sedition , occasioned by stage-playes . pag. . fol. . , . christ , his prophets , apostles , and christians in all ages accused of it , though most unjustly . p. . to ● . see . r. . c. . . h. . c. . . h. . c. . . & . phil. mary . c. . haddon contr. osorium . l. . f. . where we shal finde witcliffe , luther , & the ancie●t english protestants , whom they nicknamed la●lards , accused of sedition . occasioned for want of preaching , not by preaching . f. . semproni● taxed for her dancing p. . sempronius sophus divorced his wife for resorting to playes without his leave . p. ● . . seneca his censure of stage-playes . p. ● . , , ● , , . of dancing , lascivious songs and musicke , of mens comp● long frizled haire . p. ● . . of mens putting on womens apparell . p. . of night disorders . p. . . m. of the anciē● s●turnalia● p. . ● . of making gods image . p. . m. sermons twice euery lords-day and solemne holi-day enjoyned by bb. hooper , martyn ●ucer , a popish councell . f. . p. . & by ● & . e. . c. ● . . ● . eliz. c. . . ●liz . cap. . ia● . c. . which joyne divine service and sermons together on sundayes & holi-dayes , because on such dayes one of them should be as frequent as the other , & men ought to heare them both alike , see . ● . . c. . ought to be plain , edifying , not fraughtwith poets , histories , flashes of wit , &c. but with scripture profe and phrases . p. . to . god-fathers enjoyned by our church to call upon their god●children to heare sermons . fol. . shaving of priests crownes and beards in use with papists , an heathenish custome . p. . . shaving and polling of nonnes , censured . p. . to . socrat●s traduced in playes . pag. . his censure of playes . p. . sodoms theaters and punish●ent . f. . sodomie occasioned by acting in womens apparell , by wearing long compt haire and love-lockes . p. . to . , , , , ● . players , play-poets guilty of it . pag. . . popes , popish prelates , priests , monkes addicted to it . pag. . , , , , ● , . see balaeus o●nt . script . brit. pag. . many nations , and mans nature prone unto it . pag. ● . to . , . an execrable sinne , stiled abomination in scripture . p. . . capitall by our english lawes . p. . sodomites u●ually clad their ganymedes in womens apparell , caused them to nourish , to frizle their hai●e , to weare periwigs and love-lockes pag. . to . & . to . solon his censure of stage-playes . p. . , , , . songs lascivious and ribaldrous frequent in stage-playes● condemned . p . to . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . see vi●c●n●ij speculum . histor. lib. . cap. . & agripp● de vanitate scien● . cap. . sop●oc●es the tragedian his death . f. . spoctacl●s of christians , what● epist. ded. . pag. . to . . to . speeches of christians ought to be gracious and profitable . fol. . , , ● , . . spels unlawfull . pag. . . stage-playes : condemned by scripture . p. . to . ● . to . by the whole church of god both under the law and gospell . p. . to . by . oecumenicall , nationall , provinciall synodes , councels , the apostles canons , sundry imperiall , canonicall constitutions . p. . to . by . fahers & ancient christian writers from our saviours nativity , till an. p. . to ● . to . . to . ● . to . f. . to . by above ● . moderne christian writers from an. . to . p. . to . pag. . , . to . . to . . to . by . heathen authors . p. . to . , to ● . to . by divers pagan & christian nations , republikes , emperors , magistrates , kings , &c. both ancient and moderne . p. . to . . to . & . . . to . by our owne english statutes , princes , magistrates , vniversities , writers , divines . p. . , . to . . to . , , , , , . to . proved unlawful in sundry respects . first , of their inventors which were devils , pagans . p. . to . see devils , pagans . secondly , of the ends for which they were invēted , to wit , the solemne worship & honor of devil-idols , on whose festivals they were acted , or other unlawfull ends . p. . to . see devils . thirdly , of their subject matter , which is , first , amorous , obscene . p. . to . . to . & . to ● . secondly , tragicall , tyrannicall . p. . to . thirdly , heathenish , prophane . p. . to . , . fourthly , false , fabulous . p. . to . fiftly , sacrilegious , impious , blasphemous , abusing the scripture , & our saviours passion . p. . to . . to . , , . see christ. sixtly , satyricall , invective , especially against religion and religious men . p. . to ● fol. . , . , . hence the beleeving iewes and christians . hebr. . . ( & cor. . . ) are said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , to be made a play , a spectacle , or gazing stocke , through reproaches and afflictions , or to bee brought on a publike stage & there derided , personated , traduced , as chrysostom , ambrose , primasius , haymo , anselme , remigius , & most other interpret it : because nothing was more usuall in the idolatrous gentiles stage-playes , then to personate jeare , & ●lander christians ( as now they doe puritans ) on the stage● see pag. . . seventhly , vaine , unprofitable , bringing no glory to god , or good to men . p. . , , . to . fourthly , in regard of their actors , spectators , which are commonly lewde & wicked persons . p. . to ● f. . to . see players , play-haunters . whores . fiftly , in regard of their manner of acting and those circumstances which attend it : as first , hypocrisie & dissimulation . p. . to . , . secondly , lasciviousnesse . p. . to . thirdly , effeminacy . p. . to . f. . p. . fourthly , vanity , ridiculous folly . p. . to . , . fiftly , lewde diabolicall sinfull parts and pas●ages . p. . to . . to . , . sixtly , mens acting in womens apparell . p. . to . . to . seventhly , gawdy , lascivious , fantastique apparell , vizards , disguises . pag. . to . . to . eightly , effeminate lascivious mixt dancing . p. . to . see dancing . ninthly , amorous scurrilous songs and poems . p. . to . see songs . tenthly , effeminate lust-provoking musicke . p. . to . see musicke . eleventhly , profuse lascivious laughter and applauses . p. . to . see laughter , applauses . sixtly , in respect of those mischievous fruits that issue from them : as first , mispence of time . p. . to . , , . see time. secondly , prodigality and vaine expence . p. . , . to , . see prodigal●ty . thirdly , the inflamation and irritation of mens lusts . p. , to . . . fourthly , much contemplative & actuall adultery , whoredome , uncleanes . p. . to . , . see adultery , whores . fiftly , a generall depravation of the actors , the spectators mindes , manners , and the republikes hurt . p. . , , . to . , , , , , . sixtly , ●loath and idlenesse . p. . to . , , , , . seventhly , luxury , drunkennesse , and excesse . p. . to . eightly , impudency and shamelesnesse , even in sinfull things . f. . to . ninthly , cosinage , fraude , theft . f. . . tenthly , cruelty , fiercenesse , quarrels , seditions , murthers . fol. . to . eleventhly , unprofitable , vaine , lewde discourses . f. . . twelfely , indisposition to all holy duties ; avocation from gods service : prophanation of lords-dayes and religious festivals : contempt of gods ordinances , word● ministers ; and the making of all gods ordinances ineffectuall to mens soules . p. . to . , , , . f. . to ● . , , . thirteenthly , an emnity against , & disesteeme of grace , of virtue , and all religio●s men . f. . . p. . to . p. . . fourteenthly , inamoring men with sin , vanity , and indisposing them to repentance . f. . . fifteenthly , effeminacy in words , apparell , haire , actions . p. . to . f. . . p. . . sixteenthly , acquaintance with lewde companions . p. . to . f. . to . seventeenthly , atheisme , paganisme & grosse idolatry . p. . to . fol. . . eighteenthly , the breach of all the . commandements . f. . . ninteenthly , the drawing down of gods heavy iudgements both upon their penners , actors , spectators , with those republikes and cities which suffer them . p. . . & ● f. . to . twentiethly , eternal damnation of mens soules without sincere repentance . p. . , . . f. , . . & p. . see players . authorities against them . p● to . sparsim . objections in defence of them answered . p. . to . the penning , acting , beholding of them prooved unlawfull . p. . to . objections in defence of the penning , acting , seeing of them , answered . pag. . to . stage-playes , the very pompes of the devill which we renounce in baptisme . see baptisme , devill , pompes . stiled by the fathers and others , the seminaries of vice , of lewdnesse ; the lectures of bawdery , the plagues , the poyson of mens soules , and mindes : the grand empoysoners of all grace , all goodnes , the spectacles & food of devils , &c. p. . , , , , , , . to . sparsim . f. see play-houses : unsufferable ●vi●s in any christian church or state● f. . to . sparsim● & . to . devils & devill-idols delighted with them , honored by them . see dancing , devils , ido●s , festivals . incorrigible mischiefes . p. . to . the devill the onely gainer by them . p. . to . more obscene of latter then any in former times . pag. . , , , . rarely acted heretofore . pag. . , . academicall stage-playes censured . pag. . , , , , , . to . sparsim . ● . . statius his censure of achilles wearing of womens apparell . p. . statutes against players , playes , and dice-play . epist. ded. . pag. . , , , . stephanio the pla●er whipped . p. . stewes erected by heliog●balus . p. . suffred in pagan rome of old . p . erected in antichristian rome by pope sixtus the . and continued by his successors , who make a great revenue of them . p. . , . play-houses , stewes in former times , if not now to . p. . , , , , . , . see iustin : autent . c●llat . tit. . f. . strabo the geographer a cappadocian borne ; his division of cappadocia . pag. . straton king of the sydonians , censured for his dancing , &c. p. . . master st●bs his censure of dancing , dicing , may-poles , wakes , stage-playes , epist. ded . pag. . , , , , ● m. . , , . guli . stucki●s his censure of dancing , health-drinking and stage-●layes pag. sword-playes condemned , prohibited , suppressed by fathers , emperours , and others . pag. . , , , , , , , , . sybarites their effeminacy and effeminate pages who did weare long haire and love-lockes , censured . p. . . m. sylla his expence ●pon actors . pag. . . t tables , and no altars in the primitive church . p. . , . see altars and hooper . c. tacitus his censure of playes , of players , of n●ro and others who either acted or frequented playes . pag. . , , , , to . , . tamerlan his lewd-nesse . p. . tapers on altars and in churches , derived from the pagans : censured . p. . , , . tatianus his censure of playes and players . p. . . tecla censured for cutting her haire , and wearing mans apparell . p. . terence his death . f. . his comedies censured , prohibited to bee read in schooles . p. . . terynthians , much accustomed to laughter . &c. ● . . tertullian his censure of , & booke against stage-playes . pag. . , , , , . fol. . , , , ● , , . against acting in womens apparell . p. . . against images , vizards and stage-disguises . p. . m. . . m. . . m. . his censure of face-painting , lascivious apparell , false haire , wearing of lawrell crownes , bonefires , and disorderly festivals● pag. . . m. . . m. . m. . , . m. thales pressed to death at a play. f. . theatre , not alwayes taken for a play-house , but sometimes for a place of publike meeting where orations were made , and malefactors executed . pag. . to . theaters overturned by tempests . f. . . theft , occasioned and taught by stage-playes and dicing . epist. ded. . fol. . . mony got by dice-play , unlawfull games , or acting stage-playes , theft . p. . , . . themistocles● his law against magistrates resort to playes . p. . . theodectes his punishment for inserting scripture into his playes . p. . fol. . theodora censured for putting on mans apparell . p. . . theodoret his censure of playes and players fol. , theo●oricus●is ●is censure of playes and players . p . . fol. . . theodosius his inhib●tion of lascivious songs , of stage-playes and actors● p. . , , , . ● , . theophilact his censure of playes , and dancing . pag. . , . see his enar. in act. . p. . theophilus a●ti●●henus his cens●re of pla●es and players . p. . , , . theopompus his divine punishment . p. . tiberius a●tinius a story of him . p. . . tiberius banished players , and suppressed playes . p. , . f. . . p. . his lewdnesse . p. . tibullus , not to be read . pag. . , , . time shrot , pretious , and to bee redeemed . p. . m. . , . . consumed , mispent on playes and vanities . pag. . to . . , , . to . . , , , . f. . vacant times and houres how to be spent . p. . to . t●sta●us his censure of playes , and players . p. . , . tragedies and bloody spectacles , censured p. to . f. to . trajan his censure and suppression of playes and players . p . , . his abridgement of the number of holi-dayes . f. . trebonius rufinus banished playes from vienna . p. . tully his censure of dancing and stage-playes . p. . , , , . his contesting with roscius . p. . his censure of him . p. . tumblers censured . pag. . turkes , punish adultery with death . p. . may justly censure christians for their excesse . p. . . condemne idlenesse as a mortall sinne . p. . v valens his edict against players and playes . p. . . valentinian his edict against sword-playes , stage-playes , & stage-players . p. . , . valerian his censure of amorous musicke , songs , playes . pag. . , , . valerius maximus his censure of playes . p. . , . valesius a story of him . pag. . vanity and vaine things to be avoyded of christians . p. . , , . fol. . . stage-playes vanity , and vaine delights . ibidem . & p. . . to . . to . venus the patronesse of stage-playes . p. . . her effeminate priests in womens attire and long haire . p. . , , . her sacrifices . ibidem . veronius turinus his death . pag. . vertue of heathens , no vertue , no patterne for christians . pag. . to . god onely can teach it , not playes or players . p. . to . . vesta●l virgins how punished for fornication . p. . did cut their haire and consecrate it to lucina , from whence the polling of popish nonnes is derived . pag. . vestments of the gentiles prohibited . pag. . vices , acted in , and taught by stage-playes● pag. , to . . to . god only can teach men to hate vice , not stage-playes . p. . . vigils why appointed . p● . see gratian distinct● . abolished . p. . m. . vincentius beluacensis censure of playes , and dancing . p. . , , . vitellius taxed for favouring players . p●g . . his law against knights acting on a stage . pag. . lod. vives , his censure of players , playes , and popish enterludes . p. . m. . , . m. . vniversities their censure of common enterludes . p. . , , . m. volateranus his censure of playes . p. . vortiger his vices . pag. . . vulgar , delighted with playes . fol. . vzza his death . pag. . . w wakes , derived from the ancient vigils . p. . . m. their hurt . fol. . see m. stubs his anatomy . pag. . . waldens●s , their censure of dancing , dicing , and stage-playes . p. . to . . see lydij waldensia . tom. . p. . & andreas frisiu● de republica ●mēdanda . l. . cap. . f. . of church-musicke , altars , and organs . p . m. thomas waldensis censure of stage-playes as the devils pompes pag. . . paulus wan his censure of playes , and dancing , p. . . m. whipping-post , players adjudged to it . pag. . , , , , . wh●redome occasioned by stage●playes . p. . to . see adultery . wh●res harbored , prostituted in play-houses . p . , , , , , , . vsuall resor●ers to playes to play-houses , whether few women but knowne or suspected harlots , and adulteres●es re●ort . pag. . , , , , , , , , , , , . to . , , , , , , . fol. ● . p . , , . wickliffe his censure of giving money to players . p. . . women , skill in dancing no good signe of their honesty , ought not to learne , nor traine up their children to dance . pag. . . to . see dancing . ought not to frizle or cut their haire , to weare false haire , to put on mens apparell , to paint their faces , or to weare garish lascivious attyre . p. . . to . . f. . . to . see haire , apparell , ●nd face-pa●nting . & gulielmus ●●raldus . summa virtutum & viti●rum . ●om . . f. . to . ti● . superbia● & fol. . to . tit. luxuria : ought to nurse their owne children . p. . . m. see reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum . ti● . de matrimonio . c. . f. ● . d. taylo●s commentary upon titus . p. . . thomas b●acon his catechisme . f. . ● . ought to be keepers at home , not gadder● abroad . p. ● , , . ought not to resort to playes to play-houses , which either finde or quickly make them whores . p. . , , , , , , . to . , . to . , , , , , . see whores . the devils sword and instrument especially when they dance . pag. . , , . women-actors , notorious whores . p. . , , , . vnlawfull . ibid. hence iustinian . autenticorum collat . . tit. . f. . enacted this law : scenicas non solum si fidejussores prestent , sed etiam si jus-jurandum dent quod observabunt & impiam complebunt operationem , & quod nunquam ab impia illa & turpi operatione cessabunt , possent sine periculo discedere . et tale jus-jurandum à scenica praestitum , & fidejussoris datio non tenebit . and good reason : for s. paul prohibites women to speake publikely in the church . cor. . . tim● . . and dare then any christian women be so more then whorishly impudent , as to act , to speake publikely on a stage , ( perchance in mans apparell , and cut haire , here proved sinfull and abominable ) in the presence of sundry men and women ? dij ta●em terris avertite p●stem . o let such presidents of impudency , of impiety be never heard of or suffred among christians . words idle and unprofitable condemned . pag. . world , the fashions and customes of it not to be followed . p. to , . this world no place of carnall mirth and jollity . p. . , , . worldly pleasures dangerous , and to bee avoided . p●g . . , , , , . fol. . x xenophon his story of the persian school-master , of the syracusian and his dancing trull . p. . , . f. . . y youth how to bee educated ; to bee kept from acting , reading and beholding playes . p. . , . see acting , bookes , parents . yvie garlands not to be worne of christians ; dressing of houses with it prohibited . p. . , . m. z zeno veronensis his censure of playes and dancing . p. . fr. zephyrus , his censure of playes , and wanton poets . p. . tho. zerula , his censure of playes . p. . th●od zuinger his censure of playes and actors . pag. . the names of many other authors quoted in this treatise against stage-playes , dancing , &c. i have omitted in this table for brevity sake , a catalogue of whose names and workes you m●y finde p. ● . to . . . to . . to . . to . finis . errata . courteous reader , besides the printers mistakes collected in the beginning of the booke , i shall desire thee to correct these errataes following . in the pages . p. . l. . p. . l. . & p. . l. . for major , r. minor. p. . l. . & p. . l. . f. advers . & contr. ad autolichum . p. . l. . brissonius . p. . l. . demoniacall . & l. . names of idols . p. . l. ● , righteous . p. . l. . reasons . p. . l. . sinners . p. . l. . it is . p. . l. . & lib. . p. . l. . judges . p. . l. . words . l. . l. . dub. . & l. . mapheus . p. . l. . f. strabo , straton . p. . l. . f. turvy towres . p. . l. . ingemiscit . p. . l. . & . l. . antoninus . p. . l. . players . p. . l. . agrippa . p. . l. . strike , & l. . twelfely . p. . l. . evidence . & l , . thy . p. . ●● . if it . p. . l. . f. three , foure . p. . l. . f. . r. . p. . l. . undoubted . p. . l. . . soloninus . p. . l. . his re●utation of the : fol. . l. . he fol. . l. . f. epist. epit. fol. . l. . f , first , fift . & . l. . for might , nigh . p. . l. . hispalensis . p. . l. . sinfull . p. . l. . f. dances , playes . p. . l. . vanu . p. . l. . di●i . p. . l. . r. . l . r can. . f. . l. . r. p. . p. . l. ecclesia . p. ● . l. . r. . p. . l. . f. worke , worth : & l. . antichrist● . p. . l. . & in other places , f. zozomen . sozomen . p. . l. . indigni● p. . l. . flacius . p. . l. . . p. . l. . f. gloster & glocester-shire ; oxford & oxford-shire . p● . l. . f. histrio , adulatio . p. . l. . f. . r. . p. . l. . ves. l. . vel . & l. . w●ites thus . p. . l. . perijt . p. . l. . f. this● his . p. . l. . dele , ●● . p. . l. . infidels● p. . l. . f. ne , me . p. . l. . f. qui , quae . p. . l. . f. protestants , laicks . p. . l. . dele by . p. . l. . r. dulcibus vitijs . p. . l. . r. saltando praebendū . p. . l. . f. aut , r. ad . p. . l. . no m● : & l. ● . tertiam . p. . l. . sylla . p. . l. . popina● . p. . l. . cocciu● . p. . l. . cautam . p. . l. . christians . p. . theaters , & l. . stage-playes . p. . l. . rufinus . p. l. . gunda . p. . l. . me●etricularū . p. . l. . f. ascanius , numanus . p. . l. . & . l. . beluacensis . p. . l. . c●cogr●cus . p. . l. . f. lastly , fiftly . ● . . l. . lib. . c. . p. . l. . f. that , all . p. . l. . f. estimation , ostentation . p. . l● . have . p. . l. . finde . p. . l. . f. his , their . p. . l. . vulneri . p. . l. . obvious : & . th●m . p. . l. . mixt . p. . l. . facili● . p. . l. . certaminibus . p. . l. . fabula . in the margent . p. . l. . f. advers . r. ad . p. . l. . r. hist. l. r. p. . l. . r. quid. p. . l. . f. contr r. ad . p. . l. . & other places , ● . sozomen . p. . l. . ad demonicū . p. . l. . injuria . p. . l. . aliene . p. . l. . pan●omimū . p. . l. . vnus . p. . l. . migr●vit . p. . l. . mimum . p. . l. . a● . p. . l. . can. p. . tom. p. . l. . hominis . p. . l. . ● . . p. . l. . fabulam . p. . l. . & . l. . alvarus . p. . l. . versa●tur . p● . l. . phryx . p. ● . l. . r. c . p. . l. & . l. . f. rosella , angelica . p. . l. . var●o . p. . l. . munera . p. . l. . f. ad , ● . p. . l. aurelius . p. . l. . theatra . p. . l. . & pag. . fol. . l. . cyprian . f. . b. l. . contemnere . l. . jurat . f. ● . l. . suetonij iulius . sect . . omitted . f. . l. . so writes● p. . l. . hispalensis . p. . l. . nomocan . p. . l. . precipimus . p. . l. . vincentius . p. . l. . furens . p. . l. . vitious . p. . l. . r. lib. . tit. . p. . l. . r. p. . p. . l. . augurijs . p. . ● . . irasceru . p. ● . l. . teneritudinem . p● . l. . jungere . l. . librarie . p. . l. . satyr● p. . l. . f. artic . r. act. p. . l. . stage-playes . p. . l. . . debet propter . p. . l. . r. . p. . l. . & . l. . sabellicus . p. . l. . nimirū . p. . l. . . artes gaudenti● . p. . l. . zona●as . p. . l. . r●rū . l. . suid. p. . l. . cum subeunt . p. . l. . crucius . p. . l. . vob● . p. . l. . f. m , in . p. . l. . enar. in psal. l. . r. p. . . p. . l. . r. . p. . l. . r. omnes . p. . l. . ●iserunt . p. . l. . tom. . p. . l. . secularu . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e (a) malus usus abolendus . li●s telton sect . ● . (b) plus exemplo quam peccato nocent ; quod non solum vitia concipiunt ipsi , s●d ea infunduut in civitatem ; neque solum obsunt , quod illi ipsi corrumpuntur , sed etiam quod corrumpunt . cicero de legibus lib. . * viz. all-saints , & candlemasse day . (c) h . c. eliz. c. . eliz. cap. . iac. c. . see here p. , to . (d) see car. c. . & e. c. . & here p. , , , , to . (e) see here p. , to . (f) see here act. . scene . especially pag. , , , . (g) cyprian . de ludo aleae lib. tertullian d● pallio c. . p. . ambr. de tobia , lib. c. . tom. p. , . chrysost. hom. . ad● pop. antioch . here p. ● . bernard . ad mili●es tempii sermo , c. here p. . isiodo● hisp. originum ● . . c. , to . ioannis saresberiensis de nugis curialium l. . c. . petrus blesensis epist. . (h) bp. hoopers . sermon upon ionah , bp. latimer his . sermon on the lords prayer , fol. ● . his . sermon be●ore king edward , ●ol . . his sermon at stamford , ●ol . ● . thomas beacon his catechisme , f. ● , , . rober us de sorbona , de conscientia lib. bibl. patrum tom. . p. . with others here quoted , p. . in the margent . (i) see here p. . in the margent . (k) vid. ibidem . (l) andreas fricius de repub. emendanda , l. c. . p. , . see here p (m) petrarcha de re●edio utriusque fortunae , l. . dialog , . erasmus moriae encomium p. , . osorius de regum instit. l. . ●ol . . see p. . (n) ovid. de remedio amorisl . p. , . virgil. epigram● de ludo p. horat. carm. l. . ode p. . epist. l. . epist. . p. . iuvenal satyr . , ● , . p. , , . suetonii octavius sect . . claudius s. , , . nero s. . domitianus s. . athenaeus dipnosoph . l. , c. , p. , . platonis lysis p . zenopho● hist. graecae , l. 〈◊〉 . cic●●●● philip. . 〈◊〉 tus de mo 〈◊〉 germ. c. . 〈◊〉 tarchi a●●●●thegm . ale●●●●der p. . ●●●●mianus ma●●●linus hist. l. 〈◊〉 c. , . see ●●●●annis sari●●●riensis de ●●●●gis curiali●●● l. , c. . pet●●● blesensis epi●●● . danaeus 〈◊〉 ludo aleae . ●●lexander ab ●●lexandro l. . ●● . purchas● pilgr . l. , c. . & l. , c. . herodoti clio sect . . accordingly . (o) see here p. . (p) see here p. , to . iustinian codicis l. , tit. , lex . ● . george whetston his enemy of vnthriftinesse , p. , . centuriae magd. . col. ● , l. . the generall history of france , p. , , paulus geschinius constitutiones carolinae , rubr. , . p. , . (q) r. , c. . ● . , c. . with sundry others here quoted , p. , . (r) see e. , c. . petrus blesensis epist. . cyprian . de ludo aleae , with others accordingly . (s) see act. , scene , p. , to . (t) see here p. , to . & act. , scen. , . (u) see act. , scene , , , &c. (x) see here act. , scene , p. , to . tempore illorum consulum gravissima pestilentia universam romā per biennium afflixit , pro qua depellenda pontifices ludos scenicos instituerunt : et sic pro depellenda peste corporum , accessit morbus animarum . hermannus schedel . chron. chronicorum , aetas , f. . a. (y) see my perpetuity , edit . , p. , . healthes sicknesse , edit . , p. , . the survey & censure of mr. cozens his cozening devotions , p. . lame giles his haultings , p. . & the appendix to it , p. . (z) ille poenitentiam digne agit , qui sic praeterita mala deplorat , ut futura iterum non committat isi●dor . hisp. de summo bono , l. , c. . (a) faelix quicunque dolore alterius disces posse carere tuo . tibullus elegiarum l. . eleg. . * the fortune and red-bull . * white f●iers playhouse . (b) whence seneca ( writing of the vastnesse & populosity of rome ) thus complaines : quod tribus eodem tempore theatr●s viae postulantur . de clementia l. , c. . and if three play houses were too much in heathen rome , shall sixe be suffered in christian london ? god forbid . notes for div a -e a summa apud deum est nobilitas , clarum esse virtutibus . sola apud deum libertas est , non servire peccatis . hierom. epist . ● . c. . b homines vitiis suis sapientiam inscribunt , ut abscondenda profitentur . ita non ab epicuris impulsi luxuriantur , sed vitiis dediti luxuriam ●uam in philosophiae sinu abscondunt , et eo concurrunt , ubi audiunt laudari voluptatem ; quaerentes libidinibus ●uis patrocinium aliquod ac velamentum . itaq , quod unum ha●bebant in malis bonum perdunt , peccandi verecundiam . laudant enim ea quibus erubescebant , et vitio gloriantur : ideoque ne resurgere quidem adolescentiae licet , cum honestus turpi desidiae titulus accessit . senec● de vita beata cap. . c see august . enarratio in psal. . p. , , , accordingly . d octavius , pag . e de idolorum vanitate tract . f apologia advers . gentes , c. , . g de iustitia l. . c . h omnis enim malus ideo persequitur bonū , quia non illi consentit bonus ad malum . facia● aliquid mali , non obiurget episcopus , bonus est episcopus , obiurget episcopus , malus est episcopus● sonat verbum , sonat sermo contradictor libidinis . at ille amicus libidinis suae , et inimicus sermoni contradicenti amicae suae , infestus est , et odit sermonem dei. august . enarratio in ps. , tom. . pars● , p. . vid. ibid. * iohn . . i seneca , medea , act. , f. . k epistola . * legant prius et poste● despiciant , ne videantur non ex iudicio sed ex odii praesumptione ignorata damnare . hier●n . apologia advers r●finū , l. . c. , p. ● . l acts . , , . see chrysostome , theophylact , hrabanus maurus , & lyra , ibidem . m see act. , scene , here p. . n see act. , scene , p. , & act. , scene , , . o see act. , scene , p. , to ● p see act. , scene , p. , &c. & act. , scene , , . q see act. , scene , p. , & act. , scene , , . r see act. , scene , , . & act. , scene . p. ● , &c. t see act. , scene ● p. , to . & act. , scene . p. ● &c. u see act. ● , scene p. , to . act. , scene , & . p. , . x se● here p. ● to . act. , scene . p. , to . & act. . scene . p. , to ● . y see act. ● scene . p. , &c. z see act. . throughout . a see act. . scene , . act. , s●ene , , , , . act. . scene , , , , , . accordingly . b see act. , scene , , . c see act. , scene . d see act : , scene , , . e see act : , scene , . haec mala dedecoris impie●atisque plenissima , adorentur in templis , ride●antur in theatris , cum his victimas immolant , vastetur pecus etiam pauperum ; cū haec histriones agunt et saltant● effundan●ur patrimonia divitum . aug : epist : , tom : , p : . f see actus , throughout . g see act : , , & , throughout accordingly . * see act. , scene , , . h see act. , scene , , , . i hieron● epist : , cap : . k see act : , scene , p : &c. l adhuc enim non pueritia in nobis est , sed quod est gravius , puerili●as remanet : et hoc quidem peius est , quod auctorita●em habemus senum , vitia puerorum , nec puerorum tantum , sed infantium . seneca epist : . m arbitror es●e hic nonnullos quos amici sui volebant rapere ad circum , ad theatrum , et ad nescio quas hodiernae festivitatis nugas . forte ipsi illos adduxerunt ad ecclesiam : sed sive ipsi illos adduxerunt , sive ab iis ad circum adduci non potuerunt , in aqua contradictionis probatisunt : august : enar : in psal. , tom. ● , pars , p. . n in vitia alter alterum trudimus : quomodo autem ad salutem revocari possint , quos iam nemo retinet , populus impellit ? seneca , epist : . o august . enarratio ●n in psal. , p. . p see earles character of a player , charact . . & sir thomas overbury his character of an innes of court man , accordingly . q bishop halls epistles decad. , epistle . mr. bolton his generall directions for our comfortable walking with god , p. , ; here p. , stephen gosson his epistle to the right worshipfull gentlemen & students of both vniversities and the innes of court prefixed to his playes confuted in five actions . r see here pag. , to s rom. . t revel . . . pet. . . u hebr. . , . pet. . . x luke . . thes. . . hebr. . . iames . . y hebr. , z de spectaculis lib. tom. , p. , . see augustine enarratio in psal. , tom. , pars , p. , . de symbolo ad catechumenos l. , tom. , pars , p. , here p. , to ; & tertullian de spectaculis , c. , , &c. to the like purpose . * therefore every christian though a lay-man ought t● reade the scriptures . * enarratio in psal. , & . tō . , pars , p. , . * tim. . * august . enar. in psal . p. * ephes. . . cor. . . * cor. . . iohn . rev. . , . notes for div a -e a materiam superabat opus ; ouid. metamorph . l. . b hierom com. in matth. c. , tom. , p. , c. c luke . , . & ioanni● sarisberiensis , de nugis curialium , lib. , c. ● , , , . * sunt enim multi non digne viventes baptismo quod perceperunt . quam multi enim baptizati hodie circum imple●e quam istam basilicam maluerunt . si mimus est , curritur ad amphitheatr●̄ ; quantis turbis impletur ? stipantur parietes , pressuris se urgent , prope se suffocant multitudine : isti super numerum sunt . in psal. , enar. tom. , ●ars , p. ; & in psal. , pars , p. . d magnis enim telis , magna portenta feriuntur . seneca epist. . * ben-iohnsons , shackspeers , and others . e shackspeers plaies are printed in the best crowne paper , far better than most bibles . e above forty thousand play-bookes have beene printed and vented within these two yeares . * nam quoniam variant animi variavimus artes : mille mali species , mille salutis ●●unt . ouid. de remedio amoris , l. . p. . * ioan. saresberiensis prologus in lib. de nugis curialium , bibl. patr. tom. . p. . g. f vt valeant alii ferrum patiantur et ignes . fert aliis tristem succus amarus opem . corpora vix ferro quaedam sanantur acu●o . auxilium aliis succus et herba fuit . ovid. epist. , p. . de remedio amoris l. , p. . g tertul. apol. advers . gentes . * leo de i●iun . pent. ser. . c. . fol. . g epist. . tom. . p. . * bernard . ep. . f. . h epist. . ad nepotianum , cap. . tom. . p. . * bernard . epist. . i prov. . . c. . , . k de gubern . dei l. . p. , . * see act. ● throughout . act. . scene . & . scene , . * see claudius espencaeus , digre●sionum in epist. . ad timotheum lib. dr. iohn whi●es way to the true church ; dr. field of the church , edit . ult . dr. crakenthorps vigilius dormitans● & dr● twists answer to armi●ius his examen : accordingly . m see act. . throughout , & act. . scene . act. . scene , . n of which mr. purchas in his pilgrim . c. . pag. . writes thus . long haire is an ornament to the female sex , a token of subiection , an ensigne of modesty : but modesty growes short in men as their haire growes long , and a neate perfumed , frizled , pouldred bush , hangs but as a token vini n●n vendibilis , of much wine , little wit , of men weary of manhood , of civility , of christianity , which would faine turne ( at the least doe imitate ) american salvages , infidels , barbarians , or women at the least and best . * see my vnlovelinesse of lovelockes , & here act. . scene , , , , , , . act. . scene . & act. . scene . * see p. . to . , , , . o see p. . to . , to . , to . p epistola . q deut. . . c. . . iosh. . prov. . . rev. . , . r isay . , to . pet. . , . phil. . . s eccles. . , t nam a vitii● redimitur animus , et suavi et mira quadam , etiam in adversis ●●cunditate re●icitur , cum ad legendum● vel scribendum ●tilia , menti● intendit acumen● i●annis saresberiensis prologus in lib. de nugis curialium . u quicquid enim omnes vel plures , uno eodemque sensu , manife●te , frequenter , perseveranter , velut quodam sibi consentiento magistroru● concilio , accipiendo , tenendo , tradendo firmaverint , id pro indubitato , certo , ratoque habeatur . vincentius le●●●en●is con●r . haer●ses , cap. . illud reprobū fuisse non ambiges quod omnium doctorum turba condem●at . io●nnis sarisb . de nug●s curi●liū l. ● . ● . . x q●i virilem sexum muliebri mollitie dehonestant . ioan. saresbericusis de nugis curialium , l. . c. . y see here act. . scene , , , , , , accordingly . * retia sunt quaecunque vides , hominemque ligatum , ad miseram mortē per mala quaeque trahunt . ioan. saresberien●is ad opus suum . b●hl . patr. tom. . p. , g. z rev. . . eccles. . . prov. . . a quis vero eo indignior , qui sui ipsius contemnit habere noticiam ? qui tempus quod parca manu datum est ad mensuram , et solum reparari non potest , usuraria quadam acc●ssione et poenali repetendum in vitae dispendia prodigit , et in contumeliam auctoris effundit ? ioan. sare●beriensis de nugis curialium , l. . c. . b august . enar. in psal. ● tom. . pars . p. . c ambrose ep. l. . ep. . tom. . p. . d isay . . e ioannis saresberiensi● prologus in lib. de nugis curialium . bibl. pat. tom. . p , . ● . notes for div a -e * ex ioanne saresberiensi , ad opus suum de nugis curialium . bibl. pa●rum tom. . p. , . notes for div a -e a gen. . . b nulla verior est miseriae , quam falsa laetitia . bernard . de gratia. & lib. arbitrio . col. . b. c hebr. . . d deliciae temporariam habent voluptatim , poenam autem sempiternam . chrysost. hom . . ad pop. antioch . e quod pler●sque inemendabiles facit● omnium aliarum artium peccata , artificibus pudor● sunt , offendantque : errantem in vita peccata delectant . non gaudet nauigio gubernatur euerso , non gaudet aegro medicus elato : non gaudet orator , si patron● culp● reus cecidit . 〈◊〉 contra omnibus crimen suum voluptati est . sen. epist. . f ruth . . g non prius est vt de vita homines quam de iniquitate discedant : quis enim non cum iniquitatibus suis moritur , & cum ipsis admodum atque in ipsis sceleribus sepelitur ? salu. de gub. dei. lib. . pag. . clemens alexand . paedag. lib. . cap. . h tertul. de spectac . lib. cyprian . de spectac & ep. li● . . epist. . salu de gub. dei. li. . chrys. hom● . . & in mat. ioannis salisburiensis ●e nugis curialium . l. . c. . orosius hist. l. . c. . bodinus de republi . l. . cap. . doct. r●inolds ouerthrow of stage-playes accordingly . i tit. . . . k dionysius areopag●ta . eccles. hierar . c. . . tertul. de baptismo . cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . cyrillus hier● . s●l●mitanus catechesis : mystag . . hierom. epist. . c. chrysost. hom . . in colos. . concil . constantino● . . in trullo , can. . l tertul. de spectac cap. . august . de symbolo . ad catech. lib. . c. cyrillu● . hierusol . catechesis mystag . salui . de gub. de● . lib. pag. . to . hookers ecclesiasticall policie . lib. . cap. . accordingly . m iam. . , . n ad mundana gaudia & corporalia bona multitudo procliuis est : et quamuis incertum ca●ucumque sit quod cupitur , libentius tamen suscipitur labor pro desiderio voluptati● , quam pro amore virtut●● . ita cum innumeri sunt qui visibilia concupiscunt , vix inueniuntur qui temporalibus aeterna praeponant● leo de quadrages sermo . . cap. . o populi laudant non consultoribus vtilitatum su●rum , sed largitoribus voluptatum . opipera conuiuia frequententur , vbi cuique libuerit & po●uerit , diu noctuque ludatur , bibatur , vomatur , d●ff●●atur : saltationes vndique concrepent : theatra inhonest● laetitia vocibus , atque omni genere siue crudelissimae , siue tur●●s●imae volupt a●is exaes●uent ille est publicus inimiciss cui haec f●licit●s displic●t . quisquis eam mutare vel auferre tenta●erit , ●um liber● multitudo auertit ab auribus , euertit e sedibus , aufert a viuentib●● . august . de ci● . dei. lib. . cap. . p nihil nobis dictu , visu , vel auditu cum insania circi , ●um impudic●tia theatri , cum atrocitate arena , cum zysti vanitate : spectaculis non conuenimus . tertul. apolog. adu . gentes . cap. . . clemens alexand. oratio exhort . ad gentes . tatianus oratio aduers. graecos● athenagoras pro christianis legatio . bibl. patrum . tom. p. . . theophylus antiochenus aduers. autolichum l. . accordingly . q vos suspensi interim atque solliciti honestis voluptatibus abstinetis : non spectacula visitis : non pompis interestis . minutius felix . octauius . pag. . . virgil. r aeneidos lib. . s saluian . de gub. dei. lib. . pag. . t ouid de ponto . lib. . el. . u iere. . . x dan. . . y isay . . z luke . . a iam. . . b qui enim succurrere perituro potest , si non succurrit occidit . lactan. de vero cul●n . cap. . c qui cum possit malum non impedit , mali potius est auctor , quam qui id facit . thucidide● histor. lib. . pag . d hebr● . . et gratias ●go deo meo , quod dignus sum quem mundus oderit hierom. epist . e qu●a antiquorum morborum difficilis ac ●arda curatio est , tanto velocius adhibeantur remedia , quanto recentior● sunt vulnera . leo. de resurrect . domini sermo . . cap. . f est nobis veluisse satis . tibullus . lib. . ad messaliam● pag. . quod si deficiant vires , audacia certe laus erit , in magnis & voluisse sat est . proper●ius eleg lib. . eleg. . g nihil hic tragico , aut sophocleo dign●m cothurno : see horace , de arte poetica . iuuen. satyr . . . . c●lius rhod. antiq. lect. lib. . cap. . h ma●na vis est veritatis , quae contra hominum ingenia , calliditatem , solertiam , contraque fictas omnium insidias facile se per seipsam de fendit . ci●●ro . pro m. celio orat. pag . oratio veritatis simplex est , & non habet opus multis hinc inde interpretationibus , res enim ipsa pro se dicit : mala ver● causa languens in sese , habet opus accuratis pharmacis : eu●ip . phaenissae . pag. . num. . fides pura & aperta confessio non quaerit strophas & argumenta verborum . quod simpliciter creditur , simpliciter con●itendum est . hierom. epist. . cap. . i godwin . roman antiquities lib. . sect. . cap. . to . alex. ab alexand. gen. dierum lib. . cap. . coel. rhod. antiq. lect. lib . c. . . lipsius de gladiatoribus . mr. northbrooke against vaine playes , & enterludes . fol. . polyd. virgil. de inuent . rerum . lib. . cap. . . lib. . c. . k doct. case . ethic l . c. . pag . polit. l. . c . p. . . doct. gager in his reply to doct. re●nolds . doct. gentilis in his . ep. to dr. reinolds . l mr. northbrooke against vaine playes , and enterludes . fol. . bucer de regno christi . sempiterno● lib. . cap● . reasons against stage-playes . authorities against stage-playes . argument . . stage-playes had their originall from the deuill himselfe , therefore they must needes be euill . a tertullianus apud latinos omnium facile princeps iudicandus : quid enim hoc viro doctius ? quid in diuinis atque humanis rebus exercitatius ? nempe omnem philosophiam & cunctas philosophorum sectas , auctores , adsertoresque sectarum , omnesque ●orum disciplinas , omnem historiarum ●c studiorum varietatem mir ●qu●dam mentis capacitate complexus est . vincenti●s le●inensis , contra. haereses . cap. . b diabol● ecclesia : officina scelerum ; cathedra pestilentiarum , &c tertul. apolog. & de spectac . lib. clem. alex. paedag. lib. . cap. . basil. he●aem . hom . c de spectac . cap. . d de spectac . cap. . to . e valerius maximus . l. . cap. . sect . . polydor virgil. de inuent . rerum l . c. . f dionysius hallicarnasseus an●iq rom. l. . c. . cicero de diuinatione lib. . arnobius disput. aduersus gentes . l. . lactantius de orig. erroris . cap. . minutius felix . octauius . p. . augustine de ciui . dei. lib. . cap. . ludo. vi●es notae . in august . ibid. li●●e . rom. hist. lib. . sect. . relate this storie . * quanquam hand sa●e liber erat religione animus : vere cundia tamen maiestaris mag●stratuum timorem vic●t , ne in ore hominum pro ludibrio abiret . liuie . rom. hist. l. . sect. . f historia angliae , tiguri . pag. . . g act. . . . . h ludis theatralibus . i animarum nec casu● reputatur , nec salus . male viuunt , & subi●ct●s male vi●●re volunt . bernard . ad cle●um sermo col. . c. d k psal. . . hab. . . pet. . , . l nihil turpe ex honesto nasci potest . lactant. de falsa sapientia . cap. . m nihil diaboli non est , qui●quid d●i non est , vel deo displicet . tertul . de spectac . cap. n see scaene . o iohn . , . math. . . p pet. . . iob . . c. . . q iam . ● , r math. . , . . s iob . t ezech. . u iohn . . x math. ● . chap. . . marke . . ioh. . , . peter . . y facit ad originis maculam , ●e bonum existimes quod initium a malo accepit . tertul. de spectac . cap . z math. . . luke . . iames . . a diaboli natura non improba , sed opera iniqua . ambr. comment . lib. . in luc. . tom. . pag. . h. & . b. b ephes. . . tim. . . c cyril . hierusol● catech. mystag . . concil● constantinop . . in trullo . can. . d tertul. d● spectac . cap. . e qu●d pessimo initio nititur , in nullo vnquam censeri poterit bonum . athanasius contra gen●iles . lib. f iohn . . g diabolus omnem hominem & omnem spi●itum qui sub caelo est , subitò in ●cti● oculi perderet , deleret , interficeret , si permitteretur● ; & si iuxta voluntatem iniquitatis suae potestatem haberet . origen . in iob. lib. . tom. . fol. , d. h diabolus est humani generis inimicus . greg. mag. in . psal. paenitentiales . fol. . h. pet. . . mat. . . ambros. de paradiso . c. . i virgil. eclog. . pag. . k immundi spiritus inn● meris contranos fraudibus accin●t● , ●●m suadere nobis iniqua nequeunt , ea sub virtutum spe cie nostris obtutibus exponunt . greg. mag. moral . lib. . cap. . l diabolus blanditur , vt fallat ; ar●idet , vt noceat : illicit , vt occidat . cypr. de hab. virginum . diabolus non diligit f●lios suos , sed odit , quia non amat nisi vt perdat . ambrose . sermo . . argument . stage-playes were inuented , and practised by infidels , and pagans , who were the deuills instruments : therefo●e they must needes bee sinfull , and abominable . m pagan● ista docente diabolo adinuenerunt . concil . ar●l●tense . . surius con●il . tom. . pag. . affl●tu dia●oli tradunt ista quae mortem afferunt , ●idem euertunt , &c. clemens rom. cons●it . apostol . lib. . cap. . n dipnos . l. . cap. . horace de arte poetica . l. polyd. virgil de inuent . rerum . lib . cap. . alex. sardis . de rerum inuentor . lib. . p. , . theatrum vitae humanae . lib. . pag , . ouid. fastorum . l. . c. . lud. viues comment in aug. de ciu. dei. l. . cap. ● . * de homero . lib see dionys . hallicarnas . antiq. romanorum . lib. . cap. . o stromatum . lib , fol . p instit. orat. lib. . cap. . q dionys. hallicarnas . antiq. rom. lib. . cap. . ludou . viues comment . in august . de ciu. dei l. . c. . accordingly . r liuie . hist. lib. . sect. . plut quest. rom. lib. quest. . tertul. de spectac . cap. . to . valerius maximus . lib. . cap. sect. . macrobius saturn . lib. . cap. b●emus de m●r. gentium . lib. . cap. . august . de ciui dei. lib. . cap. . & ludou . viues ib. orosius . hist. lib. ● . cap. . cael. rhod. antiq. lect l. . c. . polyd. virgil. de re● . inuent . lib . cap. . alexander , sardis , de rerum , inuent . lib. . godwins roman antiquities . lib. . sect. . cap . alex. ab alexand. gen. dierum . lib. . cap. . s liuie hist. rom. lib. . sect. . alex. sardis de rerum inuent . lib. . pag. . to . horat. de art● poetica . lib. godwins roman antiq. lib. . sect. c. . . t tota pars humanarum institutionum quae ad vsum vitae necessarium proficiunt , nequaquam est fugienda christiano , immo quantum satis est intuenda , memori●que retinenda . omnes verò artes huiusmodi vel nugatoriae . vel noxiae superstitionis , ex quadam pestifera societate hominum & damonum , quasi pacta infidelis & dolosae amicitiae consti●●tae , penitus sunt repudiandae christiano . august . de doctr. christiana . l. . cap. , , , . tertul. de corona militis . cap. . . gossons confutation of playes . act. . accordingly . u leuit. . . deut. . , . x mat. . , . . . y thes. . . z pet. . . a ephes. . , , . cap. . . b ier. . , , c kings . . ● chro. . . chap. psal. . . ezech. . ch●p . . cha●● . . chap. . . d sam. . , , . . chap. . , , . e zeph. . . isay . . to ● . f de corona militis . lib. cap. , , . g see demost. oratio de corona . oratio aduersus midiam . virgil. copa p . h surius . tom . con. p . i qu● ab errore gentilium attracta sunt . k surius . tom . pag. . l surius . tom. . p. . . m tom. . pag. . b. n see ouid. fastorum . l. . caeli●s . rhod. antiq. lect. lib. . cap. . polyd. virgil. de inuent . rerum . lib. . cap. . macrob. saturnal . l. . cap. . al●x . ab alex. lib. . cap. . o surius . tom. . pag. . b. p surius . tom . pag. . b. gratian cau. . quaest. . & . q su●ius . tom . pag. . b. gratian● cau. . quaest. . & . r see ier. . , , gratian. causa . . quaest. . aug. de rectitud . cathol . con●uersat . tract . tom. . pag. , . accordingly . s hedera est gratissima . baccho . ouid. fastorum . lib. . pag ● . t surius tom. . pag . b. carranza . fol. . u surius . tom . pag. . , . x surius . tom . pag. . a. ● . b. . s●e august . de rect. cathol . conuers . tract . tom. . part . . p. , . y see alex. ab alexandro . genial . dierum . lib. . cap● . aelij . lampridij . seuerus pag ● . ouid. fastorum . lib. . , . . how the pagans obserued them . z see august . de rectitud . cathol . conuersat . tract . tom. . part . . pag. . accordingly . a de ebr●etate & luxu . sermo . b de tempore . sermo . . see my healthes sickenesse . argument . . c surius . tom. . p●g . . gratian. cau , . quaest● . d see nazienz●n . oratio . . pag. . hierom. aduers . vigilantium cap. . nazienzen oratio● in pascha . rhenanus in ter●ul● apolog. august . de tempore . s●rmo . . arti●les of ireland . art. . queene eli●abeth● iniuncti●ons . iniunct . doct●r reinolds con●●rence with hart ●ap . ● . diuision . pag. , . , . homely against the perill of idolatrie . part . pag. . polyd. virgil. de inuent . rerum . lib. . cap. . lib. . cap. . e baruch . . apuleius aurei . asini. lib. . aelij lamprid. commodus pag. ● . aelij spar●iani . p●scennius . pag. . herodoti . euterpe . sect . pag. . diodorus . siculus . bibl. hist. sect. , . bo●mus de moribus gent. lib. . cap. . p. . plu●arch . de iside & osiride . lib. m●r. tom. . pag. . alex. ab alex. gen. dierum . lib. cap. . fol. . polyd. virgil● de inuent . rerum . lib. . c. . ormerod● pagan● papismus semblance● . ainswort● , on l●uit . . . and . . munster . cosmog . lib. . cap. . pag. . accordingly . f gotardus histor. indiae pag. . guagninus re●um polon . pag. . erasmus moriae encomium . pag. . polyd. virgil. de inuent . rer●m . lib. . cap. . g busbequius . epist. eccles. ep. . pag. . bo●mus de mor. gent. lib. . cap. . pag. ● . zenophon , histor● graecae . lib. . pag. . acosta . indian . histor. lib. . cap. . pag. . orosius , histor. lib. . cap . pag. . guagninus , rerum polon . tom. . pag. . lerius , de nauigat . in brasil . cap. . h concil● toletanum . . canon . . aquisgranense concil . sub. lud. pio. cap. . concil rom. sub. greg. . can. . lateran . sub. innocent . part . . ca● . agathense● can . capit● graecar . synod . can. . lateranense . sub. leone . . sess. . su● tom ● pag. . . gratian. distinc. . i bb. babbingtons notes on leuit. . sect. . d. reinolds conference with hart. cap. . diuis . . pag. , . will●ts synop. p. , . ormerod . pagano-papis . sembla . ainsw . ca●u lauat●r and most other protestant commentators on leuit● . . cap. ● . . & eeze. . . k iohn valerian . de sacerdotum barbis lib. e●asmus moriae encomium . pag. . pol●d virgil. de inu●nt rerum● lib. . cap. . agrippa . de van. scient . cap. . l see clem. alexa. paedag. lib. . cap . & . clem. romanus constit. apost lib. . cap. . lorinus com. in leuit. . . who vtterly condemne the shauing of mens beards m see concil . eliberinum . can . n non minu● de●ecti qua● el●ti animi est , voluntate vti , negligere rationem : & veluti rationis expertem , non pro rati●one , sed pr● libitu agere ; nec iudicio vti , sed appetit● . bernard . de consid. lib. . cap . o cor. . , , . cor. . . p quis agis ? deum in teipso gestas ; & ad illos curris quibus cum deo nihil commune est ? haec cine veni● digna ●unt ? chrysost. hom. . in cor. . q col. . , , . r pet. . . s ru. . , . t iohn . cap. . u phil . . x pet. . . p●t . . ● . luke . , . y rom. . . cap. . . gal . ● , . pet. . . cor. . . z ephe. . . a ephes. . , , . cap. . . . b pet. . , , . * tit. . , , . d ephes. . , . * iam. . . actes . . f ephes. . . col. . g titus . . ● pet. . . h h●br . . . i clamat clauus , clamat vulnus quid vere d●us sit in christo mu●dum reco●cilians sibi : patent viscera misericordiae , patet arcanum cordis per foramin● corporis . quid tam ad mortem quod non christi morte saluetur ? bernard . super. cant. s●rm . . k se● chro. . to . . ezech. . . to . psal. . . to . iere. . , ● . . ezech . . to . ●or all the rest . l see hi●rom , and theodore●s com. in ezech. . . amb●os . serm. . lorinus , bb. babington , caluin● and ainsworth● on leuit. . . willets synopsis papismi . pag. , . who giue this reason . m ludos diabolicos , ve● vacillationes , vel cantic● gentilium fieri vet●te : nullus christianus hoc exerceat , quia per hoc paganus efficitur . de rectitud . cathol . conuersationis . tract . tom. . pag. , . n see leuit. . . deut. . , . o ipsi scilicet sibi procurauerunt daemones , per ●os in quibus esurierant an●equam procurauerunt . tertul . de coron . militis . cap. . argument . stage-playes were at first inuented , and destinated to idolatrous , and sinfull ends● therefore they must needes be sinfull , and vnlawfull . * dubium non est quod laedunt deum vtpote idolis consecratae . colitur namque & honoratur minerua in gymnasiis , venus in theatris , neptunus in circis , mars in arenis , mercurius in palestris , & ideo pro qualitate auctorum , cultus est superstitionum . alibi est impudicitia , alibi lasciuia , alibi intemperantia , alibi i●sania ; vbique d●mon : imo per singula ludicrorum loca vniuersa daemonum monstra , praesident enim sedibus suo cultu● dedicatis . salu. de. gub. dei. lib. . pag. . p rusticus ad ludos populus ventebat in vrbem : sed dis , non studiis ille dabatur ●onos : luce sua ludos vuae commentor ha●ebat : quos cum taedifera nunc habet ille d●a quid. pastorum . l. . pag. . q liuie . rom. hi●t . lib. . sect. . . lib. . sect. ● . lib. . sect. . . lib. . sect. . lib. . sect. . lib. . sect. . lib. . sect. . trebel pollionis gallieni . pag. . r liuie . rom. hist. lib. . sect. . dionysius hallicar . antiq rom. lib. . cap. . plutarchi romulus macrobius . saturn . lib. . cap. . strabo . geogr. lib. . p●g . . orosius . hist. lib. . cap. . eutropius . rerum . rom. lib. . romuli vita . cyprian . de specta● . lib. august . de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. . opmeer●s chronog . pag. alex. ab alex. gen. dierum . lib. . cap. . zonaras annal. tom. . fol. . ●lin . nat. hist. lib. . cap. . petrarch . de remed . vtr. fort. lib. . dialog . . primus sollicitos f●cisti romule ludos . cum iuuit viduos rapta sa●ina viros , romule militibus sci●●i dare commoda solus : haec mihi si dederis commoda miles ero● scilicet ex illo solemnia more theatra , nunc quoque formosis insidiosa manent . ouid. de arte amandi . pag. . . s see plato . legum dialogus . ● . and coelius rhod. antiquarum . lect. lib. . cap . accordingly . t de inuenttoribus rerum lib. . ●ap . . u minshew dictionarie . numb . x ludo. v●ues com. in lib. . cap. . august . de ciu. dei. * gossons con●utation of playes . act . master northbrooke , and doct. reinolds , in their book● against playes . accordingly . y porrò si quae alis idolis faciunt , ad daemones pertinent ; quantò magis quod ipsa sibi idolae fec●runt cum ad●iuerent ? tertul. de corona militis . cap. . z admisceri huic christianum hominem superstitions , genus est sacrilegii : quiae eorum cultibus communicat , quorum festiuitatibus delectatur . saluian . de guber . dei. lib. . pag. . se● gualth●r . hom. . in hoseam . accordingly . a see ouid. f●storum . l . pag , . b see cyril . hierusolom . ca●echisis . mystag . . accordingly . c leuit. . . deut. . , . d deut. . , , . . , . cap. . . cap. . , ● , . iosh. . . cap. . . iudges . . num. . ● . see hookers ecclesiasticall policie . lib. . cap. . e exod. . ● deut. . , . cap. . . psal. ● . hosea . . zech. . ● f varro non tantum in rebus humani● sed in rebu● diuinis ponit ludos scenicos e cum vtique si tantummodo boni & honesti homi●es in ciuitate essent● nec in rebus humani● ludi scenic● esse debuissens . quod profectò non autoritate sua fecit , sed quoniam e●s romae natu● & educat●● in diuinis rebus inuenit . august . de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. . g act. . . . cor. . , . psal. . cor. . . to . h cor. . . omni ●●udio gentilium fe●●iuitates & ferias declinemus , quia qui vult esse diuinorum particeps , non debet esse socius idolorum . ambrose , sermo . . i cor. . . cor. . , , . k cor. . , . l cor. . . to . rom. . , . . . m leuit. . , . deut. . . cap. . . cap. . , . cap. . , . n cor. . . leuit. . , . o deut. . . cap. . . . p cor. . , . omnia peruersas possunt corrumpere mentes . ouid. trist lib. . pag. . * quale igitur habendum est , apud homines veri dei , quod à cādid●tis diaboli introductum , & ipsis a primordio di●atum est , quodque iam tunc idololatriae ini●i●batur ab idolis , & i● idolis adhu● vi●is ? non quasi aliquid sit idolum , sed quoniam quod idolis ali● faciunt , ad damones pertinent . tertul. de corona militis . cap. . q malum videtur esse bonum illi , eui mentem deus impulit ad exitium . sophocles . antigone . pag. . num. . r let these obiectors remember this : difficilius est male percept● dediscere , qu●m bene praecepta discere . case . polit● lib. . cap. . pag. . answer . s de corona militis . cap. , , . t see polyd● virgil , and alexander sardis , de rerum inuentoribus ouid. metamorph. lib. . . u tertul. de corona militis . cap. . . alexander . ab alexandro . gen. dierum . lib . cap. . ouid. fasto●um . lib. . . horace . carm. lib. . ode . . * acts . ● . psal . . cor. . . to . cap. . , . te●tul . de corona militis . cap● . carnes , & panes , & ●i●us eiuscemodi pompae satanae qui in idolorum sole●●itatibus suspendi solent , suapte quidem natura puri sunt , inuocatione tamen daem●num impuri efficiuntur . cyril . hierusol . catech. mystag . . x tertullian , de corona militis . cap. , . august● de doctrina . christiana . lib. . cap. . to . gossons consutation of playes . act. . accordingly . y de corona militis . lib. cap. , , . z mille venit variis florum dea nexa coronis . ouid. fastor . lib. . pag. . bacchus amat flores : baccho placuisse coro●am , ex ariadnaeo sidere nosse potes , &c. ouid. fastor . lib. . pag. . vid. ib. &c. a de idolatria lib. cap. . to . see gratian distinctio . . gregor . mag. epist. lib . cap. . b see pag. . to ● . c non oportet christianos ad nuptias euntes v●l balare , vel saltare , sed modestè co●nare & prandere , sicut competit christianis . concil . laodicenum . can. . concil . ilerdense . can. vlt. d hinc cereris sacris nunc quoque ●eda datur . ouid. fastorum . lib. . pag. . e propterea ap●stolus inclamat : fugite idololatriam : omnem vtique & ●otam . recogita siluam , & quantae latitant spinae . nihil dandum idolo : sic nihil nec sumendum ab idolo . si in idolio recumbere alienum est a fide , quid in idoli habitu videri ? quae communio christi & ●eliae ? & ideo fugite . longum enim diuortium mandat ab idololatria , in nullo proxime agendum . draco enim terrenu● de longinquo , non minus spiritu absorbet alites . ioannes filioli , inquit , custodite vos ab idolis : non iam ab idololatria quasi ab officio , sed ab idolis , i● est , ab ipsa effigie eorum , & c● tertul. de corona militis . cap. . f see pag. , . g psal. . . iob . . rom. . . to . cap. . . to the end . ephes. ● . psal. . , . genes . . , . h this all the fathers , and christian authors quoted . pag. doe testifie in those their writings . spectacula vitanda sunt totaliter & cauend● sapi●enti●us , quod ad celebrandos deorum honores inuenta memorantur . lactant. diuinorum instit. epit. cap. . reply . i hookers , ecclesiasticall politie . lib. . sect. . answere . k see hookers ecclesiasticall politie● lib● . cap. . lib. . cap. , . . bb. halls apologie against brownists . sect. , . accordingly . l can●●e●i bri●an●ia . middelsex . pag. , . speedes historie of great brittaine . lib. cap. . fol. . in the li●e of seb●rt . m hookers ecclesiasti●all politie . lib. ● cap. . . n vitiosum est vbique quod supersl●um est . s●neca . de tranquil . animi cap. . o cor. . . . phil. . . puta tibi non licere , ( etsi alias fortasse liceat , ) quicquid male fuerit coloratum . bernard . de consid l. . c. . p neque vetustate minuuntur mala . cic. tus● . quest. lib. . q see . i●cobi . cap. . . iacobi cap. . eliz. cap. . . eliz cap. . bodinus de republica . l. . cap. . marcus aurelius . cap. . & epist. to lambert . cassiodorus variarum● lib. . epist. . & . lib. . epist . lib. . epist. . r i●r . . . s ego amplius dico ; non solum agi nunc illas ludicrorum i●famium lab●s , quae prius actae sunt ; ●ed criminosius mult● agi quam prius actae sunt . salu. de gub. dei. l. . p. . t eccles. . . u aeger est recursus ad honestatem his quae iam gradum ex nequitia protulerunt : nihil sibi ipsis tecum putant commune , quia nihil simile est plinie . paneg. august . dictus . pag. . see case . polit. lib. . cap. . pag. . x chrysost. hom. . in ephes . y non est in ●●s reme●tum christii+ , sed vene●●m diaboli august . de recti●● . cathol . conuersat . tract . tom. . pag. . z sumptuosissima est iactura temporis . lypsius . epist. cent. . epist. . p. . a neque enim q●● s●●it , id quod ●ucun● dum est , ei quod est 〈◊〉 praetulerit . clemens alexand. paedag. lib. . cap. . b ex malis eligere minima oportet . cicero . de officijs . lib. . c a posse ad esse non valet argumentum r●●o● keckerman : and other logicians . d . thes. . . ephes. . , . e thes. . . pet. . . iude . f non satis est dicere sanandum esse vulnus , nisi dicatur quo modo . pachymerus . hist. lib. . g vtinam omnes diluerentur . chrys. ho. . in mat. h nobis autem ridere & gaudere non sufficit , nisi cum peccato atque insania gaudeamus : nisi risus noster impuritatibus , nisi flagitiū misceatur . saluian . de guber . dei. lib. . pag. . i solae theatrorum impuritates sunt , quae honestè non possunt vel accusari , multò minus emendari . saluian . de guber . dei. lib. . cap. . k iames . . chap. . . reuel . . . luke . . risus est corruptio disciplinae . saluian . de guber . dei. lib. . pag. . l si dixerint enim , pro ludo aessumi spectacula ad recreandos animos : dicemus , non sapere ciuitates , quibus ludus pro re seria habetur . clemens alexandr . paedag. lib. . cap. . m infiuctuosum putamus gaudiu● simplex , nec delectat ridere sine crimine . saluian . de guber . dei. lib. . pag. . n melius est peccatum cauere , quam emenda●e . ambros● . serm. . o facilius est excludere perniciosa , quam ●egere ; & non admittere , quam admissa moderari . seneca . de ●ra . lib. . cap . mul●o difficilius est deprauata corrigere , quam ora●●care ; vel a fundamentis noua constr●ere . case . polit. lib. . cap. pag. . p et omne malum etiam mediocre magnum est . cicero . tus●ul . quast . lib. . q non vacat exiguis rebus adesse ioui . ex te pendentem sic cum circumspicis orbem effug●unt curas inferiora tuas . non ●a te moles romani nomini vrget : ●nque tuis humeris ●am leue fertur onus , lusibus vt possis aduertere numen mep●is . ouid. tristium . lib. . pag. . r non est tam sordida diuis cura neque extrem●s iu● est demittere in artes sidera : subducto regnant sublimia ca lo , illa neque artificum curant tractare labores● virgil. aetna . pag. , . s generis humani fragili●as ●ronior dilabitur ad corrigenda , quam studeat conserua●e correcta : synodus meldensis praefatio . su●ius . concil . tom. . pag. . t generaliter aduersu● deum sapit q●icquid diaboli est . hi●rom . epist. . cap. . u iohn . , . cor. . , . x rom. . . . , ● . cap. cap. . . cor . . , . cor. . . gal. ● , , . y cant. . . cap. . cap. . . cor. . . cap. . . z quid tibi cum pompis dia●oli amator christi ? renunciate non solum vocibus , sed etiam moribus : non tantum sono ling●ae , sed & actu vitae : non tantum labiis sonantibus , sed & operibus pronunciantibus . august . de symb. ad catech. lib. . cap. . tom● . part . . pag. , . argument . stage-playes are those workes of satan , those pompes , and vanities of this wicked world , which euery christian renounceth in his baptisme : th●refore they are vnlawfull . a see concil . parisiense . lib. . cap. ● . surius . concil . tom. . pag. . . and here pag. . in the margent● ( k ) b non enim deus dat ludere , sed diabolus , ille enim est qui etiam in artem iocos ludosque digessit , vt per haec ad se traheret milites christi , virtutisque ●orum neruos faceret molli●res . propterea in vrbibus etiam theatr● construxit , & illos r●suum ac turpium voluptatum incentores parauit , & per illorum luem in vniuersam vrbem talem excitat pestem . chrysost. hom . in matth. ludi scaenici spectacula turpitudinum , & licentia vanitatum , non hominum vitiis , sed decrum ves●rorum iussis romae instituti sunt . augustine , de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap. ● hoc di●o , quod negantes conuincit historia , ersdem illos l●dos in qui●us regnant figmenta poetarum , non per imperitum o●s●quium obsequentium , sacris deorum suorum intulisse romanos , sed ipsos deos vt sibi solennitèr ede●entur , & honori suo co●secrarent●r , acerbè imperando , & quodam●odo extorquendo fecisse ib. lib● ● cap. ● see act , . c ludorum celebrationes deorum ●esta sunt ; siquidem ob nat●le ●orum , vel temploru● nou●rum dedicationes sunt constitut● . et primi●us q●idem ven●tiones saturno sunt at●●●●utae , ●ud● s●e●i●● liber● , circenses neptuno : ●aulati●● vero & cateris diis ●●em honos trib●● caepit , singulique lud●●orum nominibu● consecr●●i s●nt , sicu● 〈…〉 ca●●●o in l●●ris spectaculorum docet . lactanti●s d● ve●o cultu cap. . d see pag. . ( p ) ( q ) pag. , . , . and act. . s●aene . . e see act. . s●a●●● . . f quicquid enim illi● geritur , non est oblectatio , sed pernicies , sed poena , sed supplicium . ch●v . hom. . de d●u . & s●ul . tom. . col. ● . a. g see chr●s . hom. . de dau. & saul . hom. . and . in mat. accordingly . h suscepturi nasalem domini , ab omni nos aelictorum faece purgemus● rex noster christus non tam nitorem vestium , quam animarum requirit affectum , &c. ambr. se●m . . tom. . pag. . i hebr. . . chrys. hom. . de d●uide & saul . tom. . col. . a. b. c. accordingly . k nulla res enim aeque eloquia dei in contemptum adducit , atque spectaculorum quae illic prop●nuntur admiratio . chrys. de verbis esaia● , &c. hom. . tom. . c●l . . c. l ephes. . . . ● thes. . . hebr. . . sam. . . m luke . . . n psal. ● . . and . . . hebr. . . o mat. . . luke . . p luke . . cap● . . hebr. . . q see tertul. de spectac . cap. . . puto ego , nec m●iestati diuinae , nec euangelicae disciplinae congruere , vt p●dor & ho●or ecclesiae tam turpi & infami contagione histrionum ●oede●ur ? cyprian . epict. lib. . epist. . see chrys. hom. de dau. & saul . . accordingly . r see chrys. hom. de dau. & saul . de verbis isayae . vidi dominum , &c. hom. . s chrysost. ibidem . t iohn . iohn . hebr. . ● neque enim vlla res tantum adfert gaudi● vitae nostrae , quantum hoc , quod ex ●nimo gaudetis in ecclesia congregati . chrysostom . de verbis esaia● . vidi dominum sedentem . tom. . col. . c. u see act. . scaene . . x see act. . scaene . . to . and part . . histriones non parua rerum publicarum pestis sunt . nam & libidinum ministri sunt , & mores bonos corrumpunt , & magistratum in contemptum adducunt : & opes ta●● publicas quam priuatas m●xime attenuam , & quod in pauperum subuentionem impendi deb●at fere intercipiunt . quamobrem vir● graues omnibus seculis hoc hominum gen●s a republica sua exclusit , quod illos & m●ribus officer● , & deorum contempium inueh●re intelligerent . gualther in nahum . . hom. . see bodinus , de repub. lib. . cap. . y see act . ●caene . . to . z qui spectaculis & ludis theatralibus oblectantur , non i●unt i● regnum & vitam citra laborem & pugnam , quoniam angusta vi● est , & afflictionis plena . macarius aegypt . hom. . pag. . a voluptas fragilis ac breuis est , cuius necesse est aut poeniteat , aut pudeat . sen de benefic . lib. . cap . b see part. . act. . c deut. . . to . prou. . . mal. . . c. . . eccles. . , . d psal. . . . . prou. . . e psal. . . psal. . , , , . eccles. . , , . prou. . . cap. . . male partis vix gaudet tertius haeres . i●● . sat. . f romani cum artem ludicram scenamque totam probro ducunt , actores talium fabularum , non modo honore ciuium reliquorum carere , sed etiam tribu moueri notatione censoria voluerunt . augustine , de ciuitat . dei● lib . cap● , . see liuie . lib. . cap. . . and act. . scaene . . g ne igitur desinatis super huiusmodi licentia gemere ac s●e●ius remorder● . hic enim dolor fiet vobis conuersionis ad meliora principium . chrysostome , hom . in matth. h fuge pes●iferam illam piscinam theatri . haec est enim , quae spectatores suos in flammcum illud p●lagus mergit , quaeque profundum illius ignis acc●●ndit . chrysostome , h●m . in matth. tom. . col. . b. i daemonum cibus est carmina poet●rum . hierom. damaso . epist. . tom. . pag. . k quis enim alius spiritus occul●o instinctu nequissimas agitat mentes , & instat faciendis adulteriis , & pascitur factis , nisi qui etiam sacris tali●us oblectatur , constituens in templi● simulachrae daemonum , amans in ludis simulachrae vitiorum : susurrans in occulto verb● iustitiae ad decipiendos etiam paucos bonos ; frequentans in aperto inuitamenta nequitiae , ad possidendos innumerabiles malos . august . de ciuitat . dei. lib. . cap. . l cor. . chap. . . iohn . . chap. . ephes. . . m ephes. . , . chap● . . iohn . , . chap. . , . chap. . . peter . . iohn . . cor. . . . chap. . . tim. . . iames . . n gal. . . iohn . . o psal. . . p tim. . . q see act. . r see act. . . s maiorem obtinent insana spectacula frequentiam , quam beata martyria . leo. sermo . in octaua . petri & pauli . cap. . fol. . t tempus vitae meae leuius cursoribus : vt enim illi priusquam bene stent , exiliunt : ita & h●c euol●t an●equam veniat . chrys. ad theodor. epist . tom. col . a. quotidie morimur , quotidie commutamur , & tamen aeternos nos esse credimus : hoc ipsum quod dicto , quod scribitur , quod relego , quod emendo , de vita mea tollitur : quot puncta notarii , tot meorum damn● funt temporum hierom. epist. . cap● u ephes. . . col. . iam. . . psal. & . & . ne que enim quicquam ●st quod in hac vita nos su●uius & iucundius afficere sol●at , atque ea , quae ex ecclesia capitur , laetitia . in ecclesia enim eorum qui laetantur , laetitia conseruatur ; in ecclesia , dolentes ad animi tranquill● a●e● deducuntur : in ecclesia it quí dolore afficiuntur , gaudio delin●untur . chrys. orat. . tom. . col , . x haywoods , apologie f●r actors . y hoc erit diaboli pompa aduers●● quam in signaculo fides e●eramus . cum aquam ingres●i christianam fidem ex legi● sua verba profitemur , renunciasse nos diabolo , & pompae , & angelis eius ore nostro contestamur . quid erit summum ac praecipuum , in quo diabolus , & pompae , & angeli cius censeantur , quam idololatria ? igitur si ex idololatria , vniuersam spectaculorum paraturam constare constiterit , indubitate praeiudicatum erit , etiam ad spectacula pertinere renunciationis nostrae testimonium in lauacro , quae diabolo , & pompae , & angelis eiu● sint m●ncipata , &c. de spectac . lib. cap. , , . & . see hookers eccles. politie . lib. . c. . z diabol● ecclesia et templum . ib. cap. . . a fugite theatra & graecorum ludos : vitate omnem idolorum pompam , speciem , denique omnia daemoniaca spectacula : constit. apost . lib. . cap. ● . b renuncio sathanae , & omnibus eius operibus . poste● dicis , & omni pompae illius : pompa diaboli est , in theatris spectacula , in bippodromo cursus equorum , & venationes , & reliqua omnis eiuscemodi vanitas : a qua postulans●liberari sanctus ille dei ; auerte , inquit , oculos meos , ne videant vanitatem . non ergo sis curiosus in frequentia spectaculorum , vbi conspicias mimorum petulantias , omni contumelia , & impudicitia refertas , & virorum effaeminatorum choreas secteris . catech. mystagogica . . c depraehenderis enim & detegeris christiane , quando aliud agis , & aliud profiteris : fidelis in nomine , aliud demonstrans in opere , non tenens professionis tuae fidem : modo ingrediens ecclesiam orationes fundere ; post modicum in spectaculis cum histrionibus impudice clamare . quid tibi cum pompis diaboli quibus renunciast● ? huic vos renunciare professi estis : in qua professione non hominibus , sed deo , & angelis eius conscribentibus dix●stis , re●uncio , &c. de symbolo ad catechumenos . lib. . cap. . tom. . part . . pag. . see hom. . tom. . pag. . d atque vbi spiritus insusu● est vnguentum , eo diabolicas pompas immittemus ? eo fabulas satanae , eo can●tilenas meretriciae turpitudinis plenas ? hom. de dauide & saule . tom. . col. . b. proinde frequenter vos hortatus sum , ne quis eorum qui horrendae , ae mysticae victimae participes sunt , ad illa iret spectacula , non diuina cum daemoniacis commisceret mysteria . de verbis isaiae . vidi dominum , &c. hom. . col. . c. d. in theatro omnia contraria , risus , turpitudo , pompae diabolica . magna ili diaboli pompa , cymbala , tibiae & cantica plena scortationum ac adulteriorum . in act. apost . hom. . tom. col . c. . a. quo tempore , alii quidem cum nos haec ex hoc loco dissere●em●● in theatris otiose diaboli pompam spectarunt : & impurissimis diaboli escis vescebantur . oratio . . tom. . col. . b. considera ergo theatrum illud , ac diabolicos istos refuge conuentus . si vero in eisdem perseueraueritis acutiore ferro , & altiore incisione discindam : nec vnquam prorsus quiescam , quoadusque diabolicum illud dispergam theatrum , vt mundus ecclesiae caetus purusque reddatur . ita enim & praesenti turpitudine liberabimur , & vitam acquiremus futuram , gratia & misericordia domini nostri iesu christi . hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . d. . b. c. e in spectaculis enim quaedam apostasia fidei est , & a symbolis ipsius , et a c●lestibus sacramentis letalis pra●aricatio . quae est enim in baptismo salutari christianorum prima confessio ? quae scilice● , nisi v● re●unc●are se diabolo , et pompis eius a●que spectaculis et operibus protestentur ? ergo spectacula et pompae , etiam iuxta nostram professionem opera sunt diaboli . quomodo , ô christiane , spectacula post baptismum sequeris , quae opus esse diaboli confiteris ? renunciasti semel diabol● , et spectaculis eius , ac per hoc necesse est , prudens et sciens dum ad spectacula remeas , ad diabolum te redire cognoscas . vtrique enim rei sim●l renunciasti , et vnum vtrumque esse dixisti . si ad vnum reuerteris , ad vtrumque remeasti : abrenuntio enim , inquis , diabolo , pompis , spectaculis , et operibus eius . et quid postea ? credo , inquis , in deum patrem omnipotentem , et in iesum christum filium eius ergo primum renunciatur diabolo , vt credatur deo : quia qui non renunciat diabolo , non credit deo : et ideo qui reuertitur ad diabolum , relinquit deum . diabolus autem in spectaculis est et pompis s●is : ac per hoc cum redimus ad spectacul●m , relinquimus fidem christi . hoc itaque modo omnia symboli sacramenta soluu●tur , et totum quod in symbolo sequitur , labefactatur et nutat . nihil enim sequens ●●at , si principale non steterit . si cui itaque leue spectaculorum crimen videtur , respici●● cuncta ista quae diximus , et videat in spectaculis non voluptatem esse , sed mortem . de guber . dei. lib. . pag. , . f amphitheatrum omnium daemonum templum est . tot illicimmundi spiritus considunt , quot homines capit . de spectac . lib. tom. . pag. . g see danaeus ethicae christianae . lib. . cap. . pag. . accordingly . h de spectaculis , & epist. lib. . epist. . i de vero cultu . cap. . k catechesis mystagogica l paedagogi . lib. . cap. . m oratio ad m●lites templi . cap. . n hom. . pag. . o hexaemeron . hom. . de legendis libris gentilium oratio . p oratio . . & de recta educatione ad seleucum . pag. , . q de guber . dei. lib. . r see doctor reinolds , master northbrooke , and master gossor , in their treatises against stage-play●s . s quod eni● facto negam●●s neque fac●o neque dicto , neque visu , neque prospe●ctu participare debemus . tertul. de spectac . c. . t si iura humanae pactionis firmiter conseruantur , fixius tamen atque feruentius iura tanti pacti , quae cum deo facta sunt , inuiol●●biliter sunt obseruanda . concil pa●isi●nse . lib. . cap. . su●ius . tom. p. . u p●mpa diaboli hoec est , qu● et p●mpa mundi : id est , am●itio , arrogantia , vana gloria , omnisque ●uiuslibet rei superfluitas in humanis vs●tus . concil . parisiense . lib. . cap. . ib. u p●mpa diaboli hoec est , qu● et p●mpa mundi : id est , am●itio , arrogantia , vana gloria , omnisque ●uiuslibet rei superfluitas in humanis vs●tus . concil . parisiense . lib. . cap. . ib. x abrenunciare enim diabolo , est penitus ●um respue●e , spernere , reiicere , eique contradicere , seque , et vnumquemque ab eo alienare , siue aliud quid quod in hoc verbo et hoc sensis exprimi potest . concil . paris . lib. . cap. . ib. y peter . . , , . colos. . , , . reu . , . z diabolo seruientes daemones sunt . c●rysostome oratio . . col. . a. a magna quippe ex parte christianorum decus vilescit , quando renati in christo ea quibus in baptismate renunciauerunt nec intelligere curant , nec ab his se , vt christo polliciti sunt abstinere satagunt . concil . parisiense . lib. . cap. . b hosea . . quid nobis cum operibus diaboli ? quid mihi & tibi est belial ? ego christi seruus sum , illius redemptus sanzuin● , illi me totum mancipaui . quid mihi & tibi est ? tanto magis nos oportet seperare a diabolo , quanto ille se discernit a christo. ambrose de elia , & ieiun . cap. . c rom. . . . galat. . . corinth . . , , . genes . . . galat. . . diabolus semper christi aduersarius est . chrysostome . hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . a. d corinth . . . e cor. . , , . iames . . f rom. . , . hebr. . , , . g nihil ad vos de pompis saeculi attinet qui renunciauistis in baptismate , mundo , diabolo & pompis eorum , quod postmodum confirmastis sub pollicitatione iuramenti . hierom de regula . monachorum . cap. . a●renunciasti mundo , abrenunciasti saeculo , esto sollicitus . qui pecuniam debet semper cautionem suam considerat . et tu qui fidem debes christo , fidem serua , quae multo preciosior est quam pecunia . ambrose de sa●ramentis . lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . a. h quale est● illas manus quas ad dominum extuleris , postmodo laudando histrionem fatigare ? tertul. de spectac . cap. . i psa. . . pet. . , . i●r . . . * dan . . mat. . . cor. . , . iude . . k cor. . . rom. . . qua● tremendus est ille dies iudicii in q●●● dominus nosier iesus christus proposuit venire cum flamma ignis quae consumptura est aduersarios suos , & eos qui faciunt iniquitatem ? &c. ambrose . sermo . . l mat. . . m cor. . reuel . . . qui vult ga●dere cum soeculo , non possit regnare cum christ● . ambrose . sermo . . n rom. . , , . cor. . , . luke . . o prou. . chap. . . matth. . . p acts . . christiani a christo nomen acceperunt , & opera precium est vt sicut sunt haeredes nominis ita sint imitatores sancti●atis . bernardi . sententi● . col. . l. q esse christianum grande est , non videri . hierom. tom. . epist. . cap. . tunc vera est dei gratia si hoc rebus exhibeat , quod verbis sonat . august . contr. iulianum . lib. . cap. . r acts. . . cor. . , . pet. . . s rom. ● . . iames. . . galat . . t thes. . . tim. . . u cor. . . chap. . . ephes. . . x ephes. . . hebr. . . y non agamus similem infidelibus vitam , sed a quibus fide discernimur , ab ●orum studiis etiam & moribus diuidamur . declarat fidem tuam qu●tidian● actio tua : confirmet tuam ad christum charitatem , euidens a carnalibus concupiscentiis discessio t●● . chrys. de militia christ. hom. tom. . col. . a. see my healthes , sickenesse . pag. . . . edit . z inisti pactum cum aduersario tuo , di●ens e● ; renuncio ti●i , diabole , & saculo tuo , & pompae tuae , & operibus tuis : serua f●d●● quod pepigisti , &c. hierom. epist. . cap. . tom. . pag. . a ephes . . iames . peter . . b iohn . . c rom. . , . colos. . , . ephes. ● . , . d iohn . . e iames . . f iames . . iohn . . g ioh● . . seculum dei est , secularia autem diaboli . tertul. de spectac●lis lib. h matth. . . luke . . iames . . i plus placent mundo qui christo displic●nt● hierom. epist . cap. . k ludi omnes originem de idololatria sumpserunt . tertul. de sp●ctac . cap. . to . idololatria ludorum omnium mater . cyprian de spectaculis . l see cicero . de arusp. respons . orat. see act. . & tertul. de spectaculis . cap. . to . & pag. . accordingly . m luke . , . iohn . . n ludi scenici animorum pestilentia . august de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap . quippe nec i●a deûm tantum , nec tela , nec hostes ; quantum sola nocet animis illapsa voluptas . silius italicus . lib. . pag. . o idolorum nec minus templa , quam monument● des●u●mus : quia non possumus coenam dei edere , & coenam daemoniorum . tertul. de spectac lib. pag. , . p iohn . . . q cor. . . apostolus inclamat : fugite idololatriam : omnem vtique & totam . ter●ul . de corona militis . cap. . r principale crimen generis humani , summ●● seculi reatus , tota causa ●udicii , idololatria . tertul. de idololatria . lib. cap. . s ludiquibus floralibus & megalensibus nomen est , caeterique omnes al●● sacros esse voluistis , & religionum inter officia , & res diuinas deputari . arnobius aduers . gentes . lib. . pag. . august . de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. . , . lib. cap. . t tertul. de spectac . lib. cap. . to . & , . c●prian de specta● lib. lactantius de v●ro cultu . cap. see pag. , , . u phil. . . iames . , . iudicium dei prae sortbus est . chrys. kalendis oratio . tom. . col. . c. x thes. . . cor. . . y semper ●u●a illa terribili● v●stris perstrepet auribus : surg●te mortui , venite ad iudicium . hierom. de regula monach. cap. . tom. . pag. . d. chrys. hom. . ad pop. antioch . z rom. . . . a acts . . cor. . , . haud est nocen● , qu●cunque non est sponte nocens . seneca . h●r . ul . o●tius . act. . fol. . b august● de ciu dei. lib. . cap. . arnob. aduers . g●ntes . lib. ● see pag. , , . c pomp● , pompa ludorum : pompa sacrorum : de●rum pompa . dionys. hallicarnas . antiq rom. lib. . cap. . minutius felix . octauius pag. . cicero . epist. ad atti● . lib. . e●ist . . . circus ●rit pompa celeber , numeroque d●orum● ouid. fastorum● lib. . pag. . godwin roman antiq. lib. . sect. . cap. . pag. . d quomod , renunciauimus diabolo & angelis eius , si eos facimus ? quod repudium diximus his , non dico cum quibus , sed de quibus viuimus ? quam discordiam suscipimus in eos , quibus exhibitionis nostrae gratia obliga●i sumus ? potes lingua neg●sse , quod manu c●nfiteris ? verbo distruere , quod facto struis ? deum vnum praedicare qui tantos ●fficis ? deum verum praedicare qui falsos facis ? negas te quod facis colere ? tertul. de idololatria lib. tom. . pag. . e qui christiani nominis opus non agit , christianus non esse videatur . saluian de g●b . dei. lib. . pag. ● f quid ergo illi cum terra qui possidet coelum ? quid illi cum ●umanis , qui adeptus est iam diuina ? chrysologus . sermo . . nunquam humana opera admirabitur , quisquis se cognouerit filium dei. cyprian . de spectaculis . g se iudice nemo nocens absoluitur . iuuenal● satyr . . pag. . quod quisque fecit , patitur : autorem scelus repeti● , suoque premitur exemplo nocens . seneca . hercules furens . act. . fol. . ( b ) h sunt vero nonnulli qui aeterna quae audiunt veraciter credunt , & tamen eidem quam tenent fidei mor●●us contradicunt . greg. magn. moral . lib. . cap. . i rom. . . k nonnulli etiam ●unc christiani ●sse non appetunt , sed videri . gregor . mag. moral . lib. ● . cap. . l see pag. . ( z ) in die baptismatis omnibus ●os antiqui hostis operibus , a●que omnibus pompis cius renunciare promisinius . itaque vnusquisque ad considerationem suae mentis oculo● reduca● ; & sic seruat post baptismum , quod ante baptismum spo● spondi● , per praesentem abrenuntiationem expulsus est prior hospes ; per confessionem creduli●atis , intr●e●t secundus . amalarius fortunatus . de ecclesiast . offic. lib. . cap. . m see act. . scene . , , , . n atque hin● vel maxime intelligunt factum christianum de repudio spectaculorum . neg●t itaque manifeste qui per quod agnoscitur ●ollit . tertul. de spectaculis . cap. . see pag. . ( p ) ( q ) o nonne eieramus & rescindimus signaculum , rescindendo testationem eius ? tertul. d● spectaculis . cap. . see pag. , , . p multi sunt qui faciunt eleemosynas & tamen peccare non cessant . isti quasi sua offerunt deo , & seips●s diabolo . ambrose . serm. . see pag. , . the stile and subiect matt●r of stage-playes , is vnlaw●ull , therefore the play●s thems●lues . q ad malum malae res plunimae se agglutinant . plauti . aulularia . act. . pag. r necesse est vt initia & exitus inter se congruant . seneca . epist. . s has ob res non chachinnis diffluere sedentes , sed lachrymis gemere ac doler● oportet . chrys. hom. ● . in mat. religiosa tristitia , aut aliorum luget peccatum , aut proprium : be●ti quorum l●ctus in haec inte●tione versatur . bernardi . serm. in f●sto . mar. magd. col. . h. see de modo bene viuendi . lib. col. . the stile , and subiect matter of stage-playes , is amorous , and obscene : therefore the playes th●mselues vnlawfull . t see clemens alexandrinus . paedag. lib. . cap. , , . b b. babington . mr. perkins . mr. dod. mr. elton . mr. caluin . and others on the seauenth commandement . accordingly . u psal. . . x colo● . . . y ephes. . , . cap. . . . see ambrose , hierome , primasius , theodoret , chrysostome , and theophylact , on ephes. . . . accordingly . z apud christianos enim s●l●●cismus est magnus , est vitium , turpe aliquid vel narrare , vel facere . hierom. aduers heluidium cap. . tom. . pag. . * rom. . . ephes. . . thes. . . hebr. . . a cor. . . cap . . cor. . . tim. . . reu. . . b cor. . c isay . . d isay ● . . cor. . . e nihil aliud nouerit linguae nisi christum : nihil posset sonare nisi quod sanctum est . hierom. epist. . cap. ● . f le●it● . . cap. . . p●t . . g luke . . acts. . . h psal. . . pet. . . reuel . . . i iames . . k rom. . . tim. . . pet. . . l cor. . . heb. . . m iude . n ephes. . . hebr. . . peter . . o reu . . . p thes. . hebr. . . q pet. . . peter . . r turpil●quium iure vocatur quae de vitiosis factis habeturoratio ; cuiusmodi est , si de adulterio , vel de puerorum amore disseratur , &c. clemens alex. paedag. lib. . cap. . see chrys hom. . in ephes. . hierome , ambrose , theodoret , primasius , theophylact , and haymo , in ephes. . , . accordingly , where they together with saint augustine . de rect. cathol . conu●rsationis . tom. . part . . pag. . and saint bernard . de pass . domini . tract . cap. . condemne scurrilitie , and iesting . s exprimunt adulterum ●ouem non tam reg●o suo quam vitiis praepotentem . cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . donato . t non in facta modo , sed etiam in voces petulantiores publice romae vindicatum est . noct. att. lib. . cap. . u plutarchi , romulus . opme●rus . chronogr . pag. . dionys. hal. antiq. rom. lib. . sect. . x non pulchrum est dicere ea qua factu turpia sunt . oedip. tyr. pag. . theodoret , chrysostome , primasius , and theophylact , in ephes. . , . accordingly . y non erubescis ; ait , ex eburnea vaegina plumbeum educens gladium . diog. laert. lib. . diog. pag. . z vbi●unque videris orationem corruptam , ibi quoque mores a recto desciuisse non erit dubium . epist. . magna mala habitant in illa anima quae verba vsurpat malae & faceta . chrys. hom. . in ephes. . a mat. . . luke . . cor. . . b rhetor. lib. . cap. . pag. . al●aei . carm. apud p●nda●um . pag. . c valerius max● lib. . cap. . ●ect . . d nil dictu faedum visuque haec limina tangat intra quae puer est : procul hinc , procul inde puellae lenonum , & cantus pernoctantis parasiti . maxima debetur pueris reuerentia . iuuenal . satyr . . pag. . e obscaenus s●rmo & scurrilitas vehiculum scortationis : ne dixeris vrbana , scurrilia , nec turpia , nec feceris , & flamniam cupiditatis extingues . chrysostome . hom. . in ephes. . & theophylact. ib. f comicae fabulae de stupris virginum loquuntur & am●ribus meretricum . lactantius , de vero cultu . cap. . g bibliotheca patrum . coloniae agrip. . tom. . pag. . . h ib. pag. . g. h. i quod enim turpe factum non ostenditur in theatris ? quod autem verbum impudens non proferunt qui risum mouent scurr● & histriones ? ib. k sed ad scenae inuerecundos ad sales iam transitum faciam ; pudet referre quae dicuntur , pudet etiam accusare quae fiunt . agentium strophas , a●ulterorum fallacias , mulierum impudicitias , scurriles ioc●s , parisitos sordidos , ipso● quoque patres familias regale● , modo stupido● , modo obscaenos , modo stotidos , certis nominibus iuuerem . ib. l quin scena ? num sanctior ? in qua comoedia de stupris & amoribus ; tra●adia de incest●● & parricidiis , fabulatur . ib. m cuncta enim simpliciter quae ibi fiunt turpissim● sunt : verba , vestitus , tonsura , incessus , voces , cantus , modulationes , oculorum euersiones , motus , tibiae , fistulae , & ipsa fabularum argumenta , omnia ( inquam ) turpi lasciu●● plena sunt : quae aures mentis solent magis quam quauis sordes obst●uere : vel potiu● non obstruunt tantum , sed etiam impurum faciunt , & immundum . chrys ib. n solae theatrorum impuritates tales sunt quae honeste non possunt vel accusari . ib. p. . o bibliotheca patrum . tom. . p. . . d. . c. p comoedia & tragadiae incestis gloria●tur , quas vos libenter legitis & auditis . minucius felix octa. pag. . q nonne erg● fugies sedilia hostium christi ; illam cathedram pestilentiariam , ipsumque aerem quae desuper incuba● scelestis vocibus constupratum . tertul. de spectac . c . r ludi scaenici spectacula turpitudinum , & licentia vanitatum : per●etuus morbus animarum ; malae cupiditatis inductio , adulteri● meditatio , tur●itudinis exhortatio . august . de ciu. dei. l. . c. . l● . c. . . orosius hist. l. c. . chrys. hom. . ad pop. antiochiae & hom. . in act. s sacrarium veneris : templum & ecclesia diaboli : arx omnium turpitudinum : consistorium impudicitiae : cathedra pest●lentiaria : sedilia hostium christi . tertul de spectac . c. . . ● . cathe●ra pesti●entiarum . clem. alex● paedag. l. . c. . pudoris pu●lici ●upa●arium , & obscaeni●atis magisterium . cypr. de spectac l●b . communis & publica offic●●a sce●erum . basil. hexaem . hom. . fornicationis g●mnasium ; ●ntemperantiae schola . chrys hom. . ad . pop. an●io●hiae & hom. . in act. lasciua faeditatis & impuritatis omnis officina . nazianz ad seluchum de recta educatione . p. . loca & habitacula turpitudinum . salu. de gub. dei l. . p. . cauiae iurpitudinum . august . de cons●nsu euang. l. . c. . animarum labes & pestis : probitatis & honestatis e●ersio . august de ciu. dei l. . c . vere fugalia , sed pudoris & honestatis . ib. lib. . cap. . see act. . scene . , , . t quoted by augustine . de ciuitate d●i . lib. . cap. . u see ludou . vi●es . de caus. corrupt . artium . lib . inde ioci veteres , obscaenaque verba canuntur : ne● res h●c veneri gratior vlla fuit . ouid. fastorum . lib. . pag. . x see act. . scene . . y vitiorum semina s●nt , s●●lerum pabula , mortis iter . ioannes salisburiensis . de nugis c●rialium . p●oce . see master bolton discourse of true happinesse . p ● . z theatra rectè defini●e poss●mus● turpitudinis vitiorum que omnium sentinam ac scholam . bodinus de republi●a . lib. . cap. . s●e gualther hom. . in● nahum . . accordingly . a talia sunt quae illic tiunt , vt ea non solum dicere , sed etiam recordari aliquis sine pollutione non possit : in theatris , & concupiscentiis animus , & auditu aures , & aspectu oculi polluuntur . quae quidem omnia tam flagitiosa sunt , vt etiam explicare ea quispiam aut eloqui saluo pudore non valeat . sal. de gub. dei. l . p. , . mel meum , lumen meum , meum desiderium , omnes delicias & lepores , & visis dignas vrbaenitates , & caeteras ineptias amatorum , in comoediis erubescimus , in saeculi hominibus detestamur : quanto magis in clericis , & in sanctis viris . hierom. epist. . cap. . b scurrilitas atque lasciuia te praesente non habeant locum . nunquam verbum inhonestum audias : aut , si audieris , ne inesceris . hierom. epist. . cap. . c in his amorum : de arte amandi : pulex , &c. * ego amplius dico : non solum agi nunc illas ludicrorum infamium labes quae prius acta sunt ; sed criminosius multo agi quam prius actae sunt . saluian . de gub. dei. lib. . pag. . d vocis dulcedines per aurem animam vulnerant ; quae quanto licentius adeunt , tanto difficilius euitantur . hierom. epist. . cap. . e see cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . august . de ciuit. dei. lib. . cap. . to , , , . arnobius aduers . gentes . lib. . accordingly . see here scene . . f ephes. . , . g of which see act. . h pet. . , . ezech . . psalm . . . . see chrysost. hom . in matth. cyprian de spectaculis . lib. saluian . lib. . de guber . dei. nonnullae prudentiores , ( speaking of pagans , ) auertebant faciem ab impuris motibus foenicorum , & artem flagitii videre erubescentes , furtiua intentione discebant . august . de ciu dei. lib. . cap. . and should not christians much more blush to see them ? i si proferas verbum spurcum , & christiano ore indignum , non hominem contristasti sed spiritum dei , à quo beneficium accepisti ; à quo sanctificatum est os tuum . non pudet igitur nos illum contristare ? signatum est os tuum a spiritu , vt nihil indignum ipso loquaris : ne dissoluas igitur sigillum . theophylact. in ephes. . . k see seneca . he●●ul . furens . & medea . l archil●c●um proprio rabies ●rmauit ●ambo● hor. de arte po●t lib. m see act. . scene . . argument . . the stile , and subiect matter of stage plaies is bloody , and tyrannicall : therefore ●uil and vnlawfull vnto christians n chrys● hom . in matth. lact. l. c. . cypr. & tert. de spectac . polyd. virg. de inuent . r●rum l. . c. . mr. northbrookes treatise against vaine playes , and ente●ludes . f. . . mr. stubs anat●mie of abus●s . p. ● , , mr. gossons play●s confuted . act. , . seneca . epist . read sophocl●s , euripides , and seneca his tragedies , with all our moderne tragedies , which confirme it . o ephes. . ● . . genes . . , . cap. . . . iames . , , . psalm . . . psalm . . , . psalm . . . psalm . . . psalm . . . psalm . . . prou. . cap. . . cap. . . actes . . rom. . , , . tim. . . . p ephes. . . psalm . . . actes . . psalm . . . psalm . . . psalm . . . prou. . . cap. . . rom. . , , . galat. . . rom. . . colos. . . cap. . . q i●mes . . , , , . galat . , . rom. . , , . r gen. . . . peter . . prou. . . s prou. . . equus est vociferatio , ascensor autem ira , impedi equum , & subuertisti as●ensorem . theophylact enar. in ephes. . . t ephes. , , . marke . . cor. . . cor. . , . ephes. . . galat. . . phil. . . col. . , , , . u rom. . . cap. . . cor. . . phil. . . thes. . . thes. . . heb. . . x isay . . heb. . . y ephes. . z eph. . . a luke . . cap. . . act. . . b rom. . heb. . . pet. . . b luke . . rom. . . c cor. . . d cor. . . tim . . tim. . . e psal. . . pet. . . f luxuriosior redeo , immo vero crudelior & in humanior , quiae inter homines in spectaculis fui . seneca . epist. . vid. ib. g act. . scene . . h aduers . haereses lib . cap. . pag. . i de spectaculis . lib. k epist. lib. . epist. . l pro christianis lagatio . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . m contr. autolicum . lib. . ib. pag . g. h. n o●atio . contra. graecos . ib. pag. . c. d. o de vero cult . cap. . diuinarum instit. epit cap . p oratio . . & de recta educatione ad selcucum . pag. , q compend . de doctr. & fide eccles. catholic . pag. . r hom. . in matth. & hom. . in roman●s . s de ciuitat . dei. lib . cap. . lib. . cap. . * octa●ius . pag. ● , . t de gubernat . dei. lib. . u plutarch . laconica instituta . x de republica . lib. . y epist. . z see ioannes mariana de specta●ulis . lib. lipsius de gladiatoribus , agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . peter mar●yr locorum commun● classis . . cap. , sect. , , . a eusebius de vita constantini . lib. . cap. . zozeman . historiae . eccles. lib. . cap. . nicephorus calist. eccles. hist. lib. . cap. . eutropius rerum . rom hist. lib. . pag. . b zonaras annal. tom. . imperium neruae . fol. . col. a. c eutropius r●rum . rom lib. . arcadius & honorius . pag. . see doctor hackwells apologie . lib. . cap. . sect. . cap. . . d exprimunt impudicam venerem , adulterum martem , louem illum suum , non magis regno quam vitiis prin●ipem , in terr●nos amores cum ipsis suis fulminibus ardentem , &c. cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . the stile , and subiect matter of stage-playes , is heathenish , and prophane : therefore vnlawfull . e experientia mortalium index . pindarus . ode . . pag. . quam multa homines experientia docet . sophocles aiax flagellatus . num. . pag. . f o impietatem ! scenam coelum fecistis , & deus vobis factus est actus : & quod sanctum est , daemoniorum personis ludificati estis , verum dei cultum ac religionem , d●monum superstitione , libidinose , & obscaene inquinantes . canunt furtiuum pulchrae venerisque & martis amorem , &c. clemens alexand. oratio . exhortat● ad gentes . fol. . e. f. see augustine de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. , , , , ● . g immundissimi spiritus , mal●gnissimi & fallacissi●i damones , vsque adeo aut veris , aut fictis , etiam suis tamen crimini●us delectantur , quae sibi celebrari per sua festa voluerunt , vt a perpetrandis damnabili●us factis humana reuocari non possi● infirmitas , dum ad haec imitanda velut diuina praebetur autoritas . aug. de ciu. dei. l. . c. . sec l. . cap. . . . accordingly . h exod. . . iosh. . . i deut . . iudges . . k ●sal . . . l zech. . m hosea . . n ad mortem vsque contendunt christiani ne iouem deum appellent : neue hunc ipsum alia li●gua denominent . christiani ea sunt erga deum reuerentia & pi●tate , vt nil prorsus nominum quae poetarum fictionibus compraehenduntur rerum omnium conditori accommodent● origen contr. celsum . lib. . tom. . fol. . ● . o etiam ne habet hic aliquid numinis cuius plura munerantur adulteria quam partus ? viderimus an maeximus , certe optimus non est . lactan●i●s de falsa relig lib. . cap. . & . ath●nasius contra gentil ● lib. p absit vt de ●re christiano sonet , iupiter omnipotens , & me hercule , me castor , & caetera magis portenta quam numina . epist. . damaso tom. . pag. . q christianus fidelis non carmen ethnicum , neque cantilenam meritriciam canere debet , quoniam continget eum in cantione daemoniacorum nominum idolorum mentionem facere , & in locum spiritus sancti inuadet in eum spiritus malu● . constitut. apostol . lib. . cap. . r de lege●dis libris gentilium-oratio . s ad seleucum de recta educatione . pag. . t haec omnia tanquam malorum geniorum doctrinas , tum risu , tum lachrymis dignas , imo tanquam laqueos & decipula● auersaere . ib. * de recti●ud . cathol . conuersationis tract . tom. . pars . . pag. . x epist. lib. . epist. . y distinctio . . cap. cum multa . z non enim thura solum ●fferendo daemonibus immolatur , sed etiam eorum dicta libenti●● capiendo . isiodor , & gratian. ib. a quo diserte cauetur , ne admittant sigmenta fabularum de deor●m connubiis & natalibus , & qui hinc oriuntur variis casibr●s . de decalogo . lib. pag. . b origen contr. celsum lib. . fol. . i. tertullian de idololatria . lib cap. . to . c deut. . . psal. . . cor. . . august . de ci● . dei. lib. . cap. . to . d clemens alexand. orat : exhort . ad gentes . tertullian apologia . arnobius aduers . gentes . cyrian de idol●rum vanitate . lactantius de falsa religione cap. . to . e cor. . . isay . . . f qu●d●m plus meditari delectantur gentilium dicta propter t●mentem & ornatum sermo●em , quam scripturam sanctam propter eloquium humile . sed quid predest in mundanis doctrinis proficere , inanescere in diuinis : cadu●a sequi figmenta , & caelestia fas●idire mysteria ? cauendi sunt igitur tales libri , & propter amorem sanctarum scripturarum vitandi . isiodor hispalensis de summo bono lib . cap. . g prou. . . psal. . . psal. . , . h isay . , . exod. . . psalm . . deutr. . . iosh. . . hosea . . zech. . zeph. . , . i see august . de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. . , , . lib. . cap. . k isay . . exod. . . deutr. . . . l minuc●us felix octauns . pag. , . iustin martyr oratio . . pro christianis . clemens alexandr . oratio . exhort . ad gentes , & stromatum . lib. . . tertullian apolog . aduers . gentes . tatianus oratio aduers . graecos arnobius . lib. . aduers . gentes . cyprian de idolorum vanitate . lactantius de falsa religione , & de origine erroris . lib. epiphanius aduers . haereses . lib. . tom. . haeres . . athanasius contra. gentiles . lib. . eusebius de praeparatione euangelij . lib. . cap. . basil de legendis lib●is gentisium oratio . nazianzen oratio . . chrysostome . hom. . in roman . augustine de ciuit. dei. lib. . & . theodoret de principijs . lib. . de angelis , dijs , ac daemonibus malis . lib. . contra. graecos infideles . lib. . ludoui●us viues de causis corrupt . a●tium lib. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . & cicero de natura deorum . lib. . accordingly . m see pag . deut. . . cap. . . iohn . . cor. . . ● . n see psa. . . , , . ● , , ● iere. . . cap. . . cap. . . to . cap. . . hosea . . o iohn . . peter . . isay . cap. . . p iohn . . cor . . . q ps . . isay . . ezech. . . . . . . . hosea ● . . ca●r . . ierem. . . r iosh. . . to . iudg●● . , , , , . s genes . . . deut. . . . cap. . . iosh. . . sam. . sam. . . isay . . ierem. . . cap. . . marke . . reuel . . . t iosh. . . ierem. . . cap. . . amos . . zeph. . zech. . . hosea ● . u matth. . , , . cap. . . to . iames . . x psalm . . . psalm . . . psalm . . . ierem. . . . dan. . . isay . , ● y isay . , . z colos. . reuel . . . cap. . . isay . . a see clemens romanus constit. apost lib. . cap. . * absit vt de ore christiano sonet iupiter omnipotens , & me h●rcule , me c●stor , &c. hi●rom . epist. . b exod. . . psal. . . c prohibitum est iurare ●er idola , & in ore habere illorum abominabilia nomin● , vel ea colere vel ●imere velu●i d●os : non enim d●● sunt sed improbi demones , & ridicula opera . clemens romanus constit apost . lib. . cap. . d eos qui gentilium iuramenta iurant canon poenis subi●●it : & nos iis quoque segregationem discernimus . surius concil . tom. . pag. . e origen contra. celsu● . lib . isiodor hispa●ensis . de summo bono . lib. . c. clem. rom. constit apost . l● . c. . f ier. . . rom. . , . g si quis ●orum qui dicuntur apud illos di● , actus inspiciat , eos non modo deos non esse , verum homines n●quissimo , turpissimosque fuisse comper et . omnibus post hac futuris certum ●●●ere argumentum liceat , eos non esse deos , qui huiusmodi patrassent s●●lera . athanasius contr gent. ●●s . p , . . h exo . , , . and all exp●si●ors , and commentators on it . i haereticorum benedictiones , sunt maledictiones potius , quam benedictiones . c●ncil . laodicenum . can. . k de idolo●a●ria . lib. cap. to . l isiodor hisp●lensis de summo bono . lib . cap. . gregori . mag. epist. lib. . epist● . gratian distinctio . . m idololatri● perimpium & grauissimum delictum est . ambr. com. in rom. . tom. . pag. . e. n matth. . , . ephes. . o exod. . . leuit. . . deut. ● . . p deut. . . kings . . psal. . isay . . cap. . ier●m . . . cap. . . . cap. . . cap. . . q mat. . , iames . . r exod . with all expositors on the third commandement . s i●rem . . . clem. rom. constit. apost . lib. . cap. ●● . t see p. . . u see chrys. hom. de dauide & saule . hom. de verbis isay●● vidi dominum sedentem ho● . in matth. salu●an li● . de gubernat dei. see pag. . accordingly . x eph●s . col . ● . y ephes. . . psal . . z plautus sumebatur in manus : si quando in memet ipsum reuersus , prophetas legere capissem , se●me horrebat incultus , &c hierom epist● . cap. . a nulli peccatori deest impudens praetextus . chrysost hom in psal. . tom. . col. . c. excus● . answ. . b athanasius contr. gentiles . lib. pag. . , ● . arnobius . lib. , . & . contr. gentes . clemens alex. orat. exhort . ad gentes , & strom. lib. . & . tatianus orat. aduers . grae●os . aug. lib. . de ●iuit . dei. cap. . to . . to . ludouicus viues de causis corrupt . artium . lib. . pag. . to . agrippa d● vani●ate s●ient . cap. . lactantius de falsa relig. cap. , . c see pag. . d nos qui christiani catholici esse dicimur , si simile aliquid barbarorum impuritatibus facimus , grauius erramus . atrocius ex●● sub sancti nominis professione peccamus . salu. de gub. dei. lib. . pag. ● . e exod. . . f isay . . to . exod. . . g iosh. . . h deut. . . i nihil ad deum pertinens leue est ducendum : quia quod videtur exiguum esse culpa , grande hoc facit de●ixitatis iniuria . salu. de gub. dei. lib. . k nulla est neces●itas delinquendi qui●us vna est necessitas non delinquendi . te●tul . de corona militis . cap. . l prou. . . chap. . . m et hoc deum maxime irritat quando con●ultò , & praemeditatò , & dedita opera ab improbis mala fiun● . chrys. hom. in psal. . tom. . col. . b. n neque enim peccantes it a aduersatur deu● , quam eos qui post peccata securi sunt . c●rysost . hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . . gra●ius est peccatum diligere quam perpetrare . gregorie magnus mor. lib. . cap. . o prou. . . cap. . . stul●us per ri●um operatur scelus . salu. de gub. dei. pag. . p pro. . , q ephes. ● . . cor. . . galat. . . r ludere in iis rebus in quibus non ●st ●udendum , inscitia e●t . pachymerius . histor. lib. . s see pag. . t his , atque huiusmodi figmentis , & mendaciis dulcioribus corrumpunt ingenia puerorum : & in eisdem fabulis ●nhae rentibus , adusque summa atatis robur adol●scunt ; & in eisdem opinioni●us miseri consenescunt : cum sit veritas ●buia , sed requirentibus . mi●ucius felix . oct●u . pag. . u exod. . . leuit. . . deut. . . see ca●uin . instit. lib . cap. . s●ct . . x vanum enim dicitur quod non ha●et bonum finem : quod ad nihil est vtile . chrys. hom. . in ephes. . y auerte ocu●los a l●d●●um , & theatrorum spectaculis , auerte ab omni secular● . pompa : vanita● est illa quam cernis . pantomimum aspicis , vanitas est . luctatores aspicis , vanitas est , &c ambrose enarrat in p●al . . octon . t●m . . pag● . f. g. z basil de legendis libris gentilium . oratio . nazianz●n ad sel●u●hum . pag. ● . isiodor pelusiora epist● lib. . e●ist . . a ezech. . , ● . galat . b ioshua ● . . exod. ● . psalm . . . i●rem . . d●ut . . . c isay . , . , d tim. . . reuel . . . non peccatum in a●iis sentiendo , sed ei consentiendo peccamus . prosper aquit● de vita conte●pl lib. . ●ap . . e rom. . . , . f quid ergo ais , simulatio est illa , non cri●en ? et ●ropterea mille illi mortibus digni sun● , quoniam quae f●gere c●nct●s prorsus imperant leges , ea i●i ●aud verentur imitari . si eni● ad●lterium malum est , malum est sine dub●o & eius imitatio . chrysostom . hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . c. g eccles. . cor . . h qui gregem suum pascendum vicario relinquit , in caelum i●●t for●asse per vicarium , in gehennam per seipsum . see aquisgran . concil . sub. ludou . pio. cap● . to . i prou. . cap. . . iude . rom. . . . rom. . . k diabolicam hanc c●nfoues officinam . hom. . in mat. tom. . col. . b. l thes. . . iude . col . . cor. . . m exod. . ● leuit. . deut. . . psal. . n exod . sir thomas eliot o● the governor book . . chap. . see here act. . . . and page accordingly . o iosephus antiqu . i●d●orum l. . c. . philo i●d●eus de decalogo l. pag. . tertullian de idololatria lib. augustin● , calvin , bishop babington , b. andrewes , m. perkins , m. dod● master downham , m. el●●n , doct. williams . with all oth●r anci●nt and moderne expositors , both protestants and papists on the command●ment , and on exod. . levit. . and deut. ● . p miramini nolim vos , qua propter nunc iupiter histriones curet . ne miremini , ipse hanc da●urus est iupiter comaediam . quid admirati estis ? quasi vero novom nunc proferatur iovem facere histrioniam , &c. hanc fabulam , inquam , hic iupiter hod●e ipse agit , & ego una cum ●o &c. operae praetium hic spectantibus iovem & mercurium face●e histrioniam . plauti amphitiuo , pr●logus . q nihil dandum idolo , sic nihil sumendum ab idolo si in idolio recumbere alienum est a ●ide , quid in idolihabitu videri ? quae communio christi & ●eliae ? ioannes , filioli , inquit , custodite vos ab idolis : non iam ab idolo atria quasi ab officio ; sed ab idoli● , id est , ab effigi● eorum . indignum enim est vt imago dei viui , imago idoli & mortui fiat . de corona militis lib. cap. . r in cap. . isa●ae tom . . operum p. . s qui se daemone correptos esse simulant , & mo●um improhitate eorum figuram & habitum simulatè prae se ferunt , visum est , omni modò puniri , & eiusmodi afflictionibus laboribusque subiici cos opor●ere , quibus ii qui verè a d●mone correpti sunt . vt a daemonis operatione liberentur , iure subiiciantur . concilium constantino p. . in trullo ca● s●●●aenon . . accordingly . t exod. . . leuit. . . deut. . . , . c. . . c. . . psal. ● . . v gen. . , . cap. . l. c. . . x ephes. . . . col. . . y see cyprian . epist. lib. ● . epist. ● . donato . august . de ciu. deil. ● cap. . to . . lib. . cap. ● l● . c. . ● . . . z nih●l . turpe ac flagitiosum spectandum i●itandumque proponitur , ubi veri dei aut praecepta insinuantur , aut miracula narrantur , aut beneficia postulantur , august . d● ciu. dei lib. . cap . a psal. . . b hilarie ambrose , augustine , chrysostome , bruno and others , in psal . he. see p. . c psal. . . psal. . . . nihil aspectu gratum sit , nisi quod pi● , quod iuste fieri videas : nihil auditu suaue , nisi quod alit animam , melioremque ●● reddit . lactantlus de vero caelii● lib. . cap. . d see august . de ciu . dei. lib. . cap. . to . . lib. . c. . . . and lib. . c. , , , , , and . accordingly . e eccles . . sam. . . thess. . . iude . quid inter haec christianus fidelis facit cui vitia non licet cogitare ? cyprian de spectac . lib. f isay . . vanus enim sermo cito polluit mentem , & facilè agitur quod libenter auditur . bernard . de i●t●riori domo cap. . g isay . . rom. . ● . h quis talia fando temperet a lachrymis ? virgil aeneid . lib. ● . see chrysost. hom. . in mat. nazienzen ad se●●ucum pag. . accordingly . i psal. . . k phil . . hebr. . . cap . . . l deinde quale illud est , vt cum in platea nudam foeminam nolis aspicere , imò neque domi quidem , sed s● id ●tiam fortè contingat in iniuriam tui factum putescum verò ascendis the●trum vt violes vtriusque sexus pudorem , obtutusque proprios pariter incestes nihil ●●bi inhonestum credat accidere ? si enim nihil in tali re esse opinaris obscaenum , qua gratia cum id ipsum in plate● videas a ●xpto re●ilis incessu , & inverecundiam severius exagitas ? nisi fortè credis candem rem non similiter esse turpem cum seperati simus , & quum congregati omnes vna sedemus . chrysostom . hom. ● . in matth. tom . . ●ol . . c. d. m si quid horum quibus circus furit aliubi competit sanctis , etiam in circo licebit . si verò nusquam ideo nec in circo . nusquam & nunquam licet , quod semper & vbique non licet . tertul. de spectac . l. c. . , . n pet. . . . see beda and oecumemus ibidem . o instructuosum putamus gaudium simplex , ne● delectat ridere sine crimine , sal●ian de gub. dei lib. . p● . p quam tu ergo satisfactionem parabis responde quaeso , qui ea quae nominari fa● non e●t summo studio spectas : quae etiam memorare ●urpe est , ea cunctis honestis artibus sanctisque praeponis ? chrysost● hom. . in mat. tom . . col. . b. q converte hinc vultus ad divers spectaculi non minus paen●tenda contagia : in theatris quoqu● conspicies , quod & dolori tibi sit & pudori , aspicias ab impudicis geri , quod nec aspicere possit fronspudica : videas , quod crimen sit & videre , &c. cyprian . epist. lib. . ep. . donat● . r qui●●nim integro ve●ecundiae statu dicere que at illas rerum turpium imitationes , illas uocum & verborum obscaenitates , illas motuum turpitudines , ●llas gestuum ●●ditates ? quae quanti ●int criminis hinc intelligi potest , quod & relationem sui interdicunt ; saluian de guber . dei. lib. . p. ● . s quamvis animus meminisse horret ; luctuque refugit . virgil. aeneid . lib. . t see minucius felix octavitis : arnobius adu : gentes : lib. . lactantius de vero cultu cap. . cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . & august . de civit. dei l . c. . , , , . lib. . c. . , , lib. ● . c. , . & salvian de gub. dei lib. . accordingly . u august . de civ . dei. lib. . c. , , . chrysost. hom . . & . in matth. cyprian epist. lib. . epist. tatianus oratio advers . graecos nazianzen . ad seleucum , p. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum , cap. . , . and the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , p. . and to . prove and stile them such . x nihil potest confing● vitiorum quod non in thea●●●● repertatur . august . de civit. dei● lib. . c. . y for which you may read● , clemens alexandr● oratio adhort ad gentes , tertullian . apolog. advers . gentes , ●a●●anus oratio adver● . gr●ecos . minucius felix octavius , arnobius advers . g●ntes lib. . cyprian epise● lib. . epist. . lactantius de falsa religione , lib. . cap. . to● . de vero cul●u . p. . c● ●● athana●us contr. gentes lib. augustine l●b . , , , , and , de civi . dei. na●ales ●omes , diodorus siculus , livie , ouid , he●iod , homer , macrobi●●● pl●tarch , alexander ab alexandro , varro and other● z talia sunt quae in theatris frunt , vt ea non s●lum dicere , sed etiam recordari aliquis sin● pollutione non possit . quae quidem omnia tam flagitiosa sunt , vt etiam expli●are ea atque elo qui quis●iam sal●o pud●re non valeat . saluian , de gub● deil● . p. . . seo ● before . a see d. hackwel● apology , lib. . c. . sect . . . b cothurnus est tragicus priscafacinora carmine recensere , de parracidis & incestis horror antiquus , expressa ad imaginem veritatis actione replicatur , ne soeculis transeuntibus exolescat quod aliquando factum est . nunquam aeui senio delicta moriuntur ; nunquam crimen tempo : ibus obruitur , nunquam seelus oblivione sepelitur , exe● pla fiunt quae iam esse facinora destiterunt . quae ●tiam aetas absconderat , sub o●ulorum memoriam reducuntur . non est libidini satis malissuis vti presentibus , nisi suum de s●●ctaculis faciat , in quo etiam a●tas superior e●rav●ra● . cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . l. de spectac . lib. c pereant ista vnd● vitiorum memoria menti renovatur . tatianu● oratio advers . graecos bibl. pastrum t●m . . p. . d. d erubescunt videri et●am qui pudorem vendiderunt . at istud publicum nostrum omnibus videntibus geritur , &c. cyprian . de spectaculis lib. see chrysostome , homil. , , and . in matth. e iob . . iohn . . psal. . . . f psal. . . to . . prov. . . ier. . . c. ● . prov. . . iob . . c. . . heb. . . g rom. . . . cor. . . . h hab. . . nos quomodo haec facimus qui odisse deum nostrum haec certi s●mus ? salviax . de guber . dei. l. . p. ● . k numbers . l clemens alexandr . oratio adhort . ad gentes fol. . f. & . a gregory nyssen . vitae moseos enarratio , p. . m in concil . constantinop . . in trullo . can. . synod us augustensis . a●no . cap. . n ●he third part of the homilie against the perill of idolatry , b. babington , b. andrewes , m. dod , m. elton , master downham , and sundry others on the se●enth commandement . o saint cyprian , de spectaculis lib. and lactantius de v●ro . cultu cap. . call theatricall representations . simulachra libidinis : salvian de guber . dei lib. . pag. . stiles them , imagines fornicationum , & plutarch de gloria athoniensium . lib. writes ; that poesis est pict●ra l●quens . p thess. . . q ezech. . . iob . . psal. . . r levit. . . deutr. . . cap. . . , . chrysost. hom. . and . in matth. cyprian de spectac . lib. m. perkins cases of conscience lib. . cap. . sect . . accordingly . see here : scene . t non pulchrum est dicere ea quae factu turpia sunt . sophocles oedipus , tyr. num. . isocrates oratio demonicum . v tertullian de spectaculis , cap. . . x malignispiritus , quos isti deos putant , etiam flagitia quae non admis● runt de se dici volunt , vt humanas mentes his opinionibus u●lut retibus induant , & ad praedestina tum supplicium securn trahant . maec de numinibus fingi libenter accipiunt fallacissimi spiritus , vt ad scelestia & turpìa perpetranda , velut ab ipso coelo traduci in terra , satis idonea videatur autoritas quantum moliantur malignispiritus exemplo su● , velut divinam autoritatem praebere sceleribus ? hac astutia etiam ludos scenicos sibi dicari sacrari que iusserunt , vbi deorum tāta flagitia theatricis cāticis atque fabularū actionibus celebrata sunt , vt quisquis eos talia fecisse crederet , & quisquis non crederet , sed tamen illos libentissime sibi talia velle exhiberi cerneret , securus imitaretur . august . de c●v . dei. lib. . cap. . & . lib. . ca. . vid. ● . hoec omnia in hoc prodita vt vitiis hominum quaedam autoritas pararetur . isti enim spiritus post quam simplicitatem substantiae suae onusti immersi vitiis perdiderunt , ad solatium calamitatis suae non definunt perditi ●am , perdere , & depravati er●orem pravitatis pravis religionibus a deo segregare . minu●ius felix . octa vius pag. . & . see iulius firmic●s de errore profanarum religionum cap. . accordingly . y hinc iam profecto hominibus mali multum adiectum est . cum enim cernerent his deos suos oblectari , continuo & ipsi sese ad imitandum ●os contulerunt , virtutis s●● interesse arbitrantes , praestantiores● vt ipsi putabant , imitari . vnde homicidiis ac parricidiis omnibusque laseiviis dedere manus . nam omnis fere civitas omnibus nequitiae sordibus plena est , dum student deorum suorum moribus similes fieri . neque inter idolorum cultores frugi aliqu●sac pudicus est . isque solum laudatur , quiomnes impudicitiae suae testes habet . a love quidem stuprationes puero rum at que adulteria : à venere autem fornicationem ; a rea impudicitiam , a marte caedes , aliaque ab alijs didicerunt , quae pudicis omnibus in exceratione sunt . athanasius contra gentiles lib. . pag. . . see cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . donato . iulius fi●micus de error● profanarum religionum , cap. . and augustine de ciu. dei. lib. . cap. . . ● . accordingly . z zech. . . hosea . . a thes. . b non ad pl●cendum hominibus , sed serviendum daemonibus adhibetur . august . ep. . possidonio● cyprian de spectaculis , and chrysost. homil . . . . in matth. &c. c see tert. de spectac . c. . d see the authors quoted from p. . to . p. . . . . & cicero de a●uspicum responsis oratio . apul●ius de mundo . l. p. . peter martyr locorum com. classi● . c. . sect . . . danaeus ethicae christianae l. . c. . p. . m. gatiker of the lawfull vse of lots , p. . accordingly . e ephe. . . . f patrocinia turpitudini suae fingunt vt etiam honestè peccare videantur lactanctiu● de falsa sapientia . l. . c. . * teneros animos aliena approbria saep● absterrent vitijs . hora●e sermonum . ● . . satyr . . p. . g see p. . to . iam non existimetur poema nisi de vitijs canat● ita in poesin tanquamin sentinam quādam vitia omnia confluxerunt ac recepta sunt . lodovicu● vives , de causis corrupt . artiu●● lib. . p. . h ad deteriot● faciles sumus , quia nec dux potest , n●c comes deesse : e● res etiam ipsa sine duc● , sine comite procedit . non pronum tantum iter est ad vitia sed etiam pra●ceps , seneca epist. . i nihil ae qu● vt vitium corrumpie , chrysost . hom. in psal. . tom . . col. . k eccles. . . l quicquid facit seminarium voluptatis , venenum puta . hieron . ep. . c. . m absit vt sit in aliquo vera virtus , nisi fuerit iustus . absit autem vt sit iustus verè nisi vivat ex fide : iustus enim ex fide vivir . quis porro eorum qui se christianos haberi volunt , nisi soli pelagiani , aut in ipsis tu fortè solus , iustum dixerit infidelem , iu●tum dixerit impium , iustum dixerit diabolo mancipatum ? sit licet ille fabritius , sit licet fabius , sit licet scipio , sit licet regulus . porrò si veram iustitiam non habent impii , profectò nec alias virtutes comites eius , &c. aug●stine contr. iulianum pelag. l. . cap. . tom . . pars . p. . vid. ibidem . n manifestissim● patet , in impiorum animis nullam habitare virtutem , sed omnia opera eorum immunda esse atque polluta , habentia sapi●ntiam non spiritualem , sed animalem , non coelestem sed ter●●●am , non christianam sed diabolicam , non a patre luminum , sed a principe tenebrarum , dum p●r ea ipsa quae non haberent nisi dante deo , subduntur ei qui primus recessit a deo. prosp●r , contr● collatorem . ●ib . c. . * verae virtutes nisi in jis quibus vera inest pietas esse non possunt . august . de ci● . dei. l. . ● . . p virtus est vitium fugere . horace . epist. lib. . epist. . p. . virtus malam vitam non admittit . seneca de vita bea●a . c . quisquis virtute aliqua p●●lere creditur , tunc veraciter pollet , cum vi● jis ex aliqua parte non subiacet . greg● mag. moral l. . cap. . p deformes multa bona vno vitio , & ●o t● meritorū gratiam vna ●ulpa , quā causa culpae est corrumpas . livius rom histor . l. . sect . . r virtutes , sine fide , folia sunt : videntur virere , s●d prodesse non possunt . agitantur vento , quia non habent fundamentum . ambrose enarrat . in psalm . . tom. . p. ● . g. s vmbrae & imagines virtutū . lactantius de falsa religione c. . t peccata , & splendida peccata aug. contr. ●ulianum lib. ● . cap . & ennar . in psalm . ● . pros●er . sentent . ex augustin● lib. sent . . v vossij disputatio . de virtutibus gentilium . d. prideaux lectura . de salute ethnicorum . x qui vmbras atque imagines virtutum consectantur , ea ipsa quae vera sunt tenere non possunt . lactant. de fa●sa religione . ●ap . . y plus debet christi discipulus praestare quam mundi philos●phus . hierom. epist. . cap. ● z luke . . a iohn . . b iohn . . pet. . . c matth. . . . ephes. . . pet. . . ioh. . . etenim proterea christianus es , ideò hoc nomen accepisti , vt christum imiteris , ejusquelegibus operum exhibitione pareas . chrysost. adi●● : iud●os oratio . . tom . . col. . d. a christo dicti estis christiani . n●n●●●a via q●a christus ambulavit & vos debetis ambulare ? nonne sicut cove●satur est , & vos vicatiis eius debetis conversa●i ? ●ta planò , nisi fortè doctiores eo fueritis , vel sanctiores . bern. ad pastores sermo . co. . g d phil. . . thess. . . cor. . . and . . heb. . . e mat. . . see opus impe●fectum in mat. hom . . f nec vera virtus , quum semel excidit , curat reponi det●rioribus . hor. carm. l. . ode . . p. . g isa. . . c. . . col. . . . phil. . . * isa. . . h ephes. . . . . . c. . . . . pet. . . . i see august . contr . iulianum . pelag. l. . c. . prosper● contr . collatorem . c. . lactantius d● falsa relig. c● . k psa● . . . psal. . . tim. . . . l see nazianzen ad seluchum de recta educat . page . . chrysost● hom . . in mat. gosson his playes confuted . action . . . the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , p. . to . accordingly . m act. . scene . . n see cyprian and tertullian , de specta● . lib. lactantius de vero cultu . c. . chrys. hom . : . and . in matth. salvian de gubernatione dei. mr. gosson , master north-brook , m. stubs , d. reinolds in ●n their trea●ises against playes . the third blast of retrait from playes , with sundry other authors quoted , act. . throughout . o diogenes mu●icos in iusvocabat , quod cum lyrae chordas congruè , aptarent , animi mores inconcinnos haberent . diog. laertius lib. . p. . i may aptly accomodate it to players . p proclivis est malorum aemulatio , & quorum virtutes assequi nequeas , cito imitaris vitia . hierom. epist. . c. . q foris popu●us celeberimo strepitu impietas impura circumsonat , & intus paucis castitas simulata vix sonat , praebentur propatula pudendis , & secreta laudandis . decus late● , & dedecus patet : quod malum geritur , omnes convocat spectatores : quod bonum dicitur , vi● aliquos invenit auditores ; tanquam honesta erube●cenda sint , & inhonesta glori●nda . august . de civit. de●● lib. ● cap. . * non necesse habes aurum in luto quaerere . hierom. epist. . c. ● . s quis in caeno fontem requirat ? quis è turbida aqua potum petat ? itaque vbi intemp●rantia est , vbi luxuria , vbi vitiorum ●olluvies , quis inde sibi hauriendum existimet ? ambros. de officijs lib. . cap. . v delubrum turpi ac flagitioso veneris daemoni dedicatum : era● tanquam schola quaedam nequitiae ii● qui erant libidini dediti● qui que nimia licentia corpu● labefactauerant suum , corruperant que : scelerati praeterea & nefarij muli●rum c●ngressus , clandestinae falsorum connubiorum corruptelae infanda acturpia facinora in co delubro vtpote in loco impuro & faedo admissa ●rant . eusebius de vita constantini . lib. . cap. . x see here . pag. . y specta●ula diaboli retia . chrysost. hom . . in matth. tom. . collum . . c. z mentes hominum deus omnipotens ad virtutes prouehit . gregor . mag. moralium . . c. . incassum proinde quis laborat in acquisitione virtutum si aliunde eas sperandas putat quàm a domino virtutum : cuius doctrina seminarium prudentiae ; cuius misericordia opus iustitiae ; cuius vita speculum temperantiae ; cuius mors insigne est fortitudinis . bernard super cantica : sermo . . fol. . l. a cyprian & tertullian de spectac . lib. august . de ciuit. dei l. . c. . to . . l. . c. . . chrysost. hom . . and . in matth. salvian . de gubernat . dei lib. . and act. . , . accordingly . b e coelo descendit , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : iuv. sat. . c see plutar moral . to . . an virtus doceri possit ? virtu● doceri non potest , neque hominibus per homines parari . platonis protagaras . p. . d thess. . . ier. . . iohn . . pet. . . pet. . see z before . e gal. . . . tim. . , . f sacrilegij enim vel maximi instar est , humi quaerere , quod in sublimi debeas invenire . mi●u●ius felix . octauius page . g sir thomas eliots booke of the governor . cap. . and haywoods apologie for actors , accordingly . h psal. . . psal. . . tim. . . converti ad deum sine ipso non possumus . est enim paenitentia vnum de perfectis d●nis descendentibus a patre luminum . greg. mag. in psal. . poenitentiales . fol. . ambrose in psal. . octon . . ver . i vitiorum semina sunt , scelerum pabula , mortis iter . iohannis . salisburiensis de nugis curialium pr●●mio agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . c. . . k nunquam virtus quamvis obscura latet , sed mittit signa . quisquis dignus fuerit vestigiis illam colliget : seneca de tranquil . animi . cap. . l see pag. , , . m cyprian . and tertullian de spectac . lib. clemens alexandr . pae● dag . lib. . c. lactant. de vero cultu . c. . et divinarum instit. epit . c. . chrysost . hom. . . et . in matth. nazianzen . oratio . et de recta educat . ad selucum . p. . august . de ciu. dei lib. . c. . to . . salvian de guber . dei. lib. see act. . throughout accordingly . n sub specie iucunditatis venenum in●undunt . bernard de ordine vitae . col. . a. o quid illi qui vel suos vel alienos amores sunt prosecuti ? quanta peste pueritiae atque adolescentiae animos consauciarunt ? quid enim aliud sunt cordi adolescentis amatoriae narrationes , quàm flamma stupis proxima ? ipsae perse attrahunt et incendunt ; de quibus menander sentit , cuius versiculum paulus apostolus ore suo consecravit . corrumpunt mores probos collocutiones improbae . atqui omnia de libidine , de sauitie , de ininani gloria , de fraudibus non dicta sunt ruditer , atque impolitè , sed exculta , exornata , vt etiam absque omni rei ipsius oblectamento verba ipsa per se arriderent , atque adblandirentur quid verò in illis rebus , quas vltro malitia nostra expetit ? quas audire , quas videre gestit ; quas omnibus sensibus vsurpare , ad quas toto impetu fertur ? res sine verbis invitassent : verba sine rebus ad se pellexissent : dulci veneno , dulce additum est condimentum ; vnde teneris animos et iniquiduis flexibiles rebus pessimis inficerunt . ludou . viues . de causis corrupt artium lib. ● . p . . see seneca . epist. . isiodor . hisp . etymol , l. . ● c. . accordingly . p nequitia facilè imitatores invenit . philo iudaeus de special . legibus p. ● . non egemus praeceptoribus , minis dociles mulorum summus . petrarcha . de remed . vtriusque fortunae l. . dialog . . q see act. . scene . to . . & act. . throughout r diabolum nimis astutum fecit tam natura subtilis quàm longa exercitatio malitiae eius . bernard ●n quadragess . serm . coll. . g. & col. d. s see act. . . t see act. . throughout . v illivitium vitio , peccatum peccato medicantur : nos amore virtutum vitia sup●ramus . hieron . epist. . cauendum est , ne malum malo cures pachymer●s histor . lib. . x absurdum est putare eum qui ab aliquibus e● bono malus fuerit factus , eundem abillis iterum ex malo bonum fieri posse . dionys. hallicar . antiq . rom. l. . sect . . p. . y semina paenè omnium scelerum a diis suis peccantium turba collegit . et vt perditus animus possit aliquid impunè committere ex praecedentibus facinorum exemplis maiore se autoritate defendit , hominibus peccare cupientibus facinorum via de deorum monstratur exemplis . iulius ●irmicu● . de origine pro●anarum religionum , c. . vid. ibidem . z solinus polyhistor . c. . lucian de morte peregrini . gellius noctium a●tic . l. . c. . clemens alexand . oratio exhortat . ad gentes ●ol . . hierom adver . heluidiū c. ● strabo geogr. l. . munster cosmogr . l. . cap. . alexander ab alexandro genialium dierum l. . c. . purchas pilgrimage booke . . cha . . accordingly . a iuvenal . satyr . . salust de bello iugurthino p. . b libertas . scelerum est quae regna invisa tu●tur sublatusque modus gladijs lucan . l. . p. . c quod later igno●um est igno●i nulla cupido . ovid. de arte amandi l. . p. . d iners malorum remedium ignorantia est . seneca oedipu● . actus ● . fol. . e plato legum dialogus . seneca de clementia l●b . . cap. . f multò minus audebant liberi ne●a● vltimum admittere , quandiu sine lege crimen fuit● summa enim prudentia altissimi viri , & rerum naturae pe●itissimi , maluerunt velut incredibile sc●lus , & vltra audaciam positum , praeterire , quàm dum vindicant , o●tendere posse fieri . itaque parricidae cum lege caeperunt , illis facinus paena monstravit . seneca ibidem . g satius erat ista in oblivionem ire , quam ne quis postea potens disceret . seneca de brevit . vitae cap. . iucundius interdum quaedam nesciri possunt , quàm sciri . p●t●an● diatrib● p. ● . intervirtutes habebitural qua nescire . quintil. ●●stit . oratoria . l. . c. . p. . * see cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . donato . see act. . s●ene . accordingly . k see act. . scene . . . accordingly . l deutr. . . psal. . . ephes. . . sir thomas eliot , in his governor . booke . c. . d. reinolds overthrow of stageplayes . p. . the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters . m poeta cum primum ad scribendum appulit animum , id sibi negoti credidit solum dari , populo vt placerent quas fecisse● fabulas . terentij andria , prologus . argument . n omne genus ●endacij summo operefuge ; nec casu , nec studio loquaris falsum ; quia os quod mentitur occidit animam . bernard . de interiori dom● cap. . o fabulae . mendacia : fabulosissima quae que in ludos & actus redigerūt , &c. august . de ciu. dei. l. . , . and . clemens alexand . oratio exhort . ad gentes fol. . arnobius lib. . & . advers . gentes : iuli●s fir●icus de errore profanarum religionum . lib. with all the fathers and authors quoted in pag. . p isocrates oratio ad nicoclem . p. . . plutarchi solon , and de audiendis po●tis lib. diogenes laertius lib. . solon . dionysius . halicar . antiq. rom. l. . sect . ● . macrobius de somno scipionis lib. . cap. . p. . horace de arte poetica . lib. q fabulae , figmenta , &c. terentius . in andriae , enuchi , adelphi , & hecyrae prelogo . plautus , in amphitru : & captiuei prologo . euripides , in hecubae , orestis , phaenissae , argumento . sophoclis aiax flagellatus , hecuba , &c. argumentum . horace de art● poetica . pag. . . accordingly . r rom. . . iohn . cap. . . cap. . . s iohn . . acts . . t iohn . . cap. . . v iohn . . cor. . . coloss. . . ephes. . . tim. . . x levit. . . ephes. . . zech. . . zeph. . . y tim. . . tim. . titus . . x psal. . . ephes. . . a reu. . . cap. . : ier. . . . b augustine de mendacio ad consen●ium : quaestiones sup●r leviticum l. ● . quaest. . & epistola . ambrose sermo . . basilius regulae contract . reg. ● hieron . theodoret , chrysostome , remigius , primasius , theophylact , haymo● beda , and anselmus in ephes. . . bernard . de interiori domo cap. . & de gratia & libero arbitr . col . . . c fabulae qua●um nomen indicat falsi professionem ; aut tantum conciliandae auribus voluptatis auditum mulcent velut comaediae ; hoc totum fabularum genus quod solum aurium delicias pr●fitetur , esacrario suo in nutricum cunas sapientiae tractatus elimi●at . ma●robius de somno scip. l. . c. . see plutarchi solon● accordingly . per se mendaciū malum est , & vituperandū . a●ist . ethic. l. ● . cap. . plato ●egum . dialo . ● . mentire servile est , dignumque apud omnes hominesodio , ac ne mediocribus quidem seruis ignoscendum . plutar. de l●be●orum ed●catione lib. d mendacium non possumus dicere tunc tantum modo ess● , quando proximus laeditur : cum enim falsum ab sciente dicitur , proculdubio mendacium est , siue illo quisquam , siue nemo laedatur . august . quaest super leuit. l. . quaest . . tom. . par● . . p. . e cavete fratres mendacium , quia omnes qui amant mendacium filij sunt diaboli ; qui non solum mendax est , sed etiam & pater & inventor ipsius mendacij : ambros sermo . . f quae autem poetae de dijs scripserunt , meras insignesque nugas continentia ; verbi gratia , fabulas inhonestas ac faedas , malorum geniorum doctrinas , fabulas inquam , tum risu , tum lacrymis dignas : haec omnia tan quam la●queos & decipulas aversare . nazienzen . ad se●e●cum . p. . g deutr. . . psal. . . psal. . . . apud enim homines officiosis religionibus deditos , non ipsi dij tantum verum etiam nomina debent esse deorum veneranda : quantumque est in ipsis qui censentur his nominibus , tantum esse par est in eorum appellationibus dignitatis . arno●ius advers gentes . l. . p. . h ier. . . isay . . i o impietas ● scenam coelum fecistis , & deus vobis factus est actus : & quod sanctum est daemonorum personis in comaedia ludificati estis : verum dei cultum ac religionem daemonum superstitione libidino●è & obscaenè inquinantes . orati● adhor● , ad gent●s fol. e● k surius concil . tom. . p. . and binius tom. pars . p. , . l blasphemi . m quàlis ha●e religio , aut quanta majestas putanda e●t , quae adoratur in templis , illuditur in theatris ? et qui haec fecerin● , non poenas violati numinis pendunt , sed honora●ietiam laudatione discedunt . lactantius d● iustitia . lib. c. . nec alij dij rideantur in theatris , quam qui adorantur in templis : nec alijs ludos exhib●atis , quam quibus victimas immolatis . august . de civ . dei li. . c. . see lib . c. . to . . iulius firmicus de errore profanarum religio●um . tertullian● and cyprian de spectaculis . clemens alexandr . orat. adhort . ad gentes . arnobius advers . gentes lib. . . . nazienzen ad selucum . pag. : minucius felix octavius . salvian de guber . dei l. . plauti amphitruo . prologus . . see scene . accord●ngly . n see scene . accordingly . o iacobi cap. . p nec quisquam fuerat qui in ea sc●lera animadve●tebat , propterea quod ex viris grauibus & honestis nemo illuc aud●bat accedere . eusebius de vita constantins , libr. . cap. . q cùm enim probrum iacitur in principem patriae bonum atque vtilem , nonne tantò est indig●ius , quantò a veritate remotius , & a vita illius alie●us ? quae igitur supplicia sufficiunt , cúm deo fit ista tam nefaria , tam insignis iniui●a ? august . de ci● . dei. l. . c. . r corn. tacitus annal. l. sect . . s psal. . , . t m. perkins cases of conscience , lib. . cap. . sect . . v m. northbrooke treatise against vaine playes and enterludes p. . m. stubs his anatomy of abuses , p. . the . bla●t of retrait frō playes and theaters , p. . . . the preface to the practise of piety , accordingly . x . & . h. . c. . y aristeas , historia , . sacrae scripturae inte●pretum bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . f.g.m. stubs his anatomie of abuses . p. . m. northb●ooke against vaine playes and enterludes . p. . z psal. . . iohn . gal. . . a iohn . . rom. . . b non haec iocosae conveniunt lyrae . quo musa tendis ? desine peruicax referre sermones deorum , & magna modis tenuare paruis . horace car●● . l. . ode . . p. . c psal. . . p●al . . d see pa. . & . to . . e tim. . ● ephes. . . f cor. . , . g psal. . . h pet. . . . acts . . . rom. . . c. . . . i see here act. . & p. . to . . in ludis theatralibus delectantur daemones , & vt constat , vir perfectus non debet intendere ludicris in quibus daemones delectantur . alexander fabriciu● destructorium vici●rum , par● . cap. . b. . k prou. . . rom. . . . . l matth. . . . marke . , , . tim. . m pet. . , . * et quoniam ridere nostram fidem consuevistis , atque ipsam credulitatem facetiis iocularibus lancinare , dicite o festivi , & saturati potu , &c. arn●b . ad v●r . gentes . lib. . bib. patr. tom. . p. . b. n gal. . . o iam. . psal. . . rom. . . . p see missale romanum . sacerdotale , pontificiale & ceremoniale roma num . their severall bookes . de missa , & ritibus celebrandi missam . d. r●inolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . doct. beard of antichrist , par . . cap. . s●ct . . b. iewel , morney , su●cliffe , morton , white , and others , in their treatises against the masse , accordingly . q d. reinolds overthrow of stage playes . p . & de idolol . rom. ● ecclesiael . . c. . sect . . p. . doct. beard of antichri●t , part . . cap. . sect . . and the statute of edw. . c. see pla●ina , ana●tatius , hopperus , stella , tritemius and antoninus , in vita pij secundi and aeneae sylvii perfixed to his workes . epistol . lib. . epist. . . , . and . inter opera sua , basileae . epist. lib. . epist● . pag. . . epist● . epist. . p. ● and epist. . p. . commentariorum de rebus a se gestis . lib. . nonne in spectaculo , quo festum corporis christi se honorasse gloriatur papa pius secundus , aul● regi●●●●lestis expressa , memoratur , & sedens in maiestate deus● virginemque matrem è sepulchro assump●am aeterno patri filius obtulisse dicitur ? ergo & histrio , personam ac imaginem dei patris referens , deus aeternusque p●ter appellatur stylo papali d. reinolds de romanae ecclesiae . idololatria lib. . c. . sect . . p. si papa erraret praecipiendo vitia , vel prohibendo virtutes , tenetur ecclesia credere vitia ess● virtutes , & virtutes malas , nisi vellet contra conscientiam peccare . bellar. l. . d● rom. pontif. c. . carerius de potest . pont. l. . c. . numb . . more worke for a masse-priest . num . ● . pag. . r in bibliotheca patrum coloniae , . tom. . pars . pag. . q sciendum , quod hi qui tragaedias in theatris recitabant , actus pugnantium gestibus populo repraesentabant . sic tragicus noster pugnam christi populo christiano in theatro ecclesiae gestibus suis r●praesentat , eique victoriam redemptionis suae inculcat . itaque cum presbyter ( orate ) dicit , christum pro nobis in agonia positum exprimit , c●m apostolos orare monuit . persecretum silentium , significat christum v●lut agnum sine voce ad victimam ductum . per manuum expansionem , de●ignat christi in cruce extensionē . per cantū praefationis , exprimit clamorē christi in cruce pendētis , &c. idem ibidem . r atqui mos nunc est , quo tempore sacr●● c●lebratur christi morte sua genus humanum liberantis , ludos nihil prope a scenicis illis veteribus differentes populo ex●ibere : etiam si aliud non dixero satis turpe existimabit quisquis audiet , ludos fieri in re maxime seria . ibi ridetur iudas quam potest ineptissima jactans , dum christum prodit . ibi discipuli fugiunt militibus perse quentibu● , nec fine cachinnis acto●rum & spectatorum . ibi petrus auriculam rescindit malcho , applaudente pullata turba , ceu ita vindicetur christi captivitas . et post paulum , qui tàm strenuè modo dimicarat , rogationibus vnius ancillulae territus abnegat magistrum , ridente multitudine ancillam interrogantem , & exibilante petrum negantem . inter tot ludentes , i●ter tot cachinnos & ineptias solus christus est serius & severus : cum que affectus conatur maestos elicere , nescio quo pacto , non ibi tantum , sed etiam ad sacra frigisacit , magno scelere atque impietate , non tam eorum qui vel spectant v●lagunt , qu●m sacerdot●m qui eiusmodi ●ieri curant . lodovicus vives . not● in augustinum de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . d see francis de croy his first confirmity . chap. . pag. . and d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. ● accordingly . s eodem lib. in scholiis cap. . deleantur illa verba . atqui mo● nunc est , &c. vsque ad ●inem annotationis . index librorum expurgat . . fol. . t de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum lib . cap. . v ed. . c. . x apud surium tom. . p. ● . . y nihil prope tam sanctum quod secularium hominum vanitas non trahat in abusum . ecclesia de thesauro corporis christi qui dum quaereret salutem nostram in medio po●uli versatus est , & vniversalem iudaea● circumambulavit , docens , & egrotos sana●s , discipulis concomitantibus : quamobrem & sanctorum reliquias , & imaginies eorum qui vestigia ejus secuti sunt , simul circumferimus , significantes illos nunc cum ipso regnare & triumphare in cò●lis . quae memoria debet pijs esse jucunda & laeta . verum huc saecularis hominum stultorum vanitas irrepsit , & adhibentur etiam ludi prophani & scurril●s magno strepitu , ac quasi ad bellum procedendum esset , tympana pulsantur , & ociosa spectacula eduntur , rebus istis non cōgruentia : quibus populus delectatus , à rebus quae processione aguntur auocatur . mandamusid circo , &c. ibidem . * apud bochellum deercla ecclesiae . gal. lib. . tit. . cap. . . p. . z see ormerod his pagano-papismus and polydor virgil. de inventor . rerum lib. . cap. ● . accordingly . a statuimus vt salvato●is passio deinceps nec in sacro nec in pro fano loco agatur , &c. concil . mediolanense : . constitu● . par● . cap. de actionibus & repr●sentationibus sacris quoted by iohannes langhecrucius . de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum l. . c. . p. . and by d. reinolds , in his overthrow of stage-playes p. . b turpiora sunt vitia cum virtutum specie caelantur . hieronym . epist. . * pie introducta consuetudo repraesentandi populo venerandam christi domini passionem , &c. d sed qui primas non potuit habere sapientiae , secundas habeat partes modestiae ; ut qui non valuit omnia impaenitenda dicere , saltem paeniteat quae cognoverit dicenda non fuisse . augustini prologus in retract . libr. . * apud bochellum lib. tit. . . c. , , : e epist. ●apanic . . ioannis firnandis bongo . doct. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes : p. . and de romanae ecclesiae idololatria l. . c. . sect . ● p. f rom. . . * isti templ● sua in theatr● vertunt , & sanctum dei verbum in ludicras fabulas transformant . d● reinolds . de romanae ec●les . idololatria . l. . c. . sect . . p . * witnesse the acting of christs passion at elie house in holborne when gundemore lay there , on good-friday at night , at which there were thousands present . g quantum nobis , ac nostro caetui profuerit ●a de christo fabula , satis est saeculis omnibus notum . they are the words of this blasphemous pope : apud balaeum . de scriptoribus britt . centuria . pag. . * quoted in iohn s●owes survey of london , cap. . pag. . h solemus vel more priscorum spectaculum edere populo , recitare comaedias , item in templis vita● divorum ac martyria repraesentare : in quibus ut cun●tis par sit voluptas , qui recitant , verna culam tantum linguam vsurpant , &c. de inventor . rerum . lib. . cap. . pag. . see francis de croy , his first conformitie . cap. . pag. . & bochellus d●creta eccles. gal● l , . tit. . cap● , , . i absit , ut eos quanuis deos habeant , sanctis martyribus nostris , quos tamen deos non habemus , vlla ex parte audeant cōparare , sic enim non constituimus sacerdotes , nec offerimus sacrificia martyribus nostris quia incongruum , indebitum , illicitum ●●t , atque vni deo tantummodo debitum : ut nec criminibus suis , nec ludis eos turpissimis oblectamus , vbi vel flagitia isti celebrant deorum suorum , si cum homines essent talia commiserunt , vel consicta delectamenta daemonū noxiorū , si homines non fuerunt . aug. de civ . dei l. . c. . k antiquitatem jactatis , & de die novè vivitis . tert. apol. adv. gentes . l see clemens alexandr . oratio adhort . ad gentes . athanasius contr . gentiles i. tertullian . apologia advers . gentes . tacianus oratio advers . graecos . arnobius adversus gentes lib. lactantius de origine erroris lib. nazianzen . oratio . and . augustine de civit. d●i . lib. , , , and . . . and accordingly . m see officia beatae mariae & sanctorum , in all popish portuasses , missals and prayer bookes bishop . mortons protestant appeale . lib. . cha . . iohn whites way to the true church , sect . . n see o●merod his paganopapismus semblance . to . . ludovicus vives notae in august . de civit. dei l. . c. . iohn bales acts of english votaries : in the praeface , doct. iohn whites way to the true church . sect . . numb . . o ad theatrum potius templa t●ansfert● , in scenis religionum istarum secreta tradantur , & ut nihil praetermittat improb●tas , histriones facite sacerdotes . iulius firmicus de errore profan●rum religionum . c. . bibl. patrum tom. . p. . see doct. reinolds de romanae eccle. idololatria . l. . c. . s●ct . . p. . p nicholaus cabasila . de vita in christo. lib. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. ● c. d.e.f● q post quam verò , id quo per ludum baptizatus est , non ch●istianus solum illico est redditus , sed ad ipsorum quo que martyrum societatem aggreg●tus , &c. i●●dem ibidem . r nicholaus cabasila . ibidem . s psal. . . acts . . . . acts . ● to . . t servi dei sunt quos diabolus infestat ; christiani sunt , quos antichristus impugnat . neque enim quaerit illos quos j●m suos fecit . inimicus & hostis ecclesiae , quos alienavit ab ecclesia & ioras duxit , vt captivos & victos contemnit : eos pergit lacesse●e in quibus christum cernit habitare . cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . v ephes. . . . x pet. . . y col. . , ● , . z iam. . . . a cor. . c. . . pet. ● b isay . . c gen. . . c. . . c. . . d cor. . . to . rom. . . . e prou. . . eccles. . . f iohn . . mal. . . g prou. . h prou. . . i plato in socratis apologia . diogenes la●rtius lib socrates aelian variae . hist. lib. . c. . theodoret de activ● virtute . l. ● p. . plutarchi plato fol. . e. ludovicus vives . notae in august . de civit. dei● l. . c. . k plutarchi alcebiades . horace epist. l. . epist. . p . suidae eupolis : ludovicus vives notae in au● august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . l et quibus occupatio est in proximorum peccata , vt subsannatoribus & comicis : malediti enim quodammodo ipsi sunt , & procliues ad enunciandum , &c. rhetoricae lib. . c. . p. . m oratio de pace . p. ● . & ad nicoclem . p. . . n symposia . l. . quaest. . o plutarchi lacornica insti●ta . p tacitus annal . l. . cap. l. . c. . dion . cassius r●m . histor . l●b . . p. . alexander● ab alexandro . gen. dierum l cap. . marcus aurelius cap. . q plutarchi pericles . r hiserias saltationes ridiculè suis gestibus imitabantur . ●as per ludibrium depravantes , vt spectatoribus risum moverent . ex triumphis autem quia● guntur satis liquet hos lusus cavillatorios & satyricos apud romanos iàm indo a priscis saeculis receptos fuisse . licet enim ijs qui triumphum prosequuntur iambos & dicteria ia cere in illustrissimos quosque viros , atque adeò in ipsos imporatores ; quemadmodum athenis olim ijs qui plaustris vecti pompam prosequebantur obvios quosque scommatibus impetere licebat . antiqu. romanorum lib. . sect . . p. . see bulingerus de theatro . lib. . cap. . . & . . accordingly . * quaerere conabar quate lascivia major . his●oret in ●udisliberiorque iocus . sed mihi succurret numen non esse severū . aptaque delicijs munera ferre deam , &c. fastorum . ● . p. . s dipnosophorum l. ● . c. . . t eupolis atque cratinus , aristophanesque poetae , atque alij quorum comaedia prisca viror●m est : si quis erat dignus describi quod malus , aut fur ; quod maechus foret , siccarius , aut alio qui famosus ; multa cum libertate notabant . omnes hi metuunt versus , odêre poëtas , faenum habet in cornu , longè fugit , dummodo risum ex cutiat sibi , non hic cuiquam parcet amico . horace sermonum . lib. . sat. . v ●escennia per hunc inventa licentia morem . versibus alternis approbria rustica iudit : lib●rtasque recurrentes accepta per annos , lusit amabiliter donec iam saeuus apertum in rabi●m ver●i caepit , iocus , & per honestas ire domus impunè minax : doluêre cruento dente laccessiti : fuit inract is quoque circa conditione super communi quinetiam lex , paenaque lata ; malo quae nollet , carmine quenquam describi , vertêre modum formidine f●stis● ad bene dicendum , delectandum que reducti . idem epist. l. ep●st . p. . ●ut immunda crepent ignominio●aque dicta . successit verus his comaedia non sine multa laud● : sed in vitium libertas excidit , & vim dignam lege regi : lex est accepta , chorusque turpiter obtinuit sublato jure no cendi . idem . de arte poetica p. . . bullingerus ●e theatro . l. . c. . & . accordingly . x indo maledicta conuitia sine iustitia , odij etiam suffragia sine merito amoris . quicquid optant , quicquid abominantur extrancum ab illis est : ira & amor apud illis ociosus , & odium iniustum sine cau●a . deus cert● cum causa prohibet odisse , qui inimicos diligi iubet . deus etiam cum causa maledicere non sinit , qui maledicentes benedici praecipit . sed circo quid amarius ? vbi nec principibus quidem aut 〈◊〉 vibus suis parcūt . quicquid horum quibus circus furit nus quā compe●it sāctis , ideo nec in circo . ibid. y cavendum est ergo dilectissimi ne scenico sermone alter altorum laedar , & theatralibus verbis verecundiā fratri laesae aestimationis incutiat , &c. ibidem . z gosson , play●s confuted action ● . the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters . p. . . accordingly● a tamdiu quisquis sua peccata ignorat quam diu curios● aliena considerat . qui semetipsum aspicit , non quaerit quid in alijs frequenter reprehendat , sed in semetipso quid lugeat . bernard . de interiori domo c. . b gundemore , the late lord admirall● lord treas●rer , and others . c scena joci mo r●mberioris habet . ovid . fastorem l. . p. . aut immunda crepent ignominiosaque dicta . horace de arte poetica p. . nullum invenire prologum potuisset novus quem di ceret , ni●i haberet cui malediceret . terentij phormio , prologus . d dat veniam co●uis● vexat censura columbas . iuvenal . satyr . . e see haywoods apologie for actors . the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , p. , . * cum nulli hominum generi aut professioni ab improbis isto sermone parcatur , ab ●mnibus tamen ad spectaculum convenitur . cyprian de spectacu●is lib. g see gosson playes con●uted , action . the third blast of r●trait from playes , p. . doctor iohn whites sermon at pa●ls cross● march . an. . sect . accordingly . h levit . prov. . . . matth. . . heb. . * matth. . . . rom. . . . isay . . rom. . . tim. . . tim. . i matth. . . , . rom. . , , , . accusare viti● o●ficium est bonorum hominum & ben●volorum . quod cum malefici agunt , alienas partes agunt , &c. august . lib. . de ser●mone domini in monte , cap. . non amplius possumus increpare cos quia nobis reguntur , cúm ips● quoque ●adem febre teneamur , & ipsi egemus medicina , quos deus posuit ut alijs mederemur . chrys. in ephes. hom . . tom. . col. ● . c. quomodo nos vitam corrigere valeamus alienam , qui negligimus nostram● gregor . magn. homil . . in evangelia . v see act. . scene . x damnant foris quod intus operantur , admittunt libenter quod cum admiserint , criminantur . turpis turpes infamat , & evasisse se conscium credit , qua●i conscientia satis non sit . idem in publi●● accusatores , in oculto rei , in semetipsos pariter censores & nocentes , cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . donato . y gal. . . tim. . . . thes. . . * mat. . . ephes. . . col. . . prov. ● . , , , . a levit. . . gal. . . cor. . cor. . . . cor. . , . tim. . . . titus . . . prov. . . c. . . thess. . . tim. , . b levit. . . exod. . , . prov. . . nulli detrahas , nec in co tesanctum , putes si coeteros ●aceres , hier. ep. . ● , . c matth. . , , . gal. . , , tim. . . sime vis corripere delinquentem , aperte in crepa . quid enim prodest si alijs mala referas mea ? ●i me nesciente , peccatis meis , imò detractionibus tuis alium vulneres , & cū certatim omnibus narres sic singulis loquaris , quasi nulli dixeris alteri ? hoc est , non me emendare , sed vitio tuo satisfacere . hierom. epist. c. . d dum alienos errores emendarc nituntur , ostend●nt suos , hierom. epist. . e vae illi , qui ●uam ren●it corrigere vitam , & alienam non desinit detrahere . bernard . de interi●ri dom● . c. . col. . b. f hi temere judicant de incerti● , & facilè reprehendunt , magis amant vituperare & damnare , quam emendare atque corrigere : q●●d vitium vel superbiae est , vel impudenti●e . august . lib. de sermone dom. in monte cap. . g doct. iohn whi●es sermon at paules crosse , march the . anno . sect . . h exod. . . psal. . . i genes . . . sam . . . . psal. ● . k prov. . . cap. . . l iames . . m iude . n improbissimi omnium , & maxima paena digni sunt , qui d● ijs rebusalios ac●usare audent quibus ipsi constricti tenentur . iso●rates , oratio d● permutatione page . o iude . . p . tim. . . q iames . . * ociosum verbum est , quod sine vtilitate loquentis dicitur , & audientis : ut si omissis seri●s de rebus frivolis loquamur , & fabulas narremus antiquas . hierom. co● . in matth. l. . cap. . v. . . see theophilact . ibidem . * hoec etiamsi non essent simulachris dicata , obeunda christianis fidelibus non essent , quae & si non haberent crimen , habent in se & maximam , & parum congruent●m fidelibus , vanitatem , &c. fugienda itaque sunt ista christianis fidelibus , ut jàm frequenter diximus tàm vanatam pernitiosa sachtilega spectacula ; & oculi nostri sunt , & aures custodiendae . cyprian . de spectac . lib. r iob . . . reijce verbum quod non aedificat audientes . vanusenim sermo citò polluit mentem , & vanae conscientiae est index . bernard de in●eriori domo cap. . s ierem. . . . c. . . t sam. . . nimirum sapere est abiectis vtile nugis . horace , epist. lib. . epist. . p. . v isay . . x eccles. . . & . . . y psal. . . z psal. . . psal. . . psal . . psal. . . . kings . a mores hominis lingua pandit , & qualis sermo ostenditur , t●lis animus comprobatur ; quoniam ex abundantia cordis os loquitur . bernard . de interiori domo . cap . col. . b tim. . . c mat. . . . v●nus sermo non eri● absque iuditio , quia ab omni rectitudinis statu deperiunt qui per verba vana dilabuntur . bernard de interiori domo c. . d cor. . , , . e col. . . . iude . f isay . . . sa● . . . tim. . . . f averte oculos meos videant vanitatem : hic notantur illi● qui diversis spectaculis & ●udis theatralibus occupantur , &c. hilari . g vtinam hac interproetatione possimus revocare ad diversa circensium ludo●rum atque theatralium spectacula fe●tinantes . vanitas est illa quam cernis . pantominum aspicis ? vanitas est , &c. ambros. enar. in psal. . octon . . tom. . p. . f. h spectacula verbis obscenis & vanis tem●r● prosusis plena sunt . p●dagogi l. . c. . i vit● vanitates , voluptatum hydra . ad seluchum epist. p. ● . k in theatro ●isus , ineptitudo , verba multae fatuitatis ac stultitiae plena , &c. homil. ● ● in acta apost . tom. . col. . a. homil . . ad populum antioch●ae . tom. ● . col. ● . a● l vestra dogmata magis sunt ridicula quam quae in omnibus s●●nicis orchestris , & thylemicis ludis aguntur . in his viae duae . ●ibl . patrum . tom. . pars . p. ● . m mimos , fabulatores , scurrilesque cantilenas , & ●udo●um spectacula milites christi , tanquam vanitates & insanias falsas respuunt & abominantur . ad milites templi sermo . col. ● . l n spectacula & tyrocinia vanitatis . de n●gis curialjum . l. . c. . . o see ● . p asina●ia . prologus . q de somno scipionis . l. . pag. . & sa●urnal . lib. . cap. . r floridorum lib. . s pet. . . proijcit ampullas & sesquipedalia verba . horace , de arte poet●ca . p . t quid dignum tanto ferit hic promissor hiatu ? parturiunt montes , nascitur ridicul●s mus . horac● de a●te po●tic● . p. . v nunquid tibi videtur sapiens , qui oculos vel aures istis expandit ? ioannes salisburiensis l. . de nugis curialium c. . x va●um enim est quod ad nihil vtile est . vana illa sunt omnia qua bonum nullum habent finem . chrysost. hom. . in ephes. tom. . col. . d y see act. . accordingly . z see the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters . the preface to the practise of piety ; salvian de gubernatione dei lib. . the schoole of abuses ; and scene . before . a vos persuasum habetis theatralibus ludis deos delectari & a●fici , irasque aliquando conceptas ●orum satisfactione molli●i . honorantur his dij , & si quas ab hominibus con●inent offensionum memorias illatas , abijciunt , excludunt , redduntque s● nobis redintegrata familiaritate fautor●s , &c. mimis nimirum dij gaudent , & illa vis praestans , neque vllis hominum comprehensa natu●is libentissimè commodat audiendis his aures , quorum symplegmatibus plurimis intermixtos se esse derisionis in materiam no●unt ? delectanturut res est salpictarum sonitu ac plausu factis & dictis turpibus , fascinorum ingentium rubore . iam verò si viderint in foemineas mollitudines enervantes se viros , vociferari hos frustra , sine causa alios cursitare , amicitiarū fide salva contundere se alios , & crud●s mutilare se caestibus , certare hos spiritu , buccas vento distendere , votisque inanibus concrepare , manus ad coelum tollunt , rebuꝰ admirabilibus moti prosiliunt , exclamant , in gratiam cum hominibus redeunt . haec si dijs immortalibus oblivionem afferunt simultatum ; si ex comaedijs , attellanis , mimis ducunt laetissimas voluptates , quid moramini , quid cesiatis , quin & ipsos dicatis deos ludere , lascivire , saltare , obscaenas compingere cantiones , & clunibus fluctuare crispatis ? quid enim differt , faciantue haec ipsi , an ab alijs fi●ri in amoribus ac delicijs ducant ? arnobius adversus gentes . l. . p. , , . * see bullingerus de theatro , lib. . c . b itane , istud non est deorum imminuere dignitatem , dica●e & consecrare turpissimas res ijs quas censor animus respuat , & quarum actores inhonesto● esse ius vestrum , & inter capita computa●i indicavit infamia ? arnobius ibidem . p. . c see act , accordingly . d see cor. . . . e see here p , . and act. . scene , , . bodinus de republica l. . c . the third blast of retrait from playes , and master boltons discourse of true happinesse , p. , ● accordingly . f act. throughout . g see act. . s●●ne . & accordingly . h hae nugae s●ria ducunt in mala . horace de arte poetica p. . i qui igitur in chri●to est , quomodo pote●t vanitates aspicere , cum christus in carne sua omnes mundi hujus crucifixerit vanitates ? ambros enar. in psal. . octon . . tom. . pag. . f. k libenter veter●s spectant fabulas , nam nunc nov●e quae prodeunt comaediae multò sunt nequiores . plauti casina , prologus . p. . l edricus , faex hominum ; d●decus anglorum , flagitiosus helluo , versutus nebulo , cui non nobilitas opes pepererat , s●d ●ingua & audacia comparaverat . hic dissimulare cautus , fugere paratus , consilia regis , ut fidelis , venabatur , ut proditor , disseminabat . de gesti● regum anglorum . l. . c. . p. ● . m quae quanta in vllo homine iuventuris illecebra fuit , quanta in illo ? qui & alias ipse amabat ●urpissimè ; aliorum amori flagitiosisme serviebat : alijs fructus libidinum , alijs mortem parentum , non modo impellendo ; verum etiam adiuuando pollicibatur . oratio . in catilinam . n vortigernus rex brittanniae , nec manu promptus , nec consilio bonus ; imò ad illecebrascarnis pronus , omniumque ferè vitiorum mancipium . quippe quem sub jugaret avaritia , in qiuetaret superbia , in quinaret luxuria , &c. william malmsbury , de gestis regum . angl. lib . cap. . pag. . o livie histor. romanae l. . sect . . valerius maximus l. . c. . sect . . cicero . oratio pro p. quintio . gellius . noct. attic. l. . c. . suetonij tiberius , sect . . tacitus annalium l. . sect . . . macrobi●s satu●nal l. . c. . aemilius probus . excellentium imperatorum vitae . praefatio . p tertullian de . ●pectac . l. c. . chrysost. hom. . in mat. arnobius . advers , gentes l. . p. . august . de civ . deil. . c. . . . . cassiodorus variarum . l. . c. . gratian distinctio . . . & causa . quaestio . ioannis saresburiensis● de nugis curialium l. . c. . . ioannis de ●urgo pupilla o●ulipars . c. . o. tostatus in mat. tom. . in mat. . quaest. . fol . e ●angelus de clavasio in summa angelica : titulus . histrio , & in●amia . anselmus tom . p. . c.d. alvarez pelagius , de planctu ecclesiae l. . art. . f. . l. . art. . h. f. . astexanus de casibus . l. . t it . art. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarū cap . alexander ab alexandro . gen. dirum . l. . c. . caelius rhodiginus . antiqu. lectionum l. ● . c. . photij nomocanonis . ti●ulus . c . . & theodori balsami . cōment . ibid. lod. vives . comment . in aug. de ciu. deil. . c. ● a. d. reinolds overthrow of stageplayes . p. . to . . barnabas bri●●onius , & ioannis mariana de sp●●taculis . l. with sundry others accordingly . q de agitato●ibus , siue theatricis , qui fideles sunt , placuit eo● , quandiu agitant , a communione seperari . concil . arelatense . ca● . . si augur aut pantomimi credere voluerunt , placuit ut prius artibus suis renunci●nt , et tunc demū suscipiantur , ita vt vlterius non revertantur . quod si facere contrainter● dictum tentaverint , ●roijciantur ab ecclesia . concil . eliberinum . can. . constan●inopolitanum . . in trullo . can. . . r clemens romanus constit apostol . lib. . cap. . cyprian epist. lib. . epist. . fucratio ; tertullian , de pudicitia . cap. . chrysost hom. . de davide & saule . s matth. . . t s●e act. . sc●ne . & act. . scene . . . accordingly . v quanta confessio est malae rei , cuius actores cum acceptissimi sint , sine nota non sunt ? tertullian , de spectacu●is cap. . x necesse erat histriones perditissimis fuisse moribus , & deploratae neq●itiae , cùm in ea civitate pro civibus non haberentur , cuius erant tàm multa millia hominum flagitiosorum , & facinerosorum cives . n●tae , in august . de civi● . de● . lib. . c. . see bullingerus de theatro , l. . c. . de scenae & orchestrae obscenitate . &c. . de infamia theatri . y cognosco te primogenitū satan● . irenaus . contr. haereses l. . c. . p. . eusebius ecclesia●t . hi●t . l. . c. . z ioh. . . eph. . , . see act. . & . a de republica . l. . c. . b eius vitae cursus saeuus in principio , miser in medio , turpis in exitu , asseritu● will. malmib . de gesti● regum anglorum . l. . c. . p. . c ludovicus vives , notae in augustinum de civit . dei. l . c. . a. d histrio qui apud vos constitutus in eiusdem adhuc artis suae dedecore perseverat , & magister & doctor non erudiendorum , s●d perdendorum puerorum id quod malè didicit , caeteris quo que insinua● ; talis non debet nobiscum communicare . quod puto ego , nec maiestati divinae , nec evangelicae disciplinae cong●uere , ut pudor & honor ecclesiae tàm turpi & infami contagione faedetur , &c. cyprian . epist. lib. . epist. . eucratio . e o si possis in illa sublimi specula constitutus ocul●s tuos inserere secretis , recludere cubiculorum obductas fores , & ad conscientiam luminum penitralia occulta reserare ; aspicias ab impudicis geri , quod nec aspicere possit frons pudica . videas , quod crimen sit & videre : videas quod vitiorum furore gementes gessisse se negant , & gerere festinant : libidinibus insanis , in viros v●ri proruunt . fiunt , quae nec ipsi● , nec illis pos●unt placere , qui faciunt . mentior nisi ●lios , qui talis est increpat , turpis turpes infamat , & evasisse se conscium credit , quasi conscientia satis non sit . ●idem in publico accusatores , in occulto rei , in semet ipsos censores parit●r & nocentes . damnant fori● , quod intus operantur . admit●●nt libenter , quod cùm admiserint , criminantur , & c● idem epist. lib. . epist. . do●ato . f nihil turpe ducunt praeter modestiam . nam illorum alij quidem turpitudinis administri , artem hanc solam tenent , ut ob varia petulantiae genera magnopore semet efferant , mimi rerum ridicularū adsueti colaphis & pugnis , qui novaculis pudorem omnem ante ipsos crines resecuerunt , lasciv● faeditatis & i●puritatis omnis officina , qui omnium in oculis , tàm perpeti , quàm designare omnia , quae cunque nefanda sunt , artis loco ducunt , &c. ad seleucum de recta educatione . page ● g histriones-fordidi , infames , &c. propterea mille illi mortibus digni sunt , quoniam quae fugere prorsus cunctae imperant leges , ●a illi non verentur imitari . hom. , in matth. tom. . col. . c h vnde credis nuptiarum insideatores proficissi ? nonne ab hujusmodi scenis ? vnde qui thalomos aliorum effodiunt ? nonne ab orchestrailla ? hinc etiam seditiones excitantur , hinc tumultus oriuntur . qui enim his ●udis aluntur , quique vocem ventris causa vendunt , qui dicere , facere omnia promptissimi sunt atque in ●o suam operam collocant , hi maximè solent populum rumoribus inflammare , & tumultum in civitates immitt●re &c. hom. . in mat. tom. . col. . a.b. i romani cum artem ludicram scenamque totam probro ducerent , genus id hominum non modò honoro civium reliquorum carere , sed etiam tribu moveri notatione censoria voluerunt . praeclara sané , & romanis laudibus , annumeranda prudentia . ecce enim rectè quisquis civium romanorum esse scenicuseligisset , non solum ei nullus ad honorem dabatur locus , verum etiam censoris nota tribum tenere propriam minimè si●ebatur . o animum civitatis laudis avidum , germaneque romanum , &c. romani verò hominibus scenicis nec plebeam tribum , quantò minus senatoriam curiam de●onestari sinunt . de civit. de● . lib. . cap. . see cap. . and . k talia in publicum cantitabantur a nequissimis scenicis . de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . l nihil enim potest mimo inueniri sc●lestius . de vita in christo lib. . biblioth . patrum tom. pag. . l varijs deinde & saepius inritis praetorum questibus , postremo c●esar de immodestia histrionum retulit . multa abijs in publicum seditiosè , faeda per domos tentari . oscum quendam ludicrum laevissimae apud vulgum oblectationis , eo flagitiorum ac virium venisse , vt auctoritate patrum coercendum sit . pulfi tùm italia histriones . annali●● lib. ● . cap. . see lib. . cap. . m marcus aurelius . lib. . cap. . and lib. . epistle . to lambert . n marcus aurelius . lib. . cap. . suetonii . nero sect . . plinie panegyri● . traiano dictus p. . alexander ab alexandro genialium dierum lib. . cap. . see act. . scene . . and act. . scene . o eliz cap. . and . eliz. cap. . p the third blas● of retrait from playes and theaters . london . p. , to . . * players the schoolemasters in the schoole of abuse . * the disposition of ●layers for the most part . p talis homini est oratio , qualis vita . argumentum est luxuriae publicae orationis lascivia . non potest alius esse inge●io , alius ●nimo color . illo vitiato , hoc quo que afflatur . seneca epist. . r naturae sequitur s●mina quisque suae . s navita de ventis , de tauris narrat arat●r , enumerat miles vuln●ra pastor ov●s . obiect . answ. t see matth● . . to . v exod. ● . . x rom. . . y facere , maiorem vim habet ad do cendum quàm dicere . chryso●t . ho● . . ad hebraos . tom. . col. . * the chiefe end of playes . z see marcus aurelius epistle . to lambert , accordingly . * players infamous persons . * players banished out of rome , and kept from the communion in the primitive church . a epist. lib. . epist. . eucratio . obiect . answ. b in his playes confuted . action . and . and in his schoole of abuses . * london . p. ● . of what sort of men players be . c in vita sancti malachiae . d animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus caret . salustij . bellum cat●linarium p. . see master gossons schoole of abuses , accordingly . e animo per libidines corrupto nih●l honesti inest . taci●us annal . l. ●● sect . . * his divino iudicio saepius contingit , ut per id quod nequiter viuunt , & illud perdant quod salubriter credunt . greg. magnus . moral . l. . c. . g matth. . , . h an tu quicquam in istis esse credis boni , quorum professores tu●pissimos omnium , ac flagitio sis●imos cernis ? non discere debemus ista , sed dedicisse . seneca ep. . malorum magistrorum mala doctrina est ; vel potius , malorum semi●um mala seges . gregor . nazianzen . oratio . . p. . i tertul apo●logia , c. . . de spectaculis . lib. minutius felix octavius . p. . . theophilus antiochenus , ad autolicum . lib. . bibl. pa●rum . to. p. . g.h. tatianus oratio advers . graecos . ibid. p. ● . athenagoras : pro christianis legatio . ibid p. . . epiphanius . compend . doctrina● &c p. . k concilium carthag . . can. . constantinop . . can. . . arelatense . can. . elibertinum . can. . aphricanum . can. . see act . scene , . l chrysost. hom. . de davide & saule . ●ertull de pudicitia . c. . concil . carthag● . can . m amphitheatrum omnium daemonum templum est : tot illic immundi spiritus considunt , quot homines capit . de specta●● l. to. . operum . p. . n oratio . adhort . ad gentes , & paedag. l. . c. ● . o de spectaculis l. p de vero cult● . c. . q oratio . & de recta educatione ad selucum . p. . . r epistola . . c. . & coment in ezekiel l. . c. . s homil. . de dauide & saule , hom . . . and , in matth. t de civit. dei l. . c. . to . . de consensu evangelistarum . l. . c. . confess . l. . c. . . v de gubernatione dei lib. . x de nugis curialium . l. c. . . y see act. . scene . , , . & act. . scene , , . z the second and third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , m. gosson , m. northbrooke , m. stubs , d. reinolds , ioannes mariana , in their treatises against stage-playes , with sundry others . see act. . scene . a oratio pro publ. quinctio epist. ad marium lib. . epist. . de legibus l. . & . b epist. . . & . c tristiū l. . & de arte amandi l. . d iunenal . satyr . . . . see act. . scene . e suetonij tiberius , claudius , caligula , tacitus , annal l. . c. . . dion cassius , rom. historiae l. . & . herodian . l. . iuvenal . satyr . . lampridij heliogabalus p. . . iulij capitolini verus p. . . trebellij pollionis gallieni duo p. . . . . . flavij vopisci carinus . p. , , . f haec omnia ( writing of stage-playes ) nescio quantum ad populum gratiae habent , nullius certè momenti sunt apud principes bonos , flavij vopisci carinus . p. . g see marcus aurelius ep. . to . lambert . & act. scene . act . sc. . h see act. . sc . i see act. . & . throughout . k vnde credis nuptiatum insidiatores proficissi ? nonne ab huiusmodi scenis ? vnde illos qui thalamos aliorum effodiunt ? nonne ab orchestra illa . nonne hinc complures adulteri ? &c. hom. . in math. tom. . col. . l sed tu praecipuè curuis venare theatris , invenies illic quod ames , quod ludere possis . quod que semel tangas , quod que tenere veli● . de arte. amandi l. . p. . . m idem vero theatrum , idem & prostibulum ; eo quod post ludos exactos meritrices ibi prosternantur originum l. . c. . p. . n enarratio . in rom. . fol. : o explanatio in gal. . v. . p exegesis in ephes. . v. . q com. in ephes . . v. . tom. . pag. . se caswdarus . variarum . l. . epist. . & eulengerus de theatro . l . c. . : accordingly . r singula de nobis anni praedantur euntes : eripuere jocos , venerem , convivia , ludos , horace epist. l. . epist. . p. . s rogantibus postifera , largiri , blande & affabile odium est . seneca de benefe . l. . c. ● . t et sic grandis in suos pietas , impietas in deum est . hierom epist. . c. ● . v aequalis habitus illic , similem que videbis orchestram & populum . iuuenal . satyr . . p. . x see the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , and m. northbrooke , m. stubs , m gosson , in their treatises against stage-playes . petrarch . de rened . vtr. fortunae . l. . dialog . . accordingly . y see act. . scene . . z see act. . scene . . a cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . chrysost. hom. . de davide & saule● see act. . scene . . . b praet●r alia hoc summum ex ●more sui vitium in animo hominis existit , quod iustus sui ipsius & incorruptus iudex esse nequit : ●aecus est enim rei amatae cognitor qui amat , ni●i quis assueverit , pulchra potuis in praetio habere atque sectari , quàm cognata quae sint & domestica . plutarch . de adulatione & amicitia disc. tom. . p. . c theatro , quo quisquis malus i●rit , redibit pes●imus : nam bonis itur illud ignotum est : qui si casu aliquo igna●i adeant , contagio non car●bunt . de remedio vtr . fortunae ● . . dialog . . d tim. . . e quoniam quod apud malosdepraehenditur dici bonum non potest . seneca de vita beata , c. . etenim malorum ill● geniorum exercitus non niside malis voluptatem capit . nazianzen . de recta educatione ad selucum . ● . . f heb. . . phil. . . g psal. . . psal. . . psa. . . . amos . . gal. . . prou. . . tim. . . . h argumentum boni est malis displice●e . seneca de vita beata cap. ● . nihil nisi grande aliquod bonum a nerone damnatum . tertul. apologia . advers gentes . cap. . see psal. . . psal. . . chron. . . amos . . mich. . . prov. . accordingly . i prov. . , , . c. . ● . c. . . c. . . isay . , . ier. . . hosea . mich. . . rom. . . thess. ● . . titus . . hominis mali , malae sunt voluptates . euripides . ephigenia , p. . k ●imilia enim similibus gaudent . macrobius saturn . l c. . p. . l simili amicum est si●ile arist. rhetor. l. . c. . p. . magnam vim ●abet ad coniungendas amicitias studiorum ac naturae similitudo . cicero pro ant. cluentio oratio . p. ● . ad connectendas amicit●as vel tenacissimum vinculum , morum similitudo . plin. epist. lib. . ep●st . . p. ● . semper similem ducit deus ad similem . homers odysseae . lib. . p● . l misera malorum spectacula . de recta educatione ad selucum . p. . m cor. . . , . pro. . . to . n prov. . ● ephes. . , . . cor. . , . o psal. . , . pro. . , . p tim. . , . thess. . . prov. . ● , . ier. . . rev. . . tales habeto socios quor●● contubernio non infameris . heirom . epist. c. . q psal . , r psal. . , , , . s psal. . . psal. . psal . . t rom. . , col. . . iam. . . v heb. . ● . x pet. . , , , . y quant● enim hominibus placent , tant ò sunt deo odibiles . b●rnard . de ordine vitae , col. . ● z thes. . . a prov. . . to . c. . . to the end . pet. . . inimica est multorum conversatione nemo non aliquid nobis vitium aut commendat , aut imprimit , aut nescientibus allinit . vti que quo major est populus cui commissemur , cò periculi plus est . seneca epist . . b sodales mali , lues & pestis animorum . hy●sius epist. centur. . epist . . & c●nt . . epist. . dedit haec contagio labem , & dabit in plures . iuv. satyr . . c omnes quos ●lagitium , egestas , conscius animus exagitabat , , hi catilinae proximi familiaresque erant : quod si quis e●iam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam e●us inciderat , quotidiano vsu atque illecebris , facile par , similisque caeteris efficiebatut● ●alu●tij , bellum catilinarium . pag. . d saepè malorum consortia etiam bonos corrumpunt , quan●● magis eos quiad vitia proni sunt . concilium tole●anum . can. . e pl●rique sacerdotes & clerici mal● vivendo , formā caeteris in malum ●xistunt , qui in bonis esse exemplum debuerunt . isiodor hispalensis de summo . bon● lib. . cap. . f see act. . scene . g concil . laodicenum . can. . carthag . . can. . constantinop . . in trullo can. . veneticū . can. . aquisgranense sub . lud pio . can. ● . . . moguntinum , can. . agathense . can. . ● t●ronicum . can. . . cabilonense . can. . rhemense . can. . moguntinum . sub rabano . arch. can. . pari●iense . sub . lud. & lothario . lib. . cap. . coloniense . . pars . cap. . nicenum . . can. . basili●nse sub eugenio . surius . tom pag . moguntinum sub sebastiano . anno . cap. . lateran●nse sub innocentio . can. . capitula gr●carum synodorum . surius concil . tom. . pag. . can. . concil . lingonense . senonense . carnotense . burdigense . bituriense . aquense . turonicum . apud bochellium . decreta ecclesiae gallicanae . lib. . titulus . h decreta eusebij papae anno . cap. . surius concil . tom. . pag. . decreta innocentij . can . lb. p. . reformatio cleri germaniae ratisponae . cap. . surius tom. . p. . decreta odonis parisiensis , inter communia praecepta , cap. . apud carranzam fol . decreta pauli quinti apud ioannem langhecrucium . de vita & honesta●e ecclesiasticorum l . c. . iustiniani codex . l. . tit. . . * vbinam hodiē est clericorum decor continentiae in gestu● victu , ●estitu , & risu ? in convivijs , tabernis , ludis , & theatris vbique vagantes crebrius reperiuntur , quam in locis deo dicatis , onus ecclesiae c. . sect . . i intelligere malum laudabile est , facere a●tem vituperabile . nec qui intelligit malum ipsetacit malum , sed qui facit malum . opus imperfectum in matth. hom. . chrysost. tom. . col. a k see gosson , playes cōfuted the blast of retrait from playes and theaters , p. , . accordingly . l pet. . . acts . . gal. . : psal. . . see chrysost. hom. . in mat , gosson playes confuted . the third blast of retrait from playes , petrarch . de remedio vtr. fortunae● l. dialog . . accordingly . m hebr. . , . psal. . , . psal. . , , . amos . . quibus mala benè sapiunt , bona illis ignota sunt ; & curis nobilioribus sunt insueti , qui vilibus delectantur . petrarch● de remed●o vtriusque fortunae l. . dialog . . n cor. . , , , prov. . . o see act. . scene ● , , ● . p ephes. ● . . to , phil , . . cor. . , , , , . cor. . . q rom. . , . cor. . . cor. . ● phil. . . cor. . . r cor. . . has res homo sapiens videat , quae non alij● videantur continere aliquid gratiae , quàm infantibus paryulis , & populariter institutis arnobius advers . gentes l. . p. . s cor. . . hebr. . . * pet. . . . v see tertullian & cyprian de spectaculis . lactantius de vero cultu , cap. chry● . hom. . de davide & saule & hom. , , & . in matth. salvian de gubernatione dei with all the other fathers and authors , in act. x tolli theatra iube , non tuta licentia circi est . ovid. tristium . lib. . p. . y ad peertior a faciles sumus , quia nec dux potest , nec comes d●esse ; non pronum iter tantum est ad vitia , sed etiam praeceps . seneca epist. . z rerum natura sic est , ut quoties bonus malo conjugitur , non ex bono malus melioretur , sed ex malo bonus contaminetur : malum enim coinquinat bonum , bonum autem non coinquinat malum . iunge iutum farinae , non farina sordidat lutum , sed lutum farinam . chrysost. hom. . in matth. tom. ● . col. . a d subducendus est te●er animus populo , & parum tenax recti . facile transsitur ad plur●s . socrati , oatoni , & illis excutere me●tem suam dissimilis multitudo pot●isset a deò nemo nostrum , qui cum maximè concinnamus ingenium ferro imp●tum vitiorum , tam magno comitatu venientium potest . vnum exemplū aut avaritiae aut luxuriae multum mali facit . convictor delicatu● paulatim enervat & emollit . vicinus dives cupiditatem irritat : malignus comes , quamvis candido & simplici , rabiginem suam affricuit . quid i● accidere his credis in quos publice factus est impetus : seneca epist. . malorum hominum consuetudo aliquid vitij pueris affricat● plutarch . de educat . puerorum . tom. . p. . e notum est illud pietati tuae , quod in mario maximo legisti ; meliorem esse rempublicam , & prope tutiorem , in qua pri●ceps malus est , ea in qua sunt amici principis mali : si quidem vinus malus potest a pluribus bonis corrigi ; multi autem mali non possunt ab vno , quamvis bono , vlla ratione superari , & id quidem ab homulo ipsi traiano dictum est , cùm ille diceret domitianum pessimum fuisse , amicos autem bonos habuisse . aelij lamprid● severus p. , . f non tantum valeat in bonum , bonum vnum , quantum duo mala in malum . de praecepto & dispensatione , c. . col. a. g nullum tempus ad nocendum angustum est malis . senecae mea●a , act. . fol. . h vnum verò est pro quo vitari malorum societas debeat , ne si fortasse corrigi non valent , ad imitationem trahant : & cum ipsi a sua nequitia non mutentur , eos qui sibi coniunctos fuerint pervertunt . corrumpunt enim bonos more 's colloquia prava . itaque infirmi quicunque societatem malorum declinare debent , ne mala quae frequenter aspiciunt & corrigere non valent , delectentur imitari . anselmus in cor. cap. . tom. . pag. . c. i gal. . . isay . k chron. ● c. . , , . ezech. . . reu. . . psal. . , . isay . . . l isay . . , , . c. . . . ier. . . ezech. . . to . m qui congregatu●●ana cum ijs qui spectacula & theatra cōveniunt , & cum diabolo idem sentiunt , vnus ex ipsis connume●abitur , & vae habebit . clem. rom. constit. apost● l. . c. omnes turpitudine rerum vnum sunt , qui sibi rerum turpiū voluntate sociantur . nam hoc ipso quod aliquis rem obs●aenam cupit● dum ad immunda properat immundus est . salvian . de g●bern . dei. l. . p. . odisse debemus iste conu●ntus & caetus ethnicorum . quid luci cum tenebri● ? quid vitae & morti ? quid facies in illo suffragiorum impiorum aestuario depraehensus vbi nemo te cognoscit christianum ? recogita quid de te ●iat in caelo . dubita● enim i●lo momento quo in ecclesia diaboli fueris , omnes angelos prospicere de cae●o , & fingulos denotare , quis blasphemias dixerit , quis audierit , quis linguā , quis aures diabolo adversus deum administraverit ? non ergo fugies sedilia hostium christi , illam cathedram pestilentiariam , &c. tertullian . de spectaculis . cap. , . n psal. . , rev. . . cor. . . vita malos , cave iniquos , fuge improbos , spern● ingratos , a te fuga turbas hominum , maximè ●orum qui ad vitia proni sunt : periculosum est enim vitam cum malis ducere , & cum his qui pravè vivunt so ciari . isiodor hispal . de contemp●u mundi . lib. pag. ● h. argument . . o quod enim nec bonum est , nec ben● fieri potest ( which is the case of stage-playes ) purum proculdubio ma●um est . bernard . epist . . col. . l. p indocti , stolidique & depugnare parati si discorde● , equos m●dia inter carmina poscunt , a●t vrsum , aut pugiles : his nam plebecula gaudet . verum equitis quo que iam ingravit ab aure voluptas omnis ad in cer tos oculos , & gaudia yana . quatuor aut plures a●laea praemuntur in horas , dum fugiunt equitū turmae , p●ditumque catervae . mox trahitur manibus regum for●una retortis . esseda festinant , pilenta , petordita , naves : captivum portatur ebur , captiva corinthus , &c. epist. lib. . epist. . pag. , . see godwins roman antiquities , lib . sect. . cap. . to . q tacianus contr. graecos oratio . cyprian . epist. lib . epist. . clemens alexand. oratio adhort . ad gentes . fol. , . arnobius . lib. . advers . gentes pag. . to . lactantius de vero cultu . cap. . tertullian . de spectac● lib. augustin . de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . to . de sermone domini in monte. lib. . cap. . chrysost. hom. . in matth. salvian . de gubern . dei lib. . gellius noctium atticarum . lib. . cap. . gosson playes confuted action . master dil●o of the deceitfulnesse of the heart . cap. . p. . i. g. in his refutation of the apologie for actors , and sundry others accordingly . r see act. . scene , , , . r see act. . scene , , , . * grex agit in scena mimum , pater illevocatur , ●ilius hic , nomen divitis ille tenet . mox vbi rid●ndas inclusit pagina partes . vera r●dit facies , dissimulata perit . pe●roni satyricon . p. . see bulengerus de theatro . lib. . cap. . de mimis . vidistisaepe in s●aen●a tragicos istos ●ctores● qui vt res postulat ia● orontes sunt , pri●mi , aut agamemnones● idem paulo post ce●ropem aut e●ect eum agens , i●ssu poetae mendicus procedit . fabula autem finita , exuta v●st● auro intex●a , & persona deposita & cothurnis , pauper ac humilis errat , &c. lucianu in necromant . object . answ. s exod. . . psal. . . pro. . , ● c. . , . rom. . . thess. . . ier. . , . pet. . . . . pet. . , , , . see here. p. . to . t neque enim est apud eos virtutes coler● sed vitia colerare , quodam quasi virtutum minio . bernard super cantica sermo . fol. . e. v see marcus aurelius epistle . to lambert . the third blast of retrait from playes p. . . and act. . scene . . accordingly . x see act. . scene . y the third blast of retrait playes and theaters . p. . & act . scene . z hypocritae nomen translatū est a specie e●rū qu spectaculis tecta facie inc●dunt , &c utpopulū dum in ●●dis agerent , fall●rent , modo in specie viri , modo in fo●mafaeminae et reliquis prestigi●● . vnde et mimus hypocrita dictus , quia imitator est & fimilator . calepine , suida● , cooper , thomasius , elio● , r●der , mi●shaw , and holioke : in their dictionaries in the words . hypocrita & hypocrisis . calius rh●dig . antiqu. lect. l. . c. . p. . in ecclesia . vel in omni vita humana , quisquis vult . videri qu●d non est , hypocrita est . hypocritae sunt , qui ●egunt sub persona quod sunt , ●t ostentant in persona quod non sunt . hypocritarum ergo nomine simulat●res acceperis august . de serm. dom. in monte cap. . and . tom. . pars . p. , . hypocrita autem is est , qui aliam pro alia figuram induit : veluti si pauper quispiam principis sibi personam asciscat , tandiu clarus apparens . quandiu theatrum a●sidi● . chrysost. in matth. . tom. . col. . a. the●phyla●● . e●ar . in matth. . ambrose de elia & ●ejunio . c. . tom. . p. . h. bernard . super. cantica . serm. . zacharias chrysopolitanus . in vnum ex quat●or . l. . ● . . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . e. chrysologus . sermo . accordingly . a calvin . iustit . l. . c. . sect . . se● coopers dictionarie . b master dike of the decei●fulnesse of mans heart . the rich cabinet , london . page , . c haec vbique in theatris ab hypocritis splendissi●is vocibus comaedisantur . irenaus . co●● . hareses lib. . cap. . ne obscur●s faciem tuam quemadmodum hypocritae faciun● . hypocrita , hoc est histrio , vocatur is , qui in theatro alienam personam sumit . vt ●erv●s existens saepenumero domini , & privatus regis . sic in ha● vita ad suos ●ores orchestras atque theatrum exe●cent ij , qui alia corde gerentes , alia extrinsecus hominibus prae se f●runt . basil. de iejuni●●erm . . tom. . p. . ideo dixit hypocritas , ●o quod simulationealienam personam induant , sicut in scena qui tragaedias agunt , pro corum dictis quorum personas gerunt motus suos exercitant vt aut irascantur , aut maereant , v●l exultent . amb. de el●a & ieiun . c. . tō . . p. . h. chrys. hom. . in mat. ●ō . . col. . d●et e●●r in mat. ● . col. . a. sunt enim hypocritae simulatores , tanquam pronunciatores personarum alienarū sicut in theatri●is fabulis . non enim qui agit partes agamemnonis in tragaedia , verbi gratia , five alicuius alterius , ad historiam vel ●abulam quae agitur pertinentis , verè ipse est , sed simulat eum , & hypocrita dicitur . aug. ●e serm. dom. in monte l. . c. . tom. . pars . p. . ergo hypocritarum nomen ex antiquis theatralibus assu●ptum est disciplinis , quia erant ●im●latores ( simulator quippe graece hypocrita sonare probatur ) qui tanquam oratores in concione fabulose agebant partes personarum in theatris ; & omnia ●orum negotia tragica vel comica , ac si essent ipsi quorum personas gerebant , monstrabantur . narrabant enim non suas sed corum historias & continentiam , motus quoque & voces eorum , & vultus , videntibus ob favor●m vulgi vicissim repraesentabant . ita sane & illi qui bona opera ficto laudis officio , non ad dei , sed ad suam gloriam ostentan● . agunt enim partes justorum & personarum eorum , cum sint simulatores , ob favorem hominum assumant : non quod habeant ju●titiae opera , sed quia simulant se habere . alias autem si justa essent non ad se , imo ad deum , cun●ta quae faciunt boni referrent nunc autem quia vt minum secundum tragicam pi●●atem in the●●ricis , &c. pas●atiu● r●tbertus in mat. evang. l. . bibl. pa●rum t●m . . par● . pag. . a.b. d histrio enim aliter in animo sent●● , foris autem quod non est mentitur , tacian●● oratio contr . grace● . e iohn . . c. . . rom. . . f mal. . . iam. . . g numb . . . rom. . . titus . . h iob . . c. . . psal. . . to . i rom. . . phil. . . c. . . pet. . ● . cor. . . k iam. . . luke . . l mat. . . . cor. . . rev. . , , , . m ephes. . . phil. . , . thess. . . hebr. . . iam. . , . pet. . . c. . . ioh. . . n psal. . . o omnis hypocrisis mendacio plena est , & aliud quidem est , & aliud ●ingit . christus autem cum sit veritas mendacio adversatur . qui igitur christum discunt , hypocrisin ●ugiunt . theophylact. enar. in luc. . p. . c. p clemens alexandrinus . paedagogi . l. . . tertullian . de cultu faeminarum . c. . to . & de velandis virginibus . tract . ambrose hexaemeron lib. . c. . de virginitate lib. . hieron . epist . . c. . . epist. . c. . epist . c. , . august . d● doctrina christian● l. . c. . see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes . pag. . q sam. . , , . see d. wille● , calvin , and others , ibidem . r gen. cap. & . see the commentators those chapters . s omnis simulatio & omnis duplicitas mendacium est . ergo non solum in falsis verbis , sed etiam in simulatis operibus mendacium comprobatur . ambrose sermo . t●m . . p. . t rom. . . v dupliciter autem damnatur hypocritae , pro occult● iniquitate , pro aperta simulatione . bernard de ordine vi●a . col. . a se● august . de conflictu vitiorum & virtum . & isiodor hisp● l. sentent . lib. . c. . p. . accordingly . x de spectac . lib. c. . y de spectaculis lib. z see . a , b , c. and d , before . a iam vero ipsum opus personarum qu●ro an deo placeat , qui omnem similitudinem vetat fieri , quanto magis imaginis suae ? non amat falsum auctor veritatis ; adultorium est apud cum omne quod fingitur proinde vocem , sexus , aetates mentientem ; amores , iras , gemitus , lachrymas adseverantem , non probabit qui omnem hypocri●in damnat . de sp●ctaculis c. . argument . . * quid multa ? authores● omnes cum sacri● tum profani spurcitiam scenae exagitant ; non modo quod fabulae obscenae in scena agerentur , sed ●tiam quod motus gestusque essent impudici , atque ad●o prostibula ipsa in scenam saepe venirent ; & scena prostarent . vnde & obscaenum , ait varro , quod non nisi in scena palam dicitur . buleng . do theatro l. . c. . p. . b titus . . . . ephes . , , . rom. . , , . pet. . . . c . . . c. . . . c. rom. . . eph. . . pet. . . cor. . . titers . . iude . d pet. . . . e gal. . . f mar. . , , , . g iude . iam● . . h cor. . . i ephes. . . pet. . . iude . k isay . . to . l gal. . . . cor. . , . rev. . . m clemens alexand. paedagogi . l. . c. . to . l , . c. . ambr. de officijs . l. . c. & l. . c. . basil. de vera virginitate lib. & ascetica cap. . tertullian de velandis virginibus , de cultu faeminarum , cyprian . de ●abi●u virginum hierom. epist. , . . & bernard , de modo bene vivendi sermo . gratian d●stinctio . concilium valentinum . can. . concil● senonense decreta morum . can. . calvin , hooper , babingeon , perkins , elton , dod , andrewes , williams , lake , and all other expositors on the seventh commandement . accordingly . n ephes. . . . phil. . . ●im . . . titus . pet . . c. . to . similiter impud●citiam ●mnem amoliri jubemur : hocigitur modo etiam a theatro seperamur ; quod est privatum consistorium impudicitiae , vbi nihil probatur quam q●od alibi non probatur . ita summa gratia ●jus de spu●citia plutimum concin●ata est , quam attellanus gesticulatur , quam mimus etiā , per mulieres repraesen●at se●um p●dori● ex●erminans , vt ●●cilius domi quam in sc●n●●rubē●cant . quam denique pantomimus a pueritia patitur in corpore ut artifex esse possit . ipsa etiam prostibula publicae libidinis host●ae in scena proferuntur , plus misera in presentia faemina●um , quibus solis latebant : perque omnis aetatis , omnis dignitatis or a transd●cuntur , lo●us , stipes , elogium , etiam quibus opus non est , praedicatur . ibid. p taceode reliquis , ea que in tenebris & speluncis suis delitescere decebat , ne diem contaminarent . erubescat senatus , erubescant ordines omnes , ipse ille pudoris sui interempt fices de gestibus suis ad lucem & populum expaues centes seme● anno erubescunt . quod si nobis omnis impudicitra execranda est , cur liceat audire , quae loqui non licet ? cum etiam scurtilitatem & omne varum verbum judicatum à deo sciamus , cur aeque lic●at videre quod facere flagitium est ? cur quae ore prolata communicant hominem , ea per oculos , & aures admissa non videantur hominem communicare : cum spiritui appareant aures & oculi , nec possit mundus praestari , cuius apparitores inquinantur . habes igitur & theatri interdictionem , de interdictione impudicitiae . ibidem tom. . p. . . q paedagogi . l. . c. . l . c. . r de spectaculis lib ; & epist. l. . epist. . donato . s adversus gentes lib. . p. . . lib. . p. . t de vero cultu cap. . divinar : instit. epitome c. . v oratio adversus graecos . x catechesis mystagogica . . y hexa●m . hom. . & de ebrietate & luxu oratio . z in dictum evangelij . quatenus fecistis , &c. a celebrantur ludi illi cum omni lascivia , convenientes memoriae meretricis . nam praeter verborum licentiam , quibus obscaenitas omnis effunditur , exuuntur etiam vestibus populo flagitante meretrices , quae tunc mimorum funguntur officio , & in conspectu populi vsque ad satietatem impudicorum luminum cumpudendis moribus detinentur . lactantius de falsa relig. l. . c. . p. . see august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . & ludovici viver nota ibidem . ● . b lasciva faeditatis & impuritatis omnis officina . de educatione ad seleucum p. . c mimorum petulantias omni impudicitia & contumelia refertas . lascivorum hominum inhonestas disciplinas & indecoras , qui nihil ●urpe ducunt praeter modestiam . ibid. d turpitudinis administri , &c. ibid. e ecclesiast . hist. l. . c. . f cuncta enim quae ibi fi●at turpissima sunt , verba , vestitus , tonsura , incessus , voces , cantus , modulationes , oculorum eversiones , ac motus , tibiae , fistulae , & ipsa fabularum argumenta : omnia ( ●inquam ) turpilascivia , plena sunt : tantam lasciviam in audientium atque videntium animos infundunt , vt vno omnes animo radicitus ementibus modestiam ●●c●lere , & perniciosa voluptate cupiditates suas implere conari videantur . hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . c.d. g de civit dei. l. . c. . to c. ● . l. . c. . , , , . l. . c. . l. . c. , . l . c. . , , , , , . h veniebamus etiam nos aliquando adolescentes ad spectacula ludibria que sacrilegiorum : ludis turpissimis qui dijs deabusque exhibebantur , oblectabamur . caelesti virgini , & berecynthiae matri deorum omninum ante erus iecticam die solemni lavationis eius , talia , per publicum cantitabantur a ne quissimis sceticis , qualia non dico matrē deorū , sed matrē qualiumcunque senatorū , vel quorum libet honestorū virorum ; imo vero qualia nec matrem ipsorū scenicorum deceretau●ire illam enim turpitudinem obscaenorum dictorum atque factorum scenicos ipsos domi suae pro●udendi causa coram matribus suis agere puderet , quam pet publicum agebant coram deorum omnium matre spectante & audiente vtriusque sexus frequentissima multitudine . quae si illecta curiositate adesse potuit circumfusa ; saltem offensa castitate debuit abire confusa , aug. de civit. dei. l. . c. . . s●● l. . c. , . i quae sunt sacrilegia si illa erant sacra ? aut quae in quinatio , si illa lavatio ? et ha●c fercula appellabantur convivium , quo velut suis epulis immunda daemonia pascerentur . quis enim non sentiat cu●usmodi spiritus talibus obscaenitatibus delectentur ; nis● vel nesciens vttum omnino sint vlli immundi spiritus deorum nomine decipientos : vel talem agens vitam , in qua istos potius q●●m deum verum , & optet propitie● & for●idet iratos ? ibidem see iulius firmicus de err●re profanarum religion●m cap. . k taliasunt quae illic fiunt , vt ●a non solum dicere , sed ●tiam recordari aliquis sine pollutione non possit . omnia quidem tam flagitiosa sunt , vt etiam explicar● ea quispiam atque eloqui salvo pudore non valeat , &c de gubernat . dei l. . p● ● , . l a mans saltatur venus , & per affectus omnes meretriciae vilitatis impudica exprimitur , imitatione bacchari . saltatur & magna sacris comptacu● infulismater , & contra decus aetatis illa pessinuntia dindymone in bubulci vnius flagitiosa amplexu fingitur appetitione gestire , &c. arnobiu● adve●s . gentes l. . p. , . s●●l . p. . to . m aristophanes , plautus , terence , menander , and others . n est autem aliud osculum incestum veneno plenum . oscula meretricia : oscula impudicitiae virus saepè immittunt . clemens alexandrinus , pae●●gogi lib. . cap. . l . c. . sunt turpia & immunda oscula . chrysost hom● in psal. . tom. . col. . b. obscaenè osculantur hom. . ●n cor. tom. . col. . d. summa igitur cautione communicandum est osculum , vt non aliter quam pia salutatio , vel potius adoratio quaedam habeatur : quae ●i parum impura cogitatione inquinata fuerit a vita aeterna nos alienet . athenagoras pro christianis legatio . bibl. patr. tom. p. . a see doctor reinolds overthrow of stage-playes p. , to . o vanis gestibus ac nutibus mimus risum provocat . minucius felix . octavius pag. ● . . p timeo autem n● fortè magnum hoc venenum totum revelom , velut cujusdam basilisci serpentis faciem , ad perniciem magis legentium , quam ad correctionem . polluit enim revera aures magnae hu●us audaciae blasphema collectio , & haec turpitudinis coacervatio a● enarratio . epiphaniu● contr. h●reses lib. tom● ● haereses . col. . b. argument . . q cor. . , . gal. ● ephes. . . rom. . . isay . , . r clemens alexand . pa●dag . l . c. . l . c. . . ambrose irena●o . epist. tom. . p. . sedulius in cor. . with other fathers here ensuing . s calvin , babington , per●ins , dod , williams , lake , andrewes , and others on the seventh commandement . see my vnlovelinesse of lovelockes , p. , . , . t militem ch●isti v●rum nihil molle decet . ambrose e●●r . i● psal. . viris nihil magis pudori esse oportet , quam si muli●bre aliquid in se habere videantur . salvi●n de guber . dei l. . p. . v nihil est ne quius aut tu●pius effaeminato viro cicero tusc. quaest. l. . molliter vivi● , hoc dicu●t , malus est . seneca . epist. ● . x cor. ● , . gal. . . . y fracti , enervatique saltatores , &c. ibid. z pueri docti abnegare naturam mulieres simulant . o miserandum spectaculum● o nefandum studium ! o quanta est ha●c iniquitas ! see ●thanasius contra gentes . p. . a b. accordingly . a pu●ro● transferunt in amicarum habitum & ordinem , cu● summa ae●atis & sexus injuria , &c. ibid. b est plane in artibus scenici● libe●i & veneris patrocinium , qu●e privata & propria sunt scenae , de gestu & corporis fluxu nam mollitiem veneri & libero immolantur , illi per sexum , illi per fluxum dissoluti , &c. ibid. c huic dedecori condignum dede●us sup●rinducitur homo fractus omnibus m●mbris , & vir vltra muliebrem mollitiem dissolutus , cui ars sit verba manibus expedire , & propter vnum nescio quem , nec virum , nec faeminam commovetur civitas tota , vt desaltentu● fabulosae antiquitatum libidines ibidem . d evirantur mares , omnis honor & vigor sexus enervati corporis dedecore emollitur , plu●que illic placet , quisquis virum magis in faeminam fregerit . in laudem crescit ex crimine , & co peritior quo turpior ●udicatur , &c. epist. l. . epist. . donato . e magi●ter & doctor , non erudiendorum sed perdendorum liberorum , crudiens & docens eontra institutionem dei quemadmodum masculus frangatur in faeminam , & sexus arte mutetur , & diabolo divinum plasma maculanti , per corrupti atque enervati corporis delicta , placeatur . quod puto ego nec majestati divinae , nec evangelicae disciplinae congruere , vt pudor & honor eccle●iae tam●urpi et infami contagione faedetur . nam cum in lege prohibeantur viri induere vestem muliebrem & maledicti ejusmodi iudicentur ; quanto majoris est criminis , non tantum muliebria vestimenta induere , sed & gestus quo que turpes & molles & muliebres magisterio impudicae artis exprimere ? epist. l. . ep●st . . f histrionum que qu● impudicissimi motus , quid aliud nisi libidines docent , & instigant ? quorum enarvata corpora , & in muliebrem incessum habitum que mollita , impudicas faeminas in honestis gestibus mentiuntur . de vero cult● lib. . cap. . p. . g homil. . in matth. col. . c. alius cum sit adolescens , comam pone reductam habet , & na●uram aspectu , vestitu , caeterisque ejusmodi effaeminando ad teneriusculae imaginem puellae , deducere contendit , &c. h alia vero natio quaedam est his ip●is infalicior , qui nimirum gloriam masculorum amittunt , & impudicis membrorum inflexionibus naturam virilem frangunt , mulieres pariter ac mares effaemina●i : imò nec viri nec faeminae si recte lo qui vellemus . nam viri quidem haud manent : ut autem faeminae fiunt non consequuntur . quippe quod a natura sunt , id morum respectu non manent : quod vero improbe esse cupiunt , id natura non sunt , quo fit , vt aenigma quoddā sint luxuriae , vitiorumque gryphus , inter faeminas viri , interviros faeminae , num haec potius praedicationes , inspectiones , iucunditates , an lachrymas atque gemitus merentur ? nimirum , in his risus regnat , natura vitiatur & adulterina fit , voluptatum flamma multiplex accenditur , &c. de recta educat . ad selucum . p. . * ipsi sine virilibus membris vitam degunt , neque amplius viri esse potentes , neque mulieres facti . epiphaniu● contr. haerese● , lib. . tom. . col. . c. hic ita amputatur virilitas , vt nec convertatur in faeminam , nec vir relinquatur . augustine de civit. dei l. . c● . * viri quo que abdìcato sexu , nec se amplius mares esse ferentes , mulierum naturam affect averunt , tanquam ita honorifica grata que matri deorum facturi essent . omn●s autem in turpissimis vivunt , & certamen in se suscipere pravitatis videntur , &c. ibidem . k non ambulet iuxta te calamistratus procurator , non histrio fractus in faeminam . ib●d . * lib. , c. . , . l legum dialogus . l legum dialogus . m de legibus lib. epist. . n epistola . . and . o annalium . l. . sect . . p an melior cum thaida sustinet , aut cum vx●r●m comaedus agit , vel dorida multo cultam palliolo : mulier nemp● ipsa vid●tur , non person● loqui , vacua & plana omnia dicas , infra ventriculum , & tenui , distantia rimâ . nec tamen antiochus , nec ●rit mirabilis illic aut stratocles , aut cum molli dem●trius haemo . natio comaeda est : rides ? iuvenal . satyr . . pag. . q epist. . to lambert . * panegyr . traiano dictus p● . r obscaenis partibus corporis oculis omnium eam ingerunt turpitudinem , quam ●rubescat videre vel cynicus . ioannes saresburiensis . de nugis curialium , lib. . cap. . s sed & alius morbus petulanter erupit in civitates , ●orum qui patrant , & qui patiuntur muliebria , effaeminati corpore juxta atque animo ne scintillam quidem retinentes generis masculi , propalam plectentes cincinnos ornantesque & cerussa ●ucoque oblinentes faciem pingentesque , vnguentis quoque fragrantes ex quisitissimis nec pudet eos marem sexum data opera mutare in faeminam . his parcendum non est , si audimus legem , quae jubet androgynum & sexum suum adulterantem impune occidi , die ipsa ac hora qua depraehenditur : cum sit probrosus , & familiae suae patriaeque dedecus , atque adeo totius generis humani , &c. philo iudae●s . de stecialibas ●egibus . pag. . t of which reade suetonij , nero sect ● iustin. hist. l . athenaeus dipnos . lib● . cap , . diodorus siculus . bibli . hist. lib. . sect . . orosius hist. lib. . cap . invenal . satyr . . & aelij lampridij heliogabalus . v for which see august . de civ . dei. l● . c● . lactantus . de falsa relig. c. . alexander al ●le● . l. . c. . plutarchi alexander calepini flo●a . x deus totus est visus . p●in . nat. hist. l. . c● . y see cyprian . epist● l. . epist. . the third blast of retrait from ●layes p. , ● z see page , . a see master gossons schoole of abuse with the authors quoted . p. , , , . who thus stile it . b populus atheniensis alcibiadis vitijs semper levissima nomina imponeret ludos & facili●atem appellans . plutarchi alcibiades . so we deale with this vice of players . c se esse adulterio lib●ros exi●timent qui naturam adulterant ? clemen● alexand. paedagogi● l. . cap. . a manus deo inferunt , quando illud quod ipse formavit , reformare & transfigurare contendunt : quia opus dei est omne quod nascitur ; diaboli quod cun quemutatur . cyprian . de habitu virginum . lib. e see augustine de civit. dei. l. . cap. . . . macrobius saturnal lib. . cap. . & act. . scene . accordingly . f ephes. . ● gen. . . deut. . . g tim. . . ephes. . . hebr. ● . h consuetudo est altera natura . theodoret sermo . . de natura hominis aristot. de memoria & remine scentia lib. claudian , de consulatu mal. theod. panyg●r . p. . erasmus de puerorum educatione p. . petrarch . de remed . viriusque fortuna . lib. . dialog . . galataeus● de moribus lib. p. . case ethicorum lib. . cap. . accordigly . i ierem. . ● k cor. . ● . gal. . . . argument . . l rerum enim ridicularum vel ridendatū potius actionum imitatores exigendi sunt à nostra republica . cum enim verba omnia à cogitatione & moribus emanent , fieri non potest , vt verba aliqua emittantur ridicula quae non procedunt a moribus ridiculis . sermo ●nim est fructus cogitationis . si ergo qui risum movent exterminandi sunt a nostra republica , longè a●est , vt nobis permittat risum movere . ab●urdum enim esset quorum auditores esse prohibitum est , ●orum inveniri imitatores : multò autem esset absurdius , studere vt ips● sis ridiculus . clemens alexandr● paedag. l. . c. . m see act. . scene . iob . . c. . . prov. . . eccles. . . c. . . c. . . n iob . . cap. . . psal. . . psal. . . prov. . . c. . . . c . . c. . . eccles. . . c. . . ● o isay . . ier. . . c. . . . psal. . . psal. . . . psal. . . psal. . . iudges . . chron. . . prov. . c. . . c. ● . ezech. . . sam. . . c. . . lam. . . mat. . , . ●ph . . . pet. . . titus . . p si vanitatis culpa nequaquam cautè compescitur , ab iniquitate protinus mens in cauta devoratur . greg. magn●● moralium . l. . c. , ● , . & l c. . v●d . ibid. q hae nugae seria ducun● in mal●● h●race de arte poetica l. p , . * psal. . . s eccles. . . t see m and n. v vane occuparis in his ô cor sapiens , quae vanita●es vanitatum sunt ; quia tu his neque ad beatitudinem indiges , nequ● ad immortalitatem . bernar● de interiori domo cap. . x prou. . . y vanitates vitae mancipant vitijs : materia sunt de●ictorum , minister culparum , seminarium pecca●orum . chrysost. quod adam pr●latus sit omni creatu●●● sermo . tom. . col. . c.d. z nihil peius vanitate . a●brose de abraham . lib. . cap. . a pantomi●um aspicis ? vanitas est ? &c. ambrose e●ar . in psal. . oc●on . . he august . de c●vi● . dei. l. . c. . stiles playes licentia vanitatum . b quorsum abeant sani ? creta an carbone notandi ? aedificare casas , plostello adjungere mures , ludere par impar , equitare a●undine longa . si q●em delectat barbatum amentia verset . si puerilius his , delirus & amens , dictatur meritò . quid discrepat istis histrio ? horace sermonum . lib● satyr . . c ille sinistrorsum , hic dex●rorsum abit . vnus vtrique error , sed varijs illudit partibus ; hoe to crede modo insanum , nihilo vt sapientior ille qui de●ides . ho●ace , ibidem . d nunc tibicinibus , nunc est gauuisa tragaedis , nutrice pu●lla v●lut filuderet infans● horace epist. l. . epist. . p. . e bernard ad gulielmum abbatem apollog . * stulta per se sunt ridicula : ridiculum est etiam omne quòd apertè fingitur . qu●nt●lian● instit. orator . l. ● . ● . . p. . quoniam ludus est inter ●ucunda , & omnis remissio animi , & risus inter jucunda , necesse est etiam ridicula jucunda esse● & homines , & orationes , & opera● aristot. rhet●r . l. . c. p. . democritus omnes derid●bat , quia dicebat omnes insaniri . aelian . variae histor. l. . c. . g si enim ridiculam figuram suscipere , quemadmodum in pompis videntur nonnulli , in animum minim● induxerim●s , quomodo internum hominem magis ridiculam sustinere ●iguram jure passi fuerimus ? et si personam nostram , non nostra quidem sponte , in magis ridiculosam vn quam converterimus , quomodo in verbis sluduerimus esse & videri ridiculi , id quod est omnium quae sunt in homine longe precio cissimum , n●mpe rationem ac sermonem ludibrio habentes ? ridiculum est ergo haec exe●cere , quando quidem nec huiusmodi ridiculorum hominum oratio digna est quae audiatur , per haec nomina ad turpia facta assu●faciens . paedagog● l. . c. . argument . . h iratus senex , edax parasitus , sycop●anta impu●ens , avarus leno assidu● agendi sunt mihi , clamore summo , cum labore maxumo . te●entij heutontimor , prologus : p. . i partes totum su●m vt constituunt , ita determinant . kecker● system . log● . l. . c. . p. . partis & totius eadem est ratio . totum sapitnaturam suarum partium . bed● ; axiomata philosophica . tom. . col. . k see act. . scene . & . . cyprian . & tertullian de spectaculis . l. accordingly . l see ludovicus vives , notae in august . de ciuit. dei. l. . c. . c. accordingly . m saltantes satyros imitabitur alphesibaeus , virgil. eclog. . p. . n concil . constantinop . . can. . . ● . & act. . scene . accordingly . o see the printed comaedies and tragaedies of aristophanes , terence , menander , p●au●us , euripides , sophocles , seneca , and all our moderne playes : together with master stubs , master northbrooke , master gosson , and others in their treatises against playes acco●dingly . o vter est in●anior h●r●m ? horace serm. l. . sat. . p. . p aspice , plautus quo pacto partes tutetur amantis ephebi , vt patris attenti , lenonis vt insidiosi ? quantus sit dorsenus edacibu● in parasitis , horace epist. l. . ep. . p. . q nihil ex his quae spectaculis d●putantur placitum d●o est , aut congruens dei servis : omnia propter diabolum instituta sunt● & ex diaboli rebus instructa tertul . de spectac . c. . merito malis voluptatibus vestr●s & pompis abstinemus , quorum & de sacris o●iginem novimus , & vt noxia blandimenta damnamus . minucius felix . octavius p. . isiodor . hisp . originum l. . c. accordingly . r amphi●●eatrum enim omnium daemonum templum est : tot illic immundi spiritus considun , quot homines ●apit . tert●l . de spectac . t●m . p. . s prov. . . c. . . pet. . . supra omn●m autem monstruosi piaculi execrationem est , scelus s●mmum admi●●ere , & pudorem sc●leris non hab●re . sa●vian . de guber . dei , l. . p. . t see pet. . . iude . isay . . matth. . , . revel . ● . , thess . , ● , . v ●ndesinenter medi●and●● aeternae damna●ionis supplicium in quo quicquid paenarum excogitari potest , q●icquid etiā n●n potest , s●●per adest : cuius vermis immortalis ignis exting●●bilis , ●aet●r intol●rabilis est : cuius torrentes in picem covertuntur , & humus in sulphur , ardebit que in● sempiternum : cujus lacus fa●guine igneque permixtus est , & quoscu● que sus●●pit demergit si●●ul & exurit . ambr●se praecatio . praetar . ad missam . tom. . p. e. x rom. . , . mat. . , . y qui vult regnar● cum christo , non potest gaudere cum sae culo . ambrose sermo . z see ioa●nes langhecrucius , de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . lib. . cap. , . argument . * see athaeneu● dipnosoph . lib. . cap. . a philo iudaeus de fortitudine . l. p. . tertullian de spectac . cap. . cypri● de spect. lib & epist. l. . ep. . lactantius div. instit. epi. ca. . chrysostom . hom. . in matth. augustin . soliloquiorū . l. . c. ● . is●ior . hispal●nsis . originū . l. . c. . & concilium constantinop . . com. . see scene . before . b caluin , iuni●● , tostatus , pellican●● , cornelius , à lapide in deut . v. . d. r●inolds overthrovv of stage-playes , p. . to . and . to . the . blast of retreit from playes and theaters . m. no●thbrooke , m gosson , vvith others hereafter quoted in their treatises against stage-playes . c d. gager in d. reinolds overthrovv of stage-playes , p. . , , , . d. gentiles in his letter to d. reinolds , ibid. p. . . . and haywood in his apologie for actors . * item feminae vir●lem habitum malo animo gestantes , quo perversam suam expleant voluntatem à venerando hoc sacramento arcendae sunt , donec id mali penitus correxerint & satis●ecerint , synodus augustensis . surius com. . p. . d aquinas prima secundae . quaest. . artic. . . and secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . . answer . d see d. r●inolds ouerthrow of stage-playes , p. . to . and . to , where this point is excellently discussed : with all the fathers , councels , and authors quoted in the . answer following . e hoc interpraetari est , an der●stári ? august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . f d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . . m. dike of the de●eitfulnesse of mans heart . c●p . . p. . g ibidem v. . h see deut. . , . c. . c. . . c. . . c. . , . c. . , , c. . . c. . . prov. . . c. , , , . c. . , . c. . c. . , , . c. . , . where nought but capital sins only are stiled abomination , and so in other scriptures . i abominatio in scriptura non est nisi propter mortale peccatum . summa theologiae , pars . quaest. . membr . . vid. ibidem . k gen . , . math. . , to . tim. . . revel . . . ezech. . . l heb. . . psal. . , , . omne quod turpe est , deo displicet . iustitia dei odit & detestatur vit●a , docet virtutes remigius explanat . in r●m . . ● bibl. pat●um . t●m . . ●ars . . p. . g. * concedemus ne ergo hoc semel fieri ? ne quaquam . quare ? quoniam etsi semel tantum fiat , malum est similiter . quamobrem sic quidem oblect●ri , si est quidem malum , ne semel● quidem fiat . sin autem non est malum , semper fiat . chrysost● hom. . in cor. tom. . col. . b.c. * see calvin on the . commandement , and the authors hereafter quoted . m cor. . . to . tim. . . pet. . , . n bp. babington , m. perkins , m. dod , m. brinsley , m. downebam● m. el●on , m lake , and others on the . commandement . d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . and others hereafter quoted , answer . ensuing . o d. perkins cases of conscience . lib. . c. . p augustinus soliloquiorum . l. . c. . d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . q q●id te exempta invat pluris de spinibus un●● horace epist. lib. . ep. . p. . r quod enim per se malum est , non quod frequentius fact●m sit , sed quod aliquando factum est , vituper●bile . bernard de modo b●n● vivendi . lib. s nusquam & nunquam excus●tur quo● deus damnat . nusquam & nunquam licet quod semper & ubique non lice● . tertul. de spectac . lib. c. . t augustin . quaest. super levit. l. . c. tom. . pars . p. . . accordingly . u iohn . . deut. . . gal. . . luk. . . pet. . . acts . . x statius achilleid . l. . y gellius . noct. attic. lib. . cap. . z matthew paris . hist. angliae . pag. . . iohn bale acts of english votaries , lib. . fol . a see d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . , . * plutarch . de vi●tuti●us mulierum . mor. tom. . p. . . b soliloquiorum . lib. . cap. . c a●bros . irenaeo . tom. . pag. . d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . d ●ee m. gossons schoole of abuses . e nullus habitus apud nos lici●us est illicito actui ascriptus . tertullian de idololatria . l●● tom. . p. . f see scene . accordingly . g nemo immundus mundus videri potest . tunicam si induas inquinatam per se , poteris ●orsitan illam nō inquinare per te , sed tu per illam mundus esse non poteris . ter●ul . de idololatria . lib. c. . p. . h psal. . . i si enim diuinae authoritates nullum dant lo●um , frustra quaerimus qua exoramus . tenendum est enim omnino praeceptum dei , & volunt●s dei in ijs , quae● tenendo praeceptum ejus passi fuerimus aequo animo sequenda . august . de menda●io ad c●nsentium cap. . k matronae vel earum mariti , vestimenta sua ad ornandam seculariter pompam non de●t . et si ●ecerint , triennij tempore abstineant . surius concil . tom. . p. . l si qua mulier propter continentiam , qu●e putatur , habitum mutat , & pro solito m●liebri amictum virilem sumit , vel c●ines attond●t , quod ei deus in subjectionis materiam tribuit , tanquam praeceptum dissolvens obedientiae , an●thema sit . surius concil . to● . . p. . soz●meni hist. eccl. l. . c. . gratianus distinctione . & summa angelica . tit. faemi●a . m nonnullae autē mulieres pietatis simulatione caput tondere , & contra quàm deceret sexum muliebrem , virilem habitum induere adductae sunt : his de causis episcopi finitimi gangris in unum convenerunt , &c. sozem. hist. ecclesiast . l. . c. . n ambros. de virginibus , l. . tom. . p. . . see antonini chron. pars . tit. . c. . o plutarchi plato . p. . marcilius ficinus in vita platonis , & d. r●inolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . . p plutarchi amatruus , tom. . moral . p. . . s●i . asterij homilia . an liceat dimittere uxorem ? bib. patrum . tom. . p. . g. q simon metaphrastes in vita euphrosmes apud surium . probat . sanct. hist. tom. . antonini chronicon . pars ● . tit. . cap. . sect . . r math●w pari● historiae angliae p. . s platina in vita ioannis . ioannis valerian . de sacerdotum barbis . see alexander cooke , his pope ione , & balaeus de vitis pontificum . t anto●ini chronicon , pars . tit. . c. . sect . . , , , . fol. . * see synodus augustensis . an. . surius tom. . p. . u polychronicon . book vlt. c. . fol. . hollinshead . p. . graft●ns chronicle . p. . . speeds history of e●glish mon●rchy , p. . , . x iohn ba●● his declaration of edmond bonn●rs articles , anno . artic. . fol. ● . * eas quae nomine ●orum , qui falsò apud graecos dij nominati sunt , vel nomine virorum ac mulierum fiunt saltationes ac mysteria more antiquo & à vita ch●istianorum ●lieno , amandamus & ●xpellimus ; statuentes ut nuslus vir deinceps muliebri veste induatur , vel mulier veste viro conveniente . sed neque comicas , vel satyricas vel tragicas personas induant , &c. surius concil . tom. . pag. . q tanta porro contentione lex studet exercere confirmareque animos ad fortitudinem , ut & de vestimentis qualibus utendum sit praecipiat ; disertè interdicens , ne vir sumat muliebria , ne vel ●mbra aut vestigium effaeminationis sexui masculo inurat aliquam maculam . semper enim naturam sequendo observat , quid deceat etiam in rebus minimis , quae infra curam legislatoris uideri poterant . cum enim anim●dverteret deformia esse virorum mulierumque corpora , & utrisque sua esse officia ; alteris attributam esse curam rei domesticae , alteris publicae , & ab ipsa natura non ad eadem factos negotia , oportereque bonam mentem sequi naturae instituta , utile iudicavit de his quoque rebus decernere , scilicet de victu amictuque & huiusmodi caeteris ; voluit enim virum his se ut virum decet gerere , praesertim in vestitu : quem cum die no●tuque circumferat , talis esse debet , ut ●um semper decori honestatisque admoneat . sic & mulierem ornans pro dignitate , vetat vestem virilem sumere , longè submonens tum effaeminatos viros , tum plus aequo viriles faeminas . philo de fortitudine . lib pag. . . r o quanta est haec iniquitas , & c ? paedag●g . lib. . c. . se● . here scene . s quamnam enim habet rationem , quod lex viro prohibet , ne vestem induat muliebrem ? an non nos vult esse viros , & ne● corpore , nec factis , nec mēte , nec verbis effaeminari ? vult enim eū esse mas●ulum , qui veritati dat operam in ferendis laboribus , & pe●pessionibus , in vita & moribus , in sermone & exercitatione , noctu & interdi● , & sicubi martyrio opus sit quod procedat per sanguinem . stromat . l. . fol ● . d. see g●ossa ordinaris & lyra in deut. . t nullū denique cultum à deo maledictū invenio , nisi muliebrem in viro : maledictus enim , inquit , omnis qui muliebribus induitur , &c. de idolatria . lib. c. . u caeterum cum in lege praescribit , maledictū esse qui muliebribus vestitur , quid de pantomimo iudicabit , qui etiam muliebribus curatur ? sane & ille artifex impunitus ibit ? de spectac . cap. . x nam cum in lege prohibeantur viri induere muliebrem vestem , & maledicti eiusmodi iudicentur , quantò maioris est criminis , non tantum muliebria indumenta accipere , sed & gestus quoque turpes , & molles , & muliebres magisterio impudicae artis exprimere ? ibidem . y histrionum quoque●neruata corpora , & in muliebrem incessum habitumque mollita , impudicas faeminas in honestis gestibus mē●iuntur , &c. de vero cultu . lib. . c. . & divinarum inf●it epi● cap. . z turpe equidem est virum faeminam fieri , & in faeminae forma ●sse . turpissimum autem rursus , mulieres viros fieri , & viri habitum gestare , ibidem . a apud seras quidē viri crines implicāt , & domi desident unguentis delibuti , & effaeminati , ac uxoribus parati . mulieres vero vice versa , capillum capitis tondent , virili cingulo se cingunt , & in agro omnia opera proficiunt . ibid. lib. . cont. haereses . tom. . col. . a.b. b intempestiuum quiddam esse ducimus florem hyberno tempore , vel mulieres habitu virili , vel muliebri viros ornari . ibidem . pag. . c praeter naturam putandum est esse , ideoque ab ordine alienum , florem hiberno tempore conspici , vel mulieres virilem cultum induere , vel viros muliebrem ; quum primum ex his tempora perturbet , alterum naturae formam non convenientem tribuat , permutato viri faeminaeque ornatu , & ordine quem ipsis natura praescripsit , confuso . ibidem . d comas quas prius perverso quodam studio aluerant . solebant enim cynici studiose comam alere , magnaque diligentia p●rficere , ut cam prolixam haberēt . ibid oratio . p. . . e peribit qui in faemineo languore mollitus comam nu●rit , cutem polit , & ad speculum comitur , quae proprie passio & insania mulierum est . comment . in soph. c. tom. . p. . p. f in domo regis diaboli sunt , qui capillis mul●ebribus se in faeminas transfigu●ant , & dignitatem virilem non sine naturae iniuria dehonestant . de ieiunio & tentatione . sermo . tom. . p. . g pulchritudinem tibi à natura , deo authore collatam , noli adiecto cultu exornare , sed humiliter eam adversus homines ita cohibe , capillum comae non nutriens , sed potius illum detondens & adimens , ne tu pruritu vexatus , & caput lacerationis expers conservans , vel unguentis perfundens , inducas tibi mulieres , quae hoc modo illaqueant , & illaqueantur . fidelis enim cum sis & homo dei , nou licet tibi nutrire capillum , & in unum complicare , quod est delicatum & molle , vel discerniculo discriminare , neque utrò intortum calamistris crispare , vel flauum facere , quoniam quidem lex vetat in deuteronomio , inquiens ; non facietis vobis rotunditatem ex coma capitis vestri , neque incisiones . neque viro licet barbae pilos corrumpere , neque homines figuram praeter naturam mutare . non incidetis ( inquit lex ) superficiem barbae vestrae . hoc enim mulieribus decens creator deus staruit , viris indecorum esse iudicavit . tu verò haec facie●s , & ut tibi placeas , legem violans , in odio eris apud deum , qui creavit te secundum imaginem suam . ibid. h see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes . p. , , . accordingly . i see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes . p. . to . * see my vnlovelinesse of lovelockes thorowout . k hi comas muliebres producunt . oportebat autē filios sanctae catholicae matris nostrae ecclesiae esse reverendos in tonsura , atque honesto habitu propter extraneos . alienum enim est à catholica ecclesia , & à praedicatione apostolorū coma extensa . vir enim , inquit , non debet nutrire comam , quum sit imago ac gloria dei. quid vero fit pe●us & contrarium ? hi barbam quidem formam viri resecant , capillos autem capitis saepe nutriunt . de barba quidem in constitutionibus apostolorum dicit divina scriptura ac doctrina ; ne corrumpas ; hoc est , ne seces pilos ba●●ae , neque meretricio more ob comam efferaris . decebat enim nazeraeos hoc solum propter figuram , &c. quare dicit apostolus , ipsa natura non docet vos , quod vir quidem si comam nutrit , ignominia ipsi est ? haec autem ignominia non laudabilis est , velut illa quae dicit , turpitudines & ignominias contempsi . non enim propter deum est virtus , etiamsi propter deum assumpta fuerit , sed propter contentionē sunt hi mores . dicunt enim , si quis videtur contentiosus esse , nos talem consuetudinem non habemus , neque ecclesiae dei. reiecit igitur eos , qui talia operantur & faciunt , & in contentione sunt à statutis apostolorum , & ab ecclesia dei. epiphanius . cont. haereses . haeresis . c●l . . . l cor. . . and the fathers and commentators on it . m ambros. irenaeo . tom. . p. . clemens romanus , constit . apost . l. . c. marlorat . in cor. . , , , . osiander , pellicanus , cornelius à lapidē , calvin , iunius , amsworth , on deut. . . with others hereafter quoted . hierom. epist . . concilium . gangr . can. . & gratian. distinctio . doctor fulkes annotations on the rh●mish t●stament , on thes. . cap. . sect . ● . d. w●llets synopsis papismi . p. . . sozomeni historiae ecclesiasticae , l. . c. . bibl. patrum , tom. . pars . p. . i. rabanus ma●rus glossa ordinaris , & lyra in deut. . n operum , tom. . p. . . o et si vero discutias , incongruum est quod etiam ipsa abhorret natura . cur enim homo non vis videri esse quod natus es ? cur alienam tibi as●umis speciem ? cur mentiris f●eminam , vel tu faemina virum ? suis unum quemque sexum induit natura indumentis . demque diversus usus , diversus color , motus , incessus , diversae vires , diversa vox est in viro & faemina sed eti●m in reliqui generis animantibus alia species leonis , alia leaenae , alia vis , alius sonus : alia ta●ri , alia vi●ulae , &c. ibid●m . see rabanus maurus , lib. . in deut. . . cap. . accordingly . p num quid ill● mutant speciem suā ? cur nos mutare desideramus ? et quidem graeco more influxit ut ●aeminae virilibus quasi succinctioribus tunicis utātur . esto tamen ut illae imitari videantur melioris sexus naturam : quid viri inferioris sexus mentiri speciem volunt ? mendacium & in verbo turpe est ; nedum in habitu . denique in templis , ubi mendacium fidei , ibi mendacium naturae . illic assumere viros muliebrem vestem , gestumque faemineum , sacrum putatur . vnde lex dicit : quoniam immundus est domino deo tuo omnis qui faecerit haec : hoc est , vir qui stolam muliebrem induerit , &c. * this was the practice then of pagan priests in their idols temples . q cor. . , . r gen. ● . s tim. . , . t quam deforme autem ●rum facere opera muliebria ? ergo & pariant , ergo parturiant qui crispant coronam sicut faeminae . et tamen illae velantur , isti bellantur . verum habeant excusationem qui patrio● usus sequuntur , sed tamen barbaros , ut persae , ut gothi , ut armenij . maior quid●m est natura quàm patria . quid de alijs dicimus : qui hoc ad luxuriam derivandum putant , ut calamistratos & torquatos habent in ministerio : ipsi promissa barba , illos remissa coma ? meritò illic non servatur castimonia , ubi non tenetur sexus dictinctio . in quo evidentia naturae magisteria sunt , dicente apostolo , decet mulierem non velatam , &c. haec sunt quae referas requirentibus . vale. ibidem . * see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes , page . . against this effeminate practice . * ideò credo iure infames intestabilesque haberi , qui muliebri habitu se ostentant , quos nescio utrum falsas mulieres an falsos viros melius vocem . veros tamen histriones , verosque infames sine dubitatione possumus vocare . solilequiorum , lib. . cap. . operum , tom. . pag. . x et magna quaestio ●st , utrum patriae liberandae causa , muliebri tunica indutus debeat hostē decipere , hoc ipso quod mulier facta sit , fortassè verior , vir futurus . et utrū sapiens qui aliquo modo certum habeat , necessariā fore vitam su●m rebus hum●nis , m●l●t emori frigore , quàm faemineis vestibus , si aliud no● sit , amiciri . sed de hoc , ut dictum est , ●liás videbimus . prosecto enim cernis , quantae inquisi●ionis indigeat , qu●renus ist● progredi d●beant , ne in quasdam inexcusabiles ●urpitudines decidatur , &c. ibid●m . y purchas pilg. booke . chap. . z di● mihi , hoccine est quod in viro faeminam quaerunt , cui aliter servire sacerdotum suorum chorus non potest , nisi eff●eminent vultum , cutem poliant , & virilem sexum ornatu muliebri dedecorent , & c ? exornant muliebriter nutritos crines , & delicatis amicti vestibus vix caput lass● cervice sustentant . deinde cum sic se alienos a viris secerint , adimpleti tibiarum cantu vocant deam suam , &c. ibidem . a quod hoc monstrum est , quodve prodigium ? negant se viros esse , & sunt : mulieres se volunt credi● sed aliud qualiscunque qualitas corporis cōfitetur . considerandum e●t etiam , quale si● numē , quod si● impuri corpori● delectatur hospitio , quod impudicis adhaeret membris , quod pollu●a corporis cōtaminatione placatur . erubescite ô miseri , supinitarē ! alter vos deus fecit . cū cohors vester ad t●●bunal iudicantis dei accesserit , nihil vobiscum afferetis , quod deus , qui vos fecit , agnoscat . abijcite hunc tantae calamitatis ●rrorē , & studia profanae mentis aliquādo deserite . nolite corpus , quod deus f●cit , s●elerata diaboli lege damnare . ibid. b homil. . in matth. tom. . col. . c. see scene . p. . c apostolus viro comā alere semper prohibet . nam si comam nutriat ignominia est illi . non dixit , si operiatur , sed , si comam nutriat , &c. ibid. col. b. d turpe est muli●ri tonderi aut radi , &c. ibidem . e signa quidem data sunt & viro & mulieri , illi quidem imperij ac principatus ; huic vero subiectionis : cum his autem hoc quoque ; quod hoc quidem operto sit capite , ille vero apertum c●put h●beat & nudum . si haec ergo sunt signa , ambo peccant , bonum ordinem consundentes , & dei constitutionem , & suos limites transgredientes ; ille quidem decidens ad hu●us humilitatem & deiectionem ; haec verò in virum insurgens per habitū ac figurā . si enim fas non est vestem mutare , & neque huic quidē toga indu●● illi vero instita , & muliebri tegumento capitis . non enim erit , inquit , viri ornatus super mulie●ē , neque indu●tur vir veste muliebri : multi magis haec non sunt mutanda , &c. ibidem . * see lib. . de gubernat . dei throughout . f quis credere , aut etiam audire possit , convertisse in muliebrem tolerantiam viros , non usum suū tantum atque naturam , sed etiam vultum , incessum , habitum , & totum penitus , quicquid aut in se●u est aut in ●su viri : adeo versum in diversum omnia erant● ut cum viris nihil magis pudori esse oporteat , quā si muliebre aliquid in se habere videantur ; illic nihil viris quibusdam turpius videretur , quàm ●● in aliquo viri viderentur . de gubernat . dei , lib. . p. . . g illud verò magis ingemiscendum atque i●gendum est , quod tale hoc scelus crimen etiam totius reipub . videbatur . et universa romani nominis dignitas , facinoris prodigiosi inurebatur infamia● cum enim muliebrem habitum viri sumerent , & magis quam mulieres gr●dum frangerent , cum indicia sibi quaedam monstruosae impuritatis innecterent , & faemineis tegminum illigamentis● ut capita velarent , atque hoc publice in civitat● romana vrbe illic summa ac celeberima ; quid aliud quam romani imperij dedecus ●rat , ut in medio reipublicae sine execrandissimum nephas palam liceret admit●● , & c ? ibidem● page . . vid. . . h condiscun● illiberales & inhonestas scenicorum artes ac studia , unde mollities ac dissolutio morum . nonne velato ore in faeminam degenerat● ille for●s , ille animo praestans , ille in armi● suis admirabilis , hostibus formidabilis ? tunicam ad tales demittit , zonam pectori circum volvit , calceamenta muliebria sumit , & , more faeminarum capiti crobilum imponit , quin etiam cum lana colum circumfert , dextraque filū ducit , qua trophaeum ante● tulit , spiritumque ac vocem in acutiorē ac muliebrem son●̄ extenuat● hae telebritatis huius utilitates : haec hodierni festi publici commoda ac fructus , &c. o stultitiam ! o caecitatem ! ibid. i quidam mu●abant se in species monstruosas , in ferarūque habitus transformabant . alij in faemineo gestu mutati , virilem vultum effaeminabant . nec immerito , &c. de divinis officijs . l. c. . col. . . * chatechisticall doctrine . * de iure conscientiae . lib. . cap. . p. ● . sect . . k irenaeo . tom. . p. . ainsworths notes on deut. . . l non videntur tibi contra naturā vivere , qui cōmutant cum faeminis vestem● seneca epist. . m o scelus ! en ●luxae veniunt in pectora vestes : scinde puer , scinde , &c. achill . id lib. . see d● reinolds . overthrow of stage-playes . p. . . n see purchas● pilgrimage , & voyages , novus orbis , munsters cosmograph . ●●e●us . de moribus gentium , strabo , gotardies , l●rius , and all other historians and cosmographers . o cor. . . see ambrose , hi●rom , primasius , chrysostome , theodoret , sedulius● remigius , beda , anselm● , occumenius , haymo , ibid. and my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes , p. . to . p cor. . . see glossa ordinaris , lyra , bulinger , calvin , marlorat , and others on the cor. . . accordingly . q lampridij heliogabalus , eutropius , rerū , rom. l. . fol. . . zonaras annal. tom. . fol. ● & . r suetonij nero. ●ect . . zonaras annal. l. . f. b. eutropius , l. . f. . nero. s iustin hist. l. . athenaeus dip● . l. . c. . . diodorus siculus . bibl hist. l. . sect . . orosius hist. l. . c. . sleidan , de ●● . imperijs . l. . p. . t su●tonij nero. sect . . luvenal . satyr . . u eusebius de vita const. l. . c. . iulius firmicus , de errore prosanarum religionum . c. . purchas pilgrim . booke . ch . . x philo iudaeus , de specialibus legibus . page . . & de vita contempl . p. . . y purchas pilg. booke . c. . z purchas pilg. book . c. . a purchas pilg. book . c. . & cieza . c. . b mathew paris , hist. angl. p. . . see here p. . . c purchas pilg. book . c. . d cor. . . deut. . . zeph. . . rom. . . e cor. . . f si qua mulier propter diuinū cultū ( ut aestimat , crines attondeat quos ei deus ad subiectionis materiam tribuit , vel habitum mutat , & pro solito muliebri amictum virilem sumit , tanquam praeceptum dissolvens obedientiae , anathema sit . ibid. canon . . . surius , tom. . p. . gratian distinctio . sozomeni hist. lib. . cap. . g nicepherus , eccl. hist. l. . c. . cent. mag. tom. . col. . & . h hierom. epist . . c. . sozomeni . hist. ec. l. . c. . nicetas advers . arrianos . l. . bib. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . h. baronius & sp●ndanus , an. . sect . . pamelius notae in cypriani ep. . n. . p. . a. i natura inquit , ipsa abhorret mulierē rasam cernere : faedum est aspectu , & monstri instar , &c. calvin . ibidem . * vehemen●er absurdum apud omnes ●sset si muliet at●onsa com● prod●●ret in publicum : id ●nim perinde esset ac si viri in se tr●nsumeret personam , &c. bulingerus & marlo●●t . ibidem . * which frizled haire is condemned by concil . constantinop . . can. . & synodus turonica . . concil . bituriense . apud bochellum . l baronius & spo●danus . annal . eccl. anno . sect . . cent. m●gdeb . cent. . col. . l. . & cent. . col. l. . lyra in cor. . , paulus windeck , de theologia iurisconsultorum . locus . p. . ● , . summa angelic● . faemin● . the rhemists & d. fulkes notes on the rhemish testament on the thes. c. ● . sect . ● . pamelius . notae in epist. . cyprian● . n p. . historia bambergensis . zonaras annal. tom. . f. . , lupoldus de zelo vet. princ. germanorū . c. . bibl. patrū . tom. . p. b. acosta hist. indiae . l. . c. . purchas pilg book . c. . mas●aeus select . epist ex india . l. p. ● petrus ●luniacensis . epist. l . ad germanos . fratres . epist. francis de croy his first conformity . c. p. m see d. willets synopsis papismi p. . . & d. fulkes & m car●wrights notes on thes● . sect . n baronius & spondanus an. . sect . . ●aulus windecke , theologia iurisconsultorū . ● locus . p. . o plin nat hist l. . c. . baronius , s●ondanus , windeck , and others qua supra . martial . epig l . ep. . . p lyra on cor. . baronius , spondanus , windeck , qua supra . q iam illud si dici potest , quā luctuosè ridiculū est , quod rursus invenerūt ad defensionē crinium suorū virū inquiunt , prohibuit apostolus habere comā . qui autem castraverūt seipsos propter regnū , caelorū iàm non sunt viri . o dementiā singularē , & c● aug. de opere monachorū . c. . tom. . p. . see the rhemists , d. fulke , & m. cartwright , notes on thes. . sect . . * lyra , baronius , spondanus , windecke , qua supra , & summa angelica . faemina . s see iohn ba●●s acts of english votaries , centuria . magd. cent. . col. & . col ● . the anatomy of the english non : at lisborne . onus ecclesiae . c sect . t tacitus de moribus germanorum . c. . boemus de moribus gentiū . l. . c. . munsters cosmog . l. . c. alexa●der ab alex l. . c. . baronius & spondanus . an. . s●ct . capit regū francorū l. . c . & ●in●ecke qua supra . p. . u purchas pilg. l . c. . . & l. c. . alex ab ●lex l. . c. . apuleius de ●sino au●●o l. . & caelius rhod ant lect. l. . c. . x iustinian . codicis . l. . t it . lex . sed. hodie , adultera tonsa , m●nastico habitu suscepto , &c ambros. ad virginē lups●m . c. . tom. . p. ● b. zonaras ann●l . tom . f. . . , nic●●h●r . hist. eccl. l . c . cent. mag. tom. col. & . capitul franc. l. c. . & windeck qua supra y similiter velatae & sanctimoniales si in crimen fornicationis lapsae ●u●r●nt , post tertiam verberationem in carcerem missae sequentem annum ibi paeni●entiam agant , & radantur omnes capilli capitis carum surius concil . tom. . p. . z nicetae thesauri orthodox l. . c . bibl patrum tom. pars . p. b. a can . . surius tom . p● . nonnullae autem p●etatis simul●tione caput tondere & contra quàm deceret sexum muliebrem virilem h●bitum indu●re adductae s●n● . his de causis episccpi finitimi g●ngris in unum convenerunt , & istis ecclesia c●tholica interdicunt , &c sozomeni . hist. eccl. lib. . cap. . b baronius & spondanus , an. . sect . c plutarchi amatorius . moral . tom. . page . . asterij . homilia . quod non licet demittere uxorē , &c. bibl. p.t. p. . g. petrus victorius l. . var. lect. c. . d hist. l. . c. . e see p . & isiodor pelusiotes . epist. l. . ep. . see my vnlovelines of love-locks , p. . to ● f plutarchus de virtutibus . mulierū . tom. . moral . page . . g alexander ab alexandro . l. . c. . fol. . caeliu● rhodig . antiqu. lect. l. . c. . * macrobius saturnaliū . lib. . cap. . h paulus diaconus , de gestis longobardorum . lib. . c. . i munsteri cosmograph . lib. . c. . p. . k rom. . . l plutarch de virtutibus mulierum . mor. tom. . p. . . dyonisius . hallicarnassaeus . antiqu. romanorū . lib. . c. p. . . * the like we reade in athenaeus . dipn. l. c. . p. ● . of ●no●us the tyrāt of erythrae . m iniurijs quas in mulie●es , & ingenuos pueros exercebat , omnia sua superant flagitia . ibidem . * habet enim & sexus institutam speciem habitus , ut in . viris tonsi capilli , in mulieribus ●edūdantia criniū , quod maxime virginibus insigne est , qu●rū & ornatus ips● proprie sic est ut concumulatus in verticem ipsum capitis suo arcem ambitu crinium contegat . isi●de●● hispalensis . originum . l. . c. . * see purchas his pilgrim . cap. ● . accordingly . n effaeminati corpore atque animo ne scintllā quidē retinent gene●is masculi protinus plectentes cincinnos ornantesque : nec pudet eos data opera marem sexū mutare in faeminā . philo de specialibus legibus . p. . . o see pag. . * see purchas his pilg. c. . p cor. . , gal. . , . eph. militum christi verū , nihil molle decet . ●mbros enar. in psal. see purchas his pilg. cap. . * see bulingerus de theatro . l c. . , . q ambros irenaeo , calvin , babington , on the . commandement , and all the fore-quoted authors . p. r cor. . , , . tim. . , . phil. . . eph. ● . , , , . cor. . . tit. . ● . rom. . . c. . , . s macrobius saturnal . l . c. . plutarch de● virtutibus mulierum . l. iulius firmicus , de origine profanarum . relig. c. . eusebius de vita constantius . l. . c. . purchas pilg. l. . cap. . & his pilg. chap. . t see act. . , ● u in deut. c. x prima secundae . quaest. . arti● . . m secunda secundae quaest. . artic. . m . y summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . memb. . u see act . thorowout . x et haec est tota ratio damnationis , perversa administratio conditionis à conditis . tertul. de sp●ctac . tom. . p. . y gen. . . rev. . . prov. . . chron. . . mat. . , . cor. . . z iob. . , . c. . , . hag . . mat. . . to . a rev. . , . ezech. . . to , , . alexander fabritius , destructorium vitiorum . pars . c. obsopaeus de luxu vestium . the homily against excesse in apparell . b cor. . , , . rom. . . rev. . . c. . . gal. . . eph. . . col. . . pet. . . c deut. . . pet. . . tim. ● . . cor. . . to . and most expositors on it . clemens alexandrinus paedag. l. . c. . ambros. irenaeo . tom. . p. ● . . h. . c. . . & . phil. & mar. cap. . with all other statutes of apparell , and authors who have written of apparell . d proprius habitus unicuique est , tam ad usum quotidianum quam ad honorem & dignitatem . purpura praetexta & stola , nativitatis insignia , non potestatis : generis , non honoris ; ordinis ; non superstitionis . tertul. de idololat . lib. cap. . . see de pallio . lib. * d. gag●r , & d. gentilis in d. re●nolds overth●ow of stage playes , p● . , , , , , ● . f ambros. irenaeo . tom. . p. . quē si puellarū inse●eris choro , mire s●gaces falleret hospi●es discrimen obscurū solutis crinibus , ambiguoque vultu . horace carm. lib. . ode . g rom. . . h merito illic non servatur castimonia , ubi nō servatur sexus distinctio . ambros. irenaeo . i aquinas prima secundae● quaest. . artic. . m. secunda secundae quaest. . artic. . m. calvin , babington , perkins , downeham , dod , elton , lake , williams , ames , & al others on the . cōmandement , & on deut. . . quoted before . philo iudaeus de specialibus legibus , p. . . de vita cōtempl . p. . . & d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . to . & . to k gen. . . & ro. . deut. . . . l rom. . , , . m eph. . , . n lamprîdij heliogabalus , eutropius , rerū . rom. l. . f. . . zonaras annal. tom. . fol. . . grimstons imperiall hist. p. . . o ath●naeus dipn. l. . c. , . iustin. hist. l. . or●sius hist. l. . c. . diodorus siculus . bibl. hist. l. . sect . . sleidā de . imperijs , l. . p. . p suetonij nero , sect . . . zonaras annal. tom. . f. . b. eutropius l. . rom. hist. p. . grimstons imp. hist. p. q iulius ●irmicus , de errore profa . relig. c. eusebius de vita cōst . l. . c. . macrobius satur. l. . c. . purchas pilg. l. . c. . & his pilg. c. . r purchas pilg. l. . c . s purcha● pilg. l. . c. . t purchas pilg. l. . c. . & ci●●a . c. . u isti pueros transferunt in amicarū habitū & ordinē cum summa aetatis iniuria , ut amatoribus quidem eorum melius consulent , &c. philo de vita contempl. l. p. . & de specialibus legibus , p. . . see su●tonij nero , sect . . ath●naeus dipn. l. . c. . su●tonij tiberius , sect . . . dionysius hallicarnas . antiqu. rom. l. . c. . x suetonij nero , sect . . herodoti vrania . p. . i●venal . satyr . . p. . . ambros . hexaem . l. . c. . basilius mag. de vera virginitate , tom. . p. . to . august● de civ . dei. l. . c. . anastasius siani●a , quaest. . bibl. p.t. . pars . p. . . philo de specialibus legibus , p. . . & de vita contempl. p. . . sedulius in cor. c. . y grandiores pueri , loti , nitidi , fucatique ac cincinnatuli , alu●t capillitium vel omnino intonsi , vel à fronte tantum praesectis in orbem crinibus . nunc ●o gloriantur qui patrāt & qui patiuntur muliebria , effaemina●i corpore iuxta atque animo , ne scintillam quidem retinentes generis masculi , propalam plectentes cincinnos ornantesque , &c. phi●o de vita contempl. p. . & de specialibus legibus , p. . see ambrose ir●naeo , & rabanus maurus , in deut. l. . c. . nazienzen oratio p. . accordingly . est apud eos consuetudo ut pueri usque ad●mp●berem aetatem purpuram , capillorumque nodos auro revinctos gestent . at●●naeus dipn. l. . c. . see lib. . c. . & l● . c. . assistunt pueri coma nitentes ex gente barbarica ad hoc usus electi . am●rose de elia & ieiuni● . c. . discant â te co-episcopi tui , comatulos pueros & comptos adolescentes secum non habere . bernard de consideratione . l. c. ● aristodemus iussit mares more virginum comam alere , eamque colore ●●avo inficere , cincinnosque facere , & reticulis capillos religare & pictis atque talaribus togis indui , palliolis ●enuibus ac mollibus amiciri , & in umbra degere . eos autem comitabatur ad ludum saltatorum & tibicinum , puerorum magistrae mulieres , & ipsae lavabant eos allatis ad balnea pectinibus & speculis . tali educatione corrumpens pueros donec annum aetatis vicesimum implevissent . sed quum his alijsque multis modis cum contumelia illusisset cumae is , & a nullo libidinis genere tempor●sse● , &c. una cum tora stirpe excisus e●t . dionys hallicarn . antiqu. romanor . l. . c. . p. . & plutarch de virtu●ibus muli●rum alor tom. . p. . . nero insignes pinguissima coma adolescentulos & excellētissimo cultu pu●●os undique elegit , qui divisi in factiones pl●usuum genera condiscerent , &c. suetonij nero s●●t . . see . cnidiusque gyges● quem si puellarum insereres choro , mire sag●ces falleret hospites , discrimen obscurum solutis crinibus , ambiguoque vultu horace carm. l. . ode . puer quis ex aula capillis . ad cyathū statuetur unctis ? idē carm. l. . ode . i , pete unguentum puer & coronas . dic & argutae properet neaerae , myrrheum nodo cohibere crinē● carm. lib. . ode . spis●a t● mundum coma , &c. sparsum adoratis humerū capillis . ibid ode . . et quae nunc hum●ris involitant , deciderint comae . carm. l. . ode . horret capillis , ut m●rmus , ●speris ●chinus , au● currēs aper . idē . epodon , l. epod. . p. . sed alius ardor aut p●e●iae candid●e . aut teretis pueri , longā renodantis comā● epod. . p. . intōsum pueri dicite cynthiū . carm. l. ode . intonsosque agitaret apollinus aura capillos . epod. l. ep . p. . quē tenues decuere togae nitidique capilli . epist. l. . ep. . p. . tondendū cunucho bromium cōmittere noli . iuvenal satyr . . p. . see farnaby . ibid. quid iuvat ornato procedere vita capillo ? aut quid orantea crines perfundere myrra . propertius elegiarū . l. . eleg. . quid tibi nunc molles prodest coluis●e capillos ? saepeque mutatas disposuisse comas ? quid fuco splendente comas redimire ? quid illas , artificis docta subsecuisse manu ? tibullus elig . l. . eleg. . vnus de toto peccaverat orbe , comarū annulus , &c. desine iam lalage tristes ornare capillos , tangat & ins●nū nulla puella caput , &c. martial . epig. l. . epig . tu iuvenile decus serva , ne pulerior ille in longa fuerit quam breviore comâ● hos tibi laudatos dominorū voce capillos . ille tuus latia misit ab urbe puer : addidit & nitidū sacratis crinibus orbē . q●o faelix facies indice tota fuit . id●m epig. l. . epig● . consiliū formae speculum , dulcesque capillos pergameo prosunt dona sacratadeo , ille puer tanto domino gratissimus aula , &c. nec g●nymedeas mallet habere comas . ibid. epig. . noluerā polytime tuos violare capillos , &c. positisque nitebat crinibus epig. l. . ●pig . see l. . epig. . , , exornant muliebriter nutritos crines , &c. iulius f●rmicus , d. errore profan . rel●g c . molles sunt , cum quibus virile perficitur scelus , & quorū virilia in pu●ritia castrabantur , & c● eidē matri magnae contra omnem virorum , muli●rūque verecundiā consecrati sunt , qui usque in extremū diem madidis capillis , & facie dealbata , incessu faemineo per plateas vicosque carthaginis à populo , unde turpiter viverent exigebant , sedulius collect. in cor. . bibl. p.t. . pars . p. . g. see caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l . c. . . at large to this purpose , and my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes , p. . , , . seneca . de brev. vitae . c. . & controvers● l. . proaem . z veneris praesidio ferox , pectes caesariem , &c. tamen heu serus adulteros crines pulvere collines . horace . carm. l. . ode . non sola comptos arsit adulteri crines . hor. carm l. ode . cōventū tamen & pactū & sponsalia nostra tēpestate paras , iamque à tonsore magistro pecteris , &c. iuvenal satyr . . p. . si nemo tribunal vendit acersecomes , si nullū in coniuge crimen , &c. ib. sat. . p . sed vitare viros cultū formamque professos . quique suas ponunt in statione comas . ovid de arte amandi l. . alter unguentis aff●uens , cal●mistata coma despiciens conscios stupratorū , &c. cicero oratio pro sexto . p . b. intonsum caput ambitionem perversa via sequitur● &c. seneca epist . see epist. . de brev. vitae . c. & contr. l. . proem . see tibullus . el●g . l. . eleg. . porp●rtius eleg l . eleg . petronij satyricō . p. stobaeus serm. . comae studiosius adulteri sunt . homerus enim puellarū decepto●em comae nitidioris amantē facit , quasi ad mulierū corrupt●lam coma exornaretur . nullus co●atus qui non etiam cinaedus & impudicus . syn●s●us calvitij encomium . * cael●us rhodig antiqu. lectionum . lib. . c. . comas supervacuas curare vel in saelicium vel iniustorum est : nam quid in talibus expectendū aut suspicandum , ni●i ut lasciuus ille ornatus faeminas praetereuntes invi●et , aut alienis matrimonijs insidietur ? basil de legendis libris gentilium orat. see hier●m . ep. . c. ● . ep. . c. . ep. . c. . ep . c. . clemens rom a●ost . constit. l. . c. . clem alexand. paedag l. c. . l. c. . , . see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes , p. . , . to ● . purchas his pilg c. concil . constantinop . can . & . concil . turonicū . . & bituri●nse . . bo●h●llius . lib. . tit. . * this i have heard credibly reported of a scholler of bayliol colledge , and i doubt not but it may be verified of divers others . a calvin , babington , ●erkins , eltō , brinsly , dod , downham , lake , ames , & others on the . commandement , d. reinolds overthrow , &c. p . . . b parum enim vid●batur si in expugn●nda faemin●rū pudicitia maculosus esset ac turpis , nisi etiam sexui suo iniuriam faceret . hoc est verum adulteriū quod fit contra naturam . haec qui fecit , viderimus an maximus , certè optimus non est de falsa . relig lib. . cap. . pag. . c cogitandum est masculo●ū ad masculos , & faeminarum ad faeminas societatem praeter naturam esse , & facinus corum qui primi ab voluptatis incontinentiam id ausi fuerunt . omnes equidem cretensium de g●nymede fabulam damnamus , velut qui t●lem rationem in ●a in . nuerint ut cū leges à iove ipsis t●aditae , credantur hanc fabulā contra iovem effinxerunt , quo sequētes deum , etiam hac voluptate renerentur . valeat igitur haec fabula plato legum dialog . p. . see rom. . , . d philo iudaeus de specialibus legibus p. . , . d reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . e sedulius in cor . f deut. . , . g levit. . , , . king. . . ezech. . . h d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . , &c. g●sson his playes confuted . artion . i caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l. . cap. . . athenaus dipnosoph . lib . cap. ● . . plutarchi amatorius . d. reinolds & goss●n , qua h. k gen . . ezech. . . iude . l levit. . . eph. . . m deut. . , . iudg. . , , . king. . . king. . . n rom . . , . eph. . o cor . . , . p alvarus pelag. l. . artic. p. . bp. babington on the . cōmandement burtons melancholy , pars . sect . p heylins geog. p. . q lon●●●rus turc . hist. l. . c. . busbequi●s ep p. . to . purchas pilg l. . c. . . r athenaeus dipn. l. . c. . . caelius rhod antiq. lect. l. . c. . heredo●● , clio , purchas pilg. l. . c. . s plutarchi , gryllus , & amatorius , athenaeus dipn. l. . c. . caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l. . c. . t munsteri cosmogr . l. . c. . p. . purchas pilg. l. . c. . u purchas pilg. l. c. . x plato legum . dial. . p. . athenaeus dipn. l. . c. . aristot . polit. l. . c. . caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l. . c. . y purchas pilg. l. . c. . z purchas pilg. l. . c. . a philo iudaeus , de vita cont. p. . to . athenaeus dipn. l. . cap. . caelius rhod. ant. lect. l. . c. . . burtons melancholy , pars . sect . . p. . . b purchas pilg. l. . c. . c purchas pilg. l. . c. . d purchas pilg. l. . c. . e plato legū . dialog . . p. . lactantius de falsa relig. c. . . iulius firmicus , de errore profan . relig. c. . f iulius firmicus , ib. c. . sedulius in cor. . eusebius de vita constant. l. . c. . purchas pilg. l. . c. . g iustin hist. l. . athenaeus dipn. l. . c. ● . orosius hist. l. . c. . h suctonij nero. sect . . zonaras annal. tom. . ●ol . . b. eutropius l. . fol. . i lampridij & grimstons , h●liogabalus , b●rtons melancholy , pars . sect . . p. . k see ath●naeus dipn. l. . c. . l. . c. . . plutarchi , gryllus & amatorius , suetonij gal●a . sect . . caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l. . c. . . burtons melancholy , pag. . . l see luitprandi●s hist. l. . c. . . platina in io●nne . guicciordins hist● l. fasciculus temporū , onus ecclesiae . c. . . . balaeus de scriptor . brit. c●n. . p. . acts of english votaries , l. . f. . , ● . l. . f. . , , ● , ● . his apology● fol. . , . agrip de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . . alvarus pelagius , lib. . artic. . f. . iohn whites way● b. sect . . numb . . . & defence of the way . chap. . numb . . . bp. mortons protestants appeale , lib. . cap. . sect . , &c. master cookes more worke for a masse-priest . sect . . burtons melancholy , p●g . . . * iohannes de casa , bishop of beneventum wrote a booke in defence of sodomy , where he stiles it a sweet sinne , proclaiming with●ll , that hee never used any other of this nature , but this onely . burtons melancholy . page . see alvarus p●lagius de planctu ecclesiae , sect . . fol. . m levit. . , , . deut. ● , . iudg. , to . kin. . ● . king. . . ezech. . ● . rom. , , . ● cor. . , . g●l . . . eph. ● . c. . iude . col. . . & m. bysicl●●● expositiō . lb. n clemens rom. constit. apost . l. . c. . concil . eliberinū . cā . , concil . ancyranum . can. . see alvarus p●lagius , de p●anctu eccles●ae . l. . artic . . fol. . o ath●naeus dipn. l. . c. . plutarchi amator●us , caeli●s rhodig . antiq. lect. l. . c. ● . p . h. . c. . ● . h. . c. . & . . h. . c. . h. . c. . . & . ed. . c. . . eliz. c. . o musieres autem nudo atque operto capite populū absque rubore alloquūtur tantaque prae meditatione impudentiā asciscunt , tantamque lasciviam in audientiū atque videntium animos infundunt , ut uno omnes animo radici●us modestiā è mentibus evellere , dedecore muliebrem naturam afficere , perniciosa voluptate cupiditates suas implere conari videantur . chrysost. hom. . in mat. tom. . p. . c. se● theophylact. & occumenius in tim. . . accordingly . & chrysost . hom. . in cor. p summa grati● cius de spurcitia concinnata est , quā mimus etiam per mulieres repraesentat sexum pudoris exterminans , ut facilius domi quàm in s●ena erubes●●nt . tertul. de spectac . ● . . q horace serm. l. . satyr . . p. . v. . mimae , & quae ludibrio corporis sui quaestū faciunt , publicè habitu earū virgiuum quae deo dicatae sunt , non utantur . iustin. c●dicis . l. . tit. . le● . . see iustiniani novel . . & . & bulengerus● de theatro . l. . c. . . r chrysost. hom. . in . ep. ad cor. tertul. de spectaculis . c. . bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . . iustiniani novel . . & . cassiodorus variarū . l. . epist. . s ouid. fastorum . lib. . pag. . . lactantius de falsa . relig. l. . c. ● iuvenal . satyr . ● . bulengerus de theatro . lib. . c. . ludovicus vives , no●ae in august . de civ . dei● lib● ● c● ● t in michael , terme , . u deut. . . * se● d● ●mes , de iure consciētiae . l. . c. se●t . . p. , u ●spe●caeus cōment . in tit. . agri●pa de vanitate scientiarū . l. c. . . adolescē●ibus impudice abus● sunt . heu , heu , intra s●n●●ā ecclesiā mul●i religiosi & clerici in suis l●tebris & cōventiculis & la●●i i●m in plaerisque civitatibus maximè in italia , publice quodā modo , netandū gymnasiū constituunt , & palestrā ; in illius ●lagit●j abominatione se exe●cētes , & optimi quique epheborum , in lupanari ponūtur . alvares pelagiu● de planctu ecclesiae l. . artic . . ●ol . ● vid. ibid. see l. before . x roma quasi gurges flagitiorū . epis● . ch●mn●nsis . onus ecclesiae . c. sect . . & carol●s molinaeus senatu●-consulta franciae contra ab●sus papar●m . pag. . y rev. . , . z sed & recentioribus tēpo●●bus sixtus ponti●ex maximus romae nobile admodū lupina● ex●ruxit , &c. in italia etiā romana scorta in sin●ulas hebdomad●s iu●iū pēdent ●ōtifici , qui cēsus annuus nonnūquā vi●inti millia duca●us excedit● ad●oque ecclesiae procerū id munus cit ut una ●tiā cum ecclesiarū prouēt●bus etiā lenociniorū nume●ēt mercedē , &c. agrip de van. scient . c. . & espencaeus in tit. . p. argument . . * non est mulieris sed meretricis illud nimium sui ornandi studium . ibid c. . mulierem minim● deceat tortos habere c●ines , & pectus suum nudare ne sui decoris & officij oblita videatur , &c. indignum est enim mulieres christianas , quas decet cum verecundia & sobrietate ornatus , pietatem per bona opera profiteri , meretricio more into●tis crinibus nudatis capi●ibus & pectore , se velu● nundina●itias populo exponere . ideo non tan●ū virgines sed e●iam mulieres intortis crinibus , ac nisi velatis capitibus ac pectore ( po●issimū in e●clesi● ) incedere prohibemus , &c. syn●dus tur●nica . an . apud boch●llū . decreta eccle. gal. l. . tit. . c. . vid. concil bitur . . ibid. c. . a see my vnlovelinesse of love-locks . p. . to . b non de integra conscientia venit studium placēdi per decorē , quē naturaliter invita●orē libidinis scimus . textul . de cultu faeminarum . cap. . c ornamētorū insignia & leno cinia fucorum , non nisi prostitutis & impudicis faeminis congruit ; & nullarum ferè praeciosior cultus est , quàam quarum pudor vilis est . cyp●ian de habitu virginum . lib. d laudo ego & admiror veterum lacedaemoniorum civitatem , quae solis meretricibus floridas vestes & aurū mundū gestare permisit , à probis mulieribus mundi studium auferens , quod solis meretricibus se ornare concederet . clemens alexandr . paedag. l. . c. . see athenaeus dipnos . lib. . cap. . * see purcha● pilgr . c. . , . f paedag. l. . c. . & l. . c. . . . g paedag. l. . c. . g fractis quidem & enervatis his saltatoribus , qui cynaedicam turpitudinē mutam in scenam transferunt , vestem cum tanto dedecore diffluentiū despicantibus , quibus exquisitae vestes , fimbriarūque dilationes , & curiosi figurarū numeri , illiberalē ac sordidā syrmatū mollitiem indicant . vestes autem quae sunt floribus similes bacchicis nugis , & initiorū mysterijs relinquendae sunt : deinde verò purpura & vasa argentea , sunt , ut dicit comicus , tragaedis , & non vitae utilia , &c. paedag. l. . c. . h imo in omni spectaculo nullum magis scandalum occurret , quàm ipse ille virorum ac mulierum accuratior cultus , scintillas libidinum constabellans . de spectaculis● cap. ● . i cu●cta simpliciter quae ibi fiunt turpissima sunt , verba , vestitus , &c. omnia inquā turpi lascivia plena sunt . hom. . in mat●h tom. . ●ol . . c.d. k de regno . l. bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . f. l vt candida●ae templa ●ubean● dant operā diligenter emaculatis amictae vestibus , mentem vero maculosam in ipsa sacraria penitissima inferre non verentur . p●ilo iudaus de cherubin . p. . prope periculosius est lascivis puellis , ad loca religionis , qu●m in publicum procedere . heirom epist. . cap. . m non intortis crinibus , &c. venit enim ut oret , non ut tripudiet ; venisti petitura peccatorum remissionem , at tanquam scenam sis ingressura comica mulier , te exornas ? theophilact . ibid. non intortis crinibus . non enim in thea●rum , inquit , venisti , sed ut peccata tua defleres : non est autem preciositàs supplex habitus , neque lugentis peccata , est ornamenti in te arrogantia . quod si haec prohibuit quae divitias tantum ostendunt , multô magis curiosa ac perversa , veluti sunt insectiones genarum , picturae oculorū , perfractus incessus , mere●●icius tuniculae amictus , zona curiosior , calcei distracti , sive disscissi . nam haec omnia , in eo quod dixit , in amictu decenti . o●cumenius ibid. non in tortis crinibus , &c. amputa omnem e●usmodi simulationem , circumcide abs te omnem illum scenae atque histrionum gestum . deus enim non irridetur . ista mimis & saltatoribus , & his qui in scena vertantur , relinquenda sunt : sobriae atque ornatae mulieri , nihil tale congruit . chrysost. hom. . in tim . tom. . col. . a. vid. ibidem . n ecclesiast . hist. l . c. . tō . . p. . h. o fl. vopisci . carinus p. . p spectatum veniunt , veniunt ipectentur ut ipsae , &c. de arte amandi . lib. . q mox traliitur manibus regum fortum retortis , esseda festināt , pilenta , petorrita , naves ; captiuum portatur ebur , captiva corinthus , divitiaeque peregrinae epist. l . epist. . p. . r aequalis habitus illic , similemq , videbis , orchestram & populū : hic ultra vires habitus inter : hic aliquid plus quam satis est , &c. satyr . . p. . s plutarchus de tarda dei vindict . lib. pollux , lib cap. . sidonius , lib. . epist. , bulingerus , de theatro , lib. . cap. . d. hackwels apologie , lib. . c. . se●t . . t nunc autem saltat virgo in cōmuni theatro iuvenum impudicorū , & non tibi magis videtur infamis quā meretrix ? chrysost . hom . in cor. . tom. . col. . c. argument . u see d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . to . accordingly . x si fortuiti occursus ijs qui obiter mulierculum inspexerunt tantum pariunt periculi , quāto magis fuerit cum de industria congrediuntur ; cùm dedi●a opera mulieres in ebrierate atque convivio , omni lascivo gestu , saltatione , cantu impudico invenes effraenes invitantes spectantur ? basil. de ebrietate & luxu sermo . tom. p. . an quidquam est tam pronum ad libidines quàm inconditis motibus ea quae vel natura abscondit , vel disciplina velavit , membrorum operta nudare , ludere oculis , rotare cervicem , comam spargere ? merito inde iniuriam divinitatis proceditur . quid enim verecundiae ibi potest esse , ubi saltatur strepitur , concrepatur ? ambros. de virginibus , l. . tom. . p. . b. see chrysost. hom. . in matth. & hom. in cor. . accordingly . x see here pag. . & . accordingly . y vidisti cum quāta olim honestate nuptias egerint ? audite qui satanicas pompas admiramini & statim ab initio nuptiarū honestatē dedecore afficitis num tunc tibiae ? nū tunc cymbala ? nū●uncchorcae diabolicae ? quare enim dic mihi tantum damnū statim ab initio inducis domū tuā , & eos qui in scenis & orchestris operā locant vocas , ut cū intēpestivo sumptu virginis laedas cōtinentiam , & iuvenē impudentiorē facias ? satis enim arduū erat absque illis su●●iationibus illā aetatē posse ferre moderate tēpestatem affectionū : cum autē & haec accedūt , tam quae videntur , quam quae audiuntur , maiusque accenditur incendiū , & fornax concupiscentiarū magis inflāmatur , quomodo non pessum it adolescētis anima ? hinc enim omnia per●ūt & corrūpuntur , quiaab initio castitas oppugnatur eorū qui inter se conventuri sunt , & saepe primo die iuvenis oculis videns incontinentibus , telo diabolico in animo vulneratur , & puella per ea quae audit & videt captiva fit : & ab eo die posteà crescūt vulnera , maiusque●it malū , &c. hom. in gen. . tom. . col. . a.b. z ist● omnes infaelices & miseri qui saltationes ante ipsas etiā sanctorū basilicas & in sancto●ū ipsorū festivitatibus choros ducūt . quare unde debuerunt deum laudare & mereri , inde sibi damnationē acquirū●● & sicuti christiani ad ecclesiā veniūt , ut pagani tamen de ecclesia revertātur . sermo● . t. . p. . d. a idcirco animas misit , ut res sancti atque augustissimi nominis symphonicas agerent & fistulatorias hic artes , & c● ibid. * mulieres in plateis inverecundas sub conspe●tu adolescentulorum intemperantium choros ducunt , iactantes comam , tr●hentes tunicas , scissae amictus , nudae lacer●os , plaudentes manibus , saltantes pedibus , personantes vocibus , irritantes in se iuvenum libidines motu histrionico , petulanti oculo , dedecoroso ludibrio . spectat corona adolescentulū , & sit miserabile theatrum . inter saltantium ruinas , & spectantium lapsus , caelum impuro contamin●tur aspectu , terra turpi saltatione polluitur , quae obscaenis cantibus verberatur . quomodo patienter loquar , piè praeteriam , convenienter de●leam ? ibidem . * notum est omnibus nugaces & turpes saltationes ab episcopis solere comp●sci . quis unquam meminit ab hominibus , quosin auxilium episcopi petierunt , cum episcopis esse saltatum ? ibidem . b organa tragaediā personāt secul●●ē , intra● besti● , non puella , quaerit amputare , non saltare ; discurrit fera , nō●aemina , sp●rgit ●ubas per c●rvicem , non c●pillos , &c v●●ū epu●is nostri● intersit christus , in facie prandeatur auctoris , honestate convivij natu●a ipsa , quae nos producit , honoretur , familia vestra innocētiae tripudiet disciplina , luxus absistat , fugetur effusio ; saltatricū pestis , lenocinia cantorū , voluptatū fomenta , naufragia menti●̄ , cū herodiadis convivijs abscindantur ; ut praesens gaudiū vestrū , ad laetitiam perveniat sempiternū . ibid. c caue solū , ut non derelinquas fidem , ut à fornicationibus fugias , jam fidelis effectus . hoc autē custodire ita demū poteris , si ebrietatē devitetis & convivia inhonesta , ubi turpiū faeminarū colubrini gestus concupiscentiam movent illicitā , ubi lyra sonat & tibia , ubi omnia postremò genera musicorū inter cymbala saltantiū concrepant . infaelices illae domus sunt , quae nihil discrepant à theatris . auferantur quaeso universa ista de medio : sit domus baptizati & christiani hominis immunis à choro diaboli , sit plane humana , sit hospitalis , orationibus sanctificetur assiduis ; psalmis , hymnis , canticisque spiritualibus frequentetur , &c. gaudentius . brix . qua supra . bibli . p. tom. . p. . chorus petulans , insanae saltationes . faeminae lascivae dei timoris oblitae , ignis aeterni minas nihil pendentes , abjecto servituris christi iugo , pedibus gestientes , ac oculo petulco , risu ●ascivo , ad saltationē insanientes , iuventutis intēperantiam in se provocantes ; in locis sacris pro maenibus civitatis choros constituentes , ea profanaverunt ac omnium probriorum officinas reddiderunt . aerem insuper meretriceis cantibus , terram verò lascivè saltando contaminavêre , instar theatri cuiusdam adolescentium catervas sibi circumsistentes , &c. e● talibus itaque malis viri ac faeminae communes constitu●ntes choros maloque dae●oni miseras tra●entes animas , sese invic●m libidinum telis confodiun● atque lacerant . risus inter se histrionicos , cantus probrosos , meretricios gestus ad libidinem invitantes exercent● rides , di● mihi , & gaudes inepta stolidaque laetitia , cum lachrymas fundere ac dolere , ob ea quae admisisti fas est ? moves pedes , & insan●s saltas ? choreas duces imprudens cum genua ad dei & domini nostri iesu christi cul●um flectere oportear ? quas ego fleam ? puellasne coniugij expertes , an vi●is coniunctas ? hae quidē amissa virginitate reversae sunt , illae vero pudicitiam viris minime servaverunt , &c. prosaltatione itaque genu deo flectatur , pro tripudio pectus pulsetur . basil de ebri●tate & luxu sermo● tom. . p. . , . d nec domus limina sertis coronemus , nec oculum pascamus , nec aurem cantu demulceamus nec choreas agi●emus , &c. verū haec prophanis , atque ethnicis festis , solennitatibusque relinquimus . oratio . p. . , . vide ibid. ac primum quidem fratres laetemur , non corporis splendore , non vestium permutationibus at magnificentijs , non commessationibus & ebrietatibus , quarum fructum impudicitias & cubilia , esse di licistis ; nec floribus plateas coronemus , nec vnguentorum turpitudine mensas , nec vestibula ornemus , nec visibili lumine splendesc●nt domus , nec tibicinum concentu plausibusque personent ; hic enim gentilitiae festorum celebrationis mos est . nos vero ne his rebus deum honoremus , hymnos pro tympanis assumamus ; psalmodi●m pro turpibus & flagitiosis cantibus , plausum gra●iarum actionis , ac canorā manuum ●ctionem pro plausibus theatricis , gravitatem pro risu , prudentem sermonem pro ebrietate , decus & honestarem pro delicijs . quod s● etiam te ut festum animo laeto celebrantem tripudiare convenit , tripudia ●u quidem , sed non obscenae herodiadis tripudium , ex quo baptistae mors secuta est ; verum davidis ob arcae requietem saltitantis : quo quidem itineris sancti , ac deo granti agilitatem , volubilitatemque mistice designari existimo . nazienzen orotio . pag. . . vid. ibidem . * see calvin , marlorat , aqui●as , & lyra● in cor. . . * saltantes satyros imitabitur alphisebaeus . e●loga● . pag. . e saltationes nullo modo probamus , quod multorū malorū fomes & origo sint protervioresque efficiant adolescētes , & corruptiores . ibid. f amores praetereainhonesti , choreae , impudici & libid● nosi tactus & amplexus , ●udi etiam cartarum , taxilorum , & id genus alia , unde infinita ac horrenda mala peccataque iam in deum , iam etiā in proximu prosi●iunt , prohibē●ur● sed & vestium illa multiformis ac monst●osa varietas , non admi●titur . ibid. * fol. ● * robertus flolk●t , le●tio ● . fol. . nicolaus de clemangis . d● novis celebritatibus non instituendis , pag. . , &c. m. dik● of the deceitfulnesse of the heart , c. . p. . m. b●ard● in his theatre o● gods iudgements . book . c. . m. rob●rt bolton , in his directions ●or our comfortable w●lking with god. pag. . onus ecclesiae . c. ● . sect . . . &c. . sect . . philippus gluverius , germaniae antiquae . lugd. bat. ● . lib. . cap. ● p. . . antonini chro●●con . pars . . tit. . cap. . sect . . m. samuel byrd , his treatise of the use of the pleasures of this present life . cap. . ●ol . . . thomas beacon , his catechism● . fol. . g calvin , martyr , gualt●er , nor●hbrooke , stubs , with others in their fore quoted places . h o cōvivium diabolicū ! ô satanae spectaculū ! ô iniquū tripudium ! in herodiadis filia diabolus tripudiavit : ille enim effecit ut ipsa saltans placeret . hom. . in matth. i diabolo procurante ludens caepit delectari puella , ad hoc solum ut possit occidere prophetā , &c su●●r audivit herodes tetrarcha , &c. sermo . bibl. patrum . tom . pars . pag ● d. k ●altat per puellā diabolus . enar. in marc. . pag. . l nullus ibi diabolica ca●mina praesumat cātare , nec loca , nec saltationes facere ; quae pagani docente diabolo ad invenerunt . concil arelatense . surius . tom. . p. . see chrysost. hom. ● & . in matth. sebastianus bra●t , his navis stultifera . agrip●a de vanitate scient c. . m. northbrooke against vaine-playes & dancing fol. . with sundry others . m vbi saltus lasciuus , ibi diabolus cerrè ad est . his tripudijs diabolus saltat , his a dremonum ministris homines decipiuntur , &c. chrysost. hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . c. . c. qui mimos & saltatores , & mulieres meretrices introducunt in convivia , daemones & diabolum illic vocant , & domos suos implent bellis innumerabilibus . chrysost. hom. in psal. ● . tom. . col. ● c. whence hom. . in gen. tom. . col. . ● . & hom. in colos. tom. . col. . ●●he stiles dances , choreae diabolicae ; sattanicae saltationes . n comment . in isaiam . cap. . o in the history of the waldenses & albigenses . part . book . ● . c. . p● . to . * vbi salta●io , ibi diabolus . holk●● . lect. ● in lib. sapient . vid. ibidem . p paratum est convivale theatrū : producitur lasciva carnifex faemina , quae prophetam non gladio , sed saltatione prosternat . molli puella gressu procedit in med●ū , homici diū petitura , ut adul●e●o placitura : ali●nū in pedrbus portās sanguinē , & sceleris postulatura mercedem . sic sal●at ●t placeat sic placet ut occidat● prônefas ! ut luxir corporis sui mulier peric●lum petar , capitis alieni . fulgentius ● qua . i supra . bibl. p. tom. . pars . p. . d. see chrysologus . ser. . q forma castis dāno moribus ess● solet . multos forma fecit adulteros , cast●̄ nullū . petrarch . de remed . utriusque fortun● l. . dial. . & . l. . dial. . see my vnlovelinesse of love-locks . p. , * see tertullian , de cultu faeminaru & cyprian de habitu virginū , & my love-lockes . p. ● . &c. s si tu te sumptuosius comes , & per publicū notabiliter incedas oculos in te iuventutis i●licias , suspiria● adolescentum post te trahas , concupiscendi libidinē nutrias , peccandi fomenta , succendas , ut & ipsa non pereas , alios tamē perdas , & velut gladiū te & venenū videntibus praebeas : excusari nō potes quasi mente casta sis ac pudica . cypr. de habitu virginū . ipse enim vel● aspectus mulieris totum est veneno lerati litum . vt primū vulnus affixit animae , ac miserae sauciavit impressione sagittae , quanto diuturniorē conficit moram , tanto periculosiorem putrilaginem in ea operatur , &c. s. antiochus . homil. . bibl. patrum . tom. p. . see hom . & . accordingly . t haec est mulieris antiqua malitia , quae ●i●cit adam de paradisi delicijs : haec coelestes homines fecit esse terrenos : haec humanum genus misit in infernum . haec vitam abstulit mundo propter unius arboris pomum : hoc malū homines ducit ad mortem . hoc malum fugit elias propheta : haec occidit ioannem baptistā : deijcit pueritiam , perdit inuentutem , illicet & inquietat emortuam ●enecturem . chrysologus sermo . o malum summum & acuti ●simū● diaboli telum , mulier ! per mulierem adam in paradiso prostravit , &c. chrysos● hom. . & . ex varijs matthiae locis tom. . col. . . see there excellently to this purpose . & anciochi . hom. . , , bibl patr. tom. . p. . , . u diaboli pompa cymbala , tibiae , choreae & cantica plena scortationum , & adulteriorum . chrysost. hom. . in acta apost . tom. . col. . c. x pro deo habet quisque quod colit . comment . l. . in oscae c. . y sextum malū ludos praedictos cōcomitans , est violatio sabb●ti : namin dominicis diebus & caeteris solemnitatibus praecipue huiusmodi lusores cōmittant praedicta peccata & mult●●li● . alexander fa●ritius . destructoriū vitierum . pars . cap. . observa diem sabbati , non carnaliter non iudaicis delicijs qui ocio abutuntur ad nequitiam . melius enim utique tota die foderent quàm tota die salt●rent . august . en●● in psal. . . ser. . tom. . pars . p. . de de●em chord . lib. c. ● tom. ● pars . p. . sed unu●quisque nostrum sabbatizet spiritualiter , meditatione legis gaudeus● non corpo●is refocillatione & remissione , opificium dei admirans , non saltationibus plavsibusque stupidis gaudens . ignatius . epist. . ad magnesianos . z placuit & salta●rix . sed quid mirum s●inter dapes largas & poculorum frequentes procellas puella lasciviens mulceat sensus , inclinet affectus ? vinum & saltatio duplex incendium voluptatis . fulgentius . super audivit herodes tetrarcha . se●mo● bi●● patrum tom. . par● . p. . a math. . ● b fastus inest pulchris , sequiturque superbi● formam . ovid fastor●m l. . nil non permittit mulier ●ibi , turpe putat nil , cum virides gemmas collo circumdedit , & cum auribus extensis magnos commisit elenchos . iuvenal . sa●yr . p. . c see antiochus . hom. . bibl. p. tom. . p . accordingly . d colores vero pa●ietibus relinquamus i●que mulierculis quae ●aeno suo iuvenes inrabiem agunt . illae sane & impudēter saltant & rideant . greg. nazienz●n adversus mulieres , &c. p. . c. est mēretticia haec professio atque extremae abominationis argumentū . nam ubipedum strepitus cum carminibus numerosis cōsentit , ibi videlicet omnino & ma●●̄ ipsarum plausus resonat , & omne genus faeditatis , & invitantur spectatores ad turpitudinē : cyrillus alexand in hesaiam● l. . c. . tom. . p. ● . d. * iob . , . f quid dicitis vos sanctae faeminae ●videtis quid docere , quid etiam dedocere filias debeatis ? salter , sed adulterae filia● quae vero pudica , quae casta est , filias suas religionem doceat , non saltationē . ibi enim intuta verecundia , illecebra suspecta est , ubi comes deliciarū est extrema saltatio . ab hac virgines dei procul esse desidero . nemo enim ut dixit quidam seculariū doctor● saltat sobrius nisi insaniat . quod si iuxta sapientiam secul●rem , saltationis aut temulentia auctor est , aut dementia ; quid divinarū scr●pturarum cautum pu●amus exemplis , cum ioannis praenuncius christi saltatricis optione iugulatus , exemplo sit , plus nocuisse saltationis illecebram , qùam sacrilegi fu●oris amentiā . ambros. de virginibus . lib. . tom. . p. . . * hodie autem virgines non in virtutibus docentur , sed imbuūtur superbire , choreas ducere , inter l●scivos masculos conversare , à quibus palpari & amplecti non verecundantur , &c. episcopus chem●ensis onus ecclesia , c. . sect . . g see ecclus. . ● , . feminae in plateis sub conspectu adolescen●ulorum intemperantium choros inverecundos ducunt , iactantes comam , trahentes tunicas , plaudentes manibus , saltantes pedibus , personantes vocibus , irritantes inse iuvenum libidines motu histrionico , petulanti oculo , dedecoroso ludibrio . spectat corona adolescentulum , & fit miserabile theatrum , &c. ambrose● de ●lia & ●eiunio c. . h et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas . cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis . fastorum . l. . p. . faemineos thyrso concitat ille choros ib. p. . ebrius incinctis philyra conuiua capillis sal●at . ebrius ad durum formosae limen amicae cantat , habens un●tae molli● serta comae . idem fastorū . l. . p. . hiludunt , hos somnus habet , pars brachia nectit , & viridem celeri ter pede pulsat humum . fastorū . l. . p. . i nec dulces amores sperne puer , neque tu choreas . carm. l. . ode . nunc est bibendum , nunc pede libero pulsanda tellus . ode . p. . cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota : neu morem in salium fit requies pedum . ibid. ode . quam nec ferre pedem dedecuit choris . carm. l. . ode . illic bis pueri di● numen cum teneris virginibus tuum laudantes , pede candido . in morem salium , ter quatiens humum . carm. l. . ode . p. ● . nec meretrix tibicina , cuius ad strepitum salias terrae . epist. l. epist. . p. . et f●stis matrona moveri iussa diebus● de arte po●t . p. . k forsitan expectes ut gaditana can●ro incipiat prurire choro , &c. satyr . . p. . inde virorum saltatus nigro tibicine . satyr . . p. . l te lustrare choro sacrum tibi pascere crinem . ae●●dos . l. . p. ● . l●etiti● ludisque viae , plausuque fremebant . omnibus in templis matrū chorus , omnibus arae● idem l● . p. . vobis picta croco , & fulgentī mu●ice vestes . desidiae cordi : iuvat indulgere choreis . idem l. . p. . et pedibus plaudunt choreas & carmina ducunt . ibid. lib. . see bulingerus , d● theatro . l. ● . c. . m vbi cymbalûm sonat vox , ubi tympana reboant . tibicen ubi canit pryx curvo grave calamo . vbi capita maenades , ubi ia●iunt haedari●erae . vbi facra sancta acutis ululatibus agitant . vbi suevi● illa divae volitare vaga cohors . quo nos decet citatis celerare tripudijs . simul haec comitibus atys cecinit nova mulier . leve tympanum remugit , cava cymbala recrepant , viridem citus adit idam properante pede chorus , &c. l. . carm. . p. . . n agricola assiduo primū satiatus aratro , can●avit certo rust●●a verba pede . agricola & nimio su●●usus baccho rubēti primus inexperta duxit ab arte choros . vos celeb●ē cantate deum ; nā turba iocosa obs●repit , & phrygio tibia curva sono● ludite●●am no● iungit equos , &c. eleg. l. . eleg. . p. . . o nec minus assiduis edonis fessa choreis , &c. eleg. lib. . eleg. . p. . * see mat. . mark. . . p see concil . toletanum . can. . & cabilonense . can. agrippa de van. scien . c. . de festis . & polidor , virgil , de invent. rerum . l. . c. . accordingly . q archadae philoxeni & timothaei disciplina instructi , cū cantibus & choreis annuos ludos libero patri faciunt ; pueri quidem quos pu●riles vocant : iuvenes , quos viriles . omnis denique eorū vita in● huiusmodi cantionibus versatur . postremo spectacula ac ●udos in theatris cū cātibus & choreis singulis quibusque annis publicis sumptibus adolescentes civibus praebent . ibidem . r plutarchi , numa , dionysius , hallicarnas . antiqu. rom. lib. . sect . . & lib. . sect . . athaeneus dipnos . l. . c. . . livie , hist. rom. l. . sect . . virgil. aeneid . l. . p. . . caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l. , c. . alexander ab alex. genial . dierum . l. . c. . agrippa de vanit . scient . c. . plato legum . dial. . p. . euripedes , bacchae , strabo geogr. l. . b●emus , de moribus gen●ium . l. . c. . l. . c. . godwins roman antiquities . lib● . sect . . c. . . s omnis quám chorus & socij comitētur ovātes . et cererem clamo●e vocent in ●ecta : neque ante falcē maturìs quisquam supponat aristis , quam cereri torta redimitus tempora quercu det motus incōpositos , & carmina dicat . lib . georg●● . p. . . nec non ausonij troi ag●ns missa coloni , versibus incomptis ludunt risuque soluto , oraque corticibus sumunt horrenda cavatis . et te bacche vocant per carmina laeta tibique oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu . georg. l. . p. . . aut ante or● deûm pingues spaciatur ad aras , instauratque diem donis . aeneidos . l. p. . instauratque choros mistique altaria circum cretesque , dryopesque fremunt , pictique agathyrsi . ibid. p. . euae bacche fremens , solum te virgine dignum vociferans ; etenim molles tibi sumere thyrsos , te iustrare choro . aeneid l. . p. . pandite● nunc helicona deae , cantusque movete . ibid. p. ● . dona ferunt , cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. tum salij ad cantus , incensa altaria circum populcis adsunt incincti tempora ramis . hic iuvenum chorus , ille senum , qui carmine laudes herculeas , & facta ferunt . aeneid . l. . p. . laetitia , iudisque viae , plausuque fremebant . omnibus in templis matrum chorus ; omnibus arae . ante aras terram caesi stravêre iuvenci . ibid p. . see l before . t ardua iam dudum rosonat tinnitibus ida , &c. hoc curetes habent , hoc corybantes opus . cymbala progaleis , pro scutis tympana pulsant . tibia dat phrygios ut dedit ante modos . fastorum l. . p. . nos quoque tangit honos ; festis gaudemus & aris . turbaque caelestes ambitiosa sumus . ebrius incinctis philyra conviva capillis saltat , &c. fastorum . lib. . p. . . cantabat fanis , cantabat tibia ●udis , &c. quaeritur in scena cava tibia ; quaeritur aris . fastorum . l. . p. . see p. . see h before . u omnis saltatio , & omnes consentus consecrentur constitutis primum festivitatibus , supputatione facta in annum quod singulis temporibus & singulis dijs ac ipsorum filijs & daemonibus fieri convenit . posteà verò constituatur , qu●m cantilenam in singulis deorum sacrificijs canere oporteat , & quibus choreis sacrificium quod tunc fit , honorare . et primū quidem aliquas constituere oportet : quae vero constituta● fuerint , parcis & alijs omnibus dijs sacrificio f●cto , in communi omnes cives libando consecrare singulas cantilenas singulis dijs & alijs . si vero pra●ter has ipsas , quis al●os deorum hymnos aut choreas adducat , sacerdotes utriusque sexus , una cum legum custodibus , sanctè & secundum legem cohibe●nt , &c. in nostris locis & ferè in omnibus , ut in summa dicam civitatibus , hoc fi●ri solet . quum enim magistratus aliquis publicè sacrificat , postea choreis non unus , sed chororum multitudo venit , & non procul ab aris , sed aliqu●ndo iuxta ipsas , omnibus convitijs sacra perfundun● , & verbis , & rythmis , & luctuosissimis harmonijs , audientium animos exasperantes : & qui civitat●m quae sacrificavit ad lachrymas maxim● concitare potest is victoriae praemia fert . legum . dial. . p. . . vid. ibid. x geogr. l . tom. . p. . & p. . to . , , . y de expeditione cyri hist. l. . p. . . z carm. l. ode . & l. . ode . p. . see i before . a satyr . . p. . to . & satyr . . p. . b lib. . carm. nuptiale . . p. . . c el●giarum . l. . eleg. . p. . . d politicorū l. . c. . p . & l. . c. . . e dipnosoph . l. c. . . f see concil . ar●latense . surius tom. . pag. . concil . aphircanum . can. . . tol●tanū . can. . cabilonense . can. . constantinop . . can. . accordingly . g ipse tibi ad tu● templa feram solennia dona , et statuam ante aras aurata frōte iuvencū c●dentem , &c. virgil. aeneid . l. . pag. . praesenti tibi maturos largimur honores , iurandasque tuū per nomen ponimus a●as . horace epist l. . epist. . p. . see iuven●l satyr . . . p. . , ● . alexander ab alexan. l. . c. . strabo geogr l. . see my appendix to lame giles his haultings p. . . h regina saltat ; & quan●ò pulchrius salt●vit , tanto pejus turpè enim est reginae aliquid indecorum dextrè facere . theophylact. enar. 〈◊〉 matth. p. . see chrysostom . hom. . in matth. i see here reason . . & . k phil. . . l rom. . . c. . . cor. . . cor. . . thes. . . pet. . . m cor. . , . n en●rvant animos cytharae , cātusque lyraeque . et vox , & numeris brachia mota suis. ovid r●me●io amoris . l. . p. . vobis picta croco , & fulgē●es murice vestes : desidiae cordi ; iuvat indulgere choreis . et tunica manicas , & habent redimicula mitrae . o verè phygiae ( neque enim phryges ) ite per al●a dyndima , ubi assuetis bifarem dat tibia cantum . tympana vos buxusque vocat . berecynthia matris idaeae ; sinite arma viris , & cedite ferro . virgil l . aeneid . p. . ● o de remedio u●r●usque fortunae . l. . dial. ● p de vanitate scientiarū . c. see m north-brookes treatise against vaine-pl●yes , & dancing . f. . , . q haec laxamen petulantiae , amica sceleris , incitamen libidinis , hostis pudicitiae , ac ludus probis omnibus indignus saep● ibi matrona , ut ait petrarcha , diu servatū decus perdidit , saepe infaelix virguncul● ibi didicit , quod melius ignorasset , multarū ibi f●●a pe●ijt pudorque . multae inde do●ū impud●cae , plures ambiguae redier● , castior autem nulla : pudicitiā choreis saepe stratā , semperque impuls●m opp●gnatamque videmus● &c. a●rippa . ibid. see pauli wan . sermo . . & . r see macrob●●s satur. l. c. . accordingly . s itaque saltationem necesse est omnium vitiorum esse postremū : neque enim facil● dictu quae mala pariant colloquia & tactus . saltatur inconditis gestibus , & monstroso pedum strepitu , ad molles pulsationes , ad lascivas cantilenas , ad obscaena carmina , contrectantur matronae & puel●ae impudicis manibus & basijs , meretricijsque cōplexibus ; & quae abscondit natura , velavit modestia , ipsa lascivia tunc saepènudantur , ludi tegmine obducitur scelus . exercitium profectò , non à caelis exortum , sed à malis daemonibus excogitatum in inivriam divinitatis . agrippa . ibidem . t - tim. . , . acts . . thes. . thes. . . revel . . . cap. . . acts . , . cor● . . cap. . . v. . . u matth. . , . * see reason . & calvin , marlorat , & lyra , in cor. . . accordingly . x ludus lascivae vanitatis & voluptatis cuiusmodi sunt choreae , tripudia , interludia , &c. destructoriū vitiorum . pars . cap. . b. y quod si hoc faci●nt causa incitandi ipsosmet , vel alios ad libidinem , peccant mortaliter : & etiam si hoc faciant ex consuetudine , sed non corrupta intention● , non audeo eos excus●re à peccato mortali cùm , immergant se periculo alios provocandi ad libidinem , & ipso facto videntur choreas approbare , & suo exemplo alijs authoritatem dare similia faciendi . ibidem . z see bp. babington , perkins , d●d , downeham , lake , elton , brinsly , williams , andrewes , & ames , on the . commandement , accordingly . a ephes. . , . b see d. ames , de iure conscientiae . l. . c. . p. . . c pet . , , . pet. . . d eph. . . . tim. . , . c. . phil. . . e tim. . . tit. . , . f thes. . . tim. . , . c. . tit. . , . . pet. . . c. . . c. g nemo fere saltat sobrius nisi forte insanit , neque in solitudine neque in convivio honesto & moderato : intempestivi convivij , amaeni loci , multarum deliciarum comes est extrema saltatio : quod necesse est omnium viciorum esse postremū . oratio pro muraena operum . tom. . pag. . h ebrius incinctis philyra conviva capillis , saltat , & imprudens utitur arte meri . fastorum . lib. . pag. . et iactant faciles ad sua verba manus . et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas , cultaque diffusa saltat amica coma . cum redeunt , titubant , & sunt spectacula vulgi . fastorum . l. . pag. . i ebria famosa saltat lasciva taberna , ad cubitum , raucos excutiens calamos . copa . p. . k de elia & ie●●nio . cap . de virginibus l. . tom. . p. . . l de ebrietate & luxu sermo . m hom. in matth. n de remed . utriusque●ortunae . lib. . dial. . o de vanit . scientiarum , cap . p locorum com. classis . . cap. . sect . . to . & comment . in iudicum . lib. c. . q treatise against vaine-playes and dancing . fol. . r anatomy of abuses . pag . * see ludovicus vives , de eruditione mulieris christianae . l. . c. ● & sebastianus brant , navis stutifera . t see peter maryr , gualtber , calvin , agrippa , vives , erasmus , petrarcha , the waldenses , brant , fetherstone , love● , nor●hbrooke , & st●bs , in their places fore-quoted . p . . * hinc itaque apparet qualis fuerit aulae herodis disciplina● nam etsi plerique saltádi lice●tiam tunc ●ibi permitterant , meretriciae tamen lasciviae turpis nota fuit nubilis puellae saltatio . certe quicunque habuerunt curam honestae gravitatis , damnarūt saltationes praesertim in puella . verum impura herodias solomen filiam , ne sibi dedecori esset , ad mores suos īta formaverat . hoc igitur cōveniebat scorti filiae . calvin & marlorat . in matth. v. . t see here , act. . scene . thorowout accordingly . & pag. . * m. northbrookes treatise against playes & dancing . fol. . thomas lovel , his dialogue against dancing . see iohn field his declaratiō of gods iudgment at paris garden . the treatise against the use and abuse of dancing . anno . to this purpose . thomas beacon , in his catechisme . fol. . * giles widdowes , in his sermon at carfolkes in oxford , iuly the . . on psal. . v. . wherein he openly & purposely iustified the lawfulnesse of mixt dancing at church-ales and may-poles , even upon the lords-day , in the pulpit , and then confirmed his doctrine by his practice . u of the time and place of prayer . part . p. . ● . z queene eliz. iniunctions . iniunct . . & canon . y the . part of the serm●● of the time and place of prayer . p. . . z see concilium laodicenū can. . tarraconēse . can. . . aurelianense . can. . matisconense . can. . antisiodorense . can. . cabilonense . can. . constātinopolitanū . can. . & canones in trullo . . conciliū apud palatium vernis . can. . foro-iuliense . can. . arelatense . can. . turonense . can. . moguntinum . anno. . can. . . synodus rhemensis . an. . can. . concil . parisiense . lib. . cap. . lib. . cap. . & . synodus aquisgranensis sub , lud. pio. can. . . concil . triburiense . can. . basiliense sess. . surius concil . tom. . pag. . refo●matio cleri germaniae . cap. . ibid. p. . synodus augustensis . an. . ibid. p. . synodus moguntina . anno. . cap. . ibid. p. together with capitula caroli magni , synodus andagau . synodus galonis & simonis legator . concilium bituriense . an. . & synodus paris . . quoted by bochellus . decretorum , ecclesiae gallic . lib. . tit. . p. . to . which inhibit all workes of tillage , husbandry , all faires , markets , pleas , and other kinde of labour , together with all sports and pastimes on the lords-day . * vnder which dancing is included : or if not , yet at least it is as unlawfull as it , or any of the particulars here specified ; and therefore as much condemned by this homely as they . a see hore pag. . * in est & in osculis inanibus dulcis voluptas . theocrit● caprarius . apud poetas minores . p. . see pauli wan . sermo . b cor ● . . pet. . . tit. . . ephes. . . . c pet. . . ephes. . . thes. . . k see petrarcha , calvin , martyr , gualther , erasmus , vives , brant , lovell , stubs , & northbrooke , in their fore-quoted places . l rom. . . m gal. . . c. . . col. . . n phil. . , . cor. . . c. . . thes. . thes. . . heb. . . o iob . , , ● isay . , , . amos . . to . see d. beards theatre of gods iudgments . part . c. . edit . vlt. p. , to . & froyssards chronicle . vol. . ch . . . p matth. . . q matth . . . luk. . . r matth. . . s isay . . c. . , . zech , , . ioel . . amos . . t ier. . , . numb . . . sam. . . iob . . psal. . . psal. . . ioel. . . ezra . . c. . . isay . . ier. . . c. . . u iob . . psal. . . & . . & . . & . . isay . . ier. . , . lam. . , . luk. . , . acts . , . cor. . . tim. . . x rom. . , . cor. . , . lam. . . y iob . . psal. . . psal. . . & . . & . . z isay . . psal. . . ezech. . . a see rom. . , . matth. . , , . acts . . cor. . , , , , . ● cor. . , , , . b iam. . , . amos . . c psal. . . . d saturnalium . lib. . cap. . e epaminōdas . f oratio pro muraena ; pro c● plancio , & pro rege de●orato . g de bello catil . p. . . h genial . dierum . l. . c. . i antiqu lect. l. . cap. . . k de vanit . scient . cap. . l locorū communiū classis . . c. . sect . . , . m hom. . in mark , & hom. . in matth. n treatise against dancing pag. . o anatomy of abuses . p. ● . . * sempronia docta fuit psallere , saltare el●gantius quam necesse est probae ; quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt . ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque pudici●ia fuit : lubidine sicaccensa , ut saepius peteret viros quàm peteretur . bellum catil . pag. . . p saturnalium . lib. . cap. . pag. . . * nobilium vero filios , & ( quod dictu nefas est ) filias quoque virgines , inter studiosa numerasse saltandi● meditationem , testis est scipio africanus . &c. ibidem . q docētur praestigias in honestas : cum cinaedulis & sambuca psalterioque eunt in . laudem histrionū : discunt cantare : quae maiores nostri ingenuis probro ducier voluerūt . eunt , inquam , in ludum saltatoriū inter cinaedos , virgines puerique ingenui . haec cum mihi quisquam narrabat , non poteram animum inducere , ea li●beros suos nobiles homines docere : sed cum ductus sum in ●udum saltatorium , plus medius fidius in eo iudo vidi pueris virginibusque quin gentis . in his unum ( quo me reipub . maxime misertum est ) puerum bullatū , petitoris filiū , non minorē annis duodecim , cum crotalis saltare : quam sastationem impudicus servulus honeste saltare non posset . vides quemad modū ingemuit africanus , quod vidisset cum crot●lis saltantem petitoris filium , &c. ibidem . r saltator illic catilinae consul . oratio pro c● . plancio . s in convivio saltabas nudus . in verrem . lib. . t cū collegae tui domus , cātu & cymbalis personaret , cumque ipse nudus in convivio saltaret in quo ne tū quidē cū illū saltatoriū suū versaret orbē fortunae rotā pertimescebat . oratio in l. pisonem . u saltatorē ap . pellat . l. mu , raenam cato maledictū est si vere obijcitur , vehementis accusatoris : sin falsò , meledici conviciatoris . quare cum ista sis auctoritate , non debes . m. cato , arripere maledictum ex trivijs aut ex scurrarum aliquo convitio ; neque temere consulem populi romani saltatorem vocare : sed conspicere quibus praeterea vitijs affectum esse necesse sit eum , cui vere illud obijci potest . nemo enim ferè saltat sobrius , nisi fortè insanit , &c. ibidem . p. . x quid denique ? furcifer quo progreditur ? ait , hac laetitia deiorarū elatum , vino se obruisse , in cōvivioque nudum saltavisse . quae crux huic fugi●tivo potest satis supplicij afferre ? deioratum saltantem quisquam aut ebrium vidit un quam ? omnes sunt in illo regiae virtutes , &c. vide ibidem . y at dares hanc vim m● crasso , ut digitorum percussione , here 's posset scriptus esse , qui revera non esset heres ; in fo●o ( mihi crede ) saltaret . at homo iustus , & quem sentimus virum bonum , nihil cuiquam quod in se transferat , detrahet , &c. ibid. z torpent ecce ingenia desidiosae iuventutis , nec in ullius honestae rei labore vigilatur . somnus languorque ac somno a● languore turpior , malarum verum industria , invasit animos . cantandi saltādique nunc obscaena studia effaeminatos tenent : & capillū frangere , &c. nostrorum adolescentium specimen est . emollit● eneruesque quod nati sunt inuiti manent ; expugnatores alienae pudicitiae , negligentes suae . controvers . lib. . proaemio . pag. . a stat per successores pyladis & batilli domus , harum artium multi discipuli sunt multique doctores privatim urbe tota sonat pulpitum : in hoc viri , in hoc faeminae tripudiant . mares inter se uxoresque contendunt , uterdet latus illis . deinde sub persona , cum diu trita frons est , transitur at ganeam . ibid. p. . b instrumenta luxuriae , ●ympana atque tripudia . historiae . l. . pag . c fastorum . l. ● p. . l. . p. . de remedio amoris . lib . pag. . d aeneid . l. . p. . . & copa . p. . e epist. lib. . epist. . p. . g zenoph . cōvivium . p. . to . h cum tibia lumbos incitat & cornu pariter , vinoque feruntur attonitae , crinēque rotant vlulante priapo maenades : ô quantus tunc illis mentibus ardor concubitus ? quae vox saltante libidin● , &c. nil ibi per ludum simulabitur , omnia fient ad verū ; quibus incendi iam frigidus aevo laomedontiades , & nestoris hernia possit . satyr . p. . vid ibid. forsitan expectes ut gaditana canoro incipi●t prurire choro , plausuque probatae ad terrā t●emulo descendant clune puellae . spectant hoc nuptae iuxta recumbante marito , quod pudeat narra●se aliquem praesenti●us ipsis . irritamentū veneris languentis , & acres divitis ur●icae , major tamen ista vo●uptas alterius sexus , magis ille extenditur , & mox aurib●s atque oculis concepta urina movetur , &c. satyr . . p. . vid. ibid. i caligula● sect . . k histor. lib. . quoted by athenaeus . l dipnosoph . lib. . cap. . p. . . m dipnos . l. . c. . p. . n amicas saltatrices vobis exposui . formos●s primū nunc nobis dicere non est florētes saltatrices , quae genua rec●dūt mercedi , ac rapiunt onera portantibus illam . ibidem o quis tumultus hic ? quid hae saltationes ? quae petulantia in dionysiadē irrupit tumultuosa scenae ? ●bid . p. . vid. l. . c. . , , . l. . c. . . l. . c. . l. . c. . , . l. . c. . , . l. . c. . , , , . l. . c. . l. . cap. . . p vinum etiam impellit sapientem valdè cantare , & leniter ridere , & s●ltare impellit . ibid. inest vino sacra pars convivij , & splendoris . inest etiam pars saltationis . vinū tantae est potentiae , ut ad choreas vel senes ipsos trahet . panyasides , & eriphus apud poet. minores . pars vlt. p. ● . . * see likewise plato . legum . dialog . . pag. . q l●gum dialog . . p. . , & dialog . . p , . , , , , . * politic. l. . c. sect . & l. . c. . , . s cum cantibus & ●hor●is annuos ludos libe●o patri faciunt , &c. poli●ius hist lib . pag . t ●lato legum . dial. l. . p. & dialog . p. . , . * huiusmodi igi●ur studij gratia etiā lusus & choreas adolescentū & puellarum constituere oportet , ut & nudi nudas spectent , & spectenturab illis , cū ratione & aetate qu●dā suos praetextus habente , usq ad moderatum singulorum pudorem . legum dial. . p. . * in verrem . l. . oratio in l. pisonem & pro rege deiorato . y dipnos . l. . c. . z de ebri . & luxu . ●er . * in his b●cchae . a athenaeus dip● l. ● . c. . , . suctonij tib●ri●● . sect . . . b see aemilij probi epammond s. polibius . hist. l. . p. . homeri iliad . l. p. . eu●ipidi● bacchae . dyonys . h●llic●r . antiqu rom. l. . sect . . s●rabo geogr. l. . athenaeus dipnos . l. . c . c pl●to . legum . dialog . . pag. . , . zenoph●n . de expedit . cyri hist. lib. pag. . ● . strabo geogr. lib. . athenaeus dipnosoph lib. . c. . plut●rchi symposiacum . quaest. . alex. ab alexandro l. , c. . caelius rhodig . ant●qu . lect l. . c. . & l . c. . see buleng●rus de theatro . lib. . cap. . * see his overthrow of stage-playes . passim . obiect . . d exo. . , . e iudg. . . f sam. . , . g sam. . . chron. . . h psal. . . psal. . . i eccles. . . k psal. . . ier. . , . lam. . . matth. . . answer . l see p●ter martyr , gualther , northbrooke , stubs , & lovell , in their fore-quoted places , where these scriptures and objections are more fully answered . m see exod. . , . iudg. . . c. . , . sam. . . . sam. . . ier. . . iudith . , . mat. . , . mar. . . n zenophon , de expedit . cyri. l. . p. . . athenaeus dipnos . l. . c. . o lerius de navigatione in brasiliam . c. . purchas pilgr . l. . c. . l. . c. . l. . c. . lib. . cap. . p see gualther . hom. . in marc. & hom. . in matth. peter martyr , locorū com. classis . . c. . sect . . to . m. northbrooke & stubs , qua supra . m. iohn down●ams christian warfare . l. . c. . sect . . see horace de arte poëtica● p. . tibullus eleg. lib. . eleg. , & virgil georg , lib● ● pag. . q tolle libidinem sustuleris & choreā . petrarcha . de remedio●tr fortunae . l. . dial. . r see exod. . , . iudg. . c. . , , , . sam● , . sam. . . iudith . , . s see polydor. virgil. de iuvent . rerū . l . c. . m stubs anatomy of abuses . p. . to . against these may-poles and wakes which some begin to preach for even in opē pulpit . t exod. . , . iudg. . . s●m . . , . iudith . , u exod. . , . iudges . thorowout . sam. . . . s●m . ● . thorowout . iudith c. . & . x exod. . , . sam. . , . iudith . , . compared together . y isay. . . z exod . . sam. . . . iudith . ● , . &c. . * it was like our lincolnes inne singing of mirth and solace . a exod. ● . , . iudg. . sam. . iudith . compared with ephes . ● . col. . . iam. . . ier. . , . b sam . , . c see a before : & psal . . ps. . . ps. . . these dances were like the singing of te deum laudamus , after victories , of which we have sundry presidents in our english chronicles . * see theodoret. hist. eccl. l. . c. . & cent. col. . answer . d eccles. . . e see psal. . . psal. . . psal. . . ier. . , . lam. . mat. . luk. . . see ambrose , augustine , hierom. beda , calvin , lyra , marl●rat , gua●ther , ra●anus maurus , osiand●r , tostatus , & other commentators on these texts accordingly . f in eccles● . . g hom. ● . & . in matth. h de paenitentia . l . c. . ep. l. . epist. . comment● l. . in luc. . tom. ● pag. . i in psal. . & . k in ps. . v. . l peter martyr● gualther , northbrooke , stubs , lovel , downham , & others , qua supra m ephes. . , ● col. . . iam. . . psal. . . psal. . . psal. . . compared with this text of salomon . n see p. . ● to . * see p. . , . * see sen●ca , epist . . & ●thenaeus dip● . l. . cap . l. . c. ● . & lib. . cap. . o ephes. . . col. . . see act. . scene . p eccles . . q see m. wheatlies sermon of times redemption , with all those who write of recreation . r much like to that of sodom . ezech. . . or that in the cor. . . isay . , . & amos . . to . see iohn● sar●sburie , de nugis curial . lib. . cap. . , . s see thes. . , , , . see all our english statutes of labourers , and against rogues & vagabonds : accordingly . t see ludovicus vives , de erudit . mulieris christianae . l. c. . . master northbrooks treatise against dancing f . b. & chrysost . hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . a. accordingly . * so hi●rom . eusebius , damascene , fulgentius , theophy●act , vives , calvin , gualther , marlorat , musculu● , erasmus , agrippa , brant , northbrooke , stubs , & others stile it , together with the waldenses , in their fore-quoted places . * chorearum processionibus ingressus ab ingressu caelestis processionis impediat , & nimirū nam , in diebus festis choreas ducentes faciunt contra omnia sacramenta ecclesiae . primò contra baptismum , in hoc quia frangunt pactum quod inierunt cum deo in baptismo , ubi promiserunt se abrenunciare satanae & omnibus pompis cius : sed pomposam processionē diaboli intrant cum choreas ducunt . nam processio diaboli dicitur chorea , ut dicit , gu●ielmus par●siensis . alexand. fabritius . destructorium vitiorum . pars c. . d. see hol●ot , lect. . in lib. sapientiae . cap. . fol. . accordingly . * see here pag. . , . & chrysostom . hom. . , & . ad pop. antioch . hom. . de verbis isaiae . & hom. in s. iulianum . tom. . edit . parisijs . per fronto ducaeum . p. . a.b. augustine , epist. . accordingly . * and doe not our bacchanalian christmas-keepers , who spend that sacred time in revel-rout doe the like ? * ●er hoc enim quod dicit super capita eorū tanquam coronae similes auro , intelligitur vanus ornatus auri & argenti & preciosorum lapidū quibus u●untur saltatrices in capitibus suis sunt tanquam coronae quas diabolus posuit supra capita illarum pro multiplici triumpho quem habuit ipse diabolus per eas de filijs dei. vnde sicut strenui milites in torneamentis solent in capitibus equorum suorum in signum victoriae coronas de floribus ponere : sic diabolus equitans super tales● mulieres in signum victoriae quod per eas habet contra filios dei supra capita illarum tales vanitatis coronas imponit . ibidem . see pauli wan . sermo . tactus● accordingly . * see samuel byrd , his treatise of the pleasures of this present life . london . c. . f. . . pauli wan . sermo . . & . de custodia quique sensuum . a french treatise against dancing , dedicated by the french ministers of the reformed churches to the king of navar. richa●d price , his destruction of small vices . london . gulielmus parisiensis de vitijs & virtutibus . * vbi saltatio , ibi diabolus : in sal●ationibus exultant daemones & laetantur ministri daemonum . chrysost. hom . & in math. & holkot in lib. sapientiae . lectio . * spectacula ac ludos in theatris , cum cantibus & ●horeis , singulis quibusque annis civibus praebent . ibid. y etenim saltatio adscira ad sodalitatem vulgari quadā poetica , societate caelestis illius poeseos amissa , in stultis & attonitis theatris obtinet tanquā tyrannus subiugata sibi quadā exili musica : omnem au●em apud prudentes & divinos viros perdidit revera honorem . ibid. z nam embat●ria cum tibijs ordineque exercētes , saltationibusque studentes , cū publica & cura & sumptu singulis annis in theatris conspiciuntur , &c. ibid. a sunt autē tres saltationes poësis scenicae , tragica , comica , satyrica , &c. ibid. b saltaret ut cyclopa rogatet , &c. ibid. c at tanti tibi sit non indulgere theatris . illic assiduè ficti saltantur amores , &c. ibidem . d ne fractis quidem & enervatis his saltatoribus , qui cynaedicā turpitudinem mutam in scenam transferūt . ibid. e commovetur civitas to●a ut desaltentur fabulosae antiquitatum lubidines . ibidem . * amans saltatur venus , & per affectus omnes meretriciae vilitatis impudica exprimitur imitatione bacchari . saltatur & magna sacris compta cum infulis mater , &c. ibid. f histrionici etiam impudici gestus , libidines quas saltando exprimunt docent . ibid. g quid sunt ad hoc malū mercurij furta , veneris lascivia , stupra , & turpitudines caeterorum , quae proferremus de libris , nisi quotidie cantarentur & saltarentur in theatris . ibid h omnino prohibet haec sancta & universalis synodus eos qui dicunt●r mimos , & corum spectac●la , easque quae in scena fiunt saltationes , &c. surius . concil . tom. . pag. . i quid autem cernit qui ad theatra currit ? diabolicos cantus ; mulierculas saltitantes , vel ut rectius loquar , daemonis intemperijs agitatas . quid enim saltatrix facit ? caput quod paulus perpetuò tegi vult impudenter aperit ; collum invertit ; comam huc atque illuc expandit . haec porrò etiam ab ea fiunt quam daemon obsessam tenet . tale nimirū herodis quoque convivlum erat . herodiadis filia ingressa tripudiavit , ac ioannis baptistae caput amputavit , & subterranea inferni loca haereditatis loco consecuta est . quocirca qui choreas & saltationes amant , cum ea portionem habent . ibidem . * see augustin . de tempore . sermo . . epist. . & de genesi . ad litteram . l. . c. . against dancers . * oratio edgari regis . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . . haec mimi cantant & saltant , &c. * see m. northbrooke , & mr. stubs qua supra . lucian , de saltatione● accordingly . argument . * aiunt philosophi , nihil potentius esse ad ene●vandum animum qu●m lenocinium melodiae . in huius rei●verum argumentumaccipe , quod difficile invenitur aliquis levis vocis & gravis vitae vidi infinitos tam vi●os quā faeminas tantò pejoris vitae qu●nto m●lioris vocis . antonini chron. pars . tit. . c. . sect . . k nunc tibicinibus , nunc est gauvisa tragaedis . epist. l. . epist. . p. . actoris partes chorus officiūque virile defendat : neu quid medios intercinatactus , quod non proposito conducat & haereat aptè . de arte poët . pag. . l historiae . rom. l . sect . . m dionysius hallicarnas . antiq. rom. l. . sect . . caelius rhod. antiq. lect. l. c. . polydor virgil , de inventor . rerum . l. . cap. . alexander sardis , de rerum inventor . l. . p. . . bulengerus , de theatro . l. . ● . . & l . c. . . &c. godwins roman antiqu. l. . sect . . c. . n turci ventris venereasque voluptates in paradiso somniant . vxores aiunt fore selectissimas , &c. philip. lonicerus . tur. hist. l . c. . bellonius observationum . l. . c. . purchas pilgr . booke . chap. . & . o spectaculis corrupti cantus nimiam in animis ingenerant libidinem● meretricij enim cantus , auditorum animis insidentes , nil aliud efficiunt , quam ut turpitudinem omnibus persuadeant . hexameron . hom. . p. . p illos poëta contumeliosos non laudamus , qui in canticis obscaenis faelicitatem ponūt . d● legendis libris gentilium . oratio . q ibi verba fracta lascivaque : ibi cantiones meritriciae : ibi voces vehementer ad voluptatem incitantes , &c. chrysostome . hom. . de davide & saul . tom. . col. . d. see hom. . in matth. accordingly . r quid autem cernit qui ad theatra ●urrit ? diabolicos cantus ; lascivas quasdam ac prorsus corruptas cantilenas , quaeque multam libidinem in animis pariant , &c. eusebius apud damasc●num parallelorum . lib. . cap. . * see here pag. . to . s theodosius ministeria la●civa psaltriasque commesiationibus adhibere lege prohibuit . e●tropius . rom. hist. l. . p. . aurelius victor & grimston in theodosio . codex theodoij . tit. de scen●cis l. . & buleng●rus de theatro l. . c. . t nullo citharae cōvivia cantu , non puerilas●●va sonant . claudian de laudibus stiliconis . lib. . p. . u cantus saltatatioque haec enim sunt ornamenta convivij . odysseae● l. . pag. . x halyattes rex terrae lydiae more atque luxu barbarico praeditus cumbellū milesijs faceret , concinentes fistulatores & tibicines atque faeminas etiam tibicinas in exercitu atque in procinctu habuit , lascivientium delicias conviviorum . noctium attic. l. . c. . p. . & herodoti clio. sect . . y omne convivium obscaenis canticis strepit , pudenda dicta spectantur . lib. . c. . see bulengerus , de theatro l. . c. . p. . accordingly . z iam. . eph. . , ● . col. . , . heb. . . isay . c. . . ps. . . ps. . ● , . ps. . , . ps. ● . ps. . . ps. . . exod. . , . chron. . . a philo iudaeus , de vita contempl. lib. p . to ● clemens alexandrinus paed●g . l. . c. . tertulliani , apollogia . c. . dionysius areopagita ecclesiast . heirarch . lib. c. . nazienzen , oratio . , , . gregorie nissen , de vita beati gregorij oratio . chrysostom . hom in psal. . tom. . col. . theodoret , de evangel . veritatis cognitione . l. . & de martyribus . l. p. . f. tom. . pliny epist. l. . ep. . b quis rogo hic error est , quae stultitia ? nunquid laetari assiduè & ridere non possumus , nisi risum nostrum atque laetitiam scelus esse faciamus , & c ? salvian , de gubernat . dei. lib. . pag. . c ephes. . , , cap. . . cor. . . see act. . scene . pag. . to ● d ephes. . . e ephes. . . f omnibus enim suffragijs haec lex vincit , ut & in cantilenis bonis verbis utamur , & ut cantilenae genus undiquaque ex gratiosis verbis constet . plato legum , dialog . . pag. . g col. . . ephes. . . h qui satanicas cantilenas concinunt , spiritu immundo imbuuntur . enar. in eph●s . . pag. . d. i qui enim iocis & seculi cantionibus delectatur , in tentorio diaboli est . de nuptijs filij regis . col. . a. * mors intrat per aures audiendo libenter cantus & instrumenta musica ad lasciviā provocātia : per ist●●nim valdè emollitur animus , & praecipuè per cantus mulierū . cum enim blanda vox quaeritur sobria vita deseritur● cantus dissolutus mētem virisē vulnerat & emollit● et ex hoc cōmuniter cantatrices & cantores sunt instabiles & malorū morū , &c. ecce hominem vocis blandissimae & vitae pessimae . pauli wan● sermo . de custodia auditus . k ephe● . . , . see ambrose , chrysostome , hierom , theodoret , sedulius , primasius , remigius , anselme , beda , o●cumenius , haymo , theophylact , calvin , musculus , marlorat , lyra , & go●rhan , ibid. accordingly . l apud bochellum . decreta ecclesiae . gal. lib. . tit. . cap. . . . see act . scene ● m a●rem insuper meretricijs cantibus , & terram contaminavêre , &c. de elia & i●iunio . c. ● & basil de ebrietate & luxu . sermo . * foris autem impijs modis & amatorijs canticis se oblectant , tibiarū cantu , plausu , temulentia , & quovis caeno ac sorde oppleti . hoc autem dum cantant & recantant , ij qui immortalitatē anteà celebrabant , tandē perniciosissimam mali malè canunt palinodiam ; comedamus & bibamus cras enim morimur . ij autem non cras verè sed iam deo mor●ui sunt , sepeliētes mortuos suos , hoc est seipsos in mortem infodientes . ibid. n see here pag. ● . to . o scurriles cantilenas tanquam vanitates & insanias falsas respuunt & abominantur . ibidem . p quare ambularemus delectati canticis vanis nulli rei profututis , ad tempus dulcibus , in poste : ū amaris ? talibus enim turpitudinibus cantionū animi humani illecti enervantur , & decidūt , à virtute , defluentes in turpitudinem : & propter ipsas turpitudines posteà sentiunt dolores , & cum magna amaritudine digerūt , quod cum dulcedine temporali bibêrunt . august de decem chordis . c. . tom . pars . pag. . q totum aurū indicant haec verba chrysostomū , cuius è labris doctrinae sermones melle dulciores emanarūt , quos qui gustant multa myrrha implētur , id est , laboribus mortificant membra sua super terram . theodoret interp in cantica cantic . tom. . pag. . r quemadmodū ubi quidē est caenū eò porci concurrūt , ubi autem sunt arōmata & suffitus illic apes habitant : ita , ubi sunt quidē meretricia cantica , illic congregantur daemones : ubi autem cantica spiritualia , illuc advolat gratia spiritus , & os sanctificat animā &c. quemadmodū enim qui mimos & saltatores & mulieres meretrices introducūt in convivia , daemones & diabolū illuc vocantutà qui vocant david eū cythara , intus christū per ipsum vocant . illi domū suā faciunt theatrū , tu ecclesiam factuam domūculam hom , in psal . tom. . col. s hoc est mihi in quit perpetuū canticū , &c. hoc est mihi perpetuū munus , deum laudare , audiant , qui satanicis canticis remollescunt & putrefiunt . quod non supplicium subibunt , & c ? hom. in psal. . tom. . col. . d. see hom. . ad pop. antioch . tom. . col. . c. d. t qu● docemur , quāto supplicio obnoxij sint qui libidinosas & obscaenas cantilenas proferunt ; qui comicas nugas pronunciant , qui mendacia & clamores in circēsibus ludis edunt . hom. in psal. . v. . . tom. . col. . d. u si theatralibus ludis spretis atque neglectis ecclesiam peteris , claudicanti pedi incolumitatem reddidisti . si diabolicos cantus despexeris & eorum loco spiritales didiceris iā loqueris , cùm anteà mutus esses . hom. . in mat. tō col. . b. x nam quemadmodū limus & sordes aures corporis obstruere solent , sic meretricij cantus aures mentis solent magis quàm quaevis sordes obstruere . vel potius non obstruūt tantū , verū etiam impurū faciūt & immundū : quasi enim stercus immittunt auribus vestris huiusmodi colloquia . quod barbarus ille minabatur , dicens ; comedetis stercus vestrū , id etiàm multi non verbo , sed re vobis faciunt , imò verò multò pejus ac faedius . nam fornicatorij cantus multò magis quam stercora sunt abominabiles . quodque aegrius ferendū ; non solū nullā talia audientes molestiā capitis , verū etiā ridetis atque laetamini . cūque vitare ista , abominarique deberetis ; suscipitis atque laudatis . hom . in matth. tom. . col. . c. see hom. . de verbis isaiae . tom. . col. . a. y choreae , cymbala , tibiae , cantica turpia plena scortationū ac adulteriorū , diaboli pompa , &c. hom. . in acta . tom. . col. . c. & hom. in cor. tom. . col. . a. z quid dixeris de ipsis canticis quae sunt plena omni impudicitia , & amores pravos , & concubitus illigitimos ac nefarios , & domorum eversiones & tragaedias , inducunt innumerabiles , & frequens habēt nomen amici & amantis , & amicae & ●ilectae : & quod e●t omniū gravissimum , eis adsunt virgines , omni exuto pudore , & ad spōsae honorē vel potius ignominiam ; & inter impudicos adolescentes , incompositis lascivientes & indocore se gerentes cantilenis , verbisque turpibus , & satanica consonantia . et adhuc me rogas , unde matrimoniorum corruptores● hom. . in cor. tom. . col. . c. see hom. . ad pop antio●h . tom . col. . c.d. a quotiescunque dulci voce mulcetur auditus , ad turpe facinus invitatur aspectus . nemo insidiosis cantibus credat , nec ad illa libidinosae vo●is incitamenta respiciat ; quae cum oblectant , sae viunt ; cum blandiuntur , occidunt . ibidem . b sic frequēter vidimus blandis sibilis aves decipi , & hebetes feras in laqueum mortis dulcedine vocis impel●i . similis e●t dilectissimi , causa mortalium , quos dulcisoni cantus cura sollicitat . in ho● autem proficiunt varietates vocum , & producta sin● syllabis verba , ut homo aut capiatur , aut capiat . explicari non potest , dilectissimi , quam periculosos laqueos exhibeant mimicae ●tudia voluptatis , &c. ib●dem . c refugiendus est igitur error iste , vocis sonus , qui humanis pectoribus dulcedine sua amaritudinem fecit , & persuasione quadam melliflui cantus frequenter mortifera aegris venena commiscuit . in quo loco primū obturendae aures sunt , opponentes scutum fidei , quo facilius omnis lenocinantis vocis excludatur a●ditus . adhibenda etiam disciplina , quae oculorum desideria repellat , & tabescentis cordis incitamenta compescat . ibidem . * see thomas beacon his catechisme . fol. accordingly . * ante omnia ubicunque fueritis , sive in domo , &c. verba turpia & luxuriosa nolite ex ore vestro proferre ; sed magis vicinos & proximos vestros iugiter admonere , ut semper quod bonum est & honestum loqui studeant , ne forte mal● loquendo & in sanctis festivitatibus choros ducendo , cantica luxuriosa & verba proferendo de lingua sua , unde debuerant deum laudare , inde sibi vulnera videantur infligere . isti enim infaelices & miseri homines qui balationes & saltationes ante ipsas basilicas sanctorum exercere nec metuūt nec erubescunt , etsi christiani ad ecclesiam venerint , pagani de ecclesia revertuntur ; quia ista consuetudo balandi de paganorum observatione remansit . et iam videte qualis est ille christianus qui ad ecclesiam venit orare , & neglecta oratione , sacrilega verba paganorum non erubescit ex ore proferre : videte tamen fratres charissimi , si iustum est , ut ex ore christianorum ubi corpus christi ingreditur , luxuriosum canticum quasi venenum diaboli proferatur ? ibid. tom. . pars . pag. . see ambros. sermo . . tom. . pag. . * quare ambularemus delectati vanis ●anticis , nulli rei profuturis , ad tempus dulcibus , in posterū amaris ? talibus enim turpitudinibus cantionū animi humani illecti ●nervantur , & decidant virtute , defluētes in turpitudinem & propter ipsas turp●tudines posteà sentiunt dolores , & cum magna amaritudine digerunt , quod cū temporasi dulcedine ●iberunt . de decem chordis . cap. . tom. . pars . pag. . * apud henrici spelmanni glossarium . p. . ballare , & binius conciliorum . tom. . * capitular . caroli & ludou . l. . can. . & spelmanni glossarium . p. . ballare . d quare ? quia infixa nobis eius rei aversatio est , quā natura damnavit . seneca . epist. . ● legum dialog● . pag. . * quid illi , qui in audiendis , visendis , componendis canticis occupati sunt ; dū vocem cuius rectum cursum natura & optimū & simplicissimum fecit , in●●exu modulationis ineptissime torquent ? quorum digiti a●iquod inter se carmen metientes semper sonant : quorū cùm ad res serias , etiam saepè tristes , ad hibiti sunt , exauditur tacita modulatio ? non habent isti otium , sed iners negotiū . de brevit . vitae . c. . f enervant animos cytharae , cantusque , lyraeque . et vox , &c. de remedio amoris . l. . p. . g grataque faeminis , imbelli cythara carmina dividis . carmin . l. . od● . . p. . see l. . ode . . p. . & ode . . p. . l. . ode . ● p. . epist. l. epist. . p. . h see iuvenal . satyr . . p. . , . & satyr . . p. . i see lyra , gorrhan , tostatus , cornelius à lapide , estius , os●ander , calvin , musculus , marlorat , zanchius , arctius , bullenger , melangton , and others . ibid. k see hooper , b●acon , babington , dod , ●lton , perkins , lake , williams , ●mes , and others . l see peter martyr , trelcatius , mercer , polanus , and others , and ma●heus vegius , de liberorū educat . l. . c. . & . m the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . p. . together with reinolds , gosson , stubs , bulenger , brissonius , mariana , and others . n aures vestras condidi , ut audiretis scripturas , at vos parastis ea ad cantica daemonum , cytharas & ridicula , &c. hippolitus martyr . de consum mundi oratio . bibl. patrū . tom . p. . . o turpes & effaeminati cantus prius rempublicam universam pestifera tabe inficiunt , quam malum quod afferunt ratione praecaveri potest . osorius de regum . instit. lib. . fol , . . p see rev. . iob . , . isay , . amos ● , , . iam. . , . luke . . temporariam habent voluptatem , paenam autē sempiternam . chrysost. hom. . ad p●p . antioch . tom. . col. . ● . si luxuriosam egeris vitam hanc , aeternis incendijs torqueberis in alia , o quam momentania est carnis delectatio ? quàm labilis voluptatis hora qua perditur vita aeterna ! quod rogo , emolumentum affert corpori , quodve tribuit luchrum , id quod tàm citò animam ducit ad tartarum ? ambros. de vitiorum , virtutumque conflictu . tom. . p. . b. q see carmina proverbialia . r oportet nec oculos spectaculis , nec vanis praestigiatorū ostētationibus tradere , nec per aures animarū corruptricē melodiā haurire . hoc enim musicae genus libidinū stimulos acuere solet . tan●a sanè melodiae rectae à turpi atque obscaena differentia est , ut eam quae nunc in usu est non minus fugere debeatis , quā rem aliquā turpissimam . de legendis libris gentili●̄ . oratio . tom. . pag. . argument . * exod. . , &c. numb . . . iudges . . sam. . . chron. . . c. . . c. ● , . c . . chron. . . c. . . c. . , . c . . c. . c. . . nehem. . . c. . . c. . , . c. . , , . psal. . & . eccles. . . ephes. . . col. . . t clemens alexand● paedag. l. . c. . iustin martyr , explic. quaest. à gentibus positarum . quaest. . augustinus , musicae . l. . beda . de musica theorica . lib. & de musica quadata . lib. hierom , ambrose , chrysostom . basil. theodoret , sedulius , remigius , rabanus maurus , oecumen●us , theophylact , on ephes. . & col. . & in lib , psalmorum . cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. . ioannis sarisburiensis , de nugis curialium . l. . c. . u platonis crito . & legum dial. . p. . to . aristot. polit. l. . c. , , , . ovid fastorum . l. . p. . & tristium . l. . polybius . historae . l. . p. . , . strabo geogr. l. . p. . . plutarchi laconica instituta . athenaeus dipnos . l . c. . . gellius , noctium attic. l. . c. . quintil. instit. oratoriae . l. . c. . macrobius de somno scipionis . l. . c. . dioginis laertij socrates . aelian , variae historiae . l. . c. . with sundry others . x caelius rhodiginus● antiqu. lect. l. . c. . to . alexander ab alexandro . l. . c. . polydor virgil , de invent. rerum . l. . cap. . . osorius de instit. regum . l. ● fol. . clerke , de aulico . lib . pag. . , . agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . case polit. lib. . cap. . , , . with others . y paedagogi . lib. . cap. . * fractorū cantu●̄ & flebiliū caricae musae modorū varia veneficia intemperanti & pravo musicae artificio mores corrumpunt , ad cōmessationis affectionē trahentes , &c. a forti itaque & nervosa cogitatione nostra verè molles & enervatae harmoniae amandandae sunt quam longissimè , quae improbe flexuum vocis artificio utentes , ad delicatā & ignavam vitae agendae rationem deducunt , &c. ibidem . z explicatio quaestionum à gēribus christianis positarū . quaest. . * therefore they had no other church-musicke but singing in his time . quod nota . a comatulos , comptos , atque lascivos , domus tuae tecta non videant . cantor pellatur ut noxius . fidicinas & psaltrias , & istiusmodi chorum diaboli quasi mortifera syrenarū carmina , proturba ex aedibus tuis . ibidem . b audiant haec adolescentuli ; audiant hi quibus psallendi in ecclesia officium est ; deo non voce sed corde cantandum : nec in tragaedorum more guttur & fauces dulci medicamine colliniendas ; ut in ecclesia theatrales moduli audiantur & cātica : sed in timore in opere in scientia scripturarū . sic cantet servus christi , ut non vox canentis , sed verba placeant quae leguntur : ut spiritus malus quae erat in saule , eijciatur ab his , qui similitèr ab eò possidentur , & non introducatur in eos , qui de dei domo scenam fecêre populorum . ibidem . c quibus non sufficit libido gutturis , &c. nisi & tibiarum & psalterij , & lyrae canticis , aures vestras mulceatis : & quod david fecit ad cultum dei , levitarum ordines , & organorum reperiens varietates ; vos ad voluptatem & luxuriam conferatis . ibidem . d invenimus igitur frequenter , ità impudicitiae viam muniri atque ex hoc fomenta adulterijs ministrari , cum hic agili plectro tinnientis citharae sonos expedit , ille docili digito laborantis organi blandimenta componit . isti sunt laquei , quibus famulantibus , inter caetera vulnera diabolus hominum mortes operatur , &c. ibidem . * tibicinae & fidicinae quae tempus floridae aet●tis per flagitia traducūt : chori insuper & cantilenae in commune depromptae per improbos virilitatem corporum suis enervāt lenocinijs , animosque delinientes illo publico concen●u perfringunt , & ad cōplexū obscenae omnis & illigitimae voluptatis ebrios extimulant . aures capiuntur melico concentu , sed qui ad flagitiosam lubricitatem ex●imulet , &c. ibid. f castis & benè moratis oculis , quā miserabile spectaculū , ●ulierem non telā ordiri , aut deducere pensum , sed cantillare ad lyrā ? non à proprio viro cognosci , sed ab alijs publicā inspectari meritricē : non modulari psalmū confessionis , sed cantica concinnere ad libidinē prolicientia : non supplicare deo , sed ultrò properare ad gehennā : non ad ecclesiā dei studiose contendere , sed & secū alios inde avocare . ibid. g atqui apud te ●acet lyra auro denteque elephantino interstinct● & variegata ; affixa v●lut sublimi cuipiā altari , statua & idolū daemoniacū . et mulier quidē misera , &c. edocta abs te est , forte à mercenario , forsan ab co qui eam lenae cuipiā muli●ri aut prostitutae tradiderit : mox ubi in proprio corpore omnē explevit libidinē , praesidet adolescentulis similium doctrix operum . quamobrem die iudicij , paena duplex tibi occurret , nimirum ob ea quae flagitia committis , propter item doctrinam improb●m quâ à deo abalienasti animam infaelicem , &c. ibidem . earū autem ●r●ū quae pendent à studio v●nit● is , c●u sūt citharistica , saltatoria , ars inflandi tibias , & aliae ejusmodi , mox ut desijt actio ipsum se declarat opus , idque prorsus iuxta apostolicàm sententiam ; quorū finis , inte●itus & perditio . haec sanè dicta sunto adversum eos qui per immodicam molliciem , totos se dedunt delicijs , praeter ientaculum prandium & caenam sive continuê : aut certè in eos qui diebus hilaritaris & laetitiae , puta nuptiarū aut conviviorū accuratius conquirunt & adhibent tibias , citharas & tripudia saltationesque , quando nihil horū à nobis requisitū est : quippe qui divina nos docente scriptura didicimus indignationē promotam esse adversus istiusmodi studia & vitae conversationē . timore igitur impendentiū malorū flagitiosam hanc vitae vestrae consuetudinem deinceps permutate in melius . ibid. i cymbala , tibiae , & cantica turpia diaboli pompa & farrago , &c. hom . in acta . tom. . col. . c. & hom. . in cor. tom . col. . a k pompae illius sunt canora musica , in quibus saepè solvitur & mollitur christianus vigor . de caeremonijs baptismi epist. col. . b. l vbi namque citharae sonus est & tympanorum pulsus , ac tibicinum concentus cum numerorū concinnitate & plausibus , ibi omninò est & omne genus faeditatis , eaque fiunt cl●m ab illis , quae turpè est vel dicere . in hesaiam . lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . a. m oratio . pag. . nec vestibula nostra tibicinum concentu plausibusque personant , &c. vid. ibidem . n prohibe● theatra & iudos equestres , & venationem , musicos item , &c. ibidem . col. . e. o vae his qui dominico die cithara ludunt . citharae dus autem , tanquam daemon , cum ligno conflictatur . damascen . parallelorum . lib. . cap. . & eusebius quoted , ibidem . p si quis suavissimè canens , & pulchrè saltans , velit eo ipso lascivire , cum res severitatem desiderat , non benè utique numerosa modusatione utitur , idest , ea motione quae lam bona , ex eo quia numerosa est , dici potest malè ille , id est incongruenter utitur . ibid●m . cap. . tom● . ●ag . . q ab omnibus quaecunque ad aurium & ad oculorum pertinent illecebras , unde vigor animi emolliri posse credatur ( quod de aliquibus generibus musicorum sentiri potest ) dei sace●dotes abstinere debent surius . tom. . pag. . de his nunc sermo sit , qui sub specie religionis negocium voluptatis obpalliant : qui ea quae antiqui p●tres in typis ruturorum salubriter exercebant , in usum suae vanitatis usurpant . vnde quasi , cessantibus iam typys & figùris , unde ecclesia tot organa , tot cymbala ? ad quid rogo terribilis ille follium flatus , tonitrui potius fragorē quàm vocis exprimens suavitatem ? ad quid illa vocis contractio & infractio ? hic succinit , ille discinit , alter supercinit , alter medias quasdam notas dividit & incidit . nunc vox stringitur , nunc frangitur , nunc impingitur , nunc diffusiori sono dilatatur . aliquando , quod pudet dicere , in equinos hinnitus cogitur , aliquandò virili vigore deposito in faeminiae vocis gracilitate acuitur : non nunquàm artificiosa quadam circūvolutione torquetur & retorquetur . videas aliquando hominem aperto ore , quasi intercluso halitu expirare , non cantare , acridiculosa quadam vocis interceptione , quasi minitari silentium , nunc agones morientium , vel extasim patientium imitari . interim histrionicis quibusdam gestibus totum corpus agitatur ; torquentur labia , rotant oculi , ludunt humeri , & singulas quasque notas digitorum flexus respondet . et haec ridiculosa dis●olutio vocatur religio ; & ubi haec frequentius agitantur , ibi deus honorabilius serviri clamatur● ibidem . s stans interea vulgus sonitū foll●ū , crepitū cymbalorum , harmoniā fistularum , tremens attonitusque miratur : sed lascivas cantantium gesticulationes meretricias vocum alternationes & infractiones non sine cachinno risuque intuetur ; ut eos non ad oratoriū sed ad theatrū , nec ad orandū sed ad spectandū aestimes cōvenisse : nec timetur illa tremeda maiestas cui assistitur , &c. sic quod sancti . patres instituerūt ut infirmi excitarentur ad affectum pietatis , in usum assumitur illicitae voluptatis , &c. ibidem . * bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . * see pauli wan . sermo . . alex. fabricius . destructoriū vitiorum . pars . cap. . accordingly . * laudate eum in tympano & choro & organo & chordis , a●t psalmista : non aeri tinnienti ad mulcendos ac deliniendos animos accommodatis divinos cantus committens , verū nos admonens , ut excarne nostra tympanū efficiamus , sic nempè ut nullum p●aeposteri affectus motum habeat , verum terrenis membris mortua & ●xtincta sit . per chorū autem , concordiam ecclesiae concentū postulat : per chordas item sensus nostros intelligit , quorum opera linguae plectrū pulsatur . denique organū quivis nostrū est , cùm deo mores suos ac vitam probat atque hominū commodis aptus est . isiodor . pelusiota . epist. l. . epist. . bibl. patrū . tom pars . p. . t printed at london by iohn day , . cum privilegio regiae majestatis per septennium . u see iohn bales declaration of bonners articles . artic. . fol. . . ●ccordingly . platina , bale , & barn●s in his life . volateranus in his cronicle , & polydor virgil de inventor . rerum . l. . c. . see thomas waldensis . tom. . t it . c. . , . fol. . to . of singing in churches , what it ought to be , and how it came in . claudius espencaeus , digressionum . in tim. lib. . cap. . pag. . . walafridus strabo , de rebus ecclesiasticis . lib. c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . . x lib. . dialogus . . see much more against wanton , effeminate , amorous musicke ibid. & in espencaeus digres . in tim. l. ● cap . accordingly . y in epistola ad ephe●ios . c. z in oratione dominica . a lib. de cain & abel . b de catechis . rudibus . lib. & confessionū l. b. . cap. . c in registro . pars . c. . & moral . lib. . cap. . d hom. . de ioan. & pauli festo . e in constitut. authent . . f rational . divin . offic● g de inventor . rerum . lib. . cap. . * see queene elizabeths iniunctions . iniunction . accordingly . * vnde eò ventum est , ut apud vulgus , omnis ferè divini cultus ratio in istis cantoribus sita ess● videa●ur ; quos bona pars populi ut audiat in sacras aedes velut in theatrū concurrit , ●os praetio conducet , eos fovet , eos denique solos domui dei ornamēto esse existimat , &c. ibidem . i de vanitate scientiarū c. . * hodiè verò in ecclesijs tanta musicae licentia est , ut etiā una cū mis●ae ipsius canone obscaenae quaeque cantiunculae , interim in organis pares vices habeant , ipsaque divina officia , sacrae & orationū praeces conductis magno aere lascivis musicis , nō ad audientiū intelligentiam , non ad spiritus elevationē , sed ad fornicariam pruriginē ; nō humanis vocibus , sed belluinis strepitibus , cātillant , dū hinniant discātū pueri , mugiunt alij tenorē , alij latr●nt contra punctū , alij boant altū , alij frendēt bassam , faciuntque ut sonorū quidē plurimū audiatur , verborū & orationis intelligatur nihil , sed auribus pariter & animo iudicij subtra●itur authoritas . ibidem . * waldenses cantum ecclesiasticum & horarum canonicarum dicunt ●sse latratus canum . item aedificia altariū & organorum reprobant ind●x errorū quibus waldenses inf●cti sunt● bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . cap. . i anno● . in corinth . cap. . k page . * pope agatho was the first th●t brought singing & organ-playing into the church of england , in the yeere of our lord . see iohn bale , his declaratiō of bonners articles . artic. . fol. . . bed● , de gestis anglorū . l. . c. . & gratian distinctio . accordingly . l see surius conciliorum . tom. . p. . * surius . tom. . pag. . m praecipimus , ut in ecclesijs sint musici cantus distincti , & discreti , movētes cor ad devotionē compunctionemque , porrò in ecclesijs praetextu musici cantus , non sunt audiendae publicae cantilenae ac lascivae . neque enim in tragaedio●ū modū ( inquit hieronimus ) guttur & fauces medicamine sunt leniendae ; ne dū blāda vox quaeritur , congrua vita negligatur . nā ut cantor minister deum moribus stimulat , cū populū vocibus delecta● : ita lasciuus animus , dū lascivioribus delectatur modis , eos saepè audiensemollitur & frangitur curēt ergò sacerdotes & clerici sic suos cantus instituere , ut modesta honestaque psallendi gravitate , placidaque & grata modu●atione , sic audientiū aures delineāt , ut provoc●nt excitentque ad devotionē , compunctionē que ; non ad lasciviā , cordisue aut animi titillationē . nolumus itaque , quod organicis instrumentis resonet in ecclesia , impudica aut lasciva melodia , sed sonus omnino dulcis , qui nihil praeter hymnos divinos , & cantica spiritualia repraesentet . concil . senonense can. . * organorum melodia in tēplis sic adhibebitur ne lasciviam magis quam devotionē excitet , &c. concil . coloniense . anno . pa●s . cap. . * see concil . constant. . canon . . * see pauli wan . sermo . . summa angelica cantus . n diodorus . see bibl. hist. l. . sect . . polydor virgil de invent . rerum . l . c. . agrippa , de vanit . scient . c. . alexander ab alex. l. . ● . . bo●mus de mor. gentium . l. . c. . p. . . c●lius rhodig . antiq. lect. l. . c. . o polyb●us hist. l. . p. . ● . ath●naeus , dipnos . l. . c. . agrip. de van. scient . cap . po●ydor virgil. de invent. l. . c. . alexander ab alex. l. . c. . p plutarchi alcibiades . alexander ab alex. l. . c. . ● . . b. q plutarchi apothog . tom. . mor. pag. . caelius rhodig . antiqu● lect. lib. . cap. . clerke , de au●ico . lib. . & . vid. ibidem . r diog. laert. lib. . pag. . s plutarchi laconica instituta . pag. . t hist. l. . p. . u de republica dial. . p. . . legum dial. . p. . , . x polit. l. . ● . . p. . &c. . p. . , . y instrumenta luxuriae tympana atque tripudia . salust . de bello cat. pag . iustin. hist. l. . pag. . z enervant animos cytharae , cantusque lyrae que , et vox , & numeris brachia mota suis , &c. de remedio amoris . lib. . a pro humanitate , molliciē ; pro tēperantia , intemperantiā ; animique dissolutionem operantur . dipnos . l. . c. . p. . see chrys. hom. . & . ad pop. antiochiae , &c. b herodoti . clio. sect . . p. . iustin. hist. l. . p. . . c et sic gens industria quondam potens , & manu strenua , e●faeminata mollitie luxuriaque virtutem pristinam perdidit . et quos an●e cyrum invictos bella praestiterant , in luxuriam lapsos , otium ac desidia superavit . iustin. ibidem . d isay . . . iob . , . amos . . to . isay . . dan. . , , . iam. . , . c . , . thes. . . vbi sunt laeta convivia quid frustra intendunt vocem ? praesens enim praebet voluptatē per se convivij abūdantia mortalibus . euripidis medea . pag . e musica incorpoream animā corporaliter mulcet , & solo auditu ad quod vult deducit : quū tenere non praevalet verbo tacito , manibus clamat , sine ore loquitur , & per insensibilium obsequiū praevale●sensuum exercere dominatum . cassioderus variarū . l c. . f cantabat fanis , cantabat tibia ludis● ibidem . g tibia non , ut nunc , aurichalco vincta tubaeque aemula , sed ●enu●s simplex foramine pauco adspirare & ad esse choris erat utilis , atque . nondū spissa nimis complere sedilia flatu , &c. vid. ibid. h cūcta enim quae ibi fiunt turpissima s●nt ; verba , voces , cātus , modulationes , tibiae , fistulae , &c. omnia ( inquam ) turpi lasciv●a plena sunt . ibidem . tom. . col. . d. * se scene . before . i in spectaculis modulatissimi tibiarum concentus meretriciaeque cantiones audientium animis insidentes , nihil aliud afferunt , quàm u● omnibus turpitèr & obscaenè se gerere persuadeant , citharaedorum scilicet , aut tibicinum pulsus imitantes . basil. hexaëm . hom. . & damascen . paral. lib. . cap. . argument . k repraehensibilis risus est , si immodicus , si pueriliter effusus , si muliebriter fractus . odibilem quoque hominē facit risus , aut superbus , aut clarus , aut malignus & furtivus , aut alienis malis evocatus . martinus episc. dumi●nsis , de or . virtutibus lib. bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . a. * oportet autē ipsum quoque subrisū doceri & castigari : & si de rebus quidem turpibus fuerit , ●rubescere potius videri , quàm subridere , ne videamur per consensum collaetari . clemens alex. paedag. l. ● c. . l nobis autem gaudere & ridere non sufficit , nisi cū peccato atque insania gaudeamus : nisi risus noster impuritatibus atque flagitijs misceatur . an fortè infructuosum putemus gaudiū simplex , nec delectat ridere sin● crimine ? quod rogo hoc malū , aut quis furor ? salvian , de gubernat . dei. l. . p. . sine amore iocisque nil est iucundū . horace . epist. l. . ep. . m nū haec potius praedicationes , inspectiones , iucunditates , an lachrymas atque g●mitus merentur , & c● nazienzen ad selucum . p. . n quodque aegrius ferendū est , non solū nullā talia audientes molestiā capitis , verū etiā ridetis atque laetamini . cumque vitari ista abominarique deberetis , suscipitis atque laudatis . quas ob res non cachinnis difflu●re sedentes , sed lachrymis gemere atque dolere oportet . chrysost. hom. . in mat. tom. . col. . ne igitur desinatis super hu●usmodi spectacula gemere , ac saepius remorderi . hom. . in mat. col. . a. o de risu lib. p. . to . marp . . p pet. . , . q psal. . , . r ier. . . s cor. . . t ezra . cap. . thorowout , & cap. . , . u ezech. . . propterea par est , ut animo cōtrahātur lugeāt , contabescant , tū qui delinquūt , tū qui non delinquūt . illi quidē propter admissa facinera ; hi verò quia fratres viderunt fuisse immodestos . ch●ysostom . kalendis . oratio . tō . col. . a. x luk. . . cap. . , . rom. . . cor. . . c. . . cor. . . to . phil. . y iam. . . z isay . . hab. . . . zeph. . . prov. . , . . luk. . . a gen. . , . b prov. . . c improbū risus ostendit . seneca . epist. . & chrys. hom. . in matth. d quādo enim mimi illi atque ridiculi blasphemiā ac turpè quid dixerūt , tunc potissimū quique stolidiores solvuntur in risum : indè applaudentes magis , unde etiā illos lapidibus exagitare debuerāt ; qui fornacē ignis horribilis ex hujusmodi voluptate in suū ipsorū caput succendūt . chrys. hom. . in matth. tom. . col● . a e phil. . . isay . . c. . . ioel . . ps. . . nonne audistis paulū dicentē ; gaudete in domino . in domino dixit , non in diabolo . chrys. hom. . in mat. tō . . col. . b. f heb. . . g quin etiam ipse risus est cōpremendus eique modus & conveniens tēpus adhibendū est . nā ipse quoque si quo modo oportet proferatur , praese fert decorem & honestatē : ●in aliter prodeat , indicat intēperantiam . itaque tanquā animalia ratione praedita oportet nos tēperatè componere studij nostri acrimoniam , & nimiū intensam veliementiam moderat● remittentes , non autē inconcinnè dissolventes . clem. alex. paedag. l. . c. . non malū est risus , sed malū est id quod est praeter modū , id quod est intēpestivū . animo nostro insitus est risus , ut aliquando relaxetur animus , non ut diffudatur . chrys. hom. . in heb. tō . . col. . c.d. hom. . . & . ad pop. antioch . tō . . col. . a.b. see nazienzen . sententiae p. . h nazienzen . ad selucū● p. ● chrys. hom. . & . in matth. & . in acta . apost . salvian , de gubernat dei. l. . accordingly . i temperandū ab immoderato & solutiore risu . ridere enim solutius , neutiquam ijs permissum qui sunt germanè christi●ni . s. antio●hus . hom. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . vid. ibidem . k chrys. ho● . . & . in m●r. salvian , de gubern●t . dei. l. . antoniu● laur●ntiu● , de risu . s. accordingly . l iam. . , . c. . . rev. . amos . . to . nullū habebit acce●sū cordis compūctio , ubi fuerit immoder●tus risus ac iocus● basil. com. in esaiā . c. . bedae . scincillae , tom. p. . m amos . , , . mat. . , . luk. . , . n ridere & rideri secularibus derelinque gravitas tuā personā decet . hierom. epist. c. . prudentibus viris ●isus risu dignus est omnis , maxime meritricius . praestat tristē moribus esse quā lascivū . greg. nazienzen sententiae . p . o non est nostrū ergo assidue ridere , resolvi cachin●is , molliri delicijs , sed ●orū potius & earū●uae spectantur in theatris● quae in lupanaribus inquinantur . non est inquā hoc eorū qui ad aeternū regnū vocati sunt ; non est spiritualia arma gest●ntium , quod propriū est diabolo militantiū . chrys●st . hom. . in matth. p clem. alexand. paedag. l. . c. . q fr●tres , non est in hoc mundo tempus ridendi : beatitudo enim hic praep●rari potest , possideri non potest . ambros. sermo . . quādiu sumus in hoc sae●ulo nondū est ridendū , ne postea ploremus . august . enar. in psal. . tom . pars . p . nullū locū hic habere pote●t tempus risus ; hoc enim est tempus mundi . audi christum dicentē ; mundus gaude●it , vos autem contristabimini . tu au●ē ridis & ludis ? non est praesens tempus diffusae laetitiae , sed luctus , af●lictionū & ciulatus . tu autem in dictis urbanis & facetis tempus teris ? est tēpus belli : & tu ea tractas quae sunt ●orū qui ducūt choros ? ludis deliciaris , facetaque & urbana dicis , & risū moves , remque nihil existimas ? chrys. hō . . in e●hes . t. . col . see hō ● . in heb. col. . accordingly . r lu . isay . , . amos . . to . iam. . . . rev. . . , . s ps. . . ● cor. pet . ● . t iohn . . tim . . u iohn . x psal. . . y iam. . , . z perpetuo risu pulmonē agitare solebat democritus . iuvenal . satyr . . p. . aelian variae hist l. . cap. . seneca . de tranquil . animi . cap. . a itaque flentem quidem christum frequenter inven●as , nunquā verò ridentē , sed nec leviter saltem subridēdo gaudentem . chrys. hom. . in mat. t. . col. . b.c. hom. . in heb. tō . . col. . b salvian . de gubernat . dei. l. . c pet. . . ioh. . . d isay . . . ps. . . lam. . . lu. . ● ioh. . . e christus in crucem actus est propter tua mala : tu autem rides ? impactae sunt illi alapae , & colaphi & tam multa passus est propter tuam calamitatem , & quae te comprehenderat tempestatem , tu autem degis in delicijs ? chrysost. hom . in ephes. tom. . col. . f math. . , . luk. . . iohn . . acts . ● phil. . . rom. . . eccles. . , . psal. . . lam. . & . g see nazienz●n ad selucum . p. . chrysost. hom. . in matth. salvian . de gubernat . dei. l. . august . confes. l. . c. . . cy●rian . epist. l. . epist . don●to h cor. . . phil. . . i iohn . . rev . , . k cor. , , . pet. . l mat. . , . m iam . see. chrysost. hom. & . in mat. hom. . in ephes . hom . in hebraeos . accordingly . n isay , ● rev. . , , . o quid nobis cum fabulis , risu & ioco ? nā licet interdum hon●st● ioca suavia sint , tamen ab ecclesiastica aberrant regula : quoniam quae in scripturis sanctis non reperimus , quomodo usu●pare possumus ? bernard . de ordine vitae . col . q probantque illa dum rident . lactant. de vero cultu . l. . c. . nec solum iubes , sed e●iā exultatione , risu , plausu adiuvas quae geruntur , omnibusque modis hanc diabolicam confoves officinam . chrysost. hom. . in mattb. col. . b. q chrysost hom . in matth. & hom● ● ad pop. antiochiae . s. antiochus . hom. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . * risus frequens corrumpit mores , relaxat quoque nervos rigoris astrictos . august . de temp sermo . . tom. . pars p. . bernard de ordine vitae col. . a. s risus corruptio disciplinae , &c. & maxima quis peccata viderit à nimijs gaudijs provenisse . chrysost. hom. . in acta . apost . tom. . col. . b. t see gen. . , . king. . . chron. . . neh. . . iob . . prov. . . eccles. . . c. . . iam . , . luk. . . iam. . , . isay . , . amos . . to . ioh. . . rev. . , , . * sit aliquis valdè gaudens , & laetus & effusus , quid turpius ? quid hoc stolidius ? ibid. u atqui nec risus studio teneri oportet . ferm● enim ●ffusi risus stud●●m , vehementem etiam mutationem quaerit . neque ergo si quis viros memorabiles risu diffluere faciat admittendum est : multò verò minus si deos. de republ. dialog . . p. . & dialog . . . x neque petulātem risum ama , neque audacem orationē proba : nam alterū stultitiae ●st , alterum insaniae . assuefac te ut sis vultu non ●orvo , s●d sev●ro : nam illud insolentiae , hoc prudentiae attribuitur . oratio ad demoni●ū p y improbū risus demōstrat . epist. . z renidere , usquequaque te nollem : n●m risu inepto res ineptior nulla est . ad corneli●̄ n●p●tem . lib. carmen . . p. ● . a ammianus marcellinus . l. . c. . purc●as pilgr . bo. . c. . b variae . historiae . l. . c. . * see athenaeus dipnos . l. . c. . . th●mas gualesius . lect. . in proverb . salomonis● stobaeus . sermo . . fol. . . & ser. . f. . c sed neque apud quo●●ibet ridendū est , neque in omni loco , sed neque propter omnia . clem. al●xand . paedag. l. . c. . in risu & iocis spectari debet tempus breve , nam longius nocet : locus honestus , nam suspectus inficit : modus iustus , nam profusus laedit : licitum genus , nam iniqu●m vulnerat : utilis finis , nam malus perv●rtit omnia . case ethic. lib. cap. . pag . d qui risum moveant longe exterminandi sunt à nostra republica : longè abest ut nobis permittat risum movere . clem. alex paedag. l. . c. . e tertul. de spectac . c. . cyprian de spectac . lib. arnebius . advers . gentes . l. p. . to . lactantius , de vero cultu c. . august . de civit● dei. l. . c. . to . chrys. hom. . & . in mat. salvian . de gub. dei. l. . accordingly . f ioh. . . tim. . . rom. . . see ambrose , hierom , sedu●ius , chrysostome , theodoret , primasius , beda , haymo , rabanus maurus , r●mig●us , o●cumenius , theophylact , anselme , & lyra , ibidem . g quum ergo indicium hoc corruptae mentis sit , animaeque immedicabilitèr ae grotantis , non immeritò qui peccatum collaudat , longè iniquior iudicatus est eo qui delinquit . oecumenius in rom . . isiodor hisp. de summo bono l. . c . . h isay . . prov. . . c. . . i peccatū alterius tuū fit , cū illi consentis . august . enar. in psal . solae spectaculorū impuritates sunt quae unū admodū faciunt & aspicientiū & agentiū crimen . nā dum spectantes hoc cōprobant & libenter vident , omnes ea risu atque assensu agunt ; ut verè in eos apostolicū illud peculiariter cadat : quia digni sunt morte non solū qui faciūt ●a , sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus salvian de guber . dei. l. . p. . k chrysost. hom. . & . in matth. tertullian & cyprian , de spectac . august . de civ . dei. l. . c. . to . salvian , de guber . dei. l. . alexander alensis , summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . accordingly . l quale est , illas manus quas ad dominū extuleris postmodo laudando histrionem fatigare , & c ? de spectac . c. . chrysost. hom. . de davide & saule , hom. vlt. in psal. . accordingly . m tim. . n iam. . . iob . . ps. . . ps. . . isay . , . c. . . o levit. . . . pet. . . hab. . . p isay . . cor. . . q de spectac . cap. . r de spectac . l●b . s ad selucum . pag. . t neque enim theatrali plausu duci debent . de praeparat . evang . l. c. . u hom. . & . in matth. x de civ . dei. l. . c. . to . y de gub dei. lib. . p. . z gosson , north●rooke , reinold● , and others , qua supra , in the minor. a nā quae pervincere voces evaluêre sonū re●erūt quem nostra theatra ? garganū mugire putes nemus , aut mare tuscū , tanto cum strepitu ludi spectantut . horat. epist. l. . ep. . p. . populus frequens laetū theatris , ter crepuit sonū . idem carm. l. . ode . . datus in theatro cum tibi plausus . idem carm l. . ode . . see caesar bulengerus . de theatro . l. . c. . . b ergo non satis est risu diducere ri●tū auditoris , & est quaedam tamen hic quoque virtus , &c. horat. s●rmo l. . satyr . . p. . see ep. l. . ep. . & de arte poet. p . , , . pe●tatū admissi risū teneatis amici ? ibid. p. . inest lepos ludusque in hac comaedia : ridicula res est , da●e benignè operā mihi . plauti . a sinaria prologus . aures , oculi , animus , ampliter ●ient saturi . vbi lepos , ●oci risus , hilari●as atque delectatio , &c. plauti ps●udolus . prologus see haywoods apologie for actors . & here p. . . c illic ab impijs & facinerosis magistris melius mens perdita & mul●ebris docetur facinus . iulius firmicus de ●rrore profan . r●l●g c. . d quod est mul●ò dete●imū , & favor , & clamor , & plausus adhibetur & risus , cum in cōmunem perniciem adulteriū tam turpe commitritur in theatris , &c ●●rys●st hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . b. e see plauti amphitruo , terentij andria , eunuchu● , & their other comedies , which conclude thus . plaudite . clare plaudite . plausum date , or the like . don●c cantor vos plaudi●e dicat . horat. de arte poët . lib. see bul●ngerus de thea● . l. . c. ● . f quaeque sonár pleno vocesque m●nusque theatro . plausumque theatris . martial . epigr. apud bulengerum , de theatro . l. . c. . vid. ibid. an whole chapter to this purpose . g bulengerus , de theatro . l. . c. . theatra plaudunt . august d● civ . dei. lib. . cap. . * see august . de civ . d●i . lib. . cap. . , . h quod autem verbum impudens non prof●rūt , qui risum movent scurrae & histriones ? ibid●m . i vt spectatoribus vacuis risus possit atque hila●itas excitari , ioculatoribus feriuntur cavilationibus numina , conclamant & assurgunt theatra , caveae omnes concrepant fragoribus atque plausibus . ibid. k in theatro risus movetur , & indecentibus ●achinnis resolvimut . domino irascēte tu ●ides , nec vides quod amplius hinc enim cōmoveras . non est nostrum ergo assiduè ridere , ●esolvi cachinnis , molleri delicijs ; sed eorum potius & earum quae spectantur in theatris , &c. nec solum iubes , sed etiam exultatione , risu , plausu adjuvas quae geruntur . ibid. tom. . col. . . * quod cum fit à facientibus mimis , dignè ridentur in theatro : cum verò à nescientibus stultis dignius irridentur in mundo . ibidem . l in theatro omnia contraria ; risus , turpitudo , &c. occasio risus , turpitudinis exempla . illic risus incompositus , gestus stultitiam & insipientiam prae se ferentes● omnia illic risum & ridicula . insanit tunc natura , praesentes pro hominibus bruta fiunt : & alij quidem ut equi hinniunt , alij vero ut asini calcitrant● magna diffusio , magna dissolutio , nihil maturum , nihil generosum , &c. chrysostom . hom. . in acta . tom. . col. . b. c. . a. m hae nugae seria ducunt in mala . horat. de arte poet. p. . n mat. . , , , , . thes. . . o ephes. . . tunc verè tempus redimimus quando anteactam vitā quàm lasciviendo perdidimus , flendo reparamus anselmus in ephes. . tom. . p. . p cum majus periculum sit malè vivendi quàm citò moriendi , stultus est qui non exigui temporis mercede magnae rei aleam redimi● . seneca . epist. . * see ovid tri●tū . l. . f. . athenaeus dipnos . l. . c. . , , . ammianus marcellinus . l. c. . basilij hexaëm . hom. . accordingly . q ephes. . . col . . see ambr●se , hierom , chrysostome , theodoret , sedulius , primasius , remigius , beda , rabanus maurus , oecumenius , anselme , theophylact , lyra , musculus , calvin , aretius , marlorat ibid. & master wheatlies sermon of times redemption , accordingly . r iob . , , . psal. , . eccles. . . to . luk. . . acts . . tim. . , . s ezech. . . iob . , . isay , , . amos . . to pet. . , , ● iam. . , . tim. . . amoto quaeramus seria ●udo . horat. sermo . l. . satyr . . t iam. . , . rev. . . u mat. . . x isay . . y luk. . , . z magna pars vitae elabitur malè agētibus , maxima nihil agentibus . quē mihi dabis qui aliquod praetiū tempori ponat ? qui diem aestimer ? qui intelligat se quotidie mori ? nemo se iudicet quicquā debere qui tempus accepit , cùm interim hoc unum est , quod ne gratas quidem po●est reddere . seneca epist. . a rom. . . to . rev. . , . b iob. . , . luk. . rom. . , . cor. . , . acts , ● . phil. . gal . . c mat. . . to . prov. . . d rom. . , , , , . rev. . , . e pet . , , . tim. . , . quo te caelestis sapientia duceret ires . hoc opus , hoc studiū purvi properemus & ampli . si patriae volumus , si nobis vivere cari . horat. e●ist l. . e●ist . . ●ag . . f luk. . . c. . thes. . , . psal. . , . g festinat enim decurrere velox flosculus angustae miseraeque brevissima vitae portio , dum bibimus , dum serta , unguenta , puellas pos●imus , obrepit non intellecta senectus . iuv. sat. . p. . h quibus in solo vivendi causa palato est . iuv. satyr . . p. . nulli rei nisi vino & libidini vacant . sen●ca de brev. vitae . cap. ● i heu vivunt homines tanquá mors nulla sequatur . et v●lut infernus fabula vana foret . k gloriari otio iners ambitio est . senec. ep. . l alea turpis , turpe & adulterium mediocribus , haec tamen illi omnia cū faciant , hilares nitidique vocantur . iuvenal . satyr . . p. . m isay . . n praecipitat quisque vitā suam , & futuri desiderio laborat , praesentiū taedio . seneca de brev. vitae . c. . o natura humanis ingenijs m●lè consuluit , quae plaerumque non futura sed transacta perpendimus . qu. curtiu● . lib. ● . sect . . pag. . deteriori luto pravus quos edidit auctor , et nihil aetherij sparlit p●r membra vigoris . hi pecudum ritu non impende●tia vitant , nec res ante vident , accepta clade quaeruntur , et serò transacta gemunt . claudian in eutropium lib . pag. . p re omnîum praeciosissima luditur . quia sub oculis non venit , ideo vilissima aestimatur , imò vero nullum praetium ejus est . annua congiaria homines clarissimi accipiunt , & his aut labor●m , aut operam , aut diligentiam suam locant . nemo aestimat tempus ; utuntur illo laxius quasi gratuitò . at eosdem aegros vide , si mortis periculum admotum est propius , medicorum genua tangentes : si metuunt capitale supplicium , omnia sua , ut vivant paratos impendere . tanta in illis discordia asfectuum est . senec● . de brev. vitae . cap. . q neque enim ita à natura generatī sumus ut ad ludum & iocum facti esse videamur , sed ad severitatem potius , & ad quaedā studia graviora atque majora . de officij● l. . op. tom . p. . see senica , de brev. vitae . & epist. . . . r omnia , mi lucili , aliena sunt ; tempus tantum nostrū est : in hujus rei unius fugacis ac lubricae possessionē natura nos misit , ex qua expellit quicunque vult . ita fac , mi lucili , vindica te tibi , & tempus quod adhuc aut auferebatur aut surripiebatur , aut excidebat , collige & serva . seneca epist. . * see d. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes p. , to . the . blast of ret●ait from playes & theaters . p. . . & the othe● fathers , councels , & authors hereafter quoted t nil intentatū nostri liquêre poetae : nec minimū mervêre decus , &c. si nō offenderet unūquemque poetarū limae labor , & mora : vos ô pōpilius sanguis , carmen r●praehēdite quod non multa dies & multa litura coercuit atque perfectū decies nō castigavit ad unguē . bona pars non ungues ponere curat , non barbā : secreta petit loca ; balnea vitat . nāsciscetur enim praetiū nomēque poetae , si tribus anticyris caput insanabile nunquā tōsori licino commiserit , &c horat. de arte poet p. . u see seneca , de brev. vitae . c. . non habent isti otiū sed iners negotiū , nam de illis nemo dubitabit , quin operosè nihil ag●nt , qui literarū inutiliū studijs detinētur . ibid. c. . x see pliny , nat. hist. l. . c. . tertul. de spectac . c , . , . livy , hist rom. l. . tacitus , annal. l. . alex. ab alexandro . l. . c. . d. hackwels apologie . l. . c. . sect . . , . accordingly . * nubilis haec virgo , matronaque , virque puerque , spectat , & ex magna parte senatus adest . ovid tristium . l. . p. . y si foret in terris rideret democritus . spectaret populū iudis frequentius ipsis ; vt sibi praebentem mimo spectacula plura . horat. epist l. . epist. . p. . z sic ruit ad celebres cultissima faemina ludos : copia iudicium saepe morata meum est . spectatum veniunt , veniunt spectentur ut ipsae . ovid , de arte amandi . l. . p. . see tertullian , de spectaculis . & act . scene . before . a nemo in spectaculo ineundo prius cogitat , nisi videre & videri . tertullian , de spectaculis cap. . b quatuor aut plures aulaea praemuntur in horas , &c. horat. epist. lib. . epist. . pag. . * see livy , rom. hist. lib. . sect . . ludi per decem dies iovi optimo . max. facti . lib. . sect . . lib. . sect . . lib. . sect . . lib. . sect . . lib. . sect . . suetonij iulius . sect . . c horū non ociosa vita dicenda est , sed desidiosa occupatio . seneca , de brevitate vita . cap. . d nostra aetas prolapsa ad fabulas & quaevis inania , non modo autes & cor prostituit vanitati sed oculorum & aurium voluptate suam mulcet desidiam , luxuriam accendit conquirc●s undique fomenta vitiorum . ioannes saresburienses , de nugis curialium lib . cap. . e histriones totam suam vitam ordinant ad ludendum . aquinas , secunda secundae , quest. . art. . f see stephen gossons schoole of abuses . the . blast of retrait from playes . i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , & iohn field , his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden , &c. g nemo invenitur qui pecuniam suam dividere velit , vitā unusquisque quàm multis distribuit . astricti sunt in continendo patrimonio , simul ad temporis jacturā ventum est , prosusissimi in eo cujus unius honesta avaritia est . seneca , de brevit . vitae c. . h quid necesse habes amittere tempora tanta , perdere tanta lucra ? nihil praeciosius tempore , sed heu nihil hodie vilius aestimatur . transeunt dies salutis & nemo recogitat , nemo sibi non reditura momenta perijsse causatur . bernardi . declamationes . col. . l.m. i see scene . & act . scene . where their words are recited . k quid enim aliud credimus quotidi● per totum orbem , tot millia spectatorum in theatris contrahere . homines enim victi spectaculorum & fabularum cupidine infrenes tum oculis , tum auribus consectantur cytharistas cytharaedosque . praeterea saltatoribus caeterisque mimis inhiant propter gestus motusque effaeminatos : atque ita factiones theatricas instaurant , securi caeterarum rerū privatarum publicarumque , totam vitam in huiusmodi spectaculis conterentes miseri . ibidem . l sunt civitates non nullae quae multis varijsque praestigiatorum spect●culis inde à primo diluculo ad ipsum usque caelū advesperascens suos pascunt adspectus , fr●ctosque quosd●m omnino & corruptos cantus n●miam in animis generantes libidinem frequentissimè audientes , non satiantur . atque tales populos comp●ures perbeatos esse dicunt , proptereà quod foro , mercatura , artibus , caeterisque negotijs omninò comparandi victus causa subeundis neglectis atque posthabitis , summo cum orio voluptateque vitae tempus institutum sibi perducunt , &c. basil. hexaëm . hom. . damascen . parallel lib. . cap. . m in theatro omnia contraria : temporis impendiū , superflua dierum consumptio , &c. chrysost. hom. . in acta apost . & hom. . ad pop. antioch . tom. . col. . a. & tom. . col. . a. n tot●m prorsus diem in tam ridicula atque etiam perniciosa voluptate consumitis . &c. hom. in matth. tom. . col. . a. o chryso●t . hom. . de davide & saule . hom. . in matth. & hō . . & . ad populū antioch . see here scene . & . p vacare volunt ad ●ugas atque luxurias suas . melius enim saceret iudaeus in agro suo aliquid utile , quā tota die in theatro seditiosus existeret . ibid. * octavius spectaculo plurimas horas , aliquando totos dies aderat . suetonij octavius . s●ct . . q quis philosophiā aut ullū liberale respicit studium , nisi cum ludi intercalantur , cum aliquis plu●ius intervenit dies quem perdere licer , &c. ibid. a populus si consederet theatro totos dies ignaviâ continuaret , &c. ibid b augustine , de civit. dei. l. ● . c. . . livy , rom. hist. lib. . epit valerius maximus . l. . c. . eutropius . rerum . rom. l. . p. ● c histriones vero locustis conser●t propheta , non modo propter multitudinem , sed potius propter ignavū otium , & quod fruges consumere nati , nihil interea faci●nt quod honestum sit , vel ad publicam utilitatem aliquid conferat , &c. ibidem . * see scene . & act . scene . , . d psal. . , . psal. . . cor. . . iam. . . circumcisa & brevis hominis vita longissima pliny , epist. lib. . epist. . vitae hujus principium mortis exordium est , nec prius incipit augeri aetas quam minui . cui si aliquid adijcitur spacij temporalis , non ad hoc accedit ut maneat , sed ad hoc transit ut pereat . prosper . aquit . de vocat gentium . lib. ● . cap. e nihil praetiosius tempore . bernardi . declamat . col. . l. m. f facito aliquid operis ut semper te diabolus inveniat occupatum . operis labor suscipiatur , non tàm propter victus necessitatem , quam propter animae salutem . hierom. epist. . cap. . g non exiguum detrimentum est vel horae unius . et una hora totius vitae portio est . ambros. epist. lib. . epist. . h cor. . , . thes. . , , . i inde fit ut rarò qui se vixisse beatum dicat , & exacto contentus tempore vitae cedat , uti conviva satur , reperire queamus . horat. sermo . lib. . satyr . k tempus quippe redimimus quandò anteactam vitam quam lasciviendo perdidimus , flendo reparamus . greg. mag. moral . lib. . cap. . * satiat praeterea & inebria● histriones mimos , turpissimosque & vanissimos ioculatores● tū pauperes ecclesiae fame discruciati intereant . agobardus , de dispensatione & ordine totius rei eccl●siast . bib. ●at . tom. . pars . p. . h l ●say . , prov. . . c. . . c. . . c. . . c. . . c. . . lu. . , , . rom. . ● . gal. . . ezech. . . ephes. . . phil. . , . iam. . . pet. . , , . pet. . . iude . . . rev. . , . m clemens alexand. paedag. l. . c. . lactantius , de vero cultu . c. . ambros. de officijs . l. . c. . basil. sermo . . in divites & avaros . nazienz●n . cygnaeorum . carm. lib. p. . theophylact & beda , in luc. . n plato de repub. dialog . . p. . aristot. ethic. l. . c. . cicero , de officijs lib . plutarch , de vitando . aere alieno . lib. iuvenal . satyr . . aeneae gazaei . theophrastus apud philonem iudaeum . pag. . * iam. . , . luk. . , , . p prov. . q eccles. . . luk. . . tim● . , , . psal. . prov. . . heb. . . luk. . . r quid peculator ? ille qui aufert aliena non tupeculator , cum ea quae ad dispensandum distribuendumque reciperis , tibi propria facis ? num qui vestem diripuerit spoliator nominabitur , qui autem nudum non texerit , modo possit , alterius cujusdam nominis appellatione dignus erit ? basil , in divites & avaros . sermo . . s deut. . . to . iob . . to . tim. . , , . cor. . . to . acts . , . cur tu dives , ille pauper ? profectò non ob aliam causam , nisi ut tu benignitatis ac fidelis administrationis praemium accipias , ille verò patientiae maximae mercede honoretur . esurientis est panis quem tu retines ; nudi est vestis quam tu arca custodis ; discalceati calceus qui apud te marcessit ; egentis argen●ū quod tu in terram desodis . denique tot affers hominibus iniurias , quot deseris cum ●uvare possis . dei minister fact●s es , tuorum dispensator conservorum . nec puta omnia tuo ventri praeparari : quae in manibus habes ut aliena existima . ba●il . mag. in divites & avar●s● sermo . . vid. ibidem . * tristium . lib. . pag. . t livy , rom. hist. l. . s●ct . . . plin. nat. hist. l. . c. . august . de civ . dei. l . c. . l. c. . & de cōsensu evang. l. c. . salvian , de guber . dei. l. . tacitus , annal. l. . sect . su●tonij tiberius . sect . . . caligula , sect . . . nero. sect . . , . to . & v●spatianus . sect . . petrarch . de remed . vtr. fortunae . l. . dial. . opmeeri . chronogr . p . d. hackwels apologie . l. . c. . sect . . . u livy . rom. hist. l. . sect . . l. . sect . . . l. sect . . l. . sect . . . salvian . de gub. dei● l. ● p. . . x plutarch . de gloria atheniensiū . lib. thucides . hist. l. . p. . iustin. hist. l. . caelius . rhod. antiqu. lect. l. . c. . y res serias in ludū impendentes , & magnarum classium & exercituū cōmeatum in theatrū prodigentes . plutarch . de gloria atheniensiū . lib. z see suetonij caligula . sect . . nero. sect . . , ● to . & . vespatianus . sect . . domitianus . sect . herodian . hist. l. . iulij capitolini antonius pius . p. . ejusdem verus . p. . , . & maximinus & balbinus . p. . trebellij pollionis galieniduo . p. . , , . idem . de ingenuo p. . flavij vopisci carinus . p. . . cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. . ioannis salisburiensis , de nugis curialium . l. . c. . . & l. . c. . a su●●onij tiberius . sect . & . iulij capit●lini , mar. antonius philosophus p. . . flavij vopisci carinus . p. . aelij l●̄pridij s●verus . p. . opmeeri chronogr . p. ● . . bu●engerus , de theatro . l. . cap. . b see cicero , oratio , de aruspicū responsis . p. . , in pisonem . oratio . p. . . pro sextio cratio . p. . , , , . pro l. muraena . oratio . p. . in catilinam . oratio . . p. . philip. oratio ● p. . de divinatione . l. . pag. . livy , rom. hist. l. . sect . . d●onysius , hallicarnas . antiq. rom. l. . sect . . see ● before , & ambrose , ser. . tom. . p. . bul●ngerus , de circis romanis . & cap. l. . c. . . p. . , . & de theatro . l. . c. . p. . . c eos modo vix feramus , quādo pro superflua voluptate plura donātur histrionibus , quàm tunc legionibus pro extrema salute collata sunt . de civ . dei. l. c. ● d tunc enim integra romani orbis mēbra florebant , a●gusta esse horrea publica opes fecerant , cunctarū urbiū cives divitijs ac delicijs affl●ebant . vix poterat religionis auctoritas inter tanta rerū exuberantiā morū●enere mensurā . pascebantur tunc quidē passim in locis plurimis auctores turpiū voluptatū , sed plena ac referta erāt omnia . nemo reipu● sumptus cogitabat , nemo dispendia , quia non sentiebantur expensa . quaer●bat quodāmodo ipsa respublica ubi perderet ; quod penitus posset vix recipere ; & ideo cumulus divitiarū , qui iam fere modū excesserat , etiā in res nugatorias redūdabar . nunc autem quid dici potest ? recesserunt à nobis copiae veteres , recesserunt priorum temporum facultates . miseri iàm sumus , & nec dum nugaces esse cessamus● salvian de gub dei. l. . p. . . e loca enim & habita cula turpitudinum idcircò adhuc sunt , quia illic impura omnia prius acta sunt : nunc autem ludi●ra ipsa adeò non aguntur , quia agi iàm prae miseria t●mporis atque egestate non possunt . et ideò quo● prius actū est , vitiositatis fuit ; quod nunc non agitur , necessitatis . calamitas enim fisci , & mendicitas romani aerarij nō sinit , ut ubique in res nugatorias perditae profundātur expensae . pereant adhuc quālibet multa , & quasi in caenum proijciantur , sed tamē perire iam tanta non queunt , quia non sunt tanta quae pereant . ibidem . p. . f nam quantum ad votum nostrae libidinis atque impurissimae voluptatis , optaremus profectò vel ad hoc tantum modo plus habere , ut possemus in hoc turpitudinis lutum plura convertere . et res probat quanta prodigere vellemus , si opulenti essemus ac splendidi , cum prodigamus tanta mendici . ea est enim labes praesentium morum atque perditio , ut cum iam non habeat paupe●tas quod possit perdere , adhuc tamen ●elit vitiositas plus perire . ibidem , pag. . . * de theatro . l. . c. . p. . g legat hūc locū iulius messalla , quem ego libere culpare audeo : ille enim patrimoniū suū scenicis dedit , haeredibus abnegavit : matris tunicam dedit mimae , lacernā patris , mimo . flau. vopisci , carinus . p. see p . h historiarum . lib. . i dipnos . lib. . cap. . * circà a●ios omnes parcissimus ●uit , quod l●xuriae sumptibus aerariū minu●rat● circensos multos addidit ex ●ibidine potius quam religione , & ut domin●s factionū ditaret . cōmodu● antoninus . p. . k quapropter manifestò patet , scenicorū & equestriū certaminū spectaculū merā animorū esse perniciem , corporū pugnā , ac praeter haec certissimū facultatum detri●ētum . quot enim familias subitò prostravit ? quot homines opulentos coegit ●●bum mendicare ? quot urbes prius summa inter se amicitia conjunctos , funditus evertît ? ad selucū . de recta educat . p. . . l nonne vides quosdam in theatris in pancratiastas & mimos , quos spectare quis abominetur , pro brevis temporis honore ac populi plausu pecuniam prodigentes , & c ? in divites & avaros , s●rmo . . pag. . m et quod nullis possit satisfactionibus expiari , histrionibus , pantomimis , exoletis atque irrisoribus numinum dona instituuntur , & munera ; ab officijs ocium publicis immunitas & vacatio cum coronis . adv●rs . gente● . lib. . ●ag . . n quid ergo illos inducis cinaedos & exoletos ? neque solum inducis , sed etiam innumerabilibus & ineffabilibus honoras muneribus : alibi ●os qui talia ●gunt pu●iens , hic autem tanquā de republica bene meritis , & pe●unias insumis , & publicis impensis ●os alis . at sunt , inquit , infames . cur ergo in eos tam multa impendis ? nā si sunt infames , opor●et ●os expelli , &c. hom . in cor. . tom. . col. . c.d. see hom. . in act. apost . hom. ad pop. antioch . hom. . in ephes. & hom. . . & . in matth. accordingly . o prodigum est popularis favoris gratia , exinanire proprias opes . quod faciunt qui ludis circēsibus , vel etiam theatralibus , & muneribus gladiatorijs patrimonium dilapidant suū ut vincant superiorū celebritates ; cùm to●um illum sit inane quod agunt . de officijs . l. . c. . & ser. . tom. . p. . e. p et per illas moribus corrumpendis , rapiendo miseris civibus , largiendo scenicis turpibus . quis ferret istos , quando pro superflua voluptate plura donātur histrionibus , quàm tunc legionibus pro extrema salute collata sunt ? de civ . dei. l. . c. . & l. . c. . see l. . c. . to . q pudet dicere , sed necesse est non tacere . plus impenditur daemonijs quam apostolis , &c. in octavo petri & pauli . sermo c. f● . r egregium hoc festum ●●●is alieni causa ac faenoris , paupertatis occasio , mis●riarium initium . si pauxillum aliquid domi conditum in alimenta conjugis atque mis●rorū liberûm , promitur id ac proijcitur , ac ●edet ille cum suis per festum hoc prae●larum esuriens atque omniū indigus . bonorū ja●turā saciunt , taxationisque & vulnerum mercedem , annonam ac cibariā promunt ac prodigunt , cum graui morū disciplinaeque damno . consules etiā ipsi fama inclyti ad fastigium rerū humanarū evecti per vanitatem opes exhauriunt , nō modo sine fruct● , sed etiā cū pecc●to ; dicique verè potest , quàm sublimis corū thronus , tàm insignem esse dementiā . cūenim capescere permultos solent honores , &c. nunc autē praesident . aurūque congestū intra breve tēpus in aurigas , tibicines , mimos , saltatores , spadones distribūnt , &c. ibid. bibl. patrū . tom. . p. . s at in loculos evacuas in turpē animi relaxationē , in risum indecorū & inconditü , neque cōsideras quam multas pauperū lachrymas dones , per quas opes illae tuae cōflatae ; quam multi in vincula coniecti verberatique fu●rint , aut ad laqueū accesserint ; ut tibi suppetat quod scenicis hodierno die la●gi●ris , &c. ibid. * see bulengerus , de theatro lib. cap. pag. . t paedagogi . lib. . cap. . lib. . cap . u de spectaculis . lib. * cassiodorus variarum lib. . epist. . & lib. . epist. . x hist● ionibus ac mimis pecunias , infinitas erogare non gravabatur , &c. gratiam suam histrionibus & mimis multi prostituunt , & in exhibenda malitia corum caeca quadā & contemptibili magnificentia , non tàm mirabiles , quàm miserabiles faciūt sumptus . de nugis curialium . l. . c . . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. ● . a.b. y see marcus aurelius , printed at london . towards the end . z see scene . ensuing . a see ioannis saresburiensis . de nugis curialium . l. . c. . & act . scene . accordingly . b regis enim curiam sequuntur assidue histriones , aleatores , mimi , balatrones , id genus omne . petrus blesensis . epist. . bibl. patrum tom. . pars . p. . b. ioannis saresburiensis de nugis curialium . l. . c. . . gualther . hom. in nahum . aeneas sylvius . epist. . p. . & ●pist . . p. . accordingly . d these ensuing histories of the excessive wealth of players , together with that of aesop , his wealth & luxury in pliny . nat. hist. l. . c . lib. . c. . & l. c. . are an unanswerable argument of mens great expenses at playes which thus enrich the players . * sp●rne voluptates ; nocet empta dolore voluptas horat. epist l. . epist. . pag. . e làm ●adem summis pariter minimisque libido est , vtspectet ludos cōduci● ogulnia vestem . conducit comites , cellā , cervical , amicas , nutricem & flavem cui det mandata puellā . haec tamēargenti superest quodcunque paterni levibus athletis , ac vasa novissima donat , & c● prodiga non sentit pereuntem ●aemina censum ; at velut exhausta redivivus pullulat arca , nummus & è pleno semper tollatur acervo , non unquā rep●tant quantū sibi gaudia constant , &c. satyr . p. . . f nam codice saevo haeredes vetat esse suos , bona tota feruntur ad phialem , tantū artificis valet halitus oris . saty● . . p. . g vt quondam marsaeus amator originis ille , qui patriam mimae donat , fundumque laremque sermo . l. . satyr . . p. . see p. . h in cicere atque faba bona tu perdasque lupinis , latus ut in circo spatiere , aut aeneus ut stes , nudus agris , nudus nummis , insane paternis ? sermo . l. . satyr● . pag. . i sunt hujusmodi homines , non parva rerumpublicarū pestis . nam & opes publicas quàm privatas quàm maximè attenuant , & quod in pauperum subventionem impendi debeat , ipsi suis artibus paenè intercipere consueverunt . hom. . in nahum . vid. ibidem . see vincentij speculum historiale . l. . cap. . fol. . to the same purpose . * see halls chronicle . part . fol. . to . & . to . & . , . & . to . k miseri iam sumus , & necdū nugaces esse cessamus . cūque etiam pupillis vel prodigis soleat subvenire paupertas , simu●que ut destiterint esse divites , desinunt esse vitio●● : nos tantū novum genus pupillorum ac perditorum sumus , in quibus opulentia esse desij● , sed nequitia perdurat : adeò nos non ut alij homines causas corrupt●larū in illecebris sed in cordibus habemu● , & vitiosi●as nostra , mens nostra est , & ad emēdandos nos , nō faculta●ū ablatione , sed malarū rerū amore peccemus salv. de gub. dei. l. . p. . * see iohn fields declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden , accordingly . l s●tius est au●ē prodesse etiā malis propter bonos , quàm bonis decsse propter malos . senec. de beneficijs . l. ● c. . m quē tulit ad scen●m ventoso gloria curru horat. epist l. . ep. . p. . n verū quid ego de spatio loquar itineris lōgioris , cū plurimaefaeminarū tanta i●m animi mollitudineresolvātur , ut nisi advectae mulis , quālibet exiguo spacio à domibus suis ven●re nequeant ad videndū dominū in praesepi spiritali ? sed ex his qui cer●è ambulandi labo●ē ferūt , alij theatrales turbas sanctis caetibus anteponunt . ●t barbari quidē illi priusquā christū viderunt , tam longā propter ipsum viam exuperaverunt : tu verò nec posteaquā videris , illos probaris imitari . nam & cum eum videris , ita eum relinquis , ut post eum curras ad theatra , ac mimū potius audire ac videre desideres . atque ut eadem rursus attingam quae antea sum insectatus : christum quide● in spiritali s●um praesep●o derelinquis , properas verò ●acētem , videre in scena meretricem . hoc autem quibus tandem putamus dignū esse supplicijs ? chrysost. hom , . in mat. tō . . col. . a. o prov. . , , . cant. . . pet. . , . p isay . , . rev. . . * see bulenger●s de theatro . l. . cap. . q parum enim est luxuriae quod naturae satis est . seneca . de vita beata . cap. . r see scene . afterward . s see scene . & act . scene . t qui enim volupta●é sequitur omnia postponit , nec voluptates sibi emit , sed se voluptatibus vendit . seneca , de vita beata . c. . * flavij vopisci carinus . pag. . u see ambrose , augustine , basil , nazienzen , asterius , salvian , chrysostome , iohn saresbury , and others in their fore-quoted places . * codex theodosij . l. . tit. . & . accordingly . x cur eget indignus quisquā te divite ? quare templa ruunt antiqua deum ? &c horat. sermo l. . sat. . p. . y vnus utrique error sed varijs ludit partibus . horat. sermon . lib. . satyr . . z prodigi sunt qui ludor● apparatu pecunias fundunt . cicero , de officijs . l. . about the middest . a de remed . vtri . fortunae . l. . dialog . . b interitus nō sumptus locum obtinet . paedag. l. . c. . & l. . c. . fol. . a. c prodigū est popularis favoris gratia exinanire proprias opes . quod faciunt qui ludis circ●●ibus , vel etiam theatralibus patrimoniū dilapidant suum , ut vincant superiorū celebritates ; cùm totum illud sit inane quod agunt . de offi●ijs . l. . c. . & sermo . . tom. . p. . e. d ibi histriones accipiunt & gladiatores , & perit omne quod perditis datur . ambr●s . sermo . in d●minica . post pentecost●n . tom. . pag. . e. g. sermo . . in the old , and . in the new impressions of saint ambrose workes . e magistratus in theatris , mimis , athletis & gladiatoribus , ali●sque hujusmodi generibus hominum totum paenè pat●●monium suum largitur , ac prodigit , ut unius horae f●vorem vulgi nimirum adquirat , nihil sibi ulterius profutu●um . ibidem . tom. ● . p. . e. f his it●que infructuosos esse magnus est fructus . apologia , advers . gentes . tom. . pag. . g dial. l. . c. . fol. . a. b. h veruntamen magnificus debet secundum prudentiā pro talibus casibus suā largitionē providè mensurare , specialiter non dando histrionibus , vel mēdicis validis , pro vano nomine acquirendo . dial● l. . c . fol. . a. i donare res suas histrionibus vitiū est immane , non virtus . exposit● in ioan. tract . tom. . pars . p. . k distinct. . fol. . l de nugis curialium . lib. . cap . m secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . m. n sūma theologiae● pars . quaest. . memb . . o exposit. in l. regū . tō . . p. . c.d. p in psal. . q de. casibus . l. . tit. . r exposit. on the . cōmandement s treatise against vaine playes & enterludes . f. . . t playes confuted . act. . u mariana & brissonius , de spectaculis . lib. sūma rosella . tit. histrio . x exanimat lentus spectator . sedulus inflat . horat. epist. l. . ep. . p. ● y vbi enim malos praemia sequūtur , haud facile quisquā gratuito bonus est . salustij . histor. l. . p. . z non ita ille , qui hoc fingit , est delinquens , ut tu qui haec iubes fieri : neque iubes solū , sed studes & laetaris & laudas quae fiunt , & omninò applaudis tali ergasterio daemoniorū . principiū & radix talis iniquitatis vos estis , maximè qui tribuitis , qui diem universam in his consumitis . si enim nullus esset t●lium spectator ac fautor , nec essent quidē qui dicere illa aut agere curarent . quando verò vos cernunt & artes proprias , & ipsa exercendi quotidiani operis loca , & ipsum quem ex his paratis quaestum & prorsus omnia simul vanissimi illius spectaculi amore deserere , avidiori & illi intentione ad haec rapiuntur , studiūque his magis impendunt . chrys. hom. . in mat● tom. . col. . . & alex● alensis . sūma theologiae . pars . quaest. . memb. . * see n & z before . a see act . scene . . & part . act . thorowout . b in . regum . tom. . p. . c. d. c de ludo aleae . lib. d in their severall expositions and treatises on the . cōmandemēt . * basil. hom. . in divites & avaros . gualther . ●om . . & ambros. sermo . . tom. . p. . e g accordingly . f see ambros. sermo . . & basil. hom. . in divites & avaros , accordingly . g ●ui histrionibus donant , dicant mihi , quare donant ? hoc in illis amant in quo nequissimi sunt : hoc in illis pascunt , hoc in illis vestiunt , ipsam nequitiam publicam spectaculis homin● . qui donant aliquid histrionibus , quare donant ? nūquid non & ipsa hominibus donantur ? non tam naturam ibi attendunt operis dei , sed nequitiam op●ris humani . qui histrionibus donant , non hominibus donant , sed arti nequissimae . nam si homo tantum esset , & histrio non esset , non e● donares . honoras in ●o vitium , non naturam . august . enar. in psal. . tom. . pars . p. . see gratian , distinct. . & ioa● . saresburiensis . de nugis curialiū . l . c. . accordingly . h . eliz c. . . eliz. c. & . iac. c. . i see gosson , his schoole of abuses● accordingly . k the . blast of re●rait from playes & theaters . p. . . accordingly . l histrionibus dare causa vanae gloriae , vel pro exercitio vitij sui , immane peccatū est . aquinas , secūda secundae . quaest. . art. . m. alexander alens●s , summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . memb. . astexanus , de casibus . l. . tit. . gratian . distinct. . fol. . august . tractat . in ioan. summa rosella . histrio . alvarus pelagius , de planct●s eccl●siae . lib. . artic. . fol. . * vincentij speculum historiale . lib. . cap. . fol. . m qui donant histrionibus , quare donant ? hoc utique in illis fovent in quo nequissimi sunt . nempè qui nequitiam fovet , estne bonus ? unde quid faut oribus eorum immineat colligis ; si facientes & consentientes pari paena recolis esse plectendos . ioannis saresburiensis . de nugis curialium . lib . cap. . n nihil demen●ius quàm de improbo homine benè mereri . quisquis enim id facit , suo officio suoque sumptu hostem sibi facit eum , quem neque amicum , neque inimicū habere li●uit . erasmus . de rat. cons●r . epist. pag. . o pecuniam non dabo quam numeraturam adulterae sciam ; ne in societatem turpis facti , aut cōsilij veniam● si potero , revocabo ; sin mimus non adjuvabo scelus . de beneficijs . lib. . cap. . p turpissimū genus damni est inconsulta donatio . sen●ca . de ben●ficijs . lib. . ●ap . . q immane peccatum . see l before . argument . * see mat. . . thes. . . iude . * concupiscenti● enim carnis fo●entū peccati , ●ena vitio●ū : 〈◊〉 ●lagrātior est , grav●us que praecipitat & inflāmat . ambr. l. . in lucae evang . tom. . p. . b. c. cupiditas fomes & velut quoddam incentivū vitiorum . bernard . sermo . in caena dom. col. . c. t mat. . , . rom. . . eph. . . pet. . . u ier. . . mat. . , . c. . , , . pet. . . tit. . . x rom. . . y psal. . . isay . ● to . z ephes. . . tim. . . a rev. . . gal. . , . b cor. . , . gal. . . rev. . . c. . c cor. . . d col. . . rom. . , . e gal. . . f rom. . , ● &c. . , . g pet. . . h rom. . . i ephes. . , . c. . , , . pet. . , , . rom. . . to . k rom. . to . pet. . , . tit. . . iude . amos . . to . l gal. . . rom. . , , , . m rom. . , . n rom. . . pet. . , , , . o rom. . , , . cor. . c. . . . cor. . . gal. . . p rom. . , . c. . . nupsisti christo , illi tradidisti carnem tuā , illi sponsasti maturitatem tuam . incede secundum sponsi tui voluntatem . tertul. de velandis virginibus cap. . o see p. , , . with the fathers & authors there alleaged ; who give these epithites or stiles to playes and play-hou●es . see the . & . blast of retrait from playes & theaters . d. sparkes , his rehearsal sermon at pau●s crosse , aprill . . a treatise of danc●s , anno . stephen goss●n , his schoole of abuses , accordingly . o quod sanctū est daemonio●ū personis in comaedi● ludificati estis . desine canticū ô homere , non est pulchrum , docet adulterium . nos autem ne aures quidē●tupris & fornicationibus inquinare volumus , &c horum non solum usus , sed etiā aspectus & auditus deponendam esse memoriam vobis annuntiamus : scortatae sunt aures vestrae , fornicati sunt ocu●i , & quod est magis novum , ante complexum vestri adulteriū admiserunt aspectus . oratio . adhortatoria ad gentes . p. . e.f. & . a. p non ducet ergò nos paedagogus ad spectacula : nec inconcinne stadia & theatra pestilen●iae cathedram quis vo●averit . magna enim con●usione & iniquitate hi cae●us plaeni sunt , & occasio conventus causa est turpitudinis , cū viri & faeminae permixtim conveniant alter ad alterius spect●culū . hic quoque s●●lestū est consiliū , quem●dmodū adversus iustū . dum enim lasciviunt oculi , calescunt appetitiones , & oculi proximos impudentius respicere assue facti , quòd concessum ociū habeant , intendunt cupiditates . prohibeantur ergo spectacula & acromata , quae nequitia verbisque obscaenis & vanis , temere profusis , plena sunt , &c. paedagogi . lib. . cap. . q tragaediae & comaediae scelerum & libidinū auctrices , cruentae & lasci●ae , impiae & prodigae . de spectae . cap. . r oculos & aures communicant , &c. ibid. cap. . * scintillas libidinum conflabellant . ibid. cap. . t sacrarium veneris : veneris domus . ibid. cap. . * consistoriū impudicitiae , ubi nihil probatur quā quod alibi non probatur . ibid. c. . x nihil nobis cum impudicitia theatri . apologia advers . gentes . c. . non scenae turpetudinibus christianū affici oportet . de habitu muli●r . c. . y non in loca libidinum publicarū oculi tuiimpingunt : non clamoribus spectaculorū vel impudicitia celebrātium caederis . ad martyres . lib. c. . sceni●a faeditas . de pudicitia . lib. cap. . z similiter impudicitiam omnem amoliri iubemut ; hoc igitur modo etiam à theatro seperam●r , quod est privatum consistorium impudicitiae , &c. habes igitur & theatri interdictionem , de interdictione impudicitiae . de spectaculis . cap. . a spectacula circi vel theatri sordidarū spectacula visionum , quibus libidinem , vel alia quaeque vitia amans , inflammetur . in epist. ad rom. c . l. . tom . f. . a. * nam de ijs quid dic●mus qui cum gentilium turbis ad spectacula ma●urant , & cōspectus suos atque auditus impudicis verbis & actibus faedant ? non est nostrū pronunciare de talibus . ipsi enim sentire & videre possunt quā sibi deligerint partē . tu ergo qui haec audis , &c. sancti esto●e quia & ego sanctus sum dominus deus ve●ter ; sapienter intellige quae dicuntur . vt sis beatus cū feceris ●a . sepera te ● terrenis a●tibus , sep●●a te à concupiscentia mundi : sepera te & remove ab omni pollutione peccati . h●m . super l●viticum . tom. ●ol . . b.c. c quid int●r haec christianus fidelis facit , cu● vitia non licet nec cogitare ? quid oblectatur simulachris libidinis , ut in ipsis deposita verecundia audacior fiat ad crimina ? discit facere dum assues●it vid●●e . illas tamen qu●s infaelicitas sua in servitutem prostituit libidinis publicae , occultent locus , & dedecus suum de latebris consolantur : erubescunt videri etiam qui pudorem vendi●erunt . a● istud publicum nostrum omnibus videntibus geritur , & pr●sti●ut●rum transitur obscaenitas . quaesitum est quomodo adulterium ex oculis admittetur . cyprian d● s●ectaculis . lib. d ita amatur , quicquid nō licet , &c. non licet inquā adesse christianis fidelibus , non licet omnino , nec illis quos ad oblectamenta au●iū ad omnes ubique g●aecia instructos suis artibus vanis mit●it , &c. fugienda sunt ista christianis fidelibus , ut iam frequēter diximus , tam vana , tam perniciosa , tam sacrilega spectacul● , & oculi nostri fūt , & aures custodi●ndae ; cito enim in hoc assuescimus quod audimus scelere . nam cum mens hominis ad vitia ipsa ducatur , sibi quid faciet si habuerit exemplan●turae , corporis lubricae ? quae sponte cor●uit , quid faciet si fuerit impulsa ? avocandus est igitur animus ab istis . cy●rian . ibid. e converte hinc vultus ad diversi spectaculi nō minus paenitēda contagia ; in theatris quoque inspicies quod tibi & dolori sit & pudori . cothurnus est tragicus prisca facinora carmine recensere , de paracidis & incestis horror antiquus , expressa ad imaginē veritaris actione replicatur , ne seculis trāseuntibus exole●cat , quod aliquando cōmissum est : admonetur omnis aetas auditu fieri posse , quod aliquādo factū est , &c. cyprian ep. l. . ep. . donato . see here act . scene . f adulteriū discitur dū videtur ; & lenocināte ad vitia publicae authoritatis malo , quae pudica forrasse ad spectaculū matrona processerat , revertitur impudica . adhuc deinde morū quanta labes , quae probrorum fomēnta , quae alimenta vitiorum , histrionibus gestibus inquin●ri ? videre contra faedus iusque nascendi patientiam incestae turpitudinis elaboratam , &c. ibidem . g see act . scene . p. . where the latine is recited . h see act . scene . p. . i see lactantius de falsa religione . l. c. . tatianus , & clemens alexandr . oratio . adhor . ad gentes . athenaeus dipnos . lib. . c. . ovid metamorph . lib. . k lactantius , de falsa relig. c. . arnobius , advers . gentes . lib. . ovid metamorph. l. . terentij eunu●hus . august de civ . dei. l. . c. . l lactantius de falsa relig. c. . ovid metamorph. l. . iulius firmicus , de errore profanarum relig . cap. . m quaere iam-nunc an possit esse qui spectat , integer vel pudicus , cum deos suos quos venerantur imitantur ? o si & possis in illa sublim● specula constitutus oculos tuos inserere secretis , recludere cubiculorū obductos fores , & ad conscientiā luminis penetralia occulta reserare , aspicias ab impudicis geri , quod nec aspicere possit frons padica , &c. cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . see act . scene . p. . . n see act . scene p. . and act . scene . p . . & . p adulterij promo●or , cinae dorum doctor , cōdemnandorum author . obscaen● verba naso resonante effutiunt , & motus , indecentes moventur , & adulteriorū in scena magistros siliae & silij vestri spectant . omnes nequitiae nocturnae , & quid obscaenè dictū demulcere potest auditores , al●a voce promulgantur . oratio contra graecos bibl. patrum . tō . . p. . b.c. q nec caetera spectacula spectare audemus , ne oculi nostri inquinentur , & aures nostrae hauriant prophana , quae ibi decantantur , carmina . nec phas est nobis audire adulteria deorum hominúque , &c. ad autolycum . l. . bib patr. tom. . p . g. h r advers . gentes . l. . p. . , . l. . p. . , . s in scenis nelcio an sit corruptela vitiosior . nam & comicae fabulae de stupris virginum loquuntur aut amoribus meretricum : & quo magis sunt eloquētes , qui flagitia illa finxerunt , eò magis sententiarum elegantia persuadent , & facilius inhaerent audientium memoriae versus numerosi & ornati . item tragicae historiae subijciunt oculis parricidia & incesta regum malorum & cothurnata scelera demonstrant . lactantius , de vero cultu . lib. . cap. . t histrionum quoque impudicissimi motus , quid aliud , nisi libidines docent , & instigant ? quorum enervata corpora , & in muliebrē incessum habitūque mollita , impudicas faeminas inhonestis gestibus mentiuntur . quid de mimis loquor corruptelarū praeferentibus disciplinam ? qui docent adulteria , dū fingunt , & simulatis erudiunt ad vera ? ibidem . u quid iuvenes , aut virgines faciant , quū haec & fieri sine pudore , & spect●ri libenter ab omnibus cernunt ? admonētur utique quid facere pos●n● , & inflāmantur libidi●e , quae aspectu maxime concitatur : ac se quisque pro sexu in illis imaginibus praefigurat : probantqu● illa dum rident , & ad haerentibus vitijs corruptiores ad cubi●ula revertuntur . ibidem . x nec pue●i modo , quos praematuris vitijs imb●● non opo●tet , sed etiam senes quos pecc●●e iam non decet in talem vitiorum semitam dilabuntur . vitanda ergo spectacula omnia , non solum ne quid vitiorum pectoribus insideat , quae sedata & paci●ica esse debent , sed ne cujus nos voluptatis consuetudo delinia● , & à deo atque à bonis operibus avertat . ibidem . y his spectaculis & delectantur , & libenter intersunt . quae , quoniam maxima sunt irrit●m●nta vitiorum , & ad corrumpendos animos potissime valent , tollenda sunt nobis : quia non modo ad vitam beatam nihil conferunt , sed etiam no●ent plurimu● . ibidem . z quid scena ? num sanctio● ? in qua cōmedia de stupris & amoribus ; tragaedia de incestis & parricidijs fabulatur . histrionici etiā impudici gestus , quibus infames faeminas imitantur , libidines , quas salt●ndo exprimunt , docent : an nō mimu● corruptela disciplinarū est ? in quo ●iunt per imaginem , quae non sunt , ut fiant sine pudore , quae vera sunt . spectant haec adolescentes : quorum lubrica aetas , quae fraenari , ac regi debet , ad vitia & pecca●a his im●ginibus ●ruditur . fugiend● igitur omnia spectacula ut tranqu●ll● mentis statum tenere possimus . renunciandum noxijs volupta●ibus , ne deliniti suavitate pestifera , in mortis laqueos incidamus . placet sola virtus , cujus merces immortalis est , quum vicerit voluptatem . lactantius , divinarum . instit. epitome cap. . a minucius felix non ignobilis inter causidicos loci fuit . huj●s liber , cu● octavio titulus est , declarat , quam idonus assertor veritatis e●●e potuisset , si se totum ad id studium contulisset . de iustitia lib. . cap . b comaediae & tragaediae vestrae incestis gloriantur , quas vos libent●r & legitis , & auditis : & sic deos colitis incestos , cum m●tre , cum fi●iâ , cum sorore conjunctos : meritò igitur incestum penes vos saepe depraehenditur semper admitti●ur . minucius felix . octavius . pag. . c nos igitur qui moribus & pudore censemur meritò malis voluptatibus , & pompis vestris , & spectaculis abstinemus : quorum & de sacris originem novimus , & ut noxia blandimenta damnamus . nā in ludis curulibus , quis non horreat populi in se rixantis insaniam ? in gladiatorijs homicidij disciplinam ? in scenicis etiam non minor furor , turpitudo prolixior . nunc enim mimus , vel exponitadulteria , vel monstrat . nunc enervis histrio amorem dū fingit , infligit . idē deos vestros , induendo stupra , suspiria , odia , dedecorat . idem simulatis doloribus lacrymas vestras vanis gestibus & ●utibus provocat . sic homicidiū in vero flagitatis , in mendacio fletis , ibid. p. . . d spectacula & corrupti can●us nimiam in animis ingenerātes libidinē , &c. n●scij sane ludos spectaculis abundantes lascivis , cōmunem ac publicam officinam scelerum esse : modulationes atque concentus meretriciosque cantus , auditorum animis insidentes , nil ali●d efficere , quam ut turpitudinem omnibus persuadeant , citharae dorum sonitus imitantes . h●xaemeron . hom. . tom. . pag. . see de legendis libris gentilium , oratio . pag. . . accordingly . * sordida & luxuriosa spectacula , & in muris , & in aulis diversae ad luxuriam animae picturae , & in vasis sculpturae impressae nequitiam praedicant , quibus cogitatio ad cupiditates suas revocatur , vituperosi spectaculi visione , ad animam usque passionum affectu perveniente , ne scilicet cupiditatum ardore extinguatur , aut retunda●ur . vitae moseos enarratio . pag. . see . f quod si recondita , abditaque hujusmodi , non dico vascula & capsulas ( multisenim ea patent , nec ali●na sunt a turpitudine vitae ) sed occulta mētis & animi perspicere poteris , iam verò accumulat●rū●anarū putredinem reperies faetidam . at modesti hominis oculus etiā mundus est , & haec quae ad luxuriam incitant , spectacula despicit . ibidem . g qui naturam respicit , homines : qui vitam considerat , non homines , sed ex brutorum genere eos esse putabit : cujus quidem bruti signa tam in universa domo , quam in singulis invenias partibus . ibidem h turpitudinis administri . ad seleucum , de recta educatione . pag● . i lasciva faeditatis , & impuritatis omnis officina . ibidem . k lascivorum hominum inhonestae & indecorae disciplinae , qui nihil turpe ducunt , praeter modestiam . nimirum in his natura vitiatur & adulterina ●it , voluptatumque flamma multiplex accenditur . ibidem . l etiam spurcissimus rebus theatra conduntur , ut ne hi morbi clam turpitudinem suam exerceant . sed disciplinis improbis & sceleratis praemia proposita sint . tu autem mihi velim haec execreris . noli pupulas ●uas polluere , sed omnes oculorum corruptelas vitato , ●t pupulae tuae mihi . virgines cura tua maneant . ibidem . m immaculatus sit , ac nitidus : ●itque ●i non corpus stupris contaminatum , non oculi spectaculis theatralibus sordidati , &c. enarrat● in psal. . pag. . g. n orat autem & animi & corporis oculos ; ●os scilicet , qui in theatralibus ludis captivi incubant , & obscaenis illis spectaculorum fabulis , &c. vanitatibus avert● . ibidem . pag. . e. f. o pompa diaboli , est in theatris spectacula , &c. ne ergo sis curiosus in frequentia spectaculorum , ubi conspicias mimorum pe●ulantias , omni contumelia & impudicitia refer●as , &c. catechesis mystagogic cap. . fol. . b. p diabolus tibi effundat spectacula vanitatum ; incentiva inserat volup●atum : pete ut dominus avertat oculos tuos . avertamus igitur oculos à vanitatibus , atque ludorum theatralium spectaculis , ne quod oculos viderit , animus concupiscat . in hoc navigio corporis tui movetur aestus cùpiditatum ; & non avertis oculus animae tuae ne videant sentinam libidinum , ne aspiciant mundi hujus stercora . ambros enarrat . in psal. ● octon . . tom. . pag. . f. . b.d. q tenera res in faeminis fama pudicitiae est , quasi flos pulcherrimus c●tò ad levem marcessit auram , levique flatu corrūpitur ; maxime ubi aetas consentit ad vitium , & maritalis deest auctoritas , cujus umbra tutamen uxoris est . epist. . c. . tō . . p. . r non ambulet iuxta te calamistratus procurator , non histrio fractus in faeminam , non cantoris diabolici venenata dulcedo , non iuvenis cultus & nitidus . nihil artiū scenicarum ●ibi iungatur , &c. eò quod incentiva vitiorum omniū titi●lant animos , & quibusdam illecebris ad mortiferas animam voluptates trahunt , &c. ibidem . see epist. . cap . & epist. . accordingly . s sed & nobis quando exitur de aegypto , iubetur ut offensiones oculorum nostrorū ab●jciamus , ne scilicet his delectemur , quibus anteà delectabamur in saeculo : ne simulachris aegypti polluamur , adinventionibus scilicet philosophorum , atque haereticorū , quae recte idola nominantur . a spectaculis quoque , imò offensionibus aegypti removeamus oculos , arenae , circi , theatrorum , & omnibus , quae animae contaminant puritatem , & per sensus ingrediuntur ad mentem : impleturque quod scriptum est : mors intravit per fenestras vestras . ibidem . tom. . pag. ● . a. * see augustin hom. . ●om . . pag. . t ludi scenici spectacula turpitudinum . de civit. dei. lib . cap. . u probitatis & honestatis eversio . ibid. c. . x vere fugalia , sed pudoris & honestatis . ibid. lib. . cap. . y meretriciam pompam hinc celebrari , &c. avertebant faciem ab impur●s motibus scenicorum , artem flagitij videre erubescentes , ne auderent impudicos gestus ore libero cernere , &c. frequentans in aperto invitamenta nequitiae , ad possidendos innumerabiles malos . ibidem l. . c. . z theatra , caveae turpitudinum ; & professiones publicae flagitiosorū . de consensu evan● . l. . c. . tom. . pars . p. . a hanc talium numinum placationem petul●ntissimam , impurissimam , impudentissimam , nequissimam , immundissimam , cujus actores laudanda romanae virtutis indoles honore privavit , tribu movit , agnovit turpes , fecit infames . hanc inquam pudendam , veraeque religion● adversandam & detestandam numinum placationem ; has fabulas in deos illecebrosas atque criminosas , haec ignominiosa deorum facta scelerate turpiterque conficta , vel sceleratius turpiusque commiss● , oculis & auribus publicis civitas to●a discebat , haec commissa numinibus placere cernebat , & ideo non solum illis exhibenda , sed sibi quoque imitanda credebat . idem . de civit● dei. lib. . cap. . * qua supra . de doctrina christiana . lib. . cap. . de symbolo ad catechumenos . lib. ● cap. . confessionum . lib. . cap. . ● & epist. . b quo semel est imbuta recens servabit odorē testa diu . horace epist. l. . epist. . pag. . c quotiescúque fratres charissimi aliquos ex filijs vestris ad spectacula vel furiosa , vel cruenta , vel turpia , quasi ad aliquod bonum opus currere vana persuasione & pestifero amore cognoscitis , vos qui jam deo propicio ista , non solū luxuriosa , sed etiam crudelia oblectamenta despicitis , castigare eos , & abundantius pro eis domino supplicare debetis , quia illos cognoscitis ire in vanitatem , & in●anias mendaces , & negligere quò vocati sunt . august . hom. . tom. . pag. . d qui si forte in ipso circo aliqua ex causa expavescant , continuò se signant , & stant illic portantes in fronte , unde abscederent si hoc portarent in corde . omnis enim qui ad aliquod opus malum currit , si fortè pedem impegerit , signat os suum , & n●scit quod includit potius daemonem quam excludit . tunc enim bene se signaret , & diabolum de corde suo repelleret , si se ab illo opere nefario revocaret . vnde iterum atque iterum rogo vos fratres charissimi , ut pro eis totis viribus supplicetis● quatenus ad ista damnanda intellectum accipere mereantur , & affectum ad fugienda , & misericordiam ad agnoscendum . ibidem . e loquemur tamen & ad illos , quos frequentèr ab ecclesiae conventu spectacula voluptuosa subducant . rogo vos fratres charissimi , ut quotiescunque eos tale aliquid facere videritis , ad vicem nostram severissime castigetis . sit ad eos vox nostra , memoria vestra : corrigite arguendo , consolamini alloquendo , exemplum praebete vivendo . aderit illis qui affuit vobis . ibid. f ambae tu●pes , ambaeque damnabiles . illa enim de dijs turpia fingenda seminat , haec favendo metit . illa mendacia spargit , haec colligit . facinora & flagitia numinū illa cantat , haec amat . illa prodit aut fingit ; haec autem attestatur veris , aut oble statur & falsis . august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . g postremò in theatris electos & aetate , & ut videbantur , moribus graves , cum sene presbytero saepissimè invenimus . omitto invenes , quos etiam rixantes pro scenicis & aurigis depraehendere solebamus ; quae rès mediocri argumento est , quo modo se possint continere ab occultis , cum eam cupiditat●m superare non possint , quae illos auditorum suorum oculis sustentat , & prodit erubescentes , atque fugitantes . ibid. cap. . tom. . p. . h sunt etiam homines qui nec divites esse quaerunt , nec ad vanas honorum pompas ambiunt pervenire , sed gaudere & requiescere volunt in popinis , & in fornicationibus & in theatris atque spectaculis nugacitatis , quae in magnis civitatibus gratis habentur . sed sic etiam ipsi aut consumunt per luxuriam paupertatem suam , & ab egestate posteâ in furta & effracturas & aliquando etiā in latrocinia prosiliunt , & subitò multis & magnis timoribus implentur : & qui in popina paul● antè cātabant , iàm planctus carceris somniant . studiis autem spectaculorum fiunt daemonibus similes , &c. ibidem tom. . pag. . i delectant enim ut dixi , oculos & spectacula ista magna naturae , sed delectant etiam & oculos spectacula theatrorum . haec licita , illa illicita . psalmus sacer suaviter cantatus delectat auditum , sed delectant auditum etiam cantica histrionum . hoc licitè , illud illicitè . ibidem . k plures tamen noveritis dilectissimi capere adversarium per voluptatem , quàm pe●●●morem . nam quare quotidie muscipulam spectaculorum , insaniam studiorum ac turpium voluptatum proponit , nisi ut his delectationibus capiat , quos amiserat , ac laetetur denuo se invenisse quod perdiderat ? quid nobis opus est ire per multa ? breviter admonendi estis quid spernere & quid diligere debeatis . fugi●e dilectissimi spectacula , fugite caveas turpissimas diaboli , ne vos vincula teneant maligni . sed si oblectandus est animus & spectare delectat , exhibet nobis sancta mater ecclesia veneranda , haec salubria spectacula , quae & mentes vestras oblectent sua delectatione , & in vobis non corrumpant sed custodiant fidem , &c. ibidem . l acts . m kings . n exod. . o alius fortas●is theatri amat●r admonēdus sit , quid fugiat , & quo delectetur , ac sic voluptatem spectandi non perdat sed mutet . ●n theatris labes morum , discere turpi● , audi●e inhonesta● videre perniciosa . sed adiuvāte domino ●a fortiter repel●amus , singula singu●is comparemus . illic intuentur spectatores● propositū nescio quem ●o●fictum de●m iovem , & ●dulterantem & ton●●tem : 〈◊〉 respi●ie n●●●erum deu● christum , c●stitatem docentem , immundiciam destruentem , salubria praedicantem . illi● fingitu● quod idem iovis ●unonem habeat sororem & conjugem : hi● praedicamus s●nctam mariam 〈◊〉 simul ac virginem : illic stupor ingeritur visui , ex usu hominem in fune ambulantem : hic magnum mirac●lum , petrum mare pedibus transeuntem . illic per inimicam ( mim●can ) turpitudinem castitas vio●atur : hic per castam s●san●am castumque ioseph libido ●omprimitur , mors contemnitur , deus amatur , castitas exaltatur . chorus illic & cantio pantomimi illicit auditum , sed expugnat sa●um affectum : & quid tale nostro cantico comparandum sit , in quo di●it qui ama● & canta● , narraverunt mihi peccatores delectationes suas , sed non ita ut ●ex t●a domine , omnia mand●ta tua veritas ? nam illic universa fingit vanitas , &c. ibidem . p psal. . q gen. . r in quorū cer●amine m●gn● sacr●menti ●igura monstr●t●●st , ut minor suppl●ntaret majorem , esq postmodū prima●ū atque benedictionē●uferret . in quibꝰ parvu●is quasi ludentibus & sacramentū u● dixi , magnum exhibentibus , & reprobi in esau demonstrantur iudaei , & praedestinati in iacob app●rent christiani . ille enim iacob unus paruulus sic garr●ens , mul●os in se praedestina●os etiam parvulos de●ēstrabat infantes ; qui ex ●tero m●tris sus●ipiuntur manibus fidelium ; n●● eos sic excutiunt , ut in aëre pende●nt , sed u● renat● in caelo vivan●● his igitur oblectamentis mens delect●tur , pas●atur anima christiana● han● so●rietatem retinens mentis , fugiat ebri●tatem diaboli , &c. ibidem . s de spectaculis . lib. & epist. lib. ● . epist. . donato . t daniel . . u psal. . x tom. . pars . p. . , . y quem itaque compraehendā istorū insanorū ? bonus deus omnia potest . oremus pro ipsis fratres charissimi , inde crescit numerus sanctorum , de numero qui erat impiorum . ibidem . z quid ergo facimus fratres ? demissuri eum sumus ? sine spectaculo morietur , non subsistet , non vos sequetur . quid ergo faciemus ? demus pro spectaculis spectacula . et quae spectacula datuti sumus christiano homini quem volumus ab illis spectaculis revocare , & c ? vid. ibidem . a see augustin . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . , , , . lib. . cap. . , , . lib. . cap. . , , , , , , , , , . lib. . cap. . , , , , . where hee lively sets out the obscenity of stage-playes . b oratio . ● . de luxuria . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . g. c qui vitare cupit ●jusmodi vulnera is a publicis spectaculis ab●●inebit , neque in celebritatibus versabitur : satius est enim , ut domi maneas , qu●m dum putas te celebritates venerari in manus inimicorum incidere . ibid. * fornicentur in spectaculis , &c. a●selme . in phil. . tom. . pag. . a. f mimicae turpitudines . de gloria sanctor● peroratio . fol. . g ignorantes , orch●stram impudicis spectaculis affluentem , communem ac publicam libidinis scholam ijs esse ; meretriciasque ibidem cantiones nihil aliud affer●e , quam ut omnibus turpiter se gerere & obscaenè persuadeant . damascen . paralellorum . lib. . cap. . see eusebius ibidem . & ecclesiast . histor● lib. . cap. . h non est hic ludus pu●rilis , non e●t de theatro qui faemineis faedisque anfractibus provocet libidinē ; actus sordidos rep●aesētet , &c. epistola . . co● . a. i spectaculum ●xp●llans grav●ssimos mores , ●vacuator honestatis , &c. variarum . lib. . ca● . . k fomenta viti●rum , tyrocinia vanitatis , spe●tacula . de nugis curialiū . l. . c . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . l hinc mimi & tota ioculatorū scena procedit . quorum adeò error invaluit , ut ● praeclaris domibus non arceantur etiam illi qui obscaenis partibus corporis , oculis omnium eam ingerunt turpitudinē , quod erubescat videre vel cynicus . quodque magis mirere , nec tunc ei●ciuntur , quando tumultuantes inferius crebro ●onitu aërē faedant , & turpiter inclusum , turpius produnt . ibidem m nunquid tibi videtur sapiens qui oculos , vel aures istis expandit ? iocundum quidem est , & ab honesto non recedit , virum probum quandoque modesta hilaritate mulceri : sed ignominiosum est , gravitatem hujuscemodi lascivia frequenter resolvi . ab istis quoque spectaculis , & maximè ab obscaenis , honesti viri arcendus est oculus , ne incontinentia ejus , mentis quoque impudicitiam fateatur . ibidem . n egregiè siquidem sophoclem praetorem collega parides arguens , ait : decet praetorem sophoclem , non modò manus , sed & oculos habere continentes . averte , inquit , homo , cui de regni maiestate multa licebant , oculos meos , ne videant vanitatem : sciens utique verum esse quod alius ingemescit : quia oculus meus depraedatus est animam meam . ibidem . * psal. . . o in theatro , malae cupiditatis inductio , adulterij meditatio , fornicationis gymnasiū , turpitudinis exhortatio , inhonestatis exempla ; verba multae fatuita●is ac stulti●iae plena , &c. ho●il . in acta . tom. . col. . hom. . ad populum antioch . tom. . col. , &c. see homil. . de davide & sa●de . homil. in psal. . homil. . & . in matth. & homil. . in corinth . accordingly . * see scene . p de solis circorum ac theatrorum impuritatibus dico . talia sunt quae illic fiunt , ut ea non solum dicere , sed etiam recordari aliquis sine pollu●ione non possit . alia quippe crimina singulas sibi fermè in nobis vendicant portiones ; ut cogitationes sordidae , animum ; ut impudici aspectus , oculos ; ut auditus improbi , aures ; ut cum ex his unum aliquod erraverit , reliqu● possint carere pec●atis . in theatris verò nihil horum reatu vacat ; quia & concupiscentijs animus , & auditu aures , & aspectu oculi polluuntur . quae quidem omnia tam flagi●osa sunt , ut etiam explicare ea quispiam atque eloqui salvo pudore non valeat . de gub●rnati●ne dei. lib. . pag. . . q quis enim integro verecundiae statu dicere queat illas rerum turpium imitationes , illas vocū ac verborum obscenitates , illas motuum turpitudines , illas gestuum faeditates ? quae quāti criminis sint● vel hinc intelligi potest , quod & relationem sui interdicunt . non-nulla quippe etiam maxima s●elera incolumi honestate referētis & nominari & arg●i possunt , ut homicidiū , latrocinium , adulterium , sacrilegium , caeteraque in hunc modū . solae impuritates theatrorū sunt , quae honestè non possunt vel accusari : ita nova in coarguenda harum turpitudinū probrositate res evenit arguenti ; ut cum absque dubio honestus sit qui ea accusare velit , honestate tamen integra ea loqui & accusare non possit . ibid. r alia quoque omnia mala agentes poll●●●t , non vidētes , vel audientes . siqnidem etsi blasphemū quempiā audias , sachrilegio non pollueris , quia mente dissentis . et si intervenias latrocinio , nō inquinari● actu , qui abhorris animo . solae spectaculorū impuritates sunt , quae unū admodū faciunt , & agentiū , & spectantiū crimē . nam cū spectantes haec comprobant & libentèr vident , omnes ea visu atque assensu agunt , ut verè in eos apostolicū illud peculiariter caedat : quia digni sunt morte non solum qui faciunt ●a , sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus . ibid. s itaque in illis imaginibus fornicationum omnis omnino plebs animo fornicatur . et qui fortè ad spectaculum puri venerant , de theatro adulteri revertuntur . non enim tunc tantūmodo quando redeunt , sed etiam quando veniunt , fornicantur . nam hoc ipso quod aliquis rem obscaenam cupit dum ad immunda properat , immundus est , &c. ibid. p. . t constit. apostol . l. . c. . . l. . c. . u contra haereses . l. . c. . p. . l. . c. . p. . x contra haereses . tom. . lib. . compendiaria & vera doctrina de fide catholicae & apostolicae ecclesiae . col. . e. y de agricultura . lib. p. . de vita mosis . p. . de vita contempl. pag. . . z in hesaiam . l. . c. . tom. . pag. . in iohannis evangelium . lib. . cap. . pag. . * de activa virtute lib. . tom. . pag. ● . d.e. de martyribus . lib. . pag. . e.f. b in lucae evangelium . cap. . lib. . tom. . col. . c de ceremonijs baptismi . col. . d pro christianis legatio . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . . e in ecclesiasten enarratio . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . e. f historiae . lib. . cap. . g de errore profanarum religionum . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . h distinctio . . . & . & causa . . quaest. . * sancti a●terij homilia . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . see act . scene . i vanus sermo citò polluit mentem , & facile agitur quod libentèr auditur . bernard . de interiori dom. tract . cap. . * the words & canons of which councels are here at large recited , in act . scene . * surius concil . tō . . p. . * surius . tom. . pag. . * surius . tom. . p. ● . & . k all these are quoted by bochellus , in his decreta ecclesiae gallicanae . lib. . tit. . cap. . & are not registred in the councels at large . l decreta eusebij papae . anno. . cap. . surius concil . tom. . pag. . decreta innocentij papae . . can. . ibidem . pag. reformatio cleri germaniae ratisboni . anno dom. . cap. . apud surium . tom. . pag. . statuta synodalia odonis parisiensis . inter communia precepta . cap. . apud carranzam . epit. concil . fol. . m delector varijs spectaculis : ra. circo forsan , & theatro : quae duo loca bonis semp●r adversa moribus fuisse notissimum ; quò , quisquis malus ierit , redibit pessimus . nam bonis iter i●lud ignotum est : qui , s●●●asu aliquo ig●ari adeant , contagio non carebunt . de r●med . vtrius● fortunae . l. . dialog . . n libentèr ludos scenicos specto . ra. rem , quae nec honeste geritur , nec honestè cernitur ; nec facile dictu , an ●usor infamior , an spectator ; & an s●ena tu●pior , an orchestra ; nisi quod in illam saepe paupertas , in hanc verò semper vanitas tr●hit . ibidem . o neque enim patrimoniorum ●actura gravior quam morum ; ubi libido discitur , humanitas dedi●citur . promde quid de spectaculis speraretis , iam inde ab exordio , primus regum ve●trorum romulus omen fuit , qui in his ●igidam tetricamque illam sabinarum pudicitiam circumvenit , etsi ut●unque matrimonij honor texi● injuriam . at quàm multis hoc postmodū , non ad conjugium , sed ad ●tupr●m● vagamque licentiam fuit via ? ad summam enim ●oc teneas velim , pudicitiam spectaculis saepè stratam , semper impulsam . er ut sileam viros quibus id scelerum furor est , ut pene iam adulterio glorientur , multarum ibi fama perijt , pudorque : multae inde domum impudicae , plures ambiguae redi●re ; ca●tior a●tem nulla● hi spectaculorū fructus , hi sunt exitus . ibidem . p quis ferro iugulum laetus exciperit ? quis fervido vulnere plus cruoris effuderit ? quis minus conspecta morte palluerit ? quid crudelitatis ad scholam ire iuvat ? non egetis praeceptoribus ; nimis dociles malorum estis . plura per vos domi discitis , quā necesse est . quid si tam promptis ingenijs artifices scelerū , ac magistra erro●um , plebs accesserit . multos , quos mites natura fecerat , saevitiā spectacula docuêre . mens hominis in vitiū pron● , non urgenda utique sed frenenda est ; si sibi linquitur , aegrè stabit ; si impellitur , praeceps ruet ? ibidem . q multùm mali auribus invehitur , sed multò plus oculis : illis , quasi ●enestris bipatentibus , in animam mors rumpit . nil potentius in memoriam descendit quam quod visu subit : facile audita prae●ervolant : conspectarum imagines rerum haerent etiam invitis : nec tamen nisi volentibus ingerunt , nisi , perrarò & ocyus abiturae . quo pergis igitur ? quis te rapit impetus ? ut ad horam gaudeas , und● semper doleas ; ut vi●eas semel , quod vidisse millies paeniteat , &c. ibidem . * nescio quid hic dulce , sen non quid potius amarum , aut triste sentitis : nec ullum in vobis majas insaniae argumentū video , quā quod quotidic vos ad mortē miseris delinimentis illectos , & velut stygio sopore demersos , dulcedo amara , & delectatio inamaena praecipitat . vna est enim vobis lex rerum fermè omnium , quicquid cupitis , quicquid molimini contra vos est . ibidem . * spectacula dulcissima sunt irritamenta omnis non tam libidinis , quam inhumanitatis . ibid●m . * quid multa ? auctore● omnes cum sacritum pro●●ni spurcitiam s●en●● exagitant , nō modo quod fabulae obscenae in scena agerentur , sed etiā quod motus gestusque essent impudici , atque adeò prostibula ipsa in s●●n●m saepe venirent , & sub scena prostarent . vnde & obscaenū●it vano , quod non nisi in s●ena pal●m dicitur , &c. vid. ibidem . lib. . de theatro . cap. . pag. . * see scene . & act . scene . s exposition upon the commandements . com. . in his workes at large , p●inted at london . the last part . p. . & . * psal. . t cor. . u thes. . . * note this well , o yee lascivious persons , who harbour players in your private houses . x in his anatomy of abuses ; in his epistles prefixed to his playes confuted in five actions , & so thorowout these bookes of his . y playes confuted . action . z lib. . cap. ● . a convivium ap●d xenopho●●is ●p●ra . ●ranco●urti . graecolat . . pag. . to . b ●ta ●tiā b●●cho prod●●nte , tibi● numerus bacchi●us ca●e●a●ur . xenophon . ibi●●m . pag. . b. c ac obviam illa quidem nō process●t , n●c ad●u●●ex●t , prae se sereb●t tamē quod vox conq●● es●●●●t . ibid. d po●qu● verò bacchus ●a● vidisset , ha●d ●liter saltans quamfieri amicissime posset , in genibus consedebat . quumque complexus ●●●●m fuisser , osculatus est . ea verò tametsi pudore quodam affectae similis ●sser , amic●●amen illum viciffim amplecteba●ur . ibid. e quod cùm convivae cern●rent , passim plausum excitabant-partim rursus exclamabant . quum autem bacchus surgens ariadnam secum er●xisset , osculantium iam & complectentiū sese gestus erat sp●ct●re . illi quu●●ever● bacchum formosum ●sse c●rnerent , & ariadnam formosam , eosque non per iocū , sed vere se admotis oribus osculari , omnes ●rectis animis spectab●nt . audiebant enim bacchum interrog●ntem ips●m , num se am●r●t , atque●lla● hoc i●a con●●rmantem j●r●jur●ndo ut non modo bacchus , sed omnes ●●iam qui ●dera●t , iur●ssent , rever● esse mutuum inter puerum & pu●ll●m amorem . er●●t c●●im similes qui gestus hos non docti ●ssent , sed facere cuperent id , quod iamdudū expe●vissent . tandem quum convivae illos sese comple●os c●●nerent , qu●sique ad ●ubile rendentes ; quotquot uxores nec dum duxerant , ductur●s se jurabant , mariti vero c●nscens●s ●quis ad uxores suas avehebantur , ut ●js potirentur . xenophon . ibidem . f epist. lib. . epist . . ad donatum . g epist. lib. . epist. . ad eucra●ium . h concil . arelatense . . canon . * note this : & note it so as to believe it , because the author resti●ieth it from his owne experience . i de arte amandi . lib. . * quod nota . * loe the chasti●y , ●he modesty , and christianity of play-haunters , which they boast off . s●e the schoole of abuses . * now they offer them the tobacco-pipe which was then unknowne . * nil opus est digitis per quos arcana loquaris ; nec tibi p●r nutus accipienda not● est . proximus à domina nulla prohibente s●deto , iunge tuum lateri , quam potes , usque latus . hic tibi quaera●ur socij sermonis origio ; et moveant primos publica verbason●s , &c ovid , de a●te amand● . lib. . * the . part of the t●●e w●tch . edit . . london . . chap. . abomination . . pag. . * concourse to playes , and the vilenesse of them . * the inevitable danger of frequenters of playes . * such are from under gods protection . * they cannot think to ●scape . k a discourse of true happin●sse . p. . . * let innes of court gentlemen observe this . l theatra d●finir● possimius ; turpitudinis vitiorumque omnium s●n●in●m ac sch●lam . b●din . de repub . lib. . cap. . * marke this o play h●unt●rs , and th●n iudge your selves . m deut. . . n convivium . pag. . see here a , b , c , d , e , in the margent . o qui in iudis & scenis his●rionum motus & actus sp●ctant , qu●mvis numeris ipsis subl●tis atque can●ibus tamen perinde ut res aguntur , ita moventur & affi●iuntur . ar. politic lib. . c . numb . . o laudandum igitut etiam illud , ut à rerum sordidarum & servilium , non solum auditu sed aspectu tene●lus adhuc animus avertatur . quare legisl●tor , u● si quid aliud ; verborū certè obscaenitatē de civitate penitus exterminabit . nam turpitèr & obscaenè loquendi licentiae , turpiter quoque & obscaenè faciendi licentia proxima est , sed imprimis à tenellis animis , ut ejusmo●i n●hil neque dicāt , neque audi●nt . quod si quis eorū quae vetita fuerint , quicquā vel dicer● , v●l facer● depraehendacur , isque ingenuus , neque dū in sod●litijs accubationis honorē meritus , afficiendus erit ignomini● & virg●s caedendus . sin aet●sijs castigationibus major fuerit servili ignominia , servilis hujus peccati causa notandus erit . polit. l. . . . numb . . p et quoniam ejusmodi quicquam dicere prohibemus , certè etiam spectacula & tabularū & fabularū impudicarū prohibemus . quare magistratibus adhibenda cura erit , ut neque signis neque fabulis obscaenitas ull● aut faeditas ostendatur . nisi fortè apud illos deos , quibus etiam per leges lascivia illa con●editur , & apud quos sacra facere aetate quidē provectioribus pro se , pro liberis & conjugibus permittitur . adolescentulos autem & iamborum , & comaediarum spectatores ●sse lex prohibeat , priusquā aetatem attigerint , in qua & cū caeteris accubare iam licuerit & ab omnibus vel ebrietatis vel aliarū inde nascentiū rerū incōmodis disciplina liberos efficiat . ib. num● . q haback . . . r neque verò fortassis theodorus tragaedus in hoc errabat , quod nollet quenquam vel levissimum actorem ante se agere , qu●si magis his rebus , quas primas audierint , spectatores capi & oblectari solerent . hoc enim ipsum idem in hominum & rerum ips●rum naturā , us●mque cadit , ut pr●ma quaeque gratissima accidant . qu●propter mala omnia à pueris amovenda sunt , sed imprimis nequitia omnis , atque l●s●ivia . ibid●m . num. . s ita de venereis etiam rebus ad valde iuvenes verba non facimus , ne accidente ad vehementem in eis libidinem levitate , immodicè huic libidinisuae indulgeant de institutione cyr● historia . lib. . p. . d. t see xenophontis . convivium . pag. . accordingly . u de republica . di●log . p●● . . . d●●log● . p●● ●● . ● . 〈…〉 d● natu●a p. ● . l●gum . di●log . p. ● . x in●e gl●s●●re 〈◊〉 & ●nf●m●● , nec culla moribus cor●up●i● 〈…〉 pl●s libidinum cir●●md●dit , qu●m ill● col●u●●●s● vix ar●i●us honestis p●dor r●tine●●tur , nedum inter ●ertamina vic●orum , pudicitia , aut ●od●s●●a , ●ut quic quam probi mo●is re●er●aretur . ann●lvim . l. . s●ct . . y quippe erant qui cn. quoque pomp●ium incusatū● senioribus f●rrent , quod mansu●ā the●tri sed●m po●uiss●t ubi populus d●es totos ignavia continuaret , &c. ib. sect . z cete●ùm abolitos p●●latim patrios mores fund●tos ●verti per ●ccitam l●sciviam , ●t quod usquam corrumpi & corrumpere que●t , in urbe visatur , d●generentque st●dijs ●xterni● juve●tus gymnasia , & otia , & turpes amores exercēdo , &c. proc●r●s romani sp●cie orationum & ca●minū , scena pollu●ntur , &c. noct●● quoque dede●ori adj●ctas , ●e quid tempus pudori relinquatur● sed caetu promiscuo quod p●rditissimus q●isque per diem con●upiverit , per tenebras audeat . ibidem . a tunc enim per voluptatem f●cil●us vi●ia surrepunt , &c. epist. . b in hoc mares , in hoc faeminae tripudiant . deinde sub persona c●● diù trita frons est , transitur ad gan●am ; philosophiae nulla cura est . natural quaest. lib. . cap. . c subducendus est popu●o tener animus , & parum tenax recti . facile transitur ad plures . socrati , catoni & laelio excutere me●tem su●m dissimilis multitudo po●uisset : adeò nemo nostrum , qui cum maxime concinnamus ingenium ●●rre impetum vitiorum ●am magno comitatu venientium potest . epist. . d sed ●u praecipuè ●urvis venare theatris , haec loca sunt votis faciliora tuis . illic invenies quod ames , quod ludere possis quodque s●mel tangas , quodque tenere v●lis , &c. sic ruit ad c●lebres cultissima saemina iudos , copia iudicium saepe mora●a meum est . sp●ctatum veniu●t , veniunt spectātur ut ipsae , ille locus casti damna pudoris habet . primus sollicitos fecisti romule ludos , cum iuvit viduos rapta sabina vi●os . romule militibus scisti dar● commoda solus . haec mihi s● dederis commoda miles cro . scilicet ex illo solennia more theatra , nunc quoqu● formosis insidiosa manent . d● arte am●ndi . lib. . e see tristium . lib. . , , . de po●to libri . aldus pius ovidij vita . f ludi quoque semina praeb●nt nequitiae ; tolli tota theatra jube● p●ccandi causam quam multis saepe dederunt , martia cum durum sternit arena solum● tollatur circus ; non tuta licentia cir●i est . hi● sed●● ignoto iuncta puella vi●o . cum quaedam sp●tiantur in haec , ut amator ●odem conv●nia● : quare porti●us ulla patet ? tristi●m . lib. . ●ag . . g pirm●m est genus probationis , quod etiā ab ad●ersario sum●tur , ut veritas etiam ab ipsis inimicis veritatis probetur . tertul. de trinitate . lib. tom. . p. . h vt quo●idam marsaeus amator origenis illi , qui patriā mimae donat , fund●mque laremque nil ●uit mi ( inqui● ) cū uxoribꝰ unquā alienis . verum est cum mimis , e●t cum meretricibus ; unde fama mal●m g●avius , &c. sermo . l. . satyr . . p. . i an tua demens vilibus in ●udis dictari carmina malis ? ibid. satyr . . p. . k quid censes munera terrae ? ludicra quid , plausus , & amici dona quiritis ? q. spectanda modo● &c. epist. l. . ep. . p. . l spis●is indigna theatris s●ripta pudet recitare , & nugis addere pondus . ibid. epist. . p. . m hae nugae seria ducent in mala . de arte poet. p. . n non satis est pulchra esse poëmat● dulcia sunto , et quocunque volent , animū auditoris agunto . de arte poëtica . p. . o cuneis an habent spectacula totis quod securus ames , quodque inde expetere possis ? chironomon laedam nulli s●ltante batillo turcia vesicae non imperat : appu●a gannit sicu● in amplexu : subitum & miserabile , longū attendit thymel● , thymile tunc rustica discit , &c. hispula tragaedo gaudet , an expectat ut quintilianus ametur ? accipis uxorem de qua citha●aedus echion , aut glaphyrus fiat pater , ambrosiusque choraules . longa per angustos figamus pulpita viros . nup●a senatori comitata est hyppia ludū . ad pharū , ● nilum , famosaque maenia lagi , prodigia & mores urbes damnante canopo , &c. famā contēpserat olim , cujus apud molleis nimia est jactura cathedras . fortem animā praestant rebus quas turpiter audent . sat. p. , . p o quantus tunc illis mentibus ardor concubitus ? quae vox saltante libidine , quan●us , ●llic meri veteris per crura madent●a torrens ? lenonum ancillas posita laufella corona provocat , & tollit pendentis praemia copae . ipsa medullinae frictū cri●santis adorat . palmā● inter dominas virtus natalibus aeqvat . nil ibi per ludum simulabitur , omnia fient ad verum ; quibus incendi j●m ●●igidus aevo laomedontiades , & nestoris hermia possi● . tunc prurigo morae impariens , tunc faemina ●●mplex . iā●as est , admitte viros , dormitat adulter ? illa jubet su●pto iuvenem properare ●ncullo : si nihil est servis ni curritur : abstuleris spem servorum ? ●●niet conduc●us aquarius , &c. ibidem . pag. . , , . * hoc maximè hominis interiora corrumpa● , quod exteriora delectat : leo , de ieiunio pentecostes . se● . . cap. . fol. . r adulteriū discitur , dum videtur cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . d●nato . discit face●e , dum assu●scit videre● idem . de spectac●lis lib. s vocis dulcedines per aurem animam vulnerant : quae quantò licentius adeunt , tanto difficilius evitantur . hi●rom . tom. . epist. c. . corpo●e licet virgo ac mente p●rm●ne●t , oculis , ●uribus , lingua minuit illa quae hab●bat . non decet , non licet praesen●●s ●sse inter verba turpia , quibus libidinum fomes accenditur , ●ponsa and p●●i●●●iam stupri , ad audaciam sponsus animatur . cyprian . de habitu virginum pag. ●● . t n●m ubi pedum strepitus cū carminibus numerosis consentit , ibi videlicet omninò & manuū ipsarū plausus r●sonat , & omne ge●us faeditatis , & invitan●ur spectatores ad turpitudinem . cyril . alexandrinus . in hesa●am . lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . d. histriones libidines quas saltando exprimunt docent , & faciūt per im●ginem quae nō sunt , ut fiant sine pudore quae vera sunt . lacta●tius div●narum . instit. epit. cap. . see act . scene . u see act . scene . . accordingly . x oculi , sunt in amore duces . qui videt is peccat , qui non te viderit ergo non cupiet , facti crimina lumen habet . propertius elegiarum . lib. . eleg. . & . y maximinus iunior tantae pulchritudinis fuit ut passim amatus sit à procac●oribus saeminis , nonnullae etiam optaverunt de eo concipere . iulij capitolini maximinus iunior . pag. . z carpi● enim vires paulatim uritque videndo f●emina , nec nemorum pati●ur meminisse nec herbae . virgil. georg. lib. . pag. . a quum tu lydia telaphi cervicem roseam , cèrea telaphi laudas brachia , vae , m●um f●rvens difficili bile tumet i●cur . tunc nec mens mihi nec color certa sede maner , humor & in gen●s surtim ●●bitur arguens . quam lentis penitus macerer ignibus . vror , &c. horace . carm. lib. . ode . . b non enim adulteria & fornicationes aliunde prove●●u●t quam ex nimia inventutis licentià . chrysostom . in matth. . homil. . tom. . col. . a. c pet. . . d castitas igitur ( quia uterque sexus vitio libidinis aegrotat ) nisi aliarum virtutum ope fulciatur facile labitur . bernard● de ordine vitae . col. . m. e see bernard● . meditationes . c. . . o quoties ego ipse in er●mo consti●●tus & in illa vasta soli●udin● , quae ex●sta solis ardoribus horridum monachis p●aebeb●● habitaculū , putabā me romanis interesse delicijs . sed●bā solus quia amaritudine replet●s e●am : h●rrebant sacco membra d●sormia & squalida cutis si●● a●thiop●●●● car●is obduxerat : quotidie lacrymae , quotidie gemitus : & si qu●ndo repugnantē somnus imminens oppressisset , nuda humo vix ossa haerentia collidebam : de cibis verò & potu taceo , cū etiam lang●e●tes monachi aqua frigida utantur ; & coctum aliquid accipisse luxu●ia sit . ille igi●ur ego , qui ob gehennae me●um ●ali me carcere ipse damnaverā scorpiorū tantū socius & ferarū , saep● cho●●s intererā pu●llarum : pallebant ora jejunijs , & mens desiderijs aestuabat in frigido corpore● & ●nte hominem sua iam carne praemortuū s●la libidinū incendia bullieban● . si autem hoc sustin●nt illi qui exeso corpore , solis cogitationibus oppugnantur ; quid patitur puella quae delicijs fruitur ? nempe illud apostoli : vivens mortua est . hier●m . epist. . c. . f gen. . . to . g sam . . . h rom . , , . cor. ● . . cor. . . k see ● l qui sponte corru●t , ●uid saciet si impulsus ? cyprian de spectaculis . lib. m si vix qui longe ab hujusmodi c●ntibus & spectaculis remo●a est anima castimoniae hon●statem amplectitur , quomodo continenter vivere pote●it , qui in his vivit ? chrysost. hom. . in matth tom. . col. . s. a. n satis enim ard●um era● , absque illis su●t●ationibus illū aetatem posse ferre moderatè temp●sta●em affectionum● quum autem & haec accedunt , t●m q●●e videntur , quam quae aud●●●tur , majusque accenditur incendium , & fo●n●x concupi centiarum ●●●is ins●am●●●r , quomod● nō pessum it adolescētis , anima● hinc enim omnia pereu●t & corrumpuntur . chrys. hom. . in genes . . tō . . col. . b. o see p. . , p terra enim carnis nostrae nisi assiduis fuerit subacta culturis , citò de segni otio spinas tribūlosque producit , & partu degeneri dabit fructum , nō horreis inferendum . sed ignibus concremandum . custodienda igitur nobis omnium germinum seminumque generositas , quam ex summi agricolae plantatione concepimus , & vigili solitudine providendum , ne dei numera aliqua invidentis inimici fraude violentur , & in paradiso virtutum concrescat sylva vitiorum . leo de ieiunio pentecost . sermo . . cap. . fol. . q gal. . , . rom. . , , . * vincit sanctos dira libido . senecae hyppolitus . act. . chorus . fol. . r rom. . , , , , , . ephes. . , . cap. . , . titus . . . * in omnibus seculis pauciores reperti sunt qui suas cupiditates , quam qui host●um copias vincerent . cicero . epist. lib. . * succensas agit libido mentes . senicae hyppolitus . act. . fol. . s si mobilitate histrionum quispiam delectetur , per oculorum fenestras animae capta libertas est , & mors intrat per has fenestras . hierom. advers . iovinianum . lib. . cap. . t haec sunt diaboli ignita ●acula , quae simul & vulnerant , & inflammant . heirom . epist. . ca● . . u turpi loquentia & facetiae fornicationis vehiculū . theophylact . enarrat . in ephes. . see chrysostome , ambrose , anselme , primasius , oce●menius , ibidem . & bishop babington , calvin , perkins , hooper , dod , & elton , on the commandement , accordingly . x vitijs nostris in animum per oculos via est . oculi tota nostra luxu●ia : hi nos in omnia vitia quotidiè praecipitant ; mirantur , adamant , concupiscunt . quintilian . declamatio . . & . pro. caeco . p. . & . omnis sceleris officin● oculus est . hic ignis , incus , mallei , & affectus velut cyclopes : nulla corporis parte facilius pec●amus . quid ? ipsi oculi cupidines sunt , animumque torrent sauciant , cruciant . plae●ique oculis mali mortales sumus . put●an . consolatio caecitatis . p. . to . se● basil. de vera virginitate . clem. alexandr . paedag. l. . c. . greg nyssen , de oratione . greg. magnus . rom. . in evangelia accordingly . y quid hoc est inquam aliud , quam irritare cupiditates hominum per se incitatas ? seneca epist. . z pet. . . a m●th . . . c. . . mark. . , , . quoti●s concupis●imus , toties fornicamur . hi●rom , epist. . c. . b confessio conscientiae vox est . sen●ca controvers . lib. . controv. . c pet. . . hic hostis nobiscum inclusus est : q●ocunque pergimus , nobiscum portamus inimicum . quid ergò oleum flammae adij●imus ? quid ardenti corpusculo , fomenta ignium ministramus ? hierom. epist. . cap. . d rom. . . gal. . . col. . . e rom. . . argument . f adulterio pecatum nullū majus . chrysost● hom. . d● paenitentia . tō . . col. . p. . d. g levit. . . pudorem rei rollit multitudo peccantium , & desinit esse probri loco commune mal●dictū . nunquid jam ullus adulterij pudor est , postquam eò ventum est , ut nulla adulterum habeat , nisi ut adulterum irritet ? tandiu istud timebatur , quamdiu rarum erat . nunc argumentū est deformitatis pudicitia . quam invenies tam miseram , tam sordidam , ut illi satis sit unum adultetorum par ? nisi singulis divisit horas , & non sufficit dies omnibus ? nisi ad alium gestata est , apud alium mansit ? infrunita & antiqua est , quae nescit , matrimonium vocari , unius adulterium . horum delictorum jam evanuit pudor , postquam res latius evagata est . sen●ca , de beneficijs . lib. . cap. . h exod. . . deut. . . mat. . , . i levit. . . psal. . . prov. . . ier. . . c. . . ezech. . ● hosea . . , , . mat. . . ● ephes. . , . gal. . , . cor. . , . hebr. . . rev. . . k gal. . . l mat. . . mark. . , , . m rom. . . to . ephes. . , . c. . , , , . thes. . , . cor. . . n iob . , , . prov. . . to . ephes. . , , . iob . , . * pudet autem non solum eorum , quae , dicta sunt , pudendorum , sed etiam signorū , ut non solū cum in re venerea versantur , sed etiam cum adsunt signa ejus rei , & non solum cum faciunt turpia , sed etiam cum dicunt . aristot. rhetor lib. . c. . p. . p iob . . ianua frangatur , latret canis , undique magno pulsa domus strepitu resonet : vel pallida lecto desiliat mulier : miseram se conscia clamet : cruribus haec metuat , doti deprensa , egomet mi. discincta tunica fugiendum est● ac pede nudo : ne nummi pereant , aut pyga , aut denique fama . deprendi miserum est . horace s●rmonum lib . satyr . . p. . see p. . * mat. . , . thes. . , . rom. . to . rev. , . gen. . . r gen. . . prov. . . cap. . , . ● sam. . ●●● , . levit. . . hosea . . iohn . . s hosea . . t prov. . . . , . c. . . * prov. . , , . c. . , . iob . , , , . * prov. . , , . iob . . prov. . . y adulter etiā vel anre gehennam est omniū miserimus , omnia suspicans , vel ad umbram contr●m scens , ad nullum liberis respiciens oculis , sed omnes pertimescēs , & qui s●iunt , & qui nes●iun● , ●●●ros videns gladios , impendentes lictor●s , iudicia , &c. homil in psal. . tom . col . b. z ephes. . . . a cor. . , , , . b cor. . . to the end . cor. . . to . c. . . to . per hoc quoque exemplum ab ecclesia maxime expellit ●um qui est fornicatus . chrysost. hom. . in cor. . see ambrose , hi●rom , theod●ret , primas●●s , rhemigius , theophylact , & haymo , ibidem . c concil . ancyranum . can. . & . capit. graecarum synodorum . can. . . . wormatense concil . can. . nannetense . can. . , . with sundry others . d prov. ● , , . e prov. . . f adulterij comes & fructu●● caedes . chrysost. in psal. . tom. . col. . a. g prov. . . h prov. . , , . i genesis . thorowout . k numb . . , , , . l iudg. . . to the end , and cap. . & . thorowout . dux malorum faemina , & sc●lerum artifex obsedit animos , cujus i●cestae stupris fumant tot urbes , bella tot gentes gerunt , & versa ab imo regna tot populos praemunt . senecae hyp●oly●u● . act. . fol. . m sam. . . to . chron. . . psal. . n sam. . thorowout . o see tacitus anna●ium . lib. , . iohn bale , his acts of english votaries , with the apologie for the same● thorowout . p . iacobi . cap. . accordingly . q cor. . . . rom. . . , . r ephes. . . s cor. . , , , . * cor. . . cap. . , . * quomodo enim post consuetudinem cū scortis in ecclesiam venire poteris ? quomodo manus quibus scortū contrectasti in caelum extendere audebis , & c ? chrysostom● de libello repudij . sermo . tom. col. d. u prov. . . cap. . . x prov. . . fornicatio difficulter elui potest . chrysost. hom. . i● thes. cap. . tom. . col. . y prov. . . z prov. . . a prov. . , , . b prov. . , . cap. . . cap. . . fornicatio est via quae ducit ad diabolum . chrysostom . homilia . . in matth. tom. . col. . b● c cor. . . see ambrose , chrysostome , hierom , theodoret , primasius , r●emigius , beda , anselme , haym● , o●cumenius , theophylact , sedulius , and other of the fathers on this whole chapter . * fornicatio totum corpus sceleratum & execrandum facit . ch●●sost . homil. . in cor. tom. . col. . b. see ambros. enar. in psal. . tom. . p. . . d prov. . . adulter exitium animae suae conciliat . chrysost . hom. . de verbis esaiae . vidi dominum sedentem . tō . . col. . e ps. . , . f prov. . . rom. ● . ● to . g iob . , . h iob . , . & cap. . . i ephes. . , ● , . k gen. . . to . math. . . pet. . , . libidines diluvium induxerunt . berosus . frag. lib. . pag. . chrysostom . homil. . in geneses . l gen. . , , , . ezech● . , . pet. . , , , , . iude . . m cor. . . numb . . . n beyerlinke . opus chronographicum orbis vniversi . pag. . d. o levit. . , , . to . deut. . , ● iohn . , . p iosephus antiqu . iudaeorū . lib. . cap. . philo iudaeus , de specialibus legibus . lib. . pag. . boemus , de mor. gentium . lib. cap. . munster . cosmog● . l. . cap. . purchas pilgr . l. . c. . q boemus . lib. . cap. . r alex. ab alexandro● lib. . c. . plato legum . dialog . . s opmeerus chronogr . pag. . boemus . l. . c. annotationes godelevaei . in lib. . livij histor. iustiniani . codex . l. . tit. . t zenophon , de instit. cyri. lib. . plutarchi solon● & laconica . instituta . munster . cosmogr . l. . c. . t heraclitus , de polit. u plutarchi numa . livy histor. lib. . sect● . dionys. hallicarnas . antiqu. rom. lib. . c. . eutropius rom●nae . hist. lib. ● & . dion cassius . histor. l. . x boemus . lib. . cap. . munster cosmogr . l. . c. . y lonicerus . turc . histor. lib. . c. . lib. . c. . busbequius epist . purchas pilgr . lib. . cap. . z boemus . lib. . cap . alexand ab alexandro . lib. ● cap. . purchas pilgr . lib. . c. . * caelius rhodig . antiq. lect. lib. c●p . . boemus . lib. . cap. . purchas pilgr . lib. . cap. . b acosta . indian hist. lib. . cap. . c lerius , de navigat . in brasil . cap. . d purchas pilg. lib. . cap. . e op me●rus . chronogr . lib. . pag. . f purchas pilg lib. . cap. . g peter ma●tyr , indian histor. decad. . cap . h peter martyr● indian histor. decad. . c. . i peter martyr , indian histor. decad. . c. purchas pilgr . lib. . cap. . lib. . cap . k boemus . lib. cap. . l qui in uxores alioru● , interdum & amicorum insaniunt , & in d●mnum proximorum vivendo familias numerosas adulterare con●ntur , conjug●liaque vota irrita facere & spem posteritatis abrumpere , ●ab●rant● insanabili morbo animae , capite plectendi , ut publici hostes humani generis , ne impunè plures domos contaminant , neve alijs exemplum fiant nequitiae , quae facile imitatores invenit . philo , de specialibus l●gibus . lib. . pag. . * zech. . . * deut. . . l cor. . , . gal. . , . ephes. . , , . rev. . . m hebr. . . n pet. . , . ●ornicationes & adulteria non vertuntur in cinerem , sed conscribuntur in judicium futurum . chrysostom . hom. . in matth. ●om . . col. . c. o rev. . . fornicatio inijcit in gehennam . chrysost. hom● . in cor. tom. . col. . c. p iude . q psal. . , . r prov. . . t isay . . isay . . * quis claret me tanais ? aut quae barbaris maeotis undis pontico incumbens mari ? non ipse toto magnus oceano pater , tantum expiarit sceleris . senecae hippolytus . act. fol. . u act . scene . p. . to . & act . scene . x cor. . . see here p. . accordingly . y verba ad opera viam praebēt . theophylact. enarratio in ephes. . z ne nominentur quidem , scortatio , obscaenitas , aut immundities : novit enim qui de his rebus fiunt sermones fomitem & exhortationem fieri ad opera . vrbanitas , obscaenitas , & stultiloquium ●omes sunt ad scortationem . oecumenius . in ephes. . . . obscaenus sermo & scurrilitas vehiculum fornicationum , &c. chrysostome . hom. . in ephes. see ambrose , hierom , primasius , theodoret , rhemigius , sedulius , anselme , & haymo , in ephes. cap. . ● . accordingly . a de vanitate scientiarum . c. . & . see athenaeu● dipnos . l. . cap. . . . accordingly . b august . de decē . chordis philo iudaeus , de decalogo● & de specialibus legibus . l. . lake● and sundry others . c ephes. . . c. . , , , , . see ambrose , chrysostome , theodoret , hierom , rhemigius , primasius , haymo , beda , anselme , oecumenius , & sedulius , together with calvin , musculus , melancton , are●ius , marlorat , and all other moderne commentators , ibidem . accordingly & act . scene & . * see the places of chrysostome quoted in the ensuing pages , accordingly . * qui autem in multitudine versatur , assiduis vulneribus afficitur mulierum enim aspectus sagitta veneno illita , quae ferit animum & venenum immittet & quo diutius manet , eò magis vulnus computrescit . qui vitare cupit ejusmodi vulnera , is à publicis spectaculis abstinebit , neque in celebritatibus versabitur . satius est enim , ut domi maneas , qu●m ●um putas te celebri●ates venerari , in manus inimicorum incidere . s. nili abba●is . orat. . de luxuria . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . g. d see here act . scene . . * adulterium discitur dū videtur . cyprian epist. lib. . epist. . donato . histriones docent adul●eria dum ●ingunt , & si●ulatis erudiunt ad vera . fa●●unt per imaginem quae nō sunt , ut fiant sin● pudore qua● vera sunt● lactantius , de vero cultu . ● . . div instit. epit. c. . vtinā sola risu , ac non etiā imitatione digna viderentur . augu● . de civ . dei. l. . c. . f see here , p. . . g theatrū proprie sacrariū veneris est . itaque pompe●us magnus solo theatro minor , cū illum arcē omniū turpitudinū extruxisset , veritus quādoque memoriae suae censoriam animadversionem , veneris aedem superposuit , & ad dedicationem edicto populū vocans , nō theatrū , sed veneris templū nuncupavit ; c●i subijciemus , inquit , gradus spectaculorū , ita damnatū & damnandū opus templi titulo praetexuit , & disciplinā superstitione de lusit , sed veneri & libero convenit . itaque theatrū veneris domus est . ter●ul . de spectas● c. . h delubrū turpi & flagitioso veneris daemoni dedicatum , erat tanquam schola nequitiae ijs qui erant libidini dediti , quique nimia licentia corpus labefactaveran● suum , corruperantque nam quidam molles & effaeminati viri , non viri revera , pudore prorsus exuto instar mulierū turpissima contagione se ipsi inficientes , daemonem placabant● scelerati praeterea & nefarij mulierū congressus , clandestinae falsorū connubiorū corrupte●ae , infanda & turpia facinora in ●o delubro , utpote in loco impuro & faedo , admi●●a erant . nec quisquam fuit , qui in haec scelera animadverteret , propterea quod ex viris gravibus & honestis nemo illuc audebat accedere . eusebius , de vita constantini lib. . cap. . see he●●d●●i . cli● . sect . . strab● . geogr. lib. . pag. . athen●us dipnos . lib. . cap. . munst●● . cosm●gr . lib. . cap. . i corporis sensus sua facile in animam effundunt . picturas ergò quae oculos praestringunt , & mentē corrumpunt , & ad turpium voluptatum movent incendia , nullo modo deinceps imprimi jubemus , &c. concil . constantinop . can. . surius . tom. . p. . k see suetonij tiberius . sect . . l suetonij tiberius . sect . . see . . * o nullo s●elus credibile in aevo , quodque posteritas neget . s●necae . thyestes . act. fol. . m aiunt temirem libidine reliquos mortales longè supera●se . nam ●dolescentes in conspectu suo mulieres constuptare jubeba● , sic provocans naturam , ut & ipsa deinde coire pos●et● ●a●●i● c●al●●●●dyl● . de rebus turcicis . lib. fol. . b. n mimicis adulteris ea quae solent simulatò fieri , effici ad verum jussit . aelij lampridij heliogabalus . pag. . nefas quod non ulla tellus barbara commisitunquam , non vagus campis geta , nec inhospitalis . taurus aut sparsus scythes . senec● hippolytus . act. . fol. . o oblectantur simulachris libidinum , ut in ipsis deposita verecundia audaciores siant ad crimina . cyprian , de spectaculi● . lib. p see d● 〈◊〉 amandi . li● . . q d●pnosoph . l. ● . c. ● , . r t●citus annalium . l. . c. . dion cassius romanae historiae . lib. . suetonij tibe●ius . alexand. ab alexandro . l. . c. . see act . scene . . accordingly . q see act . scene . . & act . scene . thorowout accordingly . r treatise against vaine playes & enterludes . s schoole of abuses ; and playes confuted . t exposition on the . commandement . u anatomy of abuses . pag. . to . x see their places quoted in the precedent scene . * credis aliquis est ex me pius ? senecae thebais . act . fol. . y qualem quisque conscientiam tulerit , talem & judicem habebit . isiodor . hisp. sententiarum . lib. . cap. . z famae rerum standum est , ubi certam derogat vetustas fidem . livy histori●● lib. . pag. . a oratio vultus animi est . talis homini est oratio qualis vita . seneca . epist. . . * see the third blast of retreit from stage-playes . master gosson , his schoole of abuses : and here act . scene . accordingly . * len● pernici●s communis adolescentulum terentij adelphi . act scene . p. vitae se tradidit qui lenones , tanquā leones vitavit . cicero ad herennium . lib. . sect . . b alij lampridij h●liogabalus . p. ● . see eutropius , & zonaras , in vita heliogab . * isiodor . hisp. originū . l. . c. ● . see . k & l. * see iustiniani novella . & . & codex . theodosij lib. . cap. . huc intrant faciles emi puellae . statius sylvarum . l. . & bulengerus de theatro l. . c. . p. . . transacta fabula , argent● si quis dederit , ut ego suspicor , ultrò ibit nuptū , non manebit auspices . plautus cassinae prolugus . pag. . scortum exoletum ne quis in proscenio sede●t , &c. plauti paenul●s prolog p. . theatra congregant & meretricū choros istic inducentes & pueros pathicos , &c. chrysost hom. . in cor. tom. . col. . c see act . scene . . accordingly . d scilicet ex illo solemnia more theatra . nunc quoque formosis insidiosa manent . ovid , de arte amandi . l. ● p. . . * sed tu praecipue curvis venare theatris ; haec loca sut votis faciliora tuis . illic invenies quod ames quod ludere possis . quodque sem●l tangas , quodque tenere velis . ovid. ibidem . f ad multas lupa tēdit oves praedatur ut un un● et iovis in multas devolat ales aves . se quoque det populo mulier formosa videndā : quem trahat ● multis forsitan unus erit . omnibus illa locis maneat studiosa placendi . et curam tota mente decoris agat . casus ubique valet : s●mper tibi pendeathamus . quo minime credis gurgite piscis crit . ovid. de arte amandi l. . p. . g see m. gosson playes confuted , action . and the . blast of retrait from playes , accordingly . h math. . . i idem ver● theatrum , idem & prostibutum , eo quod post ludos exactos meretrices ibi prosternantur . isiodor hisp. originum . l. . c. . h. rabanus maurus , de vniverso . l. . c. . vincentius speculum doctrinale . l. c. . tertullian de spectac . c. . chrysost. hom. . in matth. tom. col. . b c. & hom. . de paenit . tom. . col. ● . alexand●r fabritius destruct . v●tior● part . c. . anselmus & haymo . enar. in ephes. . v. bule●gerus de theatro . l. . c. p. . . codex th●odosij . l. . tit. . . k isiodor . hisp. originū l. . c. . bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . p. . . primasius in rom. c. . f. . remigius explanatio in gal. . . haymo & anselme , in ephes. c. . v. . accordingly . l isiodor . hisp. orig. l. . c. . iustiniani . novella . & . aelij lampridij heliogabalus . p. . b●lengerus , de theatro . l. c. . . p. ● , . codex theodosij . l. . tit. . . m see the . blast of retrait from stage-playes , & bb. babingions exposition on the . commandement , accordingly . n m. gosson , in his schoole of abuses , & playes confuted : and the . blast of retrait from playes , write thus . see act . scene . * ejusmodi itaque patronos habet ars lenonia , quique tueantur artem meretriciam , cui in hūc usque diem pro● dolor in christiana republica locus est , & in civitatibus publica theatra , immunitates & stipendia concessa sunt , &c. agrippa , de vanitate sci●nt . cap. . o see tertul. de spectac . c. . isiodor hisp originū . l. . c. . lampridij heliogabalus . pag. . agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . & accordingly . p castos se quitur mala paupertas ; vitioque potens regnat adulter . seneca hyppolitus . act. . chorus . fol. . * pub. sempronius sophus , conjugem repudij nota affecit , nihil aliud quàm quod se ignorante ludos ausam spectare . ergo dum sic olim faeminis occurritur , mens earum a delictis aberat . valerius maximus . lib. . cap. . sect . . pag. . alexander ab alexandro . gen di●rum . lib. cap. . caelius rhodig . antiqu. lect. lib. . cap. . * vir dimittere uxorem potest si praeter voluntatem suam circenses & theatricas voluptates captat , ubi scenicae voluptates sunt , aut ubi ferae cū hominibus pugnant . iustiniani novelo . . & novella . bulengerus de theatro . lib. . cap. . pag. . * theatra sunt faediora quo convenis ; verecundia illic omnis exuitur , simul cum amictu vestis honor corporis ac pudor ponitur , denotanda ac contrectanda virginitas revelatur . sic ergo ecclesia frequenter virgines suas plangit , sic ad infames carum & destandas fabulas ingemiscet : sic flos virginum extinguitur , honor continentiae ac pudor ponitur , gloria omnis ac dignitas profanatur : sic se expugnatus inimicus per artes suas inserit , ●ic insidijs per occulta fallentibus diabolus obrepit : sic dum ornari cultius , dum libentius evagari virgines volunt , virgines esse desinunt , furtivo dedecore corruptae , viduae antequam nuptae , non mariti sed christi adulterae . cyprian , de habitu virginum lib. pag. . q tom. . operum parisijs . . col. . , . r periculosum esse adire spectacula , quodque eares adulteros perfectos facit , & hinc socordia , bellumque nascatur , &c. * play-haunters , and stage-players were alwayes excommunicated , and kept from the church , the word , and sacraments in the primitive church . well were it for us if this ancient discipline were revived now . s play-haunters and wicked men are in truth excommunicated persons , and no members , no branches of the church , though they live within the church . * sacrae mensae ; so was it stiled in s chrysostom●s time : not the holy altar . t irreverent receiving of the sacrament , a great , a dangerous sinne . u adultery occasioned by seeing stage-playes . x mat. ● y quod si mulier spont● ac fortè in foro obvia , & negle●ctius culta s●penumero intu●ntem curiosius caepit ipso vultus ●spectu : isti qui non simpl●cite● neque fortuitò , sed studio & tanto studio , ut ecclesiam quoque contemnant , & hac gratia pergunt illu● , ac totum ibi desidentes diem , in facies faeminarū illarum nobiscum defixos habent oculos , qua fronte poterint dicere , quod ●as non viderint ad concupiscendum ? ubi verba quoque accedunt fracta lascivaque , ubi cantio●es meritriciae : ubi voces vehementer ad voluptatem excitantes ; ubi stibio picti oculi , ubi coloribus tinctae genae , ubi totius corporis habitus fucorum impostura plenus est , aliaque insuper multa lenocinia ad fallendos inescandosque homines intuentes instructa , &c. ibidem . z e●enim si hic ubi psalmi , ubi divin●rum verborum enarratio , ubi dei metus , multaque reverentia , frequenter seu latro quispiam versutus clam obrepit concupiscentia ; quomodo qui desident in theatro , qui nihil sani neque audiunt neque vident , qui undique obsidionem patiuntur per aures , per oculos , possint illam superare concupiscentiam ? rursum si non possunt , quomodo poterunt unquam ab adulterij crimine absolvi ? tum qui non liberi sunt ab adulterij crimine , quomodo poterunt absque paenitentia ad haec sacra vestibula accedere , hujusque praeclari conventus esse participes , &c. ibidem . * note this well . * o that our players and play-haunters would consider this discourse when they come unto the sacrament , or the church . a o that our players and play-haunters , and all who come irreverently to the sacrament , would carry this ingraven in their minds . * agedum , di● mihi , quo animo ista feret de●s ? atqui , non tantum est discrimen inter unguentum & caenum ; inter vestes heriles & serviles , quantum est inter spiritus gratiam , & istam perversam actionem . non metuis , non expavescis , dum oculis quibus illic lectum , qui est in orchestra spectas , ubi detestandae adulterij fabulae p●raguntur , ijsdem hanc sacram mensam intueris , ubi tremenda peraguntur mysteria ? dum ijsdem auribus audis , & scortum obscaenè loquens , & prophetam apostolumque ad arcana scripturae introducentem ? dum eodem corde & lethalia sumis venena , & hanc hostiam sacram , ac tremendam , &c. ibidem . * lo● here the adulterous cursed fruits of hearing stage-playes . c qua propter rogo vos omnes , ut & ipsi pravas in spectaculis , cōmemorationes , vitetis , & alios , ab his deductos retrahatis . quicquid enim illic geritur , non est oblectatio , sed pernicies , sed paena , sed supplicium . quid prodest illa temporaria voluptas , dū hinc perpetuꝰ nascitur dolor , dūque nocte pariter ac die à concupiscentia stimulatus , omnib●s molestus es & invisus ? excute igitur teipsum , reputans qualis fias ab ecclesia rediens , rursus qu●lis à spectaculis , atque hos dies cum illis conferas : id si feceris nihil opus erit meo sermone : satis enim fuerit , hunc diem cū illo cōparasse ad ostendendū & quam magna sit hinc utilitas , & quanta sit illinc noxa , &c. ibidem . * nota. * tom . col. . c. d. * vidit inquā , atque oculo vulneratus est a● telum excepit . audiāt curiosī , qui alienas ●ormas contemplantur . audiant qui insano spectaculorum studio tenentur . qui dicunt ; spectamu● quidem ; sed sine detrimento . quid audio ? david laesus est ; & tu non laederis ? ille laesus est ; & ego tuae virtuti● confidere quaeam ? is qui tantam spiritus gratiam habebat spiculum excepit , & tu sauciari te negas ? ibidem . * atqui ille scortam non vidit , sed honestam & pudicam faeminam ; idque non in theatro , sed domi●tu verò in theatro cernis , ubi etiam locus ipse animam supplicij ream efficit : nec tantu● cernis sed etiam audis improba verba , & meretricias atque obscaenas cantiones , omnique ex parte feritur mens ●ua : per aspectum nempe , ob ea quae vides● per aurem , ob ea quae audis : per obfactum , ob ea quae oderaris . et cum totpraecipitia sint , tot corruptelae , qui credere queam te à ferarum morsibus immunem esse ? num tu saxum es ? num ferrū ? homo es , communi naturae imbecillitati obnoxius . ignē cernis , nec ureris ? an hoc istud rationi consentaneum est ? lucernam in faenum pone ; ac tum aude negare , quod faenum exuratur . quod porrò faenum est , hoc etiam natura nostra est . ibidem . * tom. . col. . a. audiant ista qui saepius ad theatrum festinant , seque ibi penè quotidie adulterij obscaenitate cōmaculant , &c d tom. . col. . . e math. ● . * o that our actors and play-haunters would follow this advice . f cor. . , . * o that our church would say , would doe thus too . g psal. . , . h psal. . . i rev. . , . k tom. . col. . b.c. l multi capti sunt à fornicatione , & ignem voluptatis accenderunt , dū secuti sunt convivia , & theatra habentia multū iniquitatis . ibidem . m tom. . col. . b.c.d. & . c.d. . a.b. n tu vero mimorum & saltatorum mores huc inducis , &c * o that men would consider this when they enter into the church , or come unto the word or sacraments . o verum tu ista non cogitas , quoniam ea quae in theatris audiuntur , quaeque spectantur mentemtuam obscurarunt , & ideo quae illic geruntur in ecclesiae ritus inducis , &c. ibidem . p psal. . . q psal. . . r the fruits of stage-playes . * nota bene . s those therefore who resort to stage-playes , are unfit to come to any of gods holy ordinances . t this is the pretence of play-haunters now . but mark what answer this father gives them here . u tom. . col. . , , . x iohn . . y luke . . z luke . . a acts . . phil. . . b gen. . . cap. . , . c gen. . . to . d luk. . , ● . * and are not all our play-haunters such ? e exod. . . cor. . . f ezech. . . g pet. . . h math. . , . i ephes. . . * the devill then is the author & father of playes and theaters ; and dares then any child of god ; any one who ●ither hates or feares the devill resort unto them ? k ephes. . . l let play-haunters ponder & remember this . * nota bene . m etenim simulatio ista plurimos adultetos fecit , & mulcas domos subvertit , &c. n et nondum dico quantos adulteros faciant , qui hujusmodi adulteria histrionica simulatione repraesentant ; quemadmodū e●iam impudentes ho●um spectatores efficiant . nihil quippe obscaenius illo oculo , nihilque las●ivius qui spectare talia patienter potest , ne dicam libenter , &c. ibidem . o gen. . , . p rom. . . phil. . . q quonam ig●tur ●e pacto deinceps aspiciet uxor a tali contumelia redeuntem ? qu●madmodū suscipiet & alloquetur tam indigne naturae muliebris conditionem sexumque faedantem , atque a tali spectaculo● captivum servumque redeuntem mu●ieris fornicātis , & c ? r tom. . col. . , . * and is it not so with many now who must be coached to the church be it ne●er so neere them ? s o that our play-h●unters would but consider this ! me thinkes it should even melt their hearts with shame and griefe , and cause them to renounce these playes , to follow and embrace their blessed saviour . t ioh. . , &c. * it seemes by this , that the graecian actors , did now and then to refresh and exhilerate their lascivious spectators , bring a kinde of cisterne upon the stage , wherein naked whores did swim , and bathe themselves betweene their acts and scenes : which wicked , impudent , execrable pra●tice , this holy father doth here sharpely and excellently declaime against . * exod. . * let this be well observed of the best of play-haunters● x cor. . . cap. . * note this well . * let the romanists observe this , who claime the selfesame superiority because of peters chaire which they falsly challēge , when ●s peter was first , yea the first bishop of antioch . y acts. . . e●s●bius . eccl. him. l. . c. . the disciples were first called christians at an●i●ch . * math. . . a cor. . ● . b cor. . . c co● . . . * let our play-haunters consider of this quaere . d tom. . col. . , , . * king. ● . * players infamous . objection . answer . * phil. . . g marke this o play haunters . h they had in those dayes some few women actors : which in his . homily upon mathew , he stiles faminae theatrales : theatricall women : in imitation of these some french-wome● , or monsters ra●her on michaelmas terme . attempted to act a french play , at the play-house in black-friers : an impudent , shamefull , unwomanish , gracelesse , if not more then whorish attempt . i those therefore that would have their wives , their daughters , their husbands , ●heir children chast , let them keepe them from the play-house . k loe here the lewde , the pernicious effects and fruits of stage-playes . objection . l so sa● our players 〈◊〉 pl●y● 〈◊〉 ●ut 〈◊〉 answer . objection . answer . m the best way therefore to suppresse adultery , whoredome , sedition , tumults , & all the mischiefes of the cōmon wealth , is to suppresse play-houses and stage-playes . n let our play-patrons and play-haunters remember this . objection . answer . o o let all christians who resort to stage-playes remember this for feare turkes and other infidels who want , who utte●ly reject all stage-playes should rise up in judgement against them at the last . objection . answer . p let the best of our play-haunters who thinke they receive no hurt at all from stage-playes , remember this . * nota. * tom. . col. . . * o that the gallants of our times , who are deepely guilty of this sinae , would but consider this fathers words . * verum haec ab impudicissimo theatro didicistis , haec v●l illa contag●osa p●stis docuit : virus istud p●stiferum , inevitabilis negligentium laqueus , in●ontinentium voluptuosa p●rditio . ibidem . col. . a. q tom. . col. . , . * nota. r vbi nunc sunt , qui diaboli choreis & perditis cantibus dediti in scaena quotidie sedent ? pudet me certè verba de illis facere , veruntamen ne●esse mihi ●st propter infirmitatem vestram , &c. ibid. s rom. . t these and no other are the most constant play-haunters . u iucundè namque vivendi gratia negligentiores juvenes scenae laquijs capiuntur : tantam enim si pe●pendimus , differentiam inveniemus , quantum si quis canentes angelos modulationem divinam audiret , & porcos stercore defossos ac grunnientes . ore namque illorum christus , istorum verò diabolus loquitur , &c. ibidem . x the ill ●ruits of costly and gawdy apparell ; especially in play houses which i wou●d our st●unting gallants● would consider . y the good that comes by wearing meane and plaine apparell . * nota. z these are other fruit● of play-haunting . a ita thea●ralis hic chorus malorum omniū , ille vero mon●chorum , bonorum fons & origo est . alter ex ovibus lupos facit , alter è lupis in agnos convertit , &c. ibidem . b tom. . col. . b. c operū . tom. . editione . fronto . ducaei . parisij● . . tom. . pag. . c. d. d pray marke it well . e ibid. tom. . p. . . see homil. de sta. phoca . ibidem . p. ● . a. b. & hom. in s. iulianum . ibidem . pag . a b. to the ●ame purpose . f play●rs and play-haunters then in saint chrysostomes judgement , are more diligent and carefull to destroy their soules , then others are to save them . g op●rum . parisijs . . tom. . col. . c. . . h see hom. . ad pop. antiochiae . to homil . . * observe well this ensuing discourse . i i●a theatra rursum ascendere , & equorum cert . ●●ina spectara , & aleas tractare , non videtur multis peccatum esse mani●●stū , sed infinita vitae mal● solet inferre . etenim in theatris immora●i● fornicationem , petulantiam & om●em incontinentiam peperit : & circensium spectatio pugnas , convitia , flagella , contumelias , iuges inimicities , adduxit : & circa aleas studium , blasphemias , jacturas , iras , convitia , infinitaque alia his graviora saepe produxit , &c. ibidem . col. ●● . * loe here the fruits of playes and dicing . k math. . l ibid. tom. . col. . c.d. & . c. see ibid. . ● . b. an excellent p●ssage against romes supremacy● and of antioches primacy . m o that our magistrates would consider this ! it would cause them then to suppresse all play-houses . as this good emperor theodosius did . n ibid. tom. . col. . d. . a.b.c. o ibid. tom ● . col. . c.d. & . a. p ibid. tom. . col. . . * and may we not truely put this question to many christians of our times ; to whom all the ensuing discourse may most fitly be applied . * o that this elegant rh●toricall streine of this zealous flexanimous father were but a little considered of the vitious christians of our times ! * wicked men are farre worse ●h●n beasts or ●evils . * and i● not ●his the vanity and practice of our effeminate ag● . * tom. . col. . a. q tom. . col. . . r tom. . col. . . s play-houses ●herefo●e in s. chrysostomes judg●ment are far worse then prisons , and play-haunters more miserable , more unhappy then p●isoners . * nota. t if magistrats , i● statesmen did but well consider this , t●ey would never toll●rate th●m in a common-we●lth . u tom. . col. . c.d. * meretricum choros , illic ind●centes & pueros p●thi●os qui injuria ipsam naturam afficiunt , &c. such are our common play-haunters . x o that kings and great men would consider this ! they would not then so highly esteeme these base , and infamous actors . y these are the fruits of stage-playes . objection . answer . z tom. . col. . a. b. . c. a o that wee had zeale and grace to doe thus n●w , then sinne , then sinners would not be so common , so audacious and shamelesse as they are . b tom . col. ● . b. c let play-haunters then consider this . d tom. . col. . . * stage●playes depriue men of the benefit of all their fasting and prayers . e loe here an exact character & description of a play-house , how can you then but loath it , when you read this of it ? f this is the present condition of players and play-haunters who are altogether sencelesse of their dise●se , their sinne . g it was therefore the use of christians in s. chrysostomes time to repeate the sermons they heard in the church in their owne families at home , neither was it deemed an offence or convēticle as some prophane ones would make it now . ( see caesarius ●re●at●nsis hom . bibl. patrū tom. . p●rs . p. . f.g.h. an excellent place for repetition of sermons . ) g it was therefore the use of christians in s. chrysostomes time to repeate the sermons they heard in the church in their owne families at home , neither was it deemed an offence or convēticle as some prophane ones would make it now . ( see caesarius ●re●at●nsis hom . bibl. patrū tom. . p●rs . p. . f.g.h. an excellent place for repetition of sermons . ) h he therefore that resorts to stage-playes can never reape any ben●fit from the ministry of gods word : o therefore that men would but consider this ! * no● . i mat. . , k exod. ●● . ●● . * which ī have thus quoted at large , because most men want his workes , * c. tacitus , de moribus germanorum . c. philippus gluverius , antiquae germaniae . l. . cap. . pag. . . l who flourished about the yeere of our lord . balaeus scriptorū brittaniae centuria . . p. . in the raig●e of king henry the . m et sic tales ludi fornicationis meritricij & adulterij multo●iens sunt in causa , & ideo in talibus ludis delectantur daemones ; & ut constat vir perfectus non debet interesse ludicris in quibus daemones delectantur , &c. ibid. see pauli wan . sermo . . & . accordingly . * s. paul , titus . . enioynes women to be chaste ke●pers at hom●● intimating , that such women that gad abrode , especially to play-●ous●s and such like places , can never be ch●ste solomon upbraiding an harlot : prov. ● , . tells us that her feete abide not in her house● n●w sh●●i● wi●hout , now in the streets , and lyeth in waite at every corner . which ovid , de arte amandi . l. ● . p. doth second , vn●s es● vo●●s f●●mosae c●ra puellae . saep● . vagos ext●a limina ferre pedes , &c. so that g●dding women , an● who●●● women are reciprocall● * london pag. . . * the fruits of theaters and playes . * the godly examples of playes and enterludes . * what things are to be learned at playes . * see his schoole of abuse . epistle to the reader , accordingly . * in his schoole of abuse . vid. ibid. and his playes confuted : see here before , pag. . , , . * de arte amandi . l. . & . * loe here the panderly practises of our play-houses . * pray marke this well . * play-houses then are the cōmon marts of bawdery . n printed by authority . . * ibid. pag. . , , , . p ibid. p●g . . , , , . o th●t our magistrates and statesmen would but consider this . q page . , , , , . * fruits of playes for the devils owne mouth . * o ●hat those husbands who either accompany , or send their wives , their daught●rs unto st●ge-pl●yes , and yet desire for to keepe them ●haste , would remember ●his . r cor. . , . s sam. . ver . . psal. . , . * he that toucheth pitch will be d●filed● * avoyd suspect●d pl●ces . * the best soon●st t●mp●ed . * horrible sinnes openly committed at theaters . * marke this o ye favorers , frequenters , and upholders of playes . * who can favour playes , when the authors themselves condemne them ? t exod. . v. . u pag● . every member of man defiled at playes . z page . . to . * theaters the chappels of ●atan . * the open wickedn●sse of harlots at playes . * an admonition to magistrates . y rom. . ● * theaters the schooles of satan , and chappels of ill counsell . * counsell to masters . * quantum à proposito suo virgo deficit , quando pudica quae venerat , impudicior discedit ? cyprian , de habitu virginum . p. . * rom. . . * ill examples to be shuned . * motion of the body . * snares of playes . * loe these are the things , the lessons that men learne at stage-playes . b quid faciet custos cum sint tot in urbe theatra ? ovid de arte amandi . lib. . p. . * flie theaters you that would be honest . * sic dum ornari cultius , dum liberius evagari virgines volunt , virgines esse desinunt . cyprian , de habitu virginum . tractatus . pag. . * a strange example . * he meaneth playes who are not unfitly so called . * london . c psal. . , . * see bishop babing●on , master perkins , master dod , master elton , master brinsly , and most other expositors on the . commandement , accordingly . f balaeus scriptorum . brittaniae . centturia . . pag. . agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum . cap. . espen●aeus , de continentia . lib. . cap. ● bishop morton , in his protestants appeale . lib. . cap. . sect . . & lib. . cap. . sect . . where many of their owne authors are brought in condemning them . g deut. . . mich. . . h sed & recentioribus temporibus sixtus pontifex maximus romae nobile admodū lupanar extruxit . in italia romana scorta in singulas hebdomadas julium pendet pontifici , qui census annuus nonnunquam viginti millia ducatos excedit , adeoque ecclesiae procerū id munus est , ut una cum ecclesiarum proventibus etiam lenociniorum numerent mercedem . sic enim ego illos supputantes aliquando audivi . habet inquientes , ille duo beneficia , unum curan●um aureorum viginti , alterum prioratum ducatorum quadraginta , & tres putanas in burdello , quae reddunt singulis hebdomadibus julios viginti . iam vero nihilominus lenones sunt episcopi illi & officiales , qui censum pro concubinatu à sacerdoribus quotannis extorquent , idque tam palàm , ut apud plebem ipsam in proverbium abirer , illa ●orum concubinaria exactio sive lenocinium quo dicunt : habeat vel non habeat , aureum solvet pro concubina , & habeat si velit . sed in regno avaritiae nihil turpitudini adscribitur quod lucrum pareat . agrippa , de vanitate scientiarum . cap. ● . espenc●us in titum . cap. . pag. . . & de continentia . lib. . cap. . i theatrum pudoris publici lupanarium . cyprian , de spectaculis . lib. theatrum proprie veneris domus & sacrarium . tertullian , de spectaculis . cap. . . &c. idem vero theatrum , idem & prostibulum , eo quod post ludos exactos meretrices ibi prosternantur . isi●d●r hisp. originum . lib. . cap. . alexander fabritius , destructorium vitiorum . pars . c. . see p. . theatrum publicum incontinentiae gymnasium : babilonica fornax , &c. chrysost. de paenitentia homilia . . tom. . col. . c. k exod. . . math. . , . l cor. . . m ephes. . , . argument . n scil●cet expectes ut r●adat mater hoter honestos , aut alios mores quàm quos habet ? iuvenal . satyr . . p. . * quic quid enim efficit tale , est magis tale . aristot. poster . lib. . cap. . sect . . keckerman . system . logic. lib. . cap. . p gal. . . ephes. . , . tim. . . pet. . . rev. . . q pet. . . r thes. . . s isay . . ● . cor. . . to . ephes. . . cap. . , , . t cor. . , , . psal. . . prov. . , , , . u iam. . . x thes. . . rev. . . mat. . . c. . , . c. . , , . y plin. panegyr . trajano dictus . zenophon . de instit. cyri. hist. l. . osorius de regum iustit . lib. . aristot. polit. lib. . chrysost. hō . . ad populū antiochiae . vid. ibidem . z nulla pestis est ●ajor in civitate quam morū licentia : nulla lues tetrior quam improbitas . nam ut delicate viventium corpora laxatis & dissolutis nervis languida redduntur , discordi●que elementorum corrumpuntur ; ita malis civium moribus inermes ●iunt civitates , eorumque perfidia magna vastantur imperia . case . polit. l. . p. . a see osorius , de regum instit. l. . f. . . b see zenophon . de instit. cyri hist. l . . plato , de repub. dialog . & l●gum dial. . aristot. polit. l. . c. . . & l. . c. . to . plutarchi . laconica instit. & de educat . puerorum . bodinus , de repub. l. . c. . erasmus , de educatione puerorum . aeneas sylvius , de liberorum educatione . maphaeus vegius , de educatione puerorum . l. . . c de repub. dialog . . & . p. . legum dialog . . p. . . d cicero . tuscul. quaest. l. . p. . plutarchi plato & . de audiendis poetis . august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . l. . c. . , , . & ludov. vives notae ibidem . franciscus zepherus . epist. nuncupat . in apologet. tertulliani . agrippa , de vanit . scient . c. . caelius rhodig . ant. lect. l. . c. . rodolphus gualther . hom. . in nahum . m. northbrooke● m. stubs , d. reinolds , gosson , and others in their treatises against stage-playes , &c. e politic. lib. . cap. . & l. . cap. . , , . see act. . sce●e . and here page . f plutarchi solon . p. . diog● laertij . l. . solon . p. . g tuscul. quaest lib. . neere the end . de legibus . l. . neere the end . & l. . neere the middest . h see plutarch . de gloria . atheniensium . lib. thucidides hist. l. . p. iustin. hist. l. . i nihil verò , tam damnosum bonis moribus , quàm in aliquo spe●taculo desidere : tunc enim per voluptatem facilius viti● surrepunt . seneca epist . . k epist. . , nat. quaest. lib. . cap. . . & controvers . lib. . proaemio . see august . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . . l plutarchi solon . laconica instituta . de gloria atheniensium . de audiendis poetis . lib. & symposi . lib. . quaest. . * de audiendis poetis . pag. . m inter aliarum parva principia rerum , ludorum quoque prima origo ponenda visa est , ur apparere● . quàm absano initio res in hanc opulentis regnis vix tolerabilem insaniā venerit , &c. nec tamen ludorum primum initium procurandis religionibus datum aut religio●e animos , aut corpora morbis levavit , &c. i●aque cum piaculorum magis conquisitio animos quàm corpora morbi afficerent , &c. livy hist. rom. lib. . sect . . . ●ran●●furti . . pag. . . n theatra excogitata cultus deorum , & hominum delectationis causa , non sin● aliquo pacis rubore voluptatem & religionem civili sanguine scenicorum portentorum gratia macularunt . l. cap. . de spectaculis . sect . . raphelengij . . pag. . * plato . socratis apolog. p. diog. la●rtij . lib. . socrates . * plato & diogines la●rt . ibid & aelian . variae hist. lib. . cap. . * oratio ad nicoclem . pag. . & de pace oratio p. . edit . . * neque histrionem vllū , neque pluris pretij coquum , quàm villicum habeo , quae mihi lubet confiteri , &c. apud sallusti . bellum iugurthinum . pag. . . coloniae . . o idem ergo populus ille aliquando scenici imperatoris spectator & applausor , nu●c in pantomimos quoque adversatur & dam●at ef●●eminatas artes , & indecora seculo studia . ibidem . pag. . see pag. . p epist. lib. . epist. . q caeterū abolitos paulatim patrios mores , funditus ev●rti per accitā lasciviam , ut quod usquam corrūpi & corrumpere queat , in urbe visatur , degeneresque studijs externis iuventus , gymnasia & otia & turpes amores ex●rcendo , principe & senatu auctoribus , qui non modo vi●ijs licentiam permiserint , sed vim adhibeant , &c. annal. l. . c. . . vid. ibidem . r annal. l. . c. . . & lib. . cap. . . vid. ibidem . s histori●e . l. . edit . basillae . . p. . t rom. hist. l. . p. . & l. . p. . . * historiae . l. . p. . x suet. n●●o . sect . . , , , . tiberius . sect . . caligula . sect . . , , . cl●ud●u . sect . . , ● . y de gloria atheniensum . lib. z historiae . l . * ejusdem . verus p . , . & maximinus & balbinus . p. . b ejusdem . gallieni duo p. . , , , , . c ejus carinus . p. . , . d iuvenal . s●tyr . . e rerum rom. l. & . tiberius , caligula , nero , h●liogabalus , &c. f histor. l. . c. . . & . g annal. tom. . in the lives of nero , caligula , and these other emperors . h imper●●ll history , in the lives of these emperors . i chronogr . in these emperors lives . k su●dae historic● . c●ligula & ardaburius . ioannis sari●berien●is , de nugis curialium . l. . c. . . see i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . p . . l carinus homo omnium contaminatissimus , adulter , si●quens corruptor inventutis , enormibus se vitijs & ingenti faeditate macula●it . amicos optimos quosque religavit : pessimum quemque elegit aut tenuit . mimis , meretricibus , pantomimis , cantoribus atque lenonibus , palatium implevit , &c. flav● vopisci carinus . pag. . . m see august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . & lib. . cap. . n see serm. l. . satyr . . p. , . epist. l. . epist p. . epist. ● p. . epist. l. ep. . p. . to . de arte poetic . lib. pag. . , . to . o cuneis an habent spectacula totis quod securus ames , quodque inde excerpere possis ? iuvenal . satyr . . p. . . see p. . , , , . populi frons . durior hujus , qui sedet & spectat triscurria patriciorum . res haud mira tamen citharaedo principe mimus nobilis : haec ultra quid crit nisi ludu● ; & illic dedecus urbis habes , &c. ibidem . satyr . . pag. . see satyr . . p. satyr . . p. . , . satyr . . p. . edit . londini . . p ovid , de arte amandi . lib. . pag. . . edit . operum ●ius in . raphelengij . . pars . q de arte amandi● lib. . pag. . r de remedio amoris . lib. . pag. . s quid fi scripsissem mimos obscena iocantes ? qui semper iuncti crimen amoris habent . in quibus assiduè cultus procedit adulter , verbaque dat stulto callida nupta viro. nec satis incestis temerari vocibus aures . assuescunt oculi multa puden●a pati . cumque fefellit amans aliqua novitate maritum , plauditur & magno palma favore datur . haec tu sp●ctasti , spectandaque saepe dedisti ; scenica vidisti laetus adulteria . tristium . l. . p. . t tristium . l. . pag. . g elegiarum . l. . eleg. . raphelengij . . p. . h mat. . . pet. . , , . i ephes. . , . c. . . to . pet. . , , , . k see before , p. . . gerardi vossij disputat . . de virtutibus gentilium . dr. prideaux lectura . . de salute ethnicorum . & beda . see bb. vshers gorteschalci historia . p. . marke . . iohn . , . rom. . . rev. . , . c. . . cap. . , . l plutarchi laconica instituta . platonis laches . p. . dionysius hallicarnas . antiq. rom. l. . c. . p. . * plutarchi apothegmata . dial of princes . l. ● c. . & i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . p. . m platonis laches . p . aemilij probi praefatio . august . de civit. d●i . l. . c. . , , , . & l. . c. . n plutarch de gloria atheniensium . lib. thucidides histor. l. . p. . iustin. histor. l. . p . o plutarch● de gloria atheniensium . lib. vol●teranus . comm●n● . l . pag. . p chrysostom . hom. ● in cor. ● . tom. . col. . q valerius maximus . l. c. . sect . . alexander ab alexand. genalium dierum l. . c. . agrippa , de vani● . scient . c. . gualther . hom. . in nahum . thomas gualesius . lect. . in proverb . salomonis . * livy , rom. hist. l. . sect . . . valerius maximus . l. . c. . sect . . aemilij probi praefatio . plato legum dialog . . cicero oratio pro publio quinctio . gellius noctium attic. l. . c. . macrobius saturnal . l. c. . tacitus annal. l. . cap. . . august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . to . & l. . c. . with sundry others fore-quoted . p. . . summa angelica . tit. infamia . photij nomocanonis . tit. . c. . . theod. balsomon . comment . ibid. gratian. distinctio . . , . & causa . . quaest. . tostatus . tom. . in matth. . quaest. . & . fol. . e. ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi . pars ● . c. . . alvarus pelagius , de planctu ecclesiae . l. . artic. . a. & l. . artic. . digestorum . l. . tit. . de his qui notantur infamia . corpus iuris civilis . tom. . p. . & budaeus & gothofredus ibidem . see p. . before● & bu●engerus de theatro . l. . c. . de infamia theatri . t . eliz. c. . . eliz. c. . u quanta confessio est malae rei cujus auctores cum acceptissimi sint sine nota non sunt ? tertul. de spectac . c. . x priscae romanorum leges theatrae stuprandis moribus orientia statim destruebant . tertul. apologia advers . gentes . cap. . tom. . pag. . upon which franciscus zephyrus thus paraphraseth . prisci romani lasciviam theatralem ex lege maxima cura comprimebant , gnari quantùm moribus civium obesset publica illa spectaculorum immodesta licentia . ibidem . pag. . guevara , his dial of princes . lib. . cap. . augustinus de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . , . & lib. . cap. . . & suetonij octavius . sect . ● . y ioannes antonius campanus , de gerendo magistratu . lib. bibl. patrum tom. . pag. . ioan. s●risberiensis , de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . ibidem . pag. . & plutarchi themistocles . * de nugis curialium . l. . c. . p. . g. * chyrsostom . homil. . in matth. tom. . col. . . salvian , de gubernat . dei● lib. . pag. . z antiqu. germaniae . l. . c. lugduni bat. . pag. . . * de moribus germanorum . sect . . . see . b o vocem fatidicam atque divinam , tantoque sapien●ī ad doctore dignissimam . ho● ille homo gentilis divino●um praeceptorum quae per moysen olim aliosque propheras deus aeternus populo suo tradidit , planè iudis . nos igitur nunc , qui christianae disciplinae militiae que dedimus nomina , quâ fronte ludorum spectacula , non solum excusamus , sed laudamus etiam atque ultrò instituimus , quae san● eò ●inus erant toleranda quo magis veteris illius gentilisque modestiae modum excedunt , &c. ibidem . * livy , rom. hist. epit. l. . augustin . de civit. dei. l. . c. . , . & l. . c. . , . cicero de repub . l . valerius maximus . l. . c. . velleius paterculus . hist. l. . p. . appianus . hist. lib. . eutropius rerum romanorum . hist. l. . fol. . polychronicon . l. . c. . fol. . genebrandi chronicon . l. . p . bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . m. stubs , his anatomy of abus●s . p. . tertullian , de spectaculis . cap. . & apologia advers . gentes . cap. . cum multis alijs , who write against stage-playes . d pliny , epist. lib. . epist. . vid. argumentum epistolae praefixum . e placuit agona tolli qui mores viennensium infecerat , ut noster hic omnium . nam viennen●●um vitia inter ipsos residunt , nostra late vagantur . vtque in corporibus sic in imperio , gravissimus est morbus qui à capite diffunditur . ibidem . f marcus autelius . cap. . & guevara . l. cap. . a suetonij octaviu● . sect . . , . b rom. hist. l. . pag. . . & grim●ton . pag. . c suetonij octavius . sect . . see scene . & . before . d coercionem in histriones . magistratibus in omni tempore & loco lege vetere permissam , ademit , praeterquam ludos & scenam . suctonij octavius . sect . . e dion cassius . rom. hist. lib. . p. ● see act . scene . f suetonij octavius sect . ● guevara , his dial of princes . lib. . cap. . pag. . i.g. his re●utation of the apologie ●or actors . p. . ● f suetonij octavius . s●ct . ●● . h 〈◊〉 , ibid. guev●ra , his dial of princes . lib. . c. . pag. . i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. . . i marcus aurelius . cap. . guevara , di●l of princes . l. . cap. . p. . suetonius . sect . . k dial of princes . ibid. see dion . cassius . rom. hist. l. pag. . & xiphilinus , in vita augusti . * tacitus annal . l. . c. . & lib. . c. . dion cassius . rom. hist. l. . pag. . marcus aurelius . c. . pliny panegyr . trajano dictus p. . alex. ab alexandro . l. c. . genebrardi chronicon . pag . h suetonij nero. sect . . , . eutropius rerum . rom. lib. . nero. grimstons nero. and others . i suetonij nero. sect . . marcus aurelius . c. . plinius secundus panegyr . traj●no dictus . pag. . alexander ab alexandro . lib. . cap. . * alexand. ab alexandro . lib. . cap. . k sozomen , eccles. hi●tor . l. . c. . nicephorus calistus . eccles. historiae . l. . cap. . p. . eutrop●us rerum romanorum . hist. l. . iulian●s aposta●a . p. . centuriae magd. tō . . col. . baronius & spondanus . annal. eccles. anno . ●ect . . l see act . scene . , . & act . scene . iustinian . codicis . l. . tit. ● de episcopis & clericis . lex . . . corpus iu●is civilis . tom. . col. . & tit. . de episcopali audientia . lex . . . ibidem . col. . . * dial of princes . lib. . cap . to . & i. g. refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. , . m plinius secundus panegyr . trajano dictus . p. . . m●rcus aurelius . c. . alex. ab alexandro . l. . c. . * dio in vita trajani . guevara . l. . c. . p. . i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. . n ibid. pag. . edit . coloniae all obr . . * he meanes nero. see p. . . qui ad postremum tanto se dedecore prostituit , ut omnia paene italiae ac greciae theatra perlustrans assumpto etiam varij vesti●us dedecore , cantaret , saltaret in scena citharae dico habitu vel tragae dico . eutropius . rerū rom. l. . p. . or if not him , caligula , of whom dion cassius . rom. hist. l. . p. . writes thus . caius ab aurigis gladiatoribusque regebatur ; servus histrionū & scenicorū hominū , &c. principio ipse spectatorem tantū se ac auditorem tantū praebuit : procedente tempore multos imitatus est varijs in rebus , cum multis certavit : nam & aurigavit , & pugnavit & saltavit , & tragaediā egit , semper haec tractans . semel noctu primoribus patrū quasi ad necessariam deliberationem vocatis , coràm faltavit , &c. o p●●e . * nota. * he meanes such theaters where orations were made , and the senators and people met in councell , not such where playes were acted . see bulengerus , de theatro , lib. . cap. . & here , act . scene . p in his antoninus pius . pag. . . q iulij capitolini . m. anton. philosophus . pag. . . r marcus aurelius . cap. . & epistle . to lambert . guevara , his dial of princes , lib. . cap. ● , , . s marcus aurelius . cap. . * artificum enim scenicorū amoremque inhonestum & probrosum esse taurus philosophus docet . a. gellius noctium . attic. l. . c. . vid. ibid. * loe here the spreding leprosie of contaminating stage-playes . t quippe erant qui gn. quoque pompe●um incusatū à senioribus ferunt , quod mansur● theatri sedem posuisset . nam antea subitarijs gradibus & scenâ in tempus structâ , ludos edi solitos● vel si ve●ustiora repetas , stantem populū spectavisse● si consideret theatro dies totos ignaviâ cōtinuaret , &c. caeterum abolitos paulatim patrios mores , funditus evert● per accitam lasciviam , &c. annalium . l. . c. . vid. ibidem . see the dial of princes . lib. . c. ● . ● , . u martianus , heraclianus , & claudius , gallienum hujusmodi insidijs appetend●● esse dixerunt , ut labem improbissimam malis fessa republica , à gubernaculis humani generis dimoverent : ne diutius theatro & circo addicta republica per voluptatum deperirer illecebras . trebel . pollio●i● gallieni d●● . p. . x idem ibid. p. . , , . * tacitus . annal. l. ● . sect . . . * hist. l. . c. . x antiq. iudaeorum . l. . c. pag. . . y haec peregrinis quidem spectatoribus plurimum admirationis simul atq . delectationis afferebant , indigenis verò pror●us ad dissolutionem patriae disciplinae tendere videbantur , &c. itaque veriti ne ex hac mutatione sequeretur magnum aliquod reipublicae detrimen●ū ; putaverunt su● officij labanti disciplinae publicae vel capitis periculo succurrere , nec pati herodem quicquam contra receptos mores inducere , & pro rege hostem agere , &c. ibidem . z quo factum est ut magis & magis discederet à patrijs ritibus , & peregrinis studijs veterûm instituta corrumperet inviolabilia : quorum tempore permagna facta est bonorum morum in deterius inclinatio , labante disciplina qua ant● hac populus solebar contineri in officio , &c. ibidem . * sulpitius severus . sacrae historiae . lib. ● . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . h. berengosus abbas , de inventione & laude s. crucis . l. . c. . bibl. patrū tō . p. . b. a see ioannis sarisberiensis prologus . in l. de nugis curialium . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . d. liberavit ille brittannias servitute , tu etiam nobiles illi● oriendo fecisti . pan●gyr . constantino dictus . p. . see eutropius . rerum rom. l. . p. . centuriae magdeburg . tom. . col . baronius & spondanus . annal. eccl. anno . sect . . . iohn bale centuria . script . brit. c. . p. . mathew west . anno . p. . polychronicon . l. . c. . . galfredus monumetensis . hist. regum b●it . l. . c. . . ponticus verunnius . hist. brit. l. . p. . beda eccles. hist. l. . c. . speedes chronicle . lib. . cap. ● p. . socrates , eccles. hist lib. . cap● . caxtons chron. chronicon chronicorū● anno . fol. . * zosimus historiae . lib. . baronius & spondanus● anno . sect . . c eusebius , de vita constantini . lib. . cap. . . & lib. ● cap. . , . sozomen . historiae eccles. lib. . cap. . nicephorus calist. historiae eccles. lib. . cap. . eutropius rerum romanorum . lib. . pag. . centuriae magd. tom. . col. ● baronius & spondanus . anno ● . sect . ● . socrates historiae eccles. lib. . c. . codicis theodosij . lib. . tit. . to . de gladiatoribus . bulengerus de circo , &c. pag. . . d zonaras annal . tom. . fol. . à , nerva● e baronius & spondanus . anno . sect . . lib. . codic . theodosij tit. de gladiatoribus . f lib. . codic . theodosij . tit. de paen. baronius & spondanus . anno . sect . . g eutropius rerum rom. l. . p. ● baronius & spondanus . anno . sect . . h eutropius rerum rom. l. . pag. . i see centur. magdeburg . tom. . col. . . & codex . theodosij lib. . tit. de gladiatoribus . k see before , p. . . cassiodor . variarum . l. . c. . l theodosius rescriptum dedit adversus psaltrias & fidicenas mulieres civitatum pestes . eutropius rerum rom. hist. l. . pag. . baronius & spondanus . anno . sect● . see iustiniani codex . l. . tit. . lex . . bulengerus de circo , &c. pag● . . m sed à rege profecta contristant ? sed nec illa profecto gravia , verum & ipsa multum attulerunt emolumenti . quid enim molesti ( dic mihi ) factum est , quod orchestram obstruxit , quod circum inaccessibilem fecit , quod nequitiae fon●es exclusit & subvertit ? vtinam nec daretur unquam hos aperiri . hinc nequitiae radices in civitate germinaverunt , hinc sunt qui moribus ipsis crimen afferunt , &c. propterea tristaris ch●rissime ? imò & propterea gaudere & laetari oporteat & gratias regi agere , &c. homil . ad populum antiochiae . tom● . col. . c. d. bulengerus de circo . pag. . . see here , pag. . , . o codex theodosij . lib. . tit. . de spectaculis . lex . . . pag. . . & tit● . de scenicis . lex . . pag. . spondanus epit. baronij anno. . sect . . p see here act . scene . pag. . . iustiniani cod. lib. . tit. . de epis● . & clericis . lex . . , , . corpus iuris civilis . tom. . col. . ipsi praedicant ut abrenuncient adversarij daemonis cultui , & omnibus pompis ejus , quarum non minima pars , talia spectacula ●iunt . ibidem . lex . . pag. . to . r dies festos majestati a●tissimae dicatos nullis volumus voluptatibus occupari , nec ullis exactionū vexationibꝰ profanari . dominicū itaque●i●m ita semper honorab●lē decernimꝰ & venerandū , ut à cunctis executionibus excusetur , nulla quemquam urgeat admonitio , nulla fidejussionis flagitetur exactio , ●aceat apparitio , advocatio delitescat , sit ille dies à cognitionibus alienus , praeconis horri●a vox sil●scat , resp●●ent à controversijs litigantes , & habeant saederis intervallum , ad sese simul veniant adversarij non timentes , subeat animos vicaria paenitudo , pacta conferant , transactiones loquantur . nec hujus tamen religiosi diei ocia relaxantes ob caenis quenquam patimur voluptatibus detineri . nihil eodem die sibi vendicet scena theatralis , aut circense certamen , aut ferarum lachrymosa spectacula : e●si in nostrum ortum aut natalem celebranda sole●nitas inciderit , di●●eratur . amissionem militiae , proscriptionem patrimonij sustinebit , si quis unquam hoc die festo spectaculis interesse , vel cujuscunque judicis apparitor praetextu negocij publici , seu priva●i , haec , quae hac lege ●●atuta sunt , crediderit temeranda . datum . idibus decemb. constantinop . zenone & martiano cos. iustinian , codicis . lib. . tit. . de ferijs . lex . . edit . parisijs . pag. . * viz. on the lords-day . s gal. . , . t in his panegyricus theadorico dictus . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . u variarum . l. . epist. . * spectaculum expellens gravissimos mores , invitans levissimas contentiones , evacuator honestatis , fons irriguus iurgiorum : quod vetustas quidem habuit sacrum , sed contensiosa posteritas fecit esse ludibrium . ibidem . y mores autem graves in spectaculis quis requirat ? in circum nesciunt convenire catones . quicquid illic gaudenti populo dicitur injuria non putatur . locus est qui defendit excessum . cassiodorus variarum . lib. . epist. . z variarum . l. . epist. . a cassiodorus . variarum . l. . epist. . b sed hic apte iungendumest , quod ait de inferis mantuanus ; quis scelerū comprendere formas possit , & c ? ibid. c rodolphus gualther . hō . . in nahum . fol. . . theodo●u● zuinger . theatrum vitae humanae . vol. . l. . p. . . chronicon chronicorum● augusta . . aetas . fol. ● . a. d the generall history of france . london . pag. . . bodinus de repub lib. . cap. . e lib. . c. . edit . coloniae . agrip. . olaus magnus historiae . l. . cap. . . * see here , p. . iuonis decreta . pars . c. . olaus magnus . hist. l. . c. . . ioan. bertochinus . repertoriū . pars● . p. . histrio . guillermus altissiodorensis summa aurea . in l. . sentent . tract . . quaest. . f. . & stephanus cost● de ludo sect . . numb . . tractat. tractatuum . tom. . p. . . accordingly . f nec inconcinnè stadia & theatra pestilentiae cathedram quis vocaverit , &c. paedagogi . l. . c. . see gentianus harvetus . ibidem . g censores saepius renascentia cùm maxime thatra destruebant , moribus consulentes , quorum periculum ing●ns de lascivia praevidebant , &c. de spectaculis . lib. cap. . * de spectaculis . lib. cap. . . see here , pag. . in the margent . h magister & doctor non erudiendorum , sed perdendorum liberorū , &c. ep●st . lib. . epist. . eucratio . i pudoris publici lupana●iū , &c. de spectac . l●b & epist. lib. epist. . donato . see scene . & . where his words are quote● at large . p. . to . k de vero cultu . l. . c. . divinarum instit . epist. c. . see scene . & . before . pag. . , . l spect●culum illud nihil aliud putari debet , quàm pestis atque morbus animorum . n●m urbes distrahit , &c quapropter mani●●stòpater , illud spectaculū meruma●imorum ess● perniciem . ad s●lu●um de recta educat . p. . . vid. ibidem . * see ●h●ir words quoted bef●re , s●ene . & . m theatru cathedra pestilentiae , incontinentiae gymnasiū ; officina luxuriae , impudicitiae orchestra ; pessi●us locus , plurimorumque morborum plena babilonica fornax , quae non corporis naturam , sed bonā animae depopulatur habitudinem , &c. hom. . de paenitentia . ●om . . col . c.d. vid. ibidem . n ibid. & hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . a. b. o magna civitatibus mala ferunt theatra magna , nec hoc videmus quàm magna . hom. . & . ad. pop. antioch . tom. . col. . p his theatralibus ludis eversis , non leges sed iniquitatem evertetis , & omnem civitatis pestem extinguetis . homil. . in matth. tom. . col. . b. & homil. . q si tantummodo boni & honesti homines in civitate essent , nec in rebus humanis ludi s●enici esse debuissent . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . r de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . , . lib. . c. . to . , . l. . c. . l. . c. . . & epist. . s illas theatricas artes diu virtus romana non noverat : quae etsi ad oblectamentum voluptatis humanae quaererentur , & vitio morum irreperent humanorum , di●●●amen ●as sibi exhiberi petiverunt . de civit. dei. l. . c. . see ibid. c. . to . t de civ . dei l. . c. . . see polychronicō . l. . c. . ● . . & thomas brad●wardin , de causa . dei. lib. . pag. . * in theatri● labes morum , discere turpia , audire inhonesta , videre perniciosa . august . de symbolo ad catechumenos . l. . c. . tom. . pars . p. . u secundisque rebus ( & spectaculis ) ea mala oriantur in moribus , qùae saevientibus pejora sin● hostibus . de civit . dei. l. c. . vid. ibid. x romam quippe curâ partam veterū auctamque laboribus , faediorem stant●m fecerant qu●m ru●ntem : quandoquidem in ruina ejus , la●ides & ligna , in istorum autem vita omnia , non murorum , sed morum menumenta are ; ornamenta ceciderunt , cùm funestioribus eorum corda cupiditatibus , quàm ignibus tecta ●●●lius urbis arderent . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . vid. cap. . to . y de civ . dei. l. . c. . to . l. ● . thorowout . l. . c. . lib. . c. . , , , ● , . l. . c. . ● , , , , , ● , . l. ● . ● . . , , , , , , ● . & epist. . this being the very end and drift of all these places . z qui sunt ergo illi qui ludos scenicos amant , eosque divinis rebus adjungi , & suis honoribus efflagitant exhiberi , quorū vis non eos indicat nullos , sed iste affectus nimirum indicat malos ? august . de civitate dei lib. . c. . vid. ibidem . a historiae , lib. . cap. . edit . coloniae . . pag. . b de gubernatione dei. lib. . thorowout , w●ll worth the reading , to which i shall referre you . c s●e scene . & . before , where most of his words are transcribed . & sc●ne . & . d scenicis , vir optime , summū hoc studiū est , non ut per ipsorū cavillas multi meliores reddantur ; ( quemadmodū ipse dixisti , teipsu● & eos , qui te ●udiunt , decipiens ; ) verum ut multi peccēt . etenim in spect●torum improbi●ate faelicitatem s●am cōstitutam habent . ita ●●t , ut , si illi meli●res effician●ur , sua his ars p●r●tura sit . qu●m● brem , nec unquam eos qui delinquunt corrig●re in 〈◊〉 induxer●●t , nec si vel●●t , 〈◊〉 ●oss●nt . mimica enim eor●● ars n●tura t●●tummodò ad nocendum comp●ra●a est . epist. l. epist. . bibl pa●rum . tom. . pars ● a. e see this objection fo●merly an●wered● p ● . to . f quam vis art●● l●●ricae honestis moribus ●int● r●motae & histrionum vita vaga , videatur effe●ri p●sse lic●● i● , tame●●oderat●ix 〈◊〉 vidi●●●tiquit●s , ut in totum non ●●●●uerent , cum & i●sae ju●●cem sust●●●●●● . ad●inistra●●●● enim ●●t sub quad●m disciplina exhibitio vol●●● 〈◊〉 . tene●t 〈…〉 ●us , vel umbra●ilis ordo judicij . temperentur & haec legum qualit●te ●●g●ci● , quasi hon●st●s imparet inhonestis , & quibusdam regulis vivant , qui viā rectae conversationis ignorant . student enim illi non tantū jucunditati suae , quantum alienae le●itiae : & conditione perversa cum dominatū suis corporibus tradunt , servire potius animas compulerunt . dignū fuit ergo moderatorē suscipere , qui se nesciunt juridica moderatione tractare . locus quippe tuus his gregibus hominum veluti quidam tutor est positus . nam sicut illi aetates teneras adhibita cautela custodiunt , sic ● te voluptates fervidae impensa maturitate frenandae sunt . age bon●● institutis quod nimia prudentia constat invenisse majores . leve desideriū , e●si ve●ecundia non cohibet , districtio praedicta modificet , &c. variarum . l. . c. . * see bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . * see here , p. . , , , . g see august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . , . l. . c. . , . l. . c. l. . c. . , , , . l. . c. . , , , , , , . l. . c. . , , , , , , . bodinus de repub. l. ● c. . polychronicon . l. . c. . fol. . accordingly . h de nugis curialium . l. . c. . . & lib. . cap. . . i destructoriū vitiorum . pars . c. . & pars . cap. . k lectio . . in lib sapientiae . l serm. . & . de custodia . sensuum & auditus . m de educat . liberorum , l. . c. . & l. . c. . . bibl. patrū . tom. . p. m. . a. . f. . c. d e.f. . a. * de novis celebritatibus non instituendis . p. . to . o de causa dei. l. . c. . corol. . p. . . p de remedio vtriusque fortu. l. . dialog . . q see act . scene . r de causis corruptionis artium . l. . p. . , . & comment . in august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . , . & l. . c. . to . s de casibus . l. . tit. . & l. . tit. . sect . . t de vanit . scientiarum . c. . , , . * french achademy . c. . p. . * ethicae christianae . l. . c. . p. . y locorum cōmunium classis . l. . c. . sect . . . c. . sect . . . & comment . on iudges . c. . z de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . l. . c. . . a decreta ecclesiae gal. l. . tit. . c. , &c. b de spectaculis . lib. c de spectaculis . lib. d de theatro . l. . c. . , . * annal . eccles. anno . sect . . , . anno . s●ct . . anno . sect . . anno . sect . f epit. baronij annis eisdem . g centuriae magd tom. . col. . . tom. . col. . tom. . col. . tom. . col. . h see act . scene . i sunt ejusmodi homines non parva rerum publ . pestis . nam libidinum ministri sunt , & bonos more 's corrumpunt , &c. gualther homil. . in nabum . fol. . . * see gu●vara , his dial of princes . l. . c. . to . k see here pag. l see here pag. . . & valerius maximus . lib. . c. . sect . . m ephes. . , . n thes. . . p see eutropius rerum romanoru● . l. . p. . & caelius rhodig . antiqu . lect. l. . cap. . q see here pag. . r opus chronagraphicum , orbis vniversi . antwerpia● . . pag. . . * in tertiam partē divi thomae salamancae . . pag. . . * tam acriter patres antiqui in perniciosum hoc hominum genus invehuntur , & ●ain fevere sacri canones in illos animadvertunt censuris ecclesiasticis , vehementer ut suspicor , turpiora esse quae olim in theatris agebantur , quam quae his temporibus . quicquid vero de hoc sit , lasciva sunt quae modo aguntur , turpia & obscaena , atque religioni christianae valde perniciosa● ac proinde quicunque aliquid sapit in domino eos tenetur arbitrari publicos pec●catores , reique publicae pestem tanto graviorem , quantò gravius est animae v●lnu● quam corporis , &c. ibidem . * quod si homines scenici apud ethnicos habentur infames , & omni honore privabantur , ut verissi●e affirmat div●s augustinus , quid nos tandem christianos facere oportet ? certè fugere ac damnare debemus in iudo ac joco , qu●cquid profusum , quicquid immodestum , quicquid illiberase , quicquid petulans , quicquid flagitiosum : quae omnia in officijs tullius ipse damnabat . inveniuntur autem haec in theatris . quod si homines scenici facetijs & acumine dictorum , & cantus suavitate delectant , & sententijs gravioribus admonent & erudiunt , & repraesentatione antiquarum rerum atque affectibus recreant , utinam nunquam ista bona comaedijs miscuissent . hoc enim ideò accidit , quod malum tam per se sit debile ac miserum , ut seipsum tueri non possit nisi juvetur a bono . malum enim ●i perfectum fuerit destruit seipsum , ut ait aristotelis ; ac proinde occultatur sub specie boni , ut detineat ac fallat homines incautos : sumus enim natura vehementer propensi ad honestatem . quamvis autem aliqua bona misceantur in his ludis , deberemus autem prae oculis semper habere illa praeclara verba hi●ronomi ad letam . nemo ad lupanar mittit virginem suam quamvis q●aedam ibi reperiri possi●t de turpi corruptione lugentes : nemo haeredem suum latronum turbae committit , ut discat audatiam : nemo in perforatam intrat cymbam ut disc●t vitare naufragium . nemo ergo ad theatri locum impurum & infamem , & contrarium religioni , & modestiae & sobrietati christianae ( locus scilicet ille daemonibus familiaris , invisus deo ) debet procedere , ut discat aut gustet quae ibi dicuntur , sunt enim mixta veneno . ibidem . * nota bene . t bodine his common-wealth . lōdon . booke . chap. . pag. . . * spectacula enim dulcissima sunt irritamenta omnis , non tàm libidinis quàm inhumanitatis . mapheus v●gi●● , de educatione puerorum . lib. . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. ● . d● * politicorum . lib. . cap. . * o that our magistrates would consider it . x epistola . y see the generall history of france . pag. . accordingly . z plutarchi solon . a nullam habet spe●● salutis aeger , quem ad intemperantiā medicus hortatur . seneca epist . . * cantores autem & scenicos artisi●es tanto in pretio habuerunt ut ejusmodi acrooma●● atque ocij liberalis oblectamēta pluris quàm doctos atque disertos homines facerent . ex plebe autem alij in tabernis vinarijs pernoctabant , nonnulli velabris umbraculorum theatralium seabdebant , , quidem aleis pugnanter contendebant , omnes ferme totos dies in theatris ac circis ludis muneribusque dediti traducebant , otium ipsum imperatori solertia comperatum ad voluptatem , non ad virtutem incitamenta praebentes . atque hi quidem mores licet posteriores aliquot imperatores emendare conati sunt , tamen in dies corruptiores deterīoresque effecti sunt quousque tota italia , quae marcescente ac diuturno prope languore torpente , barbari imperium ex omni parte debile invaserunt , & sevissime distraxerunt . d● occidentali imperio . lib. . fol. . * who is very copious to our present purpose . * act . scene . * fol. . vid. ibidem . c the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . , . d ibidem . pag● . . e see his schoole of abuse , the epistle to the reader , accordingly . * this is the title of the booke . g edition . london . p. . to . h in his works . . london . pars . p. . i see the epi●tle to the . and . blast of retrait to playes and theaters . * see d. featlies hand-mayd of devotiō . edit . . pag. . mr. samuel ward , his balme from gilead . pag. . my perpetuity , &c. p. . . my censure of m. cosens , his cozening devotions . pag. . lame giles , his haulting . p. . & the historicall narration , annexed to it . pag. . * see the preface to the . and . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . * see here a●● . thorowout . k playes confuted . action . at the close of it . l in his mirror for magistrates . fol. ● . * our vniversities cōdemne stage-playes . m playes confuted . action . at the beginning . n math. . . o overthrow of stage-playes p. . , . p cited by dr. rainolds , in his overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . . q pejora enim ●uvenes facile praecepta audiunt . seneca thyestes . act. . fol. parebit pravi docilis roman● juventus . horat. serm. l. . satyr . pag. . inde trahunt juvenilia pectora pestem mortiferam fiuntque ipsae sine fronte puellae . mant. fast. l. . & dr. rainolds epistle dedicatory to his . theses . p. . . r see d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . , . s i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. ● whose words i here recite . t see bb. hall● epistles . decad . . epist. . and his qu● vadis sect . . ● , . u d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . , , . see langbecrucius , de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . l. . c. ● . . accordingly . * see here , p●g . . . and act . scene . thorowout . x d. ra●nolds overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . . y his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden . z richard rawlidge , in his monster lately found out and discovered , or the scourging of tiplers . london ● . pag. . , . where this is verbatim related . a see m. george whetston , his myrror for magistrates of citties thorowout , to this pur●ose . * neque enim censebant isti faelicem esse rempublicam stantibus maenibus , ruentibus moribus . ea enim mala quae oriuntur in mor●bus , saevientibus pejora sunt hostibus . august . de civit dei. lib. . cap. . . b by vertue of the statutes of . eliz. c. . & . eliz. cap. . & . iac. cap. . c for . eliz. c. . . eliz. c. & . iacob . c. . give them no authority at all to license any , and this their license is voyd , by the expresse words of . iaco●i . cap. . d . henry . cap. . * . henry . cap. . f vna omnium regionum anglia ejusmodi personatas belluas hactenus non vidit , necquidem vult videre ; quando apud anglos , in re hac prae alijs sapientiores , lex est , ut capitale sit , si quis personas induerit . de inventor . rerum . ● . cap. . p. . g this booke of his was published , anno . as appeares by the epistle dedicatory . h . & . philip and mary . c. . i . & . henry . cap. . . & . edward . cap. . . eliz. cap. . & . iacobi . cap. . k . eliz. c. . eliz. cap. . . iacobi . cap. . & . caroli . c. . l . eliz. c. . & . eliz. c. . m . iacobi . c. . n viz. they may be sent to the house of correction ; imprisoned , set in stockes and whipped , &c. and if they stil persist in playing after these corrections ; they may bee burned with an hot burning iron of the bredth of an english shilling , with a great roman r. in the left shoulder , which letter shall there remaine as a perpetuall marke of a rogue , &c. as these severall statutes more largely shew : and if this will not reforme them ; they may be banished , and after that if they returne againe and persist incorrigible , be executed as felons . n spectacula quoniam maxima sunt irritamenta vitiorum , & ad corrumpendos animos potentissimè valent , tollenda sunt nobis , &c. lactantius de vero cultu● cap. . p chescun home est partie al act de parliament . . edward . . br. parliamēt . . . henry . . b. . henry , . b. . edward . a. . edw. . . plowdon . f. . a. & . b. cum pluribus alijs . h pejora juvenes facile praecepta audiunt . senec● . thyestes . act . fol. . a citò flores periunt ; citò viol●s & ●ilium & crocū pestilens aura corrūpit . hierom epist . c. . imberbis invenis tandem custode remo●o , gaudet equis , canibusque , & aprici gramine campi ; cereus in vitium flecti , monitoribus asper ; vtilium tardus provisor , prodigus aeris : sublimis , cupidusque , & amata relinquere pernix horace de ar●e poet. p. . i cor. . . scab●e animus laborat , plenusque est malorum succorū ex pravis colloquijs . iustin martyr , ad zenam & screnum epistola . verba enim ad opera viam praebent . theophylact & chrysostome in ephes. . , . * see act . scene . accordingly . k see act . scene . . accordingly . l atque horu vitiorum spectator●s sedeat homines impij atque mali . nazianzen ad seluchum . p. . b. & here act . scene . . accordingly . m loca non contaminant perse , sed quae in locis ●iunt , a quibus loca ipsa co●taminari altercati sumus . tertul. d● spectac . lib. cap . n thea●rum p●st●le●●●ae cathedra● clemens alexand. paedagogi . lib. . cap. . chrysost. hom. . de paenitentia . tom. . s●l . . c. d. see here , pag , . . o iob . , ● prov. . . isay . . see act ● scene . act . scene ● . . accordingly . p et si non prosint singula , juncta juvant . q habent scelerum quicquid possedimus omnes . claudia● in rufinum . l. . pag. . see here , p. ● , . accordingly . * see my vnlovelinesse of lovelockes . & act. . scene . r nunc eò gloriantur & qui patrant , & qui patiuntur muliebria , effae minati corpore juxtà atque animo , ne scintillam quidem retinent generis masculini , protinus plectentes cincinnos ornantesque , & cerussa fucoque oblinentes faciem pingentesque , unguentis quoque fragrantes exquisitissimis , nam & hac utuntur illecebra , exercitati omnibus formae lenocinijs , nec pudet eos marem data opera mutare in faeminam . his parcendum non est , si audimus legem , quae jubet androginum & sexum suum adultera●tem impun● occ●di die ipsa ac hora qu● deprae henditur , cum sit probrosus , patriaeque suae & familiae dedecus , atque adeo totius humanae generis . philo iud●us , de specialibu● legibus . pag. . . * quem praestare potest mulier galeata ( de●onsa ) pud'orem quae ●ugit à sexu ? vires amat● haec tamen ipsa vir nollet fieri : nam quantula nostra voluptas , & c● iuv●nal sa●yr . . pag. . . see . t rom. . . u tim. . . * thus polycarpus said to marcion the heretique . agnosco te primogenitū satanae . eusebius eccles. hist. lib. . cap. ● . irenaeus contra haereses . l. . c. . p. . y isay . . z psal . . nahum . . . * isay . . c. . . psal. . . ier. . . c. . . ezech. . , . c. . . dan. . , . b see chrysostom . ho●il . . in matth. accordingly . * see august . de ci●it . dei. lib. . cap. . . & lib. . cap. . to . & cap. . . * animum nostrum , patres conscripti , reipub . curis calentem , pulsavit saepius querela populorum , orta qui●em ●x causis levibus , sed graves eructavit excessus . deplorat enim pro spectacul●●um volup ate ad discriminis se ultima pervenisse : ut legum ratione calcata , desp●r●te p●rs●quere●ur inno●ios servilis furor armatus : & quodillis humanitas ●ostra le●●●ae ca●sa pr●stitit , in tristitiam audacia nec plectenda convertit . quod nos clementiae nostrae solita provisione compriminus , ne paulatim ●inendo graviorem vi●dicar● coga●ur offensam . benigni quippe principis est , non tam delicta vel●e punire quam tol●ere : ne ●ut acriter vindicando aestimetur nimius , at leviter agendo putetu● improvidus . theodoricus rex . apud casstodorum variarum . lib. . epist. . d semper enim scelera dum non resecantur , increscunt , & in augmentum facinorum prosilitur , quoties secur● impunitate peccatur . chrysostom . de absolon persequente patr●m david sermo . tom. . e hierom. epist . . cap. . f thes. . . * see scene . * vitanda est improba syren desidia . horace sermo● l. ● . satyr . . pag. . * torpent eccè ingenia desidiosae iuventutis , nec in ullius rei honestae labore vigi●atur . somnas l●nguo●que , ●c somno & l●nguo●e turpi●r , mala●um rerum industria , inu●sit animos . cantandi saltandique obscaena studia nunc e●f●eminaros tenent ; & capillum fr●ngere , & ad muliebres bl●nd●●as vocē extenua●e , moll●tie corporis certatecum faeminis , & immundissimis se excolere munditijs , nostrorū●dolescentiū●pecimen est . quisaequalium v●strorum● quid dicam , satis ingeniosus , satis studiosus , immo quis satis vi● est ? s●ne●● cont. l. ● ●●oaemio . p. . g gen● . . exod. . c. . . deut. . . psal. . . prov. . . c. . . c. . . eccles. . . exech . . . prov. . . . thes. . . to . mat. . , . tim. . . h mollit viros otium & rubiginem obducit . seneca controvers . l. . contr. . p. . naturae bonitatem socordia corrumpit . plutarch de liberorum instit. p. . vita in otio deposita non corpora modo sed & animos labefacit ; ac ut aquae latentes sub umbra a● non fluentes putrescunt : it● in vita motuum expertes facultates hominibus insitae consenescunt & p●reunt . plutarch de occulte viuendo tom. . p. . . vt enim ferrū usu ac exercitatione splendescit , diuturno autem si●usqualet & rubigine paulatim exeditur atque conficitur : similiter humana mens officijs viro dignis acuitur , otio autem hebescit , & quasi squalore obducto corrumpitur . est enim otium , ●entitudo & inertia tacitum quoddam venenum quo paulatim omnes virtutes infectae languescunt , laudes intereunt , & artes omnes praeclarae in oblivionem adducuntur . osorius de regum instit. fol. . & . adde quod ingenium longo rubigine laesum torpe● , & est multo quam fuit ante minus . fertilis assiduo si non renovetur aratro , nil nisi cum spinis gramen habebit ager . cernis ut ignavum corrumpunt otia corpus ? vt capiant vitium ni moveantur aquae ? ovid tristium . l. . el●g . . p. . & de ponto . l. . eleg. . ●ag . . i otium continet omnium flagitiorum seminarium . mentem enim hebetat , animum corrumpit , hominis praestantiam labefactat , rationem de st●tu deijcit , & libidinem in animi dominatu constituit . otio & securitate frang●●tur vires , languescit industria , hebescit ingenium , vitia crescunt , scelera prorumpunt , animi status opprimitur , flagitiorum omnium bellum inexpiabile concilatur . osorius , de regum instit. fol. . . k fac monitis fugias otia prima meis . haec , ut ames , faciunt : haec , ut fecêre tuentur : haec sunt iucundi causa cibusque mali . otia si toslas periêre cupidinis arcus , contēptaeque jacent & sine luce faces . quam platanus ●ivo gaudet , quám populus un●a . et quàm limosa canna palustris humo . tam venus otia amat : qui finem quaeris amoris , cedit amor rebus : res age , tutus eris . languor & immodici sub nullo vindice somni , aleaque & multo tempora quassa mero , eripiant omnes animo sine vulnere vires . aff●uit incau●is desidiosus amor . desidiam puer ille sequi solet ; odit agentes , d● vacuae menti , quo teneatur , opus . quaeritur aegistus quare sit factus adulter ; in promptu causa est ; desidiosus erat . ovid. de remedio amoris . lib. . p. . . est enim meretric us animus instabilis semper ac fluctuat multumque ocio diffluit , unde major existit ad voluptates propensio . cyrillus alexandrinus in hesaiam . lib. . cap. . tom. . pag. . c. l in delitijs est omnis otiosus . facito aliquid operis ut semper te diabolus inveniat occupatum operis labor suscipiatur , nō tam propter victus necessitatem , quam propter animae salutē . hierom. epist. . cap. . m ezech. . , . n prov. . . c. . . c. . . eccles. . . o see euphormi● satyricon . p. . . osorius de regum instit. fol. . ● , , , , , , . aristot. polit. l. . c. . p . . zenophon , de instit. cyri historia p . plutarch . de occulte vivendo . lib. accord●ngly p ot●●m simul artes beatas & reges perdidit . c●tullus . p. galli olim in b●llis floruerunt , mox s●gniti● cum otio intrans virtutem pariter ac liber●atem amiserunt . cor. tacitus ●u●ij agric. vita sect . . p. . nihil est quod facilius posset rempubli●●m ever e●e qu●● nob●l●um 〈…〉 persaru● imperium armis p●rtum long● 〈…〉 delevi● romanum impe●ium quo nullum unquam in terris majus exti●it , 〈…〉 securitas ●verti● . regnum hispaniae florentissimu● o●●um olim ●or● 〈◊〉 & dissip●●● . os●rius , de regum ins●it lib. . c. . p. . q negligens ac 〈…〉 delicijs vi●●●●u●●s ign●vis maximè similis est . plato legum dialog . . pap . ●pes fucos ar●ent quod neque ceras ●aciunt nec cellas extrudunt● nec melle compl●nt , sed ipsum mel apium labore & sedulit●te collectum intemperanter ●bsumunt . sic omnes desides & ignavi , qui tanquā fuci nullam ●eipub . operam navant om●es tamen re●pub . opes liguriunt , è regni f●nibus eliminandi sunt . osorius de regum instit. l ● fol . . r osorius , de regum instit. l . fol. . s osorius . ibid. t plutarchi & diogenis la●rtij , solon . p. . u aelian variae hist. l. . c. . * aelian . lib. . cap. . y ezech. . , . * ludis mimis ac jocis quibus molliores animi à rebus gerendis abducuntur ne juvenis quidem se recrea●i permisit . de antiquitate ecclesiae brittanicae . fol. . z chrysostom . homil. . in matth. clemēs alexandrinus . paedag. lib. . cap. . tertullian , & cyprian , de spectaculis . libri . gualther . hō . . in nahum . m. northbrooke , m. gosson , master stubs , and the third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , accordingly . a nos numerus sumus , & fruges consumere nati horace . epist. lib. . epist. . pag. . b bb. hall. epist. decad. . epist. . * ludis mimis ac jocis quibus molliores animi à rebus gerendis abducuntur ne juvenis quidem se recrea●i permisit . de antiquitate ecclesiae brittanicae . fol. . c bb. hall ibidem . tibi plectra moventur : te tenet in tepido mollis amica sinu . et si quis quaerat , quare pugnare recusas ; pugna nocet ; citharae , noxque , venusque juvant . tutius est jacuisse toro , tenuisse puellam ; theiciam digitis increpuisse lyram . quam manibus clypeos & acutae cuspidis hastam , er gaseam pressa sustinuiss● coma● ovid. epist. . pag. . d vbicumque fueris intra te●metipsum ora : si longè fueris ab oratorio , noli quaerere locum , quoniam tu ipse locus es . si fueris in lecto aut in alio loco , ora , & ibi est templum . frequenter orandum , & flexo corpore mens est erigenda ad deū . sicut enim nullum est momentum quo homo non utatur vel f●uatur dei bonitate & misericordia : sic nullum debet esse momentum , quo eum praesentem non habeat in memoria . om●e tempus in quo de deo non●cogitas hoc te computes perdidisse . be●nardi meditationes c. . col. . * iocosi fermè ac ridiculi sunt plaerique omnes mortaliū , neque illis est cordi studiosum vitae genus intensaeque gravitatis , sed fluxum potius ac remissium . ex quo fit ut perquam facile●dominetur eis malignissimus daemon . theodoret. de sacrificijs l. . tom. . p. . vid. ibid. * atque duas tantum res anxius optat , panem & circenses . iuvenal . satyr . . pag. ● f ornamentorum insignia & lenocinia fucorum , ●on nisi prostitutis & impudicis faeminis congruit , & nullarū faere praeciosior cultus est , quàm quarum pudo● vilis est . cypri●n , de habitu virginum . non est mulieris sed meretricis illud nimium sui ornandi studium● clemens alexandrinus . paedagogi . lib. . cap. . g cyprian , de spectaculis . lib. see s●ene . . & . before . h ab omnibus ad spectaculū convenitur . propter unum nescio q●em , vel virum , vel faeminam commovetur tota civitas , ut desal●entur fabulosae antiquita●um libidines . cyprian , de spe●taculis . lib. see basil. hexaem . hom. . tom . p. . chrysost. homil. in matth. tom. . col. . ●ertul . de spectac . c. . . lactantius , de vero cultu . c. . salvian , de gubernat . dei. l. . nazianzen de recta educatione ad selucum . p. . . the . bl●st of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . . . m. gosson , m. stubs , m. northbro●ke , in their bookes against stage-playes , accordingly . i see here act . scene . & p. . k see here act . scene . l aver●e oculos meos ne videant vanitatem . rogat propheta ne oculis vagatur per theatra nimirum & chorearum spectacula , quae quidem vanitatē redolent , ac fructu & utilitate carent . chrysostom hom. . in psal. . tom. . col. . a. m satyr . . p. . n humanus animus otio languescens facillime corrumpitur . clerke de au●ito . lib ● p. . ignavia magnorum saepe ingeniorum pestis . vt lignum occulta teredo consumit , sic animum paulatim delinit & ex●dit ignavus hic affectus . lipsius . epist. c●nturia . . epist. . pag. . o philip. lonicerus . historiae turcicae . l. . c. . p. . * see . eliz. cap. . . eliz. cap. . . iacobi . cap. . & . caroli . cap. . p sunt civi●●tes nonnullae , quae multis varijsque praestigiatorum spectaculis , inde à primo diluculo ad ipsum usque caelum advesperascens , suos pascunt aspectus , fractosque quosdam omnino & corruptos cantus● frequentissimè audientes non satiantur : at● tal●s populos complures beatos esse di●unt , prop●●rea quod foro● mer●●●ura , a●tibus , ca●t●risque n●go●●js comparandi victus causa subeundis , neglectis atque posthabitis , summo cum ocio voluptateque vitae tempus institutum sibi perducunt , &c. ibidem . q nostra aet●s prolapsa ad fabulas & quaevis inania , non modo cor et aures prostit●it vanitati , s●d oculorum & aurium voluptate , suam mulcet desidiam , luxuriam accendit , conquirens undique fomenta vitiorum , &c. vitanda est , inquit , ethnicus , ●mprob● syr●● desidia . at eam nostris prorogant histriones . ibidem . r ovid , de arte amandi . lib. . pag. . . & de remedio amoris . lib. . pag. . . non tamen otium tale quaerendum est , quale in lusionibus consumitur , sic enim vitae nostrae ludus finis esset necessario , quod falsum & absurdum est , &c. aristot. poli● . lib. . cap. . pag. . see lib. . cap. . and marcus aureli●● . epistle . to lambert , who are very copiou● in this point . seneca . controvers . lib. . proaemio . pag. . tacitus annalium . l. . c. . . & l. . c. . valerius maximus . l. . c● . s. . bulengerus de circo romano . ludisque circensibus . cap. . argument . * quis enim non luxuriosum ac nequam putet eum , qui scenicas artes domi habeat ? atqui nihil refert , utrumne luxuriam solus domi , an cum populo exerceas in theatro . lactan●ius , de vero cultu . cap. . pag. . s hinc enim erat , & ex hac providentissima patriae charitate veniebat , quod idem ipse vester pontifex maximus nasica , à senatu temporis illius quod saepe dicendum est electus , sine ulla sententiarum discrepantia vir optimus , caveam theatri senatum construere molientem , ab hac dispositione & cupiditate compescuit : persuasitque oratione gravissima ne graecam luxuriam viribus patriae moribus paterentur obrepere , & ad virtutem labefactandā , enervandāque roma●am peregrinae consentire nequitiae : tantūque authoritate valuit , ut ejus verbis commota senatoria providen●ia etiam subsellia quibus , ad horam congestis in ludorum spectaculo jam uti civitas caeperat , deinceps pro●ibere● apponi . august . d● civit. dei. lib. . ● . . see c. . . * healthes sicknesse . t nihil est tam mortiferum ingenij● quam luxuria : luxuriosus adolescens peccat , luxuriosus senex insanit . seneca . controvers . l● . pro●●● . p. . & lib. . con●r . . p. . u saevior armis luxuria incūbit victumque ulciscitur orbem . iuvenal . satyr . . p. . * luxuries perdulce malum quae dedita semper c●rporis arbitrijs hebetat caligin● sensus , membraque circaeis effaeminat acrius herbis . blanda quidem vultu , sed qua non tetrior ulla interius ; fucata genas & amicta dolosis illecebris , torvos auro circumlinit hydros . illa voluptatum multos innexuit hamis . claudian de laudib●● stiliconis . lib. ● pag. . here pag. . y athenaeus dipnosoph . lib. . cap. . plutarchi romanae quaest. quaest. . tertullian de spectaculis . cap. . cyprian de spectaculis lactantius de vero cultu . l. . c. ● . eusebius , de praep. evang. l. . c. . polydor virgil. de inventoribus rerum . l. . c. . aeneae silvij historia . de asia minori . c. ● . p. ● see buleng●rus de theatro . l. . c● . z itaque theatru● veneris , liberi quoque domus e●t . nā & alios lu●os scen●cos liberali● proprie voc●bant , praeter qu●● libero devotos , quod sunt dionysia penes graecos , etiàm à libero institutos . nihil jam de ●●usa vocabuli : quum rei causa idololatria sit . nam & cum promiscuè ludi liberalia vocarentur honorem liberi patris manifestè sonabant . libero enim à rusticis primò ●iebant ob beneficium quod ei adscribunt pro demonstrata gratia vini . et est plane in artibus scenicis lib●ri & veneris patrociniū , quae privata & propria sunt scenae . de gestu & corporis flexu , mollitiem veneri & libero immolant : illi per sexum , illi per fluxum , disolutis . tertul. de spectac c. . to . isiodorus originum lib. cap . vid. ibidem . * nonnulli prae●ere● satyros baccho a●jungunt , qui in saltationibus , & ludis tragicis risus , jocique oblectamenta deo. c●ean● . d●nique ut musae liberalis disciplinae bonis illum juvant & demulcent , ita satyri ●udicris , & ad risum compositis gestibus & actionibus , vitam dionysio beatam gratijsque delibutam reddant● quin thymelicos etiam ludos hic instituit , theatra exhibuit , & musicorum acroamatum scholas instituit . diodorus siculus . bibl hist. l. . sect . . pag. . . isiodor hisp. orig. l. . c. . * livy rom hist. l. . sect . . . valerius m●ximus . l. . c. . plutarch . de gloria atheniensium lib. cicero de republica . l. . corn●lius tacitus . annal. l. . c. . . marcus aurelius . epist. . to lambert . elij lamprid●j heliogobalus . tertul. & cyprian . de spectac . l. clem. alex. paedag. l. . c. . arnobius advers . gentes . l. . p. . to . lactantius de vero cultu . c. . basil. hexaëm . l. . nazianzen . ad seleucū . p. . . chrysost . hom. . . & . in matth. hom. . ad pop. antioch . august . de civit. dei. ● . c. . . l. . c. . to . salvian . l. . de guber . dei. s. asterij . homilia in fest. kalendaru● . bibl. patrum . tom. p. . ioannes saresberiensis . de nugis curialium . l. . c. . . d hackwell , in his apologie . l. . c. . sect . . , . b hom. . ad pop. antioch . & hom. . in acta . c ad seleucū de recta educat . p. . . d de guber . dei. l. . e suetonij caligula & nero lampridij heliogabalus . trebellij polionis gallieni duo tacitus annal. l. . c. . dion cassius . rom. hist. l. . herodian hist. l. . see here scene . & act . scene . & zonaras , eutropius , and the imperiall history in these empero●s lives . f plutarch . de gloria atheniensium . lib. & sympos . l. . quaest. . basil de ebrietate & luxu sermo . g b●nius concil . tom. . pars . p. . surius concil . tom . p. . & gratiau d●st●nct . . * scenici artisices● b●ccho sacri . romanae quaest quaest. . p. . h see ●he third blast of retrait from playes and theaters , accordingly . * these are the vulgar , these the sublimer meetings of the more gentile ranke . i haec tame● illi omnia cum faciant hilares nitidique vocantur . iuv●n●l . satyr . . habebitur aliquando ebrie●ati honos & plurimum vini cepisse , virtus erit . senec● de beneficijs . l. . cap. . * divitiarum & pecuniae fructu● non alium puta●t quam profusionem . sordidos & deparcos ipsi putant quibus ratio impensarum constaret . suetonij nero. sect . . k bb. hall epist. decad. . epist. . master bolton in his discourse of true happinesse . p. . . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . i.g. in his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. . & d. r●inold● overthrow of stage-playes . argument . * ille locus casti damna pudoris h●bet . ovid , de art● amandi . lib. . pag . * see lockma●● . sermo . . z. * tim. . , c. . . pet. . , . thes. . . pet. . . psal. . . psal. . . ezra . . m platonis protagoras . p. . epist. lib. pag. . lacedaemonij verecundiam esse deum quendā volunt . zenophontis convivium . p. . d. modestiae fama neque summis mortaliū spernenda ●st , & à dijs aestimatur . tacitus annal. l. . c. . p. . n pudor est quasi vitij purpurcus splendor & color virtutis . case . polit. l. . c. . p. . o modestia reliquarum virtutū par●ns est & ipsa proles : radix & altrix virtutis est , & verae famae . lipsius . epist. cent . epist. . cent . ad belgas . epist. . cent. miscel. epist. . p pudor & justitia ornamenta & vincula civitatum . platonis protagoras pag. . pudor satis validum vinculum legis . livy . rom. hist. lib. . q amisso pudore totum dignitatis studium & honestatis extinguitur . osorius , de regum instit lib. . fol. . r ego illum perijsse puto cui perijt pudo● . putean . de laconismo . diatriba . p. . s chrysost. hom. . in haebraeos . tom. . col. . c. pudor bonus magister officij . qui metuit , reprimitur , non emendatur : quem pudet facere in naturam vertit ambros. com. lib. . in evang lucae c. . tom. . p. . d. t magna sanctis cura est verecūdiae . ambros. com. l. . in luc. tom. . p. . d. u vbi non est pudor , nec cu●a juris , ●anctitas , pietas , fides , instabile regnum est . senecae thyestes . act . fol. . x ier. . . cap. . . cap. . . prov. . . ezech. . . cap. . . ier. ● . . & cap. . . y impudentia & frontositas cum obdurverit , ut non pa●eat , non horr●at , non contremiscat , ea ●am demum desperatio est . b●rnardi declamationes . col. . d. z de spectaculis . lib. cap. . a theatra sunt faediora quo convenis : verecundia illic omnis exuitur : simul cum amictu vestis honor corporis ac pudor ponitur . de habitu virginum . pag. . b pudoris publici lupanariū , de spectac . lib. c ●iunt per imaginem quae non sunt , ut fiant sine pudore quae vera sunt . divinarum instit. epit● c. . d quid juvenenes aut virgines faciant quū haec & fieri sine pudore , & spectari libenter ab omnibus cernunt ? de vero cultu . c. . e de recta educat . ad seleucum . p. . f homil. . in matth. tom. . col. . c. d g see lib. . c. . . l. . cap. . to . c. . to . h animorum labes ac pestis : probitatis & honestatis eversio . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . i verè fugalia , sed pudoris & honestatis . de civitate dei. lib. . cap. . * fluxam atque caducam formae venustatem ●is relinquebat quae theatra & trivia consectantur , quibus pudori & probro est ●rubescere . parallel . lib. . cap. . pag. . l de remedi● vtriusque fortunae . l. . dial. . m fastorum . lib. . cap. de carnispriu , &c n de vanitate scient . cap. . , , . o comment . in august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . ● , . & l. . c. . to . p schoole of abuse , and playes confuted . q against vaine playes and enterludes . anatomy of abuses . t praefatio ad . theses . u apud hos tota impudicitia vocatur urbanitas : libidinoso ore in gu●nibus inhaerescunt : homines malae linguae etiamsi tacerent ; quos prius taedescit impudicitiae suae , quam pudescit . pro nefas , id in se pessimi facinoris admittunt quod nec aetas potest pati mollior , nec cogi servius durior . haec & hujusmodi propudia nobis non licet nec audire : etiam pluribus turpe defendere est . ea enim de castis fingitis & pudi●is quae fieri non crederimus , nisi de vobis probatetis minut. felix . octavi●s . pag. . . x pelulantiam , libidin●m , luxuriam sensim quidem primò & occulte , velut inve●ili errore exercuit : sed ut tunc quoque dubium nemini foret ; naturae illa vitia non aetatis esse . su●t●nij nero. sect . . y cujus manantia sle●u orà puellares faciunt incerta capilli . iuvenal . satyr . . pag. . z see master adams , his white devill , and blacke saint . a see hic mulier , and my vnloveli●esse of love lockes . * non sunt delicta sed monstra . tertul. de pudicitia . lib. p. . b cor. . . to . tim. . . p●t . . , . c prov. . . ier . . c. . . impudentia efficit meretrices . chrysostom . homilia . in hebraos . tom. . col. . c. d nam quis peccandi finem posuit sibi , quando recepit ejectum semel attrita de fronte ruborem ? iuvenal . satyr . . pag. . e tertullian de spectac . cap. . cyprian , de specta● . lib. & epist. lib. . epist. . donato . chrysostome homilia . in matth. & nazianzen , de recta educatione ad seleucum . pag. . accordingly . f see act . scene . ● . accordingly . see iuvenal satyr . . pag. . iamque eadem fummis pariter minimisque libido est , &c. & satyra . pag. . g see act . scene . & . * pudet non solum eorum quae dicta sunt pud●ndorum , sed etiam signo●um : & non solum cùm in re venerea versantur , sed etiā cum adsunt signa ejus rei , & non solum cum faciunt ●urpia , sed etiam cum dicunt . aristot. rh●t●r . lib. cap. pag . i al●ae● carmina apud pindarum . pag. . aristot. rhetor. lib. . cap. . pag. . * volo aliquid dicere sed me prohibet pudor . k aelian variae historiae . lib. . cap. . * and shal not these two pagans rise up in judgement against scurrilous christians and condemne them ? l natural . hist. l. . c. . m heliogabalus mimicis histrionibus ea quae solent simulate fieri effici ad verum jussit . lampridij heliogabalus . pag. . n see tertullian de spectaculis . cap. . cyprian de spe●taculis . lib. and the . blast of retrait from playes and enterludes . o annalium . lib. . cap. . * suetonius de claris rhetoribus . lib. cicero de oratore . lib. . & genebrardi chron. lib. . pag. . d docent dum fingunt , & simulatis erudiunt ad vera . lactan● . d● vero cultu . cap. . * de instit. cyri. histor. lib. . pag. . & master g●sson , in his playes confuted . act . f cyrian de sectaculis . lib. g plutarchi & diogenis laertij solon . see bodine de republ. lib. . cap. . h probitatis & honestatis eversio . de civ . dei. l. cap. . see lib. . c. . i sect. . k tacitus . annal . l. . cap. . marcus aurelius . c. . dion cassius . rom. hist. l. . & alexander ab alexandro . genialiū dierum . l. . c. . l pag. . , . m schoole of abuses , and playes confuted . action . n master stubs , master northbrooke , doctor rainolds , and i. g. in their bookes against stage-playes . * theatris convenit tumultu● . chrysos●om . hom. ● . ad pop. an●ioch . tom. . col. . b. o ignoscent nobis tragici poetae , ignoscent , etiam illis qui propemodum ut nos rempublicam gerunt , quod ipsos in rempub . non admittimus , utpotè tyrannidis laudatores alias namque civitates circumvagantes & turbas colligentes , & pulchras & magnas , & veresimiles voces mercede conducentes , respublicas ad tyrannides & populares principatus trahent . de republ. dial. . pag. . . p epist. . ad lucilium . q sympos . l. . quaest. . r ludus enim genuit trepidum certamen & iram : ira truces inimicitias , & funebre bellum . epist. l. . ep. . p. . s aelian variae historiae . l. . c. . t suetonij & eutropii claudius , & caligula . dion cassius . rom. hist. l. . & . tacitus annal. l. . c. . . t tragaediae & comaediae scelerū & libidinū auctrices , cruentae & lascivae , impiae & prodigae . de spectac . c. . . u de spectac . lib. & epist. l. . epist. . x paedagogi . l. . c. . y spectaculum illud urbes distrahit , plebem ad seditiones concitat ; pugnas docet , linguam maledicā acuit , amorem civium dissecat , familias inter se cōmittit , in furorem adigit juvenes , inimicitias accendit , &c. quot enim familias subito prostravit ? quot urbes prius summa inter se benevolentia conjunctas , funditus evertit ? nimirū seditio quasi pubescens plebis manꝰ potentū caedibꝰ inqui●avit , gladio viduavit urbes , extinctis viris , ign● ferroque civitates absūpsit , caedibꝰ caedes coercens atque puniens , & mactationes m●ctationibꝰ . quis igitur haec intueri sustineat si sapiat ? cum mera sit heic praestigiarum concertatio , seditio caedem pariens , & civitatum morbus . de recta educatione ad selucum . pag. . . z hom. . , . & . in matth. hom. . de davide & saule . hom. . in acta . hom. . ad pop. antioch . & oratio . see here , p. . , , , & . a invitatio contentionum , & fons irriguus iurgiorum . cassiod●rus variarū . l. . epist. . * variarum . l. ● . epist. . b plutarchi romulus . livy rom. hist. l. . sect . , l. . sect . . and the authors formerly quoted in pag. . r. c livy rom. hist. lib. . sect . . , . d tacitus annal . lib. . c. . lib. ● cap. . e suetonij nero . sect . . & . f marcus aurelius . cap. . & epistle . to lambert . * de circo romano . & ludis circensibus . cap. . de factionibus . g cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. . & . l. . epist. . & l. . epist. . * see philo iudaeus , de agricultura . lib. p. . suetonij nero. sect . . & . iosephus antiq. iudaeorum . l. . c● . cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. . bulengerus de circo , &c. cap. . & de theatro . l. . c. . & lipsius de amphitheatro . cap. . . * . henry . cap. . in the statutes at large , and rastall wales . sect . . h who were then the players and actors that wādred about the country . * . henry . cap. . * alexander nevill his history of kets stirs . hollingshead . p. . numb . ● . & . b. see iohn stow , his survey of london . cap. . where there is mention of sundry tumults occasioned by playes & such like pastimes . & centuriae magdeburg . cent. . col. ● where you shall see divers tumults raysed , and much blood shed , by reason of playes and dances . k . eliz. c. . l pag. . * caecus est ignis stimulatus ●ra , nec regi curat , patiturve fraenos , haud timet mortem , cupit in ipsos ire obvios enses . seneca medea . act. . chorus . fol. . ● . n madet orbis mutuo sanguine , & homicidium cum admittunt singuli , crimen est , virtus vocatur ●●m publice geritur . impunitatem sceleribus acquirit non innocentiae ratio , sed saevitiae magnitudo . vt quis potest occidere peritia est , ars est , usus est . scelus non tantum geritur , sed docetur . quid potest inhumanius , quid acerbius dici ? disciplina est , ut perimere quis possit ; & gloria est , quod peremit . cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . donato . see onus ecclesiae . c. . sect . . . which we may well apply to our ●imes . o quid putas futuram animā homicidae ? aliquod credo pecus lanienae & macello destinatum , ut perinde juguletur , quia & ipsa jugulaverit ; tanta est apud homines homicidij vindicta , quāta ipsa quae vindicatur natura : quis non praeferat saeculi junstitiā , quam & apostolus nō frustra gladio armatam cōtestatur , quae pro homine saeviendo religiosa est . tertul. de anima . advers . py●hag . cap. pag. . p see here , act . scene . pag. . . where the fathers & authors to this purpose are quoted , to which i may adde prudentius . contra symmachum . lib. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . b.c. & l. . p. . f. g & hymnus . p. . cassiodorus variarum . l. . epist. . seneca . de brev. vitae . c. . . isiodor hisp. originum . l. . c. . . op●●cerus . chronog . p. . baronius & spondanus . annal. ecclesiast . anno . sect . . anno . sect . . anno . sect . . & anno . sect . . gotfridus viterbiensis . chron. pars . anno dom. . see bulengerus de circo . lib. q see act. . sce●e . p. . , . where this proposition is fully proved . r ephes. . . cap. . . . psal. . . s see act . scene . & act . scene . . t illic & canrant quicquid dedicêre theatris . inde joci veteres obscaenaque verba canuntur . nec res hac veneri gratior ulla fuit . ovid fastorum . l. p . u horū sermo multum nocet . nam etiam si non statim ofsicit , semina in animo relinquit , sequiturque nos etiam cum ab illis discesserimus , resurrecturū postea malū . quemadmodū qui audierunt symphoniam ferunt secum in auribus modulationem , ac dulcedinem cantus , quae cogitationes impedit , nec ad seria patitur intendi : sed adulatorum & prava laudantium sermo diutius haeret quàm auditur : nec facile est , ●nimo dul●em sonū excutere , prosequitur & durat , & ex interuallo recurrit . ideo claudendae sunt aures malis vocibus , & quidem primis ; nam cum initium secerunt , admissaeque sunt , plus audent . seneca epist. . x discit enim citius , meminitque libentius illud quod quis deridet , quā quod probat & veneretur . horace . epist. l. . ep. . p. . see here , pag. . y de vero cultu . c. . . z homil. de david . & saule tom. . col. . d. see here p. . a paedagogi . lib . cap. . b exposition on the . commandement . pag. . * see the . blast of retrait from playes & theaters ; and master gosson , his schoole of abuses , & playes confuted : to this purpose . c deut. . , , , . psal. . psal. . , . psal. . , . psal. . , . . psal. . , , . psal. . . psal. . , . psal. . , . psal. ● . . d isay . . * assueti enim dulcibus & politis , siv● orationibus , sive carminibus divinarum litterarum simplicem communemque sermonem pro sordido , aspernantur . id enim quaerunt quod sensum demulceat . lactantius de vero cultu . cap. . itaque , miser ego lecturus tullium , jejunabam , post noctium crebras vigilias , post l●chrymas , quas mihi praeteritorum recordatio peccatorum ex imis visceribus eruebat ; plautus sumebatur in manus , si quando in memetipsum reversus , prophetas legere caepissem , sermo horrebat incultus . hi●rom . epist. . cap. . f ier. . , . g ephes. . , . h ephes. . , . i col. . . k deut. . , , , . c. . , . . l psal. . , ● . m persuadet enim quicquid suave e●t , & animo penitus dum delectat , infidet . lactantius , de vero cultu . cap. . argument . * see molanus hist. s. imagi●um . l. . c. . * dum enim auditum ad indebitos sermones effundun●● aures intenta● non porrigun● ad divina . concil . lateranens● sub . innocentio . cap. . n de spectac●lis . c. . & pag. . , . o quot adhuc modis perorabimus , nihil ex his quae spectaculis deputantur , placitū deo esse aut congruens dei servis , quod domino placitum non sit , ●i omnia propter diabolum instituta , & ex diaboli rebus instructa monstrabimus : nihil enim no● diaboli est , quicquid dei non est vel deo displicet : hoc erit pompa diaboli adversus quā in signaculo fidei ejeramus . quod autem ejeramus neque facto , neque dicto , neque visu , neque aspectu participare debe●us . caeterū nonne ejeramus & rescindimus signac●lū , rescindendo testationem ejus ? nunquid ergo superest u● ab ipsis ethnicis respo●sum flagitemus , an liceat christianis spectaculo uti ? atquin hinc vel maximè intelligunt factum christianum , de repudio spectaculorum● itaque negat manifestè qui per quod agnoscitur , tollit . quid autem sp●i superest in hujusmodi homine ? nemo in castra hostium transit , nisi projectis armis suis , nisi destitutis signis & sacramentis principis sui , ni●i pactus simul perire ? ibid. c. . p an ille recogitabit eo tempore de deo , positus illic ubi nihil est de deo ? pudicitiam ediscet , attonitus in mimos ? sed tragaed o vociferante , ex●lamationes ille alicujꝰ prophetae retracta●it ? inter effaeminationis modos psalmū secū cōminiscetur ? & cū athletae agent , ille dicturus est , repercutiendum non efse ? poterit & de misericordia moveri defixus in morsus ursorum & spongias retiatiorum ? av●rtat deus à suis tantam voluptatis exitiosae cupiditatem . ibidem . cap. . q quale est enim de ecclesia dei ad diaboli ecclesiam tendere ? de caelo ( quod aiunt ) in caenum ? illas manus quas ad dominum extuleris , postmodum laudando histrionem fatigare ? ex ore quo amen in sanctum protuleris , gladiatori testimonium reddere ? 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alij omnino dicere nisi deo christo ? cur igitur non ejusmodi etiam daemonijs penetrabiles fiant ? nemo enim potest duobus dominis servire . quid luci cum tenebris ? quid vitae & morti ? ibidem . cap. . r odisse debemus istos conventus & caetus ethnico●um , vel quod illic nomen dei blasph●matur , inde tentationes emittantur . quid facies in illo suffragiorum impiorum aestuario depraehensus , non quasi aliquid illic pati possis ab hominibꝰ , nemo te cognoscit chri●tianum , sed recogita quid de te fiat in caelo . dubitas enim illo momento quo in diaboli ecclesia ●ueris , omnes angelos prospicere d● caelo , & singulos deuotare , quis blasphemiam dixe●it , quis audierit , quis linguam , quis aures diabolo adversus deum administraverit ? non ergo sugies sedilia hosti●m christi , illam cathedram pe●tilentiariam , ipsum que aërem qui desuper incubat , scelestis vocibus con●tupra●um ? ibidem . cap. . * see here , pag. . to . & . to . s quid scriptura interdixit ? prohibuit enim spectari , quod prohibet geri . omnia inquā , ista spectaculorum genera damnavit , quandò idololatriam sustulit ludorū omniū matrem ; unde haec vanitatis & levitatis mon●●ra venerunt . quod enim spectaculum sinc idolo ? quis ludus sine sacrificio ? quod certamen non consecratū mortuo ? quid inter haec christianus fidelis facit ? si idololatriam fugit , quid loq●itur ? qui jam sanctus sit , de rebus criminosis voluptatem capit ? quid contra deum superstitiones probat , quas amat , dum spectat ? caeterum sciat haec omnia daemoniorum inventa esse , non dei. cyprian de specta●ulis . lib. edit . pamelij . pag. . . t impudenter in ecclesia daemonia exorcizat , quorum voluptates in spectaculis laudat : & cum semel illi renunciando , recisa sit res omnis in baptismate , dum post christum ad diaboli spectaculum vadit , christo tanquam diabolo●renunciat . idololatria , ut jam dixi , ludorum omnium mater est ; quae ut ad se christianos fideles veniant , blanditur illis per oculorum & aurium voluptatem , &c. ibidem . u praesides suos habent varia daemonia . et quicquid est aliud quod spectantium aut oculos movet , aut delinit aures ; si cum origine sua , & institione quaeratur , causam praefert aut idolum , aut daemonium , aut mortuum . ita diabolus artifex , quia idololatriam per se nudam sciebat horreri , spectaculis miscuit , ut per voluptatem posset amari . ibidem . * partes christiani si perroges , nes●it ; aut infaelicior si scit : quem si rursum perrogem , quo ad illud spectaculum itinere pervenerit ; confitebitur per lupanarium , per prostitutar●m nuda corpora , per publicam libidinem , per p●blicum dedecus ; per vulgarem lasciviam , per communem omnium contumeliam . cui ut non obijciam quod fortasse commisit , vidit tamen quod committendum non fuit , & oculos ad idololatriae spectaculum per libidinem duxit : ausus secum spiritum sanctum in lupanarium ducere si potuisset : qui festinans ad spectaculum , dimissus , & adhuc gerens secum ut assolet , eucharistiam , inter corpora obscaena meretricum tulit , plus damnationis meritus de spectaculi voluptate . fugienda sunt ista christianis fidelibus , ut jàm frequenter diximus , tam vana , tam perniciosa , tam sacrilega spectacula : & oculi nostri sunt & aures custodiendae , &c. ibid. * for play-houses anciently were common bro●hels , or else they had the stewes adjoyning to them . see here pag. . y vnde animadvertere debes christiane , quod circum numina immunda possideant . quapropter alienus erit ●ibi locus quē plurimi sathanae spiritus occupaverunt . totum enim illius diabolus & angeli ejus replent . isiodor hisp. originum lib. . c. . z haec quippè spectacula crudelitatis & inspectio vanitatum , non solum hominu● vitijs , sed daemonu● jussis instituta sunt . proindè nihil esse debet christiano cum circensi insania , cum impudicitia theatri , cum atrocitate arenae , cum luxuria ludi . deum enim nega● , qui talia praesumit ; fidei christianae praevaricator effectus , qui id denuò appetit quod in lavachro jampridem renunciavit , id est diabolo , pompis , & operibus ejus . ibid. c. . & . hrabanus maurus● de vniverso . lib. . cap. . operum . tom. . pag. . a. a ne instrumentis eisdem quibus in bono utimur , abutamur in malo : quasi dicat : ne quaeso pedibus eisdem quibus templū dei frequentas , theatrales adito ●udos , & obscaena spectacula . de aliis quoque humani corporis membris idem intellige faciendum . et profectò qui impolluto pede subcunt ecclesiam dei , debent ab impijs ●ocis & profanis se penitus , ut deo contrar●js , continere . olympi●dorus , enar. in eccles. cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . e. b nihil enim eis turpe ac flagitiosum spectandum imitandumque proponitur , ubi veri dei aut praecepta insinuantur , a●t miracula narrantur , aut do●a lauda●tur , aut b●neficia postulantur . de civi●●●● d●i . lib. . cap. . c nisi fortè hinc sint tempora mala qui● per omnes penè civitates cadunt theatra , caveae turpitudinum , & publicae professiones ●lagitiosorū . vnde enim cadunt nisi inopia rerum , quarum lascivo & sacrilego usu constructa sunt . nonn● cicero ●orum cum roscium quendam laudaret histrionem ita peritum dixit , ut solus esset dignus qui in scenam deberet intrare : ita virum bonum , ut solus esset dignus , qui eò non deberet accedere ? quid aliud apertis●●mè ●stendens● nisi●illam s●enam esse tam turpem , ut ta●to minus ibi esse homo debeat , quantò fuerit majus vir bonus : & tamen dij eorum tali dedecore placab●ntur , quale à viris bonis removendum esse censebat . augustin . de consensu evangelistarum lib. . cap. . tom. . ● . d see here , pag. . . in the margent . e quid tibi cum pompis diaboli amator christi ? noli te ●allere , vidit enim tales deus , nec inter suos deputat professores● quos cernit viae suae desertores . ibidem . f de gubernatione dei. l. . edit . parifijs . . pag , &c. his words are very emphaticall in latine ; which because the booke it selfe is common , i will forbeare to transcribe . * o that our play-haunters would consider this . * and if our god detest them , why ●hould we th●n affect them , who professe our selves to be his children ? * marke this o pl●y-haunters . * let those then who celebrate christs nativity , resurrection or ascention with stage-playes , & such like enterludes remēber this , and confesse their error . * o let us then remember this , and be both grieved at it and ashamed of it . g cor. ● . . h phil. . . i tit. . , , , . k tit. . . l pet. . . m l●k . . , . * let our ioviall roarers , epicures and christmas-keepers consider this . * o that all players and play-haunters would consider this . n barbarians and turkes delight not in these accursed stage-playes , why then should . chritians doe it ? o de oratione . lib. pag . p ad quos entem de divinis rebus agendum fit ? nimirumad ●os , quibus res cordi est , & qui cam non nugatoriè velut● quiddam de multis , voluptis & corum quae infra ventrem sunt occupationes , tractant . oratio . . ad eunomianos pag. . q ●dq●e in ea civitate , quàm vix etiam multa virtutis exempla servare possint : ut quae sicut ci●cos & theatra , ita divina quoque mysteria pro ludo habeat . oratio . . in laudem athena●ij pag. . r hom. . de davide & saul . tom. . col. . . hom. in psal. . d. . . ibid. tom. . col. . . hom. . de verbis isaiae . vide dominū sedentem , &c. ibidem . col. . , . hom. . in matth. tom. . . s see here , scene . t see here , act . scene . pag. . & act . scene . . where i have quoted severall councels and fathers to prove it . see gratian de consecratione . distinct. . neere the end . u see apostolorum canones . can. . . gratian. distinctio . . , . ioannes de burgo pupilla oculi● pars . c. . d. alvarus pelagius . de planctu ecclesiae . l. . artic. . h. fol. . ans●lmus in . tim. c. . tom. . p. . c.d. x see here , act . scene . pag. . & act . scene . thorowout . y see here , scene . . & . , , , . nihil turpius aut deformius anima vitijs obnoxia . chrysost. hom. ad pop. a●tioch . tom. . col. . c. z hab . . a psal . . iohn . . isay . . to . b psal. . . c tim. . . heb. . . d cor. . . e ier. . isay . . f isay . . cor. . . g levit. . . h pet. . , . levit● . . i pet. . , . k ioh. . . . rev. . , . heb. . . l ephes. . . . col. . , , . m see scene . . thorowout . act . scene . , . & act . scene . . n see salvian , de gubernat . dei lib. . here , scene . . chrysostom . hom. . de davide & saul . & hom. . & . in matth. o isay . , . lam. . , . p isay . . prov. . . ier. . . q isay . , , . prov. . . c. . . c. . . r matth. . . i●m . . . ioh. . , . rom. . , , , . d cor. . , , . o seculū nequam , quod solos tuos sic soles beare amicos ut dei facias inimicos . bernard● epist . . e see act . chorus . pag. . to . here , fol. . . & act . scene . f tertullian de spectac . cap. . . see here , pag. . . g nam de ijs quid dicamus , qui cum gentilium turbis ad spectacula maturant , & conspectus suos a●que auditus impudicis & verbis & actibus faedant : non est nostrum pronunciare de talibus . ipsi enim sentire & videre possunt quam sibi delegerint partem . hom. . super. levit. tom. . fol. . b. et revera si vincamur & post haec verba peccamus , si post ecclesiam rursum in circum , & ad equorum cursus , & ad conventus gentilium eamus , quid aliud fit , quam superatos nos possider . idem . hom. . in isaiam . tom. . fol. . h. h cor. . i see act . . accordingly . * et haec fercula apellabantur quasi celebraretur conviviū , quo velut suis epulis immunda daemonia pascerentur . august . de civ . dei. lib. . cap. . see here , pag. . & theophylact● in act. c. p. * chrysostom . hom in psal. . & hom. . de verbis isaiae . vidi dominum sedentem , &c. here , scene . l plutarchi cato . seneca . epist. . valerius maximus . l. . c. . sect . . ludov. vives notae . in august . de civit. dei. l . c. . m see tertul. de spectaculis c. ● . & here , fol. . b. n heb. . . o see act . chorus● p. . to . & act . scene . p see ibid. pag. . to . & act . scene . pag. , &c. q pet. . , . christi sanguis terrarum orbis est praetium ; christus emit ecclesiam , hoc eam omnem adornavit . chrysostom hom. . ad pop. antioch . tom. . col. . d. * quicquid nobis adest praeter deum nostrum non est dulce . nolumꝰ omnia quae dedit , si non dat seipsum qui omnia dedit . august . in psal. . pag. . * animae vita , dei cultus , ac vita eo cultu digna . chrysost. de orando deo. lib. . tom. . col. . a. r isay . . non enim temerè in ster●ore deus habitat , sed in caenaculo scopis mundato . chrysost hom. . ad pop. an●●och . tom. . col. . c. s psal. . , . psal. . . psal. ● . , . t heb. . . u cor. . , . tit. . , , . x psal. . . & psal. . . y anima nisi prius dedicerit terrena contemnere , caelestia mirari non poterit : & eco●tra , donec re●rena miratur necess●riò caelestia spernit ac despicit . chrys. de compunctione cordis . lib. . col. . b. z luk. . , . rom. . , . cor. . , . cor. . . a see nicholaus de clemangijs . de novis celebritatibus non instituendis . l. p. . to . & ioannis lang. hecrucius de vita & honestate ecclesiasticorum . lib. . cap. . . * see . & . edward . c. . b see the exhortation in the booke of common-prayer , as the end of publike and priv●te baptisme . see canon . which enjoyneth every benef●ced minister that is a preacher to preach once a sunday at least , either in his owne or some other adjoyning parish . * ●al . . , , . d psal. . , , , , . see psal. . . psal . . psal. . , . e isay . , . psal. . . f see act . . & p. . , , g prov. . , . * see reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum ex authoritate regis . henrici . & edwardi . londini . tit. de divinis officijs c. ● , , , . fol. . , . which appoints two sermons a day in citties on lords●dayes & holi-dayes . see canons . canon . which enjoynes all licensed preachers to preach one sermon every sunday at the least . h master fox , booke of martyrs . edit . . pag. . col. . line . . * o that our bishops and ministers would doe thus now . i imprinted by iohn day anno . k let such now who cry downe preaching , lectures and lecturers , as the cause of sedition , consider ●his . l prov. . . * let ●asie ministers , & carelesse christians , who cry downe lecture , and cry up stage-playes , note this well . m let all our prelates and ministers consider well of this . n see the historicall narratiō , &c. printed . an. . the copy of an answer to a letter , &c. imprinted by stealth in the beginning of queene elizabeths raigne : without any authors or printers name unto it ; was answered verbatim by robert crowly , and printed by authority . anno . which shewes the shamelesnesse of him who durst now lately in his new narration to publish it as the received opinion of the church of england : it being penned by one champ●eis , who if iohn veron may be credited , in his apologie in defence of his treatise of predestination , was both a papist and a pelagian too . o see his confession and protestation of the christian faith , dedicated to edward the . & the whole parliament . anno . his comfortable exposition upō certaine psalmes . london . fol. . , , , , , ● , , , , , . and his articles upō the creed . london . article . to , , , , , , , , , , , , . to , , , , , , , , , . where he concludes point-blanke against the arminian tenets which some men cast upon him . * hanc ob rem maximus ille moses aequum c●nsuit ut omnes ascripti ejus civitati , jus naturae sequentes celebrarent hunc diem ( sabbatum ) otio festisque hilaritatibus , intermissis laboribus & opificijs quaestu●rijs nego●i●sque victū paranubꝰ ablegata etiā tantisper ceu per inducias solicitudine anxia , ut vacarent non ludicris ( sicut quidam ) ridendisque spectaculis mimorum saltatoruque , quae insanum vulgus amat perdite , &c. sed soli philosophiae verae , & c● philo iudaeus . l. . de vita mos●s p. . u tu verò relicto fidelium caetu , dei ecclesia ac legibus ad graecorum ludos curris , & ad theatra properas ; expetens unus ex venientibus eò numerari , & parti●eps fieri audi●ionum turpium , ne dicam abominabilium : nec audisti hieremiam dicentem . domine , non sedi in concilio ludentium , sed timui a conspectu manus tuae ●neque iob , dicentem● similia . ibid. surius concil . tom. . pag. . * ier . . y iob . , , . an excellent place . z hoc autem dum cantant & recantantij qui immortalitatem anteà celebrabant , tandem perniciosissimam mali malè canunt p●linodiam ; comedamus , & bibamus , cras enim morimur . ii autem , non cras verè , sed jam deo mortui sunt , sepelientes suos mortuos , hoc est , seipsos in mortem infodientes , &c. ibidem . a loqu●mur tamen & ad illos , quos frequenter ab ecclesiae conventu spectacula voluptuosa subducunt , &c. august . hom. . tom. . p. . see enar. in psal. . tom. . pars . p. . , , , . b hanc , inquam , pudendam , veraeque religioni adversandam & detestandam talium numinum placationem , has fabulas in deos illecebrosas atque criminosas , haec ignominiosa deorum facta sceleratè turpiterque conficta , sed sceleratius turpiusque commissa oculis & ●uribus publicis civitas tota disce●at , &c. de civitate dei. l. . c. . c hom. . de davide & saul . tom. . col. . . hom. de verbis isaiae . vidi dominum sedentem , &c. tom. . col. . to . hom. in psal. . v. . . tom. . col. . . & hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . . & hom . & . ad pop. antioch . d majorem obtinent insana spectacula frequentiam , quā bea●a martyria . sermo in octav● petri & pa●li . cap. . fol. . e bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . d. e. f sed proh dolor , quamplurimi inter christianos hanc iudaeorum amentiam & improbitatem imitantur , qui diebus festis , aut ludis illiberalibus , crapula , choreis , aut alijs mundi vanitatibus dediti , quum deo diligentius obsequium exhibere , quum templa dei frequentare , orationibus insistere , atque ecclesiastico interesse officio deberent , tunc maxime deum suis dissolutissimis moribus irritant . idnè est ô christiani , celebrare diem festum , indulgere ventri , & inconcessis voluptatibus habenas laxare ? si prohibetur die festo opus , quod manu exerceatur ad vitae necessitatem , ut integrius divinis rebus vacare possitis , nonne potiori jure prohibita sunt ea , quae non nisi cum peccato committi po●●unt , & gravi offensione dei ? diebus ad exercenda opera servilia concessis , unusquisque suo intentus est operi , & abstinet à crapula , ludis & vanitatibus . diebus autem festis passim currunt ad cauponā , ●d ludos spectacula & choreas , in irrisionem divini nominis , & diei praevaricationem : quum tamen eo gravius sit peccatum , quo sanctiori tempore committatur : resipiscant igitur● & id zi●anium , quod inimicus homo superseminavit in agro domini prorsus extirpare● & a se evellere laborent . cyril . alex. in ioan. evang. l. ● . c. p. . g qui domini metu praediti sun● , dominicū diem expectāt , u● deo praeces adhibeant , ●c co●pore & sanguine domini fruantur . inertes autem & socordes dominicum diem ●xpectant , ut ab opere feriati , vitijs operādent . quod autem non mentiar , res ip●ae fidem faciant . alio die in mediū prodi & neminem invenies . die dominico egredere , atque alios cithara canentes , alios applaudentes & ●altantes , alios sedentes , ac proximos maledictis insectantes , alios denique luctantes reperies . praeco ad ecclesiam vocat ? & omnes segnitie torpent , ac moras nectunt . cithara aut tuba personuit ? & omnes tanquam alis instru●ti currunt . damascen . parallelorum . l. . c. p. . * ecclesiae spectacula cernimus , dominum christum in mens● recumbentem prospicimus , seraphinos te● sanctum hymnum canentes , evangelicas voces , spiri●us sancti praesentiam , prophetas resonantes , angelorum hymnum , alleluia , omnia spiritual●a omnia salute digna , omnia caeleste regnū conciliantia . quid autem cernit qui a●●heatra currit ? diabolicos cantus , mulier●●las saltitantes , vel , ut rectius loquar , daemonis intemperijs agitat●s . quid enim saltatriae facit ? caput , quod paulus perpetuò tegi jussi● , impudenter aperit : collum invertit : comā huc atque illuc expandit . haec porrò etiàm ab ea ●iunt , quam daemon obsessam tenet . citharaedus autē tanquam● daemon , cū ligno conflictatur . tale nimirum herodis quoque convivium erat . herodiadis filia ingressa , tripudiavit , ac ioannis baptistae caput amputavit , & subterranea inferni loca haereditatis loco cōsecuta est . quocirca qui choreas & saltationes amant , cum ea portionem habent . vae his qui dominico di● cythara ludunt , aut operantur . ad mercenariorū & servorum requietem hic dies concessus est . haec enim dies , inquit ille , quam fecit dominus : exultemus & laetemur in ea , &c. idem . ibidem . i nos ecclesijs dei ludi●ra anteponimus ; nos altaria spernimus , & theatra honoramus . omnia denique amamus , omnia colimus , solus nobis in comparatione omnium deus vilis est● denique praeteralia quaeid probant , indicat hoc etiam haec res ipsa quā dico . si quando enim venerit , quod scilicet saepè evenit , ●t eodem die , & festivitas ecclesiastica , & ludi publici agantur , quaero ●b omnium conscientia , quis locus majores christianorum virorum copias habet ? caveanè ludi publici , an atrium dei ? & templum magis omnes sectentur , an theatrum ? dicta evangeliorum magis di●igant , an thymelico●um : verba vitae , an verba mortis ? verba christi , an verba mimi ? non ●st dubium quin illud n●gis amemus , quod anteponimus . omni onim ferarium ludicrorū die , si quae libet ecclesiae festa fuerint , non solū ad ecclesiam non veniunt , qui christianos se esse dicunt : ●ed si qui nescij fortè venerint , dum in ipsa ecclesiasunt , si ludos agi audiunt , ecclesiam ●erelinquunt . spernitur dei templum ut concurratur ad theatrum ; ecclesia vacuatur , circ●s impletur . christū in altario demittimus , ut adulterantes vi●u impurissimo oculos ludicrorum turpium fornicatione pascamus salvian de● guber . dei. l. . p. . . k denique cujus●ibet civitatis incolae ravennam aut romam venerint , pars sunt romanae plebis in circo , pars sunt ravennatis in theatro . ac per hoc nemo se loco aut absentia excusatum putet . omnes turpitudine rerum unum sunt , qui sibi rerum turpium voluntate sociantur . et blandimur tamen nobis de probitate morum , blandimur nobis de turpitudinum raritate . ibid. p. . l de inventoribus rerum . lib. . cap. . pag. . . m de vanitate scientiarum . c. . de festis . n in his sermons . fol. ● . o onus ecclesiae . c. . sect . . in festis pro divino cultu institutis visitamus taberna & choreas seu tripudia , spectacula & aliter circa illicita occupamur , exercitia spiritualia penitus detestantes , &c. ibidem . see cap. . sect . . & . * part. . booke of homilies . pag. . q de vita & honest●te ecclesiasticorum lib. . cap. . thorowout . r atque hunc ferè in modum omnes artifices ac opifices aliquem sanctorū in patronū sibi deligerunt colendum . ita ut hujusmodi cultu ac ritu ad ethnicismū seu atheismū relabi videamur . ibidem . p. . s in his works . lugduni bat. . p. . to . t quosdam histrio delectat , nonnullos theatra occupan● , plurimos pila tenet , permultos alea , &c. ibidem . pag. . u omnia nitent exteriora , sed miser interior homo illius minime particeps exultationis , in suis interim spurcitijs contabescit , quantoque inter vana gaudia effusior est laetitía , tanto ingentioribus urgetur aerumnis , majoribusque peccatorū sanciatur aculeis . ibidem . x and are not our holi-daies spent thus too ? y these are the f●uits of playes and dancing . z loe here the effects of revels , wakes , morrices , whitson-ales , & may-poles , which some so much approve and plead for . * but we stile such a one a puritan . a and would they not think so of our bacchanalian riotous grand-christmasses too ? to which all these passages may be wel applyed . b and may we not apply this to our disorderly christmasses ? c officialis episcopi , ministerium damnatissimae villicationis . credo huiusmodi officiales non ab officio , nomine , sed ab officio verbo , mutasse vocabulum : nam genus hoc hominum , quod dicunt offici perdi . tota officialis intentio est , ut ad opus episcopi suae jurisdictioni commissas miserimas oves quasi vice illius tondeat , emungat , excoriet . isti enim sunt episcoporū sanguisugae evomentes alienum sanguinem quam biberunt . quia testimonio scripturae , divitias quas congregavit impius evomet : & de faucibus illius extrahet eas deus . isti sunt quasi s●ongia in manu prementis , quasi quae dam colatoria divitias suis dominis influentes , & execrandis acquisitionibus nihil sibi praeter peccati sordem & faeculentiam retinentes , quod enim aggregant per oppressionē pauperum , episcopis quidem ad delicias cedit , officialibus ad tormentum . sic vos non vobis , mellisi●atis apes . sic vos non vobis accumulatis opes . i●ti sunt secretiora illa ostiola , per quae ministri belis sacrificia quae super mensam ponebantur à rege , clanculum asportabant . sic episcopus quasi longa manu bona aliena deripit , & notam criminis à se removens , suis officialibus culpae & infamiae discrimen impingit . ideo quasi sub umbra episcopi , & obtētu justitiae palliatae subditos exprimunt , ecclesias gravant redditus alienos violenter invadunt , oculos habent ad munera , pupillae & viduae non intendunt , &c. officium officialium , hodie est , jura confundere , suscitare lites , transactiones rescindere , innectere dilationes , supprimere veritatem , fovere mendacium , quaestum sequi , aequitatem vendere , inh●are exactionibus , versutias concinnare . isti sunt , qui hospites suos gravant superflua evectione , & multitudine clientelae . q●aerunt d●licatos & superfluos cibos● cum scriptum sit , comedentes & bibentes quae apud illos sunt . de alieno enim prodigi , de proprio sunt avari , verborum insidiatores & aucupes syllabarum tendunt laqueos & pedicas in capturam pecuniae , jura int●rpraetantur ad libitum , & ea pro voluntate sua , nunc abdicunt , nunc admittunt : bene dicta depravant , prudenter allegata pervertunt , rumpunt faedera , nutriunt dissimulationes , fornicationes dissimulant , matrimonia distrahunt , adulteria fovent , penetrant domus , & mulieres oneratas peccatis captivas ducunt ; diffamant innoxios , & nocen●es absoluunt . et ut multa sub verborum paucitate concludam , dum omnia venaliter agunt filij avaritiae , servi mammonae , se diabolo venales exponunt . si mihi credis , imò si credis in deum , relinque maturius officialis officium , ministerium damna●ionis , rotam malorum , & spiritum vertiginis , qui te ad inania circumvoluit . miserere animae tuae placens deo , cui placere non potes cum isto perditionis officio● petrus blesensis . epist. . ad offi●ialem episcopi ca●notensis . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . , vid. ibidem . d enarratio in psal. ● . * o that christians would consider this , especially those who abuse the feast of our saviours nativity . f de praeceptis decalogi . c . operum parisijs . . pars . col. . & sermo . domin . . adventus . pars . col . , . g speculū morale . lib. . distinct . . pars . fol. . . h concio . . de dominic● . . adventus & concio . . de dominica . . quinquages . operum . coloniae agrip. . tom. . col. . , , . i pag. . to . k exod. . , , , . workes which god requireth on the sabbath . l isay . , . dominico die à labore terreno cessandum est , atque omnimodo orationibus insistendum , ut si quid negligentiae per sex dies agi●ur , per diem resurrectionis dominicae praecibus expie●●r . greg. magnu● . epist. lib. . indict . . cap. . fol. ● f. * how the sabbath day it consumed . * see here , pag. . * at playe● every member of man is def●led . r iohn . ● . s ephes. . . * none delight in common spectacles but such as would be spectacles . * time would not bee lost . * end of mans creation . t cor. . . * pag. . , ● * why the emperour traian ordain●d but . holi dayes thorowout the yeere . * god worst served on the sabbath dayes . x in his schoole of abuses : and playes con●uted . y treatise against vaine playes and enterludes . z anatomy of abuses . p. . to . a third part of the true watch. cap. . abomination . . p. . b populus ac vulgus imperitorum ludis magnopere delectantur ; sunt enim populi ac multitudinis comitia . populo ludorum magnificentia voluptati est , ludis delectamur & capimur . lex haec quae ad ludos pertinet est omniū gratissima . delectant homines mihi crede ludi . id autem spectaculi genus erat , quod omni frequentia , atque omni genere hominum celebratur ; quo multitudo maximè delectatur . oratio pro muraena . p. . b.c. & oratio pro ● . sextio . p. . a. c vt primum positis nugari graecia bellis caepit , & in vitium fortuna labier aequa , nunc athletarum studijs mire arsit aequorum . nunc tibicinibus , nunc est gavisa tragaedis , sub nutrice puella velut si luderet infans . epist. lib. . epist. . pag. . his nam plebecula gaudet . verum equitis quoque jam migravit ab aure voluptas omnis ad incertos oculos & gaudia vana , &c. nam quae pervincere voces evaluere sonum referunt quem nostra theatra ? garganum mugire putes nemus , aut mare tuscum , tanto cum strepitu ludi spectantur . ibidem . pag. . . d nam qui dabat olim imperium , fasces , ●egiones , omnia , nunc se contin●t , atque duas tantū res anxius opta● , panem , & circenses . iuvenal . satyr . p. . maestit●a est , carvisse anno circensibus uno . satyr . . pag. . ac mihi pace immēsae nimiaeque licet si dicere plebis , totam hodie rom●m circus capit , & fragor au●em porcutit . ibidem . pag● . e p●pulo votū est talia convenire . cassiodorus variarum . lib. . epist. . f de arte amandi . lib. . g terentij eunuchus . marcus aurelius . epistle . to lambert august . de ci● . dei. l. . c. . . l. . c. . to . m. northbrooke , and m. stubs , qua supra . i tim. . . k mat. . . . l mal. . . m ioh. . . n de spectac . lib. o de spectac lib. p hom. . & . in matth. q de vero cultu . c. . . r de civit. dei. l. ●● c. . l. . c. . to . de symbolo ad catechumenos l. . c. . s de gubernat . dei. lib. . t nulla res enim aequè eloquia dei in contemptum adducit , ut spectaculorum quae in theatris proponuntur , admiratio . h●mil . de verbis isaiae . vidi dominum . tom. . col. . c. vid. ibidem . & oratio . . tom. . col. . b. u de vero cultu . c. . x epist. . c. . see scene . & . * oratio . . p. . quoniam autem sermone theatrum repurgavimus , &c. y sicut circos & theatra , ita divina quoque mysteria pro ludo habent . oratio . . i● laudem athanasij . pag. . z confessioni● . lib. . cap. . . a de gubernatione dei. l. . qua supra . b omnem religionem in contemptum adducunt . homilia . in n●hum . c d. iohn white , in his sermon at pauls crosse . sect . . d see act . scene ● . * ●am etiam ad scenā usque pro dijmus , quod propemodū●●chrymis refero , & cum perditissimis obscaenissunisque ridemur , nec ullū tam j●cundum est spectacu●ū , quam christianus comicis cavillis suggillatus . nazianzen oratio● . p. . * see m. brinsl● his true watch. part . chap. . abomination . pag. . e see act . scene . & . accordingly . f ecce jejunij labor & jejunij fructus nusquā est , cum iniquitatis theatra conscendimus , &c. quae utilitas cum illuc hinc abis ? ego corrigo , ille corrumpit : ego medicinas morbo adhibeo , ille cau●am morbi ministrat : ego naturae flamam extinguo , ille libidinis flammam accendit . quae utilitas , dic mihi ? unus aedificans , & unus destruens quid sibi labore proficer●nt ? de paenitentia . hom. . tom. . col. . . g hom. de davide & saule hom. de verbis isaiae . vidi dominum , &c. & hom. . in matth. h confessionum . l. . c. . . i talis vita mea , nunquid vita ●rat deus meus ? ibid. k nam quare quotidie muscipulam spectaculorum , insaniam stadiorum ac turpiū voluptatum proponit , nisi ut his delectationibus capiat , quos amiserat , ac laetetur denuò se invenisse quod perdiderat ? fugite dilectissimi spectacula , fugite caveas turpissimas diaboli , ne vos vincula teneant maligni . august de symbolo ad catechum . lib. . cap. . tom. . pars . pag. . . vid. ibidem . l cohibeat se à spectaculis mundi qui perfectam vult consequi gratiam remissionis . de vera & falsa paenitentia . lib. c. . m secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . & . n destructoriū vitiorum . pars . c. . sect . . o see p. . y. accordingly . p see act . scene . thorowout . & act . scene ● . . q theodoret contra graecos infideles . de martyribus lib. . tom. . p. . concil . arelatense . can. . . & arelatense . can. . elibertinum . can. . constantinopol . . can. . primasius . comment . in romanos . f. . antonini chronicon . pars . tit. . c. . sect . . fol. ● . * m. stephen ●osson , & the author of the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . r master gosson , in his schoole of abuses , and in his playes confuted : the epistles to it , and action . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . to . s the schoole of abuse . playes confuted in . actions . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . * neque enim offerri poterit . deo oculus scortationi serviens , nec pedes theatra visitantes , &c. chrysostom . hom. . in rom. . v. . tom. . col. . c. heri in amphitheatro , hodie in ecclesia : vespere in circo , mane in altario ; dudum fautor histrionum , nunc virginum consecrator . hierom. epist. . oc●ano . c. . p. . t de vero cultu . c. . & . u hom. . in matth. & hom. de verbis is●iae . vidi dominum , &c. x de civ . dei. lib. . cap. . y de gubernatione dei. lib. . pag. . . z homilia . in nahum . a ibidem . b treatise against vaine playes and enterludes . c anatomy of abuses . p. . to . d m. gosson , his schoole of abuses , & playes confuted . a mirror for magistrates of citties . see here , act . scene . thorowout accordingly . e vt improbos metuunt quos optimos sentire potuerunt . minucius felix . octav. p. . * nam tibicinae , mimi , praestigiatores , balatrones jocis tantum placent scurrilibus ad exhilerandos animos . philo iudaeus , d● vita contempl. p. . f tim. . , , . g veritas ideò semper invisa est , quòd is qui peccat , vult habere liberum peccandi locum , nec aliter se putat malefactorum voluptate securius persrui posse , quam si nemo sit cui delicta non placeant . ergò tanquam scelerum & malitiae suae testes extirpare funditus nituntur ac tollere , gravesque sibi putant , tanquam vita eorum coarguatur . cur enim sunt aliqui intempestive boni , qui corruptis moribus publicis convicium benè vivendo faciant ? cur non omnes sunt aequè mali , rapaces , impudici , adulteri , periuri , cupidi , fraudulenti ? quin potius auferantur , quibus coram malè vivere pudet , qui peccantinm frontem , etsi non verbis , quia tacent , tamen ipso vitae genere dissimili feriunt & verberant . castigate enim videtur quicunque dissentit . lactantius . de iustitia . lib. . cap. . pag. . h non a●dias degeneres tuos christo christianisque detrahentes , & accusantes velut tempora mala ; cùm quaerant tempora in quibus non sit quieta vita , sed secura nequitia . august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . de consensu● evangelist l. . c. . i sincerum cupimus vas incrustare . probus quis nobiscum vivit ? multum est dimissus homo ; illi tardo cognomē pinguis damus . hic fugit omnes insidias , nullique malo latus obdit apertum ? ( quū genus hoc inter vitae versetur ubi acris invi . dia atque vigent ubi crimina ) pro bene sano , ac non incauto , fictum astutumque vocamus . simplicior si quis , ut forte legentem , aut tacitum impellat , quovis sermone molestus : communi sensu planè caret , inquimus , &c. horace . sermo . lib. . sa●yr . . pag. . . * hebr. . . k pet. . , . l expedit enim vobis neminem videri bonum , quasi aliena virtus exprobratio delictorum vestrorum sit . inviti splendida cum sordibus uestris confertis , nec intelligitis quanto id vestro detrimento audeatis . nam si illi qui virtutem sequuntur , amari , libidinosi , ambitiosique sunt ; quid vos estis , quibus ipsum ●omen virtutis odio est , & c ? sen●ca de vita b●ata . cap. . argument . * see philo iudaeus in flaccum . lib. p. . quasi in theatro exsibilabamur , subsannabamur , & irridebamur supra modum . philo de ●egatione ad caiu● pag. . see here , pag. . u voluptas enim insatiabilis est , & utentibus majorem famē creat . hi●rom . comm●nt . lib. . in osee. x gluten est delictorum , & viscus toxicatū quo diabolus aucupatur . cyprian de singularitate clericorū . tom. . p. . y tim. . . z voluptas esca malorum , quia homines ea tanquam pisces hamo-capiuntur : rationi inimica est , p●rstringit mentis oculos , nec ullum habet cum virtute commercium . cic●ro de senectute . lib. pag. . a see isay . . . ezech. . . amo● . . to . b nisi oderimus malum bonum amare non possumus . hierom. epist. . cap. . * see ch●ysostome hom. . in matth. excellently to this purpose . here , pag. . , . c psal. . , , . matth. . ● , . ier. . rom. . , , . d iob . . c. . isay . . cap. . . * ezra . . ● , . c. . . psal. . . ezech. . rom. . . * thes. . ● . iude . g matth. . . prov. . , , . h iob. . , . isay . . pet. . . i iob . , , . iam. . . k isay . . pet. . . psal. . . psal. . . videas quod nec aspicere possit fronspudica . cy●rian . epist . l. . epist. . donato . l theodoret. contra graecos infideles . de martyribus l. . tom. . p. . concil . ar●latense . . can. . . & . can. . elibertinum . can. . & constant. . can. . m confessionū . l. . c. . . & l. . c. . & . n anatomy of abuses , and playes confu●ed : accordingly . o ib●dem . pag. . to . p confessionū . lib. . cap. ● . q see ch●ysostom . hom. . in matth. tertullian , de spectaculis . c. . see here , act . scene . , . accordingly . r toll● theatra jube , non tuta licentia circi est , &c. tristium . lib. . compared with his . booke , de arte amandi . s see act. . scene . , . & . t see act . scene . thorowout . u the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . pag. . * et necesse erat primum ut domus in celebri esset urbis loco , ad quem facile conveniretur : deinde ab omni importunitate vacua esset , ac ampla , quae plurimos caperet aud●entiū ; nec proxima spectaculorum locis , ne turpi vicina detestabilis anse●me in epist. ad p●ilemonem . vers . . tom . p. . b. et quia ubicunque apostol●serat multitudo ad ●um confluebat , necesse erat ut magnam domū haberet , & quae remota esset à circo , à theatr● , & à spectaculo , ubi lascivi discurrentes , turpia quaeque sectabantur . haymo exegesis ad philemonem & remigij episcopi rhemensis explanatio in epist. ad philemonem . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . p. . c. y thes. . . z de vera & falsa paenitentia . lib. cap. . a secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . . b destructorium vitiorum . pars c. . sect . . c see isay . . cor. . . argument . d cantus & carmina poetarū , & comaedorum , mimorumque urbanitates & strophae per aures introientes , virilitatem mentis effaeminant . hierom. advers . iovinianum . lib. . cap. . carmina poetarum , comaediarum & tragaediarum actus , mimorum urbanitates & strophas & quicquid hujusmodi per aurem incedit , virilitatem mentis effaeminant . ioannis salisburiensis . de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . d. * see scene . before . * see ammianus marcellinus . hi●t . l. . cap. . . sigonius . de occidentali imperio . lib. . pag. . & act . scene . thorowout . e converterant in muliebrem tol●ran●iam viri , non usum tantum atque naturam , sed etiam vultum , incessum , habitum , & totum penitus quicquid aut in ●exu est ; aut in usu viri : adeò versa sunt in diversum omnia , ut cum viris nihil magis pudori esse oporteat , quàm si muliebre aliquid in se habere videantur , nunc nihil turpius viris quibusdam videtur , quam si in aliquo viri viderentur . salvi●n . de gubernatione dei. lib. . pag. . . * nonne illos qui à theatris descendunt , videtis molliores effectos ? id vero in causa est , quòd i●s , quae ibi fiunt studiosè attend●nt . chrysostom . hom. de s. barlaam . tom. . edit . paris●●s . ● . pag. . d. g grex totus in agris vnius scabie ●adi● , &c. iuvenal . satyr . . n●l tam noce● homini quam m●●a societas . eusebius , de m●rte hieron . ad damasum ●pistola . this mahomet himselfe knew : therefore in his alcaron , azoara . . p. . he writes thus : nolite vos male geremibus associare , & ● . h see act . scene . . i quis te r●pit impetus ? ut ad horam gaudeas unde semper doleas ; ut videas semel , quod vidisse millies paenit●at . petrarch . de remedio vtriusque fortunae . lib. . dial. . k quaeritur quidem quae res malos principes facit . iam primum nimia licentia , deinde rerum copia ; amici prae●erea improbi , satellites detestādi , eunuchi avarissimi , aulici vel stulti vel detestabiles , & ( quod negari non po●est ) ●erum publicarū ignorantia . nihil est difficilius quam benè imperare . colligunt enim se quatuor vel quinque atque unum consiliū ad decipiendū imperatorem capiunt ; dicunt quid probandum sit . imperator qui domi clausus est , vera non novit ; cogitur hoc tantum scire quod illi loquuntur ; facit judices quos fieri non oportet , amovet à republica quos debeat obtinere . quid multa ? ut diocletianus ipse dicebat , bonus , cautus , optimus venditur : imperator . vopiscus . ibidem . pag. . l de beneficijs . lib. . c. . m carinus homo omnium contaminatissimus ; amicos optimos quosque religavit ; pessimum quemque elegit aut tenuit . mimis , meretricibus , pantomimis , cantoribus , atque lenonibus , palatium implevit . hominibus improbis plurimum detulit , ●osque ad convivium semper vocavit . flavij vopisci carinus . pag. . . n dum juvat & vultu ridet fortuna sereno , indelibatas cuncta sequuntur ●pes : at simul intonuit fugiunt , nec noscitur ulli agminibus comitum qui modo tectus erat . ovid. tristiū . lib. . eleg. . pag. . o confessionū . lib. . cap. . se● cap. . * cum enim aversaretur , & detestaretur talia ; quidam ejus amici & condiscipuli , cùm fortè de prandio redeuntibus obvius esset , recusantē vehementer & resistentem familiari violentia duxerunt in amphitheatrum crudeliū & funestorum ludorum di●bus , haec dicentem : si corpus meum in illum locum trahitis , nunquid & animum & oculos meos in illa spectacula potestis intendere ? adero itaque ut absens , ac sic , & vos & illa superabo . quibus auditis , illi nihilo secius eum adduxerunt secum id ipsum fortè explora●e cu●ientes , utrum posset efficere . quo ubi ventum est , & sedibus quibus po●uerunt , locati sunt , servebant omnia immanissimis voluptatibus . ille clausis foribus oculorum , interdixit animo ne in tanta mala procederet atque utinam & aures obturavis●et . ibid●m p nam quodam pugnae casu , cum clamo● ingens totius populi vehementer cum pulsasset , curiositate victus , & quasi paratus , quicquid illud esset , etiam visum contemnere & vincere , aperuit oculos , & p●rc●ssus est graviori vulnere in a●ima , quàm ille in corpore , quem cern●re concupivit , ceciditque miserabilius quàm ille , quo cadente factus est clamor ; qui per ejus aures in●ravit , & reseravit ejus lumina ut esset qua feriretur & deij●eretur , a●dax adhuc potius , quàm fortis animus , & eò infirmior quo de se praesumpserat , qui debuit de ●e● ibidem . q vt enim vidit illum sanguinem , imm●nitatem simul ebibit , & non se avertit , sed fixit asp●ctum , & hauriebat furias , & nesciebat , & delectabatur s●ele●e certaminis & cruenta voluptate inebriebatur . et non erat jam ille qui venerat , sed unus de turba ad quam venerat , & ver●s eorum socius à quibus adductus era● . quid plura ? spectavit , clamavit , exarsit , abstulit inde secū insaniam , qua stimularetur redire , non tantum cum illis à quibus prius abstractus est , sed etiam prae illis , & alios trahens . et inde tamen manu validissima & misericordissima eruisti eum tu , & docuisti non sui habere , sed tui fiduciam , sed longe postea . ibidem . r facilius est initia illorum prohibere quā impetum regere . sene●a . epist. . vid. ibidem . s quis unqua● mortaliū juxta viperā securos somnos capit ? quae etsi non percutiat , certè sollicitar . securius est perire non posse , quā juxta periculū non perisse . hierom. epist. . cap. . . t quippe ex volunta●e perversa facta est libido , & dum servitur libidini facta est consuetudo , & dum consuetud●ni non resistitur facta est necessitas . augustin . confes. l. . c. . u i●ti igitur posteaquam simplicitatem substantiae suae onusti & immersi vitijs perdiderunt , ad solatium calamitatis suae , non desinunt perditi jam perdere , & depravati errorem pravitatis intundere . minucius felix . octavius . p. . x quanto autem non nasci melius ●uit , quàm numerari inter publico malo natos ? seneca de cl●menti● . lib. . cap. . y facilis descensus averni , sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras , hoc opus , hic labor est . virgil. lib. . ae●●idos . pag. . * master brinsly , in his true watch● part . . cap. . abomination . pag. . accordingly . z moses● seniori ●opulo porcis vesci prohibuit ; significans , non oportere eos qui deum invocant , cum impuris versari hominibus , qui porcorum instar corporalibus voluptatibus , obscaenisque cibis , & impudicis titillationibus prurientes , damnosa veneris voluptate perfunduntur . clemens alexandrinus . paedagogi . lib. . cap. . a malus enim pessimum prae omnibus malis homo . vnaquae que bestia habet proprium malum ; homo autem in se malus , omnia habet in se mala : sic pejor est diabolo . chrysostom . homil. . in matth. & a●exand●r fabritius . destructorium vitiorum . pars . cap. . a see here , pag. . & act . scene . p. . to . b see here , act. . scene . accordingly . c see here , act. . scene . d diabolus enim est ille , qui etiā in artem jocos ludosque digessit , ut per haec ad se traheret milites christi virtutisque●orum nervos fa●eret molliores , &c. hom. . in matth tom. . col. . d. e diabolus artifex quia idololatriam per se nudam sci●bat horreri , spectaculis miscuit ut per voluptatem posset amari , &c. de spectaculis . lib. f ●ocosi ferme ac ridiculi sunt plaerique mortalium , neque illis est● cord● studiosum vitae genus , sed fluxum po●●us ac remissum . ex quo ●it , ut perquam facile illis dominetur malignissimus daemon , neque enim eos horta●atur ad rectam illam viam augustamque capessendā , salebrosam , difficilem & acclivem ; sed ad alteram quae prona , inclinata , levis atque expedita est ; haud enim illis● unquā temperantiae , justitiaeque ullam habere rationem praecepit , sed confidenter atque impun● cunctis flagitijs libidinibusque incumbere , omne demū scelus impudenter audere permisit . hinc haud difficulter quam plurimos in servitutem adduxit , fugientes enim laboriosam virtutem , legisque divinae difficultatem evitantes● ad eum scilicet transfugerunt , qui factu facilia eademque jucundissima imperavit , &c. de sacrificijs . l. . tom. . p. . c. g see here , p. . l. & august . de civit. dei. l. . , , & . thorowout . h see act . thorowout , with the severall authors there recorded● & cicero de aruspicum responsis oratio . p. . to . in catilinam . oratio ● p. . accordingly . i sunt qui fortunae jam casibus omnia ponunt , et nullo credunt mundum rectore moveri , natura voluente vicis & lucis , & anni . atque ideo intrepido quaecunque altaria tangant . tam facile & pronū est superos contēdere testes , si mortalis idē nemo sciat● iuvenal . satyr . . p. . k per solis radios , tarpeiaque fulmina juvat , et martis framiā , & cirrhae● spicula vatis . per calamos venatricis ●h●retramque● puellae , perque tuum pater aegaei neptune tridentem : addit & hercul●os arcus , hastamque minervae , quicquid habent telorum armamentaria coeli . iuv●nal . ibidem . l mal. . , . solus deus in comparatione omnium nobis vilis est . salvian de guber . dei. lib. . pag. . m titus . . pet. . . n ephes. . . o psal. . . psal. . . psal. . . p psal. . . p nunquid priapo mimi , non etiam sacerdotes enormia pudenda fecerunt ? an aliter stat adorandus in locis sacris , quàm procedit ridendus in theatris ? num saturnus senex , apollo ephe●us , ita persona sunt histrionum , ut non sint statuae delubrorum , & c ? a●gust . de civita●e d●i . lib. ● . cap. . see lib. . cap. . to . lib. . cap. ● . . * see act . scene . & i. ● . his refu●ation of the apologie for actors . pag. . , . q true watch . part . cap. . abomination . pag. . r see here , act . & act. . scene . thorowout , accordingly . & augustine epist. . s see here , act . scene . act . & act . scene . iosephus iudaeorū antiqu. l. . c. . philo iudaeus , decalogo . lib. cyprian & tertullian de spectaculis . augustin . de civit. dei. l. . c. to . l. . c. . bullingerus de circo . lib. cap. p. . accordingly t see . ●acobi . cap. & act . scene . accordingly . * see act . scene . p. . to . * eusebius eccles. hist. l. . c. . nicephorus epist. eccl●s . hist. l. . c. . u see . caroli . cap. . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . m. brinsl● , . part of the true watch. c. . abomination . pag. . & act . scene . accordingly . x see act . scene . . & ● accordingly . y act . scene accordingly . z act . scene . act . scene . &c. accordingly . a see act . scene . act . scene . . & act . scene accordingly . b act . scene . accordingly . c augustinus . tract . . in io●n . gratian. distinct. . tostatus in . r●gū . tom. . pag. . c.d. b b. babington , m. dod , and others on the . commandement . alvarez pelagius de planctu ecclesiae . l. . artic. . a.b.c. . d act . scene . accordingly . & iosephus antiqu● iudaeorum . l. . c. . e act . scene accordingly . f act . scene . & act . scene . ● accordingly . g d. l. speculum belli sacri cap. . the mirror for magistrates of cities . the . blast of retrait from playes and theaters . see here , pag. . . h deut. . . to . c. . . . matth . . to . ioh. . , . iam. . , , . a pliny . nat. hist. lib. . cap. . opm●●rus chronogr . pag. . calepini aeschylus . b post hunc personae pallaeque repertor honestae aeschylus , & modicis instravit pulpita tignis et docui● magnumque loqui , nitique cothurno . de arte poetica . p. . c instit. orator . lib. . cap. . d opmeeri chronogr . pag. . e gellius noctiū attic. l. . cap. . suidae euripides . opmeeri chronogr . p. . calepine & . holioke . euripides . f pausanias in attic. l. . tertullian de anim● . l. . opmeeri chronogr . pag. . chronicon chron. aetas . fol. . g gellius . noct. artic. l. . cap. . h iosephus antiqu . iudaeorū . l. . c. . aristeas . hist. . scripturae sacrae interpretum . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . eusebius de praeparatione evang. l. . c. . m. northbrocke against vaine playes and enterludes . f. . & m. stubs , his anatomy of abuses . p. . coc. sabellicus . aenead . . . p . george alley , his poore mans library . part . i suidae menander . k opmeeri chronogr . p. . l opmeeri chronogr . p. . m chronicon chronicorum . aetas . . fol. . n suidae antiphanes . o plutarchi alcibiades . horace . epist. lib. . epist. . ludovicus vives . notae in l. . c. . august . de civit. dei. see here , pag. . p ecclesiast . hist. l. . c. . see d. rainolds conference with hart. c. . divis. . p. . * witnesse sherly , slaine suddenly by sir edward bishop , whiles hee was drunke ; as most report . q natur. hist. lib. . cap. . r de gestis regum anglorum . l. ● . p. . * sybaritae in tantum delitiarum studium devenerunt ut equos etiam ad ●ib●am in symposijs tripudiare a●●ne●ecerint . sic cardiani equos in symposijs ad tibias saltare docuerunt , &c. athe●●us dipnos . lib. . cap. . vid. ibidem . s notae in august . de civit. de● . lib. . cap. . c. t diodorus siculus . bibl. hist. l. . sect . . , . pag. . to . supplementū qu. curtius . l . p. . iustin. hist. l . p. . o●osius . hist. l. . c. . vincentius spec. hist. l. . c. . . antonini chron. tit. . c. p. . sect . . . cū multis alijs , & sir walter rawleighes history of the world. lib. . pars . sect . . p. . u iosephus antiqu . iudaeorū . l. . c. . suet●nij caligula . 〈◊〉 . ● . suidae historica . caius caligula . zonaras annalium . tom. . fol. . dion cassius . rom. hist. lib. . pag. . * iosephus antiquitatum i●daeorum . lib. . cap. . eusebius ecclesiast . hist. lib. . cap. . but . in the english. nicephorus ecclesiasticae historiae . lib. . cap. . op●eerus chronogr . pag. . baronius & spondanus . anno . sect . . & acts ●● . . to . * iosephus writes it was an owle . * chronicon chron. aetas . . fol. . agrippa magnus● y iosephus an●●qu . iudaeorū . lib. . cap. . here , p. . z qui interroga●us à nerone , quibus causis ad oblivionem sacramenti processis●et : oderamte , inquit , nec quisqu●m tibi militum fidelior fuit dum amari meruisti , odisse caepi post quam parricida matris & uxoris , auriga , histrio & incendiarius extitisti . tacitus . annal● lib. . sect . . pag. . a historiae . lib. . pag. . & . to . b see his gallieni duo . pag. . & here , pag. . * de spectaculis . lib. cap. . y act . scene . & act . chorus . z de spectaculis . lib. cap. . a quo utique & ali● documenta cesserunt do his , qui cum diabolo apud spectacula cōmunicando à domino exciderunt . ibid. b see m. brathwait , his english gentlewoman . london pag. . . this author being then present at her departure . c percussus quisque ante rapitur , quàm ad lamenta paenitentiae convertatur . pensate ergo , qualis ad conspectum districti judicis perveni● , ●●i non vacat flere quod ●ecit . greg. mag. epist. l●b . cap. . ●ol . . b. d anno . eliz. . pag. . b. e m. stubs , his anatomy of abuses . p. . i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. . . f m. ioh● field , his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden● london . henry cave , his narration of the fall of paris garden . london . m. stubs , his anatomy of abuses . p. . . d. beard , his theater of gods iudgements . edit . . london . l. . c. . p. . & the preface to the practice of pi●ty . i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag● . g m. field● in his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden . h d. beard , his theater of gods iudgements . l. ● . cap. . pag. . * diogenes laertius . lib. . pag. . * lib. . c. . . pag. . i booke . chap. . . fol. . , see the generall history of france . p. . and d. beard , his theater of gods iudgements . lib. . c. . pag. . . accordingly . k the french history . p. ● l froyssarts chronicle . booke . chap. . . fol. . m i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . pag. . a short treatise against stage-playes , printed , . and dedicated to the parliament . pag. . n rom. histor. lib. . p. . * see iudg. . . to . & arias montanus . comment . in lib. iudicum . c. . antwerpia . p. . to . see lyra , tostatus , peter ma●tyr . ibidem . * ibidem . pag. . , . * vulgo ut gratificentur principes varia ac plerūque humanitati dissentanea , vel ed●nt ipsi , vel edenda permittunt spectacula . hinc olim theatra caedibus ac sanguine plena ; hinc nostro tempore nostrisque moribus impura , & ab omni arte semota , scenarum & comaediarū licentia , & gladiatorum caede funestiora crudelioraque taurorum ac belluarum munera quae dat retinentibus ac detestatis superorum animis dicata consecrataque versantur . vid. ibid. o annalium . l. . c. . p. . . p historiae . lib. . cap. . q eutropius r●rum rom. l. . tiberius . petrarch . de remed . vtriusque fortunae . l. . dialog . . bodinus methodo historiae . c. . the . blast of retrait from playes , &c. pag. . d. hackwels apologie l. . c. . sect . . edit . . p. . a short treatise against stage-playes● pag. . with sundry others . coc. sabellicus . ennead . . lib. . pag. . * sonorites tacitus , others onely above . which may both stand well together , since . is above . r aventinus annalium bojorum . lib. . pag. . s idem annal. bojorum . lib. . pag. . & . romae quintadecimo cal. octobris pons tiberinus corruit aquis , obru●i interire quingenti sexaginta homines , qui eò secularibus ludis , quos nicolaus contra decret● constantiensis s●natus aperuerat , confluxerant . t in vita beati gregorij . pag. . . edit . basil●ae . . * see act . scene . . & act ● est enim ludus turpis & inhonestus qui in se deformitatem importat , & tales fecerunt gentiles coram dijs suis in theatris & templis : & illa est simpliciter inhibitus christianis . holkot . lectio . . in lib. sapientiae . fol. . * eorum qui concurrerant theatrum plenum ●rat , & eorum qui postremo affluxerant multitudo subsel●ijs undique superf●ndebatur , atque omnibus ad spectacula atque acroamata orchestram intueri cupientibus : plena ●cena tumul●us & trepidationis , irrita praestigiatoribus , mirabil●umque spectaculorum artificibus oste●●atio erat , tumultu sese mutuo constipantium non modo oblectationem sunsicae impediente , sed ne circulatoribus quidem & praestigiatoribus suas artes ostentanti tempus erat , &c. greg. nyssen . ibidem . * hac autem ab eo voce tanquam tristi quadam sententia prolata pestilen●ia frequentem ferias agentium , & ludos celebrantium conventum excipit , ac sta●im tripudiantium choris lamentatio miscebatur adeo ut in luctus & calamitates eis voluptates converterentur , quum pro plausibus & cantu tibiarum , aliae super alias naeniae cantusque lugubres urbem passim invasissent , &c. ibidem . y cum enim semel morbus homines invasisset , opinione citius propagabatur atque serp●bat , ignis in modum domos depascens , adeo ut aedes quidem sacrae , quae spe sanationis atque remed●j confugiebant , ijs , qui morbo peribant repletae : fontes verò , aquae ductus , s●aturiginesque ac pu●e●●orū , quos atr●citate morbi sitis● exurebat , referti essent , &c. multi item ultrò transirent ad sepulchra eò quod superstites s●p●l●●ndis mor●uis non amplius suffice●ent . ibidem . z adeò illis hominibus sanitate morbus● validior erat . qui enim in sanitate ad approbationem mysterij rationibus infirmi essent , corporali● morbo ad fidem convaluerunt . ibidem . * pestis roma grassata omnes ad unum scenae administros extinxit . plutarchi . question●s romanae . quaest . pag. . a eliz. c. . . eliz. cap . b de civ . dei. lib. . cap. . c historiae . lib. . cap . d gualther . hom. . in nahum . and others forequoted . at p. . . & act . scene . hermannus schedell . chronicon chronicorum . aetas . fol. . * paedagogi . lib . cap. . f de spectaculis . lib. c. . g hom. . de paenitentia . & hom. . . & . in matth. see before p. . . & act . scene . h see before , p. . . i nec tamen ludorum primum initium procurandis religionibus datū , aut religione animos , aut corpora morbis levavit , &c. livy . hist. l. . sect . . . k dij propter sedandam corporum pestilentia●● ludos sibi scenicos exhiberi jubebant . pontife● autem vester scipio propter onimorum cavendam pestilentiā , ipsam scenam constr●i prohibebat . neque enim & illa corporum pestilentia ideo conquievit , quia pop●lo bellicoso , & s●lis anteà ludis circensibus assueto , ludorū scenicorum delicata subintravit insania , sed astutia spirituū nefandorū praevidens illā pestilen●iam jàm ●ine debito cessaturam , aliam longè graviorem qua plurimū gaude● , ex hac occasione , non corpori●us sed moribus curavit immittere : quae animos miserorum tantis occae ●avit tenebris , ●anta deformitate faedavit , ut etiam modo , quod incredible forsitan erit , si a nostris posteris audietur , romana urbe vastata quos pestilētia ista possedit , a●que inde fugientes , carthaginem pervenire potuerunt , in theatris quotidie pro histrionibus insani●●nt . de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . * histor. lib. . cap● . se● here , act . scene . m hollinshead anno . p. . n. . n see salvian de gubernat . dei. lib. . accordingly . & chrysostom . hom. . de davide & saul . & hom. . & . in matth. * theatra , et circum cum plebe sua madidasque popinas . quicquid agunt homines sodomorum , incendia justis ignibus involuunt & christo judice damnant . haec fugisse semel satis est , non respicit ultra● lot noster , &c. prudentius . hamertigenia . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . d. o de gloria atheniensium . lib. & iustin. hist. lib. . pag. . p necsatis haec culpa est , ●tiam mimis & scurrilibus● ludicris sanctissimorū personae interponuntur deorum . et ut spectatoribus vacuis risus possit atque hilaritas excitari , joculatoribus feriuntur cavillationibus numina , conclamant & assurgunt . theatra , caveae omnes concrepant fragoribus atque plausibus , &c. et audetis post ista mirari , unde oriantur haec mala , quibus inundatur & premitur sine ulla intermissione mortalitas ? advers . gentes . l. . p. . vid. ibid. q de civit. dei. l. . c. . . . & l. . c. . to the end of that booke . r amentes , amentes , quis est hic tantus non error , s●d furor , ut exitium vestrum , sicut audivimus , plangentibus orientalibus populis , & maximis civitatibus in remotissimis terris , publicum ●●ctū maeroremque ducentibus , vo● theatra quaereretis , intraretis , impleretis , & multò insaniora quàm fuerant anteà faceretis ? hanc animorum labem ac pestem , hanc probitatis & honestatis eversionem vobis scipio ille metuebat , quando constitui theatra prohibebat , &c. neque enim censebat ille faelicē esse rem pub . stantibus , maenibus , ruentibus moribus : sed in vobis v●luit quod daemones impij seduxerunt quàm quod homines providi praecaverunt . hinc est , quod mala quae facitis , vobis imputari non vultis ; mala verò quae patimini , christianis temporibus imputatis . neque enim in vestra securitate pacatam rempub . sed luxuriam quaeritis impunitam ; qui depravati rebus prosperis , nec corrigi potuistis adversis . de civit. dei. lib. . cap. . s magna civita●ibus mala ferunt theatra magna . hom. . ad pop. antioch . tom. . col. . b. t vel ipsa signa agnoscite , quia aereum factum est caelum , & terra ferrea . iracundiam dei ipsa elementa loquuntur . fil● hominum quousque graves corde ? ut quid deligitis vanitatem in spectaculis , & quaeritis mendacium in histrionibus . h●milia ult . in psal. . tom. . col. . a. u de gubernatione dei. lib. . & . thorowout . x see for this purpose : arnobius contra gentes . l . & . august . de civit. dei. lib. . . & . salvian , de gub. dei. l. . . orosius . hist. l. . c. . , , . tacitus annal. lib. . c. . , . herodian historia . l. . suetonij . tiberius , caligula , claudius , & nero. aelij lampridij h●li●gabasus & commodus . flavij vopisci carinus . eutropius rerum rom. lib. . . dion cassius . rom. hist. lib. . , . grimstons imperiall history . tiberius , caligula , claudius , nero , heliogabalus , comodus , & carinus . zonaras annaliū . tom. . with sundry others● x see iosephus antiq. iudaeorum . l. . c. . , . & l. . c. . * see . maccabees . c. . v. . . . y de remed . vtriusque fortunae . l. . dial. . z against vaine playes and euterludes . fol. . . a anatomy of abuses . p. . , ● b master gosson , his schoole of abuses . i. g● his refutation of the apologie for actors . a short treatise against stage-playes . pag. . , . with sundry others . gualther● hom. . in nahum . c the true watch. part . chap. . abomina●ion . pag. ● d ibidem . pag. . . e ibidem . p. . so writes master gualther too , in his . homily upon nahum . i deus etsi quaedam longanimiter tolerat , quaedam tam●n etiam in hac vita flagellat : & hic nonnunquam ferire inchoat , quos aeterna damnatione cons●mmat . gregor . magnus . moral . lib. . cap. . k chron. . , . ier. . . ezech. . . , . l hebr. . . see act . scene . m sopor quippe insunditur ut perditio subsequatur . cum enim completis iniquitatibus suis quis meretur ut pereat , providentia ab eo tollitur ne periturus evadat . salvian , de gubernatione dei. lib. . pag. . n matth. . , , , , . thes● . , , . luke . , . dan. . , , , . amos . . to . o cor. . , to . praebentur cunctis exempla cum fuerint quibusdam irrogata supplicia . cyprian de sing . cl●ricorum tom. . pag. . p potestas quippe maxima & potentissima quae inhibere maximum scelus potest , quasi probat debere fieri , si sciens patitur perpetrari : in cujus enim manu est ut prohibeat , juber agi si non prohibe● admitti . salvian . de ●ubernatione dei. l. . p. . facientis culpam proculdubio habet , qui quod potest corrigere , negligitemenda●e : et negligere cum possis per●urbare perversos , nihil est aliud quam fovere . gratian. distinctio . q vt sit magna , tamen certe lenta ira deorū est . si curant igitur cunctos punire nocentes , quando ad me venient ? sed & exorabile numen fortasse experior , solet his ignos●ere : multi cōmittunt eadem diverso crimina fato . ille crucem pretium sceleris tulit , hic diadema . sic animum dirae trepidum formidine culpae confirmant . iuvinal . satyr . . p. . r oportet ut una paena teneat obnoxios quos similis error invenerit implicatos . concil . tol●tanum . . ca●● . s criminosior enim culpa est ubi honestior status : si honorosior est persona peccantis , peccati quoque major invidia . itaque nos qui christiani catholici esse dicimur , si simile aliquid barbarorū impunitatibus facimus gravius erramus . atrocius enim sub sancti nominis professione peccamꝰ : ubi sublimior est praerogativa major est culpa . salvian . de guber . dei. l. . p. . , . t haec semper est incredulitas humanae duritiae , ut non solū audiendo sed etiam videndo non credat alteros interijsse , nisi & seipsam viderit interire : nec sociorū mortibus quatitur , dum illos immeritos aut invalidos opinatur , &c. cyprian . d● sing●lar . clericorū . tom. . p. . u aliorum vulnus nostra sit cautio . hierom. epist. . cap . x metuite quantum po●estis ejusmodi casus exi●●● ; & in ista subversione labentiū vos experimenta perterreant . nimium praeceps est qui transire contendit , ubi aliū conspexerit cecidisse : & vehementer infrenis est , cui non incutitur timor alio pereunte . amator ver● est salutis suae , qui evita● alienae mortis incursum : et ipse est providus , qui solicitus fit cladib●s caeterorum : sicut solomon approbat , dicens ; astutus videns malum puniri , vehementer erudietur : et ●terum : cadentibus impijs justi vehementer terrebuntur . cyprian . de singularitate clericorum . tom. . pag. . y adversa est confidentia , quae periculis vitam suam , pro certo commendat . et lubrica spes est quae inter fomenta peccati salvari se spetat . incerta victoria est , inter hostilia arma pugnare . et impossib●lis liberatio est , flammis circundari , nec ardere , &c. cyprian . ibid. z rom. . . a divina severitas ●ò ●niquū acrius punit , quo diutius pertulit . gr●g . magnus . moral . lib. . cap. . non contemnas , quod j●m non ●odie in opera peccantium vindicat christus . quāta enim p●tientia sust●net , tanta severit●te restituet . chrys●stom . de militia christiana h●●●l . tom. . col. . c. b m●jor 〈◊〉 enim paena dilata qu●m subita : molestius supplicium quod praemisso terrore differtur : gravior paen● , quae ad hoc t●rdat , ut diutius feriat . subita enim citò percutiunt , dilata faenera●am paenam restituunt . chrysost. ex varijs in matth. locis . hom. . tom . col. . c. c quantò tardaverit dominus , tantò sit solicitior servus . quantò diutius supervenit christus , tanto sit paratior christianus . non est providus servus , quem imparatū invenerit dominus . chrysost. ibid. d hebr. . . to . e eccles. . , , . f hebr. . . deliciae temporariam habent voluptatem , paenam autem sempiternam . chrysostom . hom. . ad pop. antioch . * par paena perditionis constringat , quo● in pernitie prava societas copulat . concilium toletanum . . can. . surius . tom. . can. . argument . g isay . . to . cap. . . to . cap. . . to . cap. . , . ier. . . to . cap. . , . isay . . psal. . . lam. . , , . * quomodo enim cū christo & angelis ejus regnabunt in caelis , qui cum diabolo & ministris ejus societatem habent in terris ? quomodo gaudebunt in convivio perenni sanctorum , qui non respuunt convivia nefanda paganorum ? aut quomodo in luce perpetua possunt laudes deo dicere cum angelis , qui hic diabolo exhibent funestos ludos in idolis ? hrabanus maurus . homil. contra paganicos errores . tom. . h rom. . . i hebr. . . eccles. . . matth. . , . k cor. . , . gal . , , . ephes. . , , . l psal. . . m see act . thorowout . n ovid. tristium . l. . and the pagan emperours , states & authors quoted here , in act . scene . , , & . o see here , act . scene . & act . scene . accordingly . p chrysostom . hom. . & . in matth. see here , act. . . & chorus : & act . scene . accordingly . q see act . scene , , , , . & . accordingly . * bibliotheca patrum tom. . pag. . . * aures vestras condidi ut audiretis scrip●uras ; at vos parastis eas a● cantica daemonum , cytharas & ridicula . oculos vestros creavi , ut prospiceretis lumen praeceptorum meorum , eaque exequeremini : at vos exercistuis stupra & impudicitias , & ad reliquam immundiciam istos aperuistis . os vestrum composui ad glorificandum & laudandum deum , & psalmos cantionesque spiritales pronunciandas lectionisque continuam meditationem , &c. pedes vestros ordinavi ut ambularetis in praeparatione evangelij pacis , tum in ecclesijs , tum in domibus sanctorū meor●m●at vos docuist●s currere ad adulteria , stupra , spectacula , saltationes● in sublime jactationes . iam solutus conventus publi●us , spectaculū desijt mundi hujus , praeterij● species & deceptio illius . discedite a me , &c. ibidem . r professio iudorum , altera via est mundi , quae ducit ad diabolum , generalem viam perditionis . chrysost●m hom . in matth. tom. . col. b. s hom. . in matth. tom. . col. . b. see here , pag● . h. t hom. . pag. . see here , pag. . z. u pl●ce●ne tandem vitam aeternam peti aut sperari à dijs poeticis , theatricis , ludicris , scenicis ? absit ; imò avertat deus verus tam immanem sacrilegamque demétiam . nunquid ab ijs dijs quibus haec placent , & quos haec placant , cum eorum illic crimina frequentantur vita aeterna poscenda est ? nemo , ut arbitror , usque ad tantum praecipitium furio●ssimae impietatis insanit . nec fabulosa igitur nec civili theologia sempiternam unquam adipiscitur vitam : illa enim de dijs turpia ●●nge●do festinat , haec favendo metit , &c. ambae turpes , ambaeque damnabiles . hin●cinè vita aeterna sperabitur unde ista brevis temporalisque polsuitur ? an vero vitam polluit consortium nefariorum hominum si se inserunt affectionibus & assentionibus nostris , & vitam non polluit s●cietas daemonum qui coluntur criminibus suis ? si veris , quam mala● si falsis , quam male . ibidem . * se● act . scene ● y matth . . ioh. . . z see act . scene . a m. gosson , and the author of the . blast of retrait from playes . a see here , act . scene . c see act . . & chorus . act . scene . act . scene . , , , , , . d see act . scene . . e see act . scene . , , , . f see act . scene . & act . scene . g act . scene . & . accordingly . * act . scene . h isay . . psal. . psal. . . isay . , . ioel . . mal. . . * habet nunc consilium omnis iniquus praesentia appetere , aeterna deserere , injusta agere , justa deridere : sed cum judex justorum injustorumque venerit , suo unusquisque impius consilio praecipitatur , quia per hoc quod hic appetere pravis cogitation●bus elegit , in aeterni supplic●j tenebras mergitur . greg. ●agnus . moral . lib. . cap. . * vnusquisque ergo nostrum ad paenitentiae lamenta confugiat , dum f●ere ante p●rcussionem vacat● revo●●mus ante oculos mentis quicquid errando ●ommisimus , & quod nequiter ●gimus , ●●en●o puniamus , greg mag. epistolarum . lib. . cap. . fol. . b. argument . i rom. . . iohn . marke . . thes. . . matth. . , , . k iam. . , . rev. . , . prov. . , . luke . . qui nunc malè se in voluptatibus dilatat , eum post in supplicijs paena co●ngust●t . qui hic in volup●ate laetatus est , illic perpetua ulti●ne laet●tur . gregor . magnus . mo●al . lib. . cap. l matth. . , . cap. . . mark. . . see chrysost. hom. . in matth. & opus imperfectum in m●tth . homil. . * mortem morte dissolvere , occisione occisionem dispargere , tormentis tormenta distutere , supplicijs supplicia evaporare , vitam auferendo conferre ; carnem saedendo juvare , animam eripiendo servare ; perversitas quam putas ratio est , quod saevitiam existimas gratia est . errorem operis fructus excusat . tertul. adversus gnosticos . tom. . pag. . . m matth. . . see chrysostom . hom. . in matth. * see gregor . mag. moral . li● . cap. m●tth . . . o dn. . . matth. . . cap. . , . ma●k . . . ioh. . . c. . . isay . . p isay . . exod. . . . nahum . . . q prov . ier. . . sam . . dulcia se in bilem ver●unt , &c r mark. . iohn . , . propterea de gehenna jugiter audiamus , ut ex huius minis & tumore multum emolumenti capiamus nam si deus peccantes in eam dejecturas hujus min●s non praemisisset , in eam multi cecidis●●nt . si nunc enim timore animas nostras concutiente sunt aliqui tam facile peccantes , ta●quam nec ips● sit : si nihil horum dictum fuisset , neque intentatum quid mali non fecissemus ? ●●r●s●st . ad pop. antioch . hom. . tom. col. . a s see act . . & cho●us . t iob ● . , ● , . isay . , , . iam . , . rev. . . chrysost. hom. . & . in matth. * confessionum . lib. . c. . . & . l. . c. . . l. . c. . . u matth . . , , , . * see act . thorowout . * citius ad precem judex flectitur , si à pravitate sua petitor corrigatur . imminente ergo t●ntae animadversionis gladio nos importunis flectibus insi●tamus . qui simul omnes peccavimus , simul omnes mala quae fecimus , deploremus ; ut districtus iudex dum culpas nostras nos punire considerat , ipse à sententiae propositae damnationis parcat . greg. magnus . epist ex registro . lib. . cap. . indict . . fol. . c.d. the canonicall and apocryphall scripture condemns stage-playes . (a) see act. , and . act. . scene , , . & act. . scene , . (b) see act. , , . where these scriptures are quoted and applied at large . (c) plane nusquam invenimus ita aperte prohibitum in sacris scripturis ; non in circum ibis , non in theatrum● quemadmodum non occides , non maechaberis , attamen occulte prohibentur : in ps : . v. , &c nam specialiter quaedam prolata generaliter sapiunt . tertul : de spectaculi● lib : cap : , : vide ibidem . (d) see tertul. de spectac c . to . cyprian de spectaculis ●ib . chrysost. h , , , & , in matth. with the moderne writers , act. , , . & act. . scene . (e) scriptura , inquam , omnia ista spectaculorum genera damnavit , quando idololatriam sustulit ludorum omnium matrem● unde haec vanitatis et levitatis monstra venerunt . cyprian . de spectacu●is lib : edit , pamelij coloni● agrip. , p. , . vide ibid. (f) de spectaculis lib. c. . to . . de corona militis lib. & de idololatria lib. (g) de vero cultu l. , c . (h) catechesis my●tagogica . (i) hom. , , , & in matth. hom. , , & , ad pop : antiochiae ; & hom. ● de poenitentia . (k) de civit. dei , l. , c. ● to ● , , . de symbolo ad catechumenos , l. , c. , . & l. , c. . (l) de gubernatione dei lib. . (m) see act. , , , & chorus . (n) see act. , , , , , , throughout . (o) see act. , , and . (p) bp. babington , perkins , dod , elton , downham , brinsly , lake , williams , bp. andrewes , and others , quoted act , , scene ● & . (q) similiter impudicitiam omnem amoliri iubemur : hoc etiam modo a theatro seperamur , quod est privatum consistorium impudicitiae , &c. habes igitur et theatri interdictionem de interdictione impudicitiae . de spectac . lib. cap. . (r) de spectaculis lib. cap. ● , . , & . (t) see here , act. , scene , p. . (v) see act. , scene , p. . (x) in their enarrations and commentaries on psal. . octona , v. , & cyrillus hierusol . catechesis mystagogica . see act , scene , p. , . (y) see act , scene , , ● where their words are quoted : & act , scene , ● . z lectio . . in proverb . salomonis . a lectio . in lib. sapientiae . b see rabanus maurus & lyra on this chapter ; and iosephus antiqu . iudaeorum l. . c. . c see ier. . . . * which was prohibited expresly , by deut. . , , . & condemned , by kings . . to . chron. . . & . . psal. . . ier. . . ezek. . . c. . , . c. . . * see likewise the . of maccabees , c. . v. , , ● . d antiq. iudae . orum l. . c. . e in their d●ctionaries , gymnasium , & gymnica ars . f originum l. . c. . to . & l. . cap. . g see clemens constit. apost . l. . c. , . cyprian de specta●ulis lib. chrysost. hom. , , , & . in matth. & hom. , , , , , . ad pop. antiochiae accordingly . h see e , and f , before . i see isiodor . hilpalensis originum , l. . cap. . to . caelius rhodiginus antiq. lectionum l. . c. . alexander ab alexandro lib. . c. . adrianus turnebus adversariorum l. . c. . * see plutarch de gloria atheniensium . cyprian de spectaculis . tatianus oratio adversus graecos . august . de civit. dei lib. . cap. , , , . & lib. . cap. . k sixtus senensis bibl. sanct. l. . p. . to . andradius de libris canonicis lib. . l dr. reinolds , whitaker , danaeus , willet and others , de libris apochryphis et canone script . controversiae . bp. mortons protestants appeale lib. . cap. . dr. field of the church , booke . cap. , , . m see act. . scene . p. . horace de arte poetica . dionysius hallicarn . antiqu. rom. l. . sect . . & mac. ● , , . n see iosephus antiqu. iudaeorum lib. . cap. . o iosephus antiqu . iudaeorum l. . c. . see cap. . & lib. . cap. . f mac. . , . g mac. . . . to . h mac. . . & mac. . , , . i mac. . , , . & mac. , , , to . k constit. apostol . l. . c. , & l. . c. . l clemens romanus constitutionum apostolicarum lib. . cap. . apud surium concil . tom. ● . p. . the title of which chapter is this ; canones varij pauli apostoli . see scene . towards the end . m deut. . kings . . deutr. . , , . rom● ● . n exod. . . gen. . . levit. . . deutr. ● . . ● . c. . . c. . . c. . . dan. . . to . iosh. . . * de quibus apertissime divina scriptura sanxit , non differenda sententia est , sed potius exequenda . concil . aquisgra●ense sub ●udo vico pi● can. . p rom. . . . luke . . q psal. . . gal. . . the whole primitiue church both before and under the law and gospell condemned stage-playes . (r) deut : . . c. . . psal : . , . rom. ● . . (s) antiq. iudaeorum l. , c. , l. , c. , , & l. , c. . (t) mac. . v. , , . mac. . v. . to . (v) exod. . ● . levit. . . deut. . . to . c. . . c. . . psal. ● . . ioh. . . see the homelies against the peril of idolatry . (x) exod. ● . . see act. . scene . p. , . (y) see tertullian and cyprian de spectaculis . diodorus siculus bibl. hist. l. . s. . iosephus antiqu. iudaeorum l. . c. . & bulengerus de circo , &c. cap. ● . (z) see exod. . . c. . ● . levit. . . deut. . . kings . , . c. . . c. . . c. . , . chron. ●● . . c. . . c. . . to . (a) iosephus antiqu. ●udaeorum l. . c . (b) see act. . scene , . ier. . , , . & the scriptures quoted pag. , . (c) see act. , . d antiq. iudaeorum l. . c. . & l. . c. . . e de agricultura lib. f mac. . v. . to . g see mac. . & mac. c. . & . h antiqu. iudaeorum l. . cap. . i antiqu. iudaeorum l. . c. ● . see act. . s●●ne . k antiqu. iudaeo●um l. . c. . & l. . cap. . l see antiqu. iudaeorum l. . c. . m antiq. iudae . orum lib. . cap. . n ecclesiasticae hist. l. . c. , . o de scriptoribus . ecclesiasticis lib. philo. p contra faustum manichaeum l. . c. . q trithemius , possevine , & others . r de agricultura lib. opera . basileae . tom. . p. , . & de iudice lib. tom. p. . see act. . scene . & s hanc ob rem ille maximus moses equum censuit , ut omnes ascripti eius civitati ius naturae sequentes , celebrarent hunc diem mundi natalem , otio , festisque hilarita tibus , intermissis laboribus et opificiis quaestuariis , negotiisque victum comparantibus , ablegata etiam tantisper , seu per inducias solitudine anxia ; ut vacarent , non ludicris ( sicut quidam ) ridendisque spectaculis mimorum , saltatorumque , quae insanus vulgus amat perdite , et per praecipuos sensus , visum auditumque captivat animam suapte ingenio liberam ac dominamised soli verae philosophiae , quae constat ex his tribus , consiliis , dictis , factisque in unam speciem coaptatis , ut quaesita fruantur faelicitate . de vitae mosis enarratio . lib. . tom. ● p. . t de vita contemplativa lib. tom. . pag. . to . v vidisti cum quanta olim honestate nuptias egerint ? audite qui satanicas pompas admiramini , et statim ab initio nuptiarum honestatē dedecore afficitis . num tunc tibiae ? num tunc cymbala ? num tunc choreae diabolicae ? quare enim ( dic mihi ) tantum statim ab initio damnum inducis in domum tuam , et eos qui in scenis et orchestris operam locant , vocas , ut cum intempestivo sumptu virginis laedas continentiam , et iuvenem impudentiorem facias , &c. tom. . col. . b. vid. ibid. x homil. . in levit. hom. . in isaiam , & hom. . in hieremiam . see act. . seene . siquidem moyses illa universa sustulerit , quae hominum generi nihil conducerent : susceperit vero duntaxat et foverit , quae utilia sorent et omnibus profitura ; ita ut nec certamina essent apud iudaeos hos instituta qualia apud gentiles , in quibus nudi homines decertarent , vel ex equis contenderent , prostituerenturque omnium libidinibus faeminae , ut per impudicitiam naturae illuderetur . sed illud profecto erat apud iudaeos praecipuum , ut vel a teneris unguibus excedere naturam omnem , et superare sensibilem discertat , et nulla eius in parte residere deum existimare , ut quem in supernis et extra corpora conquirebant , &c. ori●en c●ntra celsum ● . . tom. . sol . . c. vid. ibid. y porro beatus ille iob plenissime nomen et officium liberalitatis implebat , qui nihil indulgens ebrietati et crapulae , nec sequens huius vitae vanitates et insanias falsas , se totum pauperum necessitatibus impendeb●t . non alebat leones , ursos , aut simias ; non confluebant ad e●m histriones , dulcorarii , fabularum aut nugarum inanium concentores , sed ex pura liberalitatis cons●ientia , dicebat ; humerus meus a iunctura sua cadat , et brachium meum cum ossibus avellatur , si negavi pauperibus quod volebant , si oculos viduae expectare feci , &c. o quam melioret per omnia commendabiliorest , maesta , honesta et sobria haec liberalitas , quae ad vitam aeternam fructificat , quam illa quae subvertit animam , rationem hebetat , corpus destruit , & aedificatad gehennam . petrus blesensit epist. . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . z hebr. . , . &c. . , . a haec sancta catholica et apostolica ecclesia reprobat omnes scortationes , et adulteria , et petulantiam . et idololatriam , et caedem , et omnem iniquitatem , &c. prohibet theatra et ludos equestres , venationem , musicos item , &c. contra h●reses l. . tom. . neare the end . edi● . luteri●e paris . . col. , . b aeque spectaculis vestris in tantum renunciamus in quantum originibus corum , quas scimus de superstitione conceptas . nihil nobis dictu , visu , auditu cum in●●nia circi , cum impudicitia theatri , cum xysti vanitate ; spectaculis non convenimus . apologia advers . gentes c. . & . operum . tom. . parisiis . p. , c numquid ergo superest ut ab ipsis ethnicis responsum flagitemus ? illi iam nobis renuncient , an liceat christianis spectaculo uti ? atquin hinc vel maxime intelligunt factum christianum , de repudio spectaculorum . itaque negat manifeste qui per quod cognoscitur tollit . de spectac . cap : . tom. . p. . d monomachias nobis spectare interdictum est , ne videlicet participes huiusmodi caedium reddamur . nec caetera spectacula spectare audemus , ne oculi nostri inquinentur , et aures nostrae hauriant profana , quae ibi decantantur carmina . neque dum thyestis tragica facinora commemorat &c. nec fas nobis est audire adulteria deorum hominumque , quae suavi verborum modulantur mercede , &c. theophilus antiochenu● ad autolicum l. . bibl. patr. tom. . p. . g.h. e alieno ab his spectaculis animo sumus . at●enag●ras , pro ch●●stianis legatio . bibl. pa●rum . tom. . p. . g. h. f vos vero suspēsi interim ac solliciti honestis voluptatibus abstinetis , non spectacula ●isitis , non pompis interestis . minucius felix octavius oxoniae . p. . g nos igitur qui moribus et pudor● censemur , merito malis volup atibus vestris et pompis vestris et spectaculis abstinemus , quorum et de sacris originem novimu● , et noxia bland●menta damnamus . i●i●em . ● . . vid. ibid. h epis●olarum lib. . epist. : edit . erasmi antwerpiae . tom. . pag. , . see act. . scene . pag. , . wher● his words are quoted at large . i hoc etiam placuit , ut filii episcoporum vel ciericorum , spectacula secularia non exhibeant , sed nec spectent , quandoquid●m ab spectaculo et omnes laici prohibeantur . sem●er enim ch●●stianis omnibus hoc interd●ctum est , ut ubi blasphemi sunt● non accedant . conc●l . carthag . . can. ● ●pud suri●●● concil . tom. . p. . cintur . magd. tom. . cap. . col. . k sed nunc tac●ntibus nobis , et nihil de hoc dicentibus , sponte orchestram obstruxerunt , et circu● inaccessibil●s factus est . et ante hac nostrorum multi ad il●os currebant : nunc autem illinc omnes ad ecclesiam confugerunt , et nostrum laudant deum . homil. ● a● p●● . a●tioch . tom. . col. . c. l diruemus ig●tur omnium loca ludorum ● inqui●s , vtinam iam diruta essent , quamvis quantum ad nos attinet , iampridem desolata iacent . chrysostom . homil. . in matt● . tom. . col. . c. m deinde quod de faelicitatis rerum humanarum d●minutione● per christiana tempora conqueruntur , si libro● philosophorum legant , ea reprehendentium quae nunc eis etiam recusantibus et murmurantibus subtrahuntur , tum vero magnam laudem reperient temporum christianorum . quid enim eis minuitur faelicitatis , nisi quod pessime luxurioseque abutebanturin magnam creatoris iniuriam ? nisi forte hinc sint tempora , mala , quia per omnes paen● civitates cadunt theatra , cavcae ●●rp●tudinum et publicae professiones flagitioso●ū &c de consenl● evangelist●ris l. ● c. ● ● to● pars . . p● . n . sam. . , ● . o cor. . ● p milites christi scacos era●eas detestan●ur , abhorrent venationem . nec ludricra illa avium rapina ( ut assol●t ) delectantur . mimos et magos , et fahula●ores , scurrilesque canūlenas , aut ludorum spectacula , tanquam vani●ales et i●sani as fal●as respuunt et abominantur . capil●o●●ondent , scientes ●uxta apostolum , ig●●miniam esse viro si comam nutrie●t . ber●ard . ad mi●●●es templ● sermo . ●ap . . opera an●wer●● . co● . l●m . q concilium eliberinum can. . arelatense . can. . and . arelatense . can. . constantinop . . ca● . . carthaginense . can. . r clemens romanus consti● . apostolic . l. . c. . tertul . de pudicitia cap. . cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . eucratio : chrysost : hom. . de david . et saule s ioannis sarisberiensis de nugis curialium l. . c. . gratian. distinctio . & . & de consecratione distinctio ● . alexander de hales summa theologiae , pars . quaest. . artic. . sect . . p . aluarus pelagius , de planctu eccles. lib. . artic. . astexanus d● casibus l. . tit. . artic. . ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi pars . c. . i. phocius monocanonis tit. ● . c. , . summa angelica histrio . tostatusin matth. tom. . fol. . e. centur. magd. tom. ● . col. . baronius & spondanus anno christi . sect . . & . sect . . dr. reinolds , mr. northbrook , & mr. gosson in their treatises against stage-playes . bul●ngerus de theatro l. . c. . the . blast of retrait from playes and theatres p. . with sundry others . se● act. . scen. . p. , . t concil● eliberinum can. . theodoret contra g●aeco● infideles lib. . de martyribus tom. . p. . primasius comment● in epist. ad rom. c. . fol. . antomni chronicon . pars . tit. . c. . sect . . fol. . baronius & spondanus anno christi . sect . . codex theodo●●i l. . tit. . lex . ● . see here act. . scene . & . v see baronius & spondanus annal. eccles. anno christi . sect . . . x act. . chorus : page . to . & act. . scene . y impudenter in ecclesia daemonia exorcizat , quorum voluptates in spectaculis laudat : et cum ●emel illi renuncians , recisa sit res omnis in baptismate ; dum post christum ad diaboli spectaculum vadit , christo tanquam diabolo renunciat . de spectaculis lib. edit . pamelij coloniae agrip . . p. . z originum l. . c. . see act. . scene a episcopi et clerici vel hi qui modo recens initiati sunt et adorandis mysteriis dignati , praedicant , ut renuncient adversarii daemonis cultui et omnibus pompis eius , quarum non minima pars spectacula sunt : corpus iuris civilis . lugduni . tom. . fol. . vid. ibidem . b polluere etiā suas manus , et oculos , et aures sic damnatis et proh●biti● ludi● &c ibidem . c vocis illius recorderis , quam dum sacris initiareris , emisisti● abrenuncio tibi satanae , & pompae tu●e , & cultui-tuo : circa margari , tarum enim cultum insania , est pompa satanica . a●rum enim c●pisti , non ut corpus vincias , s●d ut pauperes solvas , etenutrias . dic igitur continue , abrenuncio tibi satana . nihil hac tutius voce , si ipsam per opera exhibeamus . haec enim vox confaederatio cum domino est . et sicut nos servos ementes , ipsos qui venduntur , primo in●errogamus , an nobis servire velint : ita facit et christus . quando debet te in servitutem capere , prius interrogat an velis illum crudelem tyrannum dimittere , et immitem , et ad foedera suscipit : non enim coactum est ipsius imperium , &c. homil. . ad populum antioch . tom. . col. . c. d. d et post haec omnia , non testes a nobis , non chirographa exigit , sed sola contentus est voce : et si dicas ex corde , abrenuncio tibi satana , et pompae tuae , totum recepit . hoc igitur dicamus , abrenuncio tibi satana , tanquam in illa die huius vocis rationem reddituri , et ipsam custodiamus , ut salvum tunc reddamus depositum . pompa vero satanica sunt , theatra , circenses , et omne peccatum , et dierum observatio , et praesagia , et omina &c. ibidem col. . e sine verbo hoc nunquam in forum prodeas , sed cum es ianuae vestibula transgressurus , hoc prius loquere verbū , abrenuncio tibi satana , et coniungor tibi christe . ne unquam absque hac voce exeas ; haec erit tibi bacculus , haec arm●tura , haec turris inexpugnabilis ; sic ut non tantum homo occurrens , uerum nec ipse diabolus te quicquam laedere poterit , cum his te cernens armis ubique apparentem . ibidem col. d. . a. f act. . chorus p. ● , . g si te pompa illa , figura ea● equorum , compositio ornatus et aurigae superstantis , equos regentis , vincere cupientis &c. si haec te , ut dixi , pompa delectat , nec hanc tibi denegavit , qui pompis diaboli renuncia●e praecepit ; habemus et nos spiritualem nostiam aurigam &c. fugite dilectissimi spectacula , fugite caveas ●urpissimas diaboli ne vos vincula teneant m●ligni . ibid. tom. . pars . p. , . h novissime , et omnibus pompis e●us . quae sunt , inanis iactantia , canora musica , in quibus saepe solvitur et mollitur christianus vigor , spectacula turpia , vel super●●ua et reliqua . ibidem , opera lu●●tia . paris . . col. . i de sacramentalibus praecibus et ritibus baptismi , tit. . cap. . sect . . operum . tom. . venetiis . fol. . vid. ibid. sect . , , , , . k quoted by alexander fabritius destruct . vitiorum pars . c. . l destruct . vitiorum pars . c. . see act. . scene . p. , . m history of the waldenses , p. . cap. . p. . see act. . scene . p. . n pompis diaboli renunciant , quae sunt spectacula , ludi , choreae , ornatus vestium vel aliarum rerum , et quaeque superflua . de antiquo ritu missarum l. c. . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . e. * see act. . scene . q quin etiam in solenni illo tempore baptismi solita ab omnibus fie●● renunciatione , spectaculis quoque abrenunciare fideles moris fuisse in ecclesia gallicana , salvianus testatur ; et alibi sub pompis diaboli quibus renunciari mos est , inclusa censita fuisse spectacula , cyrillus docet , et omnes alii interpraetantur . baronius & spondanus : annal. ec●les . anno christi . ●ect . . & . r in their dictionaries , in the word , pompa . s paedagog . l. . c. . & l. . c. t de spectaculib . v advers . gentes lib. . x de corona militis c. . & . & de spectaculis lib. y de recta educatione ad seleucum . x de corona militis c. . & . & de spectaculis lib. y de recta educatione ad seleucum . z hom. . de davide et saule . hom. . , & . in matth. hom. . in acta hom. . . ad pop. antioch . & oratio . tom. . col. . b. a de symbolo ad . catechumenos , l. . c. . & l. . c. . b de gubernat . dei. l. . c de aureo asino l. . p. . d contra symmachū l. . & . e isiodor . hisp. originum l. . c. . minutius felix octavius p. . . f de re equestri lib. g epist. in verrem l. . ad atticum l. . ep. . . h controvers . l. . praefatio . i hist. rom. l. . . k antiqu. rom. l. ● . & l. . sect . . l fastorum l. . p. . & amorum l. . eleg. . m de gloria atheniensium lib. n iulius s. o miles gloriosus et mostellaria . p dipnosoph . l. . c. . & . q bibl. hist l. . r saturnalium l. . c. . s historiae l. . & . t lucan pharsal . lib. . v see bulengerus de triumphis lib. c. , , . de ludis circensibus , cap. . g●dwins roman antiquities , l. . sect . . ●ap . p. . see iosephus antiqu iudaeorum l. . c. . & here page . concilium eliberinum can. . x act. ● . & chorus ibidem . y apostolorum canones , can. . surius concil . tom. . p. ● . gratian distinctio . . see here scene . towards the end . * saltantium virorum choris diabolus adest in medio ; adest enim a meretriciis cantilenis , a verbis obscaenis , a diabolica pompa vocatus . at tu omni huiusmodi pompae nuntium remisisti , teque christi cultui mancipasti die illo quo sacris mysteriis dignus habitus es . recordare itaque verborum illorum pacti conventi , et ne illud violes , cave . chrysost. hom. in s. iulianum , tom . edit . front● . ducai , parisii● . p. . z centuriae magd. cent. . cap. . de disciplina et moribus , col. , . cent. . cap. . col. . & cap. . col. . cent. . c. . col. . & cent. . c. . col. . a annal. ecclesiast . anno christi . sect . . . anno . sect . . anno . sect . . & anno . sect . . b a christo christiani sunt cognominati . non se autem glorietur christianum , quī nomen habet , et facta non habet . vbi autem nomen sequutum fuerit opus , certis●ime ille est christianus , quia se factis ostendit christianum , ambulans sicut et ipse ambulavit , a quo et nomen traxit . isiodor hispal . originum l. . c. . c see the . epistle to my perpetuity , the epistle to the reader before healths sicknesse ; and healths sicknesse , edit . . p. , . d nihil nisi grande aliquod bonum a nerone damnatum est . et argumentum recti est malis displicere . seneca , de vi●a beata , cap. . e nonnulli pessime loquuntur de optime meritis . seneca de be●●fi●ijs lib. . cap. . f cor. . . iam. . , . iude , . g see hyppolitus de consummatione mundi oratio . bibl. patrum tom. . f. . a. d. h christiani esse dicuntur , et non sunt , qui per flagitia et turpitudines suas no men religionis infamant , qui , ut scriptum est , ore fatentur se nosse d●um , factis autem neg●nt ; per quos , ut legimus , via veritatis blasphetur , et sacrosanctum domini dei nomen sacrilegorum hominum maledictione violatur . et ideo hoc ipso christiani deteriores sunt , qui meliores esse deberent . non enim probant quod fatentur , et impugnant professionem suam moribus suis ; magis enim damnabilis est malitia , quam titulus bonitatis accusat ; et rea●us est impii pium nomen . salvian de gubern . dei , lib. . p. , , . i cor. . , . iude . . k malitia ita infecit corda multorum , ut cum superatos damnatosque se esse sentiant , tamen venen● mentium non amittant , et quod solum possunt nos oderint , per quos putant se libertatem haereseos docendi perdidisse . hierom. epist. . l at nos virtutes ipsas invertimus atque sincerum cupimus ●as incrustare : probus quis nobiscum vivit ? multum est dimissus homo , &c. horace serm. l. . satyr . ● . p. , . m expedit vobis neminem videri bonum● quasi ali●na virtus exprobatio delictorum vestrorum sit . i●viti splendida cum sordibus vestris confer●is , nec intelligitis quanto id vestro detrimento audeatis . nam ●i illi qui virtutem sequuntur , avari , libidinosi , ambitiosique sunt , quid vos estis , quibu● ipsum nome● virtutis odio est ? seneca de vita bea●a cap. . n ea ecclesijs displicent , quae omnibus bonis non placent . hierom. epist. ● . cap. . * prov. . . hebr. . . councels & synods , togethe● with sundry canonicall constitutions against players , play●haun●ters and stage-playes● o apud laurentium surium . concil . tom. . coloniae agrip. . p. , . binius concil . tom. . n●colinus concil . tom . petrus crab. concil . tom. . coloniae agrip. . p. . & c●rranza sūma concil . paris●is . fol. , . centuriae mag. ce●t . . cap. . col. . p eodemque tēpore et illud sacratissimum concilium apud areleten , sexcentorum episcoporum colligitur . adonis chronicon . aetas . . bibl. pa●r . tom. . pars . p. . g. see baronius & spondanus ann● c●risti . sect . . q surius concil . tom. . p. . crab. tom. . p. . c●rranza fol. . centur. magd. col. ● . r see surius ●● . . p. , . s surius tom. p. , . crab. tom. . p. ● . ca●●anza . fol. . cent. m●gd . . col. . biniu● concil . tom. ● . pars . p. . t see centur. magd. tom. . col. . baronius & spondanus anno christi . sect . , . v surius tom. . p. . crab. tom. . p. binius tom. . pars . p. . carranza . fol. ●● centur. magd. . col. ● . gratian. de cons●●ratione distinctio . * suriu● concil . tom. ● . p. . x see surius tom. . p. . & centuri●● magd. . col. , . y centuriae magd. . col. . baronius et spondanus anno christi . sect . , . prosperi chronicon anno . z su●ius tom. . p. , . crab. tom. . p. , . binius tom. . pars . p. . carranza . fol. . centut . magd. . col. , . gratian . de consecrat . distinct. . * see codex theodosiil . . tit. . lex . . a centur. m●g . ●● col. . b surius tom. . p. ● . petr. crab. tom. . p. . carranza fol. . gratian . de consecrat . dist. . & de consecrat . dist. . centur magd. . col. . c surius tom. p. , . d surius tom. . p. , , . gratian. de consecrat . dist. . crab. tom. . p. , , . * therefore they are no fit christmas pastimes . * nota. * nota. * which manifests the lewdnesse of their profession . * see codex theodos● l. . tit. . * which shewes the infamy and basenesse of stage-players . e surius concil . tom. . p. . grantian . causa ● . quaest . &c. . ●rab . tom. . p. . f baronius & spondanus anno . sect . . g surius tom. . p. . gratian . distinct. . centur. magd. . col. . crab. tom. . p. , . h see can. . . . i livie rom. hist. l. . sect . . tertullian de spectac . lib. bulengerus de venatione gir●i lib. cap. . p. . k 〈◊〉 tom. ● . p. . crab. tom. p. . * see concil . toletanum . canon . surius tom. . p. . to the same purpos● . l crab. tom. . p. . su●ius tom. . p. . centur. magd. . col. ● . m see act. . scene , . n surius tom. . p. . centur . magd. . col● . * surius tom. p. . centur. magd. . col. , . p see polydor virgil de invent . rerum l. c. . & act. . scene . bochellus decreta eccles. gal. l. . tit. . c. . q surius tom. . p. , . carranza . fol. , , . * see synodus turonica . apud bochellum vide august . de homil. in festū decreta eccles. gal. l. . tit. . c. . & . * fortasse cervula . de quo tempore serm. . & h. spelmanni glossarium ceruula . see asterii kalen●arum . & alchuvinus de divinis officiis l. ● . here. p. , . r carranza makes it canon . s surius tom. . p. , . t atenim christianus nec ianuam suam laureis infamabit si norit etiā quantos deos etiam ostiis diabolus affinxerit . ianum a ianua &c. tertul . de corona m●litis l. ● , . tom. . p . gratian causa . quaest. . & august . de rectit . cathol . tract . accordingly . & here act. . scene . v act. . & . x baronius & spondanus anno christi . sect . . y centur. mag. . col. . dr. crakenthorp his vigilius dormitans . london . cap. . sect . . p. . z baronius & spondanus anno christi . sect . . see surius , binius , crab , niccolinus , carranza , & merlin accordingly in their collections of councels . e surius tom. p. . carranza fol. . f surius tom. p. . carranza fol. . * nota bene . g surius tom. . p. . carranza . fol. . h cor. . i surius tom. . p. . carranza fol. . k deut. . . se● here act. . scene . throughout . hin●●harondas etiam legem posuit , contra signorum ordinumque in bellis desertores , aut arma pro patriae tutela om●ino de●●ectantes : ut id genus viri muliebri vestitu amicti triduum in foro desiderent : quae con●titutio cum leges alibi sancitas humanitate praestat , tum dissimulan●er probri magnitudine e●usmodi ingenio praeditos ab effaeminata mollitie deterret . siquidem mortē expetere longe praestat , quam tantum ignominiae dedecus in patria experiri . diod●ru●● siculu● bibl. hist l. . sect . . p. . which shewes how execrably infamous mens wearing of womens apparell was among the very heathen , & shall it not be much more odious among christians ? l surius tom. p. . see before p. . carranza fol. . m kings . , , &c. ●on●fires ther●f●re had their originall from this idolatrou● custome as this generall councell hath defined ; therefore all christians should avoid them . n lay men therfore ought to read the scriptures by this general councels resolution . see canon . . & apostolorum canones c●n. . clemens constit. apostol . l. . c. , , , . . c. . concil . laodicenum can , . carthag . ● . can. & . can. , . arausicanum . can. . tarraconense can. . valentinum can. . nicenū . can. . . cabilonense ● . can. , , . aqui●granense can. . toletanū . can. . & leo epist. decret . ep. . c. . accordingly . o surius tom. p. ● . carranza fol. . p prov. . q see synodus augustenfis anno . cap. . the . part of the homely against the perill of idolatry , p. , . bernard . ad gulielmum abbatem apologia . aelredus speculum charita●is c. . bibl. patr. tom . p. . & speculum charitatis l. . c. . ibid. p. . mapheus vegius de educatione libe●orum lib. . c. . * see iohn fields declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden : & mr. stubs his anatomy of abuses pag. , , . against beare-baiting . n lay men therfore ought to read the scriptures by this general councels resolution . see canon . . & apostolorum canones c●n. . clemens constit. apos●ol . l. . c. , , , . . c. . concil . laodicenum can , . carthag . ● . can. & . can. , . arausicanum . can. . tarraconense can. . valentinum can. . nicenū . can. . . cabilonese ● . can. , , . aqui●granense can. . toletanū . can. . & leo epist. decret . ep. . c. . accordingly . r talia etiam spectacula et tabularum et fabularum prohibemus . quare magistratibus adhibenda cura est ut ne que signis neque tabulis obscaenitas ulla aut faeditas o●ten●atur . polis . l. . ● . . s surius tom. . p. . see ioannis sarisberienfis de nugis curialium lib. . cap. . against hunting and hauking . ambrose ser. . tom. . p. . in psal. . octon . . tom. . p. . a. b. bonifacii epist. . bibl. patr. tom. . p. . petrus blesensis epist. . & . gratian. distinctio . hrabanus maurus tom. . p. . * carranza . fol. . b. can. . reades it paginas , but corruptly ; which synodus su●ssionensis thus expounds ; populus christianus paganis●mum non faciat . * surius tom. . p. . t surius tom. concil . p. , . baronius & spondanus anno christ . sect . . v surius tom. . p. . carranza . fol. . can. . x cor. . . y esay . , z surius tom. . p. . see capit. caroli magni apud bochellum decreta eccles. gal. l. . tit. . c. . p. . & tit. . c. . p. . where hee prohibits all enterludes , dancing , filthy and debolst songs , and diabolicall playes in the streetes , in houses , or in any other places under paine of excommunication , because they were but reliques of paganisme . * see concil . wormatiense , anno . can. . surius tom. . p. . accordingly . where this penalty is added . quod si quis harum personarum hac fue●it voluptate detentus , episcopus tribus mensibus se a communione suspendat , presbyter duobus mensibus , diaconus uno mense ab omni officio et communione abstineat . a surius tom. . p. . * see concil . matisconense . anno . agathense anno . nanetense . andegauēse . lingonense . carnotense ● . senonense . & aquense . apud bochellum decret . eccles. gal. l. . tit. . de clerico venatore p. , , accordingly . b surius tom. . p. , . * such are all the fooles or clownes in stage-playes . c see concil . coloniense anno . pars . cap. . d tim. . ● . e surius tom. p. . f luke . , , , . cor. . . iob . , . c. ● . to . * iam. . , , , . f luke . , , , . cor. . . iob . , . c. ● . to . g cor. . . h surius tom. . p. . i isiodorus de officiis l. . ● . . surius ibid. p. . k surius tom. p. . l see concil . coloniense anno . pars . cap. . concil . mediolanense . apud binium tom. . concil . p. , . & those other councels quoted in my answer to mr. cozens his cozening devotions : p. , . against the excesse and pride of clergy men in their apparel . see synodus mogunt . c. . m surius tom. . p. . n ephes. . q ephes. . r ephes. . s esay . . . o matth. . t surius tom. p. . * see linwood prov. constit. lib. . tit. de immunitate ecclesiae , f. , . ioannis de atō . othobonī constitutiones ne clerici iurisdictionem exerceant ; fol. , , . v surius tom. . p. . baronius anno sect . . x surius tom. . p. ● . see concil . basiliense here , num . . y see guagninus , rerum polonicarum , to● . . p. , . z gratian. distinctio . a that is , by the love of any saint whose health was drunke at such feasts and meeting● . see aug. de tempore sermo , ioannis de atō constitutiones concilii oxoniensis anno . & edmundi cant. archiepi●copi bound up at the end of linwood , fol. , . ioannes langhecrucius de vita & honest●eccle●iast . l. . c. . p. . ioannes fredericus de ritu bibendi ad s●nitatem . l. . c. . & my healths sicknes , p. , , . see here concil . . & . b surius tom. . p. . carranza fol. . c surius tom. . p. carranza fol. . ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi pars . c. c.d. * this drinking of h●althes i● likewise condemned by st. edmond archbishop of canterbury , anno dom. . in these very very tearmes . see ioannis de aton constitutiones provinciales , bound up at the end of lindwood fol. . accordingly . see concil . oxon. anno . cap. ne fiant scotteli si●e potationes communes . ibid. f. . b. ioannes langhecrucius de vita et honest. ecclesiast . l. . c. . p. c. & my healthes sicknesse ; together with concilium coloniense . pars . cap. . & pars . c. . surius tom. . p. , , accordingly . d bochellus decreta ecclesiae gallicanae lib. . tit. . c. . & henrici spelmanni glossarium● goliardus . see the same canon in effect made by willielmus parisiensis , apud bochellum decreta eccles. gal. l. . tit. . c. . & in sexti decretalia l. . tit. de vita et honest clericorum . ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi pars . c. p. e see bochellus decreta ●ccles . gall. lib. . tit. . cap. . p. f bochellus decreta ecclesiae gall. l. . tit. . c. . p. . * a play in nature of a mummerie ma●que or stage-play . * which wee call innocents day . g our moderne christmas playes and pastimes sprung from these popish enterludes and disorder● . h bochellus decreta eccles. gall. l. . tit. . cap. . p. . i surius tom. . p. . crab. tom. . p. . carranza fol. , . k see polydor virgil. de invent . rerum l. . c. . accordingly . l surius tom. . p. . & crab. tom. . p. , . m binius concil . tom. . p. , . n convivae utriusque sexus saltando et ludendo , clamando et ridendo bonam noctis obscurae partem consumūt &c. vulgus interim ducendis choreis occupatur &c. in nuptiis et aliis solennitatibus persaepe ad manuum complosarum fragorem choreas du●unt . guagninus rerum pollonicarum tom. . ● . . . o see here p. , , . * here we may see whence our disorderly christmas keeping had its derivation . p see ioannis mo●anus historia ss . imaginum l. . c. p. , . & act. . scene . p. . t● ● . polydor vi●gil . de inven● . ●erum l. ● . c. ● . & lud. vives notae in august . de ci●i● . ●●il . . c. . d. q boch●llus de● cr●ta ●c●l●s . gall. l. . tit. ● . cap. , . p. , . * nota. r bochellus decreta ecclesiae gall. l. . tit. . c. . p. . s surius tom. p. . t queene eliliz . iniunctions iniunct . . canons . . can. . see my heal●hes sicknesse , p. . v bochellus decreta eccles. gall. l. tit. . c. , , . p. . x bochellus decreta eccles. gal. l. . tit. . cap. , . p. . y bochellus decret . eccles. gall. l. . tit. . c. , , , . z cor. . . * such was the prophanes and irregularity of the roman clergie . a surius concil . tom. . p. , , . crab. tom. . p. , . binius tom. ● . p. , . * therefore they may not act academicall enterludes in colledges . b surius tom. . p. . crab. tom. . p. . * see concil . , & before . d levit. . . e ephes. . ● . f rom. . . g see concil . ; , , , ● , before accordingly . h dolentes referimus quod non ●olum quidam minores clerici , verum etiam aliqui ●cclesiarum praelati , circa commessationes superfluas et confabulationes illicitas ut deinceps taceamus , fere medium noctis expendunt● et somno residuum relinquentes , vix ad divinum concentum auium excitantur , transcurrendo undique contin●ata syncopa matutinū &c. concil . lateran . sub innocentio . cap. . surius tom. . p. . i see concilium laodicenū can. . aphricanum can. . agathense can. ● . veneticum can. . turonense . can. . constantinop . . can. . turonicum . can. . . cabilonense . can. . . moguntinum can. . rhemense can. . . accordingly ; besides others here quoted . see ioannes langhecrucius , de vita et honest. clericorum l. . c. . to . k crab. tom. . p. . surius tom. . p. . * see concil . , , , , ● before . l surius tom. . p. . * tim. ● . , * see concil . , & before . m prohibitionem scotalliarum , seu scotallarum , eta . liarum potationum convivii pro salute animarum et corporum , introductam provida approbatio . ne prosequentes , rectoribus , vicariis et capellanis parochialibu● praecipimus sub obedientiae debito firmi●er iungendo , quod parochianis crebra ex●hortatione , diligenter indicant , ne prohibitionis huius temorarii violatores . alioquin quos in hac parte culpabiles invenerint ab ingressu ecclesiae et sacramenti in communicatione ●amdiu su●pensos esse denuncient donec aliis cessantibus ad penitentiarium nostrum accesserint &c. communes autem pota●iones declaramus , quoties virorum multitudo quae numerum denarium excesserit , eisd●m domiciliis● potationis gratia immoratur . communes potationes quas scotallas mutato nomine charitatis appellant , detestantes huiusmodi potationum au●hores , et publice convenientes ad easdē e●cōmunicatos percipimus publice et solenniter denunciari , don●c super hoc sa●isfecerint competenter , et absolutionis beneficium meruerint obtinere . ioannis de aton cons●it . provinciales con●i●● oxoniensis a●no ● bound up at the end of linwood , fol. . h. n crab. tom. . p. . surius tom. . p. . o see ioannes langhecrucius de vita et honest . ecclesiasticorum l. . c. . & . accordingly . p crab. concil . tom. . p. . q surius tom. . p. . see bochel●us decre●a ecclesiae gallicanae l. . tit. . & . throughout to the same purpose . r . & . ed. . cap. . . h. . cap. . . car. cap. . see her● p. , , . s surius tom. p. . * see ioannis sarisberiensis de nugis curialium lib. . cap. . gratian. distinctio . alexander al●nsis pars . quaest. . memb. . artic. . sect . . p. , . mr. northbrooks treatise against dice-play . t surius tom. . p. . crab. tom. . p. . carranza fol. . v surius tom. . p. . carra●za fol. . x surius tom. . p. . binius tom. . p. . * nota. * so the papists repute them , though many of them have beene and yet are notorious strumpets . see bales , acts of english votaries . onus ecclesiae , cap. . sect . . & the anatomy of the english nonnery at lisborne , accordingly . y surius tom. . p. , . * see concil . , , here . z see concil . carthag . . cā . . . aquisgranense can. . matisconense ● . can. . & . can. . . constantinop . . can. . foro●iuliense can. , . turonense . can. , , , . lateranense sub innocentio . can. , , . & sub leone . s●ss . . de cardinalibus . lond●nense apud matth. paris . hist. p. . mediolanense . apud binium , tom. . p. , . nicaenum . can. . valentinum can. . cabilonense . can. . tridentinum sess. . decretum de reformatione cap. concilii basiliens . appendix . surius tom. . p. , . see ioannis langhecrucius de vita et honestate clericorum lib. . c. , , . & bochellus decretorum ecclesiae gallicanae lib. . tit. . de vestibus et ornatu clericorum p. . &c. where sundry other councels are cited to this purpose . * bochellus decretorum ecclesiae gallicanae l. . tit. . cap. , . p. . see hrabanus maurus homilia in domi●ici● diebus , operum tom. . p. , , accordingly . * nota. b bochellus decretorum ecclesiae gallicanae l. . tit. c. ● . p. . see concil . . before . c see surius , binius , & carranza , andradius defen● . concilii tridentini , & bellarm. de concil●is . d see bishop iewels epistle concerning the councell of trent , history of the councell of trent , edit . . p. . &c. dr. crakentho●p his vigilius dormitans , c. . sect . . to . e concilium tridentinum sessio . su●ius tom. ● . pag. . f see sessio . de reformatione can. , . sessi● . de reformat . c. , . sessio . de reformat . can. , . & sessio . de reformat . can. . & . g concilium nicaenum . can. , . eliberinum can. . arelatense . can. . . & . can. can. . antiochenum can. , , , , sardicense can. , , , , . constantipolitanum . can. . & . can. . carthaginense . can. , , & . can. , , . & . can. . & . . can. , . aphricanum can. . agatense can. . chalcedonense can. , , , , . surius tom. . p. , , , . & actio . p. . veneticum can. . ibid. p. . tarraconense can. . ibid. p. . londinensesub ottone , matth. paris . hist. angliae p. . turonense . can. . & . can. . toletanum . can. . & . can. . aur●lianense . can. ● . & . can. . bracarense . can. . apud palatium vernis can. ●● . nicaenum . can. , . ar●latense . can. , . cabilonense . can. , . aquisgra●ense anno . can. , , , . & sub ludovico pio anno . can. , . parisiense l. . ● . , . meldense cap. , , , . valentinū cap. , . capit. graecarum synodorum cap. . can. , , , , & . surius tom. . p. , , . concilium arim●ne●se cap. . surius tom. . p. . a. mediolanense apud binium tom. . p. ● . synodus heldesheimensis anno . apud crab. tom. . p. . concil . lingonen●e anno . nanetense a●no . apud salmurum . pictaviense . lingonense anno , & , & . . andegavense . carnotense . pari●iense . ebroicense . burdigense . rhemense . turonense . aquense . & tholosanum . apud bochellum decret . ecclesiae gall. lib. . tit. . de pastorum residentia . vid. ibidem . h apostolorum canones can. , , , , . epist. damasi papae . apud surium tom. . p. , . l●o epist. decretalium , epist. ● . c. . decreta hilarij papae , c. , , . surius tom. . p. , . decreta ioannis . cap. . ibid. p. , . decreta pelagii . ibid. p. , . . capit. adrianae papae . surius tom. . p. . decreta eugenii-papae cap. . ibid. p. . nicholai rescripta , tit. . cap. , , . linwood constit. provinc . l. . tit. de clericis nonresidentibus , fol. , . othoboni constitutiones apud ioan. de aton de residentia vicariorum , fol. . de residentia archiepis . et episc. fol. . & de institutionibus fol . to . summa angelica : clericus : sect . . summa rosella tit. residentia . ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi , pars . c. . cum infinitis aliis i binius tom. p. . langhe●rucius de vita ●t honestate clericorum l. . c. . p. , . k binius tom. . p. . l binius ibid. p. . m binius ibid. p. , . * no● . n see st. cyprian de ludo aleae , paris de puteo de ludo. baptista caccilialupus de ludo . stephanus costa de ludo in tractat. tractatuum . lugduni anno . p. . to . ioannis sarisberiensis de nugis curialium l. . c. . lyrae praeceptorium in octavo praecepto . alexander fabricius destructorium vitiorum pars . c. alvarus pelagius de planctu ecclesiae lib. . artic. . fol. . b. danaeus de ludo aleae , lib. alexander alensis summa theologiae pars . quaest. . memb. . sect . . p. ● , . mapheus vegius de educatione liberorum l. . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . f.g. & l. . c. . p. . c. roger hutchinson his image of god and man. epistle dedicatory . sir thomas eliot : governour . l. . c. . agrippa de vanitate sci●ntiarum , cap. . mr. george whetston his enemie of vnthriftinesse or mirrour for all magistrates , fol. . to . media villa pars . in sentent . distinctio . artic. . quaest. . fol. , . m● . stubs his anatomy of abuses , pag. . to . mr. northbrooke his treati●e against dice-play . mr. samuel byrd his treatise of the pleasu●es of this present life . epistle to the reader . & cap. , , . richard rice his destruction of small vices● ioannis langhecrucius de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum l. . c. . & l. . c. ● . summa angelica , & summa rosella . tit. ludus et alea. bp. babington , beacon , perkins , lake , dod , elton , downham , williams , ames , and others upon the . commandement dr humphrey of nobili●y lib. . mr. thomas gataker of the right u●e of lots , and his defence of that treati●e , ● . rawlidge his scourging of typlers , p. . to . tostatus tom. . in part . ma●th . quaes● . . to . and . olaus magnu● h●●toriae l. ● . c. , ● . p , . marianus socinus senensis super part . ● . lib. . decretalium de excessibus praelatorum cap . ● . . to . lessius de ius●itia et ●urel . c. . p. . to . with infinite others who have written against dice-play . vincentius speculum doctrinale l● . c. . * see constitutiones carolinae rubr. , . andreas fricius de republica emendenda . l. . c. . p. , , accordingly . b bochellus decre●orum ecclesiae gallicanae l. ● . tit. . c. . p. , . p bochellus ibid . tit. . cap ● . p. . q bochellus decret . eccles. gall. l. . tit. . cap. . p. . r bochellus ibid. tit. . cap. , , . p. , . * if then papists thus p●ovide for two sermons every lords day and holy-day to keepe the people from playes and sin●ull past●mes : shall protestants thinke one sermon every lords-day enough ? certainly mr. bucer was of another minde● for , saith he , dominicis di●bus in singulis parochi●● ad minimum duae , si non tres habentur conciones . bucer in mat●h . . . . & dr. b●nd of the sabbath p. ● . see bp. hooper● passage to this purpose , act. . scene . s bochellus decretorum ecclesiae gal●licanae l. . tit. . c. . p. , . * dominicus dies ideo dominicus appellatur , ut in eo a terrenis operibus , vel mundi illicebris ab●stinentes , tantum divinis cultibus serviamus . alchuvinu● de divinis officijs cap. . col. . t bochellus decretoram ecclesiae g●llicanae l. . tit. . c. . p. . v bochellus decret . eccles. gall. l. . tit. . c. , . p. . * our christmas enterludes and pastimes then had their originall from these popish enterludes . x bochellus decretorum ecclesiae gallicanae l. . tit. . c. . p. . y bochellus decret . eccles. gall. l. . tit. . c. . p. . z bochellus decret . eccles. gall. l. . ti● . c. . & p● , . a bochellus decretorum ecclesiae gallicanae l. . tit. . c. . p. . b bochellus ibid . tit. . c. . p. . see codex theodosii l. . tit. . c bochellus decret . eccl. gall. l. . tit. . cap . & . p. , . d bochellus decret . eccles. gall. l. . tit. ● cap. . p. . e ibid. lib. . tit. ● . cap. . p. . f these canons i have in a french manuscript , intituled ; le discipline ecclesiastique des egglises reformees du roi aume de france g see andreas fric●us de repub . emendanda l. . c. . p. . lydii waldensis pars . p. . here p. , , to , accordingly . h antea namque et reginae in conviviis virorum saltabant , sicut filiam herodiadis fecisse legimus , nunc vero vix famula dignatur hoc facere . chrysost. hom. de spir●●● tom. . ●●l . ● . a. h aspectibus meretriciis , & verborum l●nocinio , ●altationibus etiam ac lascivis gestibus , ●uvenum partem non contemnendam pell●ciunt , per●rahunque in stupri ●oci●tatem &c. de f●r●●●dine lib. p. . i hom. . in genesis● & hom. . in cor. c. . k colo●●s vero parietibus relinquamus , i●sque mul●e●●uli● quae caeno suo ●uvenes in rabiemagunt . ●llae sane et impudenter saltent et rideant . adver●us mulie●es ● . . l de ●●rietate et luxu sermo . see here p. , . m speculum morale cap. . disti●ctio . pars . p. , . n in matth. c. . o concio . & . operum tom. . coloniae agrippinae . col. , , , . f viz. concilium constantipolitanum . synodus nicaena . concil . constantinop . . concil . lateranense sub innocentio . * see act. . scene . * see act. . scen. . & ioannis molanus hist. ss . imaginum l. . c. . h wolphius chronol . ● . . c. dr. bond of the sabbath , ● . . p. . and others who have since followed their mistake . * gen. . , , , , . in genesi nox nō praecedentis di●i est , sed subsequentis ; id est , principium futuri , non finis praeteriti . hierom . in ion●m c●p . . tom. . p. ● . g. k see exodus . , , to . &c. . , . iosephus contra appionem l. . p. . chrysost. hom. . in genes . tom. . col. . b. & hom. . in matth. i●m . . col. . b. hierom com. in ionam cap. tom. . p. ● g. iosephus sca●●ger de emendatio●e temporum l. . de anno ludaeorum novitio , p. . & l. . p. ● , . godwin his iewish antiquities , l. . c. . p. . & ainsworth hi● annotations on genesis c. . v. . l mat●h . . . c. . . luke . . acts . . cor. . . & our creed . m hierom. cō in ionam c. . tom. . p. . g. & com. in mat●h . ● . v. . augustin . quaest. super evangelia l. . quaest. . & . gregory nyssen de resurrect . christi oratio . p. . theophilus antiochenus com. in m●tth . l. . bib● . patrum tom. . p. . anastatius sianita quaest. , . bibl. patrum tom. . pars . p. , . theophylact. com. in matth. c. . v. . see marlorat musculus , lyra , gorran , calvin , bucer , arctius , and others in matth. . v. & . v. . accordingly . n exod. . . * exod. . . p luke . , . &c. compa●ed together . q matth. . . compared with cap. . . . mark . , . iohn . . luk . . . acts . . cor. . . r exod. . , . c. . , , . deut. . , . s cor. . rev. . . compared with matth. . marke . . luke . . ioh. . . t see iustin martyr , apologia . pro christianis . aug●stine de tempore p. . dr. bond of the sabbath , and all commentaries on the . commandement , & others who have written of the sabbath , accordingly . v rev. . . x gen. . , , exod. . . to . y noctem enim ad quietem corporis datam esse cognoscimus , non ad muneris alicuius vel operis functionem , quae somno et oblivione trāscurritur . ambrosi● hex●eni . l. . c. . z concilium constantinop . . can. . & aquisgranense sub ludovico pio can. . polydor virgil. de inventoribus rerum l. . c. . ioannes langhecrueius de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum l. . c. . . * luke . . iohn● . . * christiani sol●ti ●rant ●tato die ante lucem convenire , carmenque christo , quasi deo dicere secum invicem . pliniu● secundu● epist. l. . epist. . which meetings tertullian stiles , nocturnae convocationes . ad v●orem l. . c. . and others . an●el●cani ca●u● . a and apud radulphum tungrensem de canonum observantia propositio . bibl. patrum tom. . p. ● . f. g. & tom● . p. . b apud alchuvini opera col. . c apud bochellum decret . ecclesiae gallicanae l. . tit. . cap. . p. . & ●it . c. . p. . see cap. . ibid. d observemus ergo diem dominicam fratres , & sanctifi●cemus illam sicut antiquis praeceptum est de sabbato , dicente legislatore ; a vespere usque ad vesperam celebrabitis sabbata vestra . videamus ne otium nostrum vanum sit , sed a vespera dici sabbati usque in vesperam dici do●inicae sequestratia rurali opere et ab omni negotio , solo divino cultui vacemus . de tempore serm● . see quaestiones super evangelia , l. . quaest. , . e propterea enim scriptura tenebras ponit ante lucem , quoniam prius eramus in errore , deinde trāsivimus ad lucem . propterea prior est vespera , deinde dies . hinc lege est constitutum , ut inciperetur a uespera , dominica ; quoniam a morte obscura processimus ad lucem resurrectionis . ibid. f nos dominicam a vespera sabbati auspicamur . ibid. g quemlibet diem a vespera computare , et cum praecedente nocte , ceu u●um copu●are solemus . sic e●im et moyses &c. vacationem a laboribus in sabbato ita descripsit , ut et praeceden●e nocte et sequenti die otium agerent . testes do iudaeos qui usque in hodiernum diem id observant ; quippe qui non illam noctem , quae sabbatum subsequitur , sed illam quae antegreditur cessatione ab operibus quiete colurit . et nos in observatione diei dominici , praecedentem noctem , tanquam cum die copula tam , et non sequentem noctem veneramu● . ibid. a most full testimony . * booke of martyrs , edit . . p. . i a vespera usque ad vespe●am dies dominic●s servetur . ●●hellu● decre● . e●cl●● . gal. l. ● . ti● . ● c. . p. . a v●●pera diei s●bba●i usque ad vesperam diei d●minici ●equestrati a rurali opere , et om●i negotio , so●o divino cultui vacemus hra●●nus maurus homiliae in dominicis di●bu● . ope●um tom. . p. . a. k gal. . . l see tertullian de spectaculis c. , . & here act. . scene . accordingly . m psal. ● , , . deut. . , , . acts . . iohn . . n ephes. . . to . phil. . , . tim. . . . o hebr. . . p eph. . , . col . . q col. . . deut . , , . ephes. . . r psal. . . lam. . . cor. . . s psal. ● . psal. . . luk. . . pet. . . t quis scit an adiiciant hodi . ernae crastina summae tempora dii superi ? hora● . carm. l. . ode . nemo in crastinum sui certus . seneca epist. . nemo tam divos habuit faventes crastinum ut possit sibi polliceri . seneca , thyestes act. . v psal. . . psal. . . prov. . . the●s . . . see chrysost. oratio habita kalendis . x luke . . y psal. . . ps. . . ps. ● . . ps. . ps. . ps. . . z see act. . scene . a see pag. . b see psal. . , . isay . . see here page . & . & . ed. . ● . . c see psal. , . ps. . , . d matth. . . * see matth. , . sam. ● . , . ioh. . , , . f pul●hra res est consummare vitam ante mortem , deinde expectare securus reliquam temporis sui partem . seneca epist. . * yea sometimes to act them too in our v●iversities . k therefore no academicall stage-playes . object . answ. * see chrysost. hom. . in mat. tom. . col. . d. & hom. . in mat. here , p. , where hee proves that lay-men as well as monkes & ministers ought to abstain from stage playes . l pet. . , , , . pet. ● . . m pet. ● . , . rev. . . hebr. . , . exo. . . isay . . & . . nonne et laici sacerdotes sumus ? scriptum est , nos sacerdotes deo et patri suo fecit . differentiam inter ordinem et plebem constituit ecclesiae authoritas . sed et ubi tres , ecclesia est , licet laici t●rtullian . exhor●atio ad castitatem cap. . n cor. . . * iam. . . p pet. . . q levit. . . c. ● . . c. . . pet. . , . r gen. . . deut. . , . tim. . . hebr. . . col. . , . ephes. . , c. . , , . &c. . . o see act. . scene , . & accordingly . p see the difference betweene the ecclesiastical power and regall englished by henry lord stafford ; and dedicated to the duke of sommerset ; printed cum privilegio ; & dr. crakenthorp of the popes temporall monarchy accordingly . q see concil . . r see concil . . , , , , , , , , & , accordingly . s apostolorum canones apud s●rium concil . tom. . p. . gratian. distinctio . carranza fol. . can. . see binius & crab tom. . conciliorum , apostolorum canones , can. . t see here act. . scen. . p. . act. . scene , . dr. reinolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . & codex theodos● lib. . tit. . accordingly . whence scenica mulier , or mima , is used for a whore . see nazienzen oratio . p. . chrysost. hom. . in matth. . col. . d. v constitutio●num apostol . l. . c. . apud surium concil . tom. . p. , . x psal. . . y psal. . , . z ier. . . a iob . b acts . c col. . * col. . d ephes. . e cor. . f clemens romanus constit. apost . l , c. . canones vari● pauli apostoli , p. . * he meanes hunting of and combating with wilde beasts in amphitheaters , which was sti●led , venatio . see tertullian . de spectac . lib. & lypsius de amphitheatro , & bulengerus de venatione circi lib. accordingly . g surius concil . tom. . p. . iuo decre●orum pars . c. . buchard●s l. decretorum cap. . ioannes langhecrucius de vita ●t honestate ecclesiasticorum l. . c. . p. . h surius concil . tom. . p. . & gratian . distinctio . * stageplayes and such like spectacles were stiled munera , because they were freely bestowed by the magistrates on the people as a boone or gift . see codex theodosii l. . tit. , , . i ioannis de wankel . brevi . arium sexti . l. . tit. . de vita et honestate clericorum fol. . ioannis de burgo pupilla oculi , pars . c. . p. * so wankel , spelman , and others interpret the word goliardos : so doth gulielmus parisiensis de vitiis et vir●tibus c. . p. . k ioannis de wankel clementinarum conclusiones , tit. de statu monachorum fol. , , . l ibidem . m carranz● fol. 〈…〉 eccl 〈…〉 . ti● . . c. ● , . * see ioannis nyder . expositio praecepto . ru● dec●logi , praeceptum . cap. . fol. . * p●i . constitut . an. & ioan. langhecrucius de vita et honest. ecclesiastic . l. . c. . p. . * here p. . * schiscitantibus deschachis talis et aleis , et huiusmodi , dic peccatum maximum esse huiusmodi ludum mahumetis alcoran , prin●ed . azoara . . p. . viri boni , aleas vel ●eacos , cum nō sint res li●i●ae , sed di●boli machina , per quae inter homine● inimicitiam et abhorritionem iniicere , et ●os ab orationibus et invocatione dei retrahere maxime nititur , praetermittite . ibid. az●●●a . . p. . n iustinian . codicis lib. . tit. . de episcopis et clericis . le● . . corpus iuris civilis tom. . col. , . * and was not this emperour a rank puritan thinke you , for making such a severe law as this against these scandalous irregular clergy men . o stage-playes therefore and the heholding of dicers , and dice-play● pollute mens eyes , their eares , their hands and ●oules . p stage-playes therefore are the very pomps of the divell , which wee renounce ●n baptisme . * let clergy men mark this well . * yet some perchance there are who have stage-playes acted before them now and then to their ●hame , and the ill example of others , & that on lords-day nigh●s too . * the solemnnesse and seriousnesse of this repentance before his read●mission into the ministerie , shewes the hainousnesse of that ministers or bishops offence , who either playes or betts at dice , or lookes on dicers , or resorts to stageplayes . a iustinian codicis l. . tit. de repudiis &c. lex . . f. a. lypsius de amphitheatro , c. . p. . b iustiniani novella . & , bulengerus , de theatro l. . c. . p. . here p. c see here p. . d bulengerus de theatro l. . c. . p. . & here p. , , . e agrippa de vanitate scientiarum cap. , . & here pag. . to , , . accordingly . f see act. . scene , , . accordingly . q iustinian . codicis lib. . tit. . de episcopis et clericis lex . . edi● . parisii● . fol. . * that is , such ministers as were appointed to cure the bodies of those who were weake and sicke . see iustinian . cod. l. . tit. . lex . . accordingly . r codicis theodosiani lib. tit. . de spectaculis , lex . parisiis . p. . s ibidem lex . p. . see valentinianus , theodo●ius , & arcadius . iustinian . codicis lib. . tit. . de ●eriis lex . . accordingly . * kings then are most honoured , when as god is best served by their subiects and courtiers . * therefore lords day nights are no fit times for masques or stage-playes . t zozomeni eccles. hist. l. . c. . nicephorus callisius eccl. hist. l. . c. . eutropius rerum rom. histor l. . p. . centur. magdeburg . cent. . col. . baronius & spondanus annal. eccles. anno . sect . . v operum tom. . pag. . x tim. . . see ambrose , remigius , chrysostome , theodoret , theophylact , anselme , beda , hrabanus maurus , primasius , haymo sedulius , lyra , calvin , marlorat , aretius , with others ibidem , accordingly ; & concilium mediolanense , apud binium , tom. . p. , . y see my survey of mr. cozens his cozening devoti●ns , p. . & the epistle dedicatory to the archbishops & bishops &c. before my anti-arminianisme . * i would all inconformable ministers in manners would remember it . argum. . the ancient fathers of the church against stage-playes . * see act. . scene , , , . act. . scene , . act. . scene . to . philo iudaeus hec flourish●● anno ch●●●ti . clemens romanus , anno christi . iosephus● anno . athenago●as anno . theophilus antiochenus , anno . tatianus , anno . irenaeus lugd. anno . clemens alexandrinus , anno . tertullian , anno . * see edit . iunii franech . . where the chapters are thus distinguished . hyppolytu● anno . origen , anno . minutius felix , anno . cyprian , anno . zeno vero●nensis , anno . arnobius , anno . lactantius , anno . eusebius caesariensis , anno . iulius firmicus , anno . hila●ius pict●viensis , anno . macarius egyptius , anno . cyrillus hierosolomytanus , an. . asterius , anno . st. ambrose anno . st. basil , anno . a ariani gregorium utpote in sua ipsorum doctrina stabilienda tardum et negligentem &c. inde transtulerunt , inque eius locum substituerunt ( georgios os ●o men● genos en kappadokes : ) which ioan. christophorsonus renders , georgium genere cappadocem , ) qui ab illis maxime aestimabatur , tum quod in rebus agendis promptus ac diligens , tum quod eiusdem cum ipsis opinionis perstudiosus esset . eccles. hist. l . c. . b ( georgion vs ek kappadok●as ormato &c. ) which christophorsonus , and suffradus petrus render , georgium itaque accerserunt , qui et ex cappadocia oriundus ; ( & meridith hanmer in his english translation out of the greek copy , reads , georgius borne in cappadocia ; ) et opinione et religione quam illi tuebantur imbutus suit . eccles. hist. l. . c. . * interea a●iani gregorium &c. episcopatu movent : et georgium quendam cappadocem genere , ( as ioannis langus translates it ) qui circa panem viliorem et furfur aetatem egerat succiduaeque adeo suillae promus condus fuerat , quod in religione tuendo industrius esset pro eo in alexandrino sede collocarun● . eccles. hist. l. . c. . e edit . lat. petri nannii . paris●is . p. . d. edit . graec. lat. . tom. . p. . f pag. . a. lat● gr. & lat. tom. . p. . h page . b. lat. edit . gr. lat. p. . d. k edit . basiliae . p. , . l gregorius presbyter de vita gregorii nazianzeni oratio . gregorii nazianz. monodia in basilii magni vitam . isiodor . pelusiota l. . epist. . munster cosmogr . l. . c. . purchas pilgr . l. . c. . vincentius specul●m hist. l. . c. . opmeeri chronog . p. . m see nazianz. opera lat. basiliae . p. . scholia . * for the . century was published , anno . & dr. rainolds de idololatria &c. anno . n centur. . col. . o annal. eccles. anno . sect . . & . sect . , . spondanus sect . . p lib. . cap. . q chronolog . biblioth . patrum coloniae agrip. . tom. . pars . p. . h. r athanasii apologia , secunda : p. . . socrates eccles. hist. l. . c. . & l. . c. centur. magd. . col. , , . the history of st. george , p. , , . s nicephorus constant. chron. bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . t biblioth . cap. . the history of st. george , p. . v edit . athanasii , lat. parisiis . p. . & . in the margent . x edit . nazianzeni . p. , . y centur. mag. . col. , ● , . z annal. ecclesiast . anno . sect . . a praefatio in sancti hilarii fragmenta , in hilarii oper. coloniae agrip. . p. . b history of st. george , p. , , . c patria mea ( cappadocia ) sacra est , et apud omnes pietatis laude clara et illustris . oratio . in laudem athanasii p. . permultaministrat veneranda haec patria mea cappadocla , non minus bona iuvenum n●trix quam equorum . oratio . in laud● ba●ilii p. . d altera ●ur●um cappadocum pars est quam optima , ex qua illi extiterunt qui vitae suae ac praeceptionum luce orbis terrae ●inibus praeluxeru●t . epist. lib. ● . epist. . pris●o cappadoc● . b●bl . p●tr . tom. pars . p. . * oratio . p. . f centur. mag. . col. . l. . see acts . v. . eusebius de vita constantinil . . c. . g opmeeri chronogr . p. ● . h whom vincentius le●●nensis cap. . and opmeer●s , chronogr . pag. . stile , illa , or , duo cappadociae lumina . i cassiodorus , histor. tripartita , lib. . cap. . nicephorus calli●tus , hi●t . eccles. lib. . cap. ●● . k socrates scholast . eccles . hist. l. . c. . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . spondanus epit. baronii anno . sect . . l nicephorus & cassiodor qua ( i ) supra . see centur. m●gd . . passim m see vincentius speculum hist. l. . c. the history of st. george , & mr seldens titles of honor , part . c . p. , to . n purchas pilgrimage l. . c. . dr. featly his handmaid of devotion , p. . with sundry others quoted in the history of st. george , part . c. , . o see ibid. p chronogr p. . q de retione studii theologiae , l. . c. . r quoted by molanus , hist. ss . imaginum . antwerpiae . l. . c. . p. , . s in his pilgrimage l. . c. . t in his hymne of st. george , on st. george his day . v in his postils , set out by dr. christopher pezelius , intituled ; philippi melancthonis viri summi et incomparabilis , et totius germaniae olim praeceptoris , explicationum in academia witembergensi traditarum super textus evangeliorum dominicalium &c. pars . printed hanouiae apud antonium &c. explicatio in evangelium in festo sanctae margaretae , ( supposed to be rescued from the dragon by st. george ; ) pag. . the gospell on that day , ( ● . iulii ) being matth. . regnum coelorum similis est margaritae &c. where he discourseth thus . hac septimana fuit usitatum celebrari festum diem margaretae . non volo recitare fabulas quae sunt notae , undecunque sunt ortae , sive ab appollinari , sive ab aliis . apollinaris composuit huiusmodi poemata , id est comaedias et tragaedias , tunc , cū iulianus prohibuit doceri christianorū liberos in scholis ethnicis , nolebat enim ●os eloquentia et litteris instrui , ut christiana doctrina facilius opprimeretur , &c. ( which declares the originall of the fable of st. george : and then he propounds this question ; quid significat georgos ? which he thus resolves , ( there being this direction in the margent , fabula georgii allegorica , to ascertaine the reader that he reputes it but an allegoricall fable : ) significat agricolā colentem terram , et est imago boni et sapientis princip●● . cultura terrae est conservatio disciplinae &c. scribitur georgius defendisse margaritam , id est , ecclesiam , ve● iustitiam , pulchram puellam , quam voluit devorare draco , id est diabolus et tyranni , ut nunc etiam fieri videtis . in anglia exercetur ho●ribilis saevitia contra homines pios . v●inam deus excitet georgios , qui defendant illos contra dracones . postea obversis nona eulis includitur in dolium , et sic inclusus deiicitur ex ardua monte ; id est , necesse est illum principem , qui curam ecclesiae suscipit et tuetur iustitiam multa pati , venire in pericula et odia . sed prorepit incolumis , id est , custodi●● divinitus , &c. vid. ibidem . z iohn . . isay . . to . matth. . , . cor. . . y gen. . . * isay . . a rev. . . to . b psal. . . psal. . . isay . . rev. . , , , , , cap. . , , . c. . . c. . . c psal. . . rom. . . p●al . . , . col. . , . hebr. . , , . ephes. . , . d rev. . . to . tim. . . hebr. . , . e mal. . . rev. . . to . f who is stiled georgius cap●padox , by vincentius speculum historiale , l. . c. . f. . chronicō chronicorum aetas . f. . opmeeri chronogr . p. . the history of st. george p. . to , , , . g lib. . cap. . not cap. . h see the history of st. george , pag. , ● k munsteri cosmogr . l. . c. . & purchas pilgr . l. . c. . l strabo geog. l. . tom. . lugduni . p. , , . & aeneas sylvius , histor. de asia minori cap. , , . in his workes , basileae ● pag. , . volate●anus geogr . l. f. . see mercator and ptolomy accordingly . m cap. . p. . * see p●olomie and mercator . epiphania , and pliny hist. l. . c. . n strabo geogr . lib. . p. plini● nat. hist. l. . c , . & l. . c. . aeneas sylvius hist. de asia minori c. , . &c. pu●chas pilgr . l. . c. . o history of st. george , p. , , . * ibid. page , , . & the like is used in the fable of dacianus , p. . to . p printed & since reprinted , . q de idololatria rom. eccl. l. ● . c. ● . sect . . r nazianzen , oratio . p. . s quoted also by damascen paralellorum l. . c. . gregory nazianzen , anno . t gregorius et basilius nisi una anima in duobus corporibus . greg. nazianz. oratio . p. . gregory nyssen anno . prudentius , anno . gaudentius brixius , anno . epiphanius anno . st. hierom , anno . sedulius , anno . st chryso●stome , anno . * see here p. . to . where his words are recited at large . see here p. to . st. augugustine , anno . see here pag. . to . nilus abbas , anno . orosius , anno . synesius , anno . cyrillus alexandrinus , anno . theodoret , anno . prosper aquit . anno . sozomenus anno . isiodor pelusiota , anno . primasius , anno . leo . anno . s●lvian , anno . olympiodorus , anno . cassiodo●us anno ● . fulgentius , anno . gregorius anno . isiodor hispalensis , anno . anas●asius sianita , anno . valerian , anno . beda , anno . damascen , anno . alchuvinus anno . agobardus anno . paschatius ra●bertus , hrabanus maurus , anno . haymo , anno . remigius , anno . bruno , anno . theophylact , anno . ●uo carnotensis , anno . anselme , anno . honorius augusto ●unensis , anno . bernard , anno . ranulphus cirstrensis , an. . ioannes saresberiensis anno . petrus blesensis , anno . a●lredus , anno . gratian , anno . innocen●tius , . anno . * see act. , scene . p. , to . t see act. , scene , , , . v see act. , scene . x see act. , , , , , through out . y see act. . scene . p. . & pag. . argum. . z quicquid enim omnes , vel plures , uno ●odemque sensu , manifeste , frequenter , perse●veranter , velut quodam sibi consentiente magistrorum concilio accipiendo , tenendo tradendo firmaverint , id pro indubitato , certo , ratoque habeatur . vencentius lerinen●is con●ra h●reses , cap. . a errat enim is qui a via quam patrum electio monstravit aberrat . hosmisdae papae epist. ad poss●ssorem . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . b see deut. . . c. . . iob . , , . c. . , . cr . ● . . ezra . . psal. . . ps. . ● . prov. . , . c. . , . c. . . c. . c. . . c. . . cor. . , . heb. . . thess. . . heb. . . see iohn whites way to the true church . digress . . sect . . to . * quod nimis miseri volunt , hoc facile cr●●dunt . s●neca . hercules furens act. . d est et haec perve●●●tas hominum , salataria excu●ere , exitiosa susci●pere , periculosa quaeque medicamenta vitare , mori denique citius quam curari desiderant . tertull. adversus gnosticos tom. ● . . isti nec rationibus convincuntur , quia nō intelligunt , nec authoritatibus corriguntur , quia non ●ecipiunt● nec flectent●● suasionibus quia subversi ●unt , probatum est , mori magis ●ligunt quam converti . be●n . super cantica sermo . fol. . c. e phil. . . rom. . , . cor. . . cor. . . phil. . . c. . . pet. , f see act. . scene . g hebr. . . h prov. . . & . . i prov. . . moderne christian writers have condemned stage-playes . guillermus , altisiodorensis anno dom. . saxo grammati●us , anno . will. malmesburiensis , . gulielmus parisiensis , anno . alexander alensis , anno . edmundus cantuariensis , anno . vincentius beluacensis , anno . matthaeus parisiensis , anno . aquinas , anno . bonaventura , anno . suidas , anno . ricardus , de media villa , anno . nic. de lyra , auno . alvarus pelagius , anno . thomas gualensis , anno . astexanus , anno . thomas bradwardin , anno . robertus holkot , anno . franciscus petrarcha , anno . ioannis wickliffe● an. . ioannnis de burgo , an. . nicolaus cabasila , anno . ioannis gerson , anno . alexander fabritius , an. . thomas waldensis , anno . to●tatus abulen●is , anno . ricardus panpolitanus , anno . ni●olaus de clemangis , anno . panormitanus , an●o ● . antoninu●● anno . aeneas sylvius , anno . mapheus vegius , anno . ioannis antonius , anno . paulus wan , anno . michael lochmair , anno . ang●lus de clavasio , anno . baptista tro●omala , anno . raphael volateranus , anno . ioannis de wankel , anno . ioannis nyder , anno . alexander ab alexandro , anno . lodovicu● vives , anno . polydor virgil , anno . ioannis aventinus , anno . episcopus chemnensis , anno . coccius sabellicus , anno . stephanus costa , anno . nicolaus ploue , anno . mr. iohn calvin , anno . cornelius agrippa , anno . radulphus gualther , anno . martin bucer , anno peter martyr , anno olaus magnus , anno . petrus crab , anno . franciscus ioverius , anno . henry stalbridge , anno . andreas frisius , anno . matthew parker , anno . thomas beacon , anno . theodorus balsamon , anno . claudius espencaeus , anno . bartholmeus carranza , anno . franciscus zephyrus , anno . george alley , an. laurentius surius , anno . caelius rhodiginus , anno . iohn bodine , an. . flacius il. lyricus , anno . ioannis wigandus . matthaeus iudex . basilius faber . theodorus zuinger , anno . ioannis bertochinus , anno . petrus de primaudaye , anno . antonius de brutio , anno . ●osias simlerus , an. . andreas hyperius , an. gilbertus genebrardus , . paulo lanceletto , anno . petrus berchorius , anno . lambertus danaeus , anno . ioannes langhecrucius anno . didacus de tapia , anno . petrus opmeerus , anno . barnabas brissonius , anno . ioannes mariana , an● . petrus faber , an. . greg. tholosanus , anno ● arias montanus , . iustus lipsius , an. . rodolphus hospinianus , anno . carolus sigonius , anno . erasmus marbachius , . laurentius bochellus , an. . ant. guevara , an. . baronius , anno . bellarmine , anno . thomas zerula , anno onuphrius , anno . paulus windecke , anno . bulengerus , an. . francis de croy , anno . severinus binius , anno . gentianus hervetus , anno . amandus polanus , anno ● . henricus spondanus , anno . philippus gluverius , an. . dr. ames , anno . dr. thomas beard , an. . dr. thomas beard , an. . b see hermannus schedell chronicon chron. aetas , fol. . iacobus spielegius lexicon iuris civi●is , & ioannis calvini , lexicon iuridicum : tit. histriones & ludus , pardulphus prateus lexicon iuris civilis et canonici , et hieronimus verrutius , lexicon vtriusque iuris . tit. ludus , & mai●ma : who there condemne both stage-players and stage-playes . with budaeus , gothefredus , & others hereafter quoted , part. . act. . c see act. . scene . & act. . scene , . d see act. . s●ene . act. . scene , . act. . scene , . e act. . scene ● p. , to . act. . scene , , . see the epistle before d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes , and i. g. his resutation of the apology for actors accordingly . f see cyprian & tertullian , de spectaculis lib. salvian de g●berna● . dei lib. . augustine de civit . dei lib. , . and others in their forequoted places . g acts . , , &c. h see dr. rainolds his overthrow of stage playes , whe●e his words are ci●ed and answered . i in his two epistles to dr. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes , p. . &c. k ethicorum , l. . c. . & polit . l. . cap. . l in his overthrow of stage-playes . m see the epistle before dr. rainolds his overthrow of stage-playes accordingly . n homini mente praedito pauci sapientes , multis insipientibus magis sunt vere●di . platonis sym●posium , p. . o hebr. . . argum. . heathen writers and philosophers against stage-playes and actors . o insani sapiens , nomen fert aequus iniqui , ultra quā satis est virtutem si petat ipsam . horatius epist. l. . epist. p non ideo bonus caius et prudens lucius quia christianus : vt quisque nomine christiani emendatur offendit . tertulliani apologia advers . gentes cap. , . q pet. . . socrates , anno mundi , . aut eo circiter . isocrates , anno . plato , anno . aristotle , . gorgias , an. . cicero , an. . seneca , an. . aulus gellius , an. . plinius secundus , an. . macrobius , an. . m. aurelius an. . athenaeus , an. . diodorus siculus , an. . dionysius hallicarnasseus an. . e see here p. to , & , to . salustius , an. . valerius maximus , an. . titus livius , an. . corn. tacitus , an. . quinctilian , . r see gen. . ● exod. . , . sam. . . kings . . isay . . ●am . . , . tim. . . luke . . plutarch de puerorum educati●ne l. p. , . gellius noctium atti●carū , l. , c. , p. , &c. macrobius saturnalior . l. , c. , p. . aristotle polit. l. . c. . p. . henricus stephanus horodoti apologia p. . case polit. l. . c. . p. . to . with infinite others , that all women who have milke ought to nurse their owne children ; because god hath given them breasts for that purpose ; because all other creatures that have milke give sucke unto their owne : because it is a signe of unnaturalnesse and want of love to their children , not to doe it ; because many children miscarry by reason of nurses negligence ; because else they are apt to degenerate , and to savour of the qualities they sucke in with their milke , because they are a part of themselves which they nourish in their womb , therefore they should nourish it out of it too . plutarchus , ●n . . emiliu● probus , an. . suetonius , an. . diogenes laertius , an. . aelianus , an. . dion cassius , an. . p dancing therefore , esp●cially the learning to dance , was reputed an effeminate , ignominious and sordid thing among the ancient romans , and all dancers were esteemed effeminate amorous persons . see herodian hist. l. . p. . to . & here p. . to . r the unlawfullnes and abuses of plaies and actors● s the prodigality & expence of playes . t playes therefore were not every day acted in rome in this most vlcious princes dayes , as they are of later times . v it is infamous in this authors iudgement for empe●ors or persons of quality to dance vpon a stage or act a play. x caligula , sect . , . * nero , antigonus , commodus , with others . iustin , an. . y the prodigality of stage-playes . atque ita omnia magnitudine nominis ac maiestatis obli●us nocte in stupris , dies in convivijs consumit . adduntur instrumenta luxuriaetymp●na , & tripudia : nec iam spectator , rex sed magister nequitiae , nervorum oblectamenta modutur . herodian , an. . iulius capitolinns , an. . trebellius pollio , ann. . aelius lampridius , an. . flavius vopiscus , an. . * ammianus marcellinus , an. . ovid , an. . horace , an. . iuvenal , an. . propertius , an. . paterculus . taurus . macro . plautus . z plus enim ●ebet christi discipulus praestare , quam mundi philosophus . hierom. epist. . c. . a et putamus nos salvos esse , quando omne impuritatis scelus , omnis impudicitiae turpitudo , a christianis admittitur a barbaris vindicatur ? hic nunc illos quaero qui meliores nos putant esse quam barbaros , impudicitiam nos diligimus , ethnici execrantur : puritatem nos fugimus , illi amant : fornicatio apud illos crimen atque discrimen est , apud nos decus . et putamus nos ante deum posse consistere ? salvian . de guber . dei l. . p. . b hierom. ep. . c. . c see here p. . to . & . to . d scene , , , , before . e professio enim religionis non aufert debitum , sed auge● : quia adsumptio religiosi nominis , sponsio est devotionis : ac per hoc tanto plus quispiam debet opere , quanto plus promiserit professione . sal●ian . ad eccl●●●am catholicam l. . p. . argum. . f see act. . scene . p. . to & the authours there quoted . g see act. . scene ● p. , , , to . h see act. . scene . p. . & act. . scene . p. . to i see act. . scene . p. . to . k see here act. . scene . p. . . to . & act . scene . p. . & andreas fricius de republica emendanda , lib. . c. . & . p. . l see act. . scene . p. . to . m see here p , . & . to . accordingly . n see act. . scene p. . to . & act. . scene . p. . to . o see bochellus decreta ecclesiae g●ll. l. . tit. . c. . & tit. ● c. . p. , . p see act. . scene . p. . to . * fredericus lindebrogus , codex legum antiquarum p. . q see bochellus decreta eccles. gall. l. . cap. , . p. . r car. cap. . * see . & . ed. . cap. . which enioyns men to spend the lords day onely & wholly in hearing and reading of gods word , in prayer and praises unto god , and such other religious duties . * which includes dancing , dicing , bowling , cards , and all other games and sports , which are unlawfull on this day . see all the forequoted councels , canons , and imperiall constistutions , act. . scene . & act. . scene . p. . to . & dr. featly his handmaid of devotion edit . . p. . accordingly . * this clause extends to all who goe out of their parishes to unlawfull sports or pastimes . * this clause extends to all who use any unlawfull sports or pastimes within their owne parishes . s omnia debitum ordinem deserunt , hoc est luxuriae proprium , ga●dere perversis , nec tantum discedere a recto sed quam longissime abire . res sordida est , trita ac vulgari via viver● . talis horum contraria omnibus non regio sed vita est . causa tamen praecipua mihi videtur huius morbi vitae communis fastidiū . quomodo cultu se a caeteris distinguunt , quomodo elegantia caenarū , mundiciis vehiculorum , sic volunt etiam seperare temporum dispositione : nolunt solita pe●care , quibus peccandi praemium infamia est . seneca epist. . t illud melius et verius quod antiquius . tertullian de praescript : adversu● hare●icos lib. et vincentius lerin●nsis adversus proph●nas h●reticorum no●itates . argum. . v his play of playes . x his apology for actors . y philippus lonicerus , turcicae● historiae , l. . f. . b. z see act. . scene . a thess. . . b rom. . . to . . thess. . , . c see act. . scene , . d see act. . scene . & . e prudentius contra symmachum l. . bib. pat. tom. . p. . b. & lipsius de amphitheatro lib. c. . a ad excusandas excusationes in peccatis ista praetendūt . christus autem non arte illuditur . hierom. epist. . c. . b tanta est enim vis voluptatum , ut et ignorantiam protelet in occasionem , et conscientiam corrumpat in diffimulationem , aut utrumque . tertull. de spectac . c. . c quam sapiens argumentatrix sibi vid●tur ignorantia humana , praesertim cum aliquid eiusmodi de gaudiis et de fructibus saeculi metuet amittere . tertul. ibid. d nam et eousque enervatus est ecclesiasticae disciplinae vigor , et ita omni languore vitiorum , praecipitatur in peius , ut iam non vitiis excusatio sed authoritas detur : quoniā non desunt vitiorum assertores blandi et indulgentes patroni qui praestant vitiis authoritatem ; et quod est deterius , censuram scripturarum coelestium in advocationem criminum et spectaculorum convertunt &c. cyprian de spectac . lib. e advers . gentes l. . p. . to . f hom. . in matth. & hom. . de davide et saule . g de consensu evangelistarū , l. . c. . de civit. dei l. . c. . & l. . c. , , , . h de gubernatione dei l. . i acts . . to . k see act . scene . l nulli enim peccatori de est impu●ens praetextus &c. sed hi quidem sunt praetextu● qui nihil hab●nt rationis , n●c se ●ilo iure possunt defendere . chrysost. hom in psal. . t●m . col. . c● d. m quid dicam de iis nescio , qui cum semel aberraverint constanter in stul●itia perseverant , et vanis vana defendunt ; nisi quod eos interdum puto aut ioci causa philosophari● aut prudentes et scios m●n●acia defendenda suscipere , quasi ut ingenia sua in malis rebus exerceant vel ostende●t . lactantius de falsa sapientia . l. . ● . . objection . n theatrum est locus semicirculi figuram habe●s , in quo stantes populi ludos scenicos intus inspiciebant , unde a spectaculo graece theatri nomen accepit . bed● in acta apost . c. . tō . col. . & de nominibus locorum in actis apost . ibid. col. . * see ambrose , hierom , chrysostome , theodoret , primasius , sedulius , remigius , beda , haymo , anselme , oecumenius , theophylact , hrabanus maurus , lyra , tostatus , gorrhan , aretius , musculus , calvin , marlorat , and others ibidem , some of which take it litterally , that st. paul did actually fight with beasts in the theatre at ephesus . answ. . o act. . scen. . p iosephus antiqu . iudaeo●u● l. . c. . see act. . scene . p. . to . q pet. . , . eph. . , . c. . to . cor● . , , . tit. ● . . rom. . ● . c. . , , . iohn . , . see act. . scene ● r ego paulus minimus apostolorum haec dispono vobis episcopis et presbyteris . scenicus si accedat sive vir sit sive mulier , auriga , gladiator , cursor stadii , ludius , olympius , choraules , cytharaedus , lyristes , faltator , caupo , desistat vel reiiciatur . theatralibus ludis qui dat operam , vel desistat , vel reiiciatur . clemens rom. constit. apost . l. . c. . s constit. apo. stol . l. . c. , ● * see act. . scene , , , . v si ad boni incitamentum divina praecepta deessent , prolege nobis sanctorum exempla sufficerent . isi●dor . hispal . de summo bono l . c. . * s●e socrates hist. eccl. l. . c. . philo iudaeus in flaccum lib. p. , , . coc. sabellicus , aenead . . lib. . pag. . c. accordingly . x et atticis quo que quibus theatrum curiae praebet vicem , vna est athenis atque i● omni graecia , ad consulendum publici sedes loci . 〈◊〉 sa●i●ntum p. . y florido . ●um l. . p. . z pro flacco oratio . a tunc antiochensiu● theatro● ingressus , ubi illis consultare mos est . historiae , l. . sect . p. . b pars maxima super theatrum ●ir●aque , assueti et ante spectaculis concionum consistunt . rom. hist. l. . sect . . v. . c apud nonni●m : & apud bulengerum , de theatro l. . c. . d ibidem . e ibidem . f oratio . g dion , bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . d. h eccles. histor. l. . c. . i eccles. hist. l. c. . k historiae l. . c. . l annales eccles . anno● . sect . . i see theophylact , lyra , and others ibidem , & socrates scholasticus eccles. hist. l. . c. . h●abanus maurus , de vniverso l. c. . & . tom. . p. , . k acts . . to . l acts . . to . m ambrose , hierom , sedulius , chrysostome , theodoret , primasius , occumenius , beda , theophylact , in cor. . . & chrysost. hom. ad neophy●os , tom. . col. . c , d. n ambrose , remigius , beda , anselme in cor. . . o beda , anselme , hrabanus maurus , lyra , and others , in cor. . . p hebr. . v. . to the end , &c. . , , . q cor. . . acts . , . phil. . . r see act. . scene , , . & chorus . s acts . . cor. . . pet. . , . t cor. . . rom. . . psal. . . see chrysost. ad neophytos , tom. . col. , b , c. v see tertullian , exhortatio ad martyres , & cyprian de duplici martyrio . x cyprian epist . l. . epist. , . l. . epist. . l. . epist. . & . & l. . ep. . & . y cyprian ep. l. . ep. . eucratio . z see act. . scene . throughout . a matth. . . thess. . pet. . . rev. . . & . . b matth. . c hoc in loco dixe●im , longe melius fuisse istis nullas literas nosse , quam sic literas legere . verba enim et exempla quae ad exhortationem evangelicae virtutis posita sunt , ad vitiorum patrocinia transferuntur , quoniam non ut spectarentur ista scripta sunt , sed ut animis nostris instan●tia maior excitaretur in rebus profuturis , dū tanta est apud ethnicos in r●bus nōprofuturis . argumentū est ergo exci●tandae virtu●is , non permissio sive libertas spectandi gentilis erroris ; ut per hanc animus plus accendatur ad evangelicam virtutem propter divina praemia , cum per omnium laborum et dolorum calamitatem concedatur pervenire ad terrena compendia . cyprian de spectaculis lib. d nam quod elias auriga est israelis , non patrocinatur spectandi● circensibus , in nullo enim is circo cucurrit . et quod david in conspectu dei choros egit , nihil adiuvat in theatro sedentes christianos fideles . nulla e●nim obscaenis motibus membra distorquens , desultavit graecae libidinis fabulā : aera , cythara ●t ●ybiae deum cecinerunt , non idolum . non igitur praescribitur ut spectentur ill●cita : diabolo artifice ex sanctis in illicita mutata sunt . praescribat igi●ur istis pudor , etiamsi non possunt sacrae literae . non pudet , non pudet inquam , fideles homines , et christiani sibi nominis auctori●a●em vendicantes , superstitiones vanas gentilium cum spectaculis mixtas de scripturis coelestibus vindicare , et auctoritatē idololatriae conferre ? nā quando id quod in honore alicuius idoli ab ethnicis agitur , a fidelibus christianis in spectaculo frequentatur , et idololatria gentilis asseritur , et in contumeliam dei religio vera calcatur . ibidem . objection . e see haywoods apologie for actors . * commentariorum lib. . fol. . answer . f see act. . scene . & act. . scen. , . bodinus de repub. l. . c. . & guevara his diall of princes , l. . c. . to . g see act. . scen. , , , . & act. . scen. , . h de repub. l. . cap. . guevara , diall of princes , l. . c. . p. . he●odian hist. l. . p. , . i see act. . scene , , . & godwins roman antiquities , l. . sect . . c. . to . k politicorum lib. . c. . sect . . p. , . l act. . scen. , , . see. herodian hist. l. . p. , , , to . & l. . p. to . l act. . scen. , , . see. herodian hist. l. . p. , , , to . & l. . p. to . m historiae rom. l. . sect . . & lib. . s● , . valerius max. l. . c. . sect . . n fastorum l. p. . o vino ( cuius avidum ferme genus est ) sopiunt &c. l●vie ibidem . * see polychronicon , l. . c. . fol. . volateranus , co●ment . l. . f. . i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , p. , . prudentius contra symmachum l. . . & bib. patr. tom. . p. . &c. * l. . c. . sec. . p see cor. . c. , . to . cor. . . to . ioh. . . see act. . scen. , , . q see act. . scene , , , , , . r ioh. . . rev. . . pet. . , . phil. . . heb. . cor. . . s levit. . . deu●r . . , . matth. , , , , . eph. . , . c. . , , . col. . . pet. ● , , . thess. . , see act. . scene ● . t psal. . . chron. . . v mich. . . sam. . . x see act. . scen. . & act. . scene , y see act. . scene , , . objection . z see haywoods apologie for actors , where this obiection is made . answ. . a see act. . scene . & act. . scene , . b see act. . scene . c non ●adem vulgusque decent et lumina rerum . ouid , ad li●iam pars . p. . d iohn sarisbury , de nugis curialium , l. . c. , . bodinus de repub. l. . c. . chrysost . hom. . in cor. tom. . p. . accordingly . e rom. . . pet. . , . f princeps par omnibus , sed in caeteris maior quo melior . plin. sec. pa●eg●r . traiano dictus , p. . g facere recte cives suos princeps optimus faciendo docet , et cum imperio maximus sit , exemplo maior est . v●lleius pater● . rom. hist. l. ● p. . vita princis censura est , eaque perpe●ua : ad hanc dirigimur , ad hanc convertimur : nec tam imperio nobis opus est quam exemplo , quippe infidelis recti magister est metu● . melius homines exemplis docentur ; quae in primis hoc in se boni habent , quod approbant quae praecipiunt fieri posse . plin. panegyr . traiano dict . p. . h nihil est in rege ferendum ne ludo quidē quod non aptum atque decorum sit . osorius de regum instit. lib. . f. . i alia est conditio ●orum qui in turba quam non excedunt latent : quorum et virtutes ut appareant diu luctantur , et vitia tenebras habent : vestra facta dictaque rumor excipit , et ideo nulli magis timendum est qualem famam habeant , quam qui qualemcunque habue●int magnam habituri sint . senc●a de clemential . , c. . see plin. paneg. traiano dict . p. . k summae enim magnitudinis servit●s est non posse fieri minorem . seneca de clementia l. . c. . l see act. . scene . & act. . & . throughout . m see act. , scene , , , , , . n h. , c. . h. , c. , , & h. , c. . ed. , c. . eliz. c. . eliz. c. . iacobi c. . & caroli c. . o aquila magnas praedas , non muscas ; leo lupos , non mures capit . case polit. l. . c. . p. . p aequum quidem est ut quam quis in alios legem statuit , ●andem etiam ipse non gravatim sub●at . diodorus sic. bibl. hist. l. . sect . , page . q psal. . , , , , . r sam , . acts , . s see act. , scene , . t prov. . , see rom. . , . pet. . , . v see gualther , hom. , in nahum , p. , . x act , scene . y see act. scene . x see suetonii caligula , sect . , , , , , . nero , sect . , , , , , , , . philo iudaeus de legatione ad caiū , p. , ●o & the authors forequoted , p. . (z) before : and those other quoted in the margent , p. , letter ● . see plinius secundus panegyr . traiano dict . p. , & . where he much inveighes against them . * de legatione ad caium , pag. , to . a epistle , to lambert . b satyr . . c de nugis curialium l. , c. , . d suetonius qua e iuvenal . satyr . . iohn sarisbury de nugis curialium , l. , c. . polychronicon l. , c. . f see act. . scene . & act. . scene . & p●in . panegyr . traiano dict . p. , . g see iohan. sa●isbur . de nugis curialium l. . c. . & suetonii nero , sect . . to . h suetoni● nero , sect . . marcus aurelius cap. . plinius secundus , panegyr . traiano dict . p. , . alexander ab alexandro l. . c. . * see-vincentius speculum historiale l. . c. . see here p. , . * historiae lib. . cap. , . i hinc enim mimi , salii , balat●ones , aemiliani , gladiatores , palestritae , gignadii , praestigiatores , malefici quoque multi , et tota ioculatorum scena procedit . quorum adeo error invaluit , ut a praeclaris domibus non arceantur , etiam illi qui obscaenis partibus corporis , oculis ●mnium eam ingerunt turpitudinem , quam ●rubescat videre vel cynicus . quodque magis mirere , nec tunc eiiciuntur , quando tumultuantes inferius crebro sonitu aerem faedant , et turpiter inclusum , turpius produnt . nun quid tibi videtur sapiens qui oculos vel aures istis expandit ? de nugis curialium , l. . c. . s●e● . . & . k regis n●curiam sequuntur assidue , histriones candidatrices , aleatores , dulcora●ii , caupones , nebulatores , mimi , balatrones , id genus omne . epist. . bibl. patrum tom. . pars . p. . b. see epist. . p. . e. l magna peccandi facultas sequitur principatum : adest irritamentum gulae , copia vini , et lautae gloria mensae ; assunt corruptores , adulatores , ioculatores , histriones , qui a●cem adolescentiae undique nituntur expugnare . quod si tempus disserendi daretur , monstrarem , omnes homines stultos esse qui vitam habentes aliam in qua possint honeste vivere , in curi●s principum se praecipitant . ideo vos tantum moneo , ut agrum hunc histriones et adulatores , ac alios nebulones metere sinatis , quinigrum in candida vertunt ; nullus enim vi●is bonis apud principes locu● , nulla emolumenta laborum &c. epist. lib. . epist. . p. . & epist. . p. . see p. , , . m comprehenduntur ergo hoc titulo molles et delicatuli , omnesque voluptarum illicitarum ministri sive artifices , quales sunt mimi , ludiones , circulatores , cantores , cytharaedi , parasiti , lenones , et his omnibus deterioribus eunuchi , spardones , atque cynaedi . solent tales regum magnorum aulas , et urbes celebriores frequentare , eo quod in illis quaestum uber● im●● sibi propositum videant &c. hom. . in nahum pag. , ● . see here pag. , , . n vis enim alia audire quae eorum ostendant dementiam ? quaenam autem sunt illa ? theatra congregant , et meretr●cum choros illic inducentes , et pueros scortantes , et qui iniuria ipsam afficiunt naturam ; totum populum in loco superiore faciunt con sidere . sic civitatem recreantes ; sic magnos reges , quos semper propter trophaea et victorias admi●rantur , coronantes . atqui quid est hoc honore frigidius ? quid voluptate illa iniucundius ? ex his ergo quaeris factorum tuorum la●datores ? et cum saltatoribus , mollibu● et mimis , et meretricibus , vis dic quaeso , lauda●i ? et quomodo haec non fuerint extremae dementiae ? at sunt , inquis , infames . cur ergo per infames reges honoras ? cur civitates enecas ? cur autem in eos tam multa impendis ? nam si sunt infames , infames oportet expelli : nā cur eos fecisti infames ? &c. hom. . in cor. . tom. . col. . b , c , d. o praetereo histriones a●que ioculatores , et totius vulgi laudes , quas v●r prudens pro nihilo reputabit : quia nulla est vera laus , nisi a veris proveniat laudatis . aeneas syluius epist. l. epist. . pag. . see plin. paneger . traia●no dictus p. . p magnum ergo corruptae et eversae disciplinae argumentum est , quod hodie in regum auli● et civitatibus opulentis , mimi , ●udiones , molliculi , et voluptatum inhonestissimarum ministri summo in pretio habentur , exclusis interim et contemptis viris gravibus , qui consilio valent , et qui mu●tiplici rerum experientia instructi sunt ; ut interim de pauperibus et egenis nihil dicam quibus principum aulas ne inspicere qui●em licet , et quibus per urbes opulentiores vix transitus conceditur . hom. . in nah●m p. , . q so stiles he the profession of a stage-player . * galien●m . see here p. . r suetonii octavius , sect . . see here p. , . s the profession and end of stage-players , what it is . t plutarchi cato . * aliquis vir bonus nobis eligendus est , ac semper ante oculos habendus , ut sic tanquam illo spectante vivamus , et omnia tanquam illo vidente faciamus : nec immerito . magna enim pars peccatorum tollitur , si peccaturis testis assistat . senec● epis● . . vid. ibid. * nota bene . * see here p. . x see here p. . y philo iudaeus , de legatione ad caiū , p. , , . z dion cassius , rom. hist. l. . p. . & here p. . a see act. . scene . & act. . scene . b marcus aurelius epist. . guevara , diall of princes , l. . c. . to . c pag● . . here p. , d plutarchi lacon . apothegmata p. . e see munsteri cosmogr . l. . c. . halls chronicle , part . fol. , , , , . & . to . f matthew paris , p. , . thomas walfing●am , hist. angl. p. . halls chronicle , part . f. . to . g see act. . scene . h see act. . throughout . i vsu enim praeciosa degenerant , quorum autem difficilis possessio , eorum grata perfunctio . ambr. de elia et ieiunio , c naturale est potius nova quam magna mirari . ita enim compositi sumus , ut nos quotidiana si admiratione digna sunt , transeant ; contra minimarum quoque rerum si insolitae prodie●unt spectaculum dulce fiat . seneca naturalium qu●st . l. . c. . k ne numidiae quidem reges vituperandi , qui more gentis suae nulli● mortalium osculum ferebant . quicquid enim in excelso fastigio positū est , humili ●t trita consuetudine quo ●it venerabilius , vacuū esse convenit . valer. max. l. . c. . s. . l see act. . dionys. hallicarnass . antiq. rom. l. . sect . . dion cassius , rom. hist. l. . p. . polybius hist. lib. . p. . guevara , diall of princes , l. . c. , arias montanus in iudicum l. c. . p. . to . m omne rarum praeciosum : gaudeo itaque de illis posse esse , qui quanto rariores , tanto apparebunt esse gloriosiores . bern. ep. . f. . a. ardentiu● appetitur quicquid est rarius . hierom. advers . vigilantium cap. . voluptates commendat rarior usus . iuvenal satyr . . p. . n hoc stabunt , hoc sunt imitandi quos n●que pulcher hermogenes unquam legit , neque simius iste . nil praeter calvum , et doctus cantare catullum . haec ego ludo , quae neque in aede sonant , certantia iudice tarpa , nec redeant ●●erum atque iterum spectanda theatris . horat. ser. l. ● . sat. . p. ● . z see act . scene , , . & chorus . a qualis haec religio , aut quanta maiestas putanda est , quae adoratur in templis , illuditur in theatris ? et qui haec fecerint , non paenas violati nu●minispendunt , sed honorati etiam laudatique discedunt . lactan● . de ius●itia l. . c. . b non imitandi nobis sunt qui sub christiano nomine gentilem vitā agunt , et aliud professione , aliud conversatione testantur . hierom. epist. . c. . c mr. stubs his anatomy of abuses , p. . mr. samuel bird his dialogue , of the use of the pleasures of this present life . london . p. . to . & nicolaus de clemangis , de novis celebritatibus non instituendis , p. ●o . d matth. . . tit. . e hebr. . . c. ● . . re● . . . e hebr. . . c. ● . . re● . . . f nomine christiani● re pagani . bernard in vita sancti malachia . g iohn . ephes. . . ●ohn . . h see salvian de gubern . dei , l. . p. , , . & my healths sicknesse , p. . i propterea igitur publici hostes chri●●iani quia imperatoribus neque vanos , neque mentientes , neque ●eme●arios honores dicāt , qui a verae religionis homines etiam solennia ●orum conscientia potius quā lascivia celebrant . grande scilicet officium socos et thoros in publicum educere , vicatim epulari , civitatem tabernae habi●tu obole●acere , vino lutum cogere , ●atervatim cursitare ad iniurias , ad impudentias , ad libidinis illecebras ? siccine exprimitur publicum ga●dium per publicum dedecus ? haeccine solennes diesprincipum decent , quae alios dies non decent ? qui observant disciplinam de caesaris respectu , ii eam propter caesarem deserunt , et malorum licentia pietas erit ; occasio luxuriae religio deputabitur ? o nos merito damnandos ! cur enim vota et gaudia caesarum expungimus ? ●ur dielaeto nos laureis postes adumbramus ? nec lucernis di●m infringimus ? honesta res est solennitate publica exigente inducere domui tuae habitum alicuius novi lupanaris . tertul. apologia adversus gent●s , cap. , . tom. . pag. . which may be most aptly applied to our christmas●e● . k cor. . , . l see here act. . scene , , . & act. . scene . & holkot lectio . in lib. sapientiae , fol. . m quis unquam crederet u●que in hanc contumeliam dei progressuram esse humanae bupidita●is audaciam , ut id ipsum in quo christo in●u●iam faciunt , dicunt ●e ob christi nomen esse facturos . o inaestimabile sacinus et prodigio●um● salvian de gubern . dei l. . p. . n iohn . . ephes. . ● . * see act. . scene , , . * de gubern● dei l. . p. , . p ephes. . . q fiunt etiam nunc et delicta religiosa . cyprian epist. l. . ep. . donato . r exod. ● . cor. . . s detrimentum iam dies senti● . sunt qui officia lucis noctisque pervertunt , nec ante diducunt oculos hesterna graves crapula , quam appetere nox caepit . qualis illorum conditio dicitur , quo● natura ( ut ait virgi●ius ) pedibus nostris subditos e contrario posuit , nosque ubi primus equis oriens , afflavit anhelis , illis sera rubens accendit lumina vesper . ta●is horum contraria omnibus non regio sed vita est . sunt quidam in eadem urbe antipodes , qui nec orientem solem unquam viderunt , nec occidentem . hos ●u exis●imas scire quemad modum vivendum est , qui nesciunt quando ? et hi mortem timent , in quā se vivi condiderunt ? tam iufausti ominis quam nocturnae cives sunt . licet in vino unguentoque tenebras suas exigant , licet epulis , et in multa quidem fercula distentis , totum perversae vigiliae tempus diducant , non convivantur , sed iusta sibi faciunt . mortuis certe interdiu parentantur , &c. seneca ep. . vid. ibidem . t nunc facilius invenias reos malor●m omnium , quam non omnium : facilius maiorum criminum quam minorum : id est , facilius qui et maiora crimina cum minoribus , quam qui minora tantum sine maioribus perpetrant . in hanc enim morum probrositatem prope omnis ecclesiastica plebs redacta est ; ut in cuncto populo christiano genus quodammodo sanctitatis sit , minus esse vitiosum &c. salvian de gu●e● . dei l. . p. . * luke . . matth. . , . iohn . . * de gubernatione dei l. . p. , . * salvian ibidem p. , , . * matth. . . x matth. . . titus . . pet. . , . y iohn . , . z tit. . . iohn . . . rev. . . heb. . . a ephes. . , . cor. . , . b tit. . , . c tit. . . iohn . . d luk. . , . e phil. . . f pet. . , , . g pet. . , . h cor. . . i rom. . , . k cor. . . l thess. . . & rom. . . m rom. . , . n titus . . o ephes. . , . &c. . , , . p ephes. . . to . q luke . . r gal. . . col. . . pet. . . s pet. . , . t rom. . , . v iam. . x eph. . , . rom. . . y iam. . & . , . z titus . , . eph. . , . pet. . . . iohn . , . a pudorem rei tollit multitudo peccantium , et desinet esse probri loco commune maledictum . sen●c . de beneficijs l. . c. . consensere iura peccatis et caepit esse licitum quod publicū est . cyprian . epist . l. . epist. . donato . b seneca epist. . horatius serm. l. . satyr . . pag. . & bond ibidem . polydor virgil de inventoribus rerum , lib. . c. . see lypsius de amphithea●ro , saturnalibus &c. dion cassius rom. hist. lib. pag. herodian , historiae lib. . pag. . c macrobius saturnal . lib. . cap. . pag. . d saturnalium , lib. . cap. . e ovid. fastorum lib. . p. . to . suetonii tiberius sect● . asterius homil. in festum kalendarum . alexander ab alexandro lib. . cap. . * see suetonii octavius sect . . . f macrobius saturnal . lib. . cap. . & . polydor virgil. de invent. rerum lib. . cap. & the ensuing authors● holkot , lectio . in lib. sapientiae . hospinian● de origine festorum lib. francis de croy his first conformity , cap. . g non posse suaviter vivi secundum epicuri decreta . commentar . moral . tom. . p. . h saturnalium l. . cap. . i epistola . k sermonum l. . satyr . . p. . l carminum , l. . ode . * see h●spinian de origine festorum ; and the authors here quoted in the margent , pag. , , , , , . robertus holkot lectio , , in lib. sapientiae . * fuitautem priscis temporibus in delo frequens ionū ac accolarum in insulis circumiacentibus habitantium conventus ; nam cum uxoribus et liberis ad spectacula conveniebant , ut nunc iones ad ludos in dianae ephesiae honorem institutos confluere solent . et civitates ●o saltatorū choros mittebant , &c. thucidides historiae lib. . pag. . vid. ibidem . n virgil. georgicorum lib. . pag. , . o ovid fastorum lib . p. . see here pag. , , , , in the margent . p fastorum , l. p. . q fastorum , l. . p. . r tristium l. . p. . s tibullus , lib. . eleg. . p. . t de cherubin . lib sol . , . * gentiles idololatrici , in●aniae plenas vigilias habebant . sic in sacrificiis bacchi et cybeles matris deorum festivitatibus , lusibus et luxuriis vacantes totam noctem turpitertransibant● quos arguit apostolus ad ephesios . nolite com●unicare operibus infructu●osis tenebra●●um , sed magis●●edarguit● . quae autem i● occulto fiunt ab ipsis turpe est dicere . propter huiusmodi faed●tates subtraxit ecclesia mul●as vigilias quae solebant ab omnibus populis celebrari de nocte et solennitatibus sanctorum : holcot . lectio in . in ●ap . . sapienti● , fol. . see augustin . ●nar . in psal. . u herodian historiae l. . p. . asterius hom. in fes●um kalenda●um . ovid fastorum lib. . lockmai● sermo . holcot lectio in lib. sapien●iae . alcu●inus , de divinis officis lib. cap. . x idibus ianuariis tibicines festum diem agere multa licentia et las●ivia , muli●rique habitu per urbem vadere solebant . alexander ab alexandro l. . c. . fol. . see here p. , , accordingly . y hae kalendae ianuarii secundum oentilium dementiam , potius dicendae sunt cavendae , quam kalendae . nam imperiti homines velut deum colentes , diem ipsum multis spurcitiis sacraverunt . quidam mutabant se in speci●s monstrosas , in ferarumque habitus transformabant . al●● in faemineo gestu muta●i , virilem v●liu● effaeminabant aliqui fanaticis anguriis profanabantur , perstrepeban● sal●ando pedibus , tripudiando plausibus : et quod his turpius est nefas , nexis inter se utriusque sexus chori , inops an●mi , fu●ens vino turba misc●tur . diabolicas etiam strenas , et ab aliis accipiebant , et ipsi aliis tradebāt . necnō etiā mensulas plenas ad manducandum tota nocte paratos hab●b●t , credētes quod kal●ndae ianuarii p●r totum annum praestare possēt . et quia his atque aliis miseriis mundus universus ●epletus erat , statuit universalis ecclesia i●iunium publicum in isto die fieri , quatenus istis calamitatibus auctor vitae finem imponeret , &c al●hu●●●us d● diui●is officijs cap. . col. . ●s●odor hisp. de officijs ecclesiasticis l. . c. . p. . c. ●o●nnis ●a●ghecrucius de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum , l. . c. . ambrose sermo . z concil . altifiod . can. . surius tom. . p. . bochellus decreta eccles. gal. l. . tit. . c. . see here p. , . b quoniam cognovimus nonnullos inveniri sequipedes erroris antiqui , qui kalendas ianuarii colunt , cum ianus homo gentilis fuerit rex quidem , sed deus esse non potuit . quisquis ergo unum deum patrem regnantem cum ●ilio suo et spiritu sancto credit certe hic non potest integer christianus d●ci qui aliquid de gentilitate custodit . contestamur illam solicitudinem tam pastores quam presbyteros gerere , ut quoscum que in hac fatuitare viderint , eos ab ecclesia sancta auctoritate repellant , nec participare sancto altario permittant qui gentilium observationes custodiunt : quid enim daemonibus cum christo commune , cum magis sumendo iudicium delicta videatur addere quam purgare ? synodus turonica . can. . surius concil . tom. p. . bochellus decreta eccl. gal. l. . tit. . cap. . & t it . c. . * sermo . d de rectitudine catholicae conversationis , tom. . p. . * homil● in ●●stum kalendarum . see here p. , , . f de officiis eccl. lib. . c. . g de officus ecclesiast . cap. . see y before . h causa . quaest : . i decretalium , pars . cap. , . k de ecclesiast . officiis l. . c. . see y before . l si quis kalendas ianuarii ritu paganorum colere , vel aliquid plus novi facere propter novum annum , aut mensas cum lampadibus ●el epulis in domibus praeparare , et per vicos et plateas ●antores et choros ducere praesumpserit , anathema sit . gratian causa . quaest. . m non licet iniquas observationes agere kalendarum et ociis vacare : neque lauro au● vi●●ditate arborum cingere domos . omnis enim haec observatio paganorum est . ibi● . n oratio in fe●tum kalend. bibl. patr. tom. . col. , . o sermo . y , z. p de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum● l. . c. . q decreta ecclesiae gall. lib. . tit. . c. , . & tit. . c. . r de ludo tractatus . in tractatu tractatuum , pa●i●iis . tom. . fol. , . s his first conformity cap. . t de inventoribus rerum , l. . c. . v rationale divinorum officiorum l. . c. . x see here pag. . y paria sunt unius sementis germina , et quod latebat in radicibus manifestatur in fructibus . prosper-contra collatorem , c. . z de inventoribus rerum , l. . c. . a see ormerod his paganopapismus , & francis de croy his first conformity . b durandus , rationale , divin : offic. l. . c. . beda ecclesiast . histor. l. . c. . pla●ina , onuphrius , luitprandius , fasciculus temporum , balaeus et barns in vita bonifacii quar●●i ; thomas beacons reliques of rome , cap. . polydor virgil , de inventoribus rerum , lib. . cap. . petrus , de natal . l. to . c. . francis de croy his first conformity chap. . volateranus comment . l. . f. . accordingly . c michaelis lochmair sermo . thomas beacon his romes reliques , cap. , . equidem quod negari non potest , ceremoniae ardentium cereorum quos hodie christiani eo die qui purificatae mariae dicatus est , ex more circumferimus , a februalibus romanorum sacris originem sumpsere . pertinaci paganismo imitatione subventum est , quem rei in totum sublatio potius irritasset . rhenanus annot. in lib. . tertul. adversus marcion . p. . francis de croy his first conformity , cap. , . polydor virgil. de invent. rerum , l. . c. . iacobus de voragine sermo . de sa●ctis ; innocentius , . sermo in fes●o purificationis . baronius martyriologium in febr. . d polydor virgil de invent. rerum , lib. . cap. . e aras saturnias non mactando viros sed accensis luminibus excolunt . inde mos per saturnalia missitandis cereis caepit . macro● . saturn . lib. . cap. . pag. . f see here pag. , . illic accendunt geminas pro lampade pinus , hinc cereris sacris nunc quoque taeda datur . ouid fast. lib. . pag. . accipiunt fragili simulachra nitentia cera , et matutinis operatur festa lucernis . iuuenal . satyr . . pag. . tunc salii ad cantus incensa altaria circum &c. virgil. aen●id . lib. . pag. . see francis de croy his first conformitie , cap. . & ormerod his pagano-papismus . g accendunt lumina velut in tenebris agenti . lactan●ius , de vero cul●u , cap. . h psal. . . & . . i mal. . . k luke . , . iohn . , . l iames . . ephes. . . m revel . . . cap. . . n iohn . , , . o vel si coeleste lumen quod dicimus solem , contemplari velint , iam sentient quod non indigeat lucernis eorum deus , qui ipse in usum hominis tam candidam lucem dedit . num igitur mentis suae compos putandus est , qui auctori et datori luminis candelarum aut cerarum lumen offe●t pro munere ? de v●ro cultu lib. . cap. . p cum scriptum sit , non nominabis nomen domini dei tui in vanū in reverentia christi decidit , ut inter caeteras seculi vanitates nihil iam paene vanius quam christi nomen esse videtur . denique ad hoc res cecidit , ut cum per christi nomē iuraverint , pu●ant se scelera etiam religiose esse facturos . saluian . de guber . dei l. . p. , . q see mr. stubs his anatomy of abuses , p. . mr. samuel byrd his use of the pleasures of this present life , p. . to . r guagninus rerum polonicarum , tom. . pag. . s see morney sutcliffe and others of the masse : & bishop morton his institution of the sacrament , l. , . t see beda ecclesiast . hist. l. . c. . with the authors at b. before . u gregorius mag epistolarum ex registro lib. . epist. . x see durandus rational . divin . offic. l. . c. . polydor virgil. de inventoribus re●um l. . c. , . thomas beacon his romes reliques , cap. . ● francis de croy his first conformity , c. , , , . hospinian de origine festorum , ormerod his pagano-papismus , ●um pluribus aliis . y sermo . z de civit. dei l. . cap. . & confessionum l. . c. . a canon . . see here p. . to . beat rhenanus , annot . in l. . tertul . contr . marcionem p. . polydor virgil de invent● rerum l. . c. , . b rhenanus & polydor virgil ibidem . francis de croy his first conformity , cap. , , to . & ormerod his pagano-papi●mus . c hospinian , francis de croy , ormerod , rhenanus , with others qua b. d see exod. . . cor. . . see here page . to . polydor virgil. de inventoribus rerum lib. . cap. . . nicolaus de clemangis , d● novis celebrit●ibus non instituendis ●ractatus , page . to . accordingly . e see francis de croy his first conformity , cap. . . turco-papismus , londini . lib. . cap. . episcopus chemnenfis , onus ecclesiae , cap. , , , . geffry chaucher his plow-mans tale , peirce plowman his creed , bernardi ad gulielmu● abbatem apologia , & concio ad cl●rum in concilio rhemens● . ioannis wickliffe dialogogorum lib. . cap. ● . to . ioannes aventinus annalium boiorum lib. & . iohn bale his acts of english votaries & clemangis de corrupto ecclesiae statu , tract . f see calendarium et martyriologium romanum , hrabani mauri et baronii martyriologia , nicolaus clemangis de novis celebritatibus non instituendis accordingly . g see act. . scene . nicolaus clemangis de novis celebritatibus non instituendis , polydor virgil de invent. rerum l. . c. . lodovicus vive● commen● . in august . de civit. dei lib. . c. . h populi plaudunt non consultoribus utilitatum suarum , sed largitoribus voluptatum . august . de civi● . dei lib. . cap. . i cum enim maiores ipsi voluptati deserviunt , minoribus lasciviae fraena laxantur . quis enim sub disciplinae se constrictione contineat , quando et ipsi qui ius constrictionis accipiunt sese voluptatibus relaxant ? greg. magnus moral . lib. . cap. . k perniciosius de republica merentur vitiosi rectores , quod non solum vitia concipiunt ipsi , sed ea infundunt i● civitatem : neque solum obsunt , quod illi ipsi corrumpunt , ●ed e●iam quod corrumpuntur , plusque exemplo quam peccato nocent . cicero de legibus lib. . l synodus turonensis sub car. mag. can. . to . surius tom. . pag. . synod . cabilonense . can. , . ibid. p. . moguntina anno . cap. . & . pag. , . concil . aquis●ranense can. . p. . parisiense l. ● . c. , , , , . & lib. ● . cap. . rhemense anno . cap. , . moguntinum sub hrabano cap. . lateranense sub innocentio . cap. , . coloniense sub radolpho cap. . with s●ndry others . see act. . scene . m bernard ad gulielmum abbatem apologia , de consideratione lib. , . ad clerum et ad pastores sermo , col. ● . &c. in cantica sermo . declamationes , et epist. . . gregorius magnus hom. . in evangelia , & pastoralium lib. guildas in ecclesiasticum ordinem acris correptio . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. , &c. petrus blesensis epist. , , , , , , , , , . & compendium in iob c. . a●lredus sermo ● . & . in cap. . isaiae . s. brigittae revelationes l. . c. . to . l. . c. , , . alvarus pelagius de planctu ecclesiae lib. . artic. . & . robertus holkot lect. . super lib. sapientiae . e. fol. . episcopus chemnensis onus ecclesiae lib. cap. , , . nicolaus clemangis , epist. , , , , , , , . & de corrupto ecclesiae statu lib. throughout . espencaeus in tim. , . in titum cap. , . & de continentia l. . c. . ioannes aventinus annalium boiorum l. . & . guicciardine histor. l. ● , , , , , ● . fabian histor. part . cap. . iohn bale his acts of english votaries : turco-papismus l. . c. . platina de vita pontificum , matthew paris , theodo●icus a niem : cum infinitis aliis . n see act. . scene . o bibliotheca patrum tom. . p. , . mr. fox booke of martyrs , edit . . pag. . henry lord stafford , in his booke of the true difference betweene regall power and ecclesiasticall , london . fol. , , . where it is englished ; & mr. selden in his eadmeri spicilegium p. . p see act. . scene . throughout . q annalium boiorum l. . p. . r ibidem p. . s de inventoribus rerum l. . c. . t notae in augustinum de civit. dei l. . c. . v de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum , l. . c. , , , , . v de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum , l. . c. , , , , . x in tertiam partem divi thomae salamancae . artic. . p . see here act. . scene , . y see act. ● . scene . & act. . scene . throughout . z qua ( x ) a lib. de imaginibus c. . b wilh●lmus lindanus in apologe●ico ad germanos tom. . cap. . * psal. . , , . d luke . , , ● , . e iohn . . f mark . , . g iohn . . h acts. . . i tom. . cap. . k see here page , . l see act. . scene . throughout ; & act. . scene . yea contrary to the decree of theodosius the emperor , who made this edict . nullus penitus oportet spectacula solennia orbis aeternae populo exhibere . co●ex theodosij lib. . ti● . . lex . . how much lesse then of our saviour christ ? * iam vero illud ut in scenis vita iob , francisci , conversio magdalenae , &c. representantur , om●ino est intollerabile cum enim theatro●u● mo● prophanus sit , minus malum est ( ut siferendus est , ) repraesentarentur prophana , sancta vero non nisi sancte tractanda sunt &c. ●am vero ut theatrum , lo●cus scilicet ille daemonibus familiaris , invisus deo , in me●dio ipso corpore ecclesiae coram altari maiori et sanctissimo sacramento statuatur , ille solus ferat , qui ob peccata sua nondum cernit ac sentit , quam haec adversa et pugnantia sint cū dei sanctitate . in tertiam parte● diui thom● , artic. . qu●stio . vtrum sacramentum davi possit histrionibu● ? pag. . vid ibidem . m see polydor virgil de invent. re●rum lib. . cap. , . francis de croy his first conformity , cap. , , , . mr. samuel byrd his dialogue of the use of the pleasures of this present life , pag. . to . nicolaus ●●ema●gis de novis celebritatibus non instituendis ; & hospinian de origine festorum accordingly . n angliae historia , basileae p. . * see . h. . c. . . h. . c. . . h. . c. . * see taxa camerae , agrippa de vanitate scientiarum , cap. . espencaeus de continentia lib. . c. . & in titum cap. . p. , , . o de gubern . dei l. ● . p. . p see ioannis langhecrucius de vita et honestate ec●lesiasticorum , l. . c. . to . accordingly . q luke . , , ● . r vigilent itaque nato domino pastores supra gregem ovium ●●ua●um , significent eius di●pensatione m●nifesta vigilaturos in ec●clesia pastores animarum castarum : quibus dicatur ; pa●cite qui in vobis est gregem dei. ●ene autem vigilantibus pastoribus angelus apparet , ●osque dei claritas circumfulget , quia illi prae caeteris videre sublimia merentur , qui fidelibus gregibus praeesse sciunt ; dumque ipsi pie super gregem vigilant , divina supereos gratia largius coruscat . beda expos●t● in luc. c. . see ambrose sermo . tom. . p. . f. s luke . v. , . digna plane ac iusta sententia quae in na●ivitate christi , et deo honorem repraesentat in caelis , et hominibus pacem prae●entat in●terris . ambrose si●●o . p. . f. t ita ex ipso ordine manifestatur , id esse dominicum et verum quod sit prius traditum ; id autem extran●um et falsum quod sit posterius immissum . ter●ul . de praescript . ad . ●●rs . haer●●icos , c. p. . potiora sunt ad instruendam animam priora quam postera . teri●● . de testimonio anim● , c. . u see ambrose sermo . & . x luk. . , . y luk. . , z rev. . ● , , . c. ● . , , . c. ● , to . a apologia advers . gentes , c. , . b paedagogil . c● , , . c de vita con●templa●iva lib. pag. . to . d octavius p. . e epist. l. . e● . . f contra gentiles t●m . . col● . g de martyribus l. . tom. . p . ● . h see my healthes sicknes , edit . p. ● , . & ioanni langhecrucius de vita et honestate ecclesiasticorum l. . c. to . ioannes f●edericus de ritu bibendi ad sanit●tem lib. . cap. , . i coimus in caetum et congregationē , ut deum quasi manu facta praecationibus ambiamus orantes . haec vis deo grata est . coimus ad divina●um litterarum cōmemorationē , si quid praesentium temporū qualitas aut praemonere cogit , aut recognoscere . certe fidem sanctis vocibus pascimus , spem erigimus , fiduciam figimus , disciplinam praeceptorum nihilominus inculcationibus densamus ; ibidem etiam exhortationes , castigationes , et censura divina : nam et iudica●ur magno cum pondere , etapud certos de dei conspectu : summumq , futuri iudicii praeiudicium est si quis ita deliquerit ; ut a communione orationis , et conven●us , et omnis sancti commercii relegetur . apolog. advers . gent. cap. , . pag. . k caena nostra de nomine rationem suam ostendit , vocatur enim agape , id quod penes graecos dilectio est , &c. nihil vilitatis , nihil immodestiae admittitur : non prius discumbitur quam oratio ad deum praeguste●ur : editur quantum esurientes caplunt , b●bitur quantum pudicis est utile : ita saturantur ut qui meminerint etiam per noctem adorandum deum sibi esse : ita fabulantur , ut qui sciant dominum audire . post aquam manualem ac lumina ut quisque de scrip●uris sanctis vel de proprio ingenio potest , provocaturin medium deo canere : hinc proba●ur quomodo biberit . aeque oratio convivium dirimit ; inde disceditur non in catervas caesionum , neque in classes discursationum , nec in eruptiones lascivarum , sed ad eandem curam modestiae et pudicit●ae , ut qui non tam caenam caenaverint quam disciplinam . ibidem cap. . ●ag . . l propterea igitur publici hostes christiani , quia imperatoribus neque vanos neque mentientes , neque temerarios ho●nores dicant ; quia verae religionis homines solennitates eorum conscientia potius quam lascivia celebraut . o nos merito damnandos ! cur enim vota et gaudia caesarum cas●i et sobrii et prob●i expungimus ? cur die laeto non laureis postes adumbramus● nec lucernis diem in●ringimus ? honesta res est solennita●e publica exigente , inducere domui ●uae habitum alicuius novi lupanaris &c. ibidem p. ● . m de vita contemplativa p. . &c. n paedagogi l. . c. . o pro pandiis etiam diasiisque ac dionysiis hoc est iovis liberique patris solennitatibus , petro , paulo , thomae , sergio , ma●cello , leontio , antonino , mauritio , aliisque sanctis mar●●ribus solennitates populari epulo peraguntur . proque i●la vete●i pompa , pro turpi obscaenitate atque impudentia fiunt modestae , castae , ac tempe●an●iae plenae fes●iuitates , non illae quidem mero delibutae , non commessationibus leves , non cachinnis solutae ; sed divinis canticis personantes , sacrisque sermonibus audiend is intentae . in quibus ad deum praeces non sine sanctis lachrymis ac suspiriis deo summittuntur . the●do●e● de martyribus , l. . tom. . p. . f. p page ● , , . natalis chri●ti dies quomodo celebrandus . vide nicetae comment . ibidem . * yet how d●ametrally opposite is our pra●ctise now to this advice . q rom. . r pag. , & vincent●i speculum historiale l. ● . cap. . festa christianorū quomodo celebranda . s rom. . t matth. . u regum . x de nativita●te christi sermo , tom. . p. . y de tempore sermo . to . z de nativitate domini sermones . operum fol. . to . a in natali domini serm. col. , , to . b chrysostome de beato philogonio oratio tom. . col. , , ● b●da homiliae hyemales● in na●ali . domini tom. . col. . to . hrabanus ho●mil . , , , . operum tom. . p. , , . de institutione clericorum l. . c. . tom. . p. . with divers others . c operū tom. . p. . * telesphorus papa apud romanos natalis domini celebrationis primus author legitur extitisse . hrabanus ma●rus de institut . clericorum l. . c. . operum tom. . p. . ● . d op●rum tō . . p. . a , b. which homily i● finde ve●batim i● hrabanus maurus his workes , homilia . ante natalem domini● operum colon. agrip. . tom. . p. , . e isay . cor. . f matth. . g sermo . d●minica . adventus , p. . g. * nota. h sermo . in die natalis domini p. . h. ● . a. i psal. . k pag. . e , f , ● l ioan. . m . cor. . n matth. . * cor. . * apoc. . * let our christmas health quaffers consider this . q page ● h. & ● . a , ● . r note this well . s cor. . t matth. . u gal. . * augustine ena● . in psal. . tom. . pars . p. . x nullus vestrum se inebri●t , quia ebrius insano fimilimus est . nolite in no●minibus bibendo nomina vestra delere de coelo : sunt quidem multi , quod peius est , qui non solum seipsos ineb●i●nt , sed etiam alios cogunt , et adiurant , ut amplius quam expedit bibant , &c. ille chri●stianus qualis est , qui etsi locum invenerit ad vomitum usque bibet et posteaquam se in●briaverit , furget velut phreneticus et insanus , diabolico more balare et saltare , verba turpia et amatoria , vel luxutiosa can●are , &c. hr●banus maurus , homilia in dominicis di●bus . & de bonorum christianorum ●t malorum moribus . operum tom. . ● . . d. . ● . y psal. . , , , . z pet. . , . pet. . . a see mr. samuel bird his dialogue of the use of the pleasures of this present life , p. . to . b see act. . scene . c all stage-playes and dancing therfore , together with carding and dicing are unlawfull sports and pastimes by thi● very statute , and so punishable by the statute of car. cap. . see here p. . to . accordingly . * ambrose ser. . * see the statute of iacobi , for the keeping of the lords day ; which names dancing , and passed the lower house . d in nelewki oppido , quod cognomen ab infundendis poculis habet , omnibus extraneis militibus et advenis satellibusque principis , inebriandi vario potus genere , facultas conc●s●a est , quod moschovitis gravi sub poena prohibetur ; exceptis aliquot diebus in anno , videlicet tempore nativitatis et resurrectionis dominicae , pro festo pe●tecostes , et in quibusdam solennioribus fe●tis divorum , praecipue vero nicolai , quem di●vino fere cultu prosequuntur , et beatae virginis mariae , petri et iohannis festis : interea vero velut vinculis emissi , bacchum et non festum illius divi ( cuius diem tunc temporis celebrant ) advenisse gratulantur , et sacris nondum peractis , vel ut sues vario potus genere obruti , temulenti , ●briique identidem vociferantes , seque velut obsessi , mu●uo caedendes , et contumeliis var●is afficientes vagan●ur . si autem huic genti quotidie , inebriandi facultas concessa esse●●●ese m●tuis caedibus funditus exterminarent &c. guagninus , rerum polonicarum tom. . f. . e pet. . . f pet. . , , g cor. . . h rom. . , , . i see ambrose , sermo . & here act. . scene , , . k see act. . scene . answ. . l see chrysost. hom. . in matth. here p. . . philippus gluverius antiquae germaniae , l. . c. . pag. , . & here p. , . accordingly . m see here act. . scene , , , , , & . accordingly . * see here act. . scene . * see act. . scene . act. . scene . pag. . & act. . scene , , , , , . h magistratus enim non tantum id agere debet ut ipse bonus sit , sed et hoc efficere ut alii mali esse desistant . s●lvian de gub●r . dei l. . p. . i hebr. . . k iob . , . amos . . to . iam. . . l see chrysostome hom. . de poenitentia , here p. , . & act. . scen. . & . m see act. . scene . & act ● . scene , . n see act. . scene , , . & act. . scene , , , , , , , accordingly . o haywood the player , in his apologie for actors , the onely booke i know in defence of popular stage-playes , and that god wot a poore one , which is very well refuted by i.g. in his reply unto it . p see haywoods apologie for actors . object . . answ. . q rev. . . iohn . . r rom. . , , . s cor. . , . rev. . . t daemonum sunt , non hominum secularia spectacula . chrysost. hom. . in ioan. tom. . col. . d. see act. , . & chorus . polychronicon l. . chap. . i. g. his refutation of the apology for actors , p. , , , . peter martyr , locorum communium classis . c. . sect . , . ●anaeus ethicae christianae l. . c. . p. . mr. gataker of the lawfull use of lots , p. . hrabanus maurus de vniverso l. ● . c. . to . isiodor hispalensis originum l. . c. . to . vincentius spe●ulum doctrinale , l. . c. , , , . with sundry other forequoted authors , accordingly . u see act. . scene , , , . & act. . scene , , . x see act. . scene , , . & act. . throughout . answ. . y see rom. . . pet. . . pet. . . luk. . , . z see stat. de merton , c. . h. . cap. . h. . c. . & ed. . c. . eliz. cap . iac. cap. . a see bp. downams lectures on the . psalme . bishop iewell in his exposition upon thess. . v. . p. , to . with infinite others who have written of vsurie . b rom. . . pet. . . pet. . . ezech. . throughout . c rom. . , . eccl. , , . * s●e act. . scene , , . & act. scen. . d see m. northbrookes treatise against vaine playes & enterludes , fol. . m. iohn field his declaration of gods iudgement at paris garden : & i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors . bodinus de republica lib. . cap. . gualther hom. . in nahum accordingly . * multitudo peccantium , peccandi licentiam subministrat . hi●rom epist. . ● . . r vulgus enim ex veritate pauca , ex opinione multa iudicat ; et omnium opinlonum errore duci sole● - cicero pro qu. roscio oratio , p. . & consolati● p. . s matth. . ● . , . see hierom epist. . cap. , . t see my an●i● arminianisme , edition . pag. ● , , , . u prov. . . c. . , , . exo. . . non turbam sequantur errantem qui se di●cipulos veritatis confitentur . hierom. epist. . c. . x see act. . scene , , . & act. . scene . to . y exod. . . inter causas enim malorum nostrorum est , quod vivimus ad exempla , nec ratione componimur , sed consuetudine abducimur● quod si pauci fecerint , nol●emus imi●ari ; cum plure● facere caeperint , quasi honestius sit quia frequentius sequimur : et recti apud n●s locum tenet error ubi publicus factus ●st . sen●ca epist. . z psal. . . gal. . . pet. . . a see act. . scene , , , , . b see act . scene . accordingly . b see ( y ) before . c see act. . scene , . d isay . . e isay . . phil. ● . see my healths sicknesse , edition . epistle to the reader ; and pag. , , , . accordingly . f see rom. . . to . acts . . c. . . cor. ● . . cap. . . thess . , . tim. . ● , , , . pet. . , , , . rom. . . to . isay . . g iohn . . h see act. . scene , , . & act. . throughout . object . . answ. . g see cyprian epist. l. . epist. . donato ; & de spectaculis lib. tertullian . de spectac . lib. c. . & here act. . scene . accordingly . h see didacus de tapia in tertiam partem divi thomae , artic. . p. . accordingly . i animae pestes ●anto periculosius laedunt quanto subtilius serpunt . concil . cabilonense . can. . k see tapia qua ( h ) & mr. gosson his schoole of abuses , and playes confuted ; i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , accordingly . l valde noxia sunt prava diserta . de anim● et eius origine , li● . . m nam et in hoc et philosophi , et oratores , et poetae perniciosi sunt , quod incautos animos facile irretire possunt suavitate sermonis et carminum dulci modulatione currentium . mella sunt venenum ●egentia . de iustitia l. . c. . n venenum sub melle late● . hi●ron . epist. . damaso , tom. . p. . o see tertull. de spectaculis c. . & didacus de tapia in tertiam partem thomae , artic. . p. . accordingly ; venena enim non dantur nisi melle circumlita . hi●ron . epist. . ad laetam , c. . p iuvenal . satyr . . p. . q nulla● acconita bibuntur fictilibus ; tunc illa time cum pocula sumis gemmata , et ●ato getinum ardebit in auro . iuvenal . ibidem . r see didacus de tapia accordingly . s gregor . mag. moral . l. . c. . t de libero ar●bitrio l. . c. . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . f , g. u advers . haereses cap. . x de spectac . lib. & epist. l. . ep. . y de spectac . c. . z de gubern . deil. . a chrysost. hom. , , & . in matth. see act. . scen , , , . b in . partem thomae artic. . p. . c bishop babingtō , northbrook , gosson , stubs , dr. reinolds , and others in their forequoted workes . d de specta● . lib. cap. . e lactantius de falsa sapientia , lib. . c. . f matth. . . luke . , . g vincentius lerinensis advers . haeres , c. , . h praefatio in lib. . de gubern . dei p. . i adversus haereses lib. c● , . k prospe● de prudentia lib. object . . l see mr. stubs his anatomy of abuses , p. . & i.g. his refutation of the apology for actors , p. , . answ. . m isay . . n rom. . . luke . , * see act. . scene . p see act. . scene . & throughout . q luke . . rom. . , . cor. . , , heb. . , . r see act. . scene . s scenici nec unquam eos qui delinquant cor●igere in animum inducunt , ne● si velint , id possint . mimica enim eorum ars natura tantummodo ad nocendum comparata est . epist. l. . ep. . bibl. pa●r . tom. . pars p. . a t anatomy of abuses , p. , ● . u refutation of the apology for actors , p. , , . x see act. . scen. . & . object . . see dr. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . y this obiection as i have heard was much urged in a most scurrilous and prophane manner in the first play that was acted in the new-erected play-house : a fit consecration sermon for that divels chappell . answ. . z see act. . scen. . & act. . scen. , . a see act. . scen. , , & . b see a●t . . scen. . c quantum ad legem divinam per●inet , dico nos sine comparatione barbaris esse meliores , quantū autem ad vitam , ac actus , doleo et plango esse peior●s . hoc est autem deteriorem esse , magis r●um esse . i●ascens fortasse qui h●ec legis , et condemnas insuper quae legis . non refugio censuram tuam ; condemna si mentior , condemna si non probavero : condemna si id quod assero , non etiam scripturas sac●as dixisse monstravero , &c. salvian de gubern . dei , l. . p. , . &c. vid. ibidem , where he excellently proves this his assertion . d in hanc enim morum pro. probrosita●em prope omnis ecclesiastica plebs redacta est ; ut in cuncto populo christiano genus quodammodo sanctitatis sit , minus esse vitiosum . salvian d● gubernatione dei lib. . pag. . * matth. . . e see act. . scen. , , . & act. . scen. , , , . f nos itaque paratiores sumus cum istis viris , et cum ecclesia christi in huius fidei antiquitate firmata , quaelibet maledicta et contumelias perpeti , quam pelagiani cuiuslibet eloquii praedicatione laudari . aug. de nu●ijs et concupiscentia , lib. . cap. . g see act. . scene , , , . & act. . scen. , , , . h see here p. ● . i se● here act. . scene . & act. . scene . k see here act. . scene . l see here act. . scene ● . & my healths sicknesse . m see here act. . scene . & act. . scene . * see dr. burgesses his reioynder , answer to the preface , p. , . published by his maiesties speciall command accordingly . n see here act. . scene . act. . scen. , , , . & act. . scen. , , , . & act. . scene . to . o see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes , arch-bishop abbots lecture . on ionas , sect . . p. , . and here act. . scene , . & act. . scene , . p see here act. . scen. , , . & act. . scen. , . & act. . scene . and my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes accordingly . q pet. . , . pet. . . r titus . . s gal. . . iam. . . psal. . psal. , . * phil. . , . u deut. . , , , . psal. . . x acts . . mark . . matth. . . to . deut. . , , , . mal. . . ephes. . , . c. . . col. . . hebr . c. . , . pet. . , , . phil. . . c. . luke . . to . isay . , , . y rogo vos fratres charissimi , semper recolite , semper retinete quod vobis pro animae vestrae salute suggerimus : nolite hoc ●ransitorie accipere . debet enim sermo noster in corde vestro radices figere , ut in tempore retributionis possit aeternae vitae fructus soeliciter exhibere . qui potest totum retinere quod dicimus , deo gratias agat ; et aliis quod retinet , semper ostendat . qui totum non potest retinere , vel partem aliquam recordetur . et si totum non potestis , singuli ternas vel q●aternas sententias retinete . et dum unus alteri insinuat quod audivit , totum vobis invicem referendo non solum memoriter retinere , sed etiam in bonis operibus christo adi●vante poteritis implere . dicat unus alteri ; ego audivi episcopum meum de ●astitate dicentem : alius dicat ; ego in mente habeo illum de ele●mosynis praedicasse ; alius dicat , remansit in memoria mea quod dixit ; ut sic colamus animam nostram , quomodo colimus terram nostram . alius referat ; ego retineo dixisse episcopum meum , ut qui novit litteras scripturam divinam studeat l●gere ; qui vero non ●ovit , quaerat sibi et roget qui illi debeat dei prae●epta relegere , et quod legerit , deo adiuvante , implere . dicat etiam allus ; ego audivi episcopum meum dicentem , quod q●omodo negotiatores qui non noverunt litteras , conducunt sibi mercenarios litteratos , ut acquitant pecuniam ; sic ch●istiani debent sibi requirere , et rogare , et ( si necesse est ) etiam mercedem dare● ut illis debeat aliquis scripturam divi●am relegere : ut quomodo negotiator alio legente acquirit pecuniam ; sic illi acquiran● vitam aeternam . haec si agitis , si vos invicem admonetis ; et in hoc saeculo fideliter potestis vivere , et postea ad aeternae vitae b●atitudinem perven●re . nam si statim ubi de eccl●sia discesse●it stotum quod ab episcopo au●isti oblitus fueris , sin● fructu venisti ad ●cclesiam , sine fructu inan●s redisad domū tuam . sed absit hoc a vob●s● fratres , &c. c●sarius arelaten●●s● episc● homil. . bibl. patr. tom. . pars . p. . f , g , h. z psal. . . psal. . . psal. . . a prov. . , . see act. . scene . b hebr. . . c see act. . d psal. . . e ier. . . f acts . , gal. . . g phil. . , . h pet. . . i iohn . . c. . . prov. . . k see my perpetuity of a regenerate mans estate , epistle . l cor. . , to . acts . to . c. . , . c. . , . isay . . psal. . . see my perpetuity , epistle . m matth. . , . iohn . , , . n see act. . scene . & act. . scene , , . * see a popish pamphlet lately divulged ; that protestanisme is nothing else but a puritan conceit . p see my perpetuity , epistle . mr. boltons discourse of true happines , p . to . dr. burgesse his reioynder , the an●wer to the preface , published by speciall command from his maiesty , and my healths sicknesse , p. , to accordingly . q see prov. . . iohn . , . psal. . , . rom. . , ● . wi●d . . , to ●● r de iustitia l. . c. . s iosh. . , , . t psal. . , . u pet. , . x rom. . , ● . y ier. . . z minucius felix octavius , p . a psal. . . b pet. . . gal. . . c titus . , . d rom. . . iohn . , pet. . . e see mr. boltons discourse of true happinesse , p● ● . to . accordingly . * nunc autē novum poenitentiae genus ; oderunt nos , quasi hostes , quorum fidem publice negare non audent . quid maledictorum pannos hinc inde con suitis , ut corum carpitis vitam , quorum fidei resistere non valetis ? hierom. epist. . pammacheo . f sicut cantharides maxime adultos frugibus et rosis florentibus incumbunt ; ita invidia maxime adoritur bonos et ad virtutem et gloriam proficiscentes . plutarch . de invidia ●t odio , lib. vid. ibid. persequitur probos semper invidia , et cum deterioribus non contendit . pindari nomen ode . p. . * plane confitebor qui conqueruntur de sterilitate christianorum : primi sunt lenones , perductores , aquarioli , tum siccarii , venena●ii , magi : item a rioli , a●uspices mathematici : his infructuosos esse magnus est fructus . ter●ul . apologia advers . gentes● p. . g see ier. . , , . ezech. . , . c. . . ier. . , . amos . . to . matth. . , . h q●ales ergo leges istae quas adversus nos soli exercent impii , iniusti , turpes , truces , vani , ●ementes ? tertul. apolog. adversus gente● c. . i nihil nisi grande aliquod bonuma nerone damnatum . seneca de vita beata c. . & tertulliani apologia c. . k seneca de vita beata c. . l tim. . . rom. . , . psal. . , . prov. . . m omne id quod communem sortem excellit invidiae aliorum obnoxium est : hinc illud eorum quorum conditio inferior est contra se superiores bellum exist it . dion cassius hist. l. . p. , . n see my healths sicknesse , epistle to the reader , & p. . to . o see my vnlovelinesse of love-lockes , and here act. . scene . absoloms fall , or the ruine of roisters . wherein every christian may as in a mirror behold , the vile and abominable abuse of curled long haire , so much now used in this our realme . f. , , , , . p against which see cyprian de habitu virginum tertullian de cultu muliebri , & de habitu faeminarum . clemens alexandrinus , paedag. l. . c. , . l. . c. . to . . philo iudaeus legis allegoria l. . p. , . de fortitudine l. p. . de specialibus le●gibus , p. . & de mercede meret●icis p &c. , . zeno veronensis sermo de pudicitia . ser. de continentia , ser. de spiritu et corpore . ser. . de avaritia . bibl. patr. tom. . p. , , , . isiodor pelusiota lib. . epist. . nazianzen ad versus mulieres ambitiosius sese ornantes . august . epist. . gratian de consecratione distinctio ● . alexander alesius summa theologiae pars . quaest. . m●mb . . art. . sect . . quaest. . alexander fabritius , destructorium vitiorum pars . c. . & pars . c. . & . peter martyr locorū communium classis . c. . sect to ● innocentius . de contemptu mu●dil . . c. . thomas lake his discourse against painting ; with all those other authors and fathers here quoted act. . scene . & in my vnlov of love lockes , p. , , , to , , . . * tim. . , . pet. . . to . see calvin , musculus , aretius , gualther , dancus , estius , hyperius , marlorat , go●ran , hugo cardinalis , lyra , tostatus , anselme , hrabanus maurus , o●cumenius , haymo , theophylact , sedulius , primasius , theodoret , remigius , chrysostome , hierom and ambrose , ibidem . q see here act. . scene , , , , . & act. . scene , , , . r genus quoddam sanctitatis sit minus esse vitiosum . sal●vian de guber . dei l. . t see my perpetuity , p. . to . & mr. boltons di●course of true happinesse , p. . to . deut. . . to psal. . , . u psal. . . tit. ● . . x pet. . , , . ephes. col. . . y psal. . , . z psal. . , to . a mat. . . b psal. ● . . psal. ● . . ps. . . ps. . . hebr. . . c amos . . d see here p. , , . mr. boltons discourse of true happines , p. . e see . iacobi cap. . f derived from the ancient pagan feasts and pastim●s on the first of may , which feasts they stiled maiuma , which arcadius and theodoret long since suppressed by this edict . illud ve●o quod sibi nomen procax licentia vindicabit maium●m faedum atque indecorum spectaculū denegamus . co●ex theodosii l. . tit. . lex . . see calvini lexicon ●uridicum , & iacobus spielegius , pandulphus proteus , & h●eronimus verrutius , lexicon iuris , tit. maiuma : & suidas mai●●mas , & spondanus an. . sect . . g see car. c. . h malitia semper contra virtutem insanit . chrysost. hom. . in gen. tom. . col. . a. i see mr. boltons discourse of true happinesse , p. , to . accordingly , an excellent place to this purpose , well worth the reading , and all antipuritans most serious consideration . k so were the saints and servants of god reputed in former times . see cor. . , , , , . c. . . c. . . c. . . cor. . , , , . lactantius de iustitia , l. . c. . timor domini simplicitas reputatur , ne dicam fatuitas . virum circumspectum et amicum propriae conscientiae calumniantur hypocritā . ber●ard . de consideratione l. . c. . col. . c. l so were the saints of olde accounted , sam. . , , . kings . . hosea . . isay . . ier. . . acts . , . mar. . iohn . . cor. , . cor. , . m psal. . . n deut. . . c. . . iosh. . . c. . . * acts . . pet. . . col. . . p vt quisque nomine christiani ( i may now say , puritani ) emendatur offendit . tertul. apologia c. , . * vnum nomen est persecutionis , sed non una est causa certaminis . leo de qu● . dr . sermo . f. q see tertullian de pallio lib. & mr. boltons discourse of true happinesse , p. . to . and my perpetuity , epistle . r de gubern . dei l. . p. , . and ad ecclesiam catholicam lib. . pag. . hee writes thus . at vero nunc diversissime et impiissime nullis omnino a suis minus relinquitur , qu● quibus ob dei reverentiam plus debetur : nullos pietas minus respicit , quam quos praecipue religio commendat : denique si qui a parentibus filii offeruntur deo , omnibus filiis postponuntur oblati ; indigni iudicantur haereditate , qui digni fuerint consecratione : ac per hoc una tantum re parentibus viles fiunt , quia caeperint deo esse preciosi . s multi , quod dolendu● est , pro●ectibus uruntur alienis ; et qui se virtutibus vacuos despici noverunt , arm●ntur in ●orum odium quorum non sequuntur exemplum . leo de quadragesima sermo . f. . t in bono proposito constitutis , inimicitiae dissimilium di abolo instigante non desunt , et facile in odia prorumpunt , quorum improbi mores detestabiliores fiunt comparationerectorum . iniquitas cum iustitia non habet pacem , temperantiam odit ebrietas , falsitati nulla est cum veritate concordia : non a●at superbia mansuetudinem , pe●ulantia verecundiam , avaritia largitatem , et tam pertinaces habet diversitas is●a conflictus , ut etiam si exterius conquiescat , ipsa tamen piorum cordium penetralia inquietare non desinat , ut verum sit quod voluerunt in christo pie vivere , persecutionē patientur , &c. leo de quadr. ser. . f. . x gal. . . cor. . , . y gen. . . z gal. . . io● . , . a ioh. . , . b cor. . , , . c prov. . . d psal. . , . e pet. . , . f ioh. . , . g wild. . , . &c. h iohn . . see my perpetuity , epistle . malignorum spirituum adversus sanctos insidiae non quiescunt , et sive occulto dolo , sive aperto praelio , in omnibus fidelibus propositum bonae voluntatis infestant . inimicum autem illis est omne quod rectum , omne quod castum . leo de passione dom●ni serm● . f. . i maledictione autem et amatitudine replerios , valde mul●orum est . quis enim ita emendati cris est , quem non maledicenti consue●udo sollicitet ? non dicat adversus eos qui maledicto digni sunt , sed etiam adversus eos quos dominus non maledixit ; id est , iustos et innocentes viros . origen lib. . in epist. ad rom. c. . tom. . fol. . c. vid. ibid. k in my perpetuity epist. . & healths sicknesse , p. . to . l mat. . . to . c. . . ioh. . , . c. . , . c. . . m mat. . , . luk. . , . * maioris contumeliae res est , falsis quenquam notare et insignite crimimbus quam vera ingerere atque oblectare delicta . quod enim sese dici , et quod esse te senties , morsum habet minorem testimonio tacitae recognitionis infractum . illud vero ac●rbissime vulnerat quod innoxios et quod decus nominis er aestimationis infamat . arnobius adversus gentes l. . p. . n iohn . . o iohn . . p omnes dixit , excepit nullū . quis enim exceptus potest esse , cum ipse dominus persecutionum tentamenta toleraverit ? ambr. enar. in psal. . octon . . tom. . p. . g. see ambrose , chrysost. theodoret , theophylact , remigius , beda , anselme , primasius , haymo , hrabanus maurus , and all other fathers and expositors on this text . q acts . . thess. . . r iohn . , . s de gubernatione dei l. . p. . * isay . . u zech. . . see psal. . . ier. . . psal. . . x dan. . , to . y see my perpetuity epistle . z adversus gnosticos lib. p. , . a see my perpetuity , epistle . at large . b cor. . , . c see iustin martyr , apologia . pro christianis . tertulliani apologia , lactantius de iustitia l. . c. , , . d in my perpetuity , epist. ● e epist. l. . epist. . f stromatum l. . f. . f. g apologia adversus gentes , c. , . * nam et hoc quoque genus invenitur qui meliores obtrectare malint quam imi●a●i , et quorum sim●li●udinem de●perent , eorum affectant simultatem ; s●●licet , u●i qui suo nomine obscuri sunt , alieno innotescant . ap●l●iu● floridorum l. . p. ● h oratio . p. . i who are oft trad●ced on the st●ge : see sir thomas overburie his cha●acter of an excellent actor● and here act. . scene ● . accordingl● . k ●narratio in p●al . . tom. pars . p , . see ●nar . in psal. . p. , . l enarratio in psal. . tom. pars . p. , . see ibid. p. . to . accor●ing●y : & ●e civit. dei l. . c. , . m iustin m●rtyr , apol●gia , ● . a●axagoras pro christianis legat●o , c●●rian epist. l. . epist. . donato . basil. epist . . ●ustathio medico , lactantius de iustitia l . c. , . leo de qu●dragesima sermo . & athanasius ep ad solitariam vitam agentes . see eusebius , socrates scholasticus , theodoret , sozomen , cassiodorus , nicephorus callistus , the english and french booke of martyrs , the centuries and baronius , passim accordingly . o opus imperfectū in matth. hom. . tom. . col. . b. p de civit. dei l. . c. . & enar. in psal. . p. . * qui odio nostri non secus atque rei honestae student turpe forsan putantes si absque ratione nos odio persequi videantur , causas odii contra nos et crimina fingunt . nihil autem eorum quae contra nos feruntur constanter tuentur , sed nunc hanc , paulo post aliam , et rursus quoque aliam inimicitiae causam contra nos assignant : atque ita nulla in re malitia ●orum consistit , sed mox atque ab hac intentata culpa resiliunt , alii incumbunt et rursus illa neglecta aliam apprehendunt : et si omnia de quibus nos accusant diluerimus , ab odio tamen non recedunt . basil. epist . . eu●tat●io medico , tom. ● p. . vid. ibidem . q mat. . . ioh. . , . r epist. . ad furiam c. . see spondanus epit. baronii anno . sect . . * ier. . ● . acts . . chron. . . cor. . . s dat veniam corvis● vexat censura columbas . iuve●al . satyr . . * fideles se spondent ut oportunius fidentibus noceant . bernard . de consideratione l. . c. . col. . m. x august . enar. in p●al . . p. , ● . y christianus si sit improbus , ne accuses professionem , sed re bona utentem male . non enim oportet damnare re● , sed eum quire bona male utitur . quandoquidē et iudas proditor fuit : verum ob id non accusatur ordo apostolicus , sed illius animus , nec crimen est sacerdotii , sed malum animi . chrysost. hō . . de ver●is esaiae , tom. . col. vid. ibidem . z caecitatis duae ●pecies facile concurrunt ut qui non vident quae sunt , videre videantur quae non sunt . tertul. apol . adv . ge●●●● c. . see wisdom . . , to . &c. . , , , . a cicero tuscul . quaest. l. . seneca consolatio . b natura invidiosi erant athenienses et ad optimis quibusque detrectandum proclives , non solum iis qui in administratione reipubl . et magistratu excellerent , verū etiam qui vel doctrina literarum vel vitae gravitate praefulgerunt . aehan van● his● . l. . c. . c cor. . . to . * tertul. apolog . adversus gentes c. . * seneca de vita ●eata c. , , . b this therefore was an ancient common obiectiou against the best heathen philosophers , who were maligned for their vertues . * this then is the cause why men so hate and slander puritans , because their goodnesse shames other mens badnes . * note this c chron. . prov. . . eccles. . . iames . . iohn . . acts . . d rom. . ● to . gal. . , . e rom. . , . f rom. . , , . g gal. . . rom. . ● , , , , , . h rom. . . to the end . i rom. . . to the end . c. . . gal. . . col. . , , . k cor. . . psal. . , . psal. . , to . psal. . . l iob . . ezech. . , . m psal. . psal. . . iob . . mat. . . cor. . . n iob . . ps. . . eccles. . , . o ezra . . to . dan. . . to . cor. . , . p rom. . , . psal. . , . ps. . . q psal. . . r pet. . . to . s psal. . , , , , , , , . psal. . , . t ps. . , , , . phil. . ● , . t exigo a me , non ut op●imis par sim , sed ut malis melior . sen●ca de vita beata cap. . d see exod. . , . & ● . e king. . , . f kings . , , to . g ester . , , to the end . h ezra . to . * nehem. . , . i ier. . . c. . , , . c. . . to . c. . . to . k amos . . to . l dan. . . to . m matth. . , , . n matth. . . o luk. . , , . & iohn . . * fundendo sanguinem et patiendo ma●gis quam faciendo contumelias christi fundata est ecclesia : pe●secutionibus crevit , martyriis coronata est &c. nos solos expelle●e cupiunt : nos soli qui ecclesiae communicamus , ecclesiam findere dicimur . hierom. ep●●t . . cap. . ● . , . p matth. . , , . iohn . . & . . q acts . , . c. . , , , . r acts . . s acts . . &c. t acts . . & . . u rom. . , , &c. x heb. . . y tim. . , . z ephes. . . a r●m . . . b cor. . , . c pet. . . to . &c. . , ● compared together . d see cor. . . to . cor. . . to . c. . ● . to . tim. . , . pe● . , , hebr. , , . iude . rev . . e ventum est igi●ur ad secun●dum titulum● iaesae augustioris m●ie●tatis , &c. propterea i●itur publici ho●tes ch●istiani quia imperatoribus neque vanos , neque mentientes , neque teni●rarios honores dicunt , &c. apologi● ad●● . gentes , tom. . p. . to . f advers . gentes l. , , . g de iustitia l● . & . h apologia● . & . pro christianis . i octavius , passim . k hom. . in cap. . ad romano●● tom. ● col. ● a. l eu●ebius eccle● . hist. l. ● c. . ● nicephorus callistus , ecclesiast . hist. l. ● . c. . to . centuriae magd. . col. , . centuria . col. , , , . baronius and spondanus , annales eccles. anno christi . sect . , . an. . s. . an. ● . . an. . s. ●● . an. . s. . an. . s. . an. . s. . an. . ● . , . an. s. . an. . ● . , . an. ● s. . an. . s. . an . s. . mr. fox booke of martyr● , p. , , . antonini chron. pars . tit. , , . see hierom. epist. . cap. ● . m nicephorus callistus● eccl. hist. l● . cap . pag , & cap. . pag . origen contra celsum lib. . bibl. patrum tom. . p. . h. tertullian . apologia advers . gentes c. hierom. epist. . ad furiam , c. . arnobius lib. . contra gentes , and baroni●s and spon●anus qua l. n socrates scholast . l. . c. , , . to which i might adde the name of lollard● o centur. mag● . col. . p socrates eccles . hist. l. . c. . l. . c , theodoret eccl . hist. l. . c. ●o sozomen eccles . hist. l. . c. . baronius & spondanus anno ● . s. . anno . s. . q ●as● . epist. . spondanus an. . s. . r see oratio de vita gregorii nazian●zeni prefixed to his workes . s socrates eccles . hist l. . c. , , . sozomen l. . c. . spondanus , an. . sect . . an. . s. t see bp. latimers . . & . sermon before king edward , and his . sermon on the lords prayer accordingly . and bishop hoopers apologie to qu. mary . u luke . ● . x incestu● sum , cur non requirant ? in deos et caesaris aliquid committo , ●ur non hab●o quo purger ? tertull. advers . gent●s c. . y see the prayer upon the fifth of november , mr. iohn white his sermon at paules crosse , march ● . his defence of the way , cap. & dr. crakenthorpe his defence of constantine , and his treatise of the popes temporall monarchy acordingly . z si semper latemus , quomodo proditum est quod admittimus ? fama tandiu sola conscia est scele●um christianorum , hanc i●dicem adver sus nos profertis , quae quod aliquando iactavit , tantoque spacio in opinionem corroboravit , usque adhuc probare non va●uit . ter●●●● . apologia , cap. . vid. ibid. a pet. . . b ea enim de castis , probis et pudicis fingitis quae fieri non crederimus , nisi devobis probaretis . minucius felix octauius p. . voce neg●nt quod literis confitentur . hierom epist. . p. . c isti ut convicia in silenti●m mitterent sua vitam infamare conati sunt alien●m . et cum possent ipsi ab innocentibus argui , innocentes arguere studuerunt , mittentes ubique literas livore dictante cons●●ipta● . optat●● aduersu● parmin . lib. . pag. . d see the answer to de●s & rex . e poli●icoru● l. ● . c. ● , . f quis inson● erit si accusatori crimine non probato fides habeatur ? zonaras , anual . tom. . f. . g christiani , non generis humani hostis sed erroris . tertul. apologi● c. . h see lipsius oratio de calumnia . insani sapiens , nomen fert aequus iniqui : vltra quā satis est virtutem si petat ipsam . horace epist. l. . ep. ● . i mr. bolton● discourse of true happines , p. . k praestat enim paucis bonis adversus malos omnes , quam cum multis malis adversus paucos pugnare . diogenes l●ert . p. . antistines p. . l sacrilegii quippe genus est , dei odisse cultores . sicut enim si servos nostros quispiam caedat , nos in servorum no strorum caedit iniuriam : et si a quoquam filius verbereturalienus , in supplicio filii pietas paterna torquetur : ita et cum servus dei a quoquam laeditur , maiestas divina violatur , dicente idipsum apostolis suis domino : qui vos recipit , me recipit ; et qui vos spernit , me spernit . benignissimus scilicet ac p●●ssimus dominus communem sibi cum servis suis et honorem simul et contumeliam facit , ne quis cum laederet dei servum , hominem tantum a se laedi arbitraretur : ●um absque dubio iniuriis servorum dominicorum dei admisceretur iniuria , testante id suis deo affectu indulgentissimo , in hunc modum● quoniam qui vos tangit , quasi qui tangit pupillam oculi mei . ad exprimendam teneritudinis pietatis suae , tenerrimam partem humani corporis nominavit , ut apertiflime intelligeremus , deum tam parva sanctorum suorum contumelia laedi , quam parvi verberis tactus humani visus ac●es laederetur . sal●ian . de gubern . dei l. . p. . m epist. . p. . y rom. . . z s●e here p. ● . & . to . & . to . accordingly . a s●e the con●es●ion in our common prayer-booke before the communion . * rom. . , . & the thanksgiving after the communi●on . c see chrysost. homil. . in matth. here p. . & hom. . in matth. here p. . d see act. . scene . & act. . scene , , , , , . e pet. . . tim. . . act. . . f act. , , & . g incidere in falsae opinionis errorem priusquam vera cognoscas , imperiti est animi et simplicis ; perseverare vero in eo postquam agnoveris , con●umaciae . salviani epistola afro et vero , p. . h act. . . cor. . , , . i see here p. . notes for div a -e (a) sponte sua carmen nu●●eros ven●●bat ad apto● , et quod tentabam scribere versus erat ouid. tristium , l. . eleg. . b carmine dli superi placantur , carmine manes hora● . epist. l. . ep. . p. . gaudet enim virtus testes sibi inngere musas , car●en amat , quis quis carmine digna gerit . claudian pr●sat . in lib. . de laudibus sti●iconis p. . see ouid. de ponto lib. . eleg. plutarch● de audiendis poetis lib. pl●nie epist , l . epist. hora● carm . l. . ode . . c) see b. alley his poore man librarie● part . fol. . . d edidit quoque eu●ipidem aem●latus , trag●●o● actus pin●ari etiam liram attigit , et comica argumenta ad menandri exemp●um tractavit , vniuscuinsque carminis legibus rite servatis , atque ut semel dicā sumpta ex di●inis literis materia , a●gumentis eis tractandis , librisque componendis , numerum ●velicarum disciplinarum aequavit . &c. nicephorus callist●●● ecclesiast . ●ist . l. . c. . & cassiodorus . tripartita hist. l. . ca. . vid , ibid. e see . & . h. . c. . m. fox his booke of martyrs , . pag , . & hen. sta●bridge his exhortatorie epistle against the pompous popish bishops of england . p. . f m. fox his bo . of martyrs , p. . g se hen. stalbridge his epist p. . accordingly . h se lewen●l●vii censura huius operis , in nazianzens works . edit . pa. ● . & coci censura . p. . accordingly . i see balaeus de scriptoribus briti . contur . cap. . ●. . . . k) see basil. de legendislibris gentilium ora●io . & nicephorus : eccles. hist. l. . c. . . l an tu● demens , vilibus in ludis dictari ●armina malis ? serm● l. . sect . . see here p. ● . m bibl. hist l. . s. . pag . . & l. . sect . . pa. . n de oratoribus dialog . sect . . o see part . act . scene . to . & act . scene . . . . p see part . act. ● . scene . to . q de vanitate scientiarum . ca. . n see part . . act. . scene . , , . . &c. o se gossen his playes confuted artic. . & . & chrysost. ho. . in math● . p see part . . p. . to . q see part . . act. . . & . r see part . p. . to . act . scene . & act . scene . pa to . accordingly , & bulengerus de circo roma ●● cap. . p. . e. s see part . act . . through●out . t se part . act . . scene . x see part . act . . scene . , . y ierm . . . z plutar●h de audendis poe●tis lib. tom , . pa. . a ibid. b diogenis la●●tii● solon : p. . & plutarchi solon . c excludant vanas vulgo protritas damnatasque fabulas figmentorum po●ticorum scenicorumque res nihili multis verbis exaggerantium . de iudice . lib. p. . f see part . act . scene . , , . & act. . throughout . g see part . act . scene , , . &c. h cyprian & tertulliande spectac . chrysost● hom. . & . in matth. philo. iudaeus . de monarchia p. . & in flac●u● . l. p. . theophilu● ant●ochenus . here p. , . minucius felix octavius p. , . eusebius de praeparat . evang. l. . c. . see p. . l. i see here p. . k see here p. . . ●● l see here p. . m see here p. . n p. , ● . , . , ● . * see here pag. . . p see here p. . . l. q satyr . here p. . r see here p. , , , , , , , , , , . s see his epistola . & . see here p. , . accordingly . t see theod. bezae amatoria ab ipso adolescente edita et ab ipso post damnata . lut. . u see here part . act. . scene . ●● . . p. , . fol. ● & . * stephen gosson h●s schoole of abuse & plaies confuted in . actions . & the . blast of retrait from playes & theaters p. . to . * instit. orat. l. . c. ● p. . the infamie of stageplayers a rom. hist. lib. . sect . ● . . b oratio pro p. quin●tio . c l. . c. . d excellentium imperato●rum vitae , praefacio . p. . e annall . l. ● s. . . f saturnal . l. ● c. . g tiberius . sect. . h noct. a●tic . lib. . c. . i . satyr . ● . k de spectac . c. . l adversus gentes . l. . p. . m de civit. dei. l. . c. ● to . . l. . c. . n variarum . l. . c. . o tom. . pars . in matt. c. . quaest. . f. . e. p de v●nitate scientiarum . c. . q genialium di●rum . l . c. . r comment in corpus iuris ciuilis tom. . p. . s comment in lib. iudicum . c. . p. . to . t an●iqu . lect. l. . c. . u de spectac . in codice theodosij comment . p. . x annot : in pandect . y overthrow of stage-players p. . to . & . to . where this point is largely debated . z see here p. . & . in the margent . a vlpianus l. . paragr . . digest vet . l. . tit , . corpus iuris ciuilis . tom. . p. . b ibidem p. tit. de his qui notantur infamia . c qua ● corpus iuris civil●s : tom. . p. ● . . & gothof●ed ibidem . & d. rainolds . qua y before ioanni● mariana . de spectac . lib. de rege et regum instit. l. . c. . & petrus faber . agonistico● l. . c. . p. . d aemilij probi praefatio . august . de civit. dei l. ● c. , , , . l. . c. . e homil. in matth. & homil . . in cor . here p. . f comment . l. . f. . g legum dialogus . . h see gellius noct● a●tic . l. ●o . c. . i plutarchi laconica apotheg . p. . here p. , . k see ●ulengerus de theatro lib. . c. . de infamia theatri & olaus magnus hist. l. . c. . . l see concilium eliberinum can. . & those other councels quoted . p ● . . in the margent , and here p. . m tertul. de spectac . c . cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . & arnobius , clemens romanus , augustine cassiodorus qua supra . l. m. n. & infra . p. . n see ● . u. x. ● . b. c before & bulengerus de theatro l. ● . c. . & codex ●heodos●i l. . tit. . de scenicis o see gratian distinctio . . & de consecratione distinct . . paulo lanceletto institutiones iuris canonici : l. . ti● . de eucharistia : p. . ioannis caluini , & iacobi spielegii lexicon iuridicum tit. histrione● : aluarus pelagius de planctu ecclesiae . l. ar●e . with sundry others here quoted p. . &c. p astexanus decasibus l. . tit. . artic. . summa ro●e●la , & summa angelica . tit. histrio . adula●io , & infamia : with others p. . q alexander ●lensis● summa theologiae pars . quaest. . artic. ● p. . aquinas . pars quaest. . artic. . didacus de tapia in am . partem diui thomae artic. . p. , . r olaus magnus hist. l. . cap. . bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. . s d. rainolds overthrow of stage playes p. . to . & . to . see here p. . s & p. t comment● in li● . iudicum . c. . p. , . * nota. u iuvenal satyr . . x see here p. . . . y see codex theodosii . l. . tit. . l ex . . baronius & spondanus . anno. . sect . see here p. ● . . z see here p. , , , , , , , . a see here p. . b indubitanter turpe est esse histrionem . sacram quidem communionem histrionibus et mimis dum in malitia perseve rant ex auctori●ate patrū non ambigisesseprae clusam . &c. ibid c item histrionibus scenicis et aliis infamibus notoriis et manifestis non est eucharistia conferenda , quia tales vitam ducunt illicitam sic dicit cyprianus ; nec pu●o maiestati divinae , nec ecclesiasticae disciplinae congruere ut pudor et honor ecclesiae tam turpi atque infami contagione faedetur ; et loquitur ibi de quodam qui fuit histrio , qui publice artem suam exercuit , et inde doctor puerorum perdendorum suit . posset ergo illud decretum intelligi de quolibet simili histrione notorio : glossa dicit , quod hec tali nec cuicun que infami notorio est eucharistia impertienda . si tamen tales revertantur ad de●um ex gratia vel reconciliatione , eis deneganda non est . non statim tamen debedari talibus hostia seu eucharistia , nisi vsq●e ad perac●●m paenitentiam , proptet reverent●m sacramenti , vt probetureorum conversio non ficta , nisi aliq●is articulus necessitatis seu pietatis aliter fieri suaderet , secu●dum richard . distinc●io . ● ibidem . d see here p. . . scenici● atque histrionibus caeterisque personis huiusmodi , quamdiu tam detestandas artes exercuerin● , non est danda eucharistia . nec enim evangelicae disciplinae congruit vt pudor et honor ecclesiae tam turpi et infami contagione faede●ur ibidem . f see he●e p. , ● . . & act. scene . summula raymundi fol. . g see here p. . to . . to . * decretal . pars . c. . * distinctio . . h see gratian distinctio . c. prohibentur accordingly . i gratian distinctio . cap. mari●um . f. . k in matth. . quaest. . f. . l in c. cum decorum , de vita et honest clericorum . & summa angelica . histrio . m tractatus tract . tom. ● . p. . to . n repertorii moralis . pars . ● histrio . p. . o super. l. . decretalium . de vita et honesta-c●ericorum . c. . tom. . f. . p pupilla oculi . pars . c. . l. * see here p. , . q summula raymundi f. . summa angelica . tit. histrio . summa rosella● adulatio . bulengerus de theatro . l. . c. , . r see apostolorum canones can. . gratian distinct. . here p. . s caluini lexicon iuridicum , and most other canonists in their titles histrio , infamia testis , &c. t in matth. c. . quaest. . f. u . h . c. . . eliz. c. . . eliz. c. . . iacob . c. . see here p. , . x see here p. , . accordingly . y tacitus . annal . l. . c. . & l. . c. . see here p. . * oratio pro. p quintio . p. . * mac●obius saturnal . l. . c. . * de consensu euangelistarum . l. . c. . * sic itaque et circa voluptates spectaculorum infamata conditio est . tertullian de corona m●litis . c. . p. ● . z rom. hist. l. p. . a suetonii caius sect. . . , , , . b de legatione ad caium li. c zonaras , eutropius , sallicus anton●nus , grimstō in his life , and vinc●ntius speculum hist. l. . c ● . d quendam equorūsu●orū incitatum nomine , ad caenam quoque ad hibebat , et ei in auro hordeum appo●e●at● et poculis aureis vinum pr●pi nabat , salutem eius ac for●unam ●urans ; consule●●● se e●m creaturam policiba●ur , facturus si d●ut●●s vixisset dion cassius l. . p. ● . f lib. . p. . & su●tonii caius sect . . . e noctem quoque in diem velut mar● in terram convertere volebat : nam loco in lunae formam curuato , vndique ignis quasi in theatro qu●dam videbatur , ita vt omnem tenebrarum sensum eriperet . ac ne qua vlli excusatio esset non veniendi in theatrum ( nam egerrime id ferebat si quis abesse● , aut spectaculo nondum finito discederet ) iustitium indixit . interdixitetiam id vt obvii in viis imperatorem salutarent , quo inmirum facilius ad theatrum iri posset . multos inter●spectandum arreptos● multos a theatro domum revertentes apprehendens obtruncaret . causa irae po●issima fuit , quod negligentius ad spectacula conveniebant , scilicet vexati ●o , quod alias alio tempore quam edixisset , ac saepe noctu etiam eo veniret , et quia non semper ●osdem , quos ipse probabant , nonnunquam etiam inuisi , &c. dion cassius l. . p . . . g tacitus . annal . l. . c. . l. c. , . sabellicus eneid . l. p. . eutropius rerum ro. l. . p. . zonaras annal. tom. . fol. . h suetonii nero sect , , . to . et sect. . he writes thus , quinimo cum prosperi quiddam ex provinciis nunciatum esset , superabundantissimam ca●nā iocularia in defectionis duces carmina , lasciueque modulata , quae vulgo inno●uerunt , etiam gesticulatus est ; ac spectaculis theatri clam illatus , ●uidam scenico placenti nuncium misit , abuti cum occupationibus suis , & sec. . sub exitu quidem vitae palam voverat , si sibi incolumis status permansisset , proditurum se partae victoriae ludis , etiam hidraulam et choraulam , et vtricularium , ac no●●ssimo die● hi-strionem , saltaturumque virgilii turnum . &c. i eutroplus rerum rom. l. . f. . writes thus of him : ad postremum nero tanto se dedecore prostituit , vt om●nia pene italiae ac graeciae the●tra perlustratus , assumpto etia● va●ii vestitus dedecore saltaret , cantaret , in scena citharedico habi●u ●el tragaedi●● . see grimston in the life of nero. vincentii speculam histor . l . c. . freculphi● chronicon . tom. . l. . c. . &c. k tacitus annal● l. . sect . . * nero publice cit●ara cecinit ; in circo aurigauit . traiecit in graeciam , non ut maiores sui sed saltandi , citharae pulsandae , praeconii faciendi agendae que tragediae causa . nec ●●i roma satis ampla erat , sed expedi●ione erat opus vt periodonices , id est , pa●sim victor , vt a●●bat , euaderet . sed qui● singula ●ius sacta enumeret ? nam vno verbo , quicquid viles histriones representant ea omnia ipse dicebat et faciebat , et tolerabat , nisi quod aureis catenis vin●iebatur , nam ferreae romanorum imperatorem haud decuissent . a●iquando igitur miles vinctum conspicatus prae indignatione accurrit , cumque soluit . zonaras annal. tom. . s. . * omnia in ne●one probri et ignominiae plena . omni pudore abiecto romae cantu in theatro certavit , vbi insanum herculem acturus , cum de more vinculis ornaretur , qui praesidi● causa in proximo sterit , catenas intuitus , ratusque vim illi intendi , consternatus animo , co occurrit opem principi laturus . nec satis fui●per haec indelebilē romano populo notam ab eo inustam , in graeciam cantandi studio navigavit omnibusque eius ge●tis spectaculis , cantu , aurigatione , praeconio certavit . indereversus curru quo olim augustus triumphans vrbem ingressus est , praemiorum pompa titulisque singulorum certaminum longo ordine praemissis . sabel●licius aen●id . l. . p. . l tacitus annal . l. . cap. ● . . m taci●●us annal. l. . ●ect . . p. . * res haud mi●●a tamen citha●●aedo principe ●imus nobilis &c. in scena nunquam can●avit orestes : haec opera atque hae sunt gene●osi principis ●tes , gauden●isfaedo peregrina ad pulpita saltu prostitui , graiaeque apium meruisse coronae iuuenal satyr . . p. ● , . o eutropi●s , zonaras , sabellicus , & grimston in his life . arius montanus in lib. iudicum c. . p. . . dr. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes p. . to . & . ● . p pag. , . q histo●●ae . l. . p. . . ●● . r herodian . histor . l. . p. . . see eutropius , zonares , coc●ius sabellicus , eli●us lampridlus , grimston , and others in his life accordingly . * note here the condition of wicked princes and great persons ; they desire not to have any good men near them to censure or beare witnes of their shamefull actions . s herodian l. . p. . eli● lampridii commodus p. , , . eutropius , zonaras , sabe●licus & grimston in his life . * herodian l. . p. . . . . . * let our effeminate men● women who are guilty of the selfesame womanish folly consider this . * dancing therefore , together with acting , masquing were infamous among the romans . see gul●elmus stuckius antiqui● tatum conviu : l. . c. . accordingly . * the same do some obiect a●gainst such tutors , friends , masters , parents , who keep their scholars , servants and children from these lewde practises and excesses now , which say they doe quite corrupt and make them puritans . * an evident and remarkable testimony how execrable , this emperours dancing and effeminacy was to all the romans , though most of them were then meer pagans . u aelii lampridii heliogabalus p. , . . see here p. . * histor. l . * dipnosoph . l. . c. . p. . cornelius tacitus hist. l. . c. . r. p. . &c. ● , . p . * trebellii polionis gallieni duo . p. , . see p. . . y idem p. . z flauii vopisci carinus p. . * hence also duidas in his historica col. . thus taxeth ardaburius quod sedeflexit ad muliebres delicias . gaudebat enim minis , et praestigiatoribus , et omnibus scenicis ludicris ; et huiusmody ineptiis totos dies exigens , glo●iae insignia prorsas negligebat . a polybius hist l. . & athenaeus dipnos . l. . c. . p. . . see here p. , . b dipnosoph l. . c. p. . c rorum roma norum l. . p. . d see comment : & notae lubini , ioannis brittanici , p. pithaei , caelii secundi , curionis , theodor pulmanni , et thomae parnabii in iuvenal satyr . . iustin. hist l. . p. . & suida histo●ica . ardaburius . e annal. l. . c . . p. , , . f sect. . . see lypsius de saturn . et sabellicus , eutropius zonaras & grimston in nero his life . g iuvenal satyr . p. , . * nota. * nota. h macrobius saturn l. . c. . p. . . * nota. i see here p. . to . k contro . l. : proaemio p. see here p. . l seneca epist. p. , . m dion cassius hist. l. . p. . n dion cassius hist l. . p. . o dion cassiu● hist l. . p. ● * corn. tacitus histor. l. . c. . p. . p page . & . see here p. , . q see here page , , , , ● &c. * see d. rainolds his overthrow of stage playes , p. . * see d. rainolds his overthrow of stage playes , p. . r see here p. . s here , , , . &c. see gulielmus stuckius antiquita●um convivialium l . c. . . accordingly . t here p. ● , , . and yet ipsi autem episcopi redditus ecclesiarum , non in pias causas , sed consanguineis , histrionibus , adulatoribus , venatoribus scortis et similibus personis friuole expendunt , et magis attendunt nequitiam hominum quam necessitatem naturae , contra canonum dedecreta . episcopus chemnensis onus ecclesiae cap . sect . . u h●re p. , . & p. . to . summula raymundi f. , ● . x pupilla oculi pars . c. . i. see here p. . * se ivo carnotensis decret . pars c. . & pars . c. . accordingly . y vtrum scolares corumque magistri , vel● ludimagistri ●orum●c discipuli ( as the text & the margent propounde it ) comaedias et tragaedias aliosue ludos scenicos nunc agere possint ? z ibidem p. , , . &c. * pray note this reason well . * nota. a epist. l. . epist . . ●ucrati . * see here p. . * let those who now erect crucifixes and images in our churches contrary to our articles , iniunctions , homilies , conons , statutes , & writers yea contrarie to their owne subscription , consider this : and those also who use any heathenish ceremonies and representations in their enterludes . b see here page , , , , , , . c see here page , . * academicall enterludes and the acting of them infamous see gullelmus stuckius anti. qui. conviv . l. . c. , . * see p. . to . to . & , , . d see act. . scene . . * that is , ●s first . e in his excellentium imperatorum vitae : p●●fatio p. . f see here page . . g paria sunt vni●s sementis germina . prosper aquit . contr. collatorem c. . h velocius enim et citius nos corrumpunt vi●tiorum domestica exempla subeunt animos magnis auctoribus . iuvenal satyr ● p. . exempla tantum conspectiora sunt , et efficacius movent , quanto illustriores sunt perso●ae aquibus designantur diodorus sic. bibl. hist. epist. dedic●t . i tim. . . to . c. . k see here act. . scene , . l h. . c. . . eliz. c. . . eliz. c. . . iac. c. . m see the epistle to the reader before dr. rainolds his overthrow of stage playes , accordingly . n see i. g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , here p. ● . * de vanitate scient . c. . see cap. . the unlawfulnesse of a players profes●ion and of acting argument . argument , . * the generall history of france p. . argument . . argument . . argument . . * gal. . . pet. . . * gal. . . * gal. . . * see here p. . to . . see the table . title devil and players . * psal. . argument . . * see here p. , . * deutr. . . mich. . . argument . . * tract . . in ioan. here p● . * summula raymundi fol. . argument . . argument . . argument . . p see part . act . scene ● , , , , . & act . scene . to . mr. stubs anatomy of abuses p. , . i. g. his re●utation of apologie for actors p. . . accordingly . q see part . act . scene . & p. , . q see part . act . , . & . accordingly● r de spectaculis . c. . to . s hom. . . & . in math. see here p . . t de spectaculis l. epist. li. epist . & l. . epist. . u de vero cultu c. . x de gubern . dei . l. . y his treatise against playes . z playes confuted action . . . a anatomy of abuses p . b overthrow of stage playes p. , . &c. c i. g. refutation of the apologie for actors p. . . . d ephes. . . . e thes. . . f de coronati one principis p. . g histrionum igitur epicritianorum ex miletianistrans●u . gatorumscopus talis est , talisque perfidia in moribus . epist : ad solitariam vitam agentes . p. . b. h sermo de ielunio . bibl. patrum tom. p. . g i in mathae . evang : l. . bibl. patrum tom. . pars . . b. see here p. . in the margent . k in apocalyps c. . & . p● . l de vita et mor. te iuelli : p. . . m see act. . scene . & act . scene . n see . sam. . , , prov. , . eccles. . . . c. . . c. . . c. , . o see mr stubs his anatomie of abuses p. . i. g. his refuta●tion of apologi● for actors , p. . . dr. raynolds over throw of stage playes p. . ● & . . . p eccle● . . , . prov. . . & . . q enarratio : in psal. . tom. pars . . r see here p. . . . tertull. de idololatria lib. philo iudaeus de decalogo l. and all co●mentators on the second commandement accordingly , with our owne homilies against the perill of idolatry . s see exod. . . deutr . . king. . . c. . . c. . . c. . . chron. . , , . iohn ● . t matth. . . . ephes. . . . . u isay . . p●al . . ● . ● iob . ● . psal. ●● . mat. . , . pet. . . prov. . . . * isay . . prov. . . . c. . . to . z psal. . . psal. . eccles● . . c. . . c. . . c. . psal. . . & phes . . . c. . . cor. . , . c. . . b tit. . . . tim. . . to . phil. . . eph . . eph. . . . . rom. . ph●● . . . c tim. . . . isay● . . to . deut. . . zeph. . . pet. . ● . d cor. . . to . tim. . . ● pet. . . see my unlovelines of lovelocks . e eph. . . . c. . , . p● . . . ps. . f gen. . . prov. , . c. . . ier. . . g here p. . . . h here p. . to . i see h●re , pag. . . two ●ouncels against acting a part in bishops , ministers , or religious persons garments , & ioannis lang●●crucim , de vit● & honestate ecclesiasticorum . l. . c. . p. . k metamorphoseos . lib. . pag. . l act . scene . m marianus scotus . l. , aetas . . an . col. . martini . poloni supputationes . an. . col. . papa . . polychronicon . l. . c. . fol. . caxtons chronicle . part . anno . vola●eranus commentar . lib. . fol. . balaeus de romanorum pontificum actis . lib. . pag. . with others here quoted . pag. . n nicephorus callistus ecclesiastic . histor. lib. . cap. . centuriae magdeburg . . col. . . o suetonij octavius . sect . . * vincentij speculum historiale . lib. . cap. . antonini chronicon . pars . tit. . cap. . sect . fol. . * vincentij speculum . histor . l. . cap. . . fol. . * vincentij specul●m . histor . l , . c. . , , , . see lib. . cap. . the like example of melania . * see here , pag. . , , . & agrippa de vanitate scientiarum . cap . * vincentij spe●●lum . histor . lib. . cap. . p see vincentij speculum historiale . lib. , cap . to . socrates scholast . ecclesiast . histor. l. . c. . gratian causa● . quaest. . f. b. & here , p. , , , , . q de vanit . scient . c. . * restant nunc solae moniales , &c. de his autē plura dicere ( & si plura , quae dici possint suppe●ebant ) verecundia prohibet , ne non de caetu virginum deo dicatarū sed magis de lupanaribus , de dolis & procacia mer●tricum , de stupris & incestuosis operibus dandum sermonem , prolixè trahamus . nam quid● obsecro , aliud sunt hoc tempore puellarū monasteria , nisi quaedam non dico dei sanctuaria , sed veneris execranda prostibula ? sed lascivorū & impudicorum juvenū ad libidines explendas receptacula , ut idem hodie sit puellam velare , quod & publice ad ●cortandum exponere , &c. ni●ol●us de cl●●angis , de c●rrupt● ecclesiae s●at● . lib. cap. . see cap. . * adolescentibus impudice abusi sunt . heu heu , intra sanctam ecclesiam multi religiosi & clerici in suis latebris & conventiculis maximè in italia , publice quodammodo nefandū gymnasium constituunt & palestram , in illius flagitij abominatione se exercentes , & optimi quique epheborum in lupanari ponuntur . contra sanctam castitatem quam do nino promiserant sic offendunt continue etiam pulicè , praeter ea nefanda quae in occultis perpetrant , quod nec chartae reciperent , nec posset calamus exarare . alvarus pelagius , de planctu ecclesiae . l. . artic. . fol. . & artic. . fol. . onus ecclesiae . cap. . , . & here p. . . * episcopi vero & sacerdotes hujus temporis castitat●s sanctimoniam ( sine qua nemo videbit deum ) tam in corde quam in corpore quomodo student observate ? qui traditi in reprobum sensum faciunt quae non conveniunt . quae enim in occulto fiunt ab episcopis turpe est dicere . melius itaque arbitror super hoc dissimulare & supersedere , quam aliquid , unde scandalisentur innocentes & inexperti dicere● sed ego cur verecundor dicere , quod ipsi non verecundantur facere ? imo quod apostolus non verecundatur scribere & praedicare . dicit autem egregius predicator : sic masculi in masculos turpitudinem operantes , & mercedē su●●●rroris recipi●ntes . fratres , factus sum insipiens ; vos me coegistis . bernard . sermo . ad pastores in synodo rhemensi . fol. . r see pag. . , , , . s see suidae caius , p. . quinetiam nefario furore correptus vestes muliebres induebat caius , & comam plicis quibusdam ornando , & faeminas imitando , & omnia flagitia perpetrando . t aelij lampridij . commodus . pag . . u athenaeus dipnos . l. . c. . p. . x commodus antoninus . p. . . y pag. . z athenaeus dipnos . lib● ● cap● . pag. . . a dipnosoph . l. . c. . p. . b athenaeus dipnos . lib. . cap. . p. . c pausaniae arcadica . l. . p. . alebat adolescens alpheo comam , eam ille cum , quo virgines more solent religasset , in muliebri veste ad daphnen venit , filiam se oenomai simulans . cum itaque virgo esse ex corporis ha●itu facile crederetur , &c. miro sibi daphnen amore devinxit &c. d valerius maximus . lib. . cap. . sect . . pag. . e bibl. histor. lib. . sect . . pag. . see here , p. . f virgil. aeneidos . lib. . pag. . g sint procul à verbis juvenes ut faemina compti . quique ●uas ponunt in statione comas . ovid de arte amandi . l. . pag. . h bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . , . i act . scene . pag. . to . k de legibus . lib. c. . pag. . . * see agrippa de vanitate scient . cap. . . tertullian de pallio . c. . summa angelica . tit. ornatus . sect . . summa rosella . tit. faemina . accordingly . & here , pag. . to . l statius achilleid . l. . & d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playcs . p. . to . m suetonij iulius . sect . . n pausaniae arcadica . l. p. . * see here , pag. . . together with the examples of sardanapalus , nero , heliogabalus , commodus , caligula , annarus , and others forequoted , who acted their sodomies , whoredomes and adulteries , being thus attired in womans apparell . p see here , pag. . accordingly . q see here , pag. . , . & d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . p . to . . & . to . accordingly . r see p. . to . & d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playe● . p. . to . , , . * est praeceptū honestatis non in ceremonia , non in civili jure seu politico , sed in natura ipsa funda●a . ibidem . col. . see here , pag. . . & doctor rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . , , , , . accordingly . t see here , act . scene . * decret . pars . cap. . see cap. . & pars . c. . , . to the like purpose . x quaeritur an faemina causa ludi vel ●oci utens ve●te virili , vel vir ve●te m●liebri pecce● mortaliter , & c● summa rosella . tit. faemina . fol. . . y tertium quod requiritur in ornatu est convenientia personae . itaque mulier quae utitur veste virili , vel è contrario , peccat mortaliter , quia facit contra praeceptum deut. . summa angelica . t it ornatus . sect . . & tit. habitus sect . . z summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . m. . pag. . . a prima secundae . quaest. artic● . m. & secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . . * isiodor hispalensis . originum . lib. . cap. . b act . scene . pag. . to ● . c suetonij nero . sect . . coc. sabellicus . aeneid . . lib. . p. . eu●ropius , grimston , & zonaras , in the life of nero. d see d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . . & here , p. . to . e ad ea quae frequentius accidunt leges aptantur . see sir edward cooke , his flowres . f de pallio . c. p. . * see archbishop abbot , his . lecture upon ionah . sect . . pag. . . against long womanish haire . g debet enim habitus congruere qualitati & conditioni personae & ●exus . iacobus de graffijs . decisionum aur●arum . pars . lib. cap . s●ct . . h cor. . . i enarratio in psal. . tom. . pars . p. . . * d. che●win , in his straite gate and narrow way . cap. pag. . k overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . to . & . to . l act . scene . pag. . to . m argentor●ti . . p. . . * see rhabanus maurus in deut. lib. . cap. . tom. . operum . pag. . alexander alensis summa theologiae . pars ● quaest. . memb . . pag. . . & mapheus vegius , de educatione puerorum . lib. . cap. . accordingly . n de mercede meretricis , &c. p. . o oratio adversus mulieres ambitiosius sese ornantes . p. , aec . p oratio . . de funere patris . p. . . q hom. . in matth. tom . col. . d. r homil. ad pop● antioch . tom. . col. . d. s sermo ad clerum , in concilio rhemensi fol. . t de nugis curialium . l. . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . e. * contra hie●ronymū osorium . lib. . pag . x see act . scene . accordingly . summa angelica , & summa rosella . tit. ornatus . y see act . scene . & act . scene . . cyprian epist. lib. . epist. . tertullian . de spectac . iosephus antiqu. iudaeorum . lib. . cap. . z antiq. iudae . l. . c. . a de decalog . lib. pag. . b de spectac . lib. cap. de coron● m●litis . cap. . & de idololatria . lib. c see here , pag. . . d see act . & act . scene . pag. . e exod. . . cap. . . cap● . . levit. . , . deut. . . cap. . . kings . . cap. . . cap● ●● . cap. . , . chron. . . cap. . , , . ier. . . cap. . ezek. ● , . ioh. . . f cor. . , . propterea cl●mat apostolus , fugi●e idololatriam , omnem utique & totam , &c. longum enim divortiū mandat ab idolol●tria , in nullo proximè agendum . draco enim terrenus de longinquo non minus spiritu absorbet alites . ioannes , filioli , inquit , custodite vos ab idolis : non jam ab idololatria quasi ab officio , sed ab idolis , id est ab effigie eorum . tertul. de corona militis● c. . g deut. . . cor. . . to . see act . scene . & here pag. , &c. h tim. , . pet. . , . i deut. . . isay . , , . zeph. . . prov. . . see act . scene . k psal. . . l dan. . . m psal. ● . , . n pronaque cum spectant animalia caetera terram : os homini sublime dedit , caelumque videre jussit , & erectos ad sidera tollere vultus . ovid. metamorp● . lib. . cicero de natura . deorum . lib. . . o gen. . , . cap. . . cap. . p deut. . , , . c. . . q rom. . . psal. . . r isay . . acts . . r eccles. . . c. . . matth. . . c. . . pro. . . s cor. . . c. . . to . t cyprian , de habitu virginum . tertul. de cultu faeminarum . clemens alexand. paedag. l. . c. . , . nazianzen adversus mulieres ambitiosius sese ornantes oratio . alexander alensis . summa theologiae . pars . q●aest . . artic . . summa angelica & summa rosella . tir. ornatus : see my vnloveliness● of lovelockes . pag. , &c. and here , act . scene . , . u psal. . . psal. . , . pet. . . rev. . . psal. . . psal. . psal. . . x see dan. . . rom. . , , . y psal. . . tim. . , . titus . , , , , , ● cor. . . z sam. . , . a see act . scene . , . & bullengerus , de theatro . lib. . c. . . b est autem in media hierusolyma quadroporticus , &c. simulachrum vero aut aliquod anathema ibi nequaquam est . apud iosephum . contra apionem . lib. . pag. . c aegyptij plaeraque animalia effigiesque compositas venerantur . iudaei mente sola unumque numen intelligunt . profanos qui nideûm imagines mortalibus materijs in species hominum effingant . summum illud atque aeternum , neque mutabile , neque interiturum . igitur nulla simulachra urbibus suis , neque templis . non regibus haec adulatio , non caesaribus honor . histor. lib. . cap. . pag. . d iudaei diversum à reliquis-hominibus ob tinent , cū alijs in rebus usuque vitae quotidiano , tū eo praesertim quod nullū ex caeteris dijs colunt : unū autē quendā summo studio venerātur , tum quoque temporis nullum hierosolymis simulacrum extabat ; nimirum suum illum deum ineffabilem , invisibilemque existimantes . rom. hist. l. fol . e hactenus pro patria deprae catus postremas pro templo preces adhibeo . hoc templum cai domine , jam inde ab initio nullam unquam admisit manufactam effigiem cum sit deo domicilium : pictorum enim & statuariorum opera sunt sensibilium deorum imagines : illum autem invisibilom pingere aut fingere nefas duxerunt nostri majores . non graecus , non barbarus , non rex satrapave ullus vel infensissimus ; non seditio , non bellum , non captivitas , non vastatio , non alia res ulla unquam tantam cladem intulit , ut contra veterem morem effigies manufacta in id importaretur . de legatione ad caium . pag. vid. , &c. see de monarchi● . lib. fol. . , . f graecis itaque & alijs quibusdam bonum esse creditur imagines instituere . denique & patrum , & uxorum filrorumque●iguras depingentes exultant ; quidam vero etiam nihil sibi competentium sumunt imagines , &c. porro autem legislator , non quasi prophetans romanorum potentiam non honorandam , sed tanquam causam neque deo neque hominibus utilem despiciens , & quoniam totius animati , multò magis dei inanimati , probatur hoc inferius , interdixit imagines fabricari : to which sigismundus silenius affixeth this marginall note . iudaei prorsus nullas imagines ferunt . contra apionem . lib. . pag. . g exod. . . levit. . ● , . deut. . , , , , , . c. . . c. . , . h iohn . . c. . . rom. . . col. . . tim. . . c. . . heb. . . ioh . . deut. . . deus inter omnia operibus quidem & muneribus clarus , & omni re manifestior , forma vero & magnitudine nobis inenarrabilis . omnis namque materies comparata ad hujus imaginem , licet sit preciosa , tamen pro nullo est ; cunctaque ars ad illius imitationis inventum , extra artem esse cognoscitur : nihil simile neque videmus , neque possumus suspicari neque conijcere , illeinvisibilis sola mente percipitur . iosephus contra apionem . lib. . pag. . philo iudaeus de monarchia . lib. pag. , &c. i isay . . to . acts . . rom. . . k col. . . iohn . . deut. . . heb. . . tim. . . philo iudaeus , de mundi opificio . pag. . . origen contr. celsium . lib. . fol. . & lib. . fol. . l act . . isay . , . m exurge modo , & re quoque dignum ●inge deo , finges autem non auro , non argento : non potest ex hac materia , imago dei exprimi similis . epist. . pag. . n de natura deorum . lib. . . o in hoc n. consuestis parte crimen nobis maximum impietatis affigere , quod non deorum alicujus simulacrū constituamus , non altaria fabricemus , non aras. advers . gentes l. . p. . p non n. christiani patiuntur vel templa , vel aras , vel simulacra , & statuas intueri : simulacra aperte vituperant , &c. christiani vero & item iudaei , cum audiunt , dominum deum tuum timebis , & illi soli servies ; nec tibi feceris idolum , nec rei ullius similitudinem , quae cumque in caelo sunt & in terra deorsum , &c. & ob alia pleraque non his dissimilia : non modo deorum templa & aras & simulachra haec aversantur , sed vel ad mortem si fuerit necesse promptius veniunt , ne ex aliquo recessu & impietate prorsus inquinent , quod de de● omnium conditore optime sentiunt , &c. celsus igitur haud quaquam pro dijs simulacra haberi affirmat , sed dijs dicata : cum plane perspicuū sit hujusmodi facere & affirmare , hominum esse circa divinitatem errantium . sed ne divinae quidem imaginis simulacra haec esse duxerimus , quippe qui dei ut invisibilis ita & incorporei formam nullam effigiamus , &c. cont. celsum . l. . f● . . see . . celsus & aras & simulacra & delubra nos ait defugere quo minus fundentur . sunt nobis vero simulacra non per impuros opifices aliquos fabricata , sed per dei verbum in nobis edita & formata ; virtutes scilicet primogeniti omnis creaturae imitatrices , &c. in quibus par esse crediderim , ei honorem deferri , qui omnium sit simulacrorum exemplar , imago scilicet invisibilis dei , unigenitus deus , &c. contr. celsum l. . fol . vid. ibid. & lib. fol. . . q putatis nos occultare quod colimus si delubra & aras non habemus : quod enim simulacrum deo fingam , cum si recte existimes sit dei homo ipse simulacrum . octavius pag. . r de origine erroris . l. . c. . , , , , , , . s sed nec eos qui hostijs multis coronisque ex floribus contextis colantur , homines qui eorum statuas efficta in templis statuerunt , deos appelaverunt , quandoquidem haec inania & mortua esse scimus , deique formam e● figuram non habere . neque●●tam dei figuram esse arbitramur , quam quidam honoris causa ad imitationem effictam esse confirmant : sed illorum malorū geniorum habere & nomina & figuras . quid enim attinet vobis qui scitis , exponere e● quae artifices disposita materia secando , dividendo , conflando , percutiendo , & ex vasis ignominiosis saepe artificio mutata solum forma & figura alia inducta , deorum nomine appellant ? quod quidē non solum stultū esse , sed etiam cóntumeliae dei causa fieri judicamus : qui cum gloriam formamque exprimi quae non potest habeat , earum rerum quae intereunt , ●uraque egent , appelatur nomine . quinetiam harū rerum artifices lascivi sunt , omnique malicia & improbitate praediti , &c. apologia . . pro christianis . p. . b.c. t adversus haereses . l. . c. . . p. . & l. . c. . p. . . u deus , qui solus verè est deus intelligentia percipitur , non sensu . antisthenes socratis familiaris , dixit , deum nulli esse similem , quare nemo illum potest discere ex imagine . xenophon autem atheniensis ipse aperte scribit : qui omnia movet & quieta efficit , magnus quidem est & aperte potens , sed cujusmodi sit forma non apparet , &c. oratio adhort . ad gentes . fol. . , , , . vid. ibid. an excellent discourse against images : significat autē columna ignis , dei non posse effingi imaginem , &c. stromatum . l. . f. . b. l. f. . d.e. nobis autem nullum est simulacrū in mundo ; quoniam in rebus genitis nihil potest dei referre imaginē . praeterea oportet graecos doceri per legem & prophetas , quod nec eorum quos colunt simulacra sunt imagines : neque enim fugura tale est genus animarum , cujusmodi fingunt graeci statuas . non cadunt n. animae sub aspectum , non solū quae sunt compotes rationis , sed etiam animae aliorum animantium ; quanto minus dei invisibilis imago . strom. l. . f. . c. moses praecipit hominibus nullam facere imaginem quae deum arte repraesentat . paedag. l. c● . f. . a. x deus omnē similitudinem vetat ●ieri , quanto magis imaginis suae , &c. de spectac . c. . de corona militis . c. . & de idololatria . lib. & apologia advers . gentes : where franciscus zephyrus . p. . comments thus . perpetuo illud teneamus , christianos tunc temporis odisse maxime statuas cum suis ornamentis . y contra celsum . l. . f. . . & l. . f. . z octavius . p. . , , . a contra demetrianum . lib p. . . & de idolorū vanitate . p. , &c. b neque nobis in aedibus sacris effigies pro dijs , & illa simulachra velitis ostendere , quae intelligitis vos quoque & renuitis confiteri , vilissimi esse formas luti & fabrorū figmenta puerilia , &c. nunc ad speciem veniamus & formas quibus esse descriptos superos deos creditis , quibꝰ imo formatis & templorū amplissimis collacatis in sedibꝰ . nostra de hoc sententia talis est ; naturā omnem divinā , quae neque esse caeperit aliquando neque vitalem ad terminū sit aliquando ventura , lini●mentis carere corporeis , neque ullas formarū effigies possidere , quibꝰ etiam circūscriptio membrorū solet coagmentata finire . quicquid enim tale est mortale esse arbitramur & labile : nec obtinere perpetuā posse credimꝰ aevitatem , quod extremis coercitū finibꝰ necessaria circūcludit extremitas , &c. si verā vultis audire sententiā , aut nullā habet deus formā ; aut si informatꝰ est aliqua ea quae fit , profecto nescimꝰ . neque n. quod videmꝰ nunquā , nescire esse ducimus turpe , &c. advers . gentes . l. . p. . to . see l. . p. . . to . l. . p. . , . c de origine erroris . l. . c. . , , , , , , , , . quae igitur amentia est , aut ea fingere , quae ipsi postmodum timeant , aut timere quae finxerunt . non ipsa , inquiunt , timemus , sed eos ad quorum imagines ficta ; & quorū nominibus consecrata sunt . nempe ideo timetis , quod eos in caelo esse arbitramini : neque n. si dij sunt aliter fieri potest . cur igitur oculos in caelum non tollitis , & advocatis eorum nominibus in aperto sacrificia celebratis ? cur ad parietes & ligna & lapides potissimū , quàm illò spectatis , ubi eos esse creditis ? quid sibi templa ? quid arae volunt , quid denique ipsa simulachra ? quae aut mortuorum aut absentium sunt monimenta . nam omnium fingendarum similitudinū ratio id●irco ab hominibus inventa est , ut posset eorum memoria retineri , qui vel morte substracti , vel absentia fuerant separati . deo● igitur in quorum numero reponemus ? si in mortuorum ? quis tam stultus ut colat ? si in absentū , colendi ergo non sunt , si nec vident quae facimus , nec etiā audiunt quae precamur . si autem dij absentes esse non possent , qui , quoniā divini sunt , in quacunque mundi parte fuerint , vident & audiunt universa : supervacua ergo sunt simulacra , illis ubique presentibus , quum s●tis sit audientium nomina precibus advocare . at enim non nisi praesentes ad imagines suas adsunt , &c. sed tamen post quā praesto esse deus ille caepit , jam simulachro ejus opus non est . quaero enim , si quis imaginem hominis peregre constituti contempletur saepius , & ex e● solatium capiat absentis ; num idem sanus esse videatur si eo reverso atque praesente , in contemplanda imagine perseveret , eaque potius quàm ipsius hominis aspectu , frui velit ? minime profecto . etenim hominis imago necessaria tum videtur quum procul abest , supervacua futura quū praesto est . dei autem cujus spiritus ac numen ubique diffusum , abesse nun quā pot st , semper utique imago supervacua est . sed verentur ne omnis eorum religio manis sit & vana , si nihil in praesenti videant quod adorent , & ideo simulacra constituunt , quae quia mortuorū sunt imagines , similia mortuis sunt , omni enim sensu carent : dei autem in aeternū viventis vivū & sensibile debet esse simulacrum : quod si a similitudine id nomen accepit , quî possunt ista simulacra deo similia judicari ; quae nec sentiunt , nec moventur ? itaque simulachrum dei non illud est quod digitis hominis ex lapide aut aere , aliave materia fabricatur , sed ipse homo ; quoniā & sentit & movetur , & multas magnasque actiones habet , &c. quisquāne igitur tam ineptꝰ est , ut putet aliquid esse in simulacro dei , in quo ne hominis quidē quicquā est praeter umbram ? l●●tant . de orig. erroris c. . daemones sunt qui fingere imagines & simulacra docuerunt ut hominū mentes à cultu veri dei averterent . ibid c. . quare non est dubium quin religio nulla sit , ubicunque simul crū est . nam si religio ex divinis rebus est , divini autem nihil est nisi in caelestibus rebus : carēt ergo religione simulacra , quia nihil potest esse caeleste in ea re quae fit ex terra , quod quidē de nomine ipso sapienti apparere potest . quicquid n. simulatur id falsum sit necesse est , nec potest unquam veri nomen accipere quod veritatem ●uco & imitatione mentitur . si autem omnis imitatio , non res potissimum seria , sed quasi ludus ac jocus est , non religio in simulacris , sed mimus religionis est . ibid c. . d simulacrorū odium commune est omnium qui fidei participes sunt ; sed ejus praecipuū quod arianam infidelitatem similiter atque simulachrorū cultum abominabatur . nam eos qui in creatura numen divinum esse existimarēt , nihilo minora colere atque venerati putabat quam qui ex materia simulachra efficiunt , & rectè ac pie ita judicabat . nam qui creaturam ado●at etiam●i in nomine christi id facit , simulachrorum cultor est , christi nomē simulachro imponens . oratio funebris de placilla p. . . see explanatio in cant. cantic . p. . e gentiles lignum adorant , quia dei imaginē putant , sed invisibilis dei imago non in eo est quod videtur , sed in eo utique quod non videtur . enar. in psal. . octon . . tom. . p . b. ecclesiae inanes ideas & varias nescit simulacrorū figuras , sed veram novit trinitatis substantiam . de fuga seculi . cap. . see epist. . f in primo praecepto prohibetur coli aliqua in figmentis hominum dei similitudo ; non qu●a non habet imaginem deus , sed quia nulla imago e● colli●ebat , nisi illa quae hoc esset quod ipse , nec ipsa pro illo sed cum illo● epist. ● . de celebratione paschae . tom. . p. . b. imago autem & similitudo dei , non est corporis forma sed mentis , descripta ad similitudinem verae imaginis christi , qui est imago dei invisibilis . nos unam veneramu● imaginem , quae est imago invisibilis & omnipotentis dei. comment in ezech. l. . c. tom. . p. . h. & l. . c. . p. . d see comment . in esay . cap. . g august . epist. . enar in psal. . con●io . . credimus etiam quod ●edet ad dextram dei patris : necideo tamen quasi humana forma circumscriptum esse deum patrem arbitrandū est , ut de illo cogitantibus dextrum aut sinistrū latus ●nimo occurrat ; aut id ipsum quod sedere pater dicitur , flexis poplitibꝰ fieri putandū est , ne in illud incidamus sacrilegium , quo execratur apostolus eos qui communicaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis dei in similitudinem corruptibilis hominis . tale n. simulacrum deo nefas est christiano in templo collocare , multo magis in corde nefarium est , ubi verè est templum dei. augustin . de fide & symbolo cap. . tom. . pag. ● . see de moribus ecclesiae catholicae . cap. . h quod enim corpus intellectui divino simil●tudinem habebit , cum nec mentis humanae imaginem habere posse cognoscatur ? humana n. mens incorporea est atque simplex , corpus autem omne corruptibile atquecompositum . quare jure , rationalis atque immortalis anima & intellectus ejus imaginem & similitudinem dei habere dicitur , immaterialis enim & incorporea , intellectualis , rationalisque per essentiam est , virtutis & sapientiae capax . quod si hum●nae animae atque mentis formam & effigiem fingere impossibile est , quoniam nec sensu percipitur : quis adeò stultus erit , ut ligneum simulachrum ac effigiem dei creatoris omnium , similitudinem dei habere arbitraretur ? natura n. divina omnem materiam & omnia quae percepimus excedit , mente solummodo & sanctis animis intellecta . figura vero iovis quae in simulachro conspicitur , mortalis viri effigies est , non quae totum hominem , sed pejorem ejus partem imitata , expressit , nullum n. vitae atque animae , vestigium ostendit . quomodo igitur universi deus , mensque omnium creatrix ipse iupiter ●rit , qui aut in aer● , aut in mortuo ●bore cernitur ? de praeparatione evangelij . lib . cap. . pag. . see ecclesiast . histor. lib. . cap. . i inveni●igitur velum pendens in foribus ejusdem ecclesiae tinctum atque depictum , & habens imaginem quasi christi , vel sancti cujus●am , non enim sat●s memini , cujus imago fuerit . cum ergo hoc vidissem in ecclesia christi contra auctoritatem scripturarum hominis pendere imaginem , s●●di illud , & majus dedi consilium custodibus ejusdem loci , ut pauperem mortuum eo obvolverent & e●ferrent . deinceps praecipere , in ecclesia christi istiusmodi vel● , quae contra religionem nostram veniunt , non appendi . e●iphanius epist. ad ioa●nem hier●sol apud hieron . epist. : cap. tom. . pag. . see bishop vshers answer to the iesuits challenge . pag. . k cui similitudini similem fecistis deum ? quid n. erit ei simile & equipollens se●●aturae , seu ponderis , seu nobilitatis ratione ? num enim arte fabri & lignarij , num auri fusorum peritia formatus est in imaginem alicujus creaturae ? an inquit effictus est , humana imago ? minimè . nihil enim ei quicquam aequari potest . deus n. cùm sit , natura & ex se , quia aliud non ex●iti● , omnibus omnino superior est . cum itaque supra omne est quod factum est , & quod genitum est , deride● idolorum effictionem , &c. cyrillus alexandr . in h●saiam . lib. . tom. . pag. . . and in ioan. evang. lib. . cap. . pag. . l adhaec quisnam est , qui invisibilis & corpore vacantis ac circumscriptionis & figurae expertis dei simulachrum effingere qu●at ? extrem●e itaque dementiae & impietatis fuerit divinum numen fingere ac figurare . atqui hinc est quod in veteri ●estamento mimine tritus ac pervulgatus imaginum usus fuerit : orthodoxae fidei . lib. . cap. . pag. . & lib. . cap. . pag. . vid. ibidem . m see hilar. de trinit l. . p. . & l. . p. . g. psal. in nar. . p. . b. de trinit . i. . pag. . specie & figura caret deus . non solum autem sculpturae artis deus non est similis , sed neque alteri cuiquam humanae cogitatione subijcitur . theophylact. enar. in ioannem . c. . p. . chrysost. hom. in act. apost . tom. . col. . c. athana●ius , contra gentes oratio . p. . & . contra sabellij graegales . p. . . & quaest. . p. . theodoret in deut quaest. . nicephorus . ecclesi . hist. l. . c. . see sedulius , primasius , theodoret , remigius , beda , haymo , hrabanus maurus , occumenius , ambrose , chrysostome , & alselmus . com. in rom. . . & tim. . . serenus marsiliensis● apud greg. mag. epist. l. . epist. . & l. epist. . claudius taurinensis contra imagines . l. bibl. patrū . tom. . pars p. . to . amphilochius ; in bb. vshers answer to the iesuits challenge . p. . centur. magd. . col. . . & d. rainolds , de idololatria . rom. ecclesiae . l. . c. . sect . accordingly . n quod potest intelligentia solum perspici & conprehendi mente , nec appetit formam quâ cognoscatur , nec figuram admittit , ut imaginem & effigiem● o●atio . ad sanctorum caetum . c . apud eusebium . tom. . p. . o see the homily against the perill of idolatry pars . . centur. ● col. . , . centur. . col. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . cent. . col. . , , , , . p placuit , picturas in ecclesiâ esse non debere ; ne quod colitur aut adoratur , in parietibus depingatur . concil . elib . can . surius . tom. . p. . q see the homily against the perill of idolatry . part . . bb. vshers answer to the iesuits challenge . pag. . to . carolus magnus . l. . contra imagines . r ergo ô stultae gentiles , cui simile fecistis deum ? curauro & argento aut rei alicui insensatae ? aut quam imaginem ponetis ei qui illum aliquo modo exprimat qui spiritus est , & c ? cum igitur●●se incomprehensibilis & immensus sit , dicit sanctus , cui me assimulastis ? cur homini , cur volucri , cur serpenti ? et cui me adaequastis ? cur auro , cur argento ? cur alicui creaturae ? haymo comment . in isaiam . c. . fol. . . see agabardus de picturis & imaginibus . lib. & lucas tudensis . l. . adversus albigenses c. . & . bibl. patrū . tom. . pag. . , . an excellent discourse against the images & pictures of god or the trinity , where he thus concludes . imag● dei●●cae trinitatis , ab hominibus nec debeat , nec possit depingi . see d. rainolds de idololatria rom. eccl. l. . c. . sect . . s peter martyr , in epist. ad rom. c. . p. . to . calvin , instit. l. . c. . & com. in rom. . . & act. . . see musculus , marlorat , bucer , bulinger , aretius , and others ibid. & in tim. . . doctor wille● ; com. on rom. . contr. . p. . . hexapla in exod. c. . cōmandement . contr. . m. cartwright on the rhemish test. on act. . sect . . heb. . s. . ioh. . s. . rev. . sect . . & mat. . s. . d. boyes his postils . p. . thomas wilson , his com. on rom. . dial. . v. . , ● with others hereafter quoted● p. . . t his premonition to all christian princes p. . u . eliz. c. . artic. . x artic. . canons . can. . . y alexander s●verꝰ christo templ● facere voluit , ●umque inter deos recipere ; quod & hadrianus cogitasse fertur , qui templa in omnibus civita●ibus sine simulacr●s jusserat fieri . aelij lampridij severus . p. . z see philo iudaeus , de monarchia . l. . p. . iosephus contra apionem l. p. . clemens alex. oratio adhort . ad gentes . cyprian , de idolorū vanit . p. . tertul. de idololatria . lib. a antiq. iudaeorū . lib. . cap. . pag. . * col. . . recited likewise by vincentius speculum . histor. lib. . cap. . . i omitto oratoriorū immē●as altit●dines , immoderatas longitudines , supervacuas latitudines , sumptuosas depolitiones , curiosas depictiones ; quae dum orantiū in se retorquent aspectum , impediunt & affectū , &c. quem inquam ex his fructum requirimus ? stultorum admirationem an simplicium oblectationem ? an quoniam commixti sumus inter gentes , forte didicimus opera eorum , & servimus adhuc sculptilibus eorum ? et ut aperte loquar , an non hoc totum facit avaritia , quae est idolorum servitus , & non requirimus fru●tum sed datum ? si quaeris , quomodo ? miro , inquam modo . tali quadam arte spargitur oes , ut multiplicetur : expenditur ut augeatur , & effusio copiam parit . ipso quippe visu sumptuosaru sed mirandarum vanitatum accenduntur homines magis ad offerendum quàm ad adorandum . sic opes opibus hauriuntur , sic pecunia pecuniam trahit , quia nescio quo pacto , ubi amplius divitiarum cernitur , ibi offertur libentius . auro tectis reliquijs signantur oculi , & loculi aperiuntur . ostenditur pulcherima forma sancti vel sanctae alicujus , & eo creditur sanctior quo coloratior . currūt homines ad osculandum , invitantur ad donandum , & magis mirantur pulchra quam venerantur sacra , &c. quid putas in his omnibus quaeritur , paenitentium compunctio , an intuentium admiratio ? o vanitas vanitatum ! sed non vanior quam insanior . fulget ecclesia in parietibus , & in pauperibus eget . suos lapides induit auro , & suos filios nudos deserit . de sumptibus egenorum servitur oculis divitum . inveniunt curiosi , quo delectentur , & non inveniunt miseri quo sustententur . bernard . ibid. see the homily against the perill of idolatry , and of adorning and keeping cleane of churches , accordingly . k see the homily against the perill of idolatry , accordingly . l see thomas rogers , his exposition on the . article . proposition . p. . . accordingly . m . edw. . c. . . eliz. c. . . iac. c. . n queene eliz. injunctions . injunct . . , , . and articles to be inquired of in visitations . artic. . & . o homilies against the perill of idolatry . the homilies of the right use of the church , part . homily of the place and time of prayer . part . p can. . q archbishop cranmer who penned the homilies against the perill of idolatry . bb. hooper on the . commandement ; and in the confession of his faith upon the creed . artic. . & . bb. latimers sermon , ad clerum . fol. . . and his sermon in the shrowdes at pauls . f. . . bb. ridley , his treatise in the name of the whole clergy of england , to king edward the vi. concerning images not to be set up , or worshipped in churches . mr. fox his book● of martyrs . london . p. . , , , ( see there pag. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , & where we shall see commissions both from h. . & e. . for pulling downe images out of churches : which images were destroyed both at zuricke & basil , & condemned by the martyrs that suffred : ) iohn bale cent. script . brit. p. . , , , , ● . bb. alley his poore mans library . pars . f. . . to which i might adde bb. iewell , bb. bi●son , bb. abbot , bb. babington , on the . com●andement . bb. morton , bb. white , bb. dav●nate , & others . r m. tindall in his answer to sir more● p. . to . and in his answer to m. moores . booke . p. . d. barnes his treatise , that it is against the holy scripture to honor images p , &c. iohn wragton , in his course and hunting of the romish fox , &c. iohn ver●n his strong battery of the invocation of saints . thomas beacon his catechisme . p. ● . to . & his romes reliques . c. . d. ca●fehils answer to iohn marshials treatise of the crosse , the preface . fol. ● . to . & artc. . , . f. . to . & . to . being an excellent treatise against setting up images in churches . dr. humfries de vita & morte iuelli . p. . gualt●erus haddon contra osorium . l. . f. . to . l. . f. , , , , , , . d. sparkes against albin●s epistle to the reader d rainolds de idololatria rom. ecclesiae : to whom i might adde d. fulkes answer to the rhemish testament act. sect . . p. . . ioh. c. . sect . . pag. . answer to martin . c. . . d. field , d. crakenth●rpe , d. willet , d. iohn white , with all our writers upon the . commandement , who all concur in this ; th●t images ought not to be suffered or set up in churches ; to which assertion every bishop and minister of the church of england doth subscribe in subscribing to our articles & homilies , which affirme the same in positive tearmes : those therefore who defend , or erect images revolt from their owne subscription , and so ought to be deprived , by the statute of . eliz. cap. . who caused images to bee taken out of churches in the first and second yeeres of her raigne , as haddon contra osor. l. . f. . & dr. fulke in his answer to martin . c. . sect . . p. . expresly testifie . * seneca● thebais . act● . fol. . s see act . scene ● p● . to . t see act . scene . act . scene . , & act . scene . . u henry . c. ● eliz c. . . ●liz● . . . iac. cap. ● x see act . & act . scene . & act . scene . y see act . thorowout . tacit. annal. l. . cap. . . * see here , pag. . to . . to . a see act . scene . & act . scene . b hotoman de vsuris , c. . m northbrooke against vaine playes . p. . . summa angelica . tit. ludus . bb. babington , beacon , dod , perkins , and others on the . commandement . c see act . scene . & act . scene . , . see hostiensis , summa angelica . iacobus de graffijs . de ludo & alea : & danaeus de ludo aleae . lib. & alexander alensis . summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . artic. . sect . . d voluptates cōmendat rarior usus . iuvenal satyr . p . see m. northbrooke against vaine playes & enterludes , & m. wheatly his redemption of time accordingly . e gen. . , . exod. . . f see here , p. ● . . g summa aurea in lib. . senten● . tract . . quaest. . fol. . h apud iuonis decret . pars . c. . i speculum historiale l. . c. . k historiae . l. . c. . . l repertorij . pars . p. . tit. histrio . m de ludo. tract . sect . . n. . in tractat. tractar . tom. . fol. . . n summa summarum . tit. histrio . iacobus de graffijs . dec●s . aurearum . lib. . cap. . o in their expositions on the . commandement , and in their discourses : de ludo , & restitutione , & satisfactione . p epist. lib. . epist. . q de vita & honestate ecclesiast . lib. . cap. . * decretalium . pars . cap. . * nota. r cor. . . iohn . . s see act . scene . t matth. . . luk. . . thes. . . u lactantius de vero cultu . c. . & cyprian de spectac . lib. x no●ae in august . de civit. dei. l. . c. . y lexicon iuridicum . tit. histrio . z lexicon iuris civilis . tit. histrio . a see here , act . scene . b horat. epist. lib. . epist. . pag. . c ●acile ingenia adolescentium à recta honestaque via ad luxum atque voluptates dilabuntur . herodian hist. lib. . pag. . d cypian . epist. l. . epist. . e nil dictu faedum visuque haec limina tangat . intra quae p●●r est . iuvenal . satyr . ● p. . f act . scene . his enim atque hujusmodi figmentis , & mendacijs dulcioribus corrumpuntur ingenia puerorū ; & eisdem fabulis inhaerentibꝰ , adusque summae aetatis roburadolescunt , & miseri consenescūt . min● . felix . octa. p. g ioannis saresberiensis de nugis curialium . l. . c. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . b. h cicero oratio : pro p. quinctio . pag. . b. * see act . scene . i de brevitate vitae . c. . , . k secunda secundae . quaest. . artic. . l epistle . to lambert . m . henry . c. . . eliz. c. . . eliz. c. . . iac. c. . n psal. . . cor. . . rev. . . o see cyprian de h●bitu virginum , & tertullian de cultu faeminarū . accordingly . p see act . scene . & here part . act . scene . q see act . scene . , . r iohn . . matth. . . s see act . scene . & act . scene . . that it is unlawfull to be a spectator of stage-playes . t see thes. . . rom. . . & . . u see rom. . . cor. . , . phil. . & act . thorowout . x see here , pag. . to . . to . . to . y see here pag. . , . z see part . act . thorowout . a see act . scene . b see act . scene ● , . c psal . . psal. . . rom . , , . gal . , , . c. . . d see here , pag. . , . e see part . act . . f act . scene . to . & act . scene . to . g nusquam enim & nunquā excusatur quod deus damnat , nusqu●m & nunquam licet , quod semper & ubique non licet . tertul. de specta● c. . * iuo carnotensis . decret . pars . c. . fol. . & pars . cap. . pag. . * nota. object● . answ. . h homil. in cantit . cant. apud hieronimi opera . tom. . pag. . and in his owne workes . tom. . fol. . i proaemium in ezechiel . tom. . p. . d. k theodoret interp. in canticum . cantic . tom. . p. . philonis carpathiorum episcopi in cantica . cant. interpr . bibl. patrum . tom. . p. . e. prosper aquit . l. . de vita contempl . c. . maphaeus vegius , de perseverantia religionis . lib. . bibl. patrum . tom. . pag. . g. see hrabanus maurus , lyra , tostatus , hugo cardinalis , os●ander , and others , who have written upon the canticles , accordingly . l homil. . in cant. cantic . see philo carpath . episco . in cant● cantic . accordingly . m map●eus vegius , de perseverant . relig. lib. . pag. . n neque vero machina quaevis ad oppugnandum , cùm matronarum pudicitiā , ●um virginum ac viduarum castimoniam validior , quam lectio lascivae historiae & poesis : nulla tàm bonae indolis faemina , quae ha● ipsa non corrumpatur , mirumque putarem si aliqua reperiatur , aut virgo● aut mulier , tam exactae castitati● sive pudiciti● , quae ejusmodi lectionibus & historijs peregrina libidine non sa●pe ad furorem usque accen●atur . de vanit . scient . cap. . o apud boch●llum decr●ta eccles. gal. lib. . t●t . . cap. . . . pag. . * sunt enim quidē poëtae petulātes , obscaeni , molles , effaeminati lascivis & impuris carminibꝰ animos à industria , ad libidinem & ignaviā turpiter avocantes , qui quidē quo dulciores sunt , eò pejꝰ nocent , & tanquā syrenes quaedā omnibꝰ , qui aures illis praebent , perniciem & interitū moliuntur . in rebus enim turpibus ille capitalior est qui majus ingeniū adhibet , quod in poetis valde perspicitur : concinnū enim & eligans carmen libenter legimꝰ & ediscimꝰ . facilime igitur lascivi carminis venenū in animos influit , & eligantiae suavitate conditum , prius interitum dignitati affert , quàm aliquod remedium adhiberi possit , &c. omnes igitur poetae qui non honestatem , sed turpitudinem mollibus & lascivis carminibus exprimunt , non ab aula tantum regia , sed à totius patriae finibus exterminandi & eijciendi sunt , &c. ibidem . p nicephorus callistus . ecclesiast . hist. lib. . cap. . col. . q bochellus decret . eccles. gal. lib. . tit. . cap . , . * nota. * acts . . r maffaeus in vita ignatij . lib. . cap. . pag. . s opera . basileae . . pag. . * nota. t see here , pag. . u see here , pag. . ● . x see here , pag. . , . y ovid tristiū . l. . . manutius in vita ovidij● see sabellicus , zonaras , opmeerus chronicon chronic. in vita ovidij & augusti . accordingly . z see here , pag. . , . * ovids art of love , and aristotles problems are translated into english , & a new impression of them vented almost every yeere . a in his poore mans library , london . cum gratia & privilegio regiae majestatis . part . miscellanea . . praelectio secunda . fol. . , . * exod. . ● * i would our play-poets and play-printers would consider this . b aelij lampridij , alexander severus . pag. . see eutropius and grimston in his life . objection . answer . * note this well . e see here , pag. . . d plutarchi apothegmata . hiero. tom. . pag. . e ioan. sar●sberiensis . de nugis curialium . lib. . cap. . f plutarchus , de gloria atheniensium . lib. volateranus comment . l. . fol. . see here , pag. . g see plutarchi laconica apothegmata : & laconica institut . accordingly . h plutarchi apothegm●ta laconica . pag. . * let all play-poets , and authors , yea printers and venters of lascivious amorous bookes consider this . * peccant enim omnes artifices qui talia quae ad lasciviam pertinent componunt . alexander alensis . summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . m. . p. i gal. . , . k oratio encomiastica in petrum & paulum . l cor. . . m psal. . . psal . . col. . , , , . tim. . , . tim. . , . acts . . n isay . , . o ephes. . . col. . . p col. . . iam. . . ioh. . . to . q pet. . , , . r cor. . . ioh. . to . tim. . . pet. . . s tim. . . t cor. . . u pet. . . x cor. . , . y matth . . ephes. . , , . ier. . . z ephes. . , . col. . . iude . * so the margent of our new translation renders it . * iohn . ● c. . ● . acts . . deut. . . to . cap. . . col. . . psal. . . cant. . . b psal. . . psal. . . psal. . . c deut. . . to . * thes. . , . phil. . . * epist. . ad eu●tochium . cap. . tom. ● pag. ● see iuo carnotensis . quarta pars . decret . cap. . , , , . gratian distinctio . . accordingly . f tom. . pag. . g cor. . h inquinant non alunt . seneca . epist. . see augustin . confes. lib. . cap. . . accordingly . i psal. . . psal. . . heb. . , , . pet. . , . cant. . . psal. . , . * confes. lib. . cap. . , . k tim. . . * omnem scientiam & doctrinam sacra scriptura transc●ndit , verum praedicat & ad caelestem patriam invitat . f. . l constit. apostol . lib. . cap. . apud suriū , concil . tom. . pag. . * catholica doctrina de laicis . ibid. pag. . * nota. see hierom. epist. . c. , . epi. . c. . ep. . c. . . ep. . c. . . epist. . neere the end . ep. . c. . , . epi● . epi. . c. . ambrose , chrysostome , primasius , sedulius , theodoret , beda , &c. on ephes. . & col. . to the like purpose . m bernard super cantica . sermo . . fol. . c. n see d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes , pag. . . accordingly . * see th. bibliandri apologia pro editione alcorani : & nicolai de cusa cribratio alcorani . * ambros. com. in luc. l. . c. . tom. . p. . c. * gen. ● , . cap. . , . ezech. . . pet. . , , iude . p deut. . , , . psal. . . acts . . q see p. . to , , . to . r one atkinson a minister in bedford the last christtide , in the commissaries house there , acted a private enterlude , where he made a prayer on the stage , and chose a text. viz. acts . . on which he most prophanely preached and jested , to the very shame & griefe of most that heard him . s see pag. . . t bochellus decreta eccles . gal. lib. . tit. . c. . pag. . u ibid. c. . * see william wraghton his rescuer of the romish fox . fol. . * see william wraghton his rescuer of the romish fox . fol. . x see act . scene . . y see act . scene . to . z see part . act . thorowout , & part . act . thorowout . object . . a se haywards apologie for actors : and doctor gagers reply to doctor rainolds , p. . . augustin . confes. lib. . cap. . accordingly . answ. . b rom. . . ephes. . ● , . * see here . pag. . & august . confes. lib. . cap. . , . * hierom. epist . . c. . * see august . confes. lib. . cap. . . accordingly . * see act . thorowout . * orator est vir bonus , dicendi peritus . cicero . de oratore . lib. . quintilian instit . orat. l. . cap. . accordingly . f saturnal . lib. . cap. . pag. . * oratoris opus oratio . quintil. instit. l. . c. . pag. . * horū omniū dissimilis atque diversa inter se ratio est . id itaque vitandū in quo magna pars errat , ne in oratione poëtas nobis & historicos , oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus . sua cuique proposita lex , suus decor est , &c. quintil. instit. l. c . pag. . g instit. orat. lib. . cap. . & l. . c. . pag. . , . h d. rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . p. ● to . i instit. orat. l. . c. . . p. . l. . c. . p. . & lib. . cap. . pag. . , . * orator utatur laterum inclinatione forti ac virili , non à scena & histrionibus , sed ab a mis , &c. non enim comaedum esse sed oratorem volo . quare nec in gestu persequemur omnis argutias , nec in ●oquendo distinctionibus , temporibus , effictionibus moleste sequemur , ut si in scena sit dicendum , &c. k see m. ber●ard his faithfull shepheard . cap. . pag. . accordingly . l act . scene . & part . act . scene . * item placuit , ut eas prorsus mundanas dignitates , quas seculares viri vel principes terrae exercere solent in venationibꝰ scilicet , vel canticis secularibus , aut in resoluta & immoderata laetitia , in lyris & tibijs & his similibus ●usibus , nullus sub ecclesiastico canone constitu●us ob inanis iaetitiae fluxū , audeat , fastu superbiae tumidus , quandoque praesumendo abuti , &c. surius . tom. . pag. . m plutarchi laconica . agis junior . p. . n de officijs . lib. . cap. . tom. . p. . . o tim. . . ● ambros. de officijs . lib. . c. . galataeus de moribus . p surius concil . tom. . pag. . . q see act . scene . , , . & act . scene . to . accordingly . r hom. . de verbis isaiae . tom. . col. col. . , . & orat. . tom. . col. . . see here pag. . . s see act . scene . see d. rainolds , bishop bale , bishop m●rt●n , d. sutcliffe , d. beard , and others of the masse : & haddon contr. osorium . lib. . fol. . * i have heard some stile their texts a landscrip or picture : others a play or spectacle , dividing their texts into actors , spectators , scenes , &c. as if they were acting of a play , not preaching of gods word . t prosper de vita contempt . lib. . cap. . fol. . u cor. . . * numb . . , . ier. . . cor. . . cap. . , . y col. . . z ioh. . , , , , . a col. . , , , . cor. . , , , . pet. . . b matth. . , . mark. . , . ephes. . , . col. . . to . c cor. . , . pet. . ●● . luke . . d acts . . e cor. . , , , . * cor. . , . g cor. . , . h col. . . i rom. . . iam. . . k epist. . c. . see cap. . & epist. . c. . l de vita contempl . lib. . cap. . , . see hierom , ambrose theodoret , theophylact , ●eda , haymo● occu●enius , anselme , remigius , primasius , and others , in cor. . . to . accordingly . m epist. lib. . epist● . . bibl patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . see iuo carnotensis . decret● pars . cap. . to . n onus ecclesiae . cap. . sect . . , . o matth. . . * see m. bernard his faithfull shepheard . cap. . p. . & d. raino●ds overthrow of stage-playes . p. . to . p instit. orator . lib. . cap. . q ephes. . . gen. . . deut. . . object . . r see thomas lodge , his play of playes ; and haywoods apology for actors accordingly . answ. . * see m. gosson his playes confuted . action . & i.g. his refutation of the apologie for actors , accordingly . t see gosson his playes confuted . action . * non omnino per hanc turpitudinem verba ista cōmodius discuntur , sed per haec verba turpitudo ista confidentius perpetratur . august confes. lib. . cap. . u noctium attic. l. . c. . * confes. l. . cap. . . x aristotle topic. lib. . cap. . sect . . object . . answ. . y d. gager in d. rainolds his overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . . z see here , pag. . a rom. . , ● , , , , , , . magna vis est conscientae . cicero orat. . in catilinam . quos diri conscia facti mens habet attonitos & surdo verbere caedit , occultum quatiente animo tortore flagellum ? nocte dieque suum gestare in pectore testem . hi sunt qui trepidant , & ad omnia verbera pallent . iuvenal . satyr . . pag. . b see doctor rainolds overthrow of stage-playes . pag. . c hierom. epist . . tom. . pag. . * see part. . act . thorowout . * see her● , pag. . to . . to . accordingly . * quintilian instit. l. . c . pag. . object . . answ. . * de habitu virginum . pag. . d sam. . . * numb . . . deut. . . iosh . , , , , , . f sam. . . to . * rom. . . h see act . scene . , . i see august . enar. in psal. . tom. . pars . p. . & confes. l. . c. . see act . scene . accordingly . k spectatum veniunt , veniunt spectentur ut ipsae . ovid d● arte amandi . l. . p. . clemens alexand. paedag. l . c. . & tertul. de spectac . lib. l see part . act . & act . scene . m cor. . . see act . scene . n pseudolus . pag. . o prov. . . cap. . . p pet. . , . psal. . , . q ephes. . , , . see act . scene . . r cor. . , . rom. . . * see act . scene . , , , . t aquinas● secunda secundae quaest. . m. perkins his cases of conscience . l. . c . sect . . vol. . pag. . . m. northbrooke his treatise of vaine playes and enterludes . m. samuel bird , his vse of the pleasures of this present life , and others who write of recreations . * prov. . . x rom. . . cor. . prov. . . c. . , . c. . , . y isay . , . c. . , , . exod. . , . ephes. . . see here act . scene . & act . scene . summa angelica . tit. ludus , with all expositors on the . commandement . z see here , pag. . , , , ● . & . accordingly . & seneca epist. . a ephes. . , , . rom. . , . thes. . . prov. . , . see here , pag. . b in oportuni & temporis & usus occasione veluti laboris quae dam m●dicina ita ludus adhibendus est . aristot. ●olit . l. . c. . sect . . see m● wheatly his times redemption : and all others who write of recreations . c eccles. . , . voluptates commendat rarior usus . iuvenal . satyr . . p. . d nec iusisse pudet , sed non incidere ludum . horat. epist. l. . epist. p. . see m. wheatly his times redemption . & her● p. . , . & act . scene . e iob . , , . amos . ● to . isay . . iam. . . mat. . , . c. . . isay ● . exod. . . * ezech. . , . g see here act . scene . accordingly . & mr. bo●tons walking with god. p. . to . h see summa angelica . tit. ludus . & here act . scene . accordingly . i see m. wheatly his times redemption , dr. raino●d● overthrow of stage-playes : & others . see act . scene . k cor. . , . l see here act . scene . thorowout . summa angelica . tit. ludus : and our owne canons . . can. . which prohibit playes in churches . m pet. . , . s●e he● act . scene . & chrysostom . hom. . in matth. acco●di●gly . n isay . . phil. . . reply . answer . o see cyprian epist. l. . epist. . & here act scene . & . act . scene . to . accordingly . p see cyprian epist. l. . epist. . chrysost. hom. . . & . in matth. tertullian de spectaculis . lactantius de vero cultu . cap. . accordingly . q thes. . . iude . psal. . . r see lampridij● heliogabalus . pag. . mimicis adulteris ea quae solent simulatò fieri , effici ad verum jussit , &c. see aulus gellius . noct. attic. lib. . cap. . the story of polus . l cyprian epist . lib. . epist. . m see act . & . thorowout , accordingly . * prov. . . c. . . c. . . eccles. . , , . c. . , . o see act . scene . , , . accordingly . * rom. . . iohn . p see act . scene . , , . & act . thorowout . q thes. . . matth. , . c. . , . . * see here , fol. . * s●e rev. . . cor. . , , . isay . . r see chrysostom . hom. . & . in matth. accordingly . object . . answ. . s see act . scen● . t de brevitate vitae . cap. . u iob. ● . c. . . psal. . . psal. . . psal. . . isay ● . iam. . . see act scene . * seneca de brevit . vitae . lib. c. . , , . y senec● de brevitate vitae . z seneca epist. . * prov. . . rev. . . * iohn . . tim. . , . * pet. . . d luk. . , . e rom. . , . f see d. gough , his family duties , & thomas beacon , his catechisme● part . fol. . to . * an illa ingemiscit & plangit , cui vacat cultum praeciosae vestis induere , nec indumentum chri●ti quod ●erdidit cogitare ? accipere preciosa ornamenta & monilia elaborata , nec divini & caelestis ornatus damna deflere ? cyprian de lapsis . pag. . see chrysostom . hom. . in tim. accordingly . g which precept is not a meere permission to labour , as some explaine it , but an absolute peremptory command . see thomas beacon , his catechisme . fol. , . nyder super praeceptū● tertium . cap. . gorran , lyra , rhabanus maurus , bb. babington , m. perkins , downeham , dod , lake , and others on the . commandement . * arcta & angusta est via , quae ducit ad vitam ; durus & ard●us limes qui tendit ad gloriam . non est ad magna facilis ascensus . quem ●udorem perpetimur , quem laborem ; cum conamur ascendere colles & vertices monti●m , quid ut ascendamus ad caelum ? cyprian de habit. virg pag. . * ioh. . , . act. . . luk. . ● , , , , . . tim. . , , . h see seneca de brevita●e . vitae . cap. . , . to . h isay ● , . i deut. . . to . cap. . . iohn . . acts . . k ephes. . , . col. . . l lament . . . cor. . . m ier. . , , . zach. . , . rom. . . n pet. . to . cap. . . o ier. . , . psal. . . mal. . . psal. . . p gen. . psal. . . ps. . thorowout . ps. . . psal. . . psal. . , , . psal. . . q deut. . . r see eccles. . , , &c. s cor. . , . t rom. . . s●e part . act . scene . . t seneca de brev. vitae cap. . u seneca epist. . sec. act . scene . . pag. . . x see part . act . thorowout . object . . y verum ut absurdam invenias tuorum spectaculorum quibus suspensus inhia● excusationem , dicis te utilitatem capere ex his ex quibus jacturam pateris irrecuperabilem . hom. . de verbis isa●● . tom. . col. . a. z eph. . , , . see part . act . a epist. . pag. . b cor. . . heb. . . * male verum examinat omnis corruptus iudex . horat. serm. l. . satyr . . pag. . d sect. . . h. . . br. leete . . h. . . a. . h. . . a. . e. . . a. . a. . ● . . . a. e polit. lib. . cap. . f epist. . c. . . g bernard . de consideratione . lib. . c. . h de consideratione . l. . c. . i iuvenal . satyr . pag. . k epist. . see osorius de regum instit. lib. . here , p. . in the margent , accordingly . * matth. . , , &c. l see part . act . scene . , , , . & pag. . m see part . act . scene . , , , , . n de singularitate clericorum . tract . tom. . p. . . o prov. . p cor. . q iactant & gestiunt se obtinuisse tutores quos magis ultores sensuisse debuerant . bernard . epist. . fol. . r act . thorowout . s de gubernatione d●i l. . pag. . see here pag. . t see act . scene . pag. . , , , , . to . u prorsus displicet in pulcherrimo corpore non solū morbus sed & naevus . bernard . epist. . fol. . d. x decet christianum non solum habere vitae sanitatem , sed & famae decorem . bernard . epist. . fol. . b. y homil. . in matth. tom. . col. . a.b. z here , pag. . ● . a hierom. epist . . cap. . r●ply . b sed sol , imò ipse deus ista de caelo spectat , nec contaminatur . plane sol● & in cloacam radios suos defert , nec contaminatur . tertul. de spectac . c. . pag. . c titus . . d prosper . de vita contempl . l. . c. . answer . * psal. . , . psal. . . iob . . cap. . . rom. . . to . cap. . . ● , ● , . gen. . , . isay . . f p●al . . . iob . . rom. . . to . see augustine ad valerium de nuptijs & concupiscentia● and all who have written of originall sinne , and its nature . g gen. . , , . h isay . . i rom. . . k pet. . . l ier. . . m hom. . in matth. here , p. . . n gen. . . o sam. . . to . p seneca . epist. . q august . de corr●pt . & gratia. cap. . . r prov , . . s iohn . . t tit. . . see ambrose , hierom theodoret , pri●●sius , s●dul●●s , remigius , beda , anselme , haymo , rhabanus maurus , o●cumenius , lyra , anselme , tostatus , calvin , marlorat , and others . ibidem . * s●e part . act . scene . . * see here , fol. . * peccata praeterita non nocent quando non placent . hierom. com. in marc. . object . . answ. . u nun● perierunt omnia : nam voluptates cum perdidit homo , non statuo eum vivere . sophoclis antigon● . pag. . x luxurioso frugalitas paena est : pigrō supplicij loco labor est , desidioso studere torqueri est . non ista difficilia sunt natura , sed nos fluidi & enerves . seneca . epist . . * si dicis , durus est hic sermo , non possum mundum spernere , & carnem meam odio habere : dic mihi , ubi sunt amatores mundi qui ante pauc● tempora nobiscum erant ? nihil ex ijs remansit , nisi cineres & vermes . attende diligenter quid sunt , vel quid fuerunt . homines fuerunt sicut tu , comederunt , biberunt , riseruut , du●erum in bonis dies suos , & in 〈◊〉 ad infer●● des●e●der●●t . h●● caro corum vermibus , & illic anima ignibus deputatur , donec rursus infelici collegio colligati sempiternis involuantur incendijs qui socij fuerunt in vitijs . b●●nard● meditationes . cap. . y see salvian , de gubernat . dei. lib. . & here , act . scene . z rev. . . cap. . . * luk. . . gal. . . a see act . scene . & act . scene . . b see cyprian de spectaculis , & chrysost. hom. . in matth accordingly . & psa● . . . to . c psal. ● . . psal. . . to the en● . isay ● . . psal. . . to . * psal. . . eccles. . . cant. . . d gen. . . canti● . . . cap. . . cap. . , . c. . , . hosea . . * gen. . . to . , . psal. . . isay . . * eccles. . . gen. . . to . cap. . . to . kings . . esther . . c. . , . ier. . . c. . . cant. . . cap. . . . iohn . , . * gen. . . psal. . . psal. . . ps. . , . ps. . . . eccles . . to . marke . , . see chrysostom . . in matth. accordingly . * eccles . . sam. . . chron. . . chron. . . psal. . . psal. . . psal. . , . psal. . , , . psal. . , , , . eph. . . col. . . iam. . . * tempora quae spectaculis , campo , tesseris , ociosis denique sermonibus , ne dicam somno & conviviorum mora conterunt , geometriae potius , ac musicae impendant , quantò plus delectationis ex his habituri , quam ex illis ineruditis voluptatibus ? quintil. instit. lib. ● cap. pag. . * heb . . e luke . . f iam. . , . g eccles. . , , . h virtuti inimica voluptas . silius italicus . punic . bel. lib. fol. . i de senectute pag. . de amic●tia . p. . k epist. . . . l punicorum bel. lib. . fol. . m livi. hist. rom. lib. . pag. . * luk. . . n non tantigulam facias voluptatis quanti periculum . tertul. de spectac . c. . o see act . scene . pag. . . p bernard . de eo quod scriptum est . beatus homo , &c. sermo . fol. . a. q natura hominem tantum nudum , & in nuda humo , natali die abijcit ad vagitus statim & ploratum , nullumque tot animalium aliud ad lachrymas , & has protenus vitae principio . at hercule risus praecox ille & celerimus ante quadragesimum diem nulli datur . ab hoc lucis rudimento quae ne feras quidem inter nos genitas , vincula excipiunt , & omnis membrorum nexus . at homo infeliciter natus jacet , manibus pedibusque devinctis , f●ens , animal caeteris imperaturum , & à supplicijs vitam auspicatur , unam tantum ob culpam , quia natum est . heu dementiam ab ijs initijs existimantium ad superbiam se genitos , &c. plinius . ad l. . nat hist. proaemium . p. . . * neque enim ad hoc nos de paradiso voluptatis animadversio divina eijcisse videtur , ut alterum sibi hic paradisum adinventio humana prepararet . bernardi declamat . fol. . f. r hi●rom . epist. . c. . s rev. . . t psal. . , . u cor. . . x act. . . y isay . . rev. . . cap. . . faelices lachrymae quas benigna manꝰ conditoris absterget . bernardi declamationes . fol. . d. z see bernardi declamat . fol. . & cyprian . de caena domini . serm. pag. . * ille maeret & de●●et , cui bene non potest esse post se●ulum , cuju ; vivendi fructus omnis hic capi●u● ; cujus hic ●olatium omne finitur , cujus caduca ac brevis vita hic aliquam dulcedinem co●put●t voluptatum ; cum istinc recesserit , paena jam alia superest ad dolo●em . cyprian . contra demetr . pag. . a si aliqua amisistis vitae gaudia , negot●atio est aliquid amittere ut majo●a lucr●ris . tert●●lian ad mar●yres . cap. . b epist. . fol. . a. & epist. . h. hanc dei gratiam recolens , qui de sacro calice bibit amplius sitit , & ad deum vivum erigens desiderium , ita singulari fame illo uno appetitu tenetur , ut deinceps fellca peccatorū horreat pocula , & omnis sapor delectamentorum carnaliū , sit ei quasi rancidum rodensque pallatū acutae mordacitatis acetum . cyprian . de caena domini serm. pag. . c cor. , . quicquid nobis adest praeter deum nostrum , non est dulce . nolimus omnia quae dedit , si non dat seipsum qui omnia dedit . augustin . enarratio in psal. . tom. . pars . pag. . see iob . . * nimi●um ad imaginem dei facta anima rationalis , caeteris omnibus occupari potest , repleri omnino non potest . capacem dei , quicquid deo minus est , non impleb●t . bernardi declamationes . fol. . f. d enar. in psal. . tom. . pars . p. . . * see the . epistle dedicatory , accordingly . e de spectaculis . lib. cap. . , . tom. . pag. . , . f iohn . , , . g phil. . . * nota. * nota. h pet. . , . * let our tragedians and actors observe this passage . i matth. . . mark. . . k iohn . . l iohn . . m matth. . , , , . c. . , , , . n matth. . . to . o cor. . . isay . . f abstrahunt ● recto quae opinione nostrâ cara sunt , pretio ●uo vilia . nescimus aestimare res , de quibus non cum fama , sed cum rerum natura deliberandum . nihil habe●t ista magnificum , quo mentes in se nostras tra●●ant , praeter hoc , quod mirari illa consuescimus . non enim quia concupiscenda sunt laudantur ; sed concupiscuntur quia laudata sunt ; & cum singulorum error publicum fecerit , singulorum erro●em facit publicus . seneca . epist. . pag. . g tim. . . see my healthes sicknesse pag. . h qui semen praebuit is enatae segitis malorum est auctor . demosthenes oratio de corona . i rom. . . k seneca de clementia . lib. . cap. . l matth. . . m iob . , . eccles. . . psal . . n matth. . . marke . . luke . , . o see here , pag. . to accordingly . p rom. . , , . cor. . . q matth. . . eccles. . . rom. . . iude . . rev. . , ● . r zach. . . ierem. . . cap. . . isay . . cap. . . h see here , pag. . , , , . fol. . , , . pag. . , , , . t see pag. . to . u see pag. . to fol. ● . accordingly . u see here , pag. . to . , . to . * rom. . . psal. . . matth. . . x rom. . . cor. . . rom. . . y cor. ● , . * rom. . . a rom. . , , , , . iam. . . rom. . . iohn . , . b rom. . . rev. . . pr●v . . . * isay . . iob . . c. . . cap. . . psal. . . psal. . . psal. . , . d dan. . , . matth. . , ● . e rom. . . ier. . . cap. . . ezech● . , , . f psal. . . psal. ● . . ezech. . ● g psal. . . h eccles. . . i iob . , , . k qui enim alios peccare fecerit , multos secum praecipitat in mortem , & necesse est ut sit pro tantis reus , quantos secum traxerit in ruinam . salvian . de gubernat . dei. l. . p. . l iob . . m psal. . . prov. . . * ioel . , . m ioel . . nahum . . isay . , , , . n luke . . rev. . . . o rom. . , . iude . . thes. . . p rev. . . iam. . , . heb. . . pet. . . iude . q rev. . . to . isay . . cap. . , , . luke . . pet. . , ● . r iob . . rom. . . sam. . . isay . . * wisd. . . iohn . . phil. . , . cor. . . to . t wisd. . , . see here , pag. . to . . . accordingly . * pet. . ● , . pet. . , , . x pet. . . y tim. . . heb. . . * see here , pag. . to . z matth. ● . ● . isay . . a see bernard . concio ad clerum . & oratio ad pastores . accordingly . b ideoque timendum est , ne quos duces hujus recti itineris habere nos credimus , ●os comites habeamus erroris . hi●rom . epist. . cap. . pag. . * epist. . fol. . d epist. . fol. . e bernard . ser. . in psal. qui habitat . f. . * epist. . fol. . g see here , pag. . , . & . to . . to . & summula raymundi . f. . , , . summa hostiensis . lib. . de vita & honestate clericorum . fol. . & l. . de clerico venatore . fol. . edit . lugduni . innocentius . operum . tom. . pag. . accordingly . h pet. . . i see here , act . scene . act . scene . & act . scene . . k qui blandiendo dulce nutrivit malum serò recusat ferre quod subijt jugum . seneca hyp●olitus . act . facile est tenero● adhuc animos componere . difficulter reciduntur vitia quae nobiscum creverunt . seneca . de ira. lib. . cap. . * bernardi meditationes . cap. . fol. . a. & epist. . fol. . b. m bernard . epist . . fol. ● g. n mich. . o secundum exteriorem hominem de parentibus illis venio , qui me ante fecerunt damnatū , qu●m natum . peccatores peccatorem in peccato suo genuerunt , & de p●ccato nutriverunt . nihil ex eis habeo nisi miseriam & peccatū , & corruptibile hoc corpꝰ quod gesto . quid sum ego ? homo de humore liquido . fui enim in momento conceptionisde humano semine conceptus , &c. deinde spuma illa coagulata modicum crescendo caro facta est . poste● plorans & ejulans traditus sum hujus mundi exilio , & ecce jàm morior plenus iniquitatibus & abominationibus . iamjam presentabor ante districtum judicem , de operibus meis rationem redditurus , &c. bernardi medicationes cap. . ●ol . . p matth. . . q eccles. . . r eusebius gallicanus sermo . exhort . contra diversa vitia . bibl. patrum . tom. . pars . pag. . h. s acts . . t rom. . . to . u see act . scene . & . scene . . & part . p. . , . * hierom. epist . . cap. . ephes. . . z pet. . , , . * pet. . , , . * quid autem eo infaelicius cui jam esse malum necesse est . seneca . de ira. lib. . c. . b thes. . , , . c cor. . . matth. . . rom. . . d see part . act . scene . ● . & here p. . e pet. . . . f psal. . , . g thes. . , . * bernardi meditationes . c. . fol. . objection . answ. . h see tertul. de idololatria . lib. chrysost. hom. . in matth. & alexander alensis . summa theologiae . pars . quaest. . memb . . i see marcus aurelius , epistle . to lambert , accordingly● & part . act . scene . k epist lib. . epist. . see here p. . l nulla est necessitas delinquendi quibus una est necessitas non delinquendi . t●rtul . ●e corona militis . cap. . m matth. . , . * bernard , ad gulielmum abbatem apologia . col. ● i. * ●i tàm sollicitus es , si nec minima spernis , si tàm prudenter servas paleas tuas , etiam hotreum tuum servare memento & custodire . imo vero non exponas thesaurum tuum qui sic incubas sterquilinio tuo . bernard . sermo . . in psal. qui habitat . fol. . h. o see part . act . thorowout . p see here , pag. . to . , , , , , . fol. , , , pag. . to . . q part . act . scene . to . accordingly . r ecce qua voleb●s ire , ecce turba viae latae , non frustra ipsa ducit ad amphitheatrum , non frustra ipsa ducit ad mortem . via mortifera est , latitudo ejus delectat ad tempus , finis ejus angustus in aeternum . sed turbae strepunt , turbae festinant , turbae colluctantur , turbae concurrunt . noli imitari , noli averti : vanitates sun● & insaniae mondaces . noli numerare turbas hominum incedentes latas vias , implentes crastinum circum ; civitatis natalē clamando celebrantes , civitatem ipsam malè vivendo turbantes . noli ergò illos attendere , multi sunt . et quis numerat ? pauci autem per viam angustam . enar. in psal. . tom● . pars . . p. . . vid. p. . , . * see part . act . scene . , , . & act . scene . to . t see part . act . scene . , , . & act . scene . to . u nun quid patribus doctiores aut devotiores sumus ? periculose praesumimus quicquid ipsorum in talibus prudentia preterivit . bernard . epist. . fol. . x obedientia quae majoribus praebetur deo exhibetur . quamobrem quicquid vice dei praecipit homo , quod non sit tamen certum displicere deo , haud secus omnino accipiend●m est , quam si p●aecipiat deus . quid enim interest utrum per se an per suos ministros sive homines sive angelos hominibus innotescat suum placitum deus ? sive enim deus , sive homo vicarius dei mandatum quodcunque tradiderit , pari profectò obsequendum est cura , pari reverentia deferendum , ●bi tamen deo contraria non praecipit homo . de praecepto & dispensatione . fol. . h.k. y iam religionis antiquae non solum virtutem amisimus , ●ed nec speciem retinemus . ad gulielmum abbatem apologia . fol. . d. z s●e here , p. . , . accordingly . * see part . act . scene . & p. . to . , . * see chrysost. homil. in acta apost . tom. . col. ● . hom. . in cor . tom. . col. ● . & homil. ● . in tim. accordingly . a homil. . in acta apost . tom. ● . col. . b.c. see here p. . to the like purpose● * eccles. . . luke . , . rom. . , . eph. . , . b see here , pag. . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . c tim. . , , . heb. . . prov. . iohn . . . see part . act . scene . d rom. . , . pet. . , . e ephes. . , . col. . . f col. . , , . rom. . . pet. . . gal. . . g psal. . . isay . . rom. . rev. ● . . vanus error hominis , & inanis cultus dignitatis , fulgere purpurâ , mente sordescere . minucius felix . octavius p. . h cor. . . rom. . . i isay . . ier. . . psal. . , . . k heb. . . l eph. . , . heb. . . m see part . act . scene . & . n deo dicata membra nulla tibi temeritate usurpes ; sciens , quod pietati sanctificatanon absque gravi sacrilegio in usus vanitatis , voluptatis , aut ejusmodi seculario operis assumantur . bernard . in psal. qui habitat . serm . fol. . o epist. . c. . ephes. . , , . p hierom. epist. . c. . q matth. . . to . r cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . p. . * seneca . epist. . pag. . s see here , pag. . & . to . t see here , pag. . . to . . to . , , , , , , , , . u tu si templū spiritus sancti violas , si intra te sacrarium dei deturbas & faedas , si cum calic● christi , de calice daemoniorum communicas , contumelia est , non religio : injuria , non devotio : idolorum servitus & horrenda abominatio , velle simul baal famulari & christo. cyprian de caena dom. serm. p. . * seneca epist. . x rom. . , . cap. . . to . luk. . , . y eccles. . . z rom. . . tim. . . hebr. . , . a to whom i may use s. cyprians words in the like case . tu licet indumenta peregrina & vestes sericas indues , nuda es : auro te licet & margaritis gemmisque condecores , sine christi decore deformis es . si quem de tuis charis mortalibus exitu perdidisses , ingemiscer●s dolenter & fleres , facie inculta , veste mutata neglecto capillo , vultu nubilo , ore dejecto jndicia maeroris ostenderes . animam tuam misera perdidisti , spiritualiter mortua supervivere hic tibi , & ipsa ambulans funus tuum portare caepisti , & non acriter plangis , non jugiter ingemiscis ? non te vel pudore criminis , vel continuatione lamentationis obscondis ? ecce pejora ad huc pe●candi vulnera , ecce majora delicta ; peccasse , nec satisfacere ; deliquisse , nec delicta de●lere . cyprian . de lapsis sermo . tom. . pag. . b isay . , . c. . , . cap. . . amos . . to . dan. . . , , . iam. . . & iob . . to . c col. . , , . phil. . , . isay . . rom. . , . d eccles. . . to . . . sam. . . isay . . iob . . hosea . . rom. . . * rom. . . isay . . ezech. . , . f rom. . . ezra . . isay . . c. . . ezech. . , . g pet. . . h rom. . . i see here , pag. . k see part . act . scene . , . & p. . , , , , , , , , , , , , to ● , , . accordingly . * adulterijs● impudicitijs , puerorum violationibus omnia fervent , pernoctationes execrandae ●iebant mulieresque ad ea spectacula vocabanturi : ô scelestum illud nocturnū funestūque spectaculū ! in theatro fiebat ea pernoctatio ; & virgo inter adolescentes insanos atque ebriam turbam sedere cogebatur , &c. chrysost. hom. . in tit. . tom. . col. . b. * see pag. . , , , . accordingly . * see thomas beacon his catechisme . fol. . & . women ought not to resort to playes or enterludes . l tit. . , . m see here pag. . . & doctor taylor his commentary upon titus . vers . . pag. . . thomas beacon his catechisme . fol. . . and in his . booke of matrimony . fol. . n prov. . , , , . see lyra , cartwright , dod , ●nd holcot on this place . * nam quoniam à scena & ijs quae illic sunt turpia & ind●cora ipsa natura abduxit mulieres , diabolus quae sunt theatri abduxit in gynecaeum , molles inquā , seu pathicos & meretrices . hom. . in col. tom. . col. b●●id . ibidem . * see coverdals and tindals translations ; and the fathers , who render it for the most part . do●us curam habentes . * tim. . , . pet. . , , . cor. . , , . isay . . to . prov. . . king . . see gulielmus peraldus . summae virtutum ac vitiorum . tom. . tit. de superbia . cap. . to . q cum enim judicium carnis ex anima pendeat , carni nihil potest utilius quam salus animae provideri . bernardi declamationes . fol. . b. r see part . act . scen● . , , . & pag. . , , , . * hierom. epist. . cap. . pag. . s in hoc enim tractatu , non solum pium lectorem sed etiam liberum correctorem desidero . veruntamen sicut lectorem meum nolo mihi esse deditum , ita correctore● nolo sibi . ille me non amet amplius quàm catholicam ●idem ; iste se non am●t amplius quàm catholicam veritatem . augustinus . lib. . de trinitate . pro●mio . & petrus lombardus . in lib. . se●tentiarum . pr●logus . t rom. . . u ezech. . ● . acts . . x vbi deus magister est● quàm citò discitur quod docetur . le● . . de pentecoste . serm. . cap. . y thes. . . z cor. . . rom. . , . a nunquam n. sine querela aegra tanguntur . seneca de ira. lib. . cap. . b against which see robertus massonius his treatise of dancing● & part . act . scene . . with the author● there quoted ; and those other writers in the table . c quando populus ad ecclesiam venerit tàm per dies dominicos , quàm & per solemnitates sanctorum , aliud ibi non agat , nisi quod ad dei pertinet servitium . illas vero balationes & saltationes , canticaque turpia , & luxuriosa , & illa lusa diabolica non faciat , nec in plateis , nec in domibus , neque in ullo loco , quia haec de paganorum consuetudine remanserunt . et qui ipsa fecerit canonicam sententiam accipiat . bo●hellus decret . ecclesiae gallicanae . lib. . tit. . cap. . pag. , &c. see tit. . cap. . to . where there are divers constitutions to the same purpose . * de rege & regum instit. lib. . cap. . p. . to . edit . we●belij . . * in his books de spectaculis . coloniae . agrip. . see here pag. . * nota. * nota bene . * hence saint hierom writes thus : repertum est facinus quod nec mimus fingere , nec scurra ludere , nec atella●us possit effari . epist. . cap. . pag. . because players usually acted most wicked things . * nota. * nota. * see here , pag. . . * let our play-patrons well observe this epithite . * let play-haunters note this well . * let players marke this stile and title . * and if pagans prohibited players to come unto their idols solemnities , shall christians admit them to the church or sacraments ? * stage-playes then are no fit ornaments for christian feastivals and solemnities , this very iesuit being iudge . * such is th● holinesse of our popish playes . * nota bene . * sacred stories therefore in this iesuits judgement ought not to be acted on the stage , no nor yet in church●● : which controls the practise of his fellow priests and iesuits . * quanto res sacratior tanto abusus ●jus damnabilior . concil . coloniense . pars . cap . surius . tom. pag. . * nota. * they h●ve women actors in spaine , as we have fem●le spectators , and playing boyes in womens attire . * n●ta . * let play-haunters ponder this . * nota. * hom , . in matth. * nota be●e . * nota bene . * no standing play-houses are to be suffred by this iesuits sentence , whose reasons i wish all magistrates and others would consider . * no standing play-houses are to be suffred by this iesuits sentence , whose reasons i wish all magistrates and others would consider . * o that all christian princes , magistrates , and play-haunters would well weigh this reason . * nota bene . * nota● * note this ensuing passage , and the accursed fruits of stage-playes , well . * this the iesuit writes , not that hee would have any stage-playes suffred , for he professeth the contrary before ; but onely by way of prevention ; that in case he could not procure all playes to bee suppressed , that yet those that were tolerated might bee thus regulated . * nota bene . * see here , pag. . , , . & bb ponet his apologie or answer to d. martyn , p. ● & . ba●aeus centur. . pag. . where the sodomy of the papists and popish clergie is descried . * see here part act . scene . pag. . to . accordingly . quod autem de istis quaedam inhonesta & maligna jactantur , nolo mireris , cum scias hoc esse opus s●mper diaboli , ut servos dei mendacio lacerat , & opinionibus falsis gloriosum nomen infamet ; ut qui conscientiae luce suae clarescunt alienis rumoribus sordidentur . cyprian . epist. l. . epist. . p . . b pet. . . c heb. . , . <?xml-stylesheet href='xml htm.xsl' type='text/xsl'?> <?xml version=" . 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" facs="a - -a- ">hereditary</w> <w lemma="mark" pos="n " reg="marks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">marks</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="trace" pos="vvb" reg="trace" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">trace</w> <w lemma="up" pos="acp-av" reg="up" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">up</w> <w lemma="you" pos="png" reg="yours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yours</w> <w lemma="long" pos="vvb" reg="long" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">long</w> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-av" reg="before" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">before</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="conquest" pos="n " reg="conquest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">conquest</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">find</w> <w lemma="among" pos="acp-p" reg="among" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">among</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="many" pos="d" reg="many" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">many</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="j" reg="noble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">noble</w> <w lemma="branch" pos="n " reg="branches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">branches</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="illustrious" pos="j" reg="illustrious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">illustrious</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="family" pos="n " reg="family" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">family</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="ancestor" pos="n " reg="ancestors" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ancestors</w> <w lemma="enrich" pos="vvg" reg="enriching" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enriching</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="scutcheon" pos="n " reg="scutcheon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scutcheon</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="holy" pos="j" reg="holy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">holy</w> <w lemma="war" pos="n " reg="wars" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wars</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="extraordinary" pos="j" reg="extraordinary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">extraordinary</w> <w lemma="achievement" pos="n " reg="achievements" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="just" pos="j" reg="just" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">just</w> <w lemma="idea" pos="n " reg="idea" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">idea</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="accomplishment" pos="n " reg="accomplishments" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">accomplishments</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="extrordinary" pos="j" reg="extrordinary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">extrordinary</w> <w lemma="qualification" pos="n " reg="qualifications" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">qualifications</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yet</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="uneasy" pos="av_j" reg="uneasily" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">arts</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="encourage" pos="vvn" reg="encouraged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">incourag'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-rg" reg="whose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whose</w> <w lemma="know" pos="j_vn" reg="known" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">known</w> <w lemma="zeal" pos="n " reg="zeal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zeal</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-ro" reg="whom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whom</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="espouse" pos="vvb" reg="espouse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">espouse</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="smile" pos="n " reg="smiles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">smiles</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="influence" pos="n " reg="influence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">influence</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="whom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whom</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="proud" pos="j-s" reg="proudest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">proudest</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="vi" xml:id="a - -a"/> <w lemma="please" pos="vvg" reg="pleasing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pleasing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">even</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="labour" pos="j_vn" reg="laboured" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">labour'd</w> <w lemma="piece" pos="n " reg="pieces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pieces</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="expect" pos="vvi" reg="expect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">expect</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="receive" pos="vvn" reg="received" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">receiv'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="supply" pos="vvb" reg="supply" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">supply</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="instruction" pos="n " reg="instructions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instructions</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="example" pos="n " reg="examples" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">examples</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="enable" pos="vvn" reg="enabled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enabled</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="succeed" pos="vvi" reg="succeed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">succeed</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="vulgar" pos="j" reg="vulgar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vulgar</w> <w lemma="order" pos="n " reg="order" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">order</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="men" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="learn" pos="vvi" reg="learn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">learn</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="write" pos="vvi" reg="write" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">write</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="touch" pos="vvi" reg="touch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">touch</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="trifle" pos="vvi" reg="trifle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">trifle</w> <w lemma="agreeable" pos="av_j" reg="agreeably" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">agreeably</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="witty" pos="j" reg="witty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">witty</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">without</w> <w lemma="affectation" pos="n " reg="affectation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">affectation</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="solid" pos="j" reg="solid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">solid</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">without</w> <w lemma="dulness" pos="n " reg="dulness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dulness</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="lofty" pos="j" reg="lofty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lofty</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">without</w> <w lemma="bombast" pos="n " reg="bombast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bombast</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="familiar" pos="j" reg="familiar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">familiar</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">without</w> <w lemma="meanness" pos="n " reg="meanness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meanness</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="finish" pos="vvi" reg="finish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">finish</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="address" pos="n " reg="address" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">address</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="lest" pos="cs" reg="lest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lest</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="usurp" pos="vvb" reg="usurp" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">usurp</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="moment" pos="n g" reg="moment's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moments</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="due" pos="j" reg="due" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">due</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="entertain" pos="vvg" reg="entertaining" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">entertaining</w> <w lemma="diversion" pos="n " reg="diversions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">diversions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="business" pos="n " reg="business" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">business</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="epistle" pos="n " reg="epistle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">epistle</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="secure" pos="vvi" reg="secure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">secure</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="tragedy" pos="n " reg="tragedy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tragedy</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="patronage" pos="n " reg="patronage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">patronage</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">than</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="assure" pos="vvi" reg="assure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">assure</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="deep" pos="j" reg="deep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deep</w> <w lemma="respect" pos="n " reg="respect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">respect</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="author" pos="n " reg="author" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">author</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="conclude" pos="vvi" reg="conclude" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">conclude</w> <w lemma="better" pos="j-c" reg="better" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="write" pos="vvd" reg="wrote" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wrote</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="stage" pos="n " reg="stage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stage</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="inscribe" pos="vvn" reg="inscribed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">inscrib'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="reverend" pos="j" reg="reverend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reverend</w> <w lemma="clergyman" pos="n " reg="clergyman" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">clergyman</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="sentiment" pos="n " reg="sentiments" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sentiments</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="vvb" reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hope</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="â�ª" pos="â�ª" reg="â�ª" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â�ª</w> </p> </div> <div type="poem" xml:id="a -e "> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n " reg="poet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">poet</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="character" pos="n " reg="character" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">character</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </head> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="hard" pos="j" reg="hard" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hard</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fate</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="muse" pos="n " reg="muse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">muse</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="votary" pos="n " reg="votaries" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vot'ries</w> <w lemma="bind" pos="vvz" reg="binds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">binds</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="force" pos="vvn" reg="forced" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forc'd</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="need" pos="n " reg="need" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">need</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="rack" pos="vvi" reg="rack" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rack</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="weary" pos="vvn" reg="wearied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weary'd</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="minds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">minds</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="soothe" pos="vvi" reg="soothe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sooth</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="dull" pos="j" reg="dull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dull</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="ungrateful" pos="j" reg="ungrateful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ungrateful</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="impious" pos="j" reg="impious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impious</w> <w lemma="age" pos="n " reg="age" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">age</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">th'</w> <w lemma="eternal" pos="j" reg="eternal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eternal</w> <w lemma="drudge" pos="n " reg="drudges" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">drudges</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="rich" pos="j" reg="rich" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rich</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hopes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hopes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretched</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="last" pos="ord" reg="last" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">last</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="inspire" pos="j_vn" reg="inspired" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">inspir'd</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="fits" pos="n -nn" reg="fits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fits</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="often" pos="av-c" reg="oftener" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oftner</w> <w lemma="dull" pos="j" reg="dull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dull</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">than</w> <w lemma="wise" pos="j" reg="wise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="fond" pos="j" reg="fond" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fond</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="fame" pos="n " reg="fame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fame</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="sacrifice" pos="n " reg="sacrifice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sacrifice</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ah" pos="uh" reg="ah" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ah</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="cruel" pos="j" reg="cruel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cruel</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fortune</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="tyrant" pos="n " reg="tyrant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tyrant</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="fool" pos="n " reg="fools" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fools</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kind</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n " reg="poets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poets</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="strife" pos="n " reg="strife" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strife</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vm " reg="mayst" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mayst</w> <w lemma="constrain" pos="vvi" reg="constrain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">constrain</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="slave" pos="n " reg="slave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">slave</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvi" reg="lose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lose</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="right" pos="n _j" reg="right" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">right</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="dear-bought" pos="j" reg="dear-bought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dear-bought</w> <w lemma="fame" pos="n " reg="fame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fame</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n " reg="poet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">poet</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">best</w> <w lemma="delight" pos="n " reg="delight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">delight</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">never</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j-c" reg="dearer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dearer</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="prostitute" pos="n " reg="prostitute" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prostitute</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="prostitute" pos="n " reg="prostitute" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prostitute</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ne're</w> <w lemma="profane" pos="vvi" reg="profane" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prophane</w> <w lemma="celestial" pos="j" reg="celestial" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">celestial</w> <w lemma="fire" pos="n " reg="fire" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fire</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="quench" pos="vvb" reg="quench" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">quench</w> <w lemma="sacred" pos="j" reg="sacred" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sacred</w> <w lemma="flame" pos="n " reg="flames" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">flames</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="kindle" pos="vvi" reg="kindle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kindle</w> <w lemma="loose" pos="j" reg="loose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">loose</w> <w lemma="desire" pos="n " reg="desire" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">desire</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="base" pos="j" reg="base" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">base</w> <w lemma="flatter" pos="vvg" reg="flattering" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">flatt'ring</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="detraction" pos="n " reg="detraction" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">detraction</w> <w lemma="bend" pos="vvn" reg="bend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bent</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="poison" pos="vvb" reg="poison" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poyson</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="weak" pos="j" reg="weak" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weak</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="stab" pos="vvi" reg="stab" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stab</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="innocent" pos="j" reg="innocent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">innocent</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="muse" pos="n " reg="muse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">muse</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="retreat" pos="n " reg="retreat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">retreat</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="sing" pos="vvi" reg="sing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sing</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="britain" pos="n g-nn" reg="britain's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">britain's</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="ruler" pos="n " reg="ruler" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ruler</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="heavens" pos="n g" reg="heavens'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'ns</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-c" reg="greater" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greater</w> <w lemma="king" pos="n " reg="king" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">king</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="wing" pos="j_vn" reg="winged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wing'd</w> <w lemma="brother-poet" pos="n " reg="brother-poets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brother-poets</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="grove" pos="n " reg="grove" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grove</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="strive" pos="vvb" reg="strive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strive</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">here</w> <w lemma="below" pos="acp-av" reg="below" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">below</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rival</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="above" pos="acp-av" reg="above" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">above</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="each" pos="d" reg="each" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">each</w> <w lemma="morning" pos="n " reg="morning" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morning</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="warble" pos="j_vg" reg="warbling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">warbling</w> <w lemma="voice" pos="n " reg="voices" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">voices</w> <w lemma="raise" pos="vvi" reg="raise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">raise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="inspire" pos="j_vn" reg="inspired" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">inspir'd</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="nature" pos="n g" reg="nature's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature's</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n " reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="praise" pos="vvi" reg="praise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">praise</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="labour" pos="j_vg" reg="labouring" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lab'ring</w> <w lemma="swain" pos="n " reg="swain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">swain</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="beguile" pos="vvz" reg="beguiles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beguiles</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="care" pos="n " reg="cares" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cares</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="art" pos="n " reg="arts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">arts</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="callow" pos="j" reg="callow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">callow</w> <w lemma="brood" pos="n " reg="brood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brood</w> <w lemma="ensnare" pos="vvz" reg="ensnares" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">insnares</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="blind" pos="vvd" reg="blinded" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blinded</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvn" reg="taught" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">taught</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">t'</w> <w lemma="unlearn" pos="vvi" reg="unlearn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unlearn</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="native" pos="j" reg="native" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">native</w> <w lemma="strain" pos="n " reg="strain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="cage" pos="j_vn" reg="caged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cag'd</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="wretch" pos="n " reg="wretches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretches</w> <w lemma="sing" pos="vvb" reg="sing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sing</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="grain" pos="n " reg="grain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grain</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <w lemma="free" pos="j" reg="free" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">free</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="lay" pos="n " reg="lays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lays</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="sacred" pos="j" reg="sacred" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sacred</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="deity" pos="n " reg="deity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deity</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="selfish" pos="j" reg="selfish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">selfish</w> <w lemma="world" pos="n " reg="world" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">world</w> <w lemma="enslave" pos="vvn" reg="enslaved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">inslav'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="young" pos="j" reg="young" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">young</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="blind" pos="vvn" reg="blinded" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blinded</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="vice" pos="n " reg="vice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vice</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvn" reg="taught" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">taught</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="mean" pos="j-c" reg="meaner" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meaner</w> <w lemma="song" pos="n " reg="song" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">song</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="keep" pos="vvn" reg="kept" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kept</w> <w lemma="close" pos="av_j" reg="close" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">close</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="bare" pos="j" reg="bare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bare</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ne're</w> <w lemma="enjoy" pos="vvi" reg="enjoy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enjoy</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="spring" pos="n " reg="spring" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spring</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="town" pos="n " reg="town" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">town</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="cage" pos="n " reg="cage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cage</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="starve" pos="vvi" reg="starve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">starve</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="sing" pos="vvi" reg="sing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sing</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </div> <div type="discourse" xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="ix" xml:id="a - -b"/> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="letter" pos="n " reg="letter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">letter</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="divine" pos="j" reg="divine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">divine</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="holy" pos="j" reg="holy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">holy</w> <w lemma="doctor" pos="n " reg="doctor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">doctor</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">does</w> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">even</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="sort" pos="n " reg="sort" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sort</w> <w lemma="reckon" pos="vvb" reg="reckon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reckon</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="sin" pos="n " reg="sin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sin</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="refrain" pos="vvi" reg="refrain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">refrain</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="diversion" pos="n " reg="diversion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">diversion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="because" pos="acp-cs" reg="because" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">because</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">says</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">)</pc> <w lemma="whatever" pos="crq-r" reg="whatever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whatever</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="contrary" pos="j" reg="contrary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">contrary</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="reason" pos="n " reg="reason" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reason</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="vicious" pos="j" reg="vicious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vicious</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="contrary" pos="j" reg="contrary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">contrary</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="reason" pos="n " reg="reason" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reason</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">man</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">should</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="unsociable" pos="j" reg="unsociable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">unsociable</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="hard" pos="j" reg="hard" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hard</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">upon</w> <w lemma="other" pos="pi _d" reg="others" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">others</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="oppose" pos="vvi" reg="oppose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oppose</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="innocent" pos="j" reg="innocent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">innocent</w> <w lemma="pleasure" pos="n " reg="pleasures" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pleasures</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">never</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvi" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bear</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="part" pos="n " reg="part" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">part</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="diversion" pos="n " reg="diversions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">diversions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="contribute" pos="vvi" reg="contribute" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">contribute</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">'em</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">words</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">actions</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="therefore" pos="av" reg="therefore" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">therefore</w> <w lemma="seneca" pos="n -nn" reg="seneca" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">seneca</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <w lemma="deal" pos="n " reg="deal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">deal</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="reason" pos="n " reg="reason" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reason</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvi" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">say</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">upon</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="occasion" pos="n " reg="occasion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">occasion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="demean" pos="vvb" reg="demean" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">demean</w> <w lemma="yourselves" pos="px" reg="yourselves" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -b- ">your selves</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="conversation" pos="n " reg="conversation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">conversation</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="much" pos="d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">much</w> <w lemma="prudence" pos="n " reg="prudence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prudence</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="discretion" pos="n " reg="discretion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">discretion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="none" pos="pi-x" reg="none" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">none</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <w lemma="charge" pos="vvi" reg="charge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">charge</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvg" reg="being" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">being</w> <w lemma="morose" pos="n " reg="morose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">morose</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="despise" pos="vvb" reg="despise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">despise</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-av" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="one" pos="crd" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">one</w> <w lemma="unfit" pos="j" reg="unfit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">unfit</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="human" pos="j" reg="human" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">human</w> <w lemma="converse" pos="n " reg="converse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">converse</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="vice" pos="n " reg="vice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vice</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvi" reg="fall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fall</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="mankind" pos="n " reg="mankind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mankind</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="impute" pos="vvn" reg="imputed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">imputed</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="morose" pos="n " reg="morose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">morose</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="savage" pos="j" reg="savage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">salvage</w> <w lemma="creature" pos="n " reg="creature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">creature</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="easy" pos="j" reg="easy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">easy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sir" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">sir</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="determine" pos="vvi" reg="determine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">determine</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">words</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">father</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="under" pos="acp-p" reg="under" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="regulate" pos="vvn" reg="regulated" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">regulated</w> <w lemma="accord" pos="vvg" reg="according" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">according</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="reason" pos="n " reg="reason" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reason</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="xiii" xml:id="a - -b"/> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">excess</w> <w lemma="therefore" pos="av" reg="therefore" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">therefore</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">them</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">circumstances</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="apply" pos="vvn" reg="applied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">applied</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">them</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">upon</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="maxim" pos="n " reg="maxim" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">excess</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plays</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shall</w> <w lemma="offer" pos="vvi" reg="offer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">offer</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nothing</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="subject" pos="n " reg="subject" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">subject</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="imitation" pos="n " reg="imitation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">imitation</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <w lemma="doctor" pos="n " reg="doctor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">doctor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">way</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">was</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="apply" pos="vvg" reg="applying" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">applying</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="fathers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fathers</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="answer" pos="n " reg="answer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">answer</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvz" reg="gives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gives</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">only</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">one</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="answer" pos="vvz" reg="answers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">answers</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">st.</w> <w lemma="chrysostom" pos="n -nn" reg="chrysostom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">chrysostom</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="manner" pos="n " reg="manner" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">manner</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="eloquent" pos="j" reg="eloquent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">eloquent</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">father</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvn" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">said</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">was</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">god</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">was</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="author" pos="n " reg="author" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">author</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="sport" pos="n " reg="sports" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sports</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="devil" pos="n " reg="devil" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">devil</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="back" pos="vvi" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">back</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <w lemma="advance" pos="vvn" reg="advanced" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">advanc'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="produce" pos="vvn" reg="produced" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">produc'd</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="passage" pos="n " reg="passage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">passage</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="holy" pos="j" reg="holy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">holy</w> <w lemma="writ" pos="n " reg="writ" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">writ</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="people" pos="n " reg="people" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">people</w> <w lemma="sit" pos="vvd" reg="sat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sat</w> <w lemma="down" pos="acp-av" reg="down" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">down</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="eat" pos="vvi" reg="eat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">eat</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="drink" pos="vvi" reg="drink" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">drink</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvd" reg="rose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="tell" pos="vvb" reg="tell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tell</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">how</w> <w lemma="much" pos="av_d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">much</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="get" pos="vvb" reg="get" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">get</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="infamous" pos="j" reg="infamous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">infamous</w> <w lemma="trade" pos="n " reg="trade" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">trade</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="word" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">word</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="strumpet" pos="n " reg="strumpets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">strumpets</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="commend" pos="vvn" reg="commended" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">commended</w> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="xiv" xml:id="a - -a"/> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="presence" pos="n " reg="presence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">presence</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="ignorant" pos="j" reg="ignorant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ignorant</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="things" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">things</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">say</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nothing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="add" pos="vvz" reg="adds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">adds</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">father</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="bury" pos="vvn" reg="buried" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">buried</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="eternal" pos="j" reg="eternal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eternal</w> <w lemma="silence" pos="n " reg="silence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">silence</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="fear" pos="vvi" reg="fear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fear</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="bare" pos="av_j" reg="barely" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">barely</w> <w lemma="mention" pos="vvg" reg="mentioning" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mentioning</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">such</w> <w lemma="horrid" pos="j" reg="horrid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">horrid</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">actions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">should</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="measure" pos="n " reg="measure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">measure</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="guilty" pos="j" reg="guilty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guilty</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </q> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="other" pos="d" reg="other" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">other</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="fathers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fathers</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="reserve" pos="vvn" reg="reserved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reserv'd</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="scruple" pos="n " reg="scruple" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scruple</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="discover" pos="vvi" reg="discover" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">discover</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="about" pos="acp-p" reg="about" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">about</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="imagine" pos="vvi" reg="imagine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">imagine</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">am</w> <w lemma="ambitious" pos="j" reg="ambitious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ambitious</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="quote" pos="vvg" reg="quoting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">quoting</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvn" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">said</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="matter" pos="n " reg="matters" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">matters</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="free" pos="av_j" reg="freely" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">freely</w> <w lemma="handle" pos="vvn" reg="handled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">handled</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="another" pos="d" reg="another" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">another</w> <w lemma="language" pos="n " reg="language" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">language</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="prove" pos="vvi" reg="prove" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prove</w> <w lemma="offensive" pos="j" reg="offensive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">offensive</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="we" pos="png" reg="ours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ours</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="therefore" pos="av" reg="therefore" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">therefore</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">only</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="guess" pos="vvi" reg="guests" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guess</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="exorbitance" pos="n " reg="exorbitances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exorbitances</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="mention" pos="vvn" reg="mentioned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mention'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="lesser" pos="j-c" reg="lesser" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lesser</w> <w lemma="infamy" pos="n " reg="infamies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">infamies</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dare</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">an</w> <w lemma="account" pos="n " reg="account" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">account</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="write" pos="n _vg" reg="writings" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">writings</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="salvian" pos="n -nn" reg="salvian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">salvian</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="afraid" pos="j" reg="afraid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">afraid</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvi" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">say</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">any</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <w lemma="about" pos="acp-p" reg="about" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">about</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">says</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">)</pc> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="treat" pos="vvi" reg="treat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">treat</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="shameful" pos="j" reg="shameful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shameful</w> <w lemma="representation" pos="n " reg="representations" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">representations</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="dishonest" pos="j" reg="dishonest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dishonest</w> <w lemma="speech" pos="n " reg="speeches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">speeches</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="lascivious" pos="j" reg="lascivious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lascivious</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="immodest" pos="j" reg="immodest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">immodest</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">actions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="enormity" pos="n " reg="enormity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enormity</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="offence" pos="n " reg="offence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">offence</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="discoverable" pos="j" reg="discoverable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">discoverable</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="restraint" pos="n " reg="restraint" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">restraint</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="own" pos="d" reg="own" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">own</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <w lemma="impose" pos="vvi" reg="impose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impose</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upon</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="rehearse" pos="vvi" reg="rehearse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rehearse</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </q> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lactantius" pos="n -nn" reg="lactantius" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">lactantius</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="reserve" pos="vvn" reg="reserved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reserv'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="favourable" pos="j" reg="favourable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">favourable</w> <w lemma="thought" pos="n " reg="thoughts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thoughts</w> <w lemma="about" pos="acp-p" reg="about" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">about</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">these</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="end" pos="n " reg="end" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">end</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="impudent" pos="j" reg="impudent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impudent</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">actions</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="player" pos="n " reg="players" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">players</w> <w lemma="tend" pos="vvb" reg="tend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tend</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="debauch" pos="vvi" reg="debauch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">debauch</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="youth" pos="n " reg="youth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">youth</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="age" pos="n " reg="age" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">age</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="effeminate" pos="j" reg="effeminate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">effeminate</w> <w lemma="body" pos="n " reg="bodies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bodies</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n g" reg="woman's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">womens</w> <w lemma="dress" pos="n " reg="dresses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dresses</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="represent" pos="vvi" reg="represent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">represent</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="lascivious" pos="j" reg="lascivious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lascivious</w> <w lemma="gesture" pos="n " reg="gestures" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gestures</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="dissolute" pos="j" reg="dissolute" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dissolute</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="little" pos="j" reg="little" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">little</w> <w lemma="low" pos="av-c_j" reg="lower" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lower</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">says</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="licentiousness" pos="n " reg="licentiousness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">licentiousness</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="speech" pos="n " reg="speech" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">speech</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="proceed" pos="vvb" reg="proceed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">proceed</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="action" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">action</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="instance" pos="n " reg="instance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instance</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="people" pos="n " reg="people" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">people</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="strip" pos="vvb" reg="strip" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strip</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="debauch" pos="j_vn" reg="debauched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">debauch'd</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="women" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">women</w> <w lemma="stark" pos="av_j" reg="stark" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stark</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">naked</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="public" pos="j" reg="public" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">publick</w> <w lemma="theatre" pos="n " reg="theatre" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">theatre</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="etc" pos="n-ab" reg="etc." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">&amp;c.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </q> <w lemma="pray" pos="uh_v" reg="pray" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pray</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="judge" pos="vvb" reg="judge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">judge</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="whether" pos="cs" reg="whether" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">whether</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">father</w> <w lemma="add" pos="vvz" reg="adds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">adds</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="acceptable" pos="j" reg="acceptable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">acceptable</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="modesty" pos="n " reg="modesty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">modesty</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <w lemma="cyprian" pos="n -nn" reg="cyprian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">cyprian</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-q" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <foreign xml:id="a -e " xml:lang="lat"> <w lemma="ex" pos="fw-la" reg="ex" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ex</w> <w lemma="professo" pos="fw-la" reg="professo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">professo</w> </foreign> <w lemma="compose" pos="vvn" reg="composed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">composed</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="book" pos="n " reg="book" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">book</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="public" pos="j" reg="public" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">publick</w> <w lemma="show" pos="n " reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shows</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="describe" pos="vvz" reg="describes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">describes</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="large" pos="j" reg="large" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">large</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="infamous" pos="j" reg="infamous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">infamous</w> <w lemma="practice" pos="n " reg="practices" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">practices</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="also" pos="av" reg="also" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">also</w> <w lemma="read" pos="vvi" reg="read" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">read</w> <w lemma="something" pos="pi" reg="something" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">something</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="abominable" pos="j" reg="abominable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">abominable</w> <w lemma="custom" pos="n " reg="custom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">custom</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="appear" pos="vvg" reg="appearing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">appearing</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">naked</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="theatre" pos="n " reg="theatres" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">theatres</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <w lemma="chrysostom" pos="n -nn" reg="chrysostom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">chrysostom</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <w lemma="jerom" pos="n -nn" reg="jerom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">jerom</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <w lemma="augustin" pos="n -nn" reg="augustin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">augustin</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">these</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">does</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="scruple" pos="n " reg="scruple" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scruple</w> <w lemma="compare" pos="vvg" reg="comparing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">comparing</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">time</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvd" reg="went" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">went</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plays</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="david" pos="n -nn" reg="david" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">david</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvd" reg="took" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">took</w> <w lemma="pleasure" pos="n " reg="pleasure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pleasure</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvg" reg="seeing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seeing</w> <w lemma="bathsheba" pos="n -nn" reg="bathsheba" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">bathsheba</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">naked</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">should</w> <w lemma="appear" pos="vvi" reg="appear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">appear</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">naked</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="theatre" pos="n " reg="theatre" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">theatre</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">man</w> <w lemma="withdraw" pos="vvd" reg="withdrew" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">withdrew</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">might</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="presence" pos="n " reg="presence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">presence</w> <w lemma="hinder" pos="j-c" reg="hinder" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hinder</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">was</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="customary" pos="j" reg="customary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">customary</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="seneca" pos="n -nn" reg="seneca" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">seneca</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvz" reg="gives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gives</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">us</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="same" pos="d" reg="same" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">same</w> <w lemma="account" pos="n " reg="account" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">account</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="cato" pos="n -nn" reg="cato" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">cato</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="commend" pos="vvz" reg="commends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">commends</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvg" reg="being" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">being</w> <w lemma="unwilling" pos="j" reg="unwilling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">unwilling</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="debauch" pos="j_vn" reg="debauched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">debauch'd</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="women" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">women</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">naked</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dare</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="repeat" pos="vvi" reg="repeat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">repeat</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">words</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="lampridius" pos="n -nn" reg="lampridius" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">lampridius</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="because" pos="acp-cs" reg="because" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">because</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">too</w> <w lemma="fulsome" pos="j" reg="fulsome" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fulsom</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">says</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="emperor" pos="n " reg="emperor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">emperor</w> <w lemma="heliogabalus" pos="n -nn" reg="heliogabalus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">heliogabalus</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="play" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">play</w> <w lemma="represent" pos="vvn" reg="represented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">represented</w> <w lemma="venus" pos="n -nn" reg="venus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">venus</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="show" pos="vvd" reg="showed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">showed</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">himself</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">naked</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">upon</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="stage" pos="n " reg="stage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stage</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="utmost" pos="j" reg="utmost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">utmost</w> <w lemma="sign" pos="n " reg="signs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">signs</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="impudence" pos="n " reg="impudence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">impudence</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="also" pos="av" reg="also" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">also</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">find</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="public" pos="j" reg="public" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">public</w> <w lemma="show" pos="n " reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shows</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="ancient" pos="n _j" reg="ancients" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">antients</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">were</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="dreadful" pos="av_j" reg="dreadfully" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dreadfully</w> <w lemma="impious" pos="j" reg="impious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">impious</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">were</w> <w lemma="immoral" pos="j" reg="immoral" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">immoral</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">says</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">st.</w> <w lemma="chrysostom" pos="n -nn" reg="chrysostom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">chrysostom</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">)</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="blaspheme" pos="vvb" reg="blaspheme" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blaspheme</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="name" pos="n " reg="name" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">name</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">god</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <w lemma="soon" pos="av-c" reg="sooner" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sooner</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="player" pos="n " reg="players" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">players</w> <w lemma="vent" pos="vvd" reg="vented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vented</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="blasphemous" pos="j" reg="blasphemous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blasphemous</w> <w lemma="expression" pos="n " reg="expression" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">expression</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="loud" pos="j" reg="loud" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">loud</w> <w lemma="applause" pos="n " reg="applause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">applause</w> <w lemma="follow" pos="vvz" reg="follows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">follows</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="oblige" pos="vvn" reg="obliged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oblig'd</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="three" pos="ord" reg="third" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">third</w> <w lemma="council" pos="n " reg="council" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">council</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="carthage" pos="n -nn" reg="carthage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">carthage</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="canon" pos="n " reg="canon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">canon</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="condemn" pos="vvi" reg="condemn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">condemn</w> <w lemma="player" pos="n " reg="players" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">players</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="blasphemer" pos="n " reg="blasphemers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blasphemers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="laic" pos="n " reg="laics" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">laicks</w> <w lemma="themselves" pos="px" reg="themselves" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">themselves</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="present" pos="j" reg="present" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">present</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="show" pos="vvz" reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shows</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">has</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvn" reg="been" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">been</w> <w lemma="always" pos="av" reg="always" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">always</w> <w lemma="unlawful" pos="j" reg="unlawful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">unlawful</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">any</w> <w lemma="christian" pos="n -nn_j" reg="christian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">christian</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvi" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">go</w> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">into</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="company" pos="n " reg="company" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">company</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="blasphemer" pos="n " reg="blasphemers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blasphemers</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-q" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">would</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="cry" pos="vvi" reg="cry" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cry</w> <w lemma="down" pos="acp-av" reg="down" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">down</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="stage" pos="n " reg="stage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stage</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">were</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="full" pos="j" reg="full" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">full</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="immorality" pos="n " reg="immorality" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">immorality</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="profaneness" pos="n " reg="profaneness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">profaneness</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="there" pos="acp-av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <w lemma="need" pos="n " reg="need" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">need</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvg" reg="being" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">being</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">one</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="fathers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fathers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="light" pos="n " reg="light" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">light</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nature</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="sufficient" pos="j" reg="sufficient" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sufficient</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="condemn" pos="vvi" reg="condemn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">condemn</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">excess</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="read" pos="vvb" reg="read" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">read</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">st.</w> <w lemma="chrysostom" pos="n -nn" reg="chrysostom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">chrysostom</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="certain" pos="j" reg="certain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">certain</w> <w lemma="barbarian" pos="n _j" reg="barbarians" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">barbarians</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvg" reg="having" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">having</w> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvn" reg="heard" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heard</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="theatral" pos="n -nn" reg="theatral" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">theatral</w> <w lemma="play" pos="vvz" reg="plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plays</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="express" pos="vvn" reg="expressed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">express'd</w> <w lemma="themselves" pos="px" reg="themselves" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">themselves</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="term" pos="n " reg="terms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">terms</w> <w lemma="worthy" pos="j" reg="worthy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">worthy</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-s" reg="greatest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">greatest</w> <w lemma="philosopher" pos="n " reg="philosophers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">philosophers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="viz." pos="n-ab" reg="viz." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">viz.</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="fit" pos="j" reg="fit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fit</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="roman" pos="n -nn_j" reg="romans" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">romans</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="invent" pos="vvd" reg="invented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">invented</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="n " reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kind</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="pleasure" pos="n " reg="pleasures" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pleasures</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">should</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="look" pos="vvn" reg="looked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">look'd</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">upon</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="person" pos="n " reg="persons" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">persons</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <w lemma="neither" pos="d-x" reg="neither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">neither</w> <w lemma="wife" pos="n " reg="wives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wives</w> <w lemma="nor" pos="cc-x" reg="nor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nor</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="children" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">children</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="alcibiades" pos="n -nn" reg="alcibiades" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">alcibiades</w> <w lemma="among" pos="acp-p" reg="among" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">among</w> <w lemma="other" pos="d" reg="other" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">other</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="things" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">things</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="commend" pos="vvn" reg="commended" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">commended</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvg" reg="having" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">having</w> <w lemma="cast" pos="vvn" reg="cast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cast</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="certain" pos="j" reg="certain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">certain</w> <w lemma="comedian" pos="n " reg="comedian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">comedian</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="name" pos="vvn" reg="named" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nam'd</w> <w lemma="eupolis" pos="n -nn" reg="eupolis" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">eupolis</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">into</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="sea" pos="n " reg="sea" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sea</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvg" reg="being" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">being</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="impudent" pos="j" reg="impudent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">impudent</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="repeat" pos="vvi" reg="repeat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">repeat</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="infamous" pos="j" reg="infamous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">infamous</w> <w lemma="verse" pos="n " reg="verses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">verses</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="presence" pos="n " reg="presence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">presence</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="add" pos="vvg" reg="adding" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">adding</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="punishment" pos="n " reg="punishment" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">punishment</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="expression" pos="n " reg="expression" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">expression</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vv " reg="hast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hast</w> <w lemma="plunge" pos="vvn" reg="plunged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plung'd</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="often" pos="av" reg="often" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">often</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="debauchery" pos="n " reg="debaucheries" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">debaucheries</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="stage" pos="n " reg="stage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stage</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">once</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="plunge" pos="vvi" reg="plunge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plunge</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">into</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="depth" pos="n " reg="depths" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">depths</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="sea." pos="n-ab" reg="sea." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sea.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <w lemma="easy" pos="av_j" reg="easily" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">easily</w> <w lemma="perceive" pos="vvi" reg="perceive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">perceive</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sir" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">sir</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="passage" pos="n " reg="passages" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">passages</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="fathers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fathers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="thousand" pos="crd" reg="thousand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thousand</w> <w lemma="other" pos="pi _d" reg="others" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">others</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">could</w> <w lemma="produce" pos="vvi" reg="produce" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">produce</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">them</w> <w lemma="against" pos="acp-p" reg="against" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="same" pos="d" reg="same" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">same</w> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">time</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="abominate" pos="vvz" reg="abominates" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">abominates</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="infamy" pos="n " reg="infamy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">infamy</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="public" pos="j" reg="public" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">publick</w> <w lemma="show" pos="n " reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shows</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="start" pos="vvz" reg="starts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">starts</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="objection" pos="n " reg="objection" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">objection</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">says</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">)</pc> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvn" reg="made" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">made</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="things" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">things</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvn" reg="given" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">given</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="men" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="consequent" pos="av_j" reg="consequently" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">consequently</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">such</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="circus" pos="n -nn" reg="circus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">circus</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="lion" pos="n " reg="lions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="voice" pos="n " reg="voices" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">voices</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="etc" pos="n-ab" reg="etc." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">&amp;c.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvz" reg="makes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">makes</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="use" pos="n " reg="use" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">use</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="unlawful" pos="j" reg="unlawful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unlawful</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </q> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="answer" pos="vvz" reg="answers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">answers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="true" pos="j" reg="true" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">true</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="things" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">things</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="institute" pos="vvn" reg="instituted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instituted</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="corrupt" pos="vvn" reg="corrupted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">corrupted</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="evil" pos="j" reg="evil" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">evil</w> <w lemma="spirit" pos="n " reg="spirit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spirit</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="iron" pos="n " reg="iron" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">iron</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="instance" pos="n " reg="instance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instance</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="much" pos="d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n g" reg="god's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god's</w> <w lemma="creature" pos="n " reg="creature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">creature</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="plant" pos="n " reg="plants" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plants</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="angel" pos="n " reg="angels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">angels</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="notwithstanding" pos="acp-p" reg="notwithstanding" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">notwithstanding</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">these</w> <w lemma="creature" pos="n " reg="creatures" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">creatures</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="instrument" pos="n " reg="instruments" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instruments</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="murder" pos="n " reg="murder" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">murder</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="poison" pos="n " reg="poison" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poison</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="magic" pos="j" reg="magic" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">magick</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="men" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="wickedness" pos="n " reg="wickedness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wickedness</w> <w lemma="deprave" pos="vvi" reg="deprave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deprave</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="uses" pos="n -nn" reg="uses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">uses</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="render" pos="vvz" reg="renders" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">renders</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="many" pos="d" reg="many" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">many</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="things" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">things</w> <w lemma="evil" pos="j" reg="evil" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">evil</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="own" pos="d" reg="own" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">own</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="indifferent" pos="j" reg="indifferent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">indifferent</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="institution" pos="n " reg="institution" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">institution</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-p" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="corruption" pos="n " reg="corruption" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">corruption</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="hence" pos="av" reg="hence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hence</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="apply" pos="vvb" reg="apply" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">apply</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">way</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="argue" pos="vvg" reg="arguing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">arguing</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="public" pos="j" reg="public" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">publick</w> <w lemma="show" pos="n " reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shows</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="follow" pos="vvz" reg="follows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">follows</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="consider" pos="vvn" reg="considered" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">consider'd</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="own" pos="d" reg="own" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">own</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="harmless" pos="j" reg="harmless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">harmless</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="angel" pos="n " reg="angels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">angels</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="plant" pos="n " reg="plants" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plants</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="iron" pos="n " reg="iron" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">iron</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="evil" pos="j" reg="evil" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">evil</w> <w lemma="spirit" pos="n " reg="spirit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spirit</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="change" pos="vvn" reg="changed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chang'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="pervert" pos="vvn" reg="perverted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">perverted</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="spoil" pos="vvn" reg="spoiled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spoil'd</w> <w xml:id="a - " lemma="'" reg="'" ana="sy" facs="a - -a- ">'</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">em</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="tertullian" pos="n -nn" reg="tertullian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">tertullian</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="reckon" pos="vvn" reg="reckoned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reckon'd</w> <w lemma="stage-play" pos="n " reg="stage-plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stage-plays</w> <w lemma="among" pos="acp-p" reg="among" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">among</w> <w lemma="indifferent" pos="j" reg="indifferent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">indifferent</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">actions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="condemn" pos="vvz" reg="condemns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">condemns</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">only</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">excess</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <w lemma="cyprian" pos="n -nn" reg="cyprian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">cyprian</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvg" reg="speaking" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">speaking</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="david" pos="n g-nn" reg="david's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">david's</w> <w lemma="dance" pos="vvg" reg="dancing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dancing</w> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-p" reg="before" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">before</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="ark" pos="n " reg="ark" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ark</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="own" pos="vvz" reg="owns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">owns</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="harm" pos="n " reg="harm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">harm</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="dance" pos="vvg" reg="dancing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dancing</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="sing" pos="vvg" reg="singing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">singing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">says</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="excuse" pos="n " reg="excuse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">excuse</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="christian" pos="n -nn_j" reg="christians" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">christians</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="present" pos="j" reg="present" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">present</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="lascivious" pos="j" reg="lascivious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lascivious</w> <w lemma="dance" pos="n " reg="dances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dances</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="impure" pos="j" reg="impure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impure</w> <w lemma="song" pos="n " reg="songs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">songs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="idol" pos="n " reg="idols" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">idols</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="whence" pos="crq-q" reg="whence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">whence</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="easy" pos="j" reg="easy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">easy</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="infer" pos="vvi" reg="infer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">infer</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="holy" pos="j" reg="holy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">holy</w> <w lemma="doctor" pos="n " reg="doctor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doctor</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">does</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="absolute" pos="av_j" reg="absolutely" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">absolutely</w> <w lemma="condemn" pos="vvi" reg="condemn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">condemn</w> <w lemma="dance" pos="vvg" reg="dancing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dancing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sing" pos="vvg" reg="singing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">singing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="operas" pos="fw-la" reg="operas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">operas</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="comedy" pos="n " reg="comedies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">comedies</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">only</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="show" pos="vvz" reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shows</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="represent" pos="vvn" reg="represented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">represented</w> <w lemma="fable" pos="n " reg="fables" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fables</w> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">after</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="lascivious" pos="j" reg="lascivious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lascivious</w> <w lemma="manner" pos="n " reg="manner" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">manner</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="greek" pos="n -nn_j" reg="greeks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greeks</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="roman" pos="n -nn_j" reg="romans" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">romans</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="celebrate" pos="vvn" reg="celebrated" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">celebrated</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="idol" pos="n " reg="idols" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">idols</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="likewise" pos="av" reg="likewise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">likewise</w> <w lemma="saint" pos="n " reg="saint" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="bonaventure" pos="n g-nn" reg="bonaventure's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">bonaventure's</w> <w lemma="opinion" pos="n " reg="opinion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">opinion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvz" reg="says" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">says</w> <w lemma="express" pos="av_j" reg="expressly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">expresly</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="show" pos="n " reg="shows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shows</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="lawful" pos="j" reg="lawful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lawful</w> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="attend" pos="vvn" reg="attended" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">attended</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="necessary" pos="j" reg="necessary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">necessary</w> <w lemma="precaution" pos="n " reg="precautions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">precautions</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="circumstance" pos="n " reg="circumstances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">circumstances</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="albertus" pos="n -nn" reg="albertus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">albertus</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="master" pos="n " reg="master" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">master</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvd" reg="taught" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">taught</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="doctrine" pos="n " reg="doctrine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doctrine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">words</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvd" reg="met" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">met</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upon</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="subject" pos="j" reg="subject" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">subject</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">st.</w> <w lemma="antoninus" pos="n -nn" reg="antoninus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">antoninus</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="archbishop" pos="n " reg="archbishop" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">archbishop</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="florence" pos="n -nn" reg="florence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">florence</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="pertinent" pos="j" reg="pertinent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pertinent</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">art</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="etc" pos="n-ab" reg="etc." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">&amp;c.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </q> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="another" pos="d" reg="another" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">another</w> <w lemma="place" pos="n " reg="place" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">place</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="comedy" pos="n " reg="comedy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">comedy</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="mixture" pos="n " reg="mixture" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mixture</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="pleasant" pos="j" reg="pleasant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pleasant</w> <w lemma="speech" pos="n " reg="speeches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">speeches</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">actions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="diversion" pos="n " reg="diversion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">diversion</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n g" reg="man's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mans</w> <w lemma="self" pos="n " reg="self" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">self</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="effect" pos="n " reg="effect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">effect</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">virtue</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvn" reg="called" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">call'd</w> <w lemma="eutrapelia" pos="n -nn" reg="eutrapelia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">eutrapelia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="mind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mind</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="fatigue" pos="vvn" reg="fatigued" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fatigu'd</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="internal" pos="j" reg="internal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">internal</w> <w lemma="care" pos="n " reg="cares" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cares</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="body" pos="n " reg="body" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">body</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="external" pos="j" reg="external" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">external</w> <w lemma="labour" pos="n " reg="labour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">labour</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">has</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="much" pos="d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">much</w> <w lemma="need" pos="n " reg="need" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">need</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="repose" pos="n " reg="repose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">repose</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="body" pos="n " reg="body" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">body</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">has</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="nourishment" pos="n " reg="nourishment" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nourishment</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="repose" pos="n " reg="repose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">repose</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="procure" pos="vvn" reg="procured" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">procur'd</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="n " reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kind</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="divert" pos="vvg" reg="diverting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">diverting</w> <w lemma="speech" pos="n " reg="speeches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">speeches</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">actions</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvn" reg="called" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">call'd</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plays</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">can</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">any</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sir" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">sir</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvn" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">said</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-c" reg="greater" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">greater</w> <w lemma="weight" pos="n " reg="weight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">ferrara</w> </hi> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="institutes" pos="n -nn" reg="institutes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">institutes</w> <w lemma="relate" pos="vvz" reg="relates" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">relates</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="famous" pos="j" reg="famous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">famous</w> <w lemma="saint" pos="n " reg="saint" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">saint</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="charles" pos="n -nn" reg="charles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">charles</w> <w lemma="borromeus" pos="n -nn" reg="borromeus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">borromeus</w> </hi> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#follows-hi">,</pc> <w lemma="allow" pos="vvn" reg="allowed" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="interpret" pos="vvi" reg="interpret" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">interpret</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">words</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="immoral" pos="j" reg="immoral" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">immoral</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="profane" pos="j" reg="profane" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">profane</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plays</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="women" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">women</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvd" reg="went" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">went</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">after</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="timbrel" pos="n " reg="timbrels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">timbrels</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="dance" pos="n " reg="dances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dances</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </hi> <w lemma="exod." pos="n-ab" reg="exod." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exod.</w> <w lemma=" ." pos="crd" reg=" ." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> .</w> <w lemma=" " pos="crd" reg=" " xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> </w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">does</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="royal" pos="j" reg="royal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">royal</w> <w lemma="prophet" pos="n " reg="prophet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prophet</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvi" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">say</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="psal." pos="n-ab" reg="psal." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">psal.</w> <w lemma=" " pos="crd" reg=" " xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> .</w> <w lemma=" " pos="crd" reg=" " xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> </w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma=" ." pos="crd" reg=" ." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> .</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">)</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="benjamin" pos="n -nn" reg="benjamin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">benjamin</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="among" pos="acp-p" reg="among" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">among</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="damsel" pos="n " reg="damsels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">damsels</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="play" pos="vvd" reg="played" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">played</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="timbrel" pos="n " reg="timbrels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">timbrels</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="nay" pos="uh-x" reg="nay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">does</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="mouth" pos="n " reg="mouth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mouth</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="jeremiah" pos="n -nn" reg="jeremiah" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jeremiah</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="chap." pos="n-ab" reg="chap." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chap.</w> </hi> <w lemma=" ." pos="crd" reg=" ." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> .</w> <w lemma=" ." pos="crd" reg=" ." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> .</w> <w lemma="promise" pos="n " reg="promise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">promise</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="jew" pos="n -nn" reg="jews" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jews</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upon</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="return" pos="n " reg="return" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">return</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="chaldee" pos="n -nn" reg="chaldee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">chaldee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">should</w> <w lemma="play" pos="vvi" reg="play" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">play</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upon</w> <w lemma="timbrel" pos="n " reg="timbrels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">timbrels</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvi" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <w lemma="forth" pos="av" reg="forth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forth</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="dance" pos="n " reg="dances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dances</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvb" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="merry" pos="j" reg="merry" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">merry</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="therefore" pos="av" reg="therefore" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">therefore</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="conclude" pos="vvz" reg="concludes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">concludes</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="albertus" pos="n -nn" reg="albertus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">albertus</w> <w lemma="magnus" pos="n -nn" reg="magnus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">magnus</w> </hi> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">)</pc> <w lemma="dance" pos="vvz" reg="dances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dances</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="pleasure" pos="n " reg="pleasures" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pleasures</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="themselves" pos="px" reg="themselves" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">themselves</w> <w lemma="sinful" pos="j" reg="sinful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sinful</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="unlawful" pos="j" reg="unlawful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unlawful</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvd" reg="made" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">made</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="criminal" pos="j" reg="criminal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">criminal</w> <w lemma="circumstance" pos="n " reg="circumstances" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">circumstances</w> <w lemma="add" pos="vvn" reg="added" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">added</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">would</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="enjoin" pos="vvi" reg="enjoin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enjoin</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="penitent" pos="j" reg="penitent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">penitent</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="abstain" pos="vvi" reg="abstain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">abstain</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="since" pos="acp-cs" reg="since" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">since</w> <w lemma="god" pos="n -nn" reg="god" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">god</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">only</w> <w lemma="permit" pos="vvz" reg="permits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">permits</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="promise" pos="vvz" reg="promises" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">promises</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="indeed" pos="av" reg="indeed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">indeed</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <w lemma="away" pos="av" reg="away" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">away</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">excess</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="possible" pos="av_j" reg="possibly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">possibly</w> <w lemma="creep" pos="vvi" reg="creep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">creep</w> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">into</w> <w lemma="dramatic" pos="j" reg="dramatic" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">dramatick</w> <w lemma="representation" pos="n " reg="representations" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">representations</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="harm" pos="n " reg="harm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">harm</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kind</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvg" reg="speaking" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">speaking</w> <w lemma="picture" pos="n " reg="picture" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">picture</w> <pc xml:id="a - 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-b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="pretend" pos="vvn" reg="pretended" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pretended</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">st.</w> <w lemma="paul" pos="n -nn" reg="paul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">paul</w> <w lemma="include" pos="vvz" reg="includes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">includes</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="public" pos="j" reg="public" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">publick</w> <w lemma="sight" pos="n " reg="sights" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sights</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="famous" pos="j" reg="famous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">famous</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - 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-a- ">the</w> <w lemma="opera" pos="fw-la" reg="opera" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">opera</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvn" reg="born" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">born</w> <w lemma="gentleman" pos="n " reg="gentlemen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gentlemen</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="establishment" pos="n " reg="establishment" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">establishment</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="academy" pos="n " reg="academy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">academy</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="music" pos="n " reg="music" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">musick</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvi" reg="lose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lose</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="quality" pos="n " reg="quality" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">quality</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="there" pos="acp-av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="prerogative" pos="n " reg="prerogatives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prerogatives</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">one</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="allow" pos="vvn" reg="allowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">allow'd</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="other" pos="pi_d" reg="other" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">other</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">any</w> <w lemma="distinction" pos="n " reg="distinction" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">distinction</w> <w lemma="between" pos="acp-p" reg="between" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">between</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="age" pos="n " reg="ages" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ages</w> <w lemma="determine" pos="vvn" reg="determined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">determin'd</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="favour" pos="n " reg="favour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">favor</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">should</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="entire" pos="av_j" reg="entirely" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">entirely</w> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvi" reg="lose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lose</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="gravity" pos="n " reg="gravity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gravity</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvz" reg="gives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gives</w> <w lemma="st." pos="n-ab" reg="st." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">st.</w> <w lemma="ambrose" pos="n -nn" reg="ambrose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">ambrose</w> <w lemma="occasion" pos="n " reg="occasion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">occasion</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvi" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">say</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> <q xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">us</w> <w lemma="beware" pos="vvi" reg="beware" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beware</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="lest" pos="cs" reg="lest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lest</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvg" reg="giving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">giving</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="spirit" pos="n " reg="spirits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spirits</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="relaxation" pos="n " reg="relaxation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">relaxation</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvb" reg="loose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lose</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="harmony" pos="n " reg="harmony" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">harmony</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="souls" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">souls</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">where</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtues" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">virtues</w> <w lemma="form" pos="vvi" reg="form" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">form</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="agreeable" pos="j" reg="agreeable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">agreeable</w> <w lemma="consort" pos="n " reg="consort" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">consort</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </q> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="three" pos="ord" reg="third" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">third</w> <w lemma="condition" pos="n " reg="condition" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">condition</w> <w lemma="require" pos="vvn" reg="required" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">required</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="sport" pos="n " reg="sports" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sports</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="well" pos="av" reg="well" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">well</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="other" pos="d" reg="other" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">other</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">actions</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="lives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lives</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="suitable" pos="j" reg="suitable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sutable</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="person" pos="n " reg="person" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">person</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">time</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="place" pos="n " reg="place" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">place</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="regulate" pos="vvn" reg="regulated" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">regulated</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">plays</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="france" pos="n -nn" reg="france" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">france</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="whence" pos="crq-cs" reg="whence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whence</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="conclude" pos="vvi" reg="conclude" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">conclude</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">good</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="allowable" pos="j" reg="allowable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">allowable</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">after</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvn" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">said</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="plays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plays</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="question" pos="vvi" reg="question" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">question</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">such</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="free" pos="j" reg="free" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">free</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="immodest" pos="j" reg="immodest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">immodest</w> <w lemma="speech" pos="n " reg="speeches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">speeches</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">actions</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="tell" pos="vvn" reg="told" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">told</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="yourself" pos="px" reg="yourself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -b- ">your self</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="player" pos="n " reg="players" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">players</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="very" pos="av" reg="very" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">very</w> <w lemma="careful" pos="j" reg="careful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">careful</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="point" pos="n " reg="point" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">point</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">should</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">any</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thing</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="indecent" pos="j" reg="indecent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">indecent</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="licentious" pos="j" reg="licentious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">licentious</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="equivocal" pos="j" reg="equivocal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">equivocal</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="profane" pos="j" reg="profane" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">profane</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="own" pos="d" reg="own" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">own</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">say</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="reformer" pos="n " reg="reformers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reformers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dare</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="open" pos="av_j" reg="openly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">infamies</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">were</w> <w lemma="former" pos="av_j" reg="formerly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">formerly</w> <w lemma="act" pos="vvn" reg="acted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">acted</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">still</w> <w lemma="something" pos="pi" reg="something" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">something</w> <w lemma="remain" pos="vvg" reg="remaining" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">remaining</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="represent" pos="vvn" reg="represented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">represented</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="light" pos="n " reg="light" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">light</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-q" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">where</w> <w lemma="mention" pos="n " reg="mention" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mention</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvn" reg="made" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">made</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">seeing</w> <w lemma="feign" pos="vvn" reg="feigned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">feign'd</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi " reg="ones" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ones</w> <w lemma="represent" pos="vvn" reg="represented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">represented</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">first</w> <w lemma="duty" pos="n " reg="duty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">duty</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="christian" pos="j-nn" reg="christian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">christian</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="suppress" pos="vvi" reg="suppress" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">hitherto</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="successful" pos="av_j" reg="successfully" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">successfully</w> <w lemma="publish" pos="vvn" reg="published" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">publish'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="general" pos="av_j" reg="generally" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">generally</w> <w lemma="allow" pos="vvn" reg="allowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">allow'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </p> <p xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="give" pos="vvb" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-cs" reg="before" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">before</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="conclude" pos="vvb" reg="conclude" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">conclude</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="thank" pos="vvi" reg="thank" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thank</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="sight" pos="n " reg="sight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sight</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="beauty" pos="n " reg="beauty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beauty</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="distress" pos="n " reg="distress" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">distress</w> </hi> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#follows-hi">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'l</w> <w lemma="assure" pos="vvi" reg="assure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">assure</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="please" pos="vvn" reg="pleased" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pleas'd</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="much" pos="av_d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="read" pos="n _vg" reg="reading" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reading</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="scarce" pos="av_j" reg="scarce" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scarce</w> <w lemma="imagine" pos="vvb" reg="imagine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">imagin</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">how</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="yield" pos="vvi" reg="yield" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yield</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-c" reg="greater" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greater</w> <w lemma="satisfaction" pos="n " reg="satisfaction" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">satisfaction</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="act" pos="vvn" reg="acted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">acted</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="offend" pos="vvg" reg="offending" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">offending</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="just" pos="av_j" reg="justly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">justly</w> <w lemma="enlarge" pos="vvi" reg="enlarge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enlarge</w> <w lemma="myself" pos="px" reg="myself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">its</w> <w lemma="commendation" pos="n " reg="commendation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">commendation</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="forbear" pos="vvb" reg="forbear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forbear</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="since" pos="acp-cs" reg="since" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">since</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="perusal" pos="n " reg="perusal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">perusal</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">an</w> <w lemma="idea" pos="n " reg="idea" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">idea</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="much" pos="av_d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <w lemma="above" pos="acp-p" reg="above" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">above</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvn" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">said</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </p> <closer xml:id="a -e "> <salute xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="sir" pos="zz" reg="sir" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sir</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </salute> <signed xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="real" pos="j" reg="real" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">real</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friend</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="serve" pos="vvi" reg="serve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">serve</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> </signed> </closer> </div> <div type="to_the_author" xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="xxvii" xml:id="a - -b"/> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">friend</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="author" pos="n " reg="author" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">avthor</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </head> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="hard" pos="j" reg="hard" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hard</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">friend</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="write" pos="vvi" reg="write" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">write</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">such</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="age" pos="n " reg="age" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">age</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="damn" pos="vvz" reg="damns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">damns</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="only" pos="j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">only</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n " reg="poets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">poets</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="stage" pos="n " reg="stage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stage</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="sacred" pos="j" reg="sacred" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sacred</w> <w lemma="art" pos="n " reg="art" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">art</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heav'n</w> <w lemma="itself" pos="px" reg="itself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -b- ">it self</w> <w lemma="infuse" pos="vvn" reg="infused" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">infus'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="moses" pos="n -nn" reg="moses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">moses</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="david" pos="n -nn" reg="david" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">david</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="solomon" pos="n -nn" reg="solomon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">salomon</w> </hi> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="use" pos="vvn" reg="used" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">us'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="no" pos="av-x_d" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="muse" pos="n g" reg="muse's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">muses</w> <w lemma="foe" pos="n " reg="foes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">foes</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="sink" pos="vvi" reg="sink" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sink</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="maker" pos="n g" reg="maker's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">maker's</w> <w lemma="praise" pos="n " reg="praises" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">praises</w> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">into</w> <w lemma="prose" pos="n " reg="prose" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="performance" pos="n " reg="performance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">performance</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="choice" pos="n " reg="choice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">choice</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">time</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="action" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">action</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="place" pos="n " reg="place" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">place</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="preserve" pos="vvn" reg="preserved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">preserv'd</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="corneille" pos="n -nn" reg="corneille" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">corneille</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="envy" pos="n " reg="envy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">envy</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">th'</w> <w lemma="alliance" pos="n " reg="alliance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alliance</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="tripled" pos="j_vn" reg="tripled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tripled</w> <w lemma="unity" pos="n " reg="unity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unity</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="incident" pos="n " reg="incidents" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">incidents</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="perhaps" pos="av" reg="perhaps" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">perhaps</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="thick" pos="av_j" reg="thick" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thick</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="sow" pos="vvn" reg="sown" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sown</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="much" pos="d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <w lemma="plenty" pos="n " reg="plenty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plenty</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="fault" pos="n " reg="fault" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fault</w> <w lemma="alone" pos="av_j" reg="alone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alone</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="least" pos="d-s" reg="least" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">least</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-p" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="two" pos="crd" reg="two" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">two</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="increase" pos="n " reg="increase" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">increase</w> <w lemma="reward" pos="vvz" reg="rewards" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rewards</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">happy</w> <w lemma="toil." pos="n -nn" reg="toil." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">toil.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="tongue" pos="n " reg="tongue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tongue</w> <w lemma="enfeeble" pos="vvn" reg="enfeebled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">infeebled</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="refine" pos="vvn" reg="refined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">refin'd</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">head</w> </hi> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#follows-hi">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="till" pos="acp-cs" reg="till" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">till</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="battlement" pos="n " reg="battlements" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">battlements</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="yond" pos="d" reg="yon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">yon'</w> <w lemma="high" pos="j" reg="high" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">high</w> <w lemma="wall" pos="n " reg="wall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wall</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="mob" pos="n -nn" reg="mob" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">mob</w> <w lemma="look" pos="vvb" reg="look" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="prompter" pos="n " reg="prompter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prompter</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvz" reg="takes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">takes</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="paper" pos="n " reg="paper" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">paper</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="retire" pos="vvz" reg="retires" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">retires</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="prompt" pos="vvi" reg="prompt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prompt</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="prompter" pos="n " reg="prompter" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">mr.</w> <w lemma="bo." pos="n-ab" reg="bo." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">bo.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvn" reg="seen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">seen</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="play" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">play</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="why" pos="crq-q" reg="why" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">why</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb-x" reg="won't" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">won't</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvi" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">do</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">what</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="next" pos="ord" reg="next" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">next</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="prom." pos="n-ab" reg="prom." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prom.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">think</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mr." pos="n-ab" reg="mr." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mr.</w> <w lemma="bo." pos="n-ab" reg="bo." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">bo.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">think</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">time</w> <w lemma="misspend" pos="vvn" reg="misspent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mispent</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">know</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" join="left">was</w> <w lemma="study" pos="vvn" reg="studied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">studied</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="play" pos="vvn" reg="played" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">play'd</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="lent" pos="n -nn" reg="lent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lent</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="xxx" xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">time</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">flesh</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">one</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="toper" pos="n " reg="topers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">topers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvg" reg="leaving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leaving</w> <w lemma="wine" pos="n " reg="wine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="grow" pos="vvi" reg="grow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grow</w> <w lemma="devout" pos="j" reg="devout" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">devout</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="get" pos="vvd" reg="got" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">got</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">only</w> <w lemma="drink" pos="vvn" reg="drunk" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">drunk</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="derby" pos="n -nn" reg="derby" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">darby</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="punch" pos="n -nn" reg="punch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">punch</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="stout" pos="n -nn" reg="stout" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stout</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="nay" pos="uh-x" reg="nay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nay</w> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="player" pos="n " reg="players" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">players</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="over-god" pos="av" reg="over-godly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">over-godly</w> <w lemma="neither" pos="av_d" reg="neither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">neither</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fast" pos="vvd" reg="fasted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fasted</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="week" pos="n " reg="week" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">week</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="none" pos="pi-x" reg="none" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">none</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvd" reg="came" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">came</w> <w lemma="hither" pos="av" reg="hither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hither</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="fast" pos="j" reg="fast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fast</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n " reg="poets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poets</w> <w lemma="fear" pos="vvb" reg="fear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fear</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="play" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">play</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="damn" pos="vvn" reg="damned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">damn'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="keep" pos="vvz" reg="keeps" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">keeps</w> <w lemma="lend" pos="vvn" reg="lent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lent</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="year" pos="n " reg="year" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">year</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="instead" pos="av" reg="instead" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instead</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="fast" pos="vvg" reg="fasting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fasting</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="go" pos="vvd" reg="went" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">went</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="spark" pos="vvi" reg="spark" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spark</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="race" pos="n " reg="race" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">race</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="cock" pos="n " reg="cock" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cock</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="bet" pos="n " reg="bet" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="lay" pos="vvd" reg="laid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">laid</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="play" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">play</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gone</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="spark" pos="n " reg="sparks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sparks</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="mortify" pos="vvi" reg="mortify" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mortify</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upon</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="reformation" pos="n g" reg="reformation's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reformation's</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvg" reg="coming" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">coming</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-av" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvb" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bear</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">these</w> <w lemma="moral" pos="j" reg="moral" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moral</w> <w lemma="scene" pos="n " reg="scenes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scenes</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="resignation" pos="n " reg="resignation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">resignation</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="t'inure" pos="n " reg="t'inure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">t'inure</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="ween" pos="vvd" reg="weened" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ween'd</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="darling" pos="n " reg="darling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">darling</w> <w lemma="fornication" pos="n " reg="fornication" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fornication</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> </div> <div type="epilogue" xml:id="a -e "> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="epilogue" pos="n " reg="epilogue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">epilogue</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </head> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvn" reg="spoken" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spoken</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="mrs." pos="n-ab" reg="mistress" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mrs.</w> <w lemma="bracegirdle" pos="n -nn" reg="bracegirdle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bracegirdle</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="poison" pos="vvg" reg="poisoning" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poys'ning</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="stab" pos="vvg" reg="stabbing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stabbing</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvn" reg="seen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seen</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="escape" pos="vvi" reg="scape" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scape</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="mighty" pos="j" reg="mighty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mighty</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="rape" pos="n " reg="rape" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rape</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n " reg="poet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poet</w> <w lemma="escape" pos="vvi" reg="scape" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scape</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="rich" pos="j-c" reg="richer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">richer</w> <w lemma="drudge" pos="n " reg="drudges" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">drudges</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="dreadful" pos="j" reg="dreadful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dreadful</w> <w lemma="vote" pos="n " reg="votes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">votes</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="five" pos="crd" reg="five" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">five</w> <w lemma="hundred" pos="crd" reg="hundred" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hundred</w> <w lemma="judge" pos="n " reg="judges" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">judges</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="epilogue" pos="n " reg="epilogue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">epilogue</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvi" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="h" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">h</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="'as" join="left">'as</w> <w lemma="send" pos="vvn" reg="sent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sent</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="petition" pos="n " reg="petition" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">petition</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">here</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="cry" pos="vvb" reg="cry" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cry</w> <w xml:id="a - " lemma="'" reg="'" ana="sy" facs="a - -a- ">'</w> <w lemma="mercy" pos="n " reg="mercy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mercy</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="billetdoux" pos="n -nn" reg="billetdoux" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">billetdoux</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="pull" pos="vvz" reg="pulls" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pulls</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="paper" pos="n " reg="paper" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">paper</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="put" pos="vvz" reg="puts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">puts</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="up" pos="acp-av" reg="up" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">up</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="haste" pos="n " reg="haste" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">haste</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="pull" pos="vvz" reg="pulls" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pulls</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="petition" pos="n " reg="petition" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">petition</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="read" pos="vvz" reg="reads" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reads</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">]</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="read" pos="vvz" reg="reads" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reads</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="wit" pos="n " reg="wits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wits</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="dread" pos="j" reg="dread" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dread</w> <w lemma="critic" pos="n " reg="critics" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">critics</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="nice" pos="j-s" reg="nicest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nicest</w> <w lemma="beaux" pos="fw-fr" reg="beaux" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beaux</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="gay" pos="j" reg="gay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gay</w> <w lemma="spark" pos="n " reg="sparks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sparks</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="borrow" pos="j_vn" reg="borrowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">borrow'd</w> <w lemma="wit" pos="n " reg="wit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wit</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="mask" pos="n " reg="masks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">masks</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="borrow" pos="j_vn" reg="borrowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">borrow'd</w> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="clothes" pos="n " reg="clothes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">clothes</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="chat" pos="vvi" reg="chat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chat</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="ogle" pos="vvb" reg="ogle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ogle</w> <w lemma="fill" pos="vvi" reg="fill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fill</w> <w lemma="yond" pos="d" reg="yond" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yond'</w> <w lemma="bench" pos="n " reg="benches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">benches</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="tempt" pos="vvi" reg="tempt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tempt</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="modest" pos="j" reg="modest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">modest</w> <w lemma="orange" pos="n " reg="orange" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">orange</w> <w lemma="wench" pos="n " reg="wenches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wenches</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n="xxxi" xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="rake" pos="n " reg="rakes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rakes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="cuckold" pos="n " reg="cuckolds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cuckolds</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="ci��" pos="n -nn" reg="ci��" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ci��</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="squires" pos="n -nn" reg="squires" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">squires</w> <w lemma="�" pos="�" reg="�" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</w> <w lemma="cully" pos="n " reg="cullies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cullies</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="small" pos="j" reg="small" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">small</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">think</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sirs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sirs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="p�tition's" pos="n " reg="p�tition's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">p�tition's</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvz" reg="speaks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">speaks</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="line" pos="n " reg="line" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">line</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="herself" pos="px" reg="herself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -b- ">her self</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="read" pos="vvz" reg="reads" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reads</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="tremble" pos="j_vg" reg="trembling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">trembling</w> <w lemma="author" pos="n " reg="author" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">author</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="short" pos="j" reg="short" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">short</w> <w lemma="petition" pos="n " reg="petition" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">petition</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">thought</w> <w lemma="profane" pos="j" reg="profane" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">profane</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="write" pos="vvi" reg="write" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">write</w> <w lemma="dull" pos="j" reg="dull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dull</w> <w lemma="trash" pos="n -nn" reg="trash" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">trash</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="venture" pos="vvb" reg="venture" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">venture</w> <w lemma="damnation" pos="n " reg="damnation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">damnation</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="zealot" pos="n g" reg="zealot's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zealot's</w> <w lemma="lash" pos="n " reg="lash" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lash</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="h" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">h</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="'as" join="left">'as</w> <w lemma="choose" pos="vvn" reg="chose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">chose</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="trust" pos="vvi" reg="trust" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">trust</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="clemency" pos="n " reg="clemency" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">clemency</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvi" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">live</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="well" pos="av" reg="well" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">well</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvz" reg="knows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">knows</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="sometime" pos="av" reg="sometimes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sometimes</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="forgive" pos="vvb" reg="forgive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">forgive</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvb" reg="spare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spare</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">these</w> <w lemma="scene" pos="n " reg="scenes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">scenes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="seem" pos="vvb" reg="seem" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">seem</w> <w lemma="please" pos="vvn" reg="pleased" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pleas'd</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="edify" pos="vvn" reg="edified" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">edifi'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvi" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">go</w> <w lemma="away" pos="av" reg="away" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">away</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="petitioner" pos="n " reg="petitioner" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">petitioner</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shall</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">never</w> <w lemma="pray" pos="vvi" reg="pray" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pray</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">without</w> <w lemma="remember" pos="vvg" reg="remembering" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">remembring</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="three" pos="ord" reg="third" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">third</w> <w lemma="day" pos="n " reg="day" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">day</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="here" pos="n -nn" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">here</w> <w lemma="end" pos="vvz" reg="ends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ends</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="petition" pos="n " reg="petition" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">petition</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sirs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sirs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvi" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">know</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="mask" pos="n " reg="masks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">masks</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">still</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="prayer" pos="n " reg="prayers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pray'rs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="stay" pos="vvb" reg="stay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ever</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvd" reg="knew" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="courtier" pos="n " reg="courtiers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">courtiers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="place" pos="n " reg="places" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">places</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="squire" pos="n " reg="squires" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">squires</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="wit" pos="n " reg="wit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wit</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="beaux" pos="fw-fr" reg="beaux" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beaux</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="grace" pos="n " reg="graces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">graces</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kind</w> <w lemma="trust" pos="vvg" reg="trusting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">trusting</w> <w lemma="tailor" pos="n " reg="tailors" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">taylors</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="full" pos="j" reg="full" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">full</w> <w lemma="wig" pos="n " reg="wigs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wigs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="new" pos="j" reg="new" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">new</w> <w lemma="face" pos="n " reg="faces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">faces</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="jockey" pos="n " reg="jockeys" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">jockeys</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="better" pos="j" reg="better" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">better</w> <w lemma="luck" pos="n " reg="luck" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">luck</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="race" pos="n " reg="races" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">races</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="sharper" pos="n " reg="sharpers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sharpers</w> <w lemma="wealthy" pos="j" reg="wealth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wealthy</w> <w lemma="bubble" pos="n " reg="bubbles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bubbles</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="much" pos="d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">much</w> <w lemma="play" pos="n " reg="play" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">play</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="soldier" pos="n " reg="soldiers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">souldiers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="no" pos="av-x_d" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="fight" pos="vvg" reg="fight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fighting</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="full" pos="j" reg="full" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">full</w> <w lemma="pay." pos="n-ab" reg="pay." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pay.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" join="left">were</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="vain" pos="j" reg="vain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vain</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="mention" pos="vvi" reg="mention" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mention</w> <w lemma="every" pos="d" reg="every" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ev'ry</w> <w lemma="head" pos="n " reg="head" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">head</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="guess" pos="vvb" reg="guests" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">guess</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="poet" pos="n g" reg="poet's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">poet's</w> <w lemma="prayer" pos="n " reg="prayers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pray'rs</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">are</w> <w lemma="quick" pos="av_j" reg="quickly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">quickly</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvn" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">said</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="seldom" pos="av" reg="seldom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">seldom</w> <w lemma="pray" pos="vvz" reg="prays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prays</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="avoid" pos="vvi" reg="avoid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">avoid</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="n " reg="curse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curse</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="empty" pos="j" reg="empty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">empty</w> <w lemma="playhouse" pos="n " reg="playhouse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">play-house</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="empty" pos="j" reg="empty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">empty</w> <w lemma="purse" pos="n " reg="purse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">purse</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="lady" pos="n " reg="ladies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ladies</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="smile" pos="n " reg="smiles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">smiles</w> <w lemma="we" pos="png" reg="ours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ours</w> <w lemma="chief" pos="av_j" reg="chiefly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">chiefly</w> <w lemma="pray" pos="vvz" reg="prays" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prays</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvb" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">make</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="muse" pos="n " reg="muse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">muse</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="ev'vy" pos="j" reg="ev'vy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ev'vy</w> <w lemma="spirit" pos="n " reg="spirit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spirit</w> <w lemma="raise" pos="vvi" reg="raise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">raise</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="grace" pos="n " reg="grace" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">grace</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">first</w> <w lemma="offspring" pos="n " reg="offspring" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">offspring</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="tragic" pos="j" reg="tragic" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tragic</w> <w lemma="vein" pos="n " reg="vein" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vein</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="one" pos="crd" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">one</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kind</w> <w lemma="smile" pos="n " reg="smile" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">smile</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">most</w> <w lemma="value" pos="vvn" reg="valued" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">valu'd</w> <w lemma="gain" pos="n " reg="gain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gain</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </div> <div type="dramatis_personae" xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " xml:id="a - -a"/> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="dramatis" pos="fw-la" reg="dramatis" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dramatis</w> <w lemma="personae" pos="fw-la" reg="personae" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">personae</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </head> <list xml:id="a -e "> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="men." pos="n-ab" reg="men." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </head> <item xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mr." pos="n-ab" reg="mr." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mr.</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="betterton" pos="n -nn" reg="betterton" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">betterton</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="don" pos="zz" reg="done" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">don</w> <w lemma="vincentio" pos="zz" reg="vincentio" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vincentio</w> </hi> <w lemma="disguise" pos="vvn" reg="disguised" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">disguis'd</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="black" pos="j" reg="black" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">black</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="name" pos="n " reg="name" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">name</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">morat</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </item> <item xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mr." pos="n-ab" reg="mr." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mr.</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="verbruggen" pos="n -nn" reg="verbruggen" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">since</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="change" pos="vvn" reg="changed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">chang'd</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="doubt" pos="vvb" reg="doubt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">doubt</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="wear" pos="vvb" reg="wear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wear</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="borrow" pos="j_vn" reg="borrowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">borrow'd</w> <w lemma="black" pos="j" reg="black" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">black</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="dress" pos="n -nn" reg="dress" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dress</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="rather" pos="av-c" reg="rather" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rather</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="try" pos="vvi" reg="try" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">try</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="unknown" pos="j" reg="unknown" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">unknown</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">than</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="reclaim" pos="vvi" reg="reclaim" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reclaim</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="save" pos="vvi" reg="save" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">save</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="wicked" pos="j" reg="wicked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wicked</w> <w lemma="brother" pos="n " reg="brother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">brother</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="zemet" pos="fw-la" reg="zemet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zemet</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">too</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="zem." pos="n-ab" reg="zem." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zem.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-av" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="wicked" pos="j" reg="wicked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wicked</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvn" reg="thought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thought</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w xml:id="a - " lemma="'" reg="'" ana="sy" facs="a - -b- ">'</w> <w lemma="twove" pos="vvn" reg="twoved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">twou'd</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvn" reg="been" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">been</w> <w lemma="ill" pos="av_j" reg="ill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ill</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvn" reg="done" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">done</w> <w lemma="better" pos="j-c" reg="better" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">better</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="bad" pos="j" reg="bad" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bad</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="men" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="act" pos="vvi" reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">act</w> <w lemma="themselves" pos="px" reg="themselves" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">themselves</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="every" pos="d" reg="every" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'ry</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="bad" pos="j" reg="bad" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">were</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="cause" pos="n " reg="cause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cause</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">those</w> <w lemma="sigh" pos="n " reg="sighs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sighs</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <w lemma="betray" pos="vvn" reg="betrayed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">betray'd</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="often" pos="av" reg="often" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">often</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">one</w> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-p" reg="before" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">before</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yet</w> <w lemma="methinks" pos="vvb" reg="methinks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">methinks</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="tear" pos="n " reg="tears" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tears</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="sorrow" pos="n " reg="sorrow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sorrow</w> <w lemma="contradict" pos="vvi" reg="contradict" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">contradict</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">my self</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="plac." pos="n-ab" reg="plac." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plac.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="since" pos="acp-cs" reg="since" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">since</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">best</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="always" pos="av" reg="always" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">always</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvn" reg="called" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">blemish</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="j" reg="noble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">noble</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="little" pos="j" reg="little" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">little</w> <w lemma="clear" pos="j" reg="clear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">clear</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="passage" pos="n " reg="passage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">passage</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="humble" pos="j" reg="humble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">humble</w> <w lemma="birth" pos="n " reg="birth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">birth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="breed" pos="vvi" reg="breed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">breed</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="child" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">child</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="tell" pos="vvd" reg="told" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">told</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mother</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvn" reg="made" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">made</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fortune</w> <w lemma="equal" pos="j" reg="equal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">equal</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="daughter" pos="n " reg="daughters" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">daughters</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="command" pos="vvg" reg="commanding" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">commanding</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="av_j" reg="nobly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nobly</w> <w lemma="marry" pos="vvn" reg="married" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">married</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="nun." pos="n-ab" reg="nun." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nun.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvd" reg="said" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">said</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="double" pos="vvn" reg="doubled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">doubled</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="pious" pos="j" reg="pious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pious</w> <w lemma="charge" pos="n " reg="charge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">charge</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">refuse</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">make</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">happy</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="plac." pos="n-ab" reg="plac." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plac.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="clear" pos="vvi" reg="clear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">clear</w> <w lemma="myself" pos="px" reg="myself" xml:id="a - . 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" facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="begin" pos="vvb" reg="begin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">begin</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="tremble" pos="vvi" reg="tremble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tremble</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="plac." pos="n-ab" reg="plac." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plac.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mother</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvd" reg="found" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">found</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="unhappy" pos="j" reg="unhappy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unhappy</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="tender" pos="vvd" reg="tendered" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tender'd</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="memory" pos="n " reg="memory" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">memory</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">any</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="sacred" pos="j" reg="sacred" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sacred</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ne're</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="marry" pos="vvi" reg="marry" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">marry</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="patience" pos="n " reg="patience" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">patience</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="plac." pos="n-ab" reg="plac." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plac.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="daily" pos="av_j" reg="daily" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">daily</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="single" pos="j" reg="single" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">single</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="solemn" pos="av_j" reg="solemnly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">solemnly</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <w lemma="swear" pos="vvi" reg="swear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">swear</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">never</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvi" reg="wed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wed</w> <w lemma="above" pos="acp-p" reg="above" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">above</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="humble" pos="j" reg="humble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">humble</w> <w lemma="birth" pos="n " reg="birth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">birth</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" join="left">will</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="vain" pos="j" reg="vain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vain</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvi" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">live</w> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">after</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="story" pos="n " reg="story" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">story</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mother</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="mix" pos="vvd" reg="mixed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mix'd</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="worst" pos="j-s" reg="worst" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worst</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - 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-a- ">lady</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="believe" pos="vvb" reg="believe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">believe</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">without</w> <w lemma="due" pos="j" reg="due" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">due</w> <w lemma="defert" pos="fw-la" reg="defert" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">defert</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ric." pos="n-ab" reg="ric." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ric.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="dull" pos="j" reg="dull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dull</w> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">morat</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vv " reg="dost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dost</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvi" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="trifle" pos="n " reg="trifle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">trifle</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vv " reg="art" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">art</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="moor" pos="n -nn" reg="moor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="look" pos="vv " reg="look'st" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">look'st</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="outward" pos="j" reg="outward" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">outward</w> <w lemma="toy" pos="n " reg="toys" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">toys</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fine" pos="j" reg="fine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fine</w> <w lemma="clothes" pos="n " reg="clotheses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cloaths</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="jewel" pos="n " reg="jewels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jewels</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="why" pos="crq-cs" reg="why" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">why</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">these</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="things" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">things</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="i" pos="png" reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="strip" pos="vvi" reg="strip" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strip</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="consent" pos="vvz" reg="consents" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">consents</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="yield" pos="vvi" reg="yield" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yield</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="embrace" pos="n " reg="embraces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">embraces</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="fancy" pos="vvb" reg="fancy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fancy</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="power" pos="n " reg="power" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">power</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ric." pos="n-ab" reg="ric." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ric.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="hark" pos="vvb" reg="hark" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hark</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">morat</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="suffer" pos="vvd" reg="suffered" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">suffer'd</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="house" pos="n " reg="house" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">house</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">good</w> <w lemma="news" pos="n " reg="news" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">news</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">council</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="advise" pos="vvi" reg="advice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">advise</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="better" pos="av-c_j" reg="better" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">better</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">than</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="forfeit" pos="vvi" reg="forfeit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">forfeit</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="house" pos="n g" reg="house's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">house's</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">honour</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="most" pos="d-s" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">most</w> <w lemma="ignoble" pos="j" reg="ignoble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ignoble</w> <w lemma="action" pos="n " reg="actions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">actions</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ric." pos="n-ab" reg="ric." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ric.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-q" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">how</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="slave" pos="n " reg="slave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">slave</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mo." pos="n-ab" reg="mo." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mo.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="former" pos="j" reg="former" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">former</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">honour</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="name" pos="n " reg="name" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">name</w> <w lemma="slave" pos="n " reg="slave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">slave</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">did</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="share" pos="vvi" reg="share" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">share</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="j" reg="noble" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">vincentio's</w> <w lemma="friendship" pos="n " reg="friendship" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friendship</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="stay" pos="vvb" reg="stay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="scornful" pos="j" reg="scornful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scornful</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="forfeit" pos="vvn" reg="forfeited" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forfeited</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="last" pos="ord" reg="last" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">last</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="respect" pos="n " reg="respect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">respect</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="owe" pos="vvd" reg="owed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ow'd</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yes" pos="uh" reg="yes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="stay" pos="vvi" reg="stay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvi" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvn" reg="been" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">been</w> <w lemma="hatch" pos="n _vg" reg="hatching" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hatching</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="brave" pos="vvn" reg="braved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brav'd</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="forge" pos="j_vn" reg="forged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forg'd</w> <w lemma="will." pos="n-ab" reg="william" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will.</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="vain" pos="j" reg="vain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="reign" pos="n " reg="reign" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reign</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="fool" pos="n " reg="fool" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fool</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="brother" pos="n " reg="brother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">brother</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="dead" pos="j" reg="dead" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dead</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="command" pos="vvi" reg="command" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">command</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="hitherto" pos="av" reg="hitherto" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hitherto</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvd" reg="begged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">begg'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="ward" pos="n " reg="ward" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ward</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="prisoner" pos="n " reg="prisoner" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prisoner</w> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="please" pos="vvb" reg="please" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">please</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="cold" pos="j" reg="cold" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cold</w> <w lemma="clime" pos="n " reg="climes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">climes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="maid" pos="n " reg="maids" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">maids</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="wife" pos="n " reg="wives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wives</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="rove" pos="vvi" reg="rove" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rove</w> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="please" pos="vvb" reg="please" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">please</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="shameless" pos="j" reg="shameless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shameless</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="unquestioned" pos="j" reg="unquestioned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unquestion'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="wrong" pos="vvi" reg="wrong" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wrong</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="dull" pos="j" reg="dull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dull</w> <w lemma="content" pos="j_vn" reg="contented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">contented</w> <w lemma="herd" pos="n " reg="herd" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">herd</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="men." pos="n-ab" reg="men." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="pay" pos="vvn" reg="paid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">paid</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n g" reg="mother's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mother's</w> <w lemma="legacy" pos="n " reg="legacy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">legacy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="lavish" pos="j" reg="lavish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lavish</w> <w lemma="gift" pos="n " reg="gift" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gift</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="portion" pos="n " reg="portion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">portion</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="princess" pos="n " reg="princess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">princess</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="proud" pos="j" reg="proud" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">proud</w> <w lemma="pretend" pos="j_vn" reg="pretended" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pretended</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vertue</w> <w lemma="lay" pos="vvn" reg="laid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">laid</w> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvb" reg="meet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meet</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="embrace" pos="n " reg="embraces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">embraces</w> <w lemma="willing" pos="av_j" reg="willingly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">willingly</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="morrow" pos="n " reg="morrow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morrow</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="soon" pos="av" reg="soon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soon</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="force" pos="vvb" reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">force</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="till" pos="acp-cs" reg="till" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">till</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvi" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="dagger" pos="n " reg="daggers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">daggers</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="ravisher" pos="n " reg="ravisher" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ravisher</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="cool" pos="vvi" reg="cool" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cool</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="fire" pos="n " reg="fires" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fires</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="save" pos="vvi" reg="save" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">save</w> <w lemma="myself" pos="px" reg="myself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="shame" pos="n " reg="shame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shame</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yes" pos="uh" reg="yes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="fame" pos="j_vn" reg="famed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fam'd</w> <w lemma="lucretia" pos="n -nn" reg="lucretia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">lucretia</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="outvie" pos="vvi" reg="outvie" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out-vye</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="tarquin" pos="n -nn" reg="tarquin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">tarquin</w> <w lemma="force" pos="vvi" reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">force</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="brutal" pos="j" reg="brutal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brutal</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="kill" pos="vvb" reg="kill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kill</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="rage" pos="n " reg="rage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rage</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="sister" pos="n " reg="sisters" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sisters</w> <w lemma="harden" pos="vvi" reg="harden" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">harden</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">one</w> <w lemma="another" pos="d" reg="another" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">another</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="rigid" pos="j" reg="rigid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rigid</w> <w lemma="coyness" pos="n " reg="coyness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">coyness</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">deal</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="other" pos="d" reg="tother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">t'other</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="wait" pos="vvz" reg="waits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">waits</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="zz" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="servant" pos="zz" reg="servant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">servant</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="seru." pos="n-ab" reg="seru." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">serv.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="receive" pos="vvi" reg="receive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">receive</w> <w lemma="new" pos="j" reg="new" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">new</w> <w lemma="lover" pos="n " reg="lovers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lovers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="few" pos="d" reg="few" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">few</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="women" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">women</w> <w lemma="need" pos="vvb" reg="need" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">need</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">such</w> <w lemma="preparation" pos="n " reg="preparations" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">preparations</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="grieve" pos="vvi" reg="grieve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">grieve</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">good</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fortune</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">come</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="get" pos="vvn" reg="got" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">got</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="young" pos="j" reg="young" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">young</w> <w lemma="husband" pos="n " reg="husbands" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">share</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joys" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">joys</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="dread" pos="vvb" reg="dread" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dread</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvi" reg="wed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wed</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nothing</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="variety" pos="n " reg="variety" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">variety</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="dissemble" pos="vvi" reg="dissemble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dissemble</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="please" pos="vvn" reg="pleased" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pleas'd</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">she</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="smile" pos="vvg" reg="smiling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">smiling</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="morn" pos="n " reg="morn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">morn</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="cool" pos="j" reg="cool" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cool</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="evening" pos="n " reg="evening" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">evening</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="calm" pos="j" reg="calm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">calm</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="night" pos="n " reg="night" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">night</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="urge" pos="vvn" reg="urged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">urg'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">she</w> <w lemma="rage" pos="vvz" reg="rages" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rages</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">like</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="meridian" pos="n " reg="meridian" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">meridian</w> <w lemma="sun" pos="n " reg="sun" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">sun</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="collect" pos="vvn" reg="collected" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">gen'rous</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="free" pos="j" reg="free" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">free</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvg" reg="daring" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">daring</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">like</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">man</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="jealous" pos="j" reg="jealous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">jealous</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="revengeful" pos="j" reg="revengeful" xml:id="a - 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-b- ">cunning</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">once</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="feign" pos="vvi" reg="feign" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">feign</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">joy</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="she" pos="png" reg="hers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="laura" pos="n -nn" reg="laura" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">laura</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">enter</w> <w lemma="laura" pos="n -nn" reg="laura" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">laura</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fly" pos="vvb" reg="fly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fly</w> <w lemma="off" pos="acp-av" reg="off" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">off</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="veil" pos="n " reg="veil" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">veil</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="rush" pos="vvi" reg="rush" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rush</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">once</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">into</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heart</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">into</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="very" pos="j" reg="very" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">very</w> <w lemma="soul." pos="n-ab" reg="soul." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soul.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="gaze" pos="vvi" reg="gaze" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gaze</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvi" reg="speak" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">speak</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="joy-oh" pos="j" reg="joy-oh" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">joy-oh</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">happy</w> <w lemma="change" pos="n " reg="change" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">change</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="profuseness" pos="n " reg="profuseness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">profuseness</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">alms</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="proud" pos="j" reg="proud" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">proud</w> <w lemma="upbraid" pos="j_vg" reg="upbraiding" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upbraiding</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friends</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvn" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">left</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="threaten" pos="vvn" reg="threatened" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">threaten'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">enough</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="since" pos="acp-cs" reg="since" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">since</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="command" pos="vvi" reg="command" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">command</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="soon" pos="av" reg="soon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soon</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="priest" pos="n " reg="priest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">priest</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="ratify" pos="vvn" reg="ratified" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ratified</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="contract" pos="n " reg="contract" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">contract</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="brother" pos="n " reg="brother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">brother</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="dead" pos="j" reg="dead" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dead</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="year" pos="n " reg="year" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">year</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="widowhood" pos="n " reg="widowhood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">widowhood</w> <w lemma="expire" pos="vvn" reg="expired" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">expir'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="need" pos="vvb" reg="need" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">need</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="secret." pos="n-ab" reg="secret." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">secret.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvi" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">live</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="gods." pos="n-ab" reg="gods." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gods.</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">say</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="methinks" pos="vvz" reg="methinks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">methinks</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vv " reg="art" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">art</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="glad" pos="j" reg="glad" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">glad</w> <w lemma="enough" pos="av_d" reg="enough" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enough</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">excess</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">noise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="flow" pos="vvz" reg="flows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">flows</w> <w lemma="silent" pos="j" reg="silent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">silent</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="shallow" pos="j" reg="shallow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shallow</w> <w lemma="torrent" pos="n " reg="torrents" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">torrents</w> <w lemma="roar" pos="vvi" reg="roar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">roar</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="cease" pos="vvb" reg="cease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cease</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="free" pos="j" reg="free" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">free</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="ex." pos="n-ab" reg="ex." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ex.</w> <w lemma="ric." pos="n-ab" reg="ric." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ric.</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="monks" pos="n -nn" reg="monks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">monks</w> <w lemma="�" pos="�" reg="�" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</w> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">curs'd</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">mortals</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="self-privileged" pos="j" reg="self-privileged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">self-privileg'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="break-in" pos="j" reg="break-in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">break-in</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="crave" pos="vvg" reg="craving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">craving</w> <w lemma="idler" pos="n " reg="idlers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">idlers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">meekness</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="seem" pos="vvi" reg="seem" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seem</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">best</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="impudent" pos="av_j" reg="impudently" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impudently</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="doatard" pos="n " reg="doatards" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doatards</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">an</w> <w lemma="intruder" pos="n " reg="intruder" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">intruder</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-rg" reg="whose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">whose</w> <w lemma="prevent" pos="j_vg" reg="preventing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">preventing</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">words</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="force" pos="vvb" reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">force</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="arm" pos="n " reg="arms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">arms</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="lover" pos="n " reg="lover" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lover</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="end" pos="n " reg="end" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">end</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="act." pos="n-ab" reg="act." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">act.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </trailer> </div> <div n=" " type="act" xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="act" pos="zz" reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">act</w> <w lemma="ii" pos="crd" reg="ii" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ii.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </head> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">enter</w> <w lemma="morella" pos="n -nn" reg="morella" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">morella</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">and</w> <w lemma="melinda" pos="n -nn" reg="melinda" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">melinda</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mel." pos="n-ab" reg="mel." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mel.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="why" pos="crq-q" reg="why" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">why</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">do</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">leave</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dare</w> <w lemma="trust" pos="vvi" reg="trust" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">trust</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtues" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vertues</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="prudence" pos="n " reg="prudence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">prudence</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvz" reg="love's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">loves</w> <pc xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">fear</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="brother" pos="n " reg="brother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">brother</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="busy" pos="j" reg="busy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">busie</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="two" pos="crd" reg="two" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">two</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="fathers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fathers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="tear" pos="vvi" reg="tear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tear</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvz" reg="knelt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kneels</w> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="drag" pos="vvi" reg="drag" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">drag</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="suffer" pos="vvb" reg="suffer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">suffer</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="vvn" reg="eased" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eas'd</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretched</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="draw" pos="vvz" reg="draws" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">draws</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="dagger" pos="n " reg="dagger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dagger</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" join="left">will</w> <w lemma="hover" pos="vvi" reg="hover" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hover</w> <w lemma="over" pos="acp-p" reg="o'er" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">o're</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="wait" pos="vvi" reg="wait" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wait</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="png" reg="yours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yours</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="sure" pos="j" reg="sure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sure</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">death</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="equal" pos="j" reg="equal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">equal</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="join" pos="vvi" reg="join" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joyn</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="hold" pos="n " reg="hold" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hold</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="submission" pos="n " reg="submissions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">submissions</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fab." pos="n-ab" reg="fab." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fab.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="raise" pos="vvb" reg="raise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">raise</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">once</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="wretch" pos="n " reg="wretch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretch</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="you." pos="n -nn" reg="you." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvi" reg="rise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rise</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="descend" pos="vvi" reg="descend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">descend</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="mix" pos="vvi" reg="mix" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mix</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="humble" pos="j" reg="humble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">humble</w> <w lemma="swain" pos="n " reg="swains" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">swains</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="lowly" pos="j" reg="lowly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lowly</w> <w lemma="cottage" pos="n " reg="cottages" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cottages</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="rustic" pos="j" reg="rustic" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rustick</w> <w lemma="weed" pos="n " reg="weeds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weeds</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="forget" pos="vvi" reg="forget" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forget</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="fatal" pos="j" reg="fatal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fatal</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvn" reg="called" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">call'd</w> <w lemma="greatness" pos="n " reg="greatness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greatness</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvb" reg="rise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="degrade" pos="vvb" reg="degrade" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">degrade</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvg" reg="kneeling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kneeling</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fab." pos="n-ab" reg="fab." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fab.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="answer" pos="n " reg="answer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">answer</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvi" reg="rise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rise</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvi" reg="fall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fall</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alas</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="prove" pos="vvi" reg="prove" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prove</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="dream" pos="n " reg="dream" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dream</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="while" pos="n " reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="indulge" pos="vvb" reg="indulge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">indulge</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="fancy" pos="n " reg="fancy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fancy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="memory" pos="n " reg="memory" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mem'ry</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="lie" pos="vvi" reg="lie" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lye</w> <w lemma="lock" pos="vvn" reg="locked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lock'd</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="sleep" pos="n " reg="sleep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sleep</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="lull" pos="vvi" reg="lull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lull</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="soon" pos="av" reg="soon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soon</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="wake" pos="vvi" reg="wake" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wake</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="hatred" pos="n " reg="hatred" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hatred</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="yourself" pos="px" reg="yourself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- ">your self</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="d." pos="n-ab" reg="d." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">d.</w> <w lemma="ferdinand" pos="n -nn" reg="ferdinand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ferdinand</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="fab." pos="n-ab" reg="fab." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fab.</w> </hi> <w lemma="start" pos="n " reg="starts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">starts</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvz" reg="rises" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rises</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ferd." pos="n-ab" reg="ferd." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ferd.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="son" pos="n " reg="son" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">son</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="base" pos="j" reg="base" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">base</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">man</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvd" reg="thought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="t'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">t'</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" join="left">have</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvn" reg="found" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">found</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="morella" pos="n -nn" reg="morella" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">morella</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvb" reg="hear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hear</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="swear" pos="vvi" reg="swear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">swear</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="ancestor" pos="n " reg="ancestors" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ancestors</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="hour" pos="n " reg="hour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hour</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvz" reg="weds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weds</w> <w lemma="below" pos="acp-av" reg="below" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">below</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="rank" pos="n " reg="rank" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rank</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="make" pos="vvz" reg="makes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">makes</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="stranger" pos="n " reg="stranger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stranger</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="blood" pos="n " reg="blood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blood</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ever</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvn" reg="spared" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spar'd</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="just" pos="j" reg="just" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">just</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="rigid" pos="j" reg="rigid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rigid</w> <w lemma="doom" pos="n " reg="doom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doom</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvd" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">left</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="glory" pos="n " reg="glory" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">glory</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">our</w> <w lemma="part" pos="n _vg" reg="parting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">parting</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sir" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sir</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="son" pos="n " reg="son" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">son</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="well" pos="av" reg="well" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">well</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="rather" pos="av-c" reg="rather" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rather</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">than</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvi" reg="curse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">curse</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="generous" pos="j" reg="generous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gen'rous</w> <w lemma="passion" pos="n " reg="passion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">passion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="suffer" pos="vvg" reg="suffering" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">suffering</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="bless" pos="vvi" reg="bless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bless</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="wealth" pos="n " reg="wealth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wealth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friends</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="nay" pos="uh-x" reg="nay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j" reg="dear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dear</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">man</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ever</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvb" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bear</w> <w lemma="witness" pos="n " reg="witness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">witness</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-rg" reg="whose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">whose</w> <w lemma="breast" pos="n " reg="breasts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">breasts</w> <w lemma="confess" pos="vvb" reg="confess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">confess</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="pang" pos="n " reg="pangs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pangs</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="true" pos="j-s" reg="truest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">truest</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="te" pos="fw-mi" reg="te" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">te</w> <w lemma="nd're" pos="vv " reg="nd'rest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nd'rest</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="fond" pos="j-s" reg="fondest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fondest</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="fierce" pos="j-s" reg="fiercest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fiercest</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvb" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bear</w> <w lemma="witness" pos="n " reg="witness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">witness</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="all" pos="av_d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvb" reg="hear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hear</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="swear" pos="vvi" reg="swear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">swear</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">your self</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fab." pos="n-ab" reg="fab." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fab.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="stay" pos="n " reg="stay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stay</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="follow" pos="vvz" reg="follows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">follows</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <w lemma="crawl" pos="vvg" reg="crawling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">crawling</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="knee" pos="n " reg="knees" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">kind</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">than</w> <w lemma="man." pos="n-ab" reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">man.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="wise" pos="j" reg="wise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">happy</w> <w lemma="brute" pos="n " reg="brutes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">brutes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="envy" pos="vvb" reg="envy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">envy</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">taught</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="boast" pos="vvi" reg="boast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">boast</w> <w lemma="borrow" pos="j_vn" reg="borrowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">borrow'd</w> <w lemma="fame" pos="n " reg="fame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fame</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="ancient" pos="j" reg="ancient" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ancient</w> <w lemma="dust" pos="n " reg="dust" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dust</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="fancy" pos="j_vn" reg="fancied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fancied</w> <w lemma="distance" pos="n " reg="distance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">distance</w> <w lemma="between" pos="acp-p" reg="between" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">between</w> <w lemma="equal" pos="j" reg="equal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">equal</w> <w lemma="emmet" pos="n " reg="emmets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">emmets</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curst</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="poisonous" pos="j" reg="poisonous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">poys'nous</w> <w lemma="notion" pos="n " reg="notion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">notion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="slight" pos="vvz" reg="sleights" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">slights</w> <w lemma="true" pos="j" reg="true" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">true</w> <w lemma="merit" pos="n " reg="merit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">merit</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="vain" pos="j" reg="vain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vain</w> <w lemma="degree" pos="n " reg="degree" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">degree</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <w lemma="humble" pos="j" reg="humble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">humble</w> <w lemma="worth" pos="n " reg="worth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">worth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="scorn" pos="vvn" reg="scorned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">scorn'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curs'd</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">like</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="vice" pos="n " reg="vice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vice</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="ample" pos="j-c" reg="ampler" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ampler</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="n " reg="curse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curse</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">find</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvd" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curst</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">th'</w> <w lemma="ambitious" pos="j" reg="ambitious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ambitious</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="mankind" pos="n " reg="mankind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mankind</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">exit</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">enter</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvz" reg="goes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">goes</w> <w lemma="off" pos="acp-av" reg="off" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">off</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="busy" pos="j" reg="busy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">busie</w> <w lemma="grief" pos="n " reg="grief" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">grief</w> <w lemma="usurp" pos="vvd" reg="usurped" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">usurp'd</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="very" pos="j" reg="very" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">very</w> <w lemma="sight" pos="n " reg="sight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sight</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gone</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">had</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">alas</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shou'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvn" reg="called" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">call'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-q" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="protect" pos="vvi" reg="protect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">protect</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="j" reg="noble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">noble</w> <w lemma="moor" pos="n -nn" reg="moor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="assist" pos="vvb" reg="assist" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">assist</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="preserve" pos="vvi" reg="preserve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">preserve</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="threaten" pos="j_vn" reg="threatened" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">threaten'd</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">enter</w> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morat</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">and</w> <w lemma="zemet" pos="n -nn" reg="zemet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">zemet</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="worth" pos="n " reg="worth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="you" pos="png" reg="yours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yours</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="want" pos="vvb" reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">want</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="protector" pos="n " reg="protector" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">protector</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">madam</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">best</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friend</w> <w lemma="use" pos="vvd" reg="used" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us'd</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="echo" pos="vvi" reg="echo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eccho</w> <w lemma="back" pos="av" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">back</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="sigh" pos="n " reg="sighs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sighs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="repeat" pos="vvd" reg="repeated" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">repeated</w> <w lemma="die" pos="vvg" reg="dying" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dying</w> <w lemma="tale" pos="n " reg="tales" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tales</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="fill" pos="vvn" reg="filled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fill'd</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="breast" pos="n " reg="breast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">breast</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="like" pos="j" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="zeal" pos="n " reg="zeal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">zeal</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="serve" pos="vvg" reg="serving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">serving</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="zeal" pos="n " reg="zeal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">zeal</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="look" pos="vvi" reg="look" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">look</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="fear" pos="vvb" reg="fear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fear</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="rare" pos="av_j" reg="rarely" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rarely</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="get" pos="vvz" reg="gets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gets</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="chink" pos="n " reg="chink" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chink</w> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hope</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">had</w> <w lemma="creep" pos="vvn" reg="crept" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">crept</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">how</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="dictate" pos="vvz" reg="dictates" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dictates</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="will." pos="n-ab" reg="william" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="sin" pos="n " reg="sin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sin</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="doubt" pos="vvi" reg="doubt" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">much</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">e're</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <w lemma="vincentio" pos="n -nn" reg="vincentio" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">vincentio</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvi" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">live</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="form" pos="n " reg="form" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">form</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="surprise" pos="vvi" reg="surprise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">surprize</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="moor" pos="n -nn" reg="moor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="sir" pos="n " reg="sir" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sir</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="want" pos="vvb" reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">want</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="help" pos="n " reg="help" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">help</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">such</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">friend</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="divert" pos="vvb" reg="divert" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">divert</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="thought" pos="n " reg="thoughts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thoughts</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="own" pos="d" reg="own" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">own</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="concern" pos="vvz" reg="concerns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">concerns</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morat</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">these</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="fit" pos="n " reg="fits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fits</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="sometime" pos="av" reg="sometimes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sometimes</w> <w lemma="shake" pos="vvb" reg="shake" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shake</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="body" pos="n " reg="body" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">body</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="turn" pos="n " reg="turns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">turns</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="odds" pos="n " reg="odds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">odds</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="fain" pos="av_j" reg="fain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fain</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="part" pos="vvi" reg="part" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">part</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="false" pos="j" reg="false" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">false</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friends</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="each" pos="d" reg="each" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">each</w> <w lemma="strive" pos="vvz" reg="strives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strives</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvn" reg="thought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thought</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="most" pos="d-s" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="cause" pos="n " reg="cause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cause</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">such</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="separation" pos="n " reg="separation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">separation</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="well" pos="av" reg="well" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">well</w> <w lemma="again" pos="av" reg="again" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">again</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">say</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="cause" pos="n " reg="cause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cause</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="pity" pos="vvi" reg="pity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pity</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="sure" pos="av_j" reg="sure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sure</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="cause" pos="n " reg="cause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cause</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="deaf" pos="j" reg="deaf" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deaf</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="blind" pos="j" reg="blind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blind</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="else" pos="av" reg="else" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">else</w> <w lemma="either" pos="d" reg="either" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">either</w> <w lemma="sense" pos="n " reg="sense" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sence</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">might</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvi" reg="teach" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">teach</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="love." pos="n-ab" reg="love." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="nay" pos="uh-x" reg="nay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="miserable" pos="j" reg="miserable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">miserable</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="worthy" pos="j" reg="worthy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worthy</w> <w lemma="moor" pos="n -nn" reg="moor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" join="left">was</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="passion" pos="n " reg="passion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">passion</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvd" reg="gave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gave</w> <w lemma="birth" pos="n " reg="birth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">birth</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="i" pos="png" reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fate</w> <w lemma="order" pos="vvz" reg="order" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">orders</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="i've" pos="n -nn" reg="i've" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i've</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvi" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beg</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="convey" pos="vvi" reg="convey" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">convey</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="cloister" pos="n " reg="cloister" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cloyster</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ever</w> <w lemma="weep" pos="vvi" reg="weep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weep</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="pray" pos="vvb" reg="pray" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pray</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="sure" pos="av_j" reg="sure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sure</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="vincentio" pos="n -nn" reg="vincentio" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">vincentio</w> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="bind" pos="vvn" reg="bound" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bound</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="wait" pos="vvi" reg="wait" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wait</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="command" pos="n " reg="commands" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">commands</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">ricardo's</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvg" reg="coming" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">coming</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heav'n</w> <w lemma="guard" pos="vvb" reg="guard" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">guard</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="sight" pos="n " reg="sight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sight</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="ex." pos="n-ab" reg="ex." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ex.</w> </hi> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">morat</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="zem." pos="n-ab" reg="zem." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zem.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <w lemma="seem" pos="vvd" reg="seemed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">seem'd</w> <w lemma="deject" pos="vvn" reg="dejected" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dejected</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="observe" pos="vvi" reg="observe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">observe</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">enter</w> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ricardo</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="mine" pos="n " reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mine</w> <w lemma="bring" pos="vvz" reg="brings" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">brings</w> <w lemma="instant" pos="j" reg="instant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">instant</w> <w lemma="ruin" pos="n " reg="ruin" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">greatness</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="see" pos="vvz" reg="sees" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">sees</w> <w lemma="zemet" pos="n -nn" reg="zemet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zemet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">]</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ha" pos="uh" reg="ha!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ha!</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="black" pos="j" reg="black" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">black</w> <w lemma="imp" pos="n " reg="imp" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">imp</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vv " reg="dost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">do'st</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">here</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="hence" pos="av" reg="hence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hence</w> <w lemma="vanish" pos="vvb" reg="vanish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vanish</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">exit</w> </hi> <w lemma="zemet" pos="fw-la" reg="zemet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">zemet</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="paper" pos="n " reg="papers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">papers</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">these</w> <w lemma="monk" pos="n " reg="monks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">monks</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="ring" pos="vvn" reg="rung" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rung</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="fatal" pos="j" reg="fatal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fatal</w> <w lemma="knell" pos="n " reg="knell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">knell</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="newborn" pos="j" reg="newborn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">new-born</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joys" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">joys</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">them</w> <w lemma="kill" pos="vvn" reg="killed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kill'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-q" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">how</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">they</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="cell" pos="n " reg="cells" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cells</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="night" pos="n " reg="night" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">night</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="africa" pos="n -nn" reg="africa" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">africa</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="ship" pos="vvi" reg="ship" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ship</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="sister" pos="n " reg="sisters" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sisters</w> <pc xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="get" pos="vvi" reg="get" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">get</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="fix" pos="vvi" reg="fix" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fix</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="i" pos="png" reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mine</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">enter</w> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morat</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">and</w> <w lemma="zemet" pos="n -nn" reg="zemet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">zemet</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ha" pos="uh" reg="ha" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hah</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="start" pos="vvz" reg="starts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">starts</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvg" reg="seeing" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vv " reg="art" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">art</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="immortal" pos="j" reg="immortal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">immortal</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="moor" pos="n -nn" reg="moor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moor</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yes" pos="uh" reg="yes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="ravisher" pos="n " reg="ravisher" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ravisher</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="men" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">men</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="immortal" pos="j" reg="immortal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">immortal</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">death</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="entail" pos="vvn" reg="entailed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">entail'd</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="none" pos="pi-x" reg="none" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">none</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-p" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">such</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="wear" pos="vvb" reg="wear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wear</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="about" pos="acp-p" reg="about" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">about</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="crime" pos="n " reg="crimes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">crimes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="just" pos="av_j" reg="justly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">justly</w> <w lemma="fear" pos="vvi" reg="fear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fear</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-s" reg="greatest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greatest</w> <w lemma="evil." pos="n -nn" reg="evil." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">evil.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ric." pos="n-ab" reg="ric." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ric.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="inform" pos="vvn" reg="informed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">inform'd</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="threat" pos="n " reg="threats" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">threats</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="base" pos="j" reg="base" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">base</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">man</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="giant" pos="n " reg="giant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gyant</w> <w lemma="blood" pos="n " reg="blood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blood</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="pigmy" pos="n " reg="pigmy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pigmy</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvb" reg="hear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hear</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="talk" pos="vv " reg="talk'st" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">talk'st</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="ravish" pos="j_vg" reg="ravishing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ravishing</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vv " reg="dar'st" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dar'st</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="vvi" reg="wish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wish</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="bad" pos="j" reg="bad" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bad</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="png" reg="thine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="hard" pos="j" reg="hard" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hard</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="impenetrable" pos="j" reg="impenetrable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impenetrable</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="every" pos="d" reg="every" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'ry</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thing</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvn" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="seek" pos="vvi" reg="seek" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seek</w> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">its</w> <w lemma="place" pos="n " reg="place" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">place</w> <w lemma="among" pos="acp-p" reg="among" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">among</w> <w lemma="relentless" pos="j" reg="relentless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">relentless</w> <w lemma="devil" pos="n " reg="devils" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">devils</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="sleep" pos="vvb" reg="sleep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sleep</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="resentment" pos="n " reg="resentments" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">resentments</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">fortune</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="change" pos="vvn" reg="changed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chang'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="loathe" pos="vvb" reg="loathe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">loath</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="thought" pos="n " reg="thought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thought</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">once</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="threaten" pos="vvd" reg="threatened" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">threaten'd</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="try" pos="vvi" reg="try" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">try</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vertue</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="since" pos="acp-cs" reg="since" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">since</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="doubt" pos="n " reg="doubts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doubts</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="change" pos="vvn" reg="changed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chang'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="admiration" pos="n " reg="admiration" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">admiration</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="worth." pos="n-ab" reg="worth." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worth.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">there</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="vvz" reg="hope's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hopes</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="mend" pos="vvi" reg="mend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mend</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="bind" pos="vvn" reg="bound" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bound</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="strive" pos="vvb" reg="strive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strive</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvi" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="call" pos="vvn" reg="called" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">call'd</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="vincentio" pos="n g-nn" reg="vincentio's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">vincentio's</w> <w lemma="brother" pos="n " reg="brother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brother</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n g" reg="father's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">father's</w> <w lemma="son." pos="n-ab" reg="son." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">son.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="war" pos="n g" reg="war's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">war's</w> <w lemma="brave" pos="j" reg="brave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brave</w> <w lemma="school" pos="n " reg="school" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">school</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">father</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="master" pos="n " reg="master" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">master</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="bid" pos="vvd" reg="bade" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bad</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dare</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvd" reg="taught" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">taught</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">how</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="fight" pos="vvi" reg="fight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fight</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="rush" pos="vvd" reg="rushed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rush'd</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="lightning" pos="n " reg="lightning" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">light'ning</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="firm" pos="j" reg="firm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">firm</w> <w lemma="troop" pos="n " reg="troops" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">troops</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="foe" pos="n " reg="foes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">foes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="unnerved" pos="j_vn" reg="unnerved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unnerv'd</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="rank" pos="n " reg="ranks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ranks</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="shatter" pos="vvn" reg="shattered" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shatter'd</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="ruin" pos="n " reg="ruin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ruine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="floore" pos="vvn" reg="floored" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">floor'd</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="field" pos="n " reg="field" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">field</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="honourable" pos="j" reg="honourable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honourable</w> <w lemma="slaughter" pos="n " reg="slaughter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">slaughter</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">after</w> <w lemma="conquest" pos="n " reg="conquest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">conquest</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="mild" pos="j" reg="mild" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mild</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="tender" pos="j" reg="tender" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tender</w> <w lemma="virgin" pos="n " reg="virgins" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">virgins</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="protect" pos="vvn" reg="protected" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">protected</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vertue</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="very" pos="j" reg="very" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">very</w> <w lemma="foe" pos="n " reg="foes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">foes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="j" reg="noble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">noble</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="learn" pos="vvb" reg="learn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">learn</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="act" pos="vvi" reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">act</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="learn" pos="vvi" reg="learn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">learn</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="brave" pos="j" reg="brave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brave</w> <w lemma="moor" pos="n -nn" reg="moor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moor</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvi" reg="teach" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">teach</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">words</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="shame" pos="vvi" reg="shame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shame</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="charm" pos="vvi" reg="charm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">charm</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">into</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vertue</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="methinks" pos="vvz" reg="methinks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">methinks</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="tongue" pos="n " reg="tongue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tongue</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="glorious" pos="j" reg="glorious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">glorious</w> <w lemma="victory" pos="n " reg="victory" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">victory</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="instil" pos="vvz" reg="instils" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">instils</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="valour" pos="n " reg="valour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">valour</w> <w lemma="through" pos="acp-p" reg="through" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">through</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="vein" pos="n " reg="veins" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">veins</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="nerve" pos="n " reg="nerves" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nerves</w> <w lemma="seem" pos="vvb" reg="seem" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seem</w> <w lemma="knit" pos="vvn" reg="knit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">knit</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="double" pos="j" reg="double" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">double</w> <w lemma="force" pos="n " reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">force</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="engage" pos="vvn" reg="engaged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">engag'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">an</w> <w lemma="hour" pos="n " reg="hour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hour</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="proud" pos="j" reg="proud" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">proud</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvg" reg="being" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">being</w> <w lemma="teach" pos="vvn" reg="taught" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">taught</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="fix" pos="vvg" reg="fixing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fixing</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friend</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="till" pos="acp-cs" reg="till" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">till</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="farewell" pos="uh_n" reg="farewell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">farewel</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="true" pos="av_j" reg="truly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">truly</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="ll" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ll</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="vvi" reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hope</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="increase" pos="vvz" reg="increases" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">encreases</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vertue</w> <w lemma="will." pos="n-ab" reg="william" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" join="left">was</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="alone" pos="av_j" reg="alone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alone</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="civilise" pos="vvn" reg="civilised" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">civiliz'd</w> <w lemma="mankind" pos="n " reg="mankind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mankind</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="dull" pos="j" reg="dull" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dull</w> <w lemma="instinct" pos="n " reg="instinct" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">instinct</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="sprightly" pos="j" reg="sprightly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sprightly</w> <w lemma="sense" pos="n " reg="sense" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sense</w> <w lemma="refine" pos="vvn" reg="refined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">refin'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="savage" pos="j" reg="savage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">savage</w> <w lemma="nakedness" pos="n " reg="nakedness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nakedness</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">man</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvn" reg="lived" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">liv'd</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="toil" pos="vvn" reg="toiled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">toyl'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ugly" pos="j-c" reg="uglier" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">uglier</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">than</w> <w lemma="brute" pos="n " reg="brutes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">brutes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wretched</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="wild" pos="j" reg="wild" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wild</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="till" pos="acp-cs" reg="till" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">till</w> <w lemma="emulation" pos="n " reg="emulation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">emulation</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="like" pos="vvn" reg="liked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lik'd</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvn" reg="loved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lov'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="start" pos="vvd" reg="started" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">started</w> <w lemma="invention" pos="n " reg="invention" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">invention</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">man</w> <w lemma="improve" pos="vvn" reg="improved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">improv'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="weak" pos="j" reg="weak" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">weak</w> <w lemma="body" pos="n " reg="bodies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bodies</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="control" pos="vvi" reg="control" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">controul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <w lemma="only" pos="j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">only</w> <w lemma="triumph" pos="n " reg="triumphs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">triumphs</w> <w lemma="over" pos="acp-p" reg="o'er" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">o're</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="strong" pos="j-c" reg="stronger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stronger</w> <w lemma="soul." pos="n-ab" reg="soul." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soul.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">exit</w> </hi> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">morat</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">and</w> <w lemma="min." pos="n-ab" reg="min." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">min.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">she</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">am</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nothing</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="rave" pos="vvi" reg="rave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rave</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="bellow" pos="vvi" reg="bellow" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="control" pos="vvi" reg="control" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">controul</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="traitor" pos="n " reg="traitor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">traytor</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="gratitude" pos="n " reg="gratitude" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gratitude</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">is</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="claim" pos="n " reg="claim" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">claim</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="assure" pos="vvn" reg="assured" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">assur'd</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n g" reg="heart's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart's</w> <w lemma="truth" pos="n " reg="truth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">truth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">its</w> <w lemma="falsehood" pos="n " reg="falsehood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">falshood</w> <w lemma="rather" pos="av-c" reg="rather" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rather</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="much" pos="d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <w lemma="cause" pos="n " reg="cause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cause</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvi" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <w lemma="false" pos="j" reg="false" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">false</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="jealousy" pos="n " reg="jealousy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jealousie</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="jaundice" pos="n " reg="jaundice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jaundice</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="mind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mind</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pervert" pos="n " reg="perverts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">perverts</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="object" pos="n " reg="objects" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">objects</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it's</w> <w lemma="sickly" pos="j" reg="sickly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sickly</w> <w lemma="colour" pos="n " reg="colour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">colour</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="charm" pos="n " reg="charms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">charms</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="vanish" pos="vvn" reg="vanished" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vanish'd</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fortune</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" join="left">was</w> <w lemma="otherwise" pos="av" reg="otherwise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">otherwise</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-q" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="base" pos="j" reg="base" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">base</w> <w lemma="rebel" pos="n " reg="rebel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rebel</w> <w lemma="languish" pos="vvn" reg="languished" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">languish'd</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="foot" pos="n " reg="feet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">feet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="tremble" pos="vvg" reg="trembling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">trembling</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-p" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="gild" pos="n " reg="gild" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guilt</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="humble" pos="j" reg="humble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">humble</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="j_vg" reg="begging" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">begging</w> <w lemma="want" pos="n " reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">want</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="charm" pos="vvn" reg="charmed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">charm'd</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="look" pos="vvb" reg="look" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">look</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="transport" pos="vvn" reg="transported" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">transported</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="smile" pos="n " reg="smile" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">smile</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="ecstasy" pos="vvn" reg="ecstasied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">extasied</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="revive" pos="j_vg" reg="reviving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reviving</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="word" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">word</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="gentle" pos="av_j" reg="gently" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gently</w> <w lemma="rack" pos="vvn" reg="racked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rack'd</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="secret" pos="n _j" reg="secrets" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">secrets</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="breast" pos="n " reg="breast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">breast</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="make" pos="vvd" reg="made" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">made</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvi" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">live</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">than</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="prevent" pos="vvb" reg="prevent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prevent</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="very" pos="j" reg="very" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">very</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="n " reg="wish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wish</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="open" pos="vvi" reg="open" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">open</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="soul." pos="n-ab" reg="soul." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="traitor" pos="n " reg="traitor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">traytor</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="pray" pos="vvb" reg="pray" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pray</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="calm" pos="j-c" reg="calmer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">calmer</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvd" reg="made" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">made</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="n " reg="wishes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wishes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="give" pos="vvn" reg="given" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">given</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="wealth" pos="n " reg="wealth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wealth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="value" pos="j_vn" reg="valued" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">valued</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="deny" pos="vvn" reg="denied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deny'd</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="triste" pos="fw-fr" reg="triste" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">triste</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="base" pos="j" reg="base" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">base</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">man</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dare</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="false" pos="j" reg="false" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">false</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dare</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="deny" pos="vvi" reg="deny" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deny</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="sacrifice" pos="vvi" reg="sacrifice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sacrifice</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="injure" pos="j_vn" reg="injured" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">injur'd</w> <w lemma="charm" pos="n " reg="charms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">charms</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd " reg="wert" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wert</w> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvg" reg="kneeling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kneeling</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="very" pos="j" reg="very" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">very</w> <w lemma="altar" pos="n " reg="altar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">altar</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="give" pos="vvb" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="letter" pos="n " reg="letter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">letter</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="since" pos="acp-p" reg="since" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">since</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nothing</w> <w lemma="else" pos="av" reg="else" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">else</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="satisfy" pos="vvi" reg="satisfy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">satisfie</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">take</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">only</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-ro" reg="whom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whom</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvg" reg="leaving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">leaving</w> <w lemma="portugal" pos="n -nn" reg="portugal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">portugal</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="stealth" pos="n " reg="stealth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stealth</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvz" reg="begs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">begs</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yet</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvn" reg="known" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">known</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="puzzle" pos="vvn" reg="puzzled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">puzzled</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">]</pc> </stage> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="'d" join="left">'ad</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="mind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mind</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="try" pos="vvi" reg="try" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">try</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="jealous" pos="j" reg="jealous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">jealous</w> <w lemma="temper" pos="n " reg="temper" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">temper</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="fear" pos="vvn" reg="feared" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fear'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmd" reg="might" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">might</w> <w lemma="incline" pos="vvi" reg="incline" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">incline</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="misconstrue" pos="vvi" reg="misconstrue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">misconstrue</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="caution" pos="n " reg="caution" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">caution</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="open" pos="vvg" reg="opening" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">op'ning</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="love-letter" pos="n " reg="love-letter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love-letter</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">one</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="dependant" pos="j" reg="dependant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dependant</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">angel</w> <w lemma="tell" pos="vvb" reg="tell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tell</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="no" pos="uh" reg="no!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no!</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="flee" pos="vvn" reg="fled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fled</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">beneath</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="sorrow" pos="n " reg="sorrows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sorrows</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dye</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">here</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="outlive" pos="vvn" reg="outlived" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="dread" pos="vvi" reg="dread" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dread</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="pity" pos="vvi" reg="pity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pity</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="seal" pos="vvi" reg="seal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seal</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="promise" pos="n " reg="promise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">promise</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="lip" pos="n " reg="lips" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lips</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="doubt" pos="n " reg="doubts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doubts</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvn" reg="lost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lost</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joys" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joys</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="kiss" pos="vvd" reg="kissed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kiss'd</w> <w lemma="away" pos="av" reg="away" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">away</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="oft" pos="av" reg="oft" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oft</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="return" pos="vvb" reg="return" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">return</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="doubt" pos="vvb" reg="doubt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doubt</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">had</w> <w lemma="cause" pos="n " reg="cause" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cause</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="believe" pos="vvi" reg="believe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">believe</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j" reg="dear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dear</w> <w lemma="bewitch" pos="j_vg" reg="bewitching" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bewitching</w> <w lemma="tongue" pos="n " reg="tongue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tongue</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="conduct" pos="vvb" reg="conduct" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">conduct</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="home" pos="av_n" reg="home" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="rejoice" pos="vvi" reg="rejoice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rejoyce</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">find</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="change" pos="n " reg="change" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">change</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="ill" pos="j" reg="ill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ill</w> <w lemma="jest" pos="n _vg" reg="jesting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jesting</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="shape" pos="n " reg="shape" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shape</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="vice" pos="n " reg="vice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vice</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" join="left">will</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="long" pos="av_j" reg="long" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">long</w> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-cs" reg="before" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">before</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="shake" pos="vvi" reg="shake" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shake</w> <w lemma="off" pos="acp-av" reg="off" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">off</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="horror" pos="n " reg="horror" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">horror</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="surprise" pos="n " reg="surprise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">surprise</w> <w lemma="stamp" pos="vvd" reg="stamped" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stamp'd</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul." pos="n-ab" reg="soul." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="mean" pos="j" reg="mean" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mean</w> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">time</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvb" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beg</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">give</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="retirement" pos="n " reg="retirement" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">retirement</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="compose" pos="vvi" reg="compose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">compose</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="mind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mind</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="bless" pos="j_vn" reg="blessed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blest</w> <w lemma="maid" pos="n " reg="maid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">maid</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <w lemma="angel" pos="n " reg="angel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">angel</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvb" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bear</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="upward" pos="av_j" reg="upwards" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upwards</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="govern" pos="vvb" reg="govern" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">govern</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">best</w> <w lemma="thought" pos="n " reg="thoughts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thoughts</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="bid" pos="vvi" reg="bid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bid</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvi" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="view" pos="vvi" reg="view" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">view</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">leave</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="ere" pos="acp-cs" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">e're</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="callow" pos="n -nn" reg="callow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">callow</w> <w lemma="virtue" pos="n " reg="virtue" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vertue</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="grow" pos="vvz" reg="grows" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grows</w> <w lemma="fledge" pos="vvn" reg="fledged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fledg'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="strong" pos="j" reg="strong" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strong</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="soar" pos="vvi" reg="soar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soar</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="outstretch" pos="j_vn" reg="outstretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">outstretch'd</w> <w lemma="wing" pos="n " reg="wings" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wings</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="soon" pos="av" reg="soon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soon</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="dead" pos="j" reg="dead" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dead</w> <w lemma="habitual" pos="j" reg="habitual" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">habitual</w> <w lemma="weight" pos="n " reg="weight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weight</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="vice" pos="n " reg="vice" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vice</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="flag" pos="n " reg="flag" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">flag</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvi" reg="fall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fall</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="j-c" reg="worse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worse</w> <w lemma="perdition" pos="n " reg="perdition" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">perdition</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="save" pos="acp-p" reg="save" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">save</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="confirm" pos="vvb" reg="confirm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">confirm</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="you" pos="png" reg="yours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yours</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">o</w> <w lemma="save" pos="vvb" reg="save" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">less</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">than</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="distemper" pos="j_vn" reg="distempered" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">distemper'd</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="mind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mind</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvz" reg="rises" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rises</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">close</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="kill" pos="vvi" reg="kill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kill</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="wait" pos="vvz" reg="waits" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">waits</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="four" pos="crd" reg="four" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">four</w> <w lemma="servant" pos="n " reg="servants" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">servants</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="sword" pos="n " reg="swords" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">swords</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="seize" pos="vvb" reg="seize" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seize</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="madman" pos="n " reg="madman" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">blessing</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">like</w> <w lemma="i" pos="png" reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="deaf" pos="j" reg="deaf" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">deaf</w> <w lemma="necessity" pos="n " reg="necessity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">necessity</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fate</w> <w lemma="itself" pos="px" reg="itself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -b- ">it self</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">can</w> <w lemma="alter" pos="vvi" reg="alter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">alter</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fate</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">love</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="crime" pos="n " reg="crime" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">crime</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">its</w> <w lemma="own" pos="d" reg="own" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">own</w> <w lemma="punishment" pos="n " reg="punishment" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">punishment</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hope</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="soften" pos="vvn" reg="softened" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soften'd</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">soon</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvi" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">take</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="everlasting" pos="j" reg="everlasting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">everlasting</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="n " reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">leave</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">friends</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">speak</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="fabiana" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiana" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">fabiana</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="wisdom" pos="n g" reg="wisdom's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wisdom's</w> <w lemma="old" pos="j" reg="old" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">old</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fab." pos="n-ab" reg="fab." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fab.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">father</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvg" reg="kneeling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kneeling</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="attend" pos="vvb" reg="attend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">attend</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="will." pos="n-ab" reg="william" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fer." pos="n-ab" reg="fer." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fer.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvb" reg="rise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvb" reg="rise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rise</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="son" pos="n " reg="son" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">son</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="nor" pos="cc-x" reg="nor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nor</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">poor</w> <w lemma="old" pos="j" reg="old" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">old</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">father</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvb" reg="loose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lose</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="sole" pos="j" reg="sole" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sole</w> <w lemma="comfort" pos="n " reg="comfort" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">comfort</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="widow" pos="j_vn" reg="widowed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">widow'd</w> <w lemma="year" pos="n " reg="years" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">years</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vv " reg="art" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">art</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="only" pos="j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">only</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="child" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">child</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">alas</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="race" pos="n " reg="race" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">race</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="equal" pos="j" reg="equal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">equal</w> <w lemma="marriage" pos="n " reg="marriage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">marriage</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="decline" pos="vvn" reg="declined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">declin'd</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="second" pos="ord" reg="second" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="woe" pos="n " reg="woe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">woe</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="few" pos="d" reg="few" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">few</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <w lemma="night" pos="n " reg="nights" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nights</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="thousand" pos="crd" reg="thousand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thousand</w> <w lemma="dismal" pos="j" reg="dismal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dismal</w> <w lemma="day" pos="n " reg="days" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">days</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exit</w> </hi> <w lemma="ferd." pos="n-ab" reg="ferd." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ferd.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="retire" pos="vvb" reg="retire" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">retire</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="tempt" pos="j_vg" reg="tempting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tempting</w> <w lemma="mischief" pos="n " reg="mischief" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mischief</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="chamber" pos="n " reg="chamber" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chamber</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="rather" pos="av-c" reg="rather" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rather</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="cell" pos="n " reg="cell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cell</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fabiano</w> </hi> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="slave" pos="n " reg="slaves" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">slaves</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="sit" pos="vvb" reg="sat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sit</w> <w lemma="ready" pos="j" reg="ready" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ready</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="oar" pos="n " reg="oars" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oars</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alas</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="men" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="guards" pos="zz" reg="guards" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guards</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="dismiss" pos="vvb" reg="dismiss" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dismiss</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="ex." pos="n-ab" reg="ex." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ex.</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="captain" pos="n " reg="captain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">captain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="attendants" pos="zz" reg="attendants" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">attendants</w> <w lemma="one" pos="crd" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">one</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">way</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="guard" pos="n " reg="guards" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guards</w> <w lemma="another" pos="d" reg="another" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">another</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">way</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gone</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">she</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="secure" pos="vvn" reg="secured" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">secur'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="far" pos="av_j" reg="far" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">far</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="well" pos="av" reg="well" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">well</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="page" pos="n " reg="page" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">page</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="tell" pos="vvb" reg="tell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tell</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n g-nn" reg="fabiano's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">fabiano's</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">here</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="prevail" pos="vvn" reg="prevailed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prevail'd</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvi" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exit</w> <w lemma="servant" pos="n " reg="servant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">servant</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">may</w> <w lemma="decoy" pos="n " reg="decoy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">decoy</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="hither" pos="av" reg="hither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hither</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="time" pos="n " reg="time" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">time</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="short" pos="j" reg="short" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">short</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="fetch" pos="vvi" reg="fetch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fetch</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <w lemma="back" pos="av" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">back</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="tug" pos="vvi" reg="tug" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tug</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="shift" pos="j_vg" reg="shifting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shifting</w> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fortune</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="ere" pos="acp-cs" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">e're</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="part" pos="vv " reg="partest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">part'st</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="resolve" pos="vvb" reg="resolve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">resolve</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvi" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">leave</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">some</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="spoil" pos="vvz" reg="spoils" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spoyls</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="hold" pos="vvb" reg="hold" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hold</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvn" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">left</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">naked</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">enter</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <w lemma="hasty" pos="av_j" reg="hastily" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hastily</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ha" pos="uh" reg="ha" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hah</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="deceive" pos="vvn" reg="deceived" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">deceiv'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="nay" pos="uh-x" reg="nay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="start" pos="vvb" reg="start" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">start</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="back" pos="av" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">back</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gone</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ever</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">do</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvi" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">think</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="keep" pos="vvi" reg="keep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">keep</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">here</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="force" pos="n " reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">force</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yes" pos="uh" reg="yes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="force" pos="n " reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">force</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">must</w> <w lemma="act" pos="vvi" reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">act</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j-c" reg="kinder" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kinder</w> <w lemma="usage" pos="n " reg="usage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">usage</w> <w lemma="fail" pos="vvz" reg="fails" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fails</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">give</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">still</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="hour" pos="n " reg="hour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hour</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <w lemma="resolve" pos="vvb" reg="resolve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">resolve</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvi" reg="wed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wed</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="appease" pos="vvi" reg="appease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">appease</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="amorous" pos="j" reg="amorous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">am'rous</w> <w lemma="rage" pos="n " reg="rage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rage</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">wer</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-av" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">great</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="lawless" pos="j" reg="lawless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lawless</w> <w lemma="power" pos="n " reg="power" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pow'r</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">make</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">poor</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nature</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">first</w> <w lemma="design" pos="vvd" reg="designed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">design'd</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - 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c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="fly" pos="vvi" reg="fly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fly</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="desert" pos="n " reg="deserts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">desarts</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="land" pos="n " reg="land" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">land</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="sorrow" pos="n " reg="sorrow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sorrow</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvb" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bear</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">seas</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="hell" pos="n " reg="hell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hell</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">know</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd " reg="wouldst" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wou'dst</w> <w lemma="torment" pos="vvi" reg="torment" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">torment</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">such</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="hate" pos="n " reg="hate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hate</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="desperate" pos="av_j" reg="desperately" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">desperately</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvi" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dare</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="shun" pos="vvi" reg="eat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shun</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="other" pos="pi_d" reg="other" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">other</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvz" reg="curses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curses</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvi" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bear</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvb" reg="hear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hear</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="doom" pos="n " reg="doom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">doom</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="mere" pos="j" reg="mere" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">meer</w> <w lemma="spite" pos="n " reg="spite" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spight</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">most</w> <w lemma="inveterate" pos="j" reg="inveterate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">inveterate</w> <w lemma="bent" pos="n " reg="bent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bent</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="mind" pos="n " reg="mind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mind</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="hate" pos="vvi" reg="hate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hate</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="av-c_j" reg="worse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">worse</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="yes" pos="uh" reg="yes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yes</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="av-c_d" reg="worse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">worse</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="hate" pos="vvi" reg="hate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hate</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="force" pos="n " reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">force</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">has</w> <w lemma="gain" pos="vvn" reg="gained" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gain'd</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="deny" pos="vv " reg="deniest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">deny'st</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="love." pos="n-ab" reg="love." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">which</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">will</w> <w lemma="quench" pos="vvi" reg="quench" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">quench</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="flame" pos="n " reg="flame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">flame</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shall</w> <w lemma="kindle" pos="vvi" reg="kindle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kindle</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="png" reg="thine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="please" pos="j_vg" reg="pleasing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pleasing</w> <w lemma="cure" pos="n " reg="cure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cure</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">thou</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vm " reg="'lt" join="left">'lt</w> <w lemma="run" pos="vvi" reg="run" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">run</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">still</w> <w lemma="close" pos="av_j" reg="close" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">close</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">thou</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vm " reg="'lt" join="left">'lt</w> <w lemma="follow" pos="vvi" reg="follow" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">follow</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="fast" pos="av_j" reg="fast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fast</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="shun" pos="vvi" reg="eat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shun</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="wealth" pos="n " reg="wealth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wealth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="calm" pos="av_j" reg="calmly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">calmly</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <w lemma="tear" pos="vvn" reg="torn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">torn</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvb" reg="leave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">leave</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nothing</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="naked" pos="j" reg="naked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">naked</w> <w lemma="scorn" pos="n " reg="scorn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">scorn</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvb" reg="hear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hear</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="sure" pos="j-c" reg="surer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">surer</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fate</w> <w lemma="attend" pos="vvz" reg="attends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">attends</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="crime" pos="n " reg="crimes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">crimes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="sudden" pos="j" reg="sudden" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sudden</w> <w lemma="wealth" pos="n " reg="wealth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wealth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="sudden" pos="j" reg="sudden" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sudden</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="decay" pos="n " reg="decay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">decay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <w lemma="universal" pos="j" reg="universal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">universal</w> <w lemma="hate" pos="n " reg="hate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hate</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="press" pos="vvg" reg="pressing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pressing</w> <w lemma="want" pos="n " reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">want</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="want" pos="n " reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">want</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="sickness" pos="n " reg="sickness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sickness</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">without</w> <w lemma="relief" pos="n " reg="relief" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">relief</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thus</w> <w lemma="linger" pos="j_vg" reg="lingering" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lingring</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vm " reg="shalt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shalt</w> <w lemma="envy" pos="vvi" reg="envy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">envy</w> <w lemma="starve" pos="j_vg" reg="starving" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">starving</w> <w lemma="beggar" pos="n " reg="beggars" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beggars</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="shame" pos="n " reg="shame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shame</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="reproach" pos="vvb" reg="reproach" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">reproach</w> <w lemma="clog" pos="j_vg" reg="clogging" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">clogging</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="heavy" pos="j" reg="heavy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heavy</w> <w lemma="hour" pos="n " reg="hours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hours</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="guilty" pos="j" reg="guilty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">guilty</w> <w lemma="conscience" pos="n " reg="conscience" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">conscience</w> <w lemma="hurry" pos="vvg" reg="hurrying" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hurrying</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <w lemma="despair" pos="n " reg="despair" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">despair</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="hang" pos="vvb" reg="hang" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hang</w> <w lemma="between" pos="acp-p" reg="between" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">between</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heav'n</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="earth" pos="n " reg="earth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">earth</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">as</w> <w lemma="fit" pos="vvi" reg="fit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fit</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="neither" pos="d-x" reg="neither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">neither</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="none" pos="pi-x" reg="none" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">none</w> <w lemma="endeav'r" pos="vvg" reg="endeav'ring" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">endeav'ring</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="j_vn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curst</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">life</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="save" pos="vvi" reg="save" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">save</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvb" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dye</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">without</w> <w lemma="tear" pos="n " reg="tears" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">tears</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="prayer" pos="n " reg="prayers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pray'rs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="want" pos="vvi" reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">want</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="grave" pos="j" reg="grave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">grave</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">exit</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="well" pos="av" reg="well" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">well</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">thou'</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vv " reg="'rt" join="left">rt</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gone</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="proud" pos="j" reg="proud" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">proud</w> <w lemma="thing" pos="n " reg="thing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thing</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="urge" pos="vvn" reg="urged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">urg'd</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <w lemma="far" pos="av_j" reg="far" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">far</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="scarce" pos="av_j" reg="scarce" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">scarce</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="hold" pos="vvi" reg="hold" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hold</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">from</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvg" reg="making" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">making</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">good</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="threat" pos="n " reg="threats" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">threats</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yet</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">too</w> <w lemma="soon" pos="av" reg="soon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soon</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="plot" pos="n " reg="plot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plot</w> <w lemma="succeed" pos="vvz" reg="succeeds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">succeeds</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vm " reg="shalt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shalt</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="i" pos="png" reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvi" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bear</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thy</w> <w lemma="share" pos="n " reg="share" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">share</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="ruin." pos="n-ab" reg="ruin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ruin.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="i'm" pos="n -nn" reg="i'm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i'm</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvd" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">left</w> <w lemma="hopeless" pos="j" reg="hopeless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hopeless</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="hope" pos="vvb" reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hope</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvn" reg="spared" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spar'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">when</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvb" reg="fall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fall</w> <w lemma="unpitied" pos="j" reg="unpitied" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">unpittied</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="perish" pos="vvb" reg="perish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">perish</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nature</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvb" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dye</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">that</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="humane" pos="j" reg="human" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">humane</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-p" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="revenge" pos="n " reg="revenge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">revenge</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="j_vn" reg="fallen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fall'n</w> <w lemma="spirit" pos="n " reg="spirit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spright</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="desperation" pos="n " reg="desperation" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">desperation</w> <w lemma="drive" pos="vvn" reg="driven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">driv'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="damn" pos="vvn" reg="damned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">damn'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="keep" pos="vvi" reg="keep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">keep</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="foe" pos="n " reg="foes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">foes</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="powerful" pos="j" reg="powerful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pow'rful</w> <w lemma="spite" pos="n " reg="spite" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spight</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="all" pos="vvb" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hopes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hopes</w> <w lemma="destroy" pos="vvi" reg="destroy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">destroy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="drag" pos="vvb" reg="drag" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">drag</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="downward" pos="av_j" reg="downward" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">downwards</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="dismal" pos="j" reg="dismal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dismal</w> <w lemma="joy." pos="n-ab" reg="joy." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joy.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exit</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> </div> <div n=" " type="act" xml:id="a -e "> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="act" pos="n " reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">act</w> <w lemma="iu." pos="n-ab" reg="iu." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">iv.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </head> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">morat</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="zemet" pos="n -nn" reg="zemet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">zemet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="keep" pos="vvz" reg="keeps" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">keeps</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="distance" pos="n " reg="distance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">distance</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morat</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="day" pos="n " reg="day" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">day</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="grow" pos="vvn" reg="grown" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grown</w> <w lemma="old" pos="j" reg="old" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">old</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="almost" pos="av" reg="almost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">almost</w> <w lemma="lose" pos="vvn" reg="lost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lost</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="night" pos="n " reg="night" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">night</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="work" pos="vvb" reg="work" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">work</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="each" pos="d" reg="each" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">each</w> <w lemma="street" pos="n " reg="street" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">street</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvz" reg="gives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gives</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">way</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="soft" pos="j" reg="soft" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soft</w> <w lemma="amusement" pos="n " reg="amusements" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">amusements</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n g" reg="nature's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature's</w> <w lemma="business" pos="n " reg="business" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">business</w> <w lemma="seem" pos="vvz" reg="seems" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seems</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="love." pos="n-ab" reg="love." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="wind" pos="n " reg="wind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wind</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="strong" pos="j-c" reg="stronger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stronger</w> <w lemma="sigh" pos="n " reg="sighs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sighs</w> <w lemma="salute" pos="vvz" reg="salutes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">salutes</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="flower" pos="n " reg="flowers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">flowers</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="descend" pos="vvg" reg="descending" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">descending</w> <w lemma="cloud" pos="n " reg="clouds" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">clouds</w> <w lemma="embrace" pos="vvi" reg="embrace" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">embrace</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="kiss" pos="vvi" reg="kiss" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kiss</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="earth" pos="n " reg="earth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">earth</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="sun" pos="n " reg="sun" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sun</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="sea" pos="n g" reg="sea's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sea's</w> <w lemma="bosom" pos="n " reg="bosom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bosome</w> <w lemma="rest" pos="vvz" reg="rests" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rests</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">th'</w> <w lemma="officious" pos="j" reg="officious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">officious</w> <w lemma="moon" pos="n " reg="moon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">moon</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="wink" pos="vvz" reg="winks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">winks</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="half" pos="j" reg="half" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">half</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="face" pos="n " reg="face" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">face</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lend" pos="vvz" reg="lends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lends</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="secure" pos="j-c" reg="securer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">securer</w> <w lemma="light" pos="n " reg="light" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">light</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvg" reg="meeting" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meeting</w> <w lemma="lover" pos="n " reg="lovers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lovers</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvb" reg="meet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="th'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">th'</w> <w lemma="impatient" pos="j" reg="impatient" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">impatient</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">happy</w> <w lemma="youth" pos="n " reg="youth" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">youth</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="see" pos="vvz" reg="sees" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sees</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kind</w> <w lemma="nymph" pos="n " reg="nymph" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nymph</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">come</w> <w lemma="trip" pos="vvg" reg="tripping" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tripping</w> <w lemma="over" pos="acp-p" reg="o'er" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or'e</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="plain" pos="j" reg="plain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="fly" pos="vvb" reg="fly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fly</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="rush" pos="vvb" reg="rush" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rush</w> <w lemma="into" pos="acp-p" reg="into" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">into</w> <w lemma="each" pos="d" reg="each" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">each</w> <w lemma="other" pos="pi _d" reg="others" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">others</w> <w lemma="arm" pos="n " reg="arms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">arms</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="lover" pos="n g" reg="lover's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lover's</w> <w lemma="bless" pos="j_vn" reg="blessed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bless'd</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="rifle" pos="vvz" reg="rifles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rifles</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="charm" pos="n " reg="charms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">charms</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="eager" pos="j" reg="eager" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eager</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="less" pos="av-c_d" reg="lesle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">less</w> <w lemma="certain" pos="j" reg="certain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">certain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="here" pos="av" reg="here" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">here</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">come</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="seek" pos="vvi" reg="seek" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seek</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="better" pos="j-c" reg="better" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">better</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fate</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="love" pos="j_vn" reg="loved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lov'd</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="make" pos="vvb" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="haste" pos="n " reg="haste" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">haste</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">o</w> <w lemma="night" pos="n " reg="night" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">night</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="extend" pos="vvb" reg="extend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">extend</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="sable" pos="j" reg="sable" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sable</w> <w lemma="wing" pos="n " reg="wings" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wings</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <w lemma="wear" pos="vvi" reg="wear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wear</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="black" pos="j-c" reg="blacker" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blacker</w> <w lemma="face" pos="n " reg="face" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">face</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">than</w> <w lemma="i" pos="png" reg="mine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mine</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="fair" pos="j" reg="fair" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fair</w> <w lemma="own" pos="vvz" reg="owns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">owns</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="myself" pos="px" reg="myself" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="kind" pos="j" reg="kind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kind</w> <w lemma="rudeness" pos="n " reg="rudeness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rudeness</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="force" pos="vvb" reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">force</w> <w lemma="willing" pos="j" reg="willing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">willing</w> <w lemma="kiss" pos="vvz" reg="kisses" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kisses</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="hide" pos="vvb" reg="hide" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hide</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="hide" pos="vvb" reg="hide" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hide</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n g-nn" reg="placentia's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">placentia's</w> <w lemma="blush" pos="n " reg="blushes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blushes</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="eye" pos="n " reg="eyes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eyes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="excess" pos="n " reg="excess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">excess</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="bless" pos="j_vn" reg="blessed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bless'd</w> <w lemma="vincentio" pos="n -nn" reg="vincentio" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">vincentio</w> <w lemma="die" pos="vvz" reg="dies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dyes</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="two" pos="crd" reg="two" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">two</w> <w lemma="bravo" pos="n " reg="bravoes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bravoes</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="are" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">are</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="sure" pos="av_j" reg="sure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sure</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="ship" pos="n " reg="ship" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">ship</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="disposal" pos="n " reg="disposal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">disposal</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma=" " pos="crd" reg=" " xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> </w> <w lemma="bra." pos="n-ab" reg="bra." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bra.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="brigantine" pos="n " reg="brigantine" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brigantine</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="we" pos="png" reg="ours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ours</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">could</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="get" pos="vvi" reg="get" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">get</w> <w lemma="one" pos="pi" reg="one" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">one</w> <w lemma="sor" pos="n-ab" reg="sor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sor</w> <w lemma="any" pos="d" reg="any" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">were</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvn" reg="gone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gone</w> <w lemma="ashore" pos="av" reg="ashore" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ashore</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="beside" pos="acp-p" reg="besides" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">besides</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="captain" pos="n " reg="captain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">captain</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="new" pos="j" reg="new" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">new</w> <w lemma="revolt" pos="j_vn" reg="revolted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">revolted</w> <w lemma="pirate" pos="n " reg="pirate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pyrate</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">my self</w> <w lemma="dissemble" pos="vvn" reg="dissembled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dissembled</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-q" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">how</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="plain-dealing" pos="n _j" reg="plain-dealing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plain-dealing</w> <w lemma="blunt" pos="j" reg="blunt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blunt</w> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">morat</w> <w lemma="dissemble" pos="vvi" reg="dissemble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dissemble</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="mor." pos="n-ab" reg="mor." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mor.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="revenge" pos="n " reg="revenge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">revenge</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="interest" pos="n " reg="interest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">int'rest</w> <w lemma="feign" pos="vvi" reg="feign" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">feign</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="venture" pos="vvi" reg="venture" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">venture</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="why" pos="crq-q" reg="why" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">why</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="music" pos="n " reg="music" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">musick</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">is</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="punish" pos="vvi" reg="punish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">punish</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="accent" pos="n " reg="accents" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">accents</w> <w lemma="mean" pos="vvd" reg="meant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meant</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="move" pos="vvi" reg="move" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">move</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="soul." pos="n-ab" reg="soul." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="lovely" pos="j" reg="lovely" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lovely</w> <w lemma="maid" pos="n " reg="maid" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">maid</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="more" pos="d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="music" pos="n " reg="music" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">musick</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="name" pos="n " reg="name" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">name</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">they</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-av" reg="but" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">am</w> <w lemma="come" pos="vvn" reg="come" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">come</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">once</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="free" pos="vvi" reg="free" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">free</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvb" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="grief" pos="n " reg="grief" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grief</w> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <w lemma="ere" pos="acp-cs" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">e're</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvb" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">never</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="absent" pos="j" reg="absent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">absent</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="morat" pos="n -nn" reg="morat" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morat</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="vvb" reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hope</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="dream" pos="vvb" reg="dream" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dream</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <w lemma="�" pos="�" reg="�" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">�</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">)</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <w lemma="withal" pos="av" reg="withal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">withal</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="sigh" pos="n " reg="sighs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sighs</w> <w lemma="stop" pos="vvb" reg="stop" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stop</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">words</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">aside</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="get" pos="vvi" reg="get" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">get</w> <w lemma="light" pos="n " reg="lights" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lights</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">�</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="vvb" reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hope</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">they</w> <w xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">perjur'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="true" pos="j" reg="true" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">true</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="ex." pos="n-ab" reg="ex." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ex.</w> <w lemma="plac." pos="n-ab" reg="plac." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">plac.</w> <w lemma="lead" pos="vvn" reg="led" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">led</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fabiano</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="zem." pos="n-ab" reg="zem." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">zem.</w> </hi> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">after</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="disdain" pos="n " reg="disdain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">disdain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="just" pos="j" reg="just" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvn" reg="fallen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fallen</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="low" pos="j" reg="low" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">low</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="seek" pos="vvi" reg="seek" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seek</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-ro" reg="whom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">whom</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="scorn" pos="vvz" reg="scorns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scorns</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">am</w> <w lemma="true" pos="j" reg="true" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">true</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="hear" pos="vvb" reg="hear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hear</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="laura" pos="n -nn" reg="laura" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">laura</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thou</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vm " reg="canst" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can'st</w> <w lemma="only" pos="av_j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">only</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="thyself" pos="px" reg="thyself" xml:id="a - . 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" facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="consent" pos="vvi" reg="consent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">consent</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="believe" pos="vvd" reg="believed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">believ'd</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="woman" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">woman</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-c" reg="greater" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greater</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="believe" pos="vvd" reg="believed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">believ'd</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="man" pos="n " reg="man" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">man</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvi" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="mere" pos="j" reg="mere" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">meer</w> <w lemma="pity" pos="n " reg="pity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pity</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="use" pos="vvi" reg="use" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">use</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="ill" pos="av_j" reg="ill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ill</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">curst</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="assume" pos="vvg" reg="assuming" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">assuming</w> <w lemma="pride" pos="n " reg="pride" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pride</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="vexatious" pos="j" reg="vexatious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vexatious</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="j_vn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">curst</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="cunning" pos="n _j" reg="cunning" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cunning</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="many" pos="d" reg="many" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">many</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="sex" pos="n " reg="sex" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sex</w> <w lemma="deceive" pos="vvi" reg="deceive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deceive</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="feign" pos="vvi" reg="feign" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">feign</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="lie" pos="vvi" reg="lie" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lye</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="weep" pos="vvi" reg="weep" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">weep</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="will." pos="n-ab" reg="william" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will.</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="reservedness" pos="n " reg="reservedness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reserv'dness</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="bawd" pos="n " reg="bawd" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bawd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="steal" pos="vvn" reg="stolen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stol'n</w> <w lemma="pleasure" pos="n " reg="pleasures" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">thee</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="all" pos="av_d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="possess" pos="vvd" reg="possessed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">possest</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="beggar" pos="n " reg="beggar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beggar</w> <w lemma="these" pos="d" reg="these" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">these</w> <w lemma="young" pos="j" reg="young" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">young</w> <w lemma="wretch" pos="n " reg="wretches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wretches</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-rg" reg="whose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whose</w> <w lemma="sight" pos="n " reg="sight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sight</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="fill" pos="vvz" reg="fills" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvb" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">find</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="check" pos="vvb" reg="check" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">check</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">know</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">do</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="rail" pos="vvb" reg="rail" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rail</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-av" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">on</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvb" reg="curse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">curse</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="hate" pos="vvb" reg="hate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hate</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="scorn" pos="vvb" reg="scorn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">scorn</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="spurn" pos="vvb" reg="spurn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">spurn</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="vvi" reg="ease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ease</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rival</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">find</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvi" reg="give" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">give</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="instant" pos="j" reg="instant" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">instant</w> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">death</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="going" pos="zz" reg="going" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">going</w> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="hold" pos="vvb" reg="hold" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hold</w> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <w lemma="hinder" pos="vvz" reg="hinders" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hinders</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvi" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">go</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="prevent" pos="vvn" reg="prevented" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prevented</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart</w> <w lemma="break" pos="vvz" reg="breaks" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">how</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="hand" pos="n " reg="hand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hand</w> <w lemma="shake" pos="vvz" reg="shakes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shakes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alas</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="cruel" pos="av_j" reg="cruelly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cruelly</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dye</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretched</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">â�ª</w> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pray" pos="uh_v" reg="pray" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pray</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="rise" pos="vvb" reg="rise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rise</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">there</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="apartment" pos="n " reg="apartment" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="ship" pos="vvn" reg="shipped" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shipt</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="afric" pos="n -nn" reg="afric" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">afric</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="bravo" pos="n " reg="bravo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bravo</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">come</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">let</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">placentia's</w> <w lemma="lodging" pos="n " reg="lodgings" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lodgings</w> <w lemma="seize" pos="vvb" reg="seize" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">seize</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">he</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="hostage" pos="n " reg="hostage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hostage</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="future" pos="j" reg="future" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">future</w> <w lemma="pardon" pos="n " reg="pardon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pardon</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="laura" pos="n -nn" reg="laura" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">laura</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="help" pos="vvi" reg="help" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">help</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="fall." pos="n-ab" reg="fall." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fall.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="necessity" pos="n " reg="necessity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">necessity</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvz" reg="makes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">makes</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="villain" pos="n " reg="villains" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">villains</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exeunt" pos="fw-la" reg="exeunt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exeunt</w> </stage> </div> <div n=" " type="act" xml:id="a -e "> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="act" pos="n " reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">act</w> <w lemma="v." pos="n-ab" reg="v." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">v.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </head> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">enter</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fabiano</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="haste" pos="n " reg="haste" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">haste</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">let</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="fly" pos="vvi" reg="fly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fly</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <hi xml:id="a -e "/> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n g-nn" reg="ricardo's" xml:id="a - . " facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">ricardo's</w> <w lemma="threat" pos="n " reg="threats" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">threats</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="busy" pos="j" reg="busy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">busie</w> <w lemma="gloomy" pos="j" reg="gloomy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gloomy</w> <w lemma="look" pos="n " reg="looks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">looks</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="odd" pos="j" reg="odd" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">odd</w> <w lemma="expression" pos="n " reg="expressions" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">expressions</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="lady" pos="n g" reg="lady's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lady's</w> <w lemma="wrong" pos="n _j" reg="wrongs" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="unsafe" pos="j" reg="unsafe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unsafe</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="stay" pos="vvi" reg="stay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stay</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="captain" pos="n " reg="captain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">captain</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="danger" pos="n " reg="danger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">danger</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="reach" pos="vvi" reg="reach" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reach</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="three" pos="crd" reg="three" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">three</w> <w lemma="bravo" pos="n " reg="bravoes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bravoes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="surprise" pos="n " reg="surprise" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">surprize</w> <w lemma="fab." pos="n-ab" reg="fab." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">fab.</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="sword" pos="n " reg="sword" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sword</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="throw" pos="vvb" reg="throw" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">throw</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="bind" pos="vvb" reg="bind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bind</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ha" pos="uh" reg="ha!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ha!</w> <w lemma="villain" pos="n " reg="villains" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">villains</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-rg" reg="whose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">whose</w> <w lemma="order" pos="n " reg="orders" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">orders</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">am</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="seize" pos="vvn" reg="seized" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seiz'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma=" " pos="crd" reg=" " xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> </w> <w lemma="bra." pos="n-ab" reg="bra." xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- " rendition="hi-before-apostr">ricardo's</w> <w lemma="hedesign" pos="n " reg="hedesigns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hedesigns</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="hurt" pos="n " reg="hurt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hurt</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="madam" pos="n " reg="madam" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">madam</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="deliver" pos="vvi" reg="deliver" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deliver</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="money" pos="n " reg="money" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">money</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="plate" pos="n " reg="plate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plate</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="jewel" pos="n " reg="jewels" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">jewels</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="else" pos="av" reg="else" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">else</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="order" pos="n " reg="orders" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">orders</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvi" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="force" pos="n " reg="force" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">force</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="assist" pos="vvb" reg="assist" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">assist</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="despair" pos="n " reg="despair" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">despair</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">)</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">if</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">there</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <w lemma="remedy" pos="n " reg="remedy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">remedy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="go" pos="vvb" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="yonder" pos="av_d" reg="yonder" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yonder</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">find</w> <w lemma="much" pos="av_d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">than</w> <w lemma="ever" pos="av" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">e're</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="hearts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hearts</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="vvi" reg="wish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wish</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma=" " pos="crd" reg=" " xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- "> </w> <w lemma="bra." pos="n-ab" reg="bra." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bra.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="search" pos="vvb" reg="search" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">search</w> <w lemma="every" pos="d" reg="every" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'ry</w> <w lemma="where" pos="crq-cs" reg="where" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">where</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="attend" pos="vvb" reg="attend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">attend</w> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="exit" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">exit</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="two" pos="crd" reg="two" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">two</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="bravo" pos="n " reg="bravoes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bravoes</w> <w lemma="run" pos="vvb" reg="run" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">run</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="place" pos="n " reg="place" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">place</w> <w lemma="point" pos="vvd" reg="pointed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pointed</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="step" pos="vvz" reg="steps" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">steps</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">out</w> <w lemma="after" pos="acp-p" reg="after" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">after</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="lock" pos="vvz" reg="locks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">locks</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="door" pos="n " reg="door" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">door</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="re-enter" pos="vvz" reg="reenters" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">re-enters</w> <w lemma="immediate" pos="av_j" reg="immediately" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">immediately</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">happy</w> <w lemma="chance" pos="n " reg="chance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">chance</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="lock" pos="vvn" reg="locked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lockt</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="villain" pos="n " reg="villains" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">villains</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="while" pos="cs" reg="while" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">while</w> <w lemma="eager" pos="av_j" reg="eagerly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eagerly</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="rush" pos="vvd" reg="rushed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rush'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="seize" pos="vvi" reg="seize" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seize</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="prey" pos="n " reg="prey" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">prey</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">do</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="begin" pos="vvz" reg="begins" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">begins</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="unbind" pos="vvi" reg="unbind" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unbind</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="enter" pos="vvb" reg="enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">enter</w> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <w lemma="hasty" pos="av_j" reg="hastily" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hastily</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ha" pos="uh" reg="ha" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hah</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="attempt" pos="vvb" reg="attempt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">attempt</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="free" pos="vvi" reg="free" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">free</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="die" pos="vvz" reg="dies" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="nun" pos="n " reg="nun" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nun</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="neither" pos="d-x" reg="neither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">neither</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvn" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">left</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvb" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="us" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">us</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvi" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="villain" pos="n " reg="villain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">villain</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="go" pos="vvi" reg="go" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">go</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="rather" pos="av-c" reg="rather" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rather</w> <w lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="would" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wou'd</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvn" reg="wedded" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wedded</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="plague" pos="n " reg="plague" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">plague</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">how</w> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="blush" pos="n " reg="blush" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blush</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="rage" pos="n " reg="rage" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rage</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="sullen" pos="j" reg="sullen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sullen</w> <w lemma="grace" pos="n " reg="grace" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grace</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="scornful" pos="j" reg="scornful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">scornful</w> <w lemma="smile" pos="n " reg="smile" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">smile</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="blend" pos="vvn" reg="blended" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blended</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">with</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="frown" pos="n " reg="frown" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">frown</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="soft" pos="j" reg="soft" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soft</w> <w lemma="emotion" pos="n " reg="emotion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">emotion</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="wild" pos="j" reg="wild" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wild</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="beauty" pos="n " reg="beauty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beauty</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fire" pos="vvb" reg="fire" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fire</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="hot" pos="j" reg="hot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hot</w> <w lemma="blood" pos="n " reg="blood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blood</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="mantle" pos="n " reg="mantles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mantles</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="bubble" pos="n " reg="bubbles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bubbles</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="boil" pos="vvz" reg="boils" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">boyls</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvg" reg="living" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">living</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="within" pos="acp-p" reg="within" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">within</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="lonesom" pos="j" reg="lonesom" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lonesom</w> <w lemma="wall" pos="n " reg="walls" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">walls</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="cloister" pos="n " reg="cloister" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cloyster</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">will</w> <w lemma="lie" pos="vvi" reg="lie" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lye</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="quiet" pos="j" reg="quiet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">quiet</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="silent" pos="j" reg="silent" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">silent</w> <w lemma="grave" pos="n " reg="grave" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grave</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="forget" pos="vvn" reg="forgot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forgot</w> <w lemma="among" pos="acp-p" reg="among" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">among</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="solitary" pos="j" reg="solitary" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">solitary</w> <w lemma="tomb" pos="n " reg="tombs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tombs</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="knee" pos="n " reg="knees" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">knees</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="fear" pos="n " reg="fear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fear</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvz" reg="has" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">has</w> <w lemma="scarce" pos="av_j" reg="scarce" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">scarce</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvn" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">left</w> <w lemma="able" pos="j" reg="able" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">able</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvi" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bear</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="tremble" pos="vvg" reg="trembling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">trembling</w> <w lemma="body" pos="n " reg="body" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">body</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="remain" pos="j_vg" reg="remaining" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">remaining</w> <w lemma="tear" pos="n " reg="tears" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tears</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="sad" pos="j" reg="sad" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sad</w> <w lemma="day" pos="n " reg="day" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">day</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">best</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hopes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hopes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">by</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="future" pos="j" reg="future" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">future</w> <w lemma="safety" pos="n " reg="safety" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">safety</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="adjure" pos="vvb" reg="adjure" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">adjure</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvb" reg="spare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spare</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvb" reg="spare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spare</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="honour" pos="n " reg="honour" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">honour</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="nor" pos="cc-x" reg="nor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nor</w> <w lemma="act" pos="vvi" reg="act" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">act</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="crime" pos="n " reg="crime" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">crime</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">you</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="vvi" reg="wish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wish</w> <w lemma="undo" pos="vvn" reg="undone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">undone</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="late" pos="av_j" reg="late" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">late</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="down" pos="acp-av" reg="down" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">down</w> <w lemma="stubborn" pos="j" reg="stubborn" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stubborn</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="bend" pos="vvi" reg="bend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bend</w> <w lemma="knee" pos="n " reg="knees" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">knees</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">placentia</w> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvz" reg="knelt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kneels</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="goddess" pos="n " reg="goddess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">goddess</w> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvz" reg="knelt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kneels</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j-c" reg="greater" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">greater</w> <w lemma="wonder" pos="n " reg="wonder" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wonder</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rival</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="thy" pos="po" reg="thy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thy</w> <w lemma="foot" pos="n " reg="feet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">feet</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvi" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beg</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="ah" pos="uh" reg="ah" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ah</w> <w lemma="no" pos="uh" reg="no!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no!</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="vvb" reg="wish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wish</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dye</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvb" reg="spare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spare</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="spare" pos="vvb" reg="spare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">spare</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="blood" pos="n " reg="blood" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blood</w> <w lemma="atone" pos="vvi" reg="atone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">attone</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="something" pos="pi" reg="something" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">something</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="feel" pos="vvb" reg="feel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">feel</w> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">like</w> <w lemma="pity" pos="n " reg="pity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pity</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="hide" pos="vvi" reg="hide" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hide</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">]</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="yield" pos="vvb" reg="yield" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">yield</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvi" reg="wed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wed</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">or</w> <w lemma="both" pos="d" reg="both" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">both</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shall</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dye</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">pla.</w> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-q" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">who</w> <w lemma="hold" pos="vvz" reg="holds" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="who" pos="crq-r" reg="who" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">who</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvz" reg="takes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">takes</w> <w lemma="up" pos="acp-av" reg="up" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">up</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="sword." pos="n-ab" reg="sword." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sword.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="quick" pos="j" reg="quick" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">quick</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="call" pos="vvb" reg="call" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">call</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="captain" pos="n " reg="captain" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">exit</w> <w lemma="seru." pos="n-ab" reg="seru." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">serv.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">without</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="open" pos="vvb" reg="open" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">open</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="door" pos="n " reg="door" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">door</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="thief" pos="n " reg="thiefs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thieves</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="ravisher" pos="n " reg="ravishers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ravishers</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">without</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="break" pos="vvi" reg="break" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">break</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="open" pos="vvi" reg="open" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">open</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">(</pc> <w lemma="knock" pos="n " reg="knocks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">knocks</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="wrenche" pos="n " reg="wrenches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wrenches</w> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">without</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="morel" pos="n -nn" reg="morel" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">your self</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ah" pos="uh" reg="ah" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ah</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">can</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soul</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">more</w> <w lemma="than" pos="cs" reg="than" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">than</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="face" pos="n " reg="face" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">face</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="change" pos="vvn" reg="changed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">chang'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">did</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="use" pos="vvi" reg="use" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">use</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvi" reg="meet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">meet</w> <w lemma="our" pos="po" reg="our" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">our</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joys" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">joys</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="way" pos="n " reg="way" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">way</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="best" pos="j-s" reg="best" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">best</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">upon</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="knee" pos="n " reg="knees" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">knees</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvb" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beg</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="d" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="calumny" pos="n " reg="calumny" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">calumny</w> <w lemma="may" pos="vmb" reg="may" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">may</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="possess" pos="vvi" reg="possess" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">possess</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">soul</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vin.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">aside</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">)</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-cs" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">how</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">am</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="change" pos="vvn" reg="changed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">chang'd</w> <w lemma="indeed" pos="av" reg="indeed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vv " reg="hast" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hast</w> <w lemma="pervert" pos="vvn" reg="perverted" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">perverted</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">all</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="noble" pos="j" reg="noble" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">noble</w> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">nature</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="drov'" pos="vv " reg="drov'st" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">drov'st</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="flatter" pos="j_vg" reg="flattering" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">flatt'ring</w> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hope" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hope</w> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - 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c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="absence" pos="n " reg="absence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">absence</w> <w lemma="steal" pos="vvn" reg="stolen" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stoln</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="jewel" pos="n " reg="jewel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">jewel</w> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="f." pos="n-ab" reg="f." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">f.</w> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">aside</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="sy" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="prize" pos="vvn" reg="prized" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">don</w> <w lemma="john." pos="n-ab" reg="john." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">john.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <hi xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </hi> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#follows-hi">]</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvi" reg="meet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">meet</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">hears</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvi" reg="speak" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">speak</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">vin.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="aside" pos="av" reg="aside" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " rendition="#hi">aside</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="hope" pos="n " reg="hopes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hopes</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="revenge" pos="n " reg="revenge" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">revenge</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="beat" pos="vvi" reg="beaten" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beat</w> <w lemma="out" pos="av" reg="out" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">out</w> <w lemma="jealousy" pos="n " reg="jealousy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">jealousy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="myself" pos="px" reg="myself" xml:id="a - . 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" facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="another" pos="d" reg="another" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">another</w> <w lemma="offer" pos="vvi" reg="offer" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">offer</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <w lemma="dispose" pos="vvi" reg="dispose" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dispose</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="fabiano" pos="n -nn" reg="fabiano" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">fabiano</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="its" pos="po" reg="its" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">its</w> <w lemma="duty" pos="n " reg="duty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">duty</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="whole" pos="av_j" reg="wholly" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wholly</w> <w lemma="you" pos="png" reg="yours" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yours</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">prompt</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="friendship" pos="n " reg="friendship" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friendship</w> <w lemma="or" pos="cc" reg="or" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">or</w> <w lemma="respect" pos="n " reg="respect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">respect</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="respect" pos="n " reg="respect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">respect</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="welcome" pos="j" reg="welcome" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">welcome</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="when" pos="crq-cs" reg="when" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">when</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvd" reg="thought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thought</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="none" pos="pi-x" reg="none" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">none</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">had</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="strong" pos="j-c" reg="stronger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stronger</w> <w lemma="tie" pos="n " reg="tie" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tye</w> <w lemma="upon" pos="acp-p" reg="upon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">upon</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="soul." pos="n-ab" reg="soul." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul.</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="respect" pos="n " reg="respect" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">respect</w> <w lemma="â�ª" pos="â�ª" reg="â�ª" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â�ª</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">is</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="below" pos="acp-p" reg="below" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">below</w> <w lemma="contempt" pos="n " reg="contempt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">contempt</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="pla." pos="n-ab" reg="pla." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pla.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vin.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="unspeak" pos="vvd" reg="unspeak" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">unspeak</w> <w lemma="those" pos="d" reg="those" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">those</w> <w lemma="word" pos="n " reg="words" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">words</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ten" pos="crd" reg="ten" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ten</w> <w lemma="thousand" pos="crd" reg="thousand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thousand</w> <w lemma="viper" pos="n " reg="vipers" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vipers</w> <w lemma="sting" pos="vvn" reg="stung" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stung</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">at</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="sound" pos="n " reg="sound" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sound</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ten" pos="crd" reg="ten" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ten</w> <w lemma="thousand" pos="crd" reg="thousand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thousand</w> <w lemma="thought" pos="n " reg="thoughts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thoughts</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="wild" pos="j" reg="wild" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wild</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="black" pos="j" reg="black" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">black</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="dismal" pos="j" reg="dismal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dismal</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="work" pos="vvb" reg="work" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">work</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="mad" pos="j" reg="mad" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mad</w> <w lemma="brain" pos="n " reg="brain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brain</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="say" pos="vvb" reg="say" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">say</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvb" reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friends" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friends</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="wrest" pos="vvi" reg="wrist" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wrest</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">him</w> <w lemma="from" pos="acp-p" reg="from" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">from</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="heart" pos="n " reg="heart" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heart</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="will" join="left">will</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="vain" pos="j" reg="vain" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">then</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="yes" pos="uh" reg="yes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yes</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="first" pos="ord" reg="first" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">first</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rival</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shall</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="ripe" pos="j" reg="ripe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ripe</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="ruin" pos="n " reg="ruin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ruin</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="like" pos="acp-p" reg="like" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">like</w> <w lemma="some" pos="d" reg="some" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">some</w> <w lemma="batter" pos="j_vn" reg="battered" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">batter'd</w> <w lemma="wall" pos="n " reg="wall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wall</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="haughty" pos="j" reg="haughty" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">haughty</w> <w lemma="foe" pos="n " reg="foe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">foe</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="crush" pos="vvi" reg="crush" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">crush</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="n " reg="fall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fall</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="kill" pos="vvb" reg="kill" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kill</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="thank" pos="vvi" reg="thank" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thank</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-cs" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="hopeless" pos="j" reg="hopeless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hopeless</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvb" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">live</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvb" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="foe" pos="n " reg="foe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">foe</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nothing</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-p" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="barbarous" pos="j" reg="barbarous" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">barbarous</w> <w lemma="wrong" pos="n _j" reg="wrong" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wrong</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvn" reg="done" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">done</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cou'd</w> <w lemma="make" pos="vvi" reg="make" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">make</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="draw" pos="vvi" reg="draw" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">draw</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="sword" pos="n " reg="sword" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sword</w> <w lemma="against" pos="acp-p" reg="against" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">against</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friend</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vin.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="wicked" pos="j" reg="wicked" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wicked</w> <w lemma="ere" pos="acp-cs" reg="ever" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">e're</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="vvn" reg="eased" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">eas'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="friendship" pos="n " reg="friendship" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friendship</w> <w lemma="back" pos="av" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">back</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="why" pos="crq-q" reg="why" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">why</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">am</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvn" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">curst</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="brother" pos="n " reg="brother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brother</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="base" pos="j" reg="base" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">base</w> <w lemma="wretch" pos="n " reg="wretch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretch</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="friend" pos="n " reg="friend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friend</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rival</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">what</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="j-c" reg="worse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worse</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rival</w> <w lemma="love" pos="vvn" reg="loved" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lov'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="torture" pos="n " reg="tortures" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tortures</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-r" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">what</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">most</w> <w lemma="rack" pos="vvz" reg="racks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">racks</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="very" pos="j" reg="very" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="n " reg="ease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ease</w> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n g" reg="life's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">life's</w> <w lemma="cost" pos="n " reg="cost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cost</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="whither" pos="crq-q" reg="whither" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">whither</w> <w lemma="passion" pos="n " reg="passion" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">passion</w> <w lemma="hurry" pos="vvd" reg="hurried" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hurried</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lord</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="were" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">were</w> <w lemma="wilful" pos="j" reg="wilful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wilful</w> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">death</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="n " reg="ease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ease</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="deny" pos="vvi" reg="deny" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">deny</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="he" pos="pno" reg="him" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">him</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">that</w> <w lemma="give" pos="vvz" reg="gives" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gives</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">too</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">am</w> <w lemma="most" pos="av-s_d" reg="most" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">most</w> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wretched</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">life</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="gift" pos="n " reg="gift" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">gift</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">of</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">heav'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">we</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">must</w> <w lemma="wait" pos="vvi" reg="wait" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wait</w> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="till" pos="acp-p" reg="till" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">till</w> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <w lemma="command" pos="vvz" reg="commands" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">commands</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="back" pos="av" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">back</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="gain" pos="vvi" reg="gain" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gain</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="better" pos="j-c" reg="better" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">better</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vin.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="touch" pos="vvn" reg="touched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">touch'd</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="come" pos="vvb" reg="come" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">come</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="arm" pos="n " reg="arms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">arms</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="reconcile" pos="vvn" reg="reconciled" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">reconcil'd</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="wretchedness" pos="n " reg="wretchedness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretchedness</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="nay" pos="uh-x" reg="nay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="even" pos="av" reg="even" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ev'n</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="thomas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rivals" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rivals</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="agree" pos="vvi" reg="agree" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">agree</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">:</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">let</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="we" pos="pno" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="three" pos="crd" reg="three" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">three</w> <w lemma="join" pos="vvb" reg="join" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joyn</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-av" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="partner" pos="n " reg="partners" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">partners</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="affliction" pos="n " reg="affliction" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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-a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="ld" pos="n -nn" reg="ld" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ld</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="don" pos="n " reg="don" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">don</w> <w lemma="ferdinand" pos="n -nn" reg="ferdinand" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ferdinand</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="guard" pos="n " reg="guards" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guards</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="force" pos="vvg" reg="forcing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forcing</w> <w lemma="entrance" pos="n " reg="entrance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">entrance</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">prison</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="morel" pos="n -nn" reg="morel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">morel</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="sister" pos="n " reg="sister" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">sister</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="more" pos="d-c" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joy</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="find" pos="vvi" reg="find" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">find</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="double" pos="vvz" reg="doubles" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">doubles</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="delight" pos="n " reg="delight" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">delight</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvd" reg="took" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">took</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="friendship" pos="n " reg="friendship" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">friendship</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="love" pos="n " reg="love" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">love</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">was</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="great" pos="j" reg="great" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="before" pos="acp-p" reg="before" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">before</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="increase" pos="vvi" reg="increase" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">encrease</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="re-enter" pos="j" reg="re-enter" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">re-enter</w> <w lemma="ricardo" pos="n -nn" reg="ricardo" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">ricardo</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">in</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">an</w> <w lemma="old" pos="j" reg="old" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">old</w> <w lemma="gown" pos="n " reg="gown" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gown</w> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="attendant" pos="n _j" reg="attendants" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">attendants</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="fortune" pos="n " reg="fortune" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fortune</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="nature" pos="n " reg="nature" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nature</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="owe" pos="vvb" reg="owe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">owe</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="nothing" pos="pi-x" reg="nothing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">nothing</w> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-p" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretched</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvg" reg="being" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">being</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="take" pos="vvb" reg="take" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">take</w> <w lemma="back" pos="av" reg="back" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">back</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="thankless" pos="j" reg="thankless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thankless</w> <w lemma="gift" pos="n " reg="gift" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">wil't</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pns" reg="thou" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">thou</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">still</w> <w lemma="plague" pos="vvi" reg="plague" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">plague</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvb" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dye</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dye</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">might</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvi" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">have</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvn" reg="lived" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">liv'd</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">alas</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="little" pos="j" reg="little" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">little</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvi" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">know</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">"</pc> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">what</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="'s" join="left">'s</w> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">now</w> <w lemma="divulge" pos="vvn" reg="divulged" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">divulg'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="rack" pos="n " reg="rack" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">rack</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="stretch" pos="vvi" reg="stretch" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">stretch</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="limb" pos="n " reg="limbs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">limbs</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="show" pos="vvi" reg="show" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">show</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">death</w> <w lemma="in" pos="acp-p" reg="in" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">in</w> <w lemma="view" pos="n " reg="view" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">view</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">how</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmb" reg="shall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shall</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="meet" pos="vvi" reg="meet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">meet</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="husband" pos="n g" reg="husband's" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">husbands</w> <w lemma="shade" pos="n " reg="shade" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shade</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="methinks" pos="vvb" reg="methinks" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">methinks</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">"</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvb" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">see</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">his</w> <w lemma="angry" pos="j" reg="angry" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">angry</w> <w lemma="ghost" pos="n " reg="ghost" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ghost</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="he" pos="pns" reg="he" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">he</w> <w lemma="frown" pos="n " reg="frowns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">frowns</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="hide" pos="vvb" reg="hide" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hide</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -a"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="forgive" pos="vvb" reg="forgive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forgive</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="bless" pos="j_vn" reg="blessed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blest</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="forgive" pos="vvb" reg="forgive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forgive</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="delude" pos="j_vn" reg="deluded" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">deluded</w> <w lemma="woman" pos="n " reg="woman" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">woman</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="children" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">children</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="how" pos="crq-q" reg="how" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">how</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">can</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="forgive" pos="vvb" reg="forgive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forgive</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">once</w> <w lemma="more" pos="av-c_d" reg="more" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">more</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="stay" pos="vvb" reg="stay" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">stay</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="dare" pos="vvb" reg="dare" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dare</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="dismal" pos="j" reg="dismal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dismal</w> <w lemma="fâ��â��e" pos="n " reg="fâ��â��e" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fâ��â��e</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">a</w> <w lemma="die" pos="j_vg" reg="dying" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dying</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mother</w> <w lemma="dread" pos="vvz" reg="dreads" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dreads</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvi" reg="see" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">see</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="children" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">children</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">not</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="owe" pos="vvb" reg="owe" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">owe</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="ruin" pos="n " reg="ruin" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ruin</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="alone" pos="av_j" reg="alone" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alone</w> <w lemma="shall" pos="vmd" reg="should" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">shou'd</w> <w lemma="vengeance" pos="n " reg="vengeance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vengeance</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvi" reg="fall" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fall</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="add" pos="vvb" reg="add" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">add</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="torment" pos="n " reg="torments" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">torments</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">so</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="have" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">have</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="vvi" reg="ease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ease</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="oh!" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh!</w> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="curse" pos="vvd" reg="cursed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">curst</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <w lemma="still" pos="av" reg="still" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">still</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="though" pos="cs" reg="though" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tho'</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">she</w> <w lemma="never" pos="av-x" reg="never" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ne're</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvd" reg="knew" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">knew</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" join="left">was</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="good" pos="j" reg="good" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">good</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="strive" pos="vvd" reg="striven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">strove</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="wed" pos="vvi" reg="wed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wed</w> <w lemma="placentia" pos="n -nn" reg="placentia" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " rendition="#hi">placentia</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="bear" pos="vvi" reg="bear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">bear</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">an</w> <w lemma="age" pos="n " reg="age" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">age</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="hell" pos="n " reg="hell" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">hell</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="mend" pos="vvi" reg="mend" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mend</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">your</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fates" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fates</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="amazement" pos="n " reg="amazement" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">amazement</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="guilt" pos="n " reg="guilt" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">forgive</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="poison" pos="n " reg="poison" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poyson</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="that" pos="cs" reg="that" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">that</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="wake" pos="vvi" reg="wake" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wake</w> <w lemma="heavens" pos="n g" reg="heavens'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'ns</w> <w lemma="vengeance" pos="n " reg="vengeance" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vengeance</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="seal" pos="vvi" reg="seal" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">seal</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">the</w> <w lemma="ear" pos="n " reg="ears" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ears</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="mercy" pos="n " reg="mercy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mercy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvd" reg="was" join="left">was</w> <w lemma="charity" pos="n " reg="charity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">charity</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="kill" pos="vvi" reg="kill" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="yet" pos="av" reg="yet" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">yet</w> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="fault" pos="n " reg="faults" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">faults</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="alas" pos="uh" reg="alas" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">alas</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="all" pos="d" reg="all" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">all</w> <w lemma="want" pos="n " reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">want</w> <w lemma="mercy" pos="n " reg="mercy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mercy</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">we</w> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">must</w> <w lemma="forgive" pos="vvi" reg="forgive" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">forgive</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="heaven" pos="n " reg="heaven" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">heav'n</w> <w lemma="pardon" pos="vvb" reg="pardon" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">pardon</w> <w lemma="thou" pos="pno" reg="thee" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thee</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="ri." pos="n-ab" reg="ri." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ri.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">throws</w> <w lemma="himself" pos="px" reg="himself" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">himself</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="face" pos="n " reg="face" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">face</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="away" pos="av" reg="away" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">away</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="dearfond" pos="j" reg="dearfond" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dearfond</w> <w lemma="wretch" pos="n " reg="wretches" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretches</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="why" pos="crq-q" reg="why" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">why</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvb" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">d'</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <w lemma="cling" pos="vvi" reg="cling" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">cling</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="have" pos="vvb" reg="" join="left">'ve</w> <w lemma="ruine" pos="vvn" reg="ruined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ruin'd</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="'m" join="left">'m</w> <w lemma="ruine" pos="vvn" reg="ruined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ruin'd</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="j-c" reg="worse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worse</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="innocent" pos="n _j" reg="innocents'" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">innocents</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="little" pos="av_j" reg="little" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">little</w> <w lemma="know" pos="vvb" reg="know" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">know</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">their</w> <w lemma="misery" pos="n " reg="misery" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">misery</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">"</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="feel" pos="vvb" reg="feel" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">feel</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="double" pos="j" reg="double" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">double</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">for</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="them" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">them</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="wretched" pos="j" reg="wretched" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">wretched</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mother</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="have" pos="vvd" reg="had" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">had</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">my self</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmd" reg="'d" join="left">'d</w> <w lemma="think" pos="vvi" reg="think" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">think</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pno" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">'em</w> <w lemma="gentle" pos="j" reg="gentle" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">gentle</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">but</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">this</w> <w lemma="worse" pos="j-c" reg="worse" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">worse</w> <w lemma="affliction" pos="n " reg="affliction" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">affliction</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="entail" pos="vvn" reg="entailed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">intail'd</w> <w lemma="on" pos="acp-p" reg="on" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">on</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">you</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="poor" pos="j" reg="poor" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">poor</w> <w lemma="helpless" pos="j" reg="helpless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">helpless</w> <w lemma="guiltless" pos="j" reg="guiltless" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">guiltless</w> <w lemma="orphan" pos="n " reg="orphans" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">orphans</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">it</w> <w lemma="turn" pos="vvz" reg="turns" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">turns</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="brain" pos="n " reg="brains" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">brains</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="distract" pos="vvz" reg="distracts" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">distracts</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- " type="contract ">'t</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -a- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" join="left">is</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">too</w> <w lemma="much" pos="av_d" reg="much" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">much</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="dreadful" pos="j" reg="dreadful" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dreadful</w> <w lemma="change" pos="n " reg="change" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">change</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="vanity" pos="n " reg="vanity" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vanity</w> <w lemma="of" pos="acp-p" reg="of" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">of</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> <pb facs="tcp: : " n=" " xml:id="a - -b"/> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">death</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvz" reg="is" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">is</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="only" pos="j" reg="only" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">only</w> <w lemma="blessing" pos="n " reg="blessing" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">blessing</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="a" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">a</w> <w lemma="fond" pos="j" reg="fond" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fond</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mother</w> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">[</pc> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">she</w> <w lemma="fall" pos="vvz" reg="falls" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">falls</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="then" pos="av" reg="then" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">then</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">she</w> <w lemma="see" pos="vvz" reg="sees" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sees</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="dagger" pos="n " reg="dagger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dagger</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="take" pos="vvz" reg="takes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">takes</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="up" pos="acp-av" reg="up" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">up</w> <w lemma="private" pos="av_j" reg="privately" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">privately</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">can</w> <w lemma="wish" pos="vvi" reg="wish" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">wish</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j-s" reg="dearest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dearest</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="children" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">children</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="ha" pos="uh" reg="ha" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ha</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="dagger" pos="n " reg="dagger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dagger</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="do" pos="vvz" reg="does" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">do's</w> <w lemma="not" pos="xx" reg="not" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">not</w> <w lemma="fate" pos="n " reg="fate" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">fate</w> <w lemma="hint" pos="n " reg="hint" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hint</w> <w lemma="by" pos="acp-p" reg="by" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">by</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="ease" pos="vvi" reg="ease" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ease</w> <w xml:id="a - " lemma="'" reg="'" ana="sy" facs="a - -b- ">'</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="'em" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">em</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="must" pos="vmb" reg="must" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">must</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">they</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="leave" pos="vvn" reg="left" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">left</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="want" pos="vvi" reg="want" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">want</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvi" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beg</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="starve" pos="vvi" reg="starve" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">starve</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvi" reg="do" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">do</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="'t" join="left">'t</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="what" pos="crq-q" reg="what" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">what</w> <w lemma="arm" pos="n " reg="arm" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">arm</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb" reg="can" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">can</w> <w lemma="hurt" pos="vvi" reg="hurt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hurt</w> <w lemma="such" pos="d" reg="such" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">such</w> <w lemma="sweetness" pos="n " reg="sweetness" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">sweetness</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="can" pos="vmb-x" reg="cannot" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">cannot</w> <w lemma="strike" pos="vvi" reg="strike" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="shame" pos="vvb" reg="shame" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">shame</w> <w lemma="their" pos="po" reg="their" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">their</w> <w lemma="name" pos="n " reg="name" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">name</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="dye" pos="vvi" reg="die" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dye</w> <w lemma="perhaps" pos="av" reg="perhaps" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">perhaps</w> <w lemma="a" pos="d" reg="an" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">an</w> <w lemma="ignominious" pos="j" reg="ignominious" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ignominious</w> <w lemma="death" pos="n " reg="death" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">death</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">?</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="no" pos="uh-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">no</w> <pc xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">look</w> <w lemma="so" pos="av" reg="so" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">so</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="indeed" pos="av" reg="indeed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">indeed</w> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="fright" pos="vvz" reg="frights" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">frights</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="pray" pos="vvb" reg="pray" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">pray</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb-x" reg="bened" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ben't</w> <w lemma="angry" pos="j" reg="angry" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">angry</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">i</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="hug" pos="vvi" reg="hug" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hug</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="kiss" pos="vvi" reg="kiss" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">kiss</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="away" pos="av" reg="away" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">away</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="'re" join="left">'re</w> <w lemma="ruine" pos="vvn" reg="ruined" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ruin'd</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="live" pos="vvb" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">live</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">;</pc> <w lemma="we" pos="pns" reg="we" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- " type="contract ">we</w> <w xml:id="a - c" facs="a - -b- c" type="contract " lemma="will" pos="vmb" reg="'ll" join="left">'ll</w> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvi" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beg</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="beg" pos="vvb" reg="beg" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">beg</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="can" pos="vmd" reg="could" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="lau." pos="n-ab" reg="lau." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">lau.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -b- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="this" pos="d" reg="this" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">this</w> <w lemma="disarm" pos="vvz" reg="disarms" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">disarms</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pno" reg="me" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">me</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> <w lemma="live" pos="vvb" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">live</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">my</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j-s" reg="dearest" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dearest</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="children" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">children</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="live" pos="vvb" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">live</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j-c" reg="happier" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">happier</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="you" pos="pn" reg="you" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">you</w> <w lemma="instruct" pos="vvb" reg="instruct" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">instruct</w> <w lemma="your" pos="po" reg="your" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">your</w> <w lemma="mother" pos="n " reg="mother" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">mother</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> </l> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -b- ">(</pc> <w lemma="she" pos="pns" reg="she" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">she</w> <w lemma="throw" pos="vvz" reg="throws" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">throws</w> <w lemma="away" pos="av" reg="away" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">away</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="dagger" pos="n " reg="dagger" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">dagger</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="embrace" pos="n " reg="embraces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">embraces</w> <w lemma="her" pos="po" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">her</w> <w lemma="child" pos="n " reg="children" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">children</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">.</pc> </stage> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">i</w> <w lemma="too" pos="av" reg="too" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">too</w> <w lemma="ought" pos="vmd" reg="ought" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">ought</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">to</w> <w lemma="live" pos="vvi" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">live</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="if" pos="cs" reg="if" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">if</w> <w lemma="there" pos="av" reg="there" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">there</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvi" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">be</w> <w lemma="mean" pos="n " reg="means" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">means</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">â��</pc> <w lemma="but" pos="acp-cc" reg="but" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">but</w> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">oh</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="poison" pos="n " reg="poison" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">poyson</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="work" pos="vvz" reg="works" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">works</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="hah" pos="uh" reg="hah" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">hah</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">!</pc> <w lemma="it" pos="pn" reg="it" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">it</w> <w lemma="shoot" pos="vvz" reg="shoots" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">he</w> <w lemma="embrace" pos="vvz" reg="embraces" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">embraces</w> <w lemma="she" pos="pno" reg="her" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">her</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fa." pos="n-ab" reg="fa." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fa.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="life" pos="n " reg="life" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">life</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="soul" pos="n " reg="soul" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">soul</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="i" pos="pns" reg="i" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">i</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvm" reg="am" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">â��</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="lord" pos="n " reg="lord" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">lord</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">father</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">!</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <pc xml:id="a - " join="right" facs="a - -a- ">[</pc> <w lemma="kneel" pos="vvz" reg="knelt" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">kneels</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-p" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="his" pos="po" reg="his" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">his</w> <w lemma="father" pos="n " reg="father" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">father</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="fer." pos="n-ab" reg="fer." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">fer.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="oh" pos="uh" reg="o" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">oh</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="dear" pos="j" reg="dear" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">dear</w> <w lemma="son" pos="n " reg="son" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">son</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="blessed" pos="vvn" reg="blessed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blest</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">and</w> <w lemma="let" pos="vvb" reg="let" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">let</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="tear" pos="n " reg="tears" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">tears</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="now" pos="av" reg="now" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">now</w> <w lemma="speak" pos="vvb" reg="speak" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">speak</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="joy" pos="n " reg="joy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">joy</w> <w lemma="as" pos="acp-cs" reg="as" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">as</w> <w lemma="once" pos="acp-av" reg="once" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">once</w> <w lemma="they" pos="pns" reg="they" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">they</w> <w lemma="do" pos="vvd" reg="did" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">did</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="grief" pos="n " reg="grief" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">grief</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <sp xml:id="a -e "> <speaker xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="vin." pos="n-ab" reg="vin." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">vin.</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - -eos" facs="a - -a- "/> </speaker> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="thus" pos="av" reg="thus" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">thus</w> <w lemma="providence" pos="n " reg="providence" xml:id="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">nor</w> <w lemma="my" pos="po" reg="my" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">my</w> <w lemma="rival" pos="n " reg="rival" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">rival</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">,</pc> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="live" pos="vvb" reg="live" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">live</w> <w lemma="happy" pos="j" reg="happy" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">happy</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> <w lemma="long" pos="av_j" reg="long" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">long</w> <w lemma="be" pos="vvb" reg="be" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">be</w> <w lemma="crown" pos="vvn" reg="crowned" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">crown'd</w> </l> <l xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="with" pos="acp-p" reg="with" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">with</w> <w lemma="blessing" pos="n " reg="blessings" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">blessings</w> <w lemma="which" pos="crq-r" reg="which" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">which</w> <w lemma="no" pos="d-x" reg="no" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">great</w> <w lemma="mischief" pos="n " reg="mischiefs" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">mischiefs</w> <w lemma="to" pos="acp-cs" reg="to" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">to</w> <w lemma="beware" pos="vvi" reg="beware" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">beware</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </l> </sp> <stage xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="exit" pos="fw-la" reg="ex." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">ex.</w> <w lemma="omnes" pos="fw-la" reg="omnes" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">omnes</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </stage> <trailer xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="finis" pos="fw-la" reg="finis" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">finis</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </trailer> </div> </body> <back xml:id="a -e "> <div type="publishers_advertisement" xml:id="a -e "> <list xml:id="a -e "> <pb facs="tcp: : " xml:id="a - -b"/> <head xml:id="a -e "> <w lemma="book" pos="n " reg="books" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">books</w> <w lemma="print" pos="vvn" reg="printed" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">printed</w> <w lemma="for" pos="acp-p" reg="for" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">for</w> <w lemma="d." pos="n-ab" reg="d." xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">d.</w> <w lemma="brown" pos="n -nn" reg="brown" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">brown</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="at" pos="acp-p" reg="at" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">at</w> <w lemma="the" pos="d" reg="the" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">the</w> <w lemma="black" pos="j" reg="black" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">black</w> <w lemma="swan" pos="n " reg="swan" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">swan</w> <w lemma="and" pos="cc" reg="and" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">and</w> <w lemma="bible" pos="n " reg="bible" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">bible</w> <pc xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">,</pc> <w lemma="without" pos="acp-p" reg="without" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">without</w> <w lemma="temple-bar" pos="n -nn" reg="temple-bar" xml:id="a - " facs="a - -b- ">temple-bar</w> <pc unit="sentence" xml:id="a - " facs="a - 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" facs="a - -a- ">.</pc> </note> </div> </div> </back> </text> </tei> a defence of the short view of the profaneness and immorality of the english stage, &c. being a reply to mr. congreve's amendments, &c. and to the vindication of the author of the relapse / by jeremy collier ... collier, jeremy, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a defence of the short view of the profaneness and immorality of the english stage, &c. being a reply to mr. congreve's amendments, &c. and to the vindication of the author of the relapse / by jeremy collier ... collier, jeremy, - . [ ], , [ ] p. printed for s. keble ... r. sare ... and h. hindmarsh ..., london : . errata: p. [ ] reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng collier, jeremy, - . -- short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. congreve, william, - . -- amendments of mr. collier's false and imperfect citations. vanbrugh, john, -- sir, - . -- short vindication of the relapse and the provoked wife, from immorality and prophaneness. theater -- england -- early works to . theater -- moral and ethical aspects -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a defence of the short view of the profaneness and immorality of the english stage , &c. being a reply to mr. congreve's amendments , &c. and to the vindication of the author of the relapse . by ieremy collier , m. a. fortem animum praestant rebus quas turpiter audent juven . sat. . london : printed for s. keble at the turks-head in fleetstreet , r. sare at grays-inn-gate , and h. hindmarsh against the exchange in cornhil , . to the reader . since the publishing my late view , &c. i have been plentifully rail'd on in print : this gives me some reason to suspect the answerers and the cause , are not altogether unlike . had there been nothing but plain argument to encounter , i think i might have ventured my book with them : but being charged with mis-citations and unfair dealing , 't was requisite to say something : for honesty is a tender point , and ought not to be neglected . mr. congreve and the author of the relapse , being the most eager complainants , and principals in the dispute , i have made it my choice to satisfie them . as for the volunteers , they will find themselves affected with the fortune of their friends ; and besides , i may probably have an opportunity of speaking farther with them hereafter . notwithstanding the singular management of the poets and play-house , i have had the satisfaction to perceive , the interest of virtue is not altogether sunk , but that conscience and modesty have still some footing among us . this consideration makes me hope a little farther discovery of the stage may not be unacceptable . the reader then may please to take notice , that the plot and no plot swears at length , and is scandalously smutty and profane . the fool in fashion for the first four acts is liable to the same imputation : something in swearing abated , caesar borgia , and love in a nunnery , are no better complexion'd than the former . and lastly , limberham , and the soldier 's fortune , are meer prodigies of lewdness and irreligion . if this general accusation appears too hard , i am ready to make it good . 't were easy to proceed to many other plays , but possibly this place may not be so proper to enlarge upon the subject . some of the stage-advocates pretend my remarks on their poetry are forreign to the business . on the contrary , i conceive it very defensible to disarm an adversary , if it may be , and disable him from doing mischief . to expose that which would expose religion , is a warrantable way of reprizals . those who paint for debauchery , should have the fucus pull'd off , and the coarseness underneath discover'd . the poets are the aggressors , let them lay down their arms first . we have suffer'd under silence a great while ; if we are in any fault , 't is because we began with them no sooner errata . page l. . after represented add , excepting plautius's amphitryon , which he calls a tragecomedy , p. . l. . r. summ'd up , p. . l. . r. animos ▪ p. . l. . after this dele the comma , p. ● . l. . after indecencies add a semicolon , l . after dealing add a comma , p. . l. . r. in , p. . l. . r. mr. congreve p. . l. . r. stile , p. . l. . for between god and the devil , r. between his respects to god and the devil , p. . l. . r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . an answer to mr. congreve's amendments , &c. mr. congreve being a person of no great ceremony , i shan't salute him with any introduction ; but fall to the business without more ado. this gentleman pretends to turn some of my expressions upon me . if these passages , says he , produced by mr. collier are obscene and profane , why are they raked in and disturb'd , unless it be to conjure up vice , and revive impurities , &c. i can't think mr. congreve so injudicious as to believe this citation a jot to his purpose . but i plainly perceive he presumes all along upon the weakness , or partiality of his reader : which by the way , is no great compliment . however , to say something directly . had these obnoxious passages lain hid in a learned language , and been lock'd up in latin , like iuvenal , i would no more have let them loose in a translation , than unchain'd the tyger at bartholomew fair : but since the mischief works in english , ' t●s time to think of an english remedy . b●●●des , as to the smut , i have endeavour'd not to disoblige the paper with any of it . but to show the accusation just , i made a general reference to play , and character : and sometimes upon a special occasion ; have mark'd the page . indeed to have transcrib'd it at length , would not only have been an improper , but a tedious employment . i was sensible the poets would try to make their advantage , of this necessary reserv'dness , that they would deny the fact , because the proof was not particular , and spoken out . but since the reader is directed to the evidence , he may disappoint them in this evasion , if he pleases . the profane part , tho' bolder , and more black , will bear the light better , and therefore when 't was clear of obscenity , i have set it to the bar. upon the whole ; i was willing to guard the virtue , and awaken the caution of the reader : and by the safest methods i could think of , to give check to the complicated infection . he affirms i call the stage-poets , buffoons and slaves ; for this he quotes , , and pages of the view , &c. let us examine his proof : the place in the page is a censure of a profane and smutty passage in the old batchelour : in which i have said that fondlewife's making sport with adultery , in the manner describ'd , was a fit of buffoonry and profaneness . now to say this of a character in the play , is i suppose pretty different from calling the poet buffoon . in the page , after i had produced a large roll of blasphemy , and scripture-abuse against the stage ; i thought i had reason to be somewhat concern'd ; to see the christian religion thus horribly outraged , made the diversion of the town , and the scorn of buffoons : i 'm mistaken if this occasion would not justify a little severity of language : and till mr. congreve can disprove the charge , he had much better repent , than complain : however there 's no necessity he should take that word to himself , unless he thinks he deserves it ▪ for it may be applied to the actors , or some few libertines in the audience , and then his objection is spoil'd . his d. instance stands in page th of the view , &c. here upon their unpresidented familiarity with the lords ; i desired to know whether our stage had a particular privilege ? was their charter enlarg'd ; and were they on the same foot of freedom with the slaves in the saturnalia ? here mr. congreve is positive i call the poets slaves : 't is well when his hand was in ; he did not charge me with calling them saturnalia : but which way do i call them slaves ? why because i said , they were very free. is liberty then always fasten'd to a chain ; and familiarity a proof of servitude ? the resemblance in the question respects behaviour more than condition , and implies nothing farther than general inequality . now i hope 't is no affront to the stage , to suppose them inferior to the house of lords . his remaining instance from my preface , is much like this ; and requires no farther answer . thus mr. congreve may perceive i have call'd him no names hitherto ; but now he may be assured i should have distinguish'd his character a little , and paid him some proper acknowledgments , but that i have no inclination for his way of disputing : railing is a mean , and unchristian talent , and oftentimes a sign of a desperate cause , and a desperate conscience . as to the bad imputations these stage-advocates would throw upon me , i am not in the least disturb'd at them. i thank god , they are not only without truth , but without colour . could they have made the slander passable , we should have heard farther from them . this is an admirable way of answering books ! all that i shall say to 't is , that i pity the men , and despite the malice . to proceed . mr. congreve is now making out-works to fortify the garison . he lays down four rules as the test of criticism and comedy . these he calls postulata , as if they were principles of science , and carried the evidence of an axiom . and after he has spent some pages in setting down these demonstrative things , he frankly tells us , they seem at first sight to comprehend a latitude . do they so ? then they are not self-evident ; they are unqualifyed for the post he has put them in ; and prove nothing but sophistry and legerdemain . well! what tho' these rul●s are false in themselves , mr. congreve promises to make them true before he has done with them . for they shall be so limited , and restrain'd , and used with such discretion ; that the reader shall be perfectly indemnifyed . however , i can't help suspecting these fair words : for if he intends to deal clearly , why does he make the touchstone faulty , and the standard uncertain ? for these reasons , i must examine for my self ; and since he owns his propositions not evidently true , i 'll try if i can't prove the greatest part of them evidently false . to begin with him . his latitude of comedy upon aristotle's definition ; as he explains it , wont pass without limitation . for st . his construction of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is very questionable . these words may as properly be translated the common , as the worst sort of people . and thus hesychius interprets 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ly . comedy is distinguish'd from tragedy by the quality of the persons , as well as by other circumstances . aristotle informs us that the appearance , characters , or persons are greater in tragedy , than in comedy . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and to this sense petitus interprets the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , affirming they ought to relate to quality , as well as manners . now as the business of tragedy is to repre●ent princes and persons of quality ; so by the laws of distinction , comedy ought to be confin'd to the ordinary . rank of mankind . and that aristotle ought to be thus interpreted appears from the form of new comedy , set up in the time of this philosopher . and tho' we have none of these comedies extant , 't is agreed by the criticks that they did not meddle with government and great people ; the old comedy being put down upon this score . and tho' menander and the rest of that set are lost , we may guess at their conduct from the plays of plautus ●nd terence , in all which there is not so much as one person of quality represented . farther , mr. congreve's reason why aristotle should be interpreted by manners , and not quality is inconclusive . his remark on 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 will serve as well the other way . le ts try it a little : aristotle shall say then that comedy is an imitation of the ordinary , and middle sort of people , but not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in every branch and aggravation of vice ; for as mr. congreve observes , there are crimes too daring and too horrid for comedy . now i desire to know , if this sense is not clear and unembarrass'd , if it does not distinguish comedy from tragedy , and bring down the definition to matter of fact ? but granting mr. congreve his definition ; all blemishes and instances of scandal are not fit to make sport with . covetousness , and profusion ; cowardize , spleen , and singularity , well managed , might possibly do . but some vices mr. congreve confesses are too daring for comedy . yes and for tragedy too . and among these i 'll venture to say profaneness is one . this liberty even aristotle durst not allow : he knew the government of athens would not endure it . and that some of the poets had been call'd to account upon this score . ly . immodesty and lewd talking , is another part of vice which ought not to appear in comedy . aristotle blames the old comedians for this sort of mismanagement ; and adds , that intemperate rallying ought to lie under publick restraint . and therefore mr. congreve is mistaken in his consequence if he makes it general . for the looser sort of livers , as to the foulness of conversation , are no proper subject of comedy . but supposing aristotle more liberal to mr. congreve , what service would it do him ? does not christianity refine the pleasures , and abridge the liberties of heathenism ? st. paul bids us put away all filthyness and foolish talking , and that such things ought not so much as to be named amongst christians . and when revelation says one thing , and paganism another , how are we to determine ? is not an apostle's testimony more cogent than that of a philosopher , and the new testament above all the rules of aristotle and horace ? thus we see his first postulatum is far from being true in the generality stated by him . before i part with him on this head , i can't but take notice of his saying , that the business of comedy is to delight , as well as instruct : if he means as much , by as well , he is mistaken . for delight is but the secondary end of comedy , as i have prov'd at large . and to satisfy him farther , i 'll give him one testimony more of mr. dryden's . 't is in his preface to fresnoy's art of painting . here he informs us that as to delight the parallel of the ( two ) arts holds true ; with this difference ; that the principal end of painting is to please , and the chief design of poetry is to instruct . thus mr. congreve's first rule signifies little ; and therefore his second being , but a consequence of it , must fall of course . pleasure , especially the pleasure of libertines , is not the supreme law of comedy . vice must be under discipline and discountenance , and folly shown with great caution and reserve . lussious descriptions , and common places of lewdness are unpardonable . they affront the virtuous , and debauch the unwary , and are a scandal to the country where they are suffer'd . the pretence of nature , and imitation , is a lamentable plea. without doubt there 's a great deal of nature in the most brutal practices . the infamous stews 't is likely talk in their own way , and keep up to their character . but what person of probity would visit them for their propriety , or take poyson because 't is true in its kind ? all characters of immodesty ( if there must be any such ) should only be hinted in remote language , and thrown off in generals . if there must be strumpets , let bridewell be the scene . let them come not to prate , but to be punish'd . to give success , and reputation to a stage libertine , is a sign either of ignorance , of lewdness , or atheism , or altogether . even those instances which will bear the relating ought to be punish'd . but as for smut and profaneness , 't is every way criminal and infectious , and no discipline can atone for the representation : when a poet will venture on these liberties , his perswasion must suffer , and his private sentiments fall under censure . for as mr. dryden rightly observes , vita proba est , is no excuse : for 't will scarcely be admitted that either a poet or a painter can be chast , who give us the contrary examples in their writings , and their pictures . i agree with mr. congreve it would be very hard a painter should be believ'd to resemble all the ugly faces he draws . but if he suffers his pencil to grow licentious , if he gives us obscenities , the merits of raphael won't excuse him : no , to do an ill thing well , doubles the fault . the mischief rises with the art , and the man ought to smart in proportion to his excellency : 't is one of the rules in painting according to mr. dryden and fresnoy ; to avoid every thing that 's immoral and filthy , unseemly , impudent , and obscene . and mr. dryden continues , that a poet is bound up to the same restraint , and ought neither to design , or colour an offensive piece . mr. congreve's th proposition relates to the holy scriptures ; and here he endeavours to fence against the censure of profaneness . he desires the following distinction may be admitted , viz. when words are applied to sacred things , they ought to be understood accordingly : but when they are otherwise applied , the diversity of the subject gives a diversity of signification : by his favour this distinction is loose , and nothing to the purpose . the inspired text is appropriated to sacred things , and never to be used but upon serious occasions . the weight of the matter , and the dignity of the author , challenge our utmost regard . 't is only for the service of the sanctuary , and privileged from common use. but mr. congreve says when they ( the words of scripture ) are otherwise applied , the diversity of the subject gives a diversity of signification . this is strange stuff ! has application so transforming a quality , and does bare use enter so far into the nature of things ? if a man applies his money to an ill purpose , does this transmute the metal , and make it none of the kings coin ? to wrest an author , and turn his words into jest , is it seems to have nothing to do with him . the meer ridicule destroys the quotation ; and makes it belong to another person . thus 't is impossible to traverstie a book , and virgil was never burlesqu'd by ausonius or mr. cotton ! not at all ! they only made use of the letters , and happen'd to chop exactly upon virgil's subject , his words and versification . but 't is plain they never intended to quote him : for virgil is always grave , and serious , but these gentlemen apply , or translate the words in the most different manner imaginable : and run always upon buffoonry and drolling . this is mr. congreve's logick , and to abuse an author is to have nothing to do with him . the injury it seems destroys the relation , and makes the action perfectly foreign . and by this reasoning one would think my book had never been cited by mr. congreve . to illustrate the matter a little farther . suppose the most solemn acts of government play'd the fool with at bartholomew fair ; the judges charge made up into a farce , and the poppets repeating an act of parliament : would it be a good excuse to alledge they meant nothing but a little laughing . that the bench and the bear-garden , punchinello and the houses , had the same alphabet in common ? that they ought to have the privilege of speech , and put their words together as they had a mind to : would not the reason , and the hardiness of such a plea , be very extraordinary ? the case before us is much the same , only a great deal worse . for what can be more outrageously wicked , than to expose religion to the scorn of atheism , to give up the bible to rakes and strumpets , and to make impudence and inspiration speak the same language ? thus the wisdom of god is burlesqu'd , his omnipotence play'd with , and heaven 's the diversion of hell. to reply , that tho' the words are scripture , the subject and application are different , is to confess the indictment , and give up the cause . for pray what is it to burlesque a grave author ? is it not to wrest his meaning , and alter his matter ; to turn him into jest and levity , and put him under circumstances of contempt ? thus we see his th proposition is all sophistry , and false reasoning : i shall now go back to his d , which i think would have stood as well in the last place . he desires the impartial reader , not to consider any expression or passage , cited from any play , as it appears in my book ; nor to pass any sentence upon it out of its proper scene , &c. for it must not be medled with when 't is alienated from its character . well! let the reader compare his plays with the view , &c. as much as he pleases . however , there 's no necessity of passing through all his forms , and methods of prescribing . for if the passage be truly cited , if the sentence be full , and determin'd , why mayn't we understand it where'ere 't is met with ? why must we read a page for a period ? can't a plant be known without the history of the garden ? besides , he may remember i have frequently hinted his characters , touched upon their quality and fortune , and made them an aggravation of his fault . but to silence this plea , i had told him before that no pretence of character , or punishment , could justify profaneness on the stage . i gave him my reasons for 't too , which he is not pleas'd to take notice of . to enlarge on them a little : and here i desire to know what service does blasphemy , and profaneness upon the stage ? is it to please , or to improve the audience ? surely not the first : for what pleasure can it be to see the greatest being contemn'd , the best friend ill treated , and the strongest enemy provok'd ? the iews used to rend their cloaths at the hearing of blasphemy , and is it now become the entertainment of christians ? to see men defy the almighty , and play with thunder , one would think should be far from diversion . are the charms of profaneness so strangely inviting , is there such musick in an oath , and are the damn'd to be courted for their company ? the stage is oftentimes a lively emblem of hell ; there 's the language , and the lewdness ; there are the devils too , and almost every thing but the darkness and despair . these hideous characters are generally persons of figure , often rewarded , seldom punish'd , and when they are , the correction is strangely gentle and disproportion'd . 't is just as if a man should be set in the stocks for murther , and shamed a little for firing a town . to say a man has been profane in general , and then to punish him is somewhat intelligible ; to make him an example without instance , and particularity , is a safe way of dramatick justice : but when he is suffer'd to act his distraction , and practise before the company , the punishment comes too late . such malefactors are infectious , and kill at their very execution . 't is much safer not to hear them talk , than to see them suffer . a bad age is too apt to learn ; and the punishment in jest , brings on the crime in earnest . some vices wont bear the naming : they are acted in some measure when they are spoken , and approv'd when they are hearkn'd to . thus the play-house often spreads those vices it represents , and the humour of the town is learn'd by shewing it . so that if instruction is intended , nothing can be more ignorant , if diversion nothing more wi●●e●● . to proceed . profaneness by b●ing o●ten heard , is less abhorr'd . the av●rsion cools upon custom , and the frightfulness of the idea is abated . famil●arity reconc●les us to ill sigh●s , and wea●s off the deformity of a monster . t●us by cursing and swearing , the abuse of scripture and profane jests , which are so frequent on the stage , the bold●ess of the crime grows less remarkable , and the terrors of conscience are laid asleep : and if there happens to be wit in the ca●e , 't is a vehicle to the poyson , and m●kes it go down with pleasure . thus young people are furnished with profane jests , and atheism is kept in countenance ▪ the majesty of religion is weaken'd , and the passions of humane nature misplaced : people laugh when they should tremble , and despise what they ought to adore . had we a due regard for the honour of god , and were death and judgment laid before us , that is , were we christians in good earnest ; these wretched liberties would be all pain , and pennance to us : they'd wound the sense , and chill the blood , and make us sweat with antipathy a●d disgust : we should be seiz'd with a ●i● of horror , and almost frighten'd into agony and convulsion . from what i have said 't will follow , that provided mr. congreve is fairly cited for smut , or profaneness , sentence may be passed without having recourse to scene , or character . i say it may be passed so far as to condemn him of a fault ; tho' i confess the degrees , and aggravation of it , will in some measure depend on the characters , and the fortune of them . i have done with mr. congreve's preliminaries , and shown the unreasonableness of them . if he demands them as a right , his title is defeated , if he begs them as a favour , he should have petition'd in another form. he should not have been so short with the reader as to desire him to proceed no farther , but return to my view , &c. if he thought in his conscience his few things too much to be granted . but why should this gentleman put this hardship upon people , which he does not allow of himself ? i suppose mr. congreve's conscience may be large enough for any reader , why then does he require any more ? the author thinks his few things , too much to be granted , and yet the courteous reader must think otherwise ! i say mr. congreve thinks them too much , why else does he engage to use them with such caution , to muzzle , and bind them up to their good behaviour ? mr. congreve proceeds to acquaint us how careful the stage is for the instruction of the audience . that the moral of the whole is generally summ'd in the concluding lines of the poem , and put into rhyme that it may be easy and engaging to the memory . to this i answer , st . that this expedient is not always made use of . and not to trouble the reader with many instances , we have nothing of it in love in a nunnery , and the relapse , both which plays are in my opinion not a little dangerous . ly . sometimes these comprehensive lines do more harm than good : they do so in the souldiers fortune : they do so likewise in the old batchelour ; which instructs us to admirable purpose in these words ; but oh — what rugged ways attend the noon of life ? ( our sun declines ) and with what anxious strife , what pain we tug that galling load a wife ? this moral is uncourtly , and vitious , it encourages lewdness , and agrees extreamly well with the fable . love for love may have somewhat a better farewel , but would do a man little service should he remember it to his dying day . here angelica after a fit of profane vanity in prose , takes her leave as follows ; the miracle to day is that we find a lover true : not that a woman's kind . this last word is somewhat ambiguous , and with a little help may strike off into a light sense . but take it at the best , 't is not overloaden with weight and apothegme . a ballad is every jot as sententious . dly . supposing the moral grave , and unexceptionable , it amounts to little in the present case . alas ! the doctor comes too late for the disease , and the antidote is much too weak for the poyson . when a poet has flourished on an ill subject for some hours : when he has larded his scenes with smut , and play'd his jests on religion ; and exhausted himself upon vice ; what can a dry line or two of good counsel signify ? the tincture is taken , the fancy is preingaged , and the man is gone off into another interest . profane wit , luscious expressions , and the handsome appearance of a libertine ▪ solicit strongly for debauchery . these things are mighty recruits to folly , and make the will too hard for the understanding . a taste of philosophy has a very flat relish , after so full an entertainment . an agreeable impression is not easily defaced by a single stroak , especially when 't is worn deep by force , and repetition . and as the aud●ence are not secur'd , so neither are the poets this way . a moral sentence at the close of a lewd play , is much like a pious expression in the mouth of a dying man , who has been wicked all his life time . this some ignorant people call making a good end , as if one wise word would attone for an age of folly. to return to the stage . i suppose other parts of a discourse besides the conclusion , ought to be free from infection . if a man was sound only at his fingers ends , he would have little comfort in his constitution . bonum fi● ex integra causa ; a good action must have nothing bad . the quality must be uniform , and reach to every circumstance . in short . this expedient of mr. congrev●'s as 't is insignificant to the purpose 't is brought , so it looks very like a piece of formal hypocricy : and seems to be made use of to conceal the immorality of the play , and cover the poet from censure . mr. congreve in the double dealer makes three of his ladies strumpets ; this , i thought an odd compliment to quality . but my reflection it seems is over severe . however , by his favour , the characters in a play ought to be drawn by nature : to write otherwise is to make a farce . the stage therefore must be suppos'd an image of the world , and quality in fiction resemble quality in life . this resemblance should likewise hold in number , as well as in other respects , tho' not to a mathematical strictness . thus in plautus and terence , the slaves are generally represented false , and the old men easy and over credulous . now if the majority in these divisions should not answer to the world ; if the drama should cross upon conversation , the poets would be to blame , as i believe they are in the later instance . thus when the greatest part of quality are debauched on the stage , 't is a broad innuendo they are no better in the boxes . this argument he pretends proves too much , and would make us believe that by this way of reasoning , if four women were shewn upon the stage , and three of them were vitious , it is as much as to say that three parts in four of the whole sex are stark naught . i answer , the case is not parallel . the representation in his play turns more upon condition than sex. 't is the quality which makes the appearance , marks the character , and points out to the comparison abroad . his precedents from virgil are unserviceable upon two accounts . st . the fact is misreported . the catalogue of ill women in that poem , is not so numerous as is pretended . mr. congreve exempts four of them from this charge , and i 'll help him to four more . for creusa and lavinia are perfectly passive ; and over-ruled . then as for camilla , why is she thrown into the black list , and ranged with alecto and the harpyes ? what decrees of the gods does she despise ? she stood by latinus 't is true , neither does the poet oblige her to quit his interest . so that for any thing that appears , the lady was a good woman in her way . to these if we add anna , dido's sister , a very innocent princess , i beleive we may venture to poll with iuno , and all her party . ly . his matter of fact as stated by himself , makes against him . for if virgil did well in making most of his female characters faulty and exceptionable , because as aristotle has ventur'd to affirm , there are more bad than good women in the world , then there ought to be a proportion between life and poetick imitation ; a proportion even to computation ▪ tho' not just to equality and telling of nos●● . and thus his illustration destroys his argument , even by the authority of aristotle and bossu ; and which is worst of all , by his own , who cites them with approbation . there 's one unlucky thing behind : and that is his concurring with aristotle in a very unceremonious paradox . this philosopher has ventur'd to affirm that there are more bad ▪ than good women in the world. very likely ? if he had said there are more bad men than good ones , the discovery might have been altogether as considerable . but we are not yet at the end of the indictment . for as he goes on , the women ( take them altogether ) do more harm than good . well . aristotle was a bold man : however , this is to be said for him ; he was no stage poet. had his concerns been with the pit or boxes , 't is likely you had seen him better polish'd . but that mr. congreve should countenance an author in his misbehaviour , and make his court thus awkardly to the ladies , is somewhat surprizing . is this the way to oblige the women , to tell them they do more harm than good in the world ; that their sex is a publick nusance , and an errour in creation ? i had charg'd our modern dramatists , and particularly mr. congreve with being too free in exposing the nobility under characters of lewdness and contempt . this i observ'd was no custom of the roman stage ; and that plautus and terence , were much more courtly and reserv'd . this remark he endeavours to disprove from persius and iuvenal . as how ? did these authors write either comedy or tragedy , or have their citations any reference to the drama ? not at all : why then are they alledg'd ? to what end is a foreign character and business haled in to determine upon the stage ? well . but these poets were satyrists , and play'd their invectives upon quality , and is not this somewhat to the purpose ? but very little . for , st . the satyr of a comedian and an other poet , have a different effect upon reputation . a character of disadvantage upon the stage , makes a stronger impression than elsewhere . reading is but hearing at the second hand : now hearing at the best , is a more languid conveyance than sight . for as horace observes , segnius irritant animios demissa per aurem , quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus . — the eye is much more affecting , and strikes deeper into the memory than the ear. besides , upon the stage both the senses are in conjunction . the life of the action fortifies the object , and awakens the mind to take hold of it . thus a dramatick abuse is rivetted in the audience , a jest is improv'd into an argument , and rallying grows up into reason : thus a character of scandal becomes almost indelible , a man goes for a blockhead upon content ; and he that 's made a fool in a play , is often made one for his life-time . 't is true he passes for such only amongst the prejudiced and unthinking ; but these are no inconsiderable division of mankind . for these reasons , i humbly conceive the stage stands in need of a great deal of discipline and restraint : to give them an unlimited range , is in effect to make them masters of all moral distinctions , and to lay honour and religion at their mercy . to shew greatness ridiculous , is the way to lose the use , and abate the value of the quality . things made little in jest , will soon be so in earnest : for laughing and esteem , are seldom bestow'd on the same object . ly . the censures of iuvenal and persius , are very moderate , and remote in mr. congreve's citations . iuvenal comes somewhat the closest . he rallies the flattery and partiality of the times ; and tells us that gaming & debauchery were scandalous to little people ; but when these vices dwelt in great houses , they chang'd complexion , and grew modish and gentile . thus we see the poet keeps within the terms of respect , slides over the quality , and points rather upon the fortune of the libertine . now had iuvenal written a comedy , laid the scene in his own country , created a lord a coxcomb , and shewn him such for three hours together , his case had been somewhat hard . but this branch of satyr was left for mr. congreve's refining ; who to do him right , has treated the character with much delicacy of fine raillery , and excellency of good manners , as he phra●es it . his testimony from rapin does not come up to his point . for as i observ'd , moliere ridicules no quality higher than a marquis : now , notwithstanding mr. dennis's exclamation , a marquis in france is much less than a marquis in england , or a baron either . this i take it is pretty plain from moliere himself , for in his play called , l'impromtu de versailles , brecourt one of the minor nobless , treats a marquis with great familiarity . he calls him mon puavre marquis , and ie te promet marquis ; now this way of speaking is not manners , unless to equals , or inferiors . and in another play , the chevalier d●rante converses with a marquis upon terms of equality , and climene a lady , salutes him only by the title of monsieur , whereas monseigneur belongs to the quality of an english lord. the ord●rs of the bishop of arras run in this stile ; and so likewise does the address of two french letters to the present ld. bishop of london , printed at the end of a book called the vnreason●bleness of separation . farther , rapin seems to cite l' impromptu above-mentioned . here m●li●r● informs us , that whereas comedy formerly plaid the fool with none but slaves and ●erving-men , now the case was alter'd , and there was no sport without a ridiculous marquis . but as for making bold with people of quality and the court , this is all added by rapin. however , granting this , the meaning and practice of moliere , 't is easily reconciled with the sense i am contending for . for a person of quality does not sound so high in french as in english ; the lower nobless being often comprehended in this distinction . thus moliere's brecourt is called a man of quality in the list of the characters , but in the play he is only chevalier , or a knight , at the best . and in his play , called , l' bourgeois gentil-homme , a person of quality often means no more than a gentleman . and to proceed , thus we may fairly understand the remainder of rapin in mr. congreve's citation . he tells us the other po●ts play'd only upon common and country conversation , in their comedies , et moliere a joue tout paris et la cour. la cour , yes ; but not toute la cour. here rapin opposes , la vie bourgeoise , country conversation , to the court. now un bourgeoise signifies a person of the third est●te , as distinguished from the nobless , or gentry . so that the meaning of the passage seems to be no more , than that moliere took some of his fools from the gentry , which was more than the stage had done before . but after all , if rapin has mis-reported moliere , and given him more liberty than he took , it makes nothing to mr. congreve's purpose ; for the force of the testimony does not lye in what rapin has said , but in what moliere has written . mr. congreve is so hardy as to affirm that i am in plain terms for having complements pass'd on persons of quality , and neither will allow their follies , nor their vices to be exposed . this i confess is to be over-ceremonious . but the best on 't is , there 's nothing like it in the whole book . the very place quoted by mr. congrieve is a proof of the calumny : the passage stands in the form of a question thus . and can't they lash the vice , without pointing upon the quality ? which way of speaking , supposes it a very practicable business ; unless this gentleman will affirm that folly , and peerage , are inseparable . i would gladly know what over-straining of ceremony , what flatery is there in all this ? i confess , i am of opinion that all satyr ought to have regard to quality and condition , and that decency and reproof should go together . i can't think it any excellence of good manners , to expose the nobility in their robes , to put contempt among their titles , and to represent them in such a manner , as if the lord and the fool , like horse and man , in a centaur , grew naturally together . mr. congreve proceeds in his defence , and endeavors to wipe off the imputation of smut and pedantry from ld. touchwood ; but here he cites more than is necessary : i had nothing to do with his verses , as the reader may easily imagine . 't was the prose part of ld. touchwood to which i objected . and that i say still is foul in the image , embarrass'd with trifling epithites , and ill suited to the character . but thus by producing the innocent with the guilty , he hoped to make the charge appear unreasonable . we are now come to the mourning-bride , and mr. congreve seems so well assur'd of the decency of this play , that he casts the whole cause upon it . if there be immodesty in this tragedy ( says he ) i must confess my self incapa●le of ever writing any thing with modesty . it may be so : an ill custom is very hard to conquer , with some people . but setting this matter aside ; i still charge mr. congreve with immodesty ; 't is in osmin's last speech in the page above-mentioned . indeed i did not cite the words because i am not willing to furnish the reader with a collection of indecencies , to shew i design nothing but fair dealing : i always refer to the play , and generally to the character , and page , where such entertainment is to be met with . this is pressing the charge as far as the case will bear ; but because the passages are unfit to be shown , mr. congreve and his brethren deny the fact : a great instance of their modesty in another sense . is it innocence then to be guilty of things too bad to be nam'd ? what sort of faults must those be , which won't endure the light , tho only to punish them . this gentleman quarrels with me because i would have had almeria and osmin parted civilly ; as if it was not proper for lovers to do so : but civility , ●nd incivility have nothing to do with passion ▪ i deny that , incivility and passion , ar● often concern'd together ; and i suppose his amendments may make an instance ▪ by civilly , i mean● only decently , as any one might easily imagine . and as for tenderness , when it grows rank , and nauseous , 't is rudeness , i take it . mr. congreve would excuse osm●n's rant , by saying , that most of the incidents of the poem of this scene and the former , were laid to prepare for the violence of these expressions . if it be so , i think the play was not worth the candle . 't is much as wife as it would be for a man to make a long preparation to get out of his wits , and quali●ie himself for bedl●● . for nothing can be more distracted than osmin . he is for riving his clotted hair , smearing the walls with his blood , and dashing his disfigured face against something . and a great deal more such stuff , as a man may go to all the mad-houses in town , and scarcely hear of . was it worth osmin's while to be thus crazy , and are all lovers to take a pattern from this hero ? i am sorry mr. congreve was at all this trouble for a prophane allusion ; but he is positive there 's nothing either of prophaneness or immodesty in the expression . with immodesty i did not charge it : but is there nothing of profaneness in bringing the most solemn things in religion upon the stage ; in making a mad-man rave about heaven , and in comparing the disappointments of love , with damnation ? the lines shall appear once again . o my almeria ; what do the damn'd endure but to despair ; but knowing heaven to know it lost for ever ! mr. congreve does not know how these verses are a similitude drawn from the creed ▪ i can't help it . i thought the eternal punishment of the damned had been part of of the creed . i shan't untie such knots as these are for the future . he tells me i had but an ill hold of profaneness in his play , and was reduced to catch at the poetry ; and then makes a miserable jest about corruption and generation . i had but ill hold of profaneness ! as ill as 't was , he has not yet wrested it from me . 't was in my power besides to have taken better , and since he complains of gentle usage , i shall do it . in the first place , here 's frequent swearing by heaven ; i suppose the poets think this nothing , their plays are so much landed with it . but our saviour has given us an other notion of this liberty ; he charges us not to swear at all . and tells us expressly , that he that swears by heaven , swears by the throne of god , and by him that sits thereon . to go on to another branch of his irreligion . the scene of this play lies in christendom , as is evident from the history , or fable ; and to mention nothing more from osmin's rant : let us see then how osmin accosts almeria , when he found her safe on shore : truly i think their meeting is as extravagant , as their parting , tho mr. congreve won't allow it should be so . the ceremony runs thus . thou excellence , thou ioy , thou heaven of love. thus the little successes of a pair of lovers , are equall'd with the glories of heaven ; and a paultry passion strain'd up to the beatisick vision . i say paltry , for so 't is upon the comparison . to go on . almeria having somewhat of the play-house breeding , is resolved not to be wanting in the return of these civilities . she therefore makes him a glorified saint for the first piece of gratitude , and then gives him a sort of power paramount to omnipotence , and tells him that god almighty could not make her happy without him . i pray'd to thee as to a saint . and thou hast heard my prayer , for thou art come to my distress , to my despair ; which heaven without thee could not cure. almeria has another flight , and shews the rankness of her wing every jot as much as in the former . 't is more than recompence to see thy face , if heaven is greater ioy , it is no happiness . this is mrs. brides complement , which both for the religion and decency is somewhat extraordinary . manuel , a christian prince , upon the news of a rival , swaggers at a most impious rate , paganism was never bolder with idols , nor iupiter more brav'd by the gyants . it runs thus . better for him to tempt the rage of heaven , and wrench the bolt red hissing from the hand of him that thunders , than but think such insolence , 't is daring for a god. and to make the matter worse , mr. congreve does not seem to think this atheistical sally a fault in manuel . he lets us know he has punish'd him for his tyranny , but not a word of his profaneness . once more and i have done . osmin's caresses of almeria are an original in their kind . my all of bliss , my everlasting life , soul of my soul , and end of all my wishes . here 's ceremony to adoration ; he makes her his supreme happiness , and gives her sovereign worship : in short , this respect is the prerogative of heaven . 't is flaming wickedness to speak it to any thing less than god almighty : and to set the profaneness in the better light , it runs all in devout language , and christian transport . i come now to the vindication of his poetry : where in the first place , he complains extreamly ; because i misquoted wasting air , for wasting air. now to my mind , the restoring of the text is a very poor relief . for this later epithete is perfectly expletive and foreign to the matter in hand ; there 's neither antithesis nor perspicuity in 't . it neither clears the sense , nor gives spirit to the expression : besides , the word is almost worn out of use , and were it otherwise , 't would rather belong to the water ; for to waft a fleet of merchants is to convoy them , but not , i suppose , through the air : so that the poet at best , seems to have mistaken his element . however , i ask his pardon for transcribing an s , for and f , and expect he should ask mine ; for putting superstition upon me , and commenting upon his own blunder , when 't was printed supposition in all the three editions of my book . mr. congreve is now cruizing for reprisals , and bears down boldly upon a whole period . this litter of epithets , &c. he says this comparison of mine is handsome . why , so it may be for all his disproof : unless the standing of it in his book is enough to make it ridiculous . i confess there may be something in that , for bad company is often a disadvantage ; besides , i was illustrating his fine sentences , and showing his buckram to the reader : upon this occasion a little singularity in the expression was not unseasonable : however i was sensible of it , and introduced it with qualifying , and caution . mr. congreve in defence of some lines of his cited by me , answers , that the diction of poetry consists of figures , and the frequent use of epithets . i agree with him , but then the figures should be unforc'd , drawn with proportion , and allyed to the matter in hand . the epithets likewise must be smooth , natural and significant . but when they are lean , and remote from the business , when they look hard and stiff , when they clog and incumber the sense , they are no great ornaments . whether mr. congreve's are of this later kind , or not , i shall leave it to the reader to determine ! after a hideous collection of profaneness , i expressed my self with somewhat more than ordinary concern , as was both very natural and proper ; amongst other expressions , i said , nature made the firment and rising of the blood for such occasions . by nature i grant him , i meant nothing less than god almighty . that our mechanism was contrived so as to make our passions serviceable ; our constitution adjusted to our mind , and our blood so disposed as to reinforce the operations of our reason . and pray what is there exceptionable in all this ? and where lies the mistake , in religion , or natural philosophy ? i can hardly forgive my self the taking notice of such objections as these . but mr. congreve was resolved to make his logick and drollery of a peice , and i must be produced in ferment and figure , as he calls it . but this expression i shall leave with the reader , and give him some time to make sense on 't . he wonders after all , why i should use so much vehemence ? vehemence against what ? against profaneness and blasphemy . are these then such harmle●s practices , that they must be gently treated ? is the honour of god , the interest of religion , and the welfare of humane society so very insignificant ? are these things beneath our passions , and not worth the contending for ? and won't they justifie a little warmth and expostulation in their behalf ? christianity is mild , 't is true , but not in such cases as this . the cretians did not droll upon their bible like the modern poets , and yet st. paul bids titus rebuke them sharply . st. peter likewise and st. iude lash the lewdness of the gnosticks with great severity of language . but he asks me why all this vehemence in a written argument ? as if paper would bear sense , no more than 't will ink sometimes , or that people were obliged to write with greater negligence than they talk . this was a shrewd question ! but questions are easily started . mr. congreve is now come forward to the vindication of his comedys . he complains that in my chapter of profaneness , i have represented him falsly , or by halves . that i have quoted him falsly i deny ; neither has he been able to prove it in the least instance : that he is sometimes represented imperfectly i grant . his immodesty forced me upon this method . he is often too offensive to appear . to have shewn him to the reader in this condition , had neither been civil , nor safe . why then does he find fault with this reservedness ? is he sorry his indecencies are conceal'd , and grown proud of his misbehaviour ? we are now with the old batchelour , and mr. congreve pretends i 'm unfair in not citing bellmour more at length . he says i conclude with a dash , as if both the sense and the words of the whole sentence were at an end . just the contrary . i made a dash — to shew there was something more spoken : but though the sentence was not at an end , the sense was ; as appears from the words , the pointing , and the capital letter which follows . let 's see a little farther , if this gentleman has received any harm . bellmour is now talking to vainlove . bell. couldst thou be content to marry araminta ? vainlove replies in a very pious question : vain . could you be content to go to heaven ? bell. hum , not immediately in my conscience , not heartily : — i 'd do a little more good in my generation first in order to deserve it . he would do a little more good first , i. e. he would gladly be a libertine somewhat longer , and merit heaven by a more finish'd course of debauchery . thus we are taught to interpret bellmour by the old batchelour and the amendments , &c. he is very lewd in the progress of the play , and mr. congreve grants , he represents the character of a wild debauchee of the town ; and that the expression is light , and suited accordingly . this is a good hearty confession , and a sufficient proof , that if i had quoted more words , i had quoted more profaneness ; and therefore mr. congreve has reason to thank me for being brief . mr. congreve drops the defence of fondlewife , and makes merry with the entertainment . his excuse is , he was very much a boy when this comedy was written . not unlikely . he and his muse might probably be minors ; but the libertines there are full grown . but why should the man laugh at the mischief of the boy , why should he publish the disorders of his nonage ? and make them his own by an after approbation ? he wrote it , it seems , to amuse himself in a slow recovery from a fit of sickness . what his disease was i am not to enquire ; but it must be a very ill one , to be worse than the remedy . the writing of that play is a very dangerous amusement either for sickness , or health , or i 'm much mistaken . he pleads guilty to the next article of impeachment ; but then he is somewhat profane in his very acknowledgment , and can't find in his heart to give up an old fault , without making a new one . his next attempt is to bring off bellmour , who kisses the strumpet laetitia , and tells her , eternity was in that moment . mr. congreve's answer is very surprising he tells us , to say eternity is in a moment , is neither good nor bad , for 't is stark nonsense . by his favour , the matter is quite otherwise . if mr. congreve will have patience , he shall speak nonsense by and by ; and to make it the less a fault , he shall do it unwillingly . whether this gentleman borrow'd this sentence , or made it , i can't tell ; but there 's just such another in love triumphant ; where upon such an occasion , alphonso tells victoria : that moment were eternity in little . now if mr. congreve has not a mind to speak sense , i hope mr. dryden may have leave to do so . however , we 'll prove our right , and not stand to his courtesie . now to say of an advantage that eternity was in that moment , is by common interpretation meant , the pleasure of eternity . the satisfaction is suppos'd to be so great , that what is lost in the duration , is made up in the quality . this in the present application is hideously profane ; but the sense and spirit of the fxpression is intelligible enough . mr. congreve in the close of this paragragh is somewhat extraordinary . he pronounces the citation stark nonsense , and frankly declares , he had not cared though i had discover'd it . i think i have discover'd it somewhat worse . however , i wonder at his being so resign'd . what not care to have stark nonsense found upon him ; not in a printed play , and in the mouth of the fine gentleman ! this is strange indeed , and i could hardly believe it at first sight : but the more i read of his amendments , &c. the better i am assur'd of the sincerity of his confession . laetitia has another lewd and very profane sentence given her , which i had taken notice of . to this mr. congreve answers , 't is the expression of a wanton and vicious character , and that she is discover'd in her lewdness . i reply in the first place , that my disproof of his second postulate , or proposition , cuts off his retreat to this excuse . secondly . she is not discover'd in her lewdness , nor makes a dishonourable exit ; and mr. congreve contradicts his own play by affirming the contrary . for there 's a colour found out which passes upon the credulity of fondlewife , who declares himself satisfied with her innocence . upon which bellmour concludes the fourth act thus : no husband by his wife can be deceiv'd , she still is virtuous , if she 's so believ'd . sharper says to vainlove , i have been a kind of godfather to you yonder , i have promis'd and vow'd some things in your name , which i think you are bound to perform . mr. congreve's answer is . that he meant no ill by this allegory , nor perceives any in 't now . no ill in 't , that 's strange ! not in applying the solemn engagements of baptism to a ridiculous subject , not in burlesquing the church catechism ? if these are no ill things , there 's no harm in profaneness ; and then i confess he has justified himself to purpose . before we part with the old batchelour , i 'll give mr. congreve another citation unmention'd before . heartwell speaking of marriage , cries out , o cursed state ! how wide we err when apprehensive of the load of life — we hope to find that help which nature meant in womankind it seems then nature was as much mistaken in the provision , as men are in the experiment . yes , for as the poet goes on : and adam sure wou'd with more ease abide the bone when broken , than when made a bride . this is an admirable comment on the old and new testament , and the office of matrimony in the common prayer . the thought looks like an improvem●nt of a line in absalom and achitophel : where the subject of the poem is dated from the times of polygamy , e're one to one was cursedly confined . the provoked wife has a sentence not much short of this . sure ( says sir iohn brute ) if woman had been ready created , the devil instead of being kicked down into hell , had been married . we are now with the double dealer ; where , as i remark'd , lady plyant cries out iesu , and talks smut in the same sentence . here again he pleads guilty : he had condemn'd it long since , and resolved to strike it out in the next impression . well! repentance is a very commendable thing , and i heartily wish mr. congreve may go through with it . but i 'm afraid this good resolution of his went off in a little time : my reason is , because the double dealer was publish'd in . and stands still in the first edition ; but the old batchelour has been reprinted long since , the sixth impression of this play bearing date . and yet here in this last edition we have the exclamation iesu , used in a jesting way , by the fulsome belinda . if mr. congreve was displeas'd with the profaneness in his double dealer , why did he not expunge it in his old batchelour ? he can't deny but that opportunity presented fair a great while together . but here instead of asking pardon of god and the world , and shewing himself concern'd for so scandalous an expression , he tells you a pleasant story ( as he fancies ) of a letter of advice from an old gentlewoman , and a widow , who as she said , was very well to pass . i suppose she subscrib'd her self old gentlewoman , as widows generally do , otherwise , as far as appears , he had been at a loss for her age. but to return . either this story is pretended or real . if 't is a feigned case , 't is nothing to his point . if 't is matter of fact , it makes against him ▪ for then he makes a jest of his own reformation , drolls upon good counsel , and returns the gentlewoman an affront in publick , for her charitable admonitions in private . as for the smut , he tells me , if there is any , i may e'en take it for my pains . very generously argued ! since he is thus noble , i 'le omit the scrutiny , and only refer to the page . and here the reader may please to take notice , that the word iesu is thrice made bold with , in despight of religion and the statute iac. . cap. . sir paul plyant among the rest of his follies , is mighty fond of the word providence , and repeats it on several occasions . from hence i drew this natural , or rather necessary inference ; that the meaning was to shew , that sense and religion agreed ill together , and that none but fools were fit to talk piously . mr. congreve instead of defending himself , endeavours to make me speak nonsense , but that lies all in his own misquotation ; as i have shewn already . he pretends there 's no profane allusion in his little drollery about iehu's being a hackney coachman ; and seems confident no other text can be burlesqu'd excepting lady froth's poem . he says lady froth calls the coachman our jehu , and why might he not have that as well as any iewish or christian name ? i 'le tell him for once . 't was never the custom of jews or christians to take any scripture names from exceptionable persons . neither ieroboam nor iehu , nor many others , were religious enough for this purpose . no man i believe ever heard of more than two iehu's , one in the kings , and the other in the double dealer . that prince in the kings is said to drive his chariot furiously . from hence the coachman's character was equip'd . both the name and the office , have a plain reference to the holy text. farther , lady froth does not call her coachman by any name in her poem ; by consequence the asterism for direction , can never lead us to the meaning of her verses . for if iehu is unmention'd in the poetick text , how can the lady be explain'd by his standing in the margin ? in short , the worthy mystery can't be clear'd up without recourse to the scriptures ; and therefore without doubt we are much obliged to the poet for this necessity . thus 't is plain the bible is made bold with , and the turn of his expression seems to reach the commentators too . however , if his meaning is over-strain'd on this later particular , it will do him very little service ; and i ask his excuse . i 'm sorry to spend so many words about such stuff as this is ; but mr. congreve must have justice done him . sir paul plyant will afford us something worse than the former ; this wittoll of the poet 's making , tells his lady he finds passion coming upon him by inspiration . this i had reason to charge upon mr. congreve as a very profane expression : in answer to this , he first rails a sentence or two in his little way , and then very magisterially tells us , that the word inspiration , when it has divine prefix'd to it , bears a particular and known signification : but otherwise to inspire is no more than to breath into ; and a trumpet , &c. may be said without profaneness to deliver a musical sound by the help of inspiration . by his favour , all people that talk english know , that inspiration , when it stands without epithets and addition , is always taken in a religious signification . inspiration , and to be inspired , have a solemn and august meaning in christianity . these words imply divine impulse , and supernatural assistance , and are oppos'd to suggestion of fancy , and humane reasoning . to speak by inspiration is to speak by the holy ghost , as every body can tell him : to be saved and salvation , signified at first no more than safety , and escape : but if a man should say , as he hop'd to saved , and explain himself , that he intended no more , then that he hoped to get cover before a shower reach'd him ; would he not be look'd upon as impertinently profane ? if he call'd a lucky leap of a ditch salvation , and pretended to justifie himself , that the word originally imports no more than common deliverance , what place would he be thought fit for ? thus when words are made inclosure , when they are restrain'd by common usage , and tyed up to a particular sense : in this case , to run up to etymology , and construe them by dictionary and praeposition , is wretchedly ridiculous and pedantick . horace can tell him , that custom over-rules syllables , and gives law to language . quem penes arbitrium est , & jus & norma loquendi . mr. congreve perceiving himself press'd retires with all speed to his fourth proposition . but that i have disabled already . if he is poison'd with his profaneness , and finds himself sick , he must take what follows ; for his antidote is gone . to return to sir paul. i find passion ( says he ) coming upon me by inspiration , and i cannot submit as formerly . you see what an admirable reason he urges in defence of his folly , from the extraordinary circumstances of it ! no prophet could have justified his resentments from a higher pretence . the fine lady cynthia out of her pious education acquaints us , that though marriage makes man and wife one flesh , it leaves them still two fools . but the little word still is left out in the quotation ; which like the fly on the coach-wheel , raises a mighty dust. i grant i have by chance omitted the word still ; and if he had done so too , the sense had been perfectly the same , only better expressed . for still is plainly useless , and comprehended in the verb leaves . for if marriage leaves 'em two fools , they are fools after marriage , and then they are fools still , i think ; nothing can be clearer than this . but besides , cynthia her self won't allow of mr. congreve's excuse . for after she has deliver'd that remarkable sentence of leaving 'em two fools , &c. mellifont answers , that 's only when two fools meet , which is exactly mr. congreve in his amendments . this cynthia denies to be her meaning . cynth. nay ( says she ) i have known two wits meet , and by the opposition of their wits render themselves as ridiculous as fools . and therefore after she has given matrimony an odd name , she advises him to court no farther , to draw stakes , and give over in time . so that besides burlesquing the bible , the satyr is pointed against marriage . and the folly is made to lye in the state , as well as in the persons . upon the whole , we see the double dealer , and the amendments can't agree ; and thus two blemishes , as well as two beauties , are sometimes unlike to each other . mr. congreve says , ben. iohnson is much bolder in the first scene of his bartholomew fair. suppose all that . is it an excuse to follow an ill example , and continue an atheistical practice ? i thought mr. congreve in his penetration might have seen through this question . ben. iohnson ( as he goes on ) makes littlewit say , man and wife make one fool. i h●ve said nothing comparable to that . nothing comparable ! truly in the usual sense of that phrase , mr. congreve , 't is possible , has said nothing comparable to ben. iohnson , nor it may be never will : but in his new propriety he has said something more than comparable , that is a great deal worse . for though littlewit's allusion is profane , the words of the bible are spared . he does not droll directly upon genesis , or st. matthew ; upon god the son , or god the holy ghost : whereas mr. congreve has done that which amounts to both . and since he endeavours to excuse himself upon the authority of ben. iohnson , i shall just mention what thoughts this poet had of his profane liberties , at a time when we have reason to believe him most in earnest . now mr. wood reports from the testimony of a great prelate then present . that when ben. iohnson was in his last sickness , he was often heard to repent of his profaning the scriptures in his plays , and that with horrour . now as far as i can perceive , the smut and profaneness of mr. congreve's four plays out-swell the bulk of ben. iohnson's folio . i heartily wish this relation may be serviceable to mr. congreve , and that as his faults are greater , his repentance may come sooner . quem secutus es peccantem , sequere poenitentem . the double dealer is now done with , and mr. congreve concludes his vindication in his usual strain of triumph and assurance . love for love comes at last upon the board . in this play i blamed him for making a martyr of a whoremaster : upon this , he flies immediately for succour to scapula , and the greek grammar . he very learnedly tells us , that martyr is a greek word , and signifies in plain english no more than a witness . right ! these two words are the same ; and when a cause comes on in westminster-hall , the martyrs are call'd immediately ! but martyr is but bare witness in the greek . not always : christian writers often use it in a sense appropriated . and were it otherwise , there 's no arguing from one language to another . tyrant was once an honourable name in greek , but always a reproach in english. but to dilate upon these cavils , is throwing away time . if the reader desires more , he may please to look back on my answer to his objection about inspiration . this poet's way of understanding english , puts me in mind of a late misfortune which happen'd to a country apothecary . the dr. had prescrib'd a lady physick to be taken in something liquid , which the bill according to custom call'd a vehicle . the apothecary being at a stand about the word , applies , as mr. congreve might have done , to littleton's dictionary . and there he finds vehiculum signified several considerable things . he makes up the bill , and away he goes to the lady , where upon the question , how the physick was to be taken ? he answers very innocently ; madam , says he , you may take it in a cart , or a waggon , but not to give your ladyship too much trouble , i think a wheelbarrow may do ; for the word vehicle in the bill , will carry that sense . in short , this direction was comply'd with , and the footman drove the wheelbarrow about the chamber . to return to mr. congreve . i had said that this libertine application of his , was dignifying adultery with the stile of martyrdom ; as if ( says mr. congreve ) any word could dignifie vice. and pray why not ? does not the varnish hide the coarseness underneath , and the pill go down the better for the guilding ? whether he knows it or not , there 's a great deal of charm and imposture in words ; and an ill practice is often comply'd with upon the strength of a fashionable name . he asks , who told me ieremy fetch was bred at the vniversity ? why ieremy says so himself pretty plainly , and tattle says so , and i suppose mr. congreve says as much as that comes to in his reflection immediately following . but this notable question was put to introduce another business of greater consequence . for upon this occasion , out of his excellence of good manners , he is pleased to observe , that i should not have been suspected of an vniversity education any more than his ieremy in the play , if i had not printed m. a. on the title page . here the poor man has shewn his will , and his weakness sufficiently ! i 'm almost sorry 't is so low with him . when a poet is so extreamly well inclin'd to be witty , 't is pity he has no more in his power . mr. congreve goes on manfully in his defence and says , for the word whoreson , i had it from shakespear and johnson . not unlikely . people are apt to learn what they should not . mr. congreve's memory , or his invention , is very considerable this way . indeed one would almost think by his writings , that he had digested ill language into a common place . but it was not only whoreson , but ieremy's saying he was born with whoreson appetites , which i complain'd of ; and which i take to be blaspheming the creation . he pretends i have vvrong'd him strangely in a rant of sir sampson's : and would make the reader believe i charge him literally with paraphrasing the th psalm . i 'm sorry i 'm forced to explain my self in so clear a case . we may observe then , that the psalmist in contemplation of the astonishing beauty and serviceableness of humane bodies , breaks out in a rapture of gratitude , i will give thanks unto thee , for i am fearfully and wonderfully made , marvellous are thy works , and that my soul knows right well . let us now hear sir sampson . this gentleman after having railed a lecture over ieremy's body , for being born with necessities too big for his condition ; he crys , these things are unacountable , and unreasonable ; why was not i a bear ? — nature has been provident only to bears and spiders : thus we see what a harmony of thought there is between david and our author . the one adores while the other reproaches . the one admires , the other burlesques the wonders of providence . and this was all the paraphrasing i meant , as any one might easily imagine . the dialogue of scandal and foresight lies next in our way , i shall once more transcribe it from love for love. fore . alas mr. scandal , humanum est errare . scand . you say true , man will err ; meer man will err — but you are something more — there have been wise men , but they were such as you — men who consulted the stars , and were observers of omens — solomon was wise , but ho● ? by his iudgment in astrology , — so says pineda in his third book and eighth chap. but ( says mr. congreve ) the quotation of the authority is omitted by mr. collier , either because he would represent it as my own observation to ridicule the wisdom of solomon or else because he was indeed ignorant that it belong'd to any body else . to this i answer , . that mr. congreve yields solomon's wisdom ridiculed by this observation , therefore by his own confession , if 't is none of his authors , he must answer for 't himself . now pineda gives us a quite different account of the cause of solomon's wisdom , and which is perfectly inconsistent with congreve's banter . pineda affirms that solomon's wisdom was given him by god in a supernatural dream , mentioned in scripture . and that after the dream , he found an unsual light in his understanding ; his ideas were brighten'd , and the extent of his knowledge strangly enlarged . 't is true , pineda believed that solomon understood astronomy in perfection , and that he had skill in prognosticks which he calls astronomia judiciaria . he continues , that he could in a great measure reach the inclinations and reasonings of men , where they did not depend purely upon choice , and the turn of the will. but then he does not say that solomon's skill in prognosticks was that which made him wise . no : this tallent was only a branch , but not the cause of his wisdom . for as pineda speaks elsewhere , solomon had a universal knowledge of nature , but then this excellency was no result of natural parts , or humane industry ; 't was an immediate bounty from heaven ; and both the thing , and the conveyance , were extraordinary . mr. congreve agrees with pineda at least in a jesting way , solomon was wise , but how ? by his iudgment in astrology . that is , his distinguishing attainments were gained this way . there was nothing in the case , but that he had looked into a star somewhat farther than other people : he learned his wisdom it seems from the caldeans , or aegyptians , or from some such book as lillies almanack . this is scandal's solution of the mystery ; and the best that i can make on it . for t' is one thing to say that a man is wise by astrology , and another that astrology or astronomy was only a part of his wisdom . the one implies the cause , and the other but a branch of the effect . the one excludes the miracle , and the other affirms it . upon the whole matter , mr. congreve , and pineda , are not to be reconciled , so that by his own confession he has ridiculed the wisdom of solomon , and falsifyed his author into the bargain . ly . supposing pineda had been fairly reported by mr. congreve , the poet had been much to blame ; for then the case had stood thus ; pineda as mr. congreve observes had ridiculed solomon , and himself had done no less , by citing him without censure , and upon a drolling occasion . for this reason i waved the consulting of pineda , as well knowing that should the testimony have been right , the play was certainly in the wrong . besides , 't is somewhat to be suspected mr. congreve never saw pineda ; my reason is , because he falls twice into the same mistake , he quotes the eighteenth chapter for the eighth , and to make it appear the more gross , 't is done in words of length , and not in figures . i hope for the future mr. congreve wont bring in solomon to divert the play-house , nor compare him with fools and fortunetellers . scandal's telling foresight he was more than meer man , and secure from mistake upon that score , is likewise a profane expression . to affirm this of any person , is as much as to say , he is either our saviour , or a prophet , or under some miraculous influence . scandal goes on with foresight , and sayes the wise men of the east ow'd their instruction to a star , which is rightly observed by gregory the great in favour of astrology . mr. congreve vindicates this passage by saying , that scandal banters foresight , but not the audience . not banter the audience ! he affronts the audience i 'm sure , if they have any christianity in them , by drolling upon a miracle at our saviour's birth : he banters st. matthew too , who has recorded the miracle , and gregory the great , who discourses upon it . mr. congreve is pleased to say that i am very angry that sir sampson has not another name , because sampson is a name in the old testament . this is false in every sylable , as the reader may see by consulting my book . but this i say , that mr. congreve has burlesqu'd the history of sampson , and wrested the scripture into smut . there are two other profane passages censur'd by me in the same page : these he leaves as it were to shift for themselves , and has not as yet , made them worse by defending them : excepting that he comes up with his old cavil about the word martyr , which i have answer'd already . the next place mr. congreve leads us to is bedlam : and here he gives us three reasons for valentine's pretended madness . the two later are somewhat extraordinary . he makes him mad it seems for a variation of the character . a shrewd contrivance , to put a man out of his wits for the sake of variety ? for without doubt , raving and incoherence are wonderfully taking . i suppose mr. congreve made bellmour talk nonsense for this wise reason . for 't is a dull thing for a man to be always tyed up to sense , and confin'd to his understanding . his third reason for taking away reason , is because madness gives a liberty to satyr , and authorises a bluntness , &c. which would otherwise have been a breach of manners in the character . that is , it gives valentine a commission to talk smut , and abuse his father . but mr. congreve needed not to have given himself this trouble about valentine ; for valentine when he was in his wits , and under the character of a fine gentleman , had breeding enough to be smutty , and undutiful . mr. congreve would perswade the reader that i interpret him with too much rigour , for making valentine in his lunacy say , i am truth , &c. if this point needs any farther disputing , we may take notice that our blessed saviour mentions the word truth in a solemn and peculiar manner . he sometimes applies it to himself , sometimes to the holy ghost , and sometimes to the revelation of the gospel . in short , 't is as it were appropriated to the greatest persons , and things , mark'd as the prerogative of god ; and used in a sense of emphasis and distinction . let us compare st. iohn , and mr. congreve a little , and then we may easily judge where the fault lies . st. thomas answers our blessed saviour , lord we know now not whither thou goest , and how can we know the way ? iesus saith unto him , i am the way , and the truth , and the life . sir sampson is at a loss , swears , and cries out , i know not which way to go . valentine enquires , who 's that , that 's out of his way ? i am truth , and can set him right . our saviour assures his disciples , that he will send them the comforter . and that when he the spirit of truth is come , he will guide you into all truth , and he will shew you things to come . the execrable valentine says , interrupt me not — i 'll whisper prediction to thee , and thou shalt prophesie . i am truth , and can teach thy tongue a new trick : i am truth , and come to give the world the lie. and is not this horrible stuff ? what can be more intolerable boldness , than thus to usurp the regal sitile , to prostitute the language of heaven , and apply it to drollery and distraction ? mr. congreve is advanced to my d chapter , concerning the abuse of the clergy . as for the dissenting ministers , he says i charge him with nothing more than setter's , procuring their habit for bellmour . under favour , this is a great mistake . the pimp reads a lecture of abuse upon the habit , exposes spintext from head to foot , makes him both a knave and a libertine , and his wife a whore into the bargain . the view , &c. has remark'd , that barnaby calls another of that character mr. prig. he does so . and fondlewife represents him lewd in a luscious description . mr. congreve replies , what if his name were mr. prig , or what if it were not ? now 't is possible he 'll not like it , if i don't consider these weighty questions . i say then , if his name was so , he has misbehaved himself by putting him in his play. if 't were not so , he has used the dissenting ministers ill , by representing one of their order in a contemptuous manner . for as he himself confesses , a mr. prig , and a mr. smirk , are names implying characters worthy of aversion and contempt . now for a man not to understand his own ill language , and contradict himself in a few pages , is , in his own decent expression , furiously simple . mr. congreve pretends that a reflection on a lord's chaplain is no reflection on a parson of the church of england . that 's somewhat strange . the roman catholick lords have no chaplains ; the law does not allow it . and as for the dissenters , there are very few lords of their perswasion . i desire therefore to know upon what party the abuse must stick ? in earnest , i 'm almost tired with answering these things . to strike the air , does but make a man's arm ake . there is a pretty long instance produced from the double dealer , to shew the misbehaviour of the stage towards the clergy ; these passages he leaves to take their fortune ; for they have nothing in them it seems , which needs a defence . this is a discreet way of answering ; and i think , if he had made more use on 't , it might have done as well . to shew the unreasonableness of the stage in representing the clergy under characters of disadvantage and contempt , i endeavour'd to vindicate the reputation of that order from three topicks . st . from their relation to the deity . ly . from the importance of their office. ly . because they had general custom , and prescription for their privilege . under the first head , i had said that the credit of the service always rises in proportion to the quality and greatness of the master . this position , he says , is sophistical ; and yet he is so civil as to grant it in the next line but one . however , he makes a stand at the inference , and asserts , that though the credit of the service rises in proportion to the quality of the master , yet the credit of the servant , does not rise in proportion to the credit of the service . not rise in proportion to the credit of the service ; that 's strange ! i thought office and authority had been a just ground for regard ; and that honourable charges had made honourable men. and if so , i suppose the esteem of the person must improve with the credit of the employment . i would gladly know in what circumstance the dignity of an ambassador consists ? does it not lye in his commission and credentials , in the advantage and significancy of his character ? what makes such a person treated with greater regard , than a factor , or private agent ? is it not the honour of the representation , and the weight of the business ? now he that executes for another , or represents him by way of authority , is without doubt in his service : from whence it follows , that if the credit of the servant rises by the quality of the business , and authority , it must by consequence rise in proportion to the credit of the service ; for these are only different words to signify the same thing : mr. congreve's saying , that an ill servant both discredits his service , and is discredited by it ; is partly foreign , and partly false . to say he is discredited by it , is untrue . for 't is the misbehaviour , not the office , which gives the discredit . and then to say that an ill servant discredits his service , is nothing to his point . for the purpose . suppose the ministers of state or iustice , in any government , should fail in their conduct : are they presently to be insulted by the common people , exposed in the badges of their character , and made the diversion of the town ? what if a man is an ill servant , his commission ought to be his protection from private indignities . as for his mismanaging , he must account to his master ; equals or inferiours , have nothing to do to punish . mr. congreve adds , that if a servant is punish'd by the law , the honour of the service is not by that means violated . as much law as he pleases ; let justice have its course , and i 'm contented . but what 's this to the stage ? have they a patent of jurisdiction over the clergy ? are they authorised to pronounce upon their faults , and their punishment ? to give them little behaviour , and contemptuous usage ; to make them fools , and then treat them as such ? but now 't is mr. congreve's turn to ask questions : he would know of me , whether a man after he has received holy orders , is become incapable of either playing the knave or the fool ? why truly , considering he has the same humane nature with a poet , i can't think him utterly incapable of either . and now i may have answer'd his question as civilly as he ask'd it . but if a clergy-man plays the fool , he is equally with a lay-fool , the subject of laughter and contempt . not in the same way neither . circumstances alter any case . different things require different considerations . there are laws , discipline , and ordinaries , to take care of greater miscarriages in the church . and as for lesser misfortunes , they should rather be lamented , than expos'd . the clergy are a sort of spiritual parents . st. paul's reasoning supposes it : and the church catechism gives them an inference of privilege from the fifth commandment . to banter a relation of this kind , has neither decency , nor religion in 't . and we know ham got no blessing by his discovery . to stigmatize a solemn character , to play the buffoon in a gown and cassock , and shew the church for a monster , is , one would think , an odd diversion in christendom . the heathens treated the primitive christians much at this rate : they wrapt them in bear-skins , and then set the dogs on them . but mr. congreve urges , that by improper behaviour the man becomes alienated from the priest , and so the folly is exposed , not the function . for example , if the man be knock'd on the head , the priest is not a jot the worse for 't . this is much like the old distinction of politick , and personal capacity , applied to another case . to give this gentleman an answer more at large , he may please to take notice : st . though the function and the person are separable in notion , they are joyn'd in life and business . 't is true , the office and the person are two things ; but yet 't is the person which executes the office : this makes them share a disadvantage in common ; and a censure frequently slides from the one to the other . if you make the man a knave , the priest must suffer under the imputation : and a fool in his person , will never be thought discreet in his function . upon this account persons in authority , whether spiritual or civil , ought to be privileg'd from abuse . to make the ministers of church or state , the subject of laughter and contempt , disables their authority , and renders their commission insignificant . the heathen dramatists seem sensible of this reasoning , and practice accordingly . ly . if the poets design was no more than to expose and reprehend folly and vice in general , why are not the failings of the clergy represented in a lay-appearance ? why must the satyr be pointed at the coat , and run out into reference and distinction ? why must the profession be dressed up , and the folly keep all within the function ? is not this plainly to confound the order and the miscarriage , to go off from the man to the priest , and render them both ridiculous ? ly . employments are oftentimes a shelter to persons ; and characters a protection from insult : publick reason will not endure authority to be expos'd , or the magistrates to be made a may-game . to talk in mr. congreve's language , a lay-fool is not always to be saluted by his folly. this would be great rudeness in conversation ; and the government might suffer by it . condition is a cover for failings . and authority must not be a jest. in this case a man should be view'd on the side of advantage , and treated by his best distinction . now if we consider the author , and the ends of church authority , we shall find it deserves a guard , no less than that of the state. the church-article quoted by mr. congreve , does him no service . if it has any reference to the matter in hand , it makes against him . the article affirms , that evil ministers act by christ's authority and commission ; that the word and sacraments are significant and effectual in their hands ; and that the indisposition of the agent , does not weaken the institution . now since even a vicious priest represents our saviour , since he is god's ambassadour , and is a conveyance of the blessings of heaven : these credentials , these benefits , one would think , might guard him from contempt , and make his character inviolable . 't is true , the article says , they may be accus'd , and being found guilty , by just iudgment depos'd . but what of all this ? are the poets their judges ? and is the stage grown doctors commons , or westminster-hall ? well : but the article supposes a distinction between the man , and the priest. yes : and it supposes too , that the man ought to fare the better for this double capacity . mr. congreve in citing this quotation , has mistaken the chronology , and confounded the articles and canons , but this i shall pass over . but mr. congreve falls into a worse mistake than the former . he makes st. cyprian affirm that the validity of the sacraments depends on the probity of the priest , and that the article was partly established to take off the authority of this father . now to say this , is to misreport st. cyprian . 't is true , this worthy prelate believed that a priests authority was suspended by heresy and schism ; but that bare immorality could recall his commission , he does no where suppose . the case of basilides and martialis , if mr. congreve had produced it , would not come up to the point : for this instance concerns sacrificing to idols ; which is an act of apostacy : it implies a renouncing of christianity . from whence it will follow , that those who are not so much as members of the church , cannot have the power of church-governours . mr. congreve seems displeas'd with that little justice i endeavoured to do the clergy ; and calls the testimonies of the best poets , orators , historians , &c. vain stuff . i take it ( says mr. congreve ) he would give us to understand , that in all ages the function of a priest was held to be a very honourable function ; did mr. collier ever meet with any body fool enough to engage him to assert that ? many a one , i can assure you , that have been either fool or knave enough , i can't tell which . if the post is honourable , the persons should be considered accordingly : they should not be exposed in a wretched appearance ; and have neither sense nor spirit , nor fair usage allowed them . the heathen poets , as i prov'd at large , never serv'd their priests so . mr. congreve urges , that kings have been in all ages exposed and punish'd on the stage , yet never any king complained of the theater or the poets . from hence he argues , that if kings may be exposed on the stage ; why not priests ? to this i answer , st . mr. congreve's argument supposes that poets have the leave of princes for this freedom . kings it seems are willing to be brought , and disciplined on the stage . very well . but does the hierarchy desire to be represented ? does the church give the play-house this permission ? by no means . she complains of the practice , and would have it otherwise . now what consequence is there from permission to remonstrance , and from pleasure to aversion ? the church does not desire to be so publick . why should she be hal'd in , against her inclination , and gaz'd on like a malefactor ? ly . stage princes are used agreeably to their station : the honour of their function shines out in their appearance . their very misfortunes are majestick , and their ruin glorious . they are never represented insignificant , treated with contempt , and play'd the fool with in comedy . if they were thus used , i question not but that the poets and players would quickly hear on 't . ly . if princes were used as ill as priests upon the stage , they would not suffer so much by it . princes are well guarded against dramatick out-rage . they have power to punish and to oblige . the magnificence of their courts , the pomp and parade of their figure , brighten their authority , and preserve a regard . these circumstances glitter upon the sense , and strike an awe upon the spirits of the people . they refresh their character , and make them understood . they prevent the spreading of fiction into life , and keep a play-house-abuse from being acted in the streets . in fine ; wealth and power tho much short of princes , breaks the force of insolence , and is a sovereign remedy against neglect . but the clergy have no great share of these advantages ; i mean generally speaking , and with us especially . their provision is often slender , their censures relate to another world , and they have nothing of lustre to affect the imagination . a condition thus unfortified , thus unornamented , lies open to ill usage . the greater part of the clergy are not so well provided to disprove an unfair representation . they can't so easily confute a calumny by their equipage , nor make their fortune put a lye out of countenance . to be taken notice of , things must shine as well as be solid ; a coarse out-side keeps the richness within from being regarded . spiritual privilege , and invisible advantage signifie little with ignorance , or atheism . when a man can scarce hold his head above water , there needs no great weight to sink him . misfortune in such an age as this , is almost a jest of it self . a little buffooning is sufficient to make indigence look ridiculous ; for when a man's coat is thread-bare , 't is an easy matter to pick a hole in 't . ly his pretence of matter of fact is not true. princes have complained of the theater . the great scipio pull'd it down ; trajan & antoninus philosophus discouraged plays , and tiberius banished the stage . to come nearer home , lewis the godly would not endure a play-house , and queen elizabeth often check't this sort of diversion . now these were most of them great princes , and which is more to the purpose , most of them good ones too . mr. congreve seems now fallen into a fit of levelling . quality and secular advantage , are grown bells and baubles . in his logick , honour and estate , are inconsistent with humility and other christian virtues . such temporal pride he pretends agrees very ill with the person and character of a truly pious and exemplary divine . had this gentleman the direction of affairs , 't is likely the world would be well mended , the church reformed into apostolical poverty , and all these antichristian things of fortune and convenience , taken from the exemplary divines , and given to the exemplary poets . mr. congreve comes on again reinforced with mr. hales , who proves from scripture that all claim to superiority by title of christianity is most certainly cut off . with submission to mr. hales , this is not universally true for the church being a society , must by consequence have governours , and these by the same necessity , must in that respect be superiour to the governed . for this reason , the apostle , speaking to private christians , enjoyns them in these words , obey them that have the rule over you , and and submit your selves ; for they watch for your souls , &c. this text we see plainly contains a branch of duty to ecclesiastical governours . now those who have the rule over others , are certainly so far their superiors ; and those who are to submit themselves , are bound to acknowledge them as such . to go on with mr. congreve's citation . nature and religion agree in this , that neither of them has a hand in this heraldry of secundum sub & supra ; all this comes from composition and agreement of men among themselves . here mr. hales is mistaken again ; for parents have by nature a right of superiority over their children . i grant mr. hales's principle holds true in the main ; but nothing can be more extravagant than mr. congreve's inference . does this gentleman mean that there 's no such thing as superiority amongst christians ? is subordination destroyed by baptism ? does christianity confound all degrees , and melt down all distinction in the state ; this doctrine is calculated for the meridian of munster , for the boars of germany , for iohn of leyden and knipper-dolling : iack straw and wat tyler , cade and ket would have been wonderfully obliged at such a discovery as this . but if civil privileges are consistent with christianity , i hope the clergy may plead their right in common , and take the advantage of the constitution like other people . i had said , the addition of clerk is at least equal to that of gentleman ; were it otherwise , the profession would in many cases be a kind of punishment . i say so still . for if a gentleman was made less , and degraded by going into orders , would it not be a kind of punishment ? can any thing be plainer than this ? i can't imagine how mr. congreve could misinterpret this period . but since he has done it , he would do well to call in his exclamation , and wonder at his own ignorance or insincerity . i observ'd , that monsieur racine , contrary to the practice of foreign countries , represented priests in his athalia . i observ'd farther , that this play was a very religious poem . and if it were not design'd for the theater , i have nothing to object . my meaning is , if it were design'd for the theater , i thought the form and argument too solemn for the place . but that it was design'd for the theater , is more than i know ; and i rather believe it was not . it being not uncommon in france and elsewhere , to act serious and inoffensive plays in religious houses . had mr. congreve understood this , or indeed the plain english of the words , all his cavilling and awkard jests had been at an end . the short view , &c. takes notice that shakespear , though to blame , was a genteeler enemy than the relapser ; why so ? because he gives sir iohn , parson of wrotham , some advantage in his character , he represents him lewd , but not little. here mr. congreve is extreamly diverting . the but ( says he ) is coming again . i had a glimpse of him just now . best of all ; 't is more than he has of himself , sometimes . lewd but not little , there 's a paradox for ye ! well , i grant some people are both . however , there 's room enough between these qualities for a distinction . for i suppose a man may be lewd in his practice , without being little in his figure and behaviour . does every libertine wear a livery , or is lewdness a forfeiture of condition ? in a sense of philosophy and religion , there 's nothing meaner than vice : but then the advantage of appearance is some cover for the deformity , and gives it another air to common view . mr. congreve allows , that when men neither sneak , nor do any thing unbecoming their office in the world , they ought not to be represented otherwise on the stage . were the heathen priests then so absolutely unexceptionable ? were there no prevarications amongst them ? and did they never live out of their character ? mr. congreve can't think this : and yet as i observ'd , they were always well treated by the heathen poets . but besides , what occurs in this answer , i have given him my reasons elsewhere , why the clergy ought in no case to come upon the stage . mr. congreve is so kind as to inform me , that i talk in the pedantical cant of fable , intreague , discovery , of vnities of time , &c. he means the pedantical cant of aristotle and horace , of bossu and corneille , of rapin , and mr. dryden ; that is of the best criticks , both antient and modern , upon the subject . this is somewhat strange ! but i perceive the man is wildred in his spleen : he lost himself in a mist of his own making , and when people can't see , they are apt to fall foul upon their friends . he finds fault with some more expressions of mine , how reasonably , i shall consider by and by . mr. congreve having spent some pages in trifling and scurrility , advances to my th . chapter . this chapter charges the stage with immorality for rewarding their loose characters , and giving their libertines such advantage in figure , sense and success . mr. congreve knew the old batchelour and double dealer concern'd under this head , but takes no notice of it . 't is true , he makes an attempt to disengage valentine in love for love. he would gladly blanch this foul character ; but alas , 't is to no purpose to wash and rub : the spots are not dirt but complexion . he says valentine had honesty enough to close with a bad bargain , rather then not pay his debts . thus mr. congreve . but if we will take valentine's word for't , we shall find the matter otherwise . 't was his necessity , his disrelish of confinement , his passion for angelica , which put him upon this complyance . let him speak for himself . val. this condition was once proposed before and i refused it , but the present impatience of my creditors for their money , and my own impatience of confinement , and absence from angelica , force me to consent . so much for his honesty . and that he is debauch'd , profane and smutty , unnatural to his son , and undutiful to his father , i still affirm and appeal for evidence to the pages of the citation . mr. congreve endeavours to justifie bellmour and sharper , in the old batchelour , against my exceptions . but here according to his usual fair dealing he misreports the case . he tells the reader i produc'd these passages to prove him guilty of encouraging immorality . but this is quite mistaking the matter . these passages among others were produced to show how roughly the women were treated by the stage : that their fine characters were unceremonious , and fail'd in the decencies , of a cavalier . he is glad i can prevail with my self to write the hellish syllable [ pox ] at length ; i could not do so in page of my book . right . and i had some reason for my scruple . for i conceive , there is some difference between the naming a blasphemous curse , and the foul disease . the word was used the former way when i declin'd to transcribe it . i have assaulted the town , it seems , in the seat of their principal and most reasonable pleasure . i am sorry to hear the encouraging of vice , the liberties of smut , and profaneness , the exposing of holy things and persons , are such lively satisfactions . the palate must be strangely vitiated to relish such entertainment as this . i would gladly believe the stage has not yet subdued the understandings of the audience , nor debauched their reason to this degree . i hope the town is misreported in some measure , and that as to the choise and value of pleasure , the psamist's authority may be better than mr. congreves , blessed is the man that stands not in the way of sinners , nor sits in the seat of the scornful . but his delight is in the law of the lord. mr. congreve pretends the invectives of the fathers were levell'd at the cruelty of the gladiators , and the obscenity of the pantomimes . if some of them , continues he , have confounded the drama with such spectacles , it was an oversight of zeal very alowable in those days ; and in the infancy of christianity , when the religion of the heathens was intermingled with their poetry and theatral representations . the fathers censure of the stage , of which i gave many instances , was an oversight of zeal ! their heat ran away with their judgment , and to make them s●fe , we must read them with mr - congreve's comment . and yet this oversight of zeal is forgotten , and their conduct justified by our author immediately after . for as the case then stood , he says the best of the heathen plays might very well be forbidden . but these restraints , it seems were put upon the infancy of christianity . under favour , christianity was no gradual religion . 't was like adam at its full growth at first . if weakness , if obstinacy , and perverseness , are signs of infancy , we are much more in the state of the cradle now . as for the concern of the heathen religion , that was not the only objection the fathers had to the stage . they likewise declaim'd against the lewdness and immorality of those diversions . this i have shewn sufficiently in the testimonies cited from them : and likewise prov'd the censure of the fathers applicable to the english theater . mr. congreve would gladly throw his own talent of unfair citing and misapplying upon me . but has not been able to prove it in one instance , excepting that mistake of wasting for wafting mentioned before . his story out of polybius will do him no kindness ; for , as i have observed already , there is no arguing from heathenism to christianity . ignorance when not affected , goes a great way in an excuse . polybius was a wise man , but he was a pagan , and lived too early to know any thing of our religion . in short , either the theatral performances of the cynethians were innocent , or they were not . if they were not , to what purpose are they mention'd : if they were , our stage is no parallel to them . there being very few modern plays in which there is not something exceptionable : either cursing or swearing , vain invocation of the name of god , ribaldry , or profaneness ; or else some foolish and destructive passion made creditable and charming . and as for the bulk of his author polybius , i suppose scipio nasica , scaevola , and st. augustin , were all of them as great men as he. i shall give him counter-evidence from them . this father informs us , that scaevola vvho vvas pontifex maximus , and one of the senate , disswaded that noble assembly from going on with the building of a theater . he told them in a set speech , that this diversion would bring in foreign vice ; and the debaucheries of greece among them . that the old roman virtue would be lost , and the spirits of the people emasculated . this harangue govern'd the senate , and stopt the progress of the stage for that time . this testimony st. augustin mentions vvith approbation . and in the next chapter but one , he calls these theatral performances , animorum labem & pestem , probitatis & honestatis eversionem , i. e. the blemishes of humane nature , the plague of reason , and the ruine of virtue : and adds , that scipio foreseeing these mortal consequences , hindred the building of play-houses . he did not think the government could subsist upon the strength of brick and stone . but that discipline and good manners were to be taken care of no less than the fortification of the city . to the authority of this father i shall subjoyn that of horace , vvho in his book de arte poetica , mentioning the roman theater before his ovvn time , has these vvords . quo sane populus numerabilis ut pote parvus . et frugi , castusque verecundusque coibat . 't is very remarkable says monsieur dacier , that horace should commend the old romans for not frequenting the theater . he gives four reasons for the little inclination they had for these diversions . they vvere not very numerous ; they vvere wise ; they vvere religious ; and they vvere modest. the three last reasons are strongly to our point , and the stronger for coming from a poet. this vvas so plain , and so considerable an acknovvledgment , that mr. dacier makes the follovving marginal note upon it . the theater condemned as inconsistent with prudence and religion . as for innocent diversions , i have nothing to say against them . but i think people should take care not to relieve their spirits at the expence of their virtue , not to cure melancholy with madness , and shake off their spleen , and their reason together . mr. gosson a stage poet in queen elizabeth's time says much the same thing , only the expression is somewhat stronger . in his address to the gentlewomen of london , he has these words : being pensive at home , if you go to the theaters to drive away fancies , it is as good physick , as for the ache of your head , to knock out your brains ; or when you are stung with a wasp , to rub the sore with a nettle . the same author is so frank as to declare , that ease and idleness bring destruction ; and that pleasure and sport are the devil's baits : that honest recreation quickens the spirits , but plays are venemous arrows to the mind . when comedy comes upon the stage , cupid sets up a springe for woodcocks , which are entangled e're they discern the line , and caught before they mistrust the snare . and a little before , we call that a slaughter house where brute beasts are kill'd , and hold that a pastime which is the very butchery of christian souls . mr. congreve argues at last from the disadvantage of the globe , and the uncertainty of our climate . now i 'm afraid these geographical reasons are no better than the rest . i doubt this expedient of a play-house won't make the latitude one jot the better . 't will ne're fix the floating of our humours , nor bring us to the steddiness of the continent . to speak softly : what is there more likely to awaken our passions than these diversions , and to fill us with freaks and fancies , and extravagant amusement ? now when passions runs high , disappointment rises with them , and good humour grows more precarious . for the more we are disappointed , the more dark , and saturnine , and melancholick we shall certainly be . the resignation of christians , and the pleasures of reason , and the satisfaction of living to some purpose , are by much , the best remedies against melancholy . but are not we of all people the most unfit to be alone ? the french proverb shall answer this : better be alone , than in ill company . mr. congreve goes on in his panegyrick upon his country : are there not more self-murtherers , and melancholick lunaticks in england , heard of in one year , than in a great part of europe besides . tho' i somewhat question the truth , as well as the civility of this reflection ; but if 't is true , 't is probable the play-house may in some measure account for the fact. if there are more self-murthers and lunacies in england than elsewhere , 't is probably , because there are more bad plays in england than in a great part of europe besides : i believe i may say , than in all europe besides . when passions are rais'd , and principles destroy'd , some people can neither keep their wits , nor their lives long together . they grow impatient of this world , and foolish enough to rush blindly upon the other . loue and pride are observ'd to stock bedlam . now these two passions are work'd up to the highest excess in plays . a spark is scarce thought civil to his mistriss , unless he 's ready to run mad for her . and as for pride , 't is no less strongly recommended under the notion of glory , greatness , and revenge . indeed the play-house is a sort of nursery to a mad house : 't is not long since one of them was sent thither ; and i rather wonder they are not oftner transplanted . i am sorry for any man's misfortune ; and 't is only mr. congreve's argument which draws the instance from me . he is now come to his last questions . from whence are all our sects , schisms , and innumerable subdivisions in religion ? let them come from whence they will , we had better have them than some peoples remedies . 't is much safer to be of different opinions , than agree in believing nothing . atheism is an ill cure of heresy and schism : i admire uniformity in doctrine extreamly ; but still i must crave leave to believe , that a mistaken conscience is more serviceable , than no conscience at all . mr. congreve concludes his book with an unfair quotation about musick . he understands the art of misrepresenting , and leaves out a significant word , very handsomly for that purpose . but i shall pass it over ; and come to his criticisms upon some of my expressions . the ladies fancy slip-stocking high , with which he quarrels , is an allusion to a known story , in a book very well known . to deal freely , i made bold with it to prevent its falling into the enemies hand . a whole kennel of beaus after a woman , is no language of mine : 't is a quotation from the relapse ; as mr. congreve might easily have seen . running riot upon smut , is misquoted . my words are these : the double dealer runs riot upon such an occasion as this , and gives lord touchwood a mixture of smut , &c. the upper end of the government , is a defensible expression ; and his exception to the litter of epithets , &c. i have answer'd already . his objections at big-allyances , is somewhat unfairly transcrib'd , and the page mismark'd . the passage is this : iehoida was thought an allyance big enough for the royal family . he cavils at two other little words , which i think may pass : but i shall say nothing in their behalf . to defend such trifles , would be almost as idle , as to object against them . now though i have examined mr. congreve's writings but loosely upon this head , yet in return to his civilities , i shall present the reader with some proprieties of his in phraseology and sense . in his amendments we have , to savour of vtterance , &c. and in the mourning bride , we have all the delicacies of language and rhetorick , and the very spring it self upon paper . here 's respiring lips , ample roof , and ample knowledge , the noon of night , fear'd , for frighted , the pageantry of souls , eyes rain blood , and what not . to go on a little with the mourning bride , with reference to sense and character . king manuell asks his daughter almeria , why she wears mourning at his triumph . she tells him , she mourns for her deliverance from a wreck . this was a wise answer , and a very natural way of expressing her gratitude for coming safe on shore . gonsalez relates manuall's victorious entry after his success against the moors . the cavalcade is wonderfully splendid and pompous : but the story goes off somewhat unluckily . the swarming populace spread every wall , and cling as if with claws they did enforce their hold through clifted stones stretching and staring . here he struts to purpose in sophocles's buskins ! cling and claws are extreamly magnificent in solemn description , and strangely proper for tragedy and triumph . to give him his due , i think these two lines are the best image of a parcel of cats running up a wall , that i have met with . that which follows is worth the remembring . as they were all of eyes , and every limb , would feed his faculty of admiration . a limb of an eye , i confess , is a great curiosity ; and one would think if the poet had any of these limbs in his head , he might have discover'd it . we must not forget osmin's talent in arithmetick , who let us understand that heaven can continue to bestow , when scanty numbers shall be spent in telling . as scanty as they are , i fancy telling will be spent much sooner than numbers : but sense in a tragedy is cold and unaffecting . to go on . zarah makes osmin a high compliment upon his air and complexion : she tells him when she first saw him , pale and expiring , drenched in briny waves , that he was god-like even then . death and paleness are strong resemblances of a deity ! but i perceive , to some people , a seraphim , and a drown'd rat , are just alike . king manuell is giving sentence upon the rebels : let us see how he supports his character : bear to the dungeon those rebellious slaves , the ignoble curs that yelp to fill the cry , and spend their mouths in barking tyranny . and a little after , he calls the noble osmin , that foreign dog. here 's majestick passion , royal vengeance , and magnificent railing for ye ! a common hunt could not have done it better ! this , as mr. congreve has it , is dog-language with a witness ; and never made for a monarch's mouth . zara has another flight very remarkable , and with that i shall conclude . this princess , we must know , was strangely smitten with osmin , and finding her amour cross'd , was resolv'd , out of stark love and kindness , to poison him : 't is true , she intended to be so just , as to dispose of her self the same way . now coming to the prison she spies a body without a head , and imagining it osmin's , grows distracted upon 't . and why so ? was it because she was prevented , and had not the satisfaction of dispatching her spark her self ? or was it because she had a mind to convince osmin of the strength of her affection by murthering him ? that 's somewhat odd . was it then to shew how willing she was to dye with him ? she says so ; but presently rejects this reason as frivolous and unnecessary . for if you 'll believe her , osmin was capable of knowing her passion , without so barbarous an expedient . his soul still sees , and knows each purpose , and fixt event of my persisting faith. well , let the reason of her disorder be what it will , for we can't agree about it , she falls into a most terrible fit of fustian , upon the sight of the body . ha! prostrate ! bloody ! headless ! o , — start eyes ▪ split heart , burst every vein at this dire object ; at once dissolve and flow ; meet blood with blood , dash your encountring streams with mutual violence , till surges roll , and foaming billows rise , and curle their crimson heads to kiss the clouds ! one would think by this rant , that zara had bloud enough in her veins to fill the bay of biscay , or the gulph of lions . at this rate a man may let the thames out of his little finger ! this is monstrous impropriety of thought ! never were things and words , joyn'd more unluckily . call you this poetry ! the figures and flights of poetry are bold ; but then the fancy should be natural , the figures just , and the effects holds some proportion with the ca●se . zara rises in her rumbling , if 't is possible , rails bitterly on the king , in astronomy ; and , as far as i can discover , she goes somewhat upon the system of copernicus . rain , rain , ye stars spout from your burning orbs , precipitated fires , and pour in sheets , the blazing torrent on the tyrant's head. well . tho this lady has not much wit in her anger , she has a great deal of learning : i must own , this is a very scholar-like piece of distraction . if mr. congreve replies , the occasion was extraordinary ; and that the sight of osmin's murther must mightily affect her . granting all this , the old saying will hold good against him : curae leves loquntur , ingentes stupent : here almeria's fit of fainting , and a good swoon at the end on 't , would have look'd like business , and been very natural upon the occasion . i could have been somewhat larger upon the mourning bride , but this may suffice at present . i charged mr. congreve with two very lewd and scandalous songs ; but these he passes over unmention'd . this is somewhat unfortunate : one would have thought , if he had neither modesty to make them , nor reason to defend them , he might , at least , have had a little conscience to have given them up . a reply to the short vindication of the relapse and the provok'd-wife . this author pretends i had little to charge him with upon the subject of immodesty , that i come to no particulars , but only mention miss hoyden with others for an immodest character . by his favour , i am particular in the matter objected , and since he calls for it , i shall direct the reader to some more decencies of this young lady . to deny matter of fact in the beginning of a vindication is a little unlucky ! this gentleman is at a loss what i mean by immodesty , he knows of no smut talked by miss hoyden ; and makes the fault mine to understand him in that sense . here 's a flight of innocence for ye ! one would think his capacity was bound up to virtue in an extraordinary manner ; and that the bare notion of ill could not get into his head. by the way , i am sorry to find him thus undistinguishing . this ignorance in a stage-poet does not look well . customary swearing takes away the sense of doing it , and i am afraid it may be applicable to other matters . the vindicator and his brethren have an admirable way of defending themselves from indecencies . if you detect them , they tell you 't is your own construction , and you may take it for your pains . as if the knowledge of good and evil , was criminal ; and to show one fault , was to make another . it seems then the deformity of matters lies in the organ , not in the object , in the idea not in the thing . a man had much better go into a puddle than discover it . he that sees an ulcer , or perceives an offensive smell , is extreamly to blame in his senses ! the vindicator imposes on the reader by affirming himself concern'd only in one quotation more in my chapter of immodesty . for . the general reference may imply more . and besides , if it did not , i have given more instances in loveless and berinthia , on the same head , tho not in the same chapter . there are likewise more lewd passages in his two plaeys heighten'd with irreligion ; but these shall be postpon'd a little . i shall now examine his defence of a quotation from the provok'd-wife . the dialogue lies between lady brute and belinda . belinda says , why dont some reformer or other beat the poet for smuttiness ? l. brute , because he is not so sure of our private approbation ; as of our publick thanks . well ; sure there is not upon earth , so impertinent a thing as womens modesty . belind. yes , mens fantasque that obliges us to it . if we quit our modesty , they say we lose our charms . ( there 's his defence . ) and yet they know that very modesty is affectation , and rail at our hypocrisy . here 's admirable encouragement for virtue ! the ladies make a grievance of modesty , and declare it the most impertinent thing in nature . ay , but what do the men say ? why they say 't is all affectation and hypocrisie . and are not these charming qualities upon the discovery ? a pretence seen through is wonderfully engaging ! the vindicator confesses as much . he says the men rail at the women for their modesty . i can't see how they should do otherwise , if they believe it nothing but grimace . here 's a handsome complement upon the women . they are brought in guilty by both sexes , they can't be sincere it seems without appearing vitious , nor deal clearly without impudence , nor be honest without playing the whore ! but over and above the poets courtship ; these are powerful motives to modesty ! what woman would not be in love with it upon this description ? the credit of affectation is strangely transporting , who would not take pains to be counted a hypocrite ? there 's nothing of complexion in modesty : 't is only a little paint laid on with a trowel . it neither sits easie , nor looks natural : 't is foolish to themselves , and formal to other people : and now what woman would not strive hard for such an accomplishment as this ? but on the other side , this is a comfortable scheme for the town sparks ▪ to speak in our author 's military way . what libertine would not press the siege , and be at the trouble of a little storming , when he has intelligence of a party within ; when he believes the bloody-colours false , and that there 's friendship in the very defiance ? now had i not upon this occasion some reason to observe that m●desty was out of fashion with our stage , and the b●nk much sunk since the time of euripides , i say since the time of euripides ; for his ladies always converse with all the decency and reservedness imaginable . they declare against intemperate talk , and love virtue both in the thing and in the appearance . i had ranged the profaneness of the stage under two heads . . their cursing and swearing . . their abuse of religion and holy scriptures . upon the head of swearing , i observ'd the relapse and the provok'd-wife , were particularly rampant and scandalous . this , the vindicator says , was done with a great deal of honesty and charity . so ' t was . to report fairly , and tell people of their faults , is very consistent with both those qualities . he goes on , and jests a little about bullys and hackney-co●eh-men , and by the gayety of his humour , you would think him extreamly innocent . but after all this unconcernedness , 〈◊〉 his crime should not be little , i am afraid his conscience will appear so . however he complains he is mightily overcharg'd ; and that all the stretch of the prophaneness lies in ld. foppington 's gad , and miss hoyden's i-cod . now hoyden's expression i take to be rank swearing , neither does he deny it . and as for ld. foppington , he adds by , to gad ; which in his particular way of pronouncing o , like a , is broad and downright . this gentleman would excuse himself by the liberties of conversation , and gives several instances of disguised oaths . what means he by insisting so much upon precedent ? does custom justifie a fault ? is sin improv'd into privelege ? and can a man swear by common-law ? besides all the instances mention'd excepting par die , are less criminal than his own . and were it otherwise , no sort of profaneness is fit for representation ; as i have prov'd sufficiently already . this author complains , my accusations against him almost always run in general terms , &c. well . if a list of particulars will oblige him , he shall have it . i did not take this method for want of evidence , i can assure him . the petty oaths and curses ( as i suppose the poets think them ) together with the vain invocation of the name of god , i shall omit ; to transcribe or point to them , would be tedious . but as for those of a blacker complexion , tho they must not be produced , the reader may see them if he pleases : and then he may judge if i have done the vindicator any wrong by pronouncing them rampant and scandalous . in the relapse this horrible rhetorick is spoken by ld. foppington , young fashion , seringe , coupler , and miss hoyden . to these we must add iustice tunbelly , who to make himself the better magistrate , swears like a bully with open mouth . the provok'd-wife is little better . sir iohn and the colonel swear with a great deal of relish and noise ; and constant is not over stanch . some of these pages have double charges , and so have some in the relapse . cursing and fiends language , is likewise very frequent in the provok'd-wife . now , tho oaths are not , curses may be blasphemy , fashion's is so in a horrible manner . this fine gentleman does not stick to curse the author of his being , for making him younger than his brother . but this is not all the blasphemy the relapser has to account for . and now at the close of the article i must own my self surpriz'd at the courage of the vindicator . that a man thus ill prepar'd , should cast the cause upon so bold an issue , press for a second hearing , and call for a charge in particulars ! the second branch of the stage's profaneness , is the abuse of religion and holy scripture . how does the vindicator excuse himself here ? he says , before he fell upon me for an abuser of holy scripture , he should first clearly have prov'd , that no story , phrase or expression whatsoever in the scripture , should be either repeated , or so much as alluded to upon the stage . in return to this , i must say , i have hinted this pretty strongly already , and proved it by plain implication . to argue the point more at length , i did not then think necessary . for what can be more evidently impious than to throw the most solemn and the most trifling things into the same composition ; to make religion part of our sport , and the bible furnish out the stage ? i thought no person professing christianity , could have wanted information in this case . but since i find the poets disposed to cavil , i have satisfied this objection more at large in my reply to mr. congreve . the vindicator's next attempt is very remarkable . the scripture , says he , is made up of history , prophecy , and precept ; which are things in their own nature capable of no other burlesque than what calls in question either their reality , or their sense . to this i answer , st . that the vindicator is out in his notion of burlesque . to burlesque a book , is to turn it into ridicule . now this may be done without questioning the history , or mistaking the text. to apply the case : to doubt the meaning of some part of the bible may be done without a fault . i confess , to question any facts in scripture would be to renounce christianity . but then to make diversion with them is still worse ; and adds contempt , to infidelity . indeed , to take these freedoms with religion is a sign of a slender belief . we don't see comedy garnished with parliament-house-speeches . no. where people are sure to be punished , they are careful not to provoke . ly . to believe the scripture god's word , and to play with it , heightens the presumption . 't is a horrid reflection on the divine wisdom ; it supposes the concerns of the other world over flourish'd , that a pompo●s out-side is given to things insignificant , and that the weight of the cause holds no proportion with the solemnity of the court. now that this gentleman has several times brought the bible to jest for him , is clear beyond all contradiction . ly . the vindicator is cast upon his own state of the case . for his play not only questions the truth of the scripture , but denies it ; and gives an instance to prove the assertion ; and to give the more credit to 't , it comes from the best character in the poem . 't is done in a soliloquy too , where according to our author , the person who speaks is always supposed to deliver his real thoughts to the audience . amanda is the person ; le ts hear her . what slippery stuff are men composed of ? sure the account of their creation's false , and 't was the womans rib that they were form'd of . this lady it seems spoke this for the good of the publick ; her business , like worthy's , was to instruct the audience . yes , the design of a soliloquy , is to prevent misconstruction , to direct the understanding , and secure the interest of virtue . 't is possible the account of man's creation might have been thought true , and the meaning of the relapse misunderstood , if amanda had not been drawn out single for this service . well . but the gentleman who writ this speech is gone to muscovy . i hope not to tell them the history of the creation is false ; well let him go , i think this town may spare him . but tho the man is gone to muscovy , the play is here , and so is the author too , who took the pious muse into his protection and made her free of his poem . suppose this new lawre●● should write a treasonable copy of verses upon the czar , and sheer off from mosco when he had done . suppose a brother poet of the place should borrow them for his proper use , and act and publish them for his own . would it be a sufficient excuse for the latter to alledge that they were only borrowed , that his friend was gone into a remote country ; but that to his knowledge he had too much veneration for the government to question its authority , or sink its credit ? i am afraid such a speech as this , would do but little service at mosco . it may not be amiss for the vindicator to consider the application , and the next time he has any exercise made for him , to look a little better into the contents . we are now drawing towards particulars . the history of adam's fall is wretchedly made use of in the provok'd-wife . how the scripture is affronted by this , the vindicator can't tell ; here 's nothing that reflects upon the truth of the story . no. is the ridiculous r●sor no disadvantage to the story ? does it not suffer by being mix'd up with smut and ●anter , and applied to a scandalous purpose . if these liberties don't reflect upon the truth of the story , i am sure they reflect upon the significancy on 't , and by consequence upon the honour of the author . but by the vindicator's favour , i doubt it does reflect upon the truth of the story . for who that look'd on this account as deliver'd by the holy ghost would treat it thus disrespectfully ? who that believed himself akin to adam would use his memory thus coursely , ridicule his folly upon the stage , and make a jest of his misfortunes ? the vindicator concludes the page with a memorable sentence , and gives us to understand , that he shall always make a very great distinction between his respects to god and the devil . his respects to god , is somewhat familiar . but he mends the matter . he makes a very great distinction between god and the devil ! then it seems he has some regard for both of them , some respects for the devil . truly one would almost think so , by his way of writing , and if we may argue from the interest he promotes , i am afraid the bulk of the distinction will lie the wrong way . the vindicator takes it ill of me for censuring the liberties given to ld. foppington . and here ( he says ) i'm as angry with him for being for religion , as before for being against it . not altogether . however here 's a frank confession , that he was against religion before . now by his managing , one would guess he had not changed his side . for whatever his meaning might be , his method is somewhat untoward . for does not ld. foppington droll upon the prayers , upon sundays , and sermons ? does he not do it in earnest ? the vindicator grants all this . is he check't then by the ladies , or expos'd upon the account ? very slenderly , if at all . berinthia rather prompts him , and amanda only asks him if there was good preaching at st. james's ; and that she was the worst company in the world at church , being apt to mind the prayers and sermon . this is a poor rebuke for such rampant profaneness . and as the world goes , may easily be interpreted to singularity , and female superstition . ay , but foppington's manner of speaking ; together with the character he represents plainly instructs the audience , that what he says of his church behaviour is design'd for their contempt and not for their imitation . 't is designed for their diversion , if he pleases , which i 'm mistaken if the subject will allow of . let ld. foppington speak . ld. fop. madam , sunday is a vile day , i must confess ; i intend to move for leave to bring in a bill that the players may work upon it . — a man must have little to do there , that can give an account of the sermon . — but if i can't give an account of the ladies , i deserve to be excommunicated . — there 's my lady tattle , &c. are the prettiest company in the world. — one is strangely apt at church to mind what one should not do , meaning the prayers and the sermon . now who can miscarry under such instruction as this ? a man must be of a very low form in his understanding , not to see the drift of the author . this is seraphick satyr , all light and heat . virtue must needs be refresh'd , and conscience alarm'd strongly , by such admonitions ! instead of giving a frightful idea of profaneness , the matter is all turn'd into a jest ; and the audience desired to laugh at those practices , which will damn them . these are admirable sentences to rally religion with , to furnish a young libertine , and keep atheism in countenance ! so much for the manner of speaking . and as for lord foppington's character , that won't excuse him . as the poet has manag'd the business , this lord is not so contemptible . for some of the best raillery in the play falls to his share , as i have shewn already . and were it otherwise , no pretence of character can justifi● such profane sallies . but these poets , if they can get a fool , a bully , or a libertine , to fly out into smut , or irreligion , they are safe enough . thus they can please and fence , at the same time ; and the character , as they fancy , is a cover for the trick . but there is much more of art than fair-dealing , in this expedient . i wish they would consider , 't is the poet that speaks in the persons of the stage ; and that he who makes a man mad , must answer for his distraction . the vindicator can find no reason for my quarr●l to young fashion , unless 't was because i took him for his friend . then i was much to blame . but the worst is , this gentleman contradicts himself in the next sentence ; and says , i accus'd his younger brother , for kicking his conscience down stairs . well . that 's something ; but not all the quarrel . i complain'd of him likewise for a finish'd debauchee ; and exhibited a long bill against him . this the vindicator is pleas'd to slide over : and instead of defending his libertine , finds fault with my calling him his favourite . and why so ? has he not provided him a plot , a fortune , and a creditable figure ? and are not all these signs of good will and inclination ? well ; but his wife is likely to make his heart ake . indeed so says the vindicator . but young fashion tells another story . he is in no fright about the matter . upon observing some signs of extravagance in hoyden , he says to himself , ( and then you may be sure he delivers his real thoughts to the audience ) 't is no matter . she brings an estate will aefford me a separate maintenance . we see here 's no danger of mortification . this soliloquy is extreamly moral ! it teaches the art of marrying the estate without the woman , and makes a noble settlement upon lewdness . the vindicator complains because i wont take his word in the business of pimping . under favour , he does me wrong ; i never questioned his experience in these matters . since he puts me upon 't , i am willing to believe him a good authority in the case : and that he is well qualified to pronounce upon the growth and improvement of this mystery . what if the profession soars somewhat higher than formerly , i hope 't is not grown creditable ? if 't is infamous in a peasant , 't is more so in a person of figure ? why then is it not lash'd and stigmatiz'd ? why han't we some of plautus's and terence's discipline upon 't ? why is the poet 's fine gentleman put upon this drudgery ? to use the profession thus gently , and pay it so fair a respect , is the way to make it soar still higher , and bring it more into fashion . but the vindicator's civilities to pimping were not the only thing which i objected : i observ'd that worthy and berinthia made it an act of christian charity , and rallied profanely upon the office. but 't is not this gentleman's method , to spea● to the difficulty . he tells me 't is a dull thing , to expect any thing not dull from a nurse . and why so ? as slender people are entertaining sometimes . why mayn't the woman be a little witty if she was born so , especially when she is to divert the company ? all nurses are not fools , any more than all poets are wits . besides , i did not expect any great matters from her in this kind . but though she has not wit , she ought to have humour ? so that when she is out of character in her profaneness , and speaks contrary to custom and probability , when the race and spirit of her discourse , lies only in the abuse of two or three solemn expressions of scripture , i say when this happens , 't is pretty plain the poet's design , is to treat the audience at the expence of religion . the vindicator sets down some more of nurses fine speech which i had omitted . she calls bull priest of baal , and tells him , her conscience flies in her face for taking his advice ; and that his ahsolution is not worth an old cassock . now all these fine sentences are only for diversion . 't is nothing but cracking a iest upon a chaplain ; and he should be very sorry to see the day when such a liberty where it has no allusion to religion ) should be brought within the verge of profaneness . and how does he prove a jest on a chaplain such a warrantable piece of raillery ? has not a chaplain the same commission and business with another clergyman ? and if so , why should his treatment be more course ? if there 's no distinction in the office , why should there be any in the usage ? but it may be the vindicator may think his authority sunk upon the score of obligation : and that eating and drinking , are better than prayers and sacraments . but this passage of nurses has no allusion to religion . that 's strange ! is sporting in scripture-phrase , so foreign to that subject ? has the drolling on the priests blessing , upon the power of the keys , and the institution of our saviour , no allusion to religion ? if this gentleman had the stating of profaneness , 't would shrink into a narrow compass . it would be no easy matter to talk amiss ; and the laity would have as little sin left them , as the clergy would have fair quarter . worthy's address to the fine procuress berinthia , must now be enquir'd into . upon her promise of a lewd assistance , his gratitude is wonderfully rais'd , and devout . thou angel of light , let me fall down and adore thee . he says , if i had quoted her answer , i had given a better character of him ; and he thinks , of my self . truly , i would gladly oblige both of us , but i 'm afraid ' twon't do this time : however , let 's hear berinthia's answer . ber. thou minister of darkness get up again ; for i hate to see the devil at his devotions . this is to make amends for t'other . i can't perceive how . one man injures his neighbour , and another blames him for 't ; does this cancel the guilt , & make the fact nothing . one man speaks blasphemy , & another reproves him ; does this justifie the boldness , or make the words unspoken ? but by this answer the audience are put in mind , she is ●ot supposed to deserve that compliment . i can't 〈◊〉 that neither . berinthia's answer looks 〈◊〉 like a design of carrying on the profan●ne●s , and continuing the religious banter . ●●r character is loose throughout the play , and she never says ought that 's good , unless ●o abuse it . the poet might easily see , that i●struction in her mouth was most likely to be misunderstood and miscarry . there 's no occasion for much quoting , the next lines will shew us how significant her advice must needs be . well , ( says worthy ) my inc●mparable berinthia , how shall i requite you ? ber. o ne'er trouble your self about that : virtue ( alias pimping ) is its own reward . there 's a pleasure in doing good , which sufficiently pays it self . here 's a lecture of philosophy well apply'd ! this is an admirable lady to correct ill sentences , and give aim to the audience ! and yet the jest on 't is , the man 's not pleas'd because i did not commend him for his care. truly he must excuse me , i am not so full of panegyrick as this comes to . i cited l. brute for saying the part of a downright wife is to cuckold her husband . the addition of setting it down as a precept , is all his own , and so consequently is the foul play too , as will appear by the ladies words . belinda — i could almost resolve to play the downright wife , and cuckold him . is not to play the knave , and to play the part of a knave the same thing ? this , tho it does not imply duty and precept , it supposes general practice , truth in notion , and propriety of character : and as a man cannot be said to be a knave , without playing knavish tricks ; so by the poets reasoning , a woman can't be said to play the downright wife , unless she injures her husband . this is a great compliment to the ladies ! and whether the vindicator has reason to ask their pardons for lying , in jest or in earnest , the reader must judge . he owns lady brute in her next reply , says , that which at first view seems much more lyable to exception . this confessiion is more than ordinary ; let the lady speak . l. brute , why , after all there 's more to be said for 't ( for adultery ) than you 'd imagine child . i know according to the strict statute law of religion , i should do wrong ; but if there were a court of chancery in heaven , i should be sure to cast him . belind. if there were a house of lords you might . l. brute , in either i should infallibly carry my cause . why he is the first aggressor . ( it had been worse if he had been the second . ) not i. belind. ay , but you know , we must return good for evil . l. brute , that may be a mistake in the translation . thus the justice of god , the court of heaven , and the precepts of our saviour are ridiculed ! and what can make satisfaction for these horrible outrages ? not all the blood in a man's veins . the mercy that pardons such boldness , had need be infinite ! but th● vindicator has taken care that her raillery should not be mistaken for her serious opinion . she tells belinda , i shall play the fool , and je●● 〈◊〉 till i make you begin to think , i am in earnest . this is an admirable defence ! the woman blasphemes in jest , and diverts the company with the bible , and therefore all 's well ; and the poet must be commended for his caution ! i perceive god and religion are very significant things with some people ! to disengage young fashion from his very profane application of providence . he says , every body knows the word providence in common discourse goes for fortune . a man that 's sinking will catch at a weed . i am sorry i must spend my time about words , especially in so plain a signification . but since the business must be undertaken , i shall endeavour at a brief satisfaction . we may observe then that tully in his philosophical tracts distinguishes providence from the epicurean system of chance and fortune . providence and divine administration , are with him the same thing . the emperour marcus antonius philosophus has this religious expostolation . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who would live in a world uninhabited by the gods , and providence ? now for a little english authority ' sir roger l' estrange in his aesop's fables , uses the word providence frequently for the government of the world by the deity ; but no otherwise that i remember . and more particularly in the , and . pages , he makes the notion of fortune and providence distinct , and opposes the one to the other . this gentleman is well known to be a master of stile , and therefore i chuse to instance in him . mr. dryden another good judge in language , uses , providence in the same sense tho not upon so good an occasion . to conclude . the relapser himself shall come in evidence , and attack the vindicator for once . enter bull. bull , what providence orders , i submit to . nurse , and so do i , with all humility . coupler , why that now was spoke like good people . thus we see from bull 's religious character , from nurses solemn acquiescence , and from coupler's reflection , the relapser takes providence for divine appointment , and the pleasure of the first being . berinthia comes again ; and here the relapser has shown us what speed we may expect from him when he strikes out . this lady was worthy's procuress . to succeed in her business she tells amanda , he ( mr. worthy ) used you like a text , he took you all to pieces , but spoke so learnedly — one might see the spirit of the church was in him . now why does the vindicator deny his own words , and affirm the woman is not liken'd to a text in general ; or any other way ? he had much better drop the cause , than plead it thus untowardly . to return to the relapse . berinthia goes on in pulpit-phrase , and pursues her employment very intelligibly . at last she mentions . vse and application , and brings them up to the point of debauchery . by her talking you would think there was little difference between lewdness and religion . and that whoring and preaching , a church and a bawdy-house might be treated alike . this fine discourse the vindicator , out of his great modesty , calls an inoffensive simile , and says it abuses no body . berinthia concludes in blasphemy , and joyns the atheist and the procuress together . now consider ( says she ) what has been said , and heaven give you grace to put it in practise ; that is to take berinthias lewd counsel , to prostitute her virtue , and turn whore. these words would be always profane upon the stage , but the application of them here , is flamingly blasphemous . the vindicator's defence is remarkable . he grants these words are often used at the close of a sermon , and therefore perhaps might as well have been let alone . it seems the case is somewhat doubtful , he is not sure but that a man may as well blaspheme as let it alone ! one had need of patience to read this ▪ but st. michael did not rail upon the devil , and therefore i shall pass it over . his lame excuse from the character , and manner , i have disprov'd already . this berinthia has a very scandalous soliloquy ; she thanks heaven for her impudence , and is nauseously bold , and profane : which , besides the irreligion , is an odd way of treating her sex , and figure . we are now come to the abuse of the clergy . and here the vind●cato●'s method of purging himself is extraordinary . he runs a great length of satyr upon the rights and privileges of the clergy . i perceive the little justice i endeavoured to do that order , won't down with him . by his reasoning one would think the world strangely priest ridden , and all ages , countrys , and religions , extreamly to blame ! if you 'll take his word for 't , riches , plenty and power , are very improper things for a church-man . and yet this gentleman owns the institution of the clergy to be the most effectual means of promoting our happiness in thi● world , and the other . say you so ? then sure they ought to have a share in the common advantages . acknowledgment should always bear some proportion to obligation . where 's the gratitude , or even the justice of acting otherwise ? if riches and power are things desirable , why should not the clergy come in with the rest ; if they are not , why are they grudged them ? to put the priesthood under a disadvantage in the state , only for having god's commission , is an odd way of shewing our religion . 't is somewhat hard a man should be barr'd the conveniencies of this life , for helping his neighbours to a better . to proceed . are not the clergy of the same humane nature with other people ? have they not the same necessities for this world , and the same conscience and discretion to use it ? generally speaking , poverty does as ill with a priest , as with a poet. t is apt to sink the spirits , to make the mind grow anxious , and feeble in the discharge of function . if riches are so invincibly dangerous , why don 't the christian laity part with them , and like crates , throw their gold into the sea ? but does not this plea for the churches temporals , reflect on the author of christianity ; or as the vindicator too lightly expresses it , do●s it not suppose that christ and his apostles ▪ took the thing by the wrong handle ? by no means ▪ the case is not the same . the apostles had a power of working miracles , to hold up their character , and make way for their doctrine . they could cure diseases , and inflict them ▪ kill and make alive , punish and oblige in the highest manner . they had nature at their beck , and omnipotence about them . such credentials needed no other recommendation . such illustrious poverty out-shines imperial grandeur , and makes a cottage look nobler than a court. but this glorious assistance was le●● but for a few ages . when christianity was once established , and princes converted to the faith , the end of miracles went off , and the power was recalled . from this time the church was left in some measure to humane prudence , and civil policy . when the heavens were thus shut in ; and the other world withdrew , there was more occasion of recourse to this. now , temporal advantage , and secular support , grew much more seasonable , and the church was obliged to preserve her authority by some of the methods of civil governours . but the vindicator says , religion is not a cheat , and therefore has no need of trappings . a judge is no cheat neither . 't is well known he has a good commission . to what purpose then are all these formalities of the cour● ; all this expence in solemnity and retinue ? can't the old gentleman come like an vtopian syphogranta , with a wisp of grass upon a pole. away , crys the vindicator , with all this unnecessary state. why must the charge be given in furs and scarlet , when the law will operate every jot as well in leat●●● ? however , this gentleman will have it that an ambassador who comes with advantageous proposals , stands in no need of equipage to procure him respect . this project would save a great deal of money ? but there are few princes of his mind . what does the vindicator mean by all this good husbandry ? would he have an ambassador travel like a carrier with a port-mant●au behind him ? such equipage would represent strongly , and give a noble idea of his business . in short , as things stand , government of all kinds , requires somewhat of figure . appearance goes a great way in the expediting of affairs . naked reason won't always do . the generality must have their senses struck , and their imagination affected . thus authority is best refresh'd , and the ends of the institution secured . for this purpose miracles were wrought ; and when they cease , 't is proper to apply to the usual expedients . and now i shall venture to confront the first a●rticle of his heresy , as he calls it , with this truth , viz. that the shepherd who has least meat at home in his house , has most business : for indigence has a very working head ; and a man is always most full of care , when he does not know how to live : and for the same reason , he that has the best fortune , may be most at leisure , because he has others to manage his affairs . the vindicator in his d. article discourses of sauce and sops , &c. but he has cook'd the allegory so oddly , that i know not well what to make on 't . if he reasons from the kitchin upon these subjects , he must talk by himself . his d. article i have spoken to already , and am now to consider it farther . for the vindicator pretends , that piety , learning , charity and humility , would secure the clergy from neglect , much better than power , and revenue . upon a view of the whole , one and t'other will be found to do very well together . for st . if piety and power are not to be reconcil'd , and a man must either throw up his fortune or his creed , the laity will be oblig'd to the same resignation . the inclosures of property and privilege must be broken down , and all things laid in common . but if 't is possible for a man to be pious with a penny in his pocket , the clergy i suppose may be so , with as little difficulty as their neighbours . then as for learning , poverty , and this advantage are inconsistent . as the world goes , there 's little knowledge to be had without money . a man may get honesty for nothing ; but if he will have any sense to 't more than ordinary , he must pay for 't . there are some few exceptions to this rule , but generally speaking , it holds true . to go on . charity is much better exercised with revenue , than without it . 't is true , a beggar may have as large a soul as a prince . but will without power , is neither so clear nor so serviceable . he that can go no farther than a good wish , is oftentimes only kind in his conscience , and a benefactor to himself . for where the heart is invisible , the obligation must be so too . but power brings secret goodness into light , and makes it appear unquestionable . and to come closer to the subject , i believe if the preacher could dine all the poor of the parish every sunday , his sermon would be more significant . his table would assist his pulpit , and his charity reinforce his reasoning . they 'd first come to him for the loaves , and then for the doctrine . and lastly , as for humility , i agree with the vindicator ; i think it most necessary ; and that no man can be a christian without it . but whether i have the same notion of this virtue with our author or not , i can't tell . to be humble , a man is bound not to be full of himself , or grow stiff upon any advantage , but give all the glory to god. he must be fair in conversation , not despise the least mortal , but rather stoop to oblige those upon lower ground . thus far without doubt all clergymen , and all christians are concern'd to be humble . but to be servile and sheepish to humour pride , and blow up conceit , this is quite another thing . there 's neither humility , discretion , nor so much as honesty , in such management . 't is little knavery , and parasitical meanness ; and church men , of all people , should stand clear of so uncreditable an imputation . now 't is this sort of humility the stage would put upon them . the vindicator and mr. congreve , are wonderfully for an humble clergy : and so are some of the proudest men i ever met with . if 't is said the clergy are bound to be exemplary , i willingly grant it . but example supposes other persons concern'd besides those who set it . if the clergy are to be examples , 't is because the ●●ity are bound to follow them : and in humility too , as well as in other duties . for if the teachers are bound to be humble , the he●●er● without question are under the same obligation . the argument might be press'd farther , but i rather chuse to leave it with the reader . and since we are on the subject of humility , the vindicator and mr. congreve would do well to think on 't . if as this gentleman observes , he who teaches piety and morality to the world , is a great benefactor to mankind : then by the rule of contraries , he who teaches immorality , must be as great a nusance . he who makes it his business to exterminate vertue , and conscience , and debauch both practice and principle , must needs be a misfortune to the age. unless they can clear themselves of this imputation , they ought to be wonderfully modest and unpretending . to be the author of irreparable mischief ▪ to destroy the innocence of life , the securities of government , and the expectations of the world to come , are powerful reasons for humility . those who in any measure lye under this charge , can hardly bend too low , or think themselves lesser than really they are . the vindicator would make us believe , that sir iohn brute's debauching in a gown , was no abuse of the clergy . that 's strange ! i take it the company were merry with the disguise . 't was the habit and function which made the scene diverting . the oaths and lewdness would not have made half the musick in a lay-character : and the constable's je●●s would have been but heavy upon another occasion . besides . sir iohn is made to abuse his pretended brethren , and the justice falls in general upon the order . and is it no disservice to be thus executed in effigie , and made a mad man by representation ? if a lewd person could steal his neighbour's shape , and then play all his pranks in 't , i suppose he would have no thanks for his pains . when the badge of a man's office which should give him credit , is shewn ridiculous , i fancy , he has reason to complain . if the vindicator is of another mind , let him practise the same liberty upon a iudge , or a lord mayor , and see how the jest will take . i observ'd upon the relapse , that bull the chaplain , wish'd the married couple joy , in language horribly smutty and profane . i confess , i could not go on with it . and what says the vindicator to this ? why he plucks up his spirits , and lays it all upon the board ; no body could have transcrib'd a foul passage more honestly . and now who would suspect the man to be otherwise than innocent ? thus some people when they are going to put a trick upon you , strip their arm bare , and pretend strongly to fair dealing . but here the matter was too gross for a cleanly conveyance . to argue this point any farther , would be an ill compliment to the reader , and therefore i shall pass it over . i charg'd the relapse , preface and play , with a great deal more scandalous abuse of the clergy ; but this the vindicator is pleas'd to overlook . and as to the irreligious part , he only says , 't is just as profane as the rest ; which though it may not come up to the merits of some passages , is character bad enough in all conscience . we are now advanc'd to a new chapter . and here the vindicator would fain know which way i make it appear , that constant is his model for a fine gentleman ; and that he is brought upon the stage for imitation . this demand is easily satisfyed . that he stands for a fine gentleman , is evident from his sense , his breeding , and his figure ? now these circumstances , with the fair treatment he meets with , make him a model for imitation . this consequence follows naturally from the advantage of his character . for most young people of any pretences , love to be counted fine gentlemen . and when vice has credit , as well as pleasure annext , the temptation is dangerously fortified . the vindicator tells the reader , that this honest dr. does not understand the nature of comedy , tho he made it his study so long . for the business of comedy is to shew people what they should do , by representing them doing what they should not do . nor is there any necessity to explain the moral to the audience . for all this liveliness , i 'm afraid this honest poet , neither understands comedy , nor himself , and that 's somewhat worse . not himself , because he contradicts what he wrote before . for in the beginning of his v●ndication he acquaints us how careful he was to explain the moral , for fear of misconstruction . yes ; for fear the boxes and pit should misinterpret him . but now the tale is quite turn'd , and there 's no need of a philosopher to unriddle the mystery . ly . he mistakes the nature of comedy . this we may learn from ben. iohnson , who acquaints the vniversity , that he has imitated the conduct of the antients : in whose comedies the bawds , &c. yea and oft-times the masters too , are multed , and that fitly , it being the office of a comick poet to imitate iustice , and instruct to life . is it the office of a comick poet to imitate iustice , &c. then certainly rewards and punishments ought to be rightly apply'd : then a libertine ought to have some mark of disfavour set upon him , and be brought under discipline and disgrace . to say the business of comedy is to shew people what they should do , by representing them doing what they should not , is a pleasant way of arguing ! what is the stage to be read backwards , and construed by contradiction ? when they talk smut must we understand them in a sense of modesty ; and take all their profaneness for pious expression ? then by the same rule , when they say any thing that 's good , we must conclude they have a lewd meaning . this is an admirable compass to sail by ; such piloting must needs discover all the rocks and quick-sands in the voyage ! this undistinguishing method at the best , would be like pulling up the buoys , quitting the helm , and leaving the passengers to steer at their discretion . but as the poets manage the matter , 't is still more dangerous . for to shew a religious person ridiculous ; to give figure and success to an ill character , and make lewdness modi●● and entertaining , is the way to mi●mark the nature of good and evil , and confound the understandings of the audience ▪ 't is the way to hide the flaws in behaviour , to varnish the deformity , and make the blemishes look shining . the vindicator insists , that constant says nothing to justifie the life he leads , except , &c. what needs he ? he is sufficiently justified in his character and usage , and in not being punish'd . let 's have the rest . he does not justifie the life he leads , except where he 's pleading with lady brute to debauch her , and s●re no body will suppose him there to be speaking much of his mind . why not ? does a man who argues against conscience , and talks like an athe●st , never speak his mind ? if a libertine pleads in his own defence , why must he not be suppos'd to be in earnest ? besides , how could constant expect to carry the cause , unless the colours look'd fair , and the reasoning probable ? to give this spark his due , he makes the most of his matters . he endeavours to inform the lady , that virtue consists in goodness and p●●y , not in snarling straitlaced chastity . that honour is a phantome , and that the importance of ●t lies in the custom of the country , not in the nat●●e of the thing ; and pretends precedents for a contrary practice . in short , hobs and spinos● could scarcely have said more for him . this is admirable instruction ! and lady brut● for all the shrewdness of her answers , confesses her self puzzl'd , and suffers the intrigue to go on . in a word , if the young ladies ( the vindicator takes such care of ) have nothing but this d●●logue for their security , i should think them in a dangerous condition . and here i can't but take notice how the vindicator contradicts himself again . he makes the lady turn p●ilosopher , and gives an interpreter to the poppet-show . i tax'd his bellinda for confessing her inclination to a gallant . for this he calls me an unfair adversary , as if i had misreported him , adding withall , that bellinda only says , if her pride should make her marry a man she hated , her virtue would be in danger from the man she lov'd . his play will soon decide this controversy , and shew on which side the unfairness lies . bellinda's words are these : bellind . to lady brute . o' my conscience were it not for your affair in the ballance , i should go n●ar to pick up some odious man of quality yet , and only take poor heartfree for a gallant . this very bellinda a little before advises lady brute to surrender her virtue to constant. the lady requites her in a suitable encouragement . lady br. if you did commit fornication child , 't wou'd be but a good friendly part , if 't were only to keep me in countenance whilst i commit — so it seems , she must turn whore out of good breeding . these two ladies , in a private dialogue , where we must suppose their hearts are open , are extreamly instructive and civil to their sex ! lady brute informs her neece , that the men are most of them atheists , and believe the women to be no better ; that by a woman of reputation , is meant no more than a woman of discretion . to this accusation the lady pleads guilty , and confesses , that want o● inclination seldom protects any of her sex. and as for fear , 't is too weak a restraint to hold them long . and were it not for their cowardise , they would likewise venture upon all the masculine vices of fighting , swearing , blaspheming , &c. here you have the secrets of the cabinet , and truth and ceremony in abundance . this author in his vindication courts the sex in his own person . with all due respects ( says he ) to the ladies , a bishoprick may prove as weighty a reward , as a wife , or a mistress either . it seems then in the scale of this civil gradation , a mistress , that is a strumpet , is a weightier reward than a wife . truly i think the vindicator pays his respects to the ladies in this place , almost as untowardly as he did to the devil before . to conclude with the provok'd wife . the men of figure in this play , ( excepting the justice , who makes but a short enter ) are profess'd libertines , and pass off without censure or disappointment . i grant sir iohn's character has some strokes of discouragement , but he 's made pretty easy at last , and brought to no pennance . the women have some of the same inclinations ; and the same good luck with them . 't is true lady fancifull miscarries in her design ; has her disguise pull'd off , and falls under some confusion . but then we are to take notice , that this lady was the most modest of the company . what e're her thoughts were , she has the discretion to keep them in reserve . this squeamishn●ss , 't is possible , drew down the severity of the poet. had she been as bad as the rest , she might have fared better . but it seems , a pretence to virtue is an unsufferable boldness ; and she must be punish'd in terrorem to her sex. this sort of management puts me in mind of mr. dennis's ingenuity . he frankly confesses lewdness promoted by the stage . this is clear dealing : and i suppose , the main reason of his saying that the play-house contributes so much to the happiness of the nation . we are now come forward to the remarks upon the relapse . and here the vindicator does as good as confess he has made many foolish mistakes in his play. and by a peculiar happiness in his understanding , seems both sensible , and satisfied with it . the vindicator pretends much to morals and instruction about loveless and amanda ; but can't forbear running upon the old haunt . for after having made himself merry with a venison pasty and a tankerd of ale ; he falls a quoting the lords-prayer about his play , and in different characters , to make us sensible of his devotion . he goes on in the relation of his fable , quotes lead us not into temptation once again ; and says , loveless had no farther occasion for that petition . i wish the poet is not of loveless's opinion . his making bold with so solemn a sentence upon so light a subject , is somewhat to be suspected . he informs us that loveless and amanda's virtue was built upon a rock , and raised upon the utmost strength of foundation , and had religion , &c. to defend it . and yet this pious couple are for mahomets paradise , and wish for immortal sensualities . he would make loveless and amanda the chief characters by the importance of the design . the importance of his play is diversion ; and to gain this he has broke through the rules of the drama . but let his private design be what it will , i still say , young fashion , lord foppington , and their party , make the principal figure in the play : the plot , the fortune , and the conclusion , the greatest part of the play , and of the persons too is on their side . as for poor loveless he sinks in the middle of the fourth act , and you may go look him . here the vindicat●r could not find in his heart to quote fair ; however , he makes a shift to say that if the play had sunk in the fourth act too , it had been better than 't is by just twenty per cent. if he does not mean pounds , i agree with him , so far as to own that if it had sunk in the third act it had been more valuable . for some entertainments like dirty way , are always the better for being short . however , does not this confession prove the truth of my remarks , and that loveless was a character of inferiour consideration ? does the main concern use to die so long before the epilogue , and the cheif person go off when about a third of the play is remaining ? the vindicator gives a home thrust at parting , but his weapon like scaramouchy's is made of a rush. he complains mightily of unfair dealing , and pretends i have ridiculed the morality of the scene between worthy and amanda . thus he endeavours to cast a mist before the reader , but a man must have bad eyes not to see through it : for in this reflection upon worthy , i was not examining the moral , but the dramatick virtues of his play. this was so plain that 't was impossible for the vindicator to overlook it . i say my remarks in this place were only upon the manners in a poetick sense . my business here was to shew the inconsistency of worthy's character , and the unlikelyhood of his reformation , indeed what can be more improbable than so suddain a change in behaviour ? this spark immediately before his lecture of philosophy had told amanda that sin no more was a task too hard for mortals . this by the way , is a bold contradiction of our saviour , 't is impious in the assertion , and lewd in the appliplication ; so few words can hardly be charged with more profaneness . here the relapser calls the sense of the scripture in question , charges the text with untruth , and does that which by his own confession amounts to burlesque . to return to worthy , what can be more improbable than that so profane and finished a debauchee , so weak in principle , and so violent in passion , should run from one extream to another ? should break through custom , and metamorphose desire at so short a warning ? to solicit to rudeness , and talk sentences and morality , to be pious and profane in the same breath must be very extraordinary . to be all pleasure and mortification so just together , a mad-man one minute and a hermit the next , is one would think somewhat forced , and unnatural : it looks at best but like the grimace of a disappointment , the foxes virtue when the grapes were above his reach . to make a libertine talk like plato , or socrates , is philosophy misplac'd , 't is good advice , but out of character ; the soil and the plant , the man and the morals won't agree . thus it appears the blot he makes so much a noise with , lies in his own tables ; whether i have hit it , or not , the reader must judge . i am glad to hear him talk of his grave : 't was a seasonable thought , and i heartily wish it its due improvement ; such a consequence wou'd be of great service , both to himself and the publick . for then , i am well assured , he would neither write plays , nor defend them , at the rate he has done . i have nothing farther with the vindicator ; but before i conclude , i shall speak to one objection proposed by the defender of dramatick poetry , and mr. dennis . these authors endeavour to justifie the theater from the silence of the scriptures . the word of god ( say they ) has no where condemned plays , the apostles who were particular in other cases , have given the stage no reprimand , nor christians any warning against it : and which is more , st. paul makes no difficulty in citing menander a comick poet , which he would not have done unless he had approved both the author and his business too . this is the sum of what they offer . now the plea of st. paul's citing menander , is extreamly slender . every foreign sentence in scripture is not commended by the bare mention . the devil's maxim of skin for skin , &c. is set down , but not for our imitation . i grant this verse of menander is moral , and sententious ; and without doubt st. paul cited it to put the christians upon their guard , and that they might be asham'd to fall short of the instructions of the heathens . but to infer that st. paul approved all that menander had written , and that the apostle recommended plays to the corinthians : to conclude all this from one single line of quotation , is prodigious consequence . this latitude would justifie the stage to purpose , and make the lewdest authors pass muster . there being few books so entirely vitious as not to afford an inoffensive and significant period . i don't speak this with application to menander , for as plutrarch observes , he was with respect to aristophanes , a very modest poet. besides this very quotation that evil communication corrupts good manners , disserves the purpose 't was brought for . 't is a sharp rebuke of the licentiousness of our stage , and a plain discountenance of so scandalous a diversion . to proceed with the objection . i affirm that plays are plainly condemned in scripture upon two accounts . i say they are clearly condemned , tho not by express prohibition ; yet by principle and consequence , which is the same thing . . they are condemned upon the score of idolatry ; they were parts of pagan worship , and under that notion unlawful to christians . but this reason expiring in a great measure with the heathen religion , i shall insist on it no farther . however it proves thus much , that the unlawfulness of every liberty is not particularly mark'd in scripture . for in the apostles time , mr. dennis allows plays were idolatrous and unlawful ; and yet we see the holy text does not declare against the theater by name . . the stage , ( particularly the english one ) is condemned in scripture upon the score of smut and profaneness ; upon the account of the danger and indecency of such liberties . we are strictly commanded in scripture not to swear at all , to put away all blasphemy and filthy communication out of our mouth ; to serve god with reverence , to be sober and vigilant . to pass the time of our sojourning here in fear , and abstain from all appearance of evil. and in a word , to have no pleasure in scandalous practices , no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness , but rather reprove them . here 's evidence enough in all reason , these admonitions are full against our stage . not one play in forty can stand the test of so much as one single text. bring the theater but to the bible , and the idol is presently discovered , and falls like dagon before the ark. this argument from the silence of our saviour and his apostles is answered at large by the bishop of meaux in his late book against the stage . which being so much to the purpose , i shall translate it for the reader . those ( says he ) who would draw any advantage from this silence may by the same reason defend the barbarities of the gladiators , and other abominable spectacles , which are all unmentioned in scripture , no less than plays . the holy fathers who have dealt with this objection , will furnish us with matter for a reply , we say then , that all engaging representations which excite , and fortifie unlawful desires , are condemned in scripture , together with the vices they tend to . for the purpose , lewd pictures are censured by all those passages which declare in general against immodesty ; and the same may be said of dramatick representations . st. iohn has comprehended the whole of this subject in the following injunction . love not the world , neither the things that are in the world : if any man love the world , the love of the father is not in him . for all that is in the world , is the lust of the flesh , and the lust of the eyes , and the pride of life , which lust or concupiscence , is not of the father , but of the world. now if these things , and inclinations , are not of god , the moving representations , and charming images of them ▪ are not of him neither , but of the world ; and by consequence christians have nothing to do with them . st. paul likewise has summ'd up the argument in these words . finally my brethren , whatsoever things are true , whatsoever things are honest , whatsoever things are just , whatsoever things are pure , ( or according to the greek whatsoever things are chast ) whatsoever things are lovely , whatsoever things are of good report ; if there be any virtue , or if there be any praise , think on these things . as if he had said , whatever hinders you from thinking on these things , and possesses you with contrary amusements , ought not to be entertained as a pleasure , but suspected as dangerous . in this beautiful collection of thoughts which st. paul recommends to a christian , there 's no finding a place for the modern theaater , how much soever it may be in the favour of some secular people . farther , the silence of our saviour upon the argument of plays , puts me in mind that he had no occasion to mention them to the house of israel , to which he was sent , these diversions being never admitted in that nation . the iews had no shews to entertain them but their feasts , their sacrifices , and their holy ceremonies . they were form'd by their constitution to a plain and natural way of living ; they knew nothing of these fancies and inventions of greece : so that to the praises which balaam gives them , that there is no ench●ntment in iacob , nor divination in israel ; we may likewise add , there was no theater among them ; nothing of these dangerous amusements to be met with . this innocent undeba●ch'd people , took their recreations at home , and made their children their diversion . thus after their labours in the fields , and the fatigues of their domestick affairs ; they reliev'd their spirits , as their patriarchs had done before them . indeed if we consider the matter rightly , there 's no need of making a business of pleasure : nature is easily refresh'd without this expence and curiosity . the apostle's saying nothing expresly on this subject may possibly be resolv'd into the reason abovemention'd . these holy men being bred to the plain gust of their forefathers , might not think themselves concern'd to write directly against those practices with which their nation was unacquainted : 't was sufficient for them to lay down principles by which such liberties were discountenanced : the christians were well satisfied their religion was founded on the jewish , and that the church never allow'd of those diversions which were banish'd the synagogue . but let the matter be how it will , this precedent of the jews reaches home to the professors of christianity . it being a shame that the spiritual israel should indulge their senses in those pleasures , which the carnal people knew nothing of . before i dismiss the reader , i 'le just give him a taste of mr. dennis's skill and modesty in answering a testimony . i cited plutarch to shew the opinion of the athenians concerning plays : this people ( says he ) thought comedy so unreputable a performance , that they made a law that no judge of the areopagus should make one . here mr. dennis replies very roundly , this citation is absolutely false . right ! 't is false in the latin , but 't is true in the greek . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . de glor. athen. p. . besides , the latin makes more against him . for by that the law says , that no man whatsoever should write any comedys ; which is a higher censure than the other . i hope , for the future mr. dennis won't confide so much in a translation ; especially when it sits harder than the original . his remark from aristotle's treatise of poetry is another mistake ; and i think not at all to his advantage : but to set him in his way , this philosopher does not say that comedy was very much discourag'd at first , nor very little neither . this point was not argued : he only affirms , that it was a great while before the chorus was furnish'd out by the government . i should now go on with mr. dennis , and ●●ew his attempt on my other authorities as unsuccessful as this upon plutarch ; but having some business at present , i shall wave it till a farther opportunity . one word with the vindicator of the stage , and i have done . this gentleman appear'd early in the cause , and has given me very little trouble , and therefore 't would hardly be civil not to dispatch him at the first hearing . he pretends i mistake in translating saecularia spectacula , stage plays . to this i answer , first , that i only affirm'd the stage was manifestly comprehended under saecularia spectacula : and that it is so , will follow from his own assertion . for if the ludi saeculares , and saecularia spectacula were the same , 't is well known that stage plays were part of the ludi saeculares ; all the theaters being frequented at those publick solemnities . secondly , the third council of carthage by me cited , can't possibly mean the secular plays by saecularia spectacula : for this council was held anno . fourscore years and better after the conversion of constantine . now these ludi saeculares were idolatrous , both in the practice and institution , and never celebrated after the empire became christian : the last time we hear of them was in the reign of the emperor philip , anno . which was years before the convening of this council . thirdly , saeculum and saecularis , in the language of the fathers , relates to the unconverted world , in contradistinction to the church . thus typhus saecularis in the life of arnobius , signifies heathen pride ▪ 〈…〉 council interprets it self by calling these saec●laria spectacula , pagan entertainments . i almost wonder the stage-vindicator could cite the words and mistake the sense . what this author may have farther , requiring consideration , he may find in my reply to mr. congr●ve , and the relapser , and thither i refer him . finis . a short view of the profaneness and immorality of the english stage , &c. essays upon several moral subj●●●●● both by mr. celller . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e amend . p. . amend . p. . p. . p. . ibid. ibid. p. . lib. de poet. cap. . in not . ad lib. arist. de poet. cap. ● . scali● poet. lib. . c. . amend . p. . vit. eurip. ed. cant. see view , &c. p. . . amend . p. . ephes. . , . colos. . . p. . view , &c. cap. . p. xx. amend . p. . pref. to ●resnoy . p. xxi . pref. p. xx. book . p. . ibid. p. xxi . amend . p. . old batch . p. . . love for love. p. . . double dealer . p. , &c. p. . . view . p. . amend . ● . p. . p. , . p. . congr . p. ibid. ibid. view . p. , amend . p. . de. art. poet. ● . ●● . double dealer . amend . p. . view , & ● . p. . p. . . critique de escole des femmes . p. , . view , &c. p. . l'impromptu . &c. p. . . & alib . furetiere . view , &c. p. . double dealer p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . m. bride , p. . amend . p. . ibid. m. bride p. . amend . p. . p. . athan●s . creed . ibid. m. bride p. , , , , . st. mat. . . xxiii . . p. . amend . p. . mourn . b. p . p. . mourn . b. p. . amend . p. . p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . view , & p. . amend . . view , &c. p. , . amend . p. , . aristotle's rhet. l. . c. . amend . p. . 〈◊〉 . pet. . . ibid. amend . p. . amend . p. . ibid. p. . ibid. p. . p. , . p. . p. . o. batch . p. . view , &c. p. . amend . p. . o. batch . p. , . old batch . p. . amend . p. . o. batch . p. . ib. p. . absal . & achit . p. . p. . view , &c. p. . amend . p. . old batch . p. . amend . p. . double d. p. d. dealer . p. , , . amend . p. , . kings . . amend . p. . de art. poet. d. d●aler p. . p. . d. dealer . p. . amend . p. . athen oxoniens . vol. . p. . s. ambro. ibid. p. . love for l. p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . psal. . v. . love for l. p. . p. . amend . p. . . kings . , . pined . lib. . cap. . p. , . ed. mogunt . lib. . c. . ibid. lib. c. . lov. for l. p. . amend . p. . lov for l. p . amend . . judges . . love for love , p. . ed. d. amend . p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . love for love , p. , , . love for l. p ▪ . , , . ed. d. ioh. . , , viii . xvii . , xviii . , . joh. . . love for l p. . ed. joh. . p. . . l. for lo. d . & d. amend . p. . view , &c. p. . old batch . p. , . view &c. p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . p ▪ . view ▪ &c. p. . amend . p. . ibid. amend . p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . ibid. ibid. see view , p. . amend . p. . amend . p. . ib. p . p. . ibid. see view , &c. ch. . amend . p. . . vid. st. august . de. civ . dei. plin. pan dio. jul. capitol . hist. august . p. . tacit . annal. vid. serres hist. gosson . p. . ibid. amend . p. . heb. . . ibid. sleidan . comment . view ▪ &c. p. ● . p. . view , &c. p. . p. . amend . p. . p. . view , &c. p. . view , &c. p ▪ . p. . view , &c. p. . amend ▪ p. . lo. for lo. p. . . view , &c. p. . p. , . amend . p. , . p. . see view , &c. p. ● , , , . amend . p. . p. . psal. . , . p. . ibid. view , &c. p. . d●inc . amend . p. . p. , ● st. aug. de civ . dei. lib. . cap. . cap ▪ . dacier remarq . sur l' art poetique vol. . p. . ibid. vo● . ● . p. . see goss.'s school of abuse . apol. of the school of abuse , p. , . p . p. ● . ibid. p. . ibid. p. . echard's reasons of the con. of the clergy . ibid. see view , &c p. . relapse , p. . view , &c. p. . view , &c. p. . p. . p. . . m. bride , p. , , , , . p. . p. . ibid. p. . p. , . p. ● . amend . p. . p. . p. . p. . p. . view , &c. p. , . l. for l. lov. triumph . p. . notes for div a -e vindic. p. . view , &c. p. . relapse p. , , ▪ ibid. view , &c. p. , . relapse , p. , , , . p. . vind. p. vind. p. view , &c. p. . an. cong . vid. d. post. p. . relapse p. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . pro. wife . p. , , , , , . relapse p. . p. . view , &c. ch. . see th . postul . p. . vind. p. relapse p. . p. . p. . view , &c. p. . p. , vind. p. ibid. p. . relapse . p. , . view , &c. p. . p. , . relapse p. , . view , &c. p. . view p. answ. to congoeve . p. . view , &c. p. , . p. . ibid. relapse , p. . p. , . see pref. relapse . view , &c. p. , . p. . relapse , p. . p. . ibid. ibid. vind. p view , &c. p. . p. . relapse , p. . vind. p. relapse . ibid. pro. -wife p. . view , &c. p. . vind. p. p. . pro. wife . p. . view , &c. p. . s. mat. . ibid. pro. wife . p. . ibid. relapse p. ● . view , &c. p. . cic. de. nat. deor. lib. . p. , lib. . p. , . ed. du. pays . p. , . & alib . don seba. p. . mock ast. p. . relapse p. . vind. p. relapse p. . vind. p. relapse ibid. view , &c. p. . p. . st. jude . relapse p. . p. . ibid. vind. p. , . acts . . & . , . & . . cor. ▪ . p . moor's utop . ibid. vind. p. p. . p. , . congr . amend . prov. wif. p. , , , . view , &c. . pro. wife , , . view , &c. . relap . . page . view , &c. , , . page . page . page . vind. p. . page . fox ep. ded. see view , &c. , , . vind. p. page . pro. wife , page . ibid. pro. wife , . vind. p. vind. p. . view , &c. . page . vind. p. prov. wif. q. . prov. wif. p. . ibid. prov. wif. p. . vind. p. . prov. wif. p. , . vind. p. . p. . p. . p. , . rel●pse p. , . p. . vind. p. p. . p. , . view &c p. ● , , ● . relapse p. . joh. . . vind. p. p. , . p. . defence of dramat . poetry p. , , , . the usefulness of the stage , p. , . &c. job . . p. , . st. mat. . james . ephes. . collos. . heb. . pet. . pet. . thes. . rom. . eph. . . sam. . . maximes & reflections sur la comedie p. , &c. jo. . . phil. . . numb . xxiii . . plut. de glo. atheniens . view , &c. p. . dennis , p. . dennis , p. . arist. lib. de poet. cap. . vindic. p. , . view , &c. p. . rosin . schott . p. . enseb. in chron. view , p. . an apology for actors containing three briefe treatises. their antiquity. their ancient dignity. the true vse of their quality. written by thomas heywood. heywood, thomas, d. . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an apology for actors containing three briefe treatises. their antiquity. their ancient dignity. the true vse of their quality. written by thomas heywood. heywood, thomas, d. . [ ] p. printed by nicholas okes, london : . signatures: a⁴ a⁴ b-g⁴. reproduction of the original in the folger shakespeare library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng actors -- early works to . theater -- moral and ethical aspects -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - olivia bottum sampled and proofread - aptara rekeyed and resubmitted - jennifer kietzman sampled and proofread - aptara rekeyed and resubmitted - olivia bottum sampled and proofread - olivia bottum text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an apology for actors . containing three briefe treatises . their antiquity . their ancient dignity . the true vse of their quality . written by thomas heywood . et prodesse solent & delectare — london , printed by nicholas okes. . to the right honovrable , edward , earle of worcester , lord of chep●toll , ragland , and gower , knight of the most noble order of the garter , maister of the horse , and one of the kings most honourable privy covncel . knowing all the vertues and endowments of nobility , which flo●isht in their height of eminence in your ancestors , now , as by a diuine legacy , and lineall inheritance , to suruiue in you ; and so consequently from you , to your truly ennobled issue . ( right honourable ) i presumed to publish this vnworthy worke vnder your gracious patronage : first , as an acknowledgement of that duty i am bound to you in , as a seruant . next , assured that your most iudiciall cen●●re is as able to approue what therein is authentike and good , as your noble and accustomed modesty will charitably conniue : if there be any thing therein vnworthy your learned approbation . i haue striu'd ( my lord ) to make good a subiect , which many through enuy , but most through ignorance , haue sought violently , ( and beyond merit ) to oppugne : in which , if they haue either wandred through spleene , or erred by non-knowledge , i haue ( to my power ) plainly and freely illustrated , propounding a true , direct , and faithfull discourse , touching the antiquity , the ancient dignity , and the true vse of act●●● , and their quality . if my industry herein be by the common aduersary harshly receiued , but by your honour charitably censured , i haue from the iniuditious ( whom i esteeme not ) but what i expect : but from your lordship ( whom i euer reuerence ) more then i can merit . your honours humbly deuoted , thomas heywood . to my good friends and fellowes , the citty-actors . ovt of my busiest houres , i haue spared my selfe so much time as to touch some particulars concerning vs , to approue our antiquity , ancient dignity , and the true vse of our quality . that it hath beene ancient , we haue deriued it from more then two thousand yeeres agoe , successiuely to this age . that it hath beene esteemed by the best and greatest : to omit all the noble patrons of the former world , i need alledge no more then the royall and princely seruices , in which we now liue . that the vse thereof is authentique , i haue done my endeauour to instance by history , and approue by authority . to excuse my ignorance in affecting no florish of eloquence , to set a glosse vpon my treatise , i haue nothing to say for my selfe but this : a good face needs no painting , & a good cause no abetting . some ouer-curious haue too liberally taxed vs ▪ and hee ( in my thoughts ) is held worthy reproofe , whose ignorance cannot answere for it selfe : i hold it more honest for the guiltlesse to excuse , then the enuious to exclaime . and we may as freely ( out of our plainnesse ) answere , as they ( out of their peruersnesse obiect ) instancing my selfe by famous scalliger , learned doctor gager , doctor gentiles , and others , whose opinions and appr●ued arguments on our part , i haue in my briefe discourse altogether omitted ; because i am loath to bee taxed in borrowing from others : and besides , their workes being extant to the world , offer themselues freely to euery mans perusall . i am profest aduersary to none , i rather couet reconcilement , then opposition , nor proceedes this my labour from any enuy in me , but rather to shew them wherein they erre . so wishing you iudiciall audiences , honest poets , and true gatherers , i commit you all to the fulnesse of your best wishes . yours euer , t. h. to the ivdiciall reader . i haue vndertooke a subiect ( curteous reader ) not of sufficient countenance to bolster it selfe by his owne strength ; and therefore haue charitably reached it my hand to ●upport it against any succeeding aduersary . i could willingly haue committed this worke to some more able then my selfe : for the weaker the combatant , hee needeth the stronger armes . but in extremities , i hold it better to weare rusty armour , then to goe naked ; yet if these weake habilliments of war●e , can but buckler it from part of the rude buffets of our aduersaries , i shall hold my paines sufficiently guerdoned . my pen hath seldome appeared in presse till now , i haue beene euer too iealous of mine owne weaknesse , willingly to thrust into the presse : nor had i at this time , but that a kinde of necessity enioyned me to so sudden a businesse . i will neither shew my selfe ouer-presumtuous , in skorning thy fauour , nor too importunate a beggar , by too seruilly intreating it . what thou art content to bestow vpon my pains , i am content to accept : if good thoughts , they are all i desire : if good words , they are more then i deserue : if bad opinion , i am sorry i haue incur'd it : if euil language , i know not how i haue merited it : if any thing , i am pleased : if nothing , i am satisfied , contenting my selfe with this : i haue done no more then ( had i beene called to account ) shewed what i could say in the defence of my owne quality . thine t. heyvvood . firm● valent perse , nullumque mach●●na querunt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in laudem , nec operis , nec authoris . fallor ? en h●c solis non solùm grata theatris ? ( esseputes solis quanquam diclata theatris ) magna sed à sacro veniet tibi gratia templo , parue liber ; proles baut infitianda parenti . plurimus hunc nactus libr●m de-plebe-sacerdos ( copia verborum cni sit , non copia rerum ) materiae tantum petet hinc ; quantum nec invn● promere mense potest : nec in vno forsitan anno. da quemuis textum ; balbâ de narelocutus , protinùs exclamat ( nefanda piacula ! ) in vrbe ( proh dolor ! ) impietas nudat â fronte vagatur ! eccelibrum ( fratres ) damnando authore poëtâ : pejorem , nec sol vidit , nec v●rstius ipse haeresiarcha valet componere : quippe theatri mentitas loquitur laudes ( ô temporal laudet idem si potis est , monachum , monachi●e cucullum . sacro quis laudes vnquam nomèn-ve theatri repperit in canone ? haud vllus ▪ stolidissime , dogma non canonem sapit hoc igitur , sed apocryphon . inde ( lymphatum attonito pectus tundent● popello , et vacuum quassante caput moestumque t●enti ) sic multo r●●cùm crocitans sud●r● perorat ; quod non dant proceres dedit histrio : nempe benignam materiam declamandi , pleb●mque , docendi . quis tamen hic mystes tragico qui fulmina abore torquet ? num doctus ? c●rtè . nam metra catonis quattuor edidicit , totidem quoque commata tull● . ieiunámque catechesin pistoribus aequè fartoribusque pijs scripsit . liber vtilis his , qui baptistam simulant vultu , floralia viu●nt : queisque supercilio breuior coma . sed venerandos graios hic l●tiosque patres exosus ad vnum est ; et canones damnans fit apocryphus . vritur intùs . laudibus actoris multùm mordetur . ab illo laude suâ fraudatur enim . quis nescit ? iniquum'st praeter se scripto laudetur a hypocrita quisquam . fallor ? an h●ec solis ●on solùm grata theatris ? anonymus . siue pessimus omnium po●ta . to them that are opposite to this worke . cease your detracting tongues contest no more , leaue off for shame to wound the actors fame , seeke rather their wrong'd credit to restore , your enuy and detractions , quite disclaime : you that haue term'd their sports lasciuious , vile , wishing good princes would them all exile ; see here this question to the full disputed : heywood , hath you , and all your proofes confuted . wouldst see an emperour and his counsell graue , a noble souldier acted to the life , a romane tyrant how he doth behaue himselfe : at home , abroad , in peace , in strife ? wouldst see what 's loue , what 's hate , what 's foule ex-cesse , or wouldst a traytor in his kind expresse ▪ our stagerites can ( by the poets pen ) appeare to you to bee the selfe same men . what though a sort for spight , or want of wit , hate what the best allow , the most forbeare , what exercise can you desire more fit , then stately stratagemes to see and heare . what profit many may attaine by playes , to the most critticke eye this booke displaies , braue men , braue acts , being brauely acted too , makes , as men see things done , desire to do . and did it nothing but in pleasing sort , keepe gallants from mispending of their time , it might suffice : yet here is nobler sport , acts well contriu'd , good prose , and stately rime . to call to church , campanus bels did make , playes , dice , and drinke inuite men to forsake : their vse being good then vse the actors well , since ours all other nations farre excell . ar : hopton . to his beloued friend maister thomas heyvvod . sume superbiam quaesitam meritis . i cannot , though you write in your owne cause , say you deale partially ; but must confesse , ( what most men wil ) you merit due applause ; so worthily your worke becomes the presse ▪ and well our actors , may approue your paines , for you giue them authority to play ; euen whilst the hottest plague of enuy raignes , nor for this warrant shall they dearly pay . what a full state of poets , haue you cited , to iudge your cause ? and to our equall veiw faire monumentall theaters recited : whose ruines had bene ruin'd but for you . such men who can in tune , both raile and sing ▪ shall veiwing this , either confesse 't is good , or let their ignorance condemne the spring , because 't is merry and renewes our bloud . be therefore your owne iudgement your defence , which shall approue you better then my praise , whilst i in right of sacred innocence , durst ore each guilded tombe this knowne truth raise . " who dead would not be acted by their will , " it seemes such men haue acted their liues ill . by your friend iohn webster . to my louing friend and fellow , thomas heyvvood . thou that do'st raile at me for seeing a play , how wouldst thou haue me spend my idle houres ? wouldst haue me in a tauerne drinke all day ? melt in the sunnes heate ? or walke out in showers ? gape at the lottery from morne till euen , to heare whose mottoes blankes haue , and who prises ? to hazzard all at dice ( chance six or seuen ? ) to card ? or bowle ? my humour this dispises . but thou wilt answer : none of these i need , yet my tir'd spirits must haue recreation . what shall i doe that may retirement breed ? or how refresh my selfe ? and in what fashion ? to drabbe , to game , to drinke , all these i hate : many enormous things depend on these , my faculties truely to recreate with modest mirth , and my selfe best to please giue me a play ; that no distaste can breed , proue thou a spider , and from flowers sucke gall , i l'e like a bee , take hony from a weed : for i was neuer puritannicall . i loue no publicke soothers , priuate scorners , that raile 'gainst letchery , yet loue a harlot . when i drinke , 't is in sight , and not in corners : i am no open saint , and secret varlet . still when i come to playes , i loue to sit , that all may see me in a publike place : euen in the stages front , and not to git into a nooke , and hood-winke there my face . " this is the d●fference , such would haue men deeme , " them what they are not : i am what i seeme . rich. perkins . to my good friend and fellow , thomas heyvvood . let others taske things honest : and to please some that pretend more strictnesse then the rest , exclaime on playes : know i am none of these that in-ly loue what out-ly i detest . of all the modest pastimes i can finde , to content me , of playes i make best vse , as most agreeing with a generous minde . there see i vertues crowne , and sinnes abuse . two houres well spent , and all their pastimes done , what 's good i follow , and what 's bad i shun . christopher ▪ beeston . to my good friend and fellow , thomas heyvvood . haue i not knowne a man that to be hyr'd , would not for any treasure see a play , reele from a tauerne ? shall this be admir'd ? when as another but the tother day , that held to weare a surplesse most vnmeet , yet after stood at pauls-crosse in a sheet . robert pallant . to my approued good friend m. thomas heyvvood . of thee , and thy apology for playes , i will not much speake in contempt or praise : yet in these following lines i l'e shew my minde , of playes , and such as haue 'gainst playes repin'd . a play 's a briefe epitome of time , where man my see his vertue or his crime layd open , either to their vices shame , or to their vertues memorable fame . a play 's a true transparant christall mirror , to shew good minds their mirth , the bad their terror : where stabbing , drabbing , dicing , drinking , swearing are all proclaim'd vnto the sight and hearing , in vgly shapes of heauen-abhorrid sinne , where men may see the mire they wallow in . and well i know it makes the diuell rage , to see his seruants flouted on a stage . a whore , a thiefe , a pander , or a bawd , a broker , or a slaue that liues by fraud : an vsurer , whose soule is in his chest , vntill in hell it comes to restlesse rest . a fly-blowne gull , that faine would be a gallant , a raggamuffin that hath spent his tallant : a selfe-wise foole , that sees his wits out-stript , or any vice that feeles it selfe but nipt , either in tragedy , or comedy , in morall , pastorall , or history : but straight the poyson of their enuious tongues , breakes out in vollyes of calumnious wronges . and then a tinker , or a dray-man sweares , i would the house were fir'd about their eares . thus when a play nips sathan by the nose , streight all his vassails are the actors foes . but feare not man , let enuy swell and burst , proceed , and bid the diuell do his worst . for playes are good or bad , as they are vs'd , and best inuentions often are abus'd . yours euer , iohn taylor . the author to his booke . the world 's a theater , the earth a stage , which god , and nature doth with actors fill , kings haue their entrance in due equipage , and some there parts play well and others ill . the best no better are ( in this theater , ) where euery humor 's fitted in his kinde , this a true subiects acts , and that a traytor , the first applauded , and the last confin'd this plaies an honest man , and that a knaue a gentle person this , and he a clowne one man is ragged , and another braue . all men haue parts , and each man acts his owne . she a chaste lady acteth all her life , a wanton curtezan another playes . this , couets marriage loue , that , nuptial strife , both in continuall action spend their dayes . some citizens , some soldiers , borne to aduenter , sheepheards and sea-men ; then our play 's begun , when we are borne , and to the world first enter , and all finde exits when their parts are done . if then the world a theater present , as by the roundnesse it appeares most fit , built with starre-galleries of hye ascent , in which ieho●e doth as spectator sit . and chiefe determiner to applaud the best , and their indeuours crowne with more then merit . but by their euill actions doomes the rest , to end disgrac't whilst others praise inherit . he that denyes then theaters should be , he may as well deny a world to me . thomas heywood . an apology for actors , and first touching their antiquity mooved by the sundry exclamations of many seditious sectists in this age , who in the fatnes and ranknes of a peac●able common-wealth , grow vp like vnsauery tufts of grasse , which though outwardly greene and fresh to the eye , yet are they both vnpleasant & vnprofitable , beeing too sower for food , and too ranke for fodder : these men like the antient germans , affecting no fashion but their owne , would draw other nations to bee slouens like them-selues , and vndertaking to puri●ie and reforme the sacred bodies of the church and common-weale ( in the trew vse of both which they are altogether ignorāt , ) would but like artlesse phisitions , for experiment sake , rather minister pils to poyson the whole body then cordials to preserue any or the least part . amongst many other thinges tollerated in this peaceable and florishing state , it hath pleased the high and mighty princes of this land to limit the vse of certaine publicke theaters , which since many of these ouer-curious heads haue lauishly 〈◊〉 violently slandered , i hold it not a misse to lay open some few antiquities to approue the true vse of them , with arguments ( not of the least moment ) which according to the weaknes of my spirit and infancy of my iudgment i will ( by gods grace ) commit to the eyes of all fauorable and iudiciall readers , as well to satisfie the requests of some of our well qualified fauorers , as to stop the enuious acclamations of those who chalenge to them-selues a priuiledge inuectiue , and against all free estates a railing liberty : loath am i ( i protest ) being the youngest and weakest of the nest wherin i was hatcht , to soare this pitch before others of the same brood more fledge , and of better winge then my selfe : but though they whome more especially this taske concernes , both for their ability in writing and sufficiency in iudgement ( as their workes generally witnesse to the world : ) are content to ouer-slip so necessary a subiect , and haue left it as to mee the most vnworthy : i thought it better to stammer out my mind , then not to speake at all ; to scrible downe a marke in the stead of writing a name , and to stumble on the way , rather then to stand still and not to proceede on so necessary a iourney . nox erat , & somnus lassos submisit ocellos . it was about that time of the night when darknes had already ouerspread the world , and a husht and generall sylence possest the face of the earth , and mens bodyes tyred with the businesse of the day , betaking themselues to their best repose , their neuer-sleeping soules labored in vncoth dreames and visions , when suddenly appeared to me the tragicke muse melpomene — animosa tragedia . — & mouit pictis imixa cothurnis densum cesarie , terque quaterque caput : her heyre rudely disheueled , her chaplet withered , her visage with teares stayned , her brow furrowed , her eyes deiected , nay her whole complexion quite faded and altered : and perusing her habit , i might behold the colour of her fresh roabe all crimson , breathed , and with the inuenomed iuice of some prophane spilt inke in euery place stained : nay more , her busken of all the wonted iewels and ornaments , vtterly despoyled ; about which in manner of a garter i might behold these letters written in a playne and large character . behold my tragicke buskin rent and torne , which kings and emperors in their tymes haue worne . this i no sooner had perus'd , but suddenly i might perceaue the inraged muse , cast vp her skornfull head : her eye-bals sparklefire , & a suddain flash of disdaine , intermixt with rage , purple her cheeke . when pacing with a maiesticke gate & rowsing vp her fresh spirits with a liuely and queint action , shee began in these or the like words . grande sonant tragici , tragicos decet ira cothurnos . am i melpomene the buskend muse , that held in awe the tyrants of the world , and playde their liues in publicke theaters , making them feare to sinne , since fearelesse i prepar'd to wryte their liues in crimson inke , and act their shames in eye of all the world ? haue not i whipt vice with a scourge of steele , vnmaskt sterne murther ; sham'd lasciuious lust. pluct off the visar from grimme treasons face , and made the sunne point at their vgly sinnes ? hath not this powerfull hand tam'd fiery rage , kild poysonous enuy with her owne keene darts , choak't vp the couetous mouth with moulten gold , burst the vast wombe of eating gluttony , and drownd the drunkards gall in iuice of grapes ? i haue showed pryde his picture on a stage , layde ope the vgly shapes his steele-glasse hid , and made him passe thence meekely : in those daies when emperours with their presence grac't my sceanes , and thought none worthy to present themselues saue emperours : to delight embassadours . then did this garland florish , then my roabe was of the deepest crimson , the best dye : cura ducum fuerant olim regumque poetae . premiaque antiqui magna tulere chori who lodge then in the bosome of great kings . saue he that had a graue cothurnate muse. a stately verse in an ●ambick stile became a kes●rs mouth . oh these were times fit for you bards to vent your golden rymes . then did i tread on arras , cloth of tissue , hung round the fore-front of my stage : the pillers that did support the roofe of my large frame double apparrel● in pure ophir gold ▪ whilst the round circle of my spacious orbe was throng'd with princes , dukes and senators . nunc hederae sine honore iacent . but now 's the iron age , and black-mouth'd curres , barke at the vertues of the former world . such with their breath haue blasted my fresh roabe , pluckt at my flowry chaplet , towsd my tresses . nay some whom for their basenesse hist and skorn'd the stage , as loathsome , hath long-since spued●ut , haue watcht their time to cast inuenom'd ●nke to stayne my garments with . oh seneca thou tragicke poet , hadst thou liu'd to see this outrage done to sad melpo●ene , with such sharpe lynes thou wouldst reuenge my blot . as armed o●●d against ibis wrot . with that in rage shee left the place , and i my dreame , for at the instant i awaked , when hauing perused this vision ouer and ouer againe in my remembrance , i suddenly bethought mee , how many antient poets , tragicke and comicke , dying many ages agoe liue still amongst vs in their works , as amongst the greekes , euripide● : m●nand●r ▪ sophocles , eupolis , eschilus , aristophanes , app●llodorus , a●axandrides , nichomachus , alexis , tereus and others , so among the latins : attilius , actius , melithus , pla●tus , terens , & others whome fore breuity sake i omit . hos ediscit & hos arcto stipata theatro spectat roma potens habet hos , numer atque poetas . these potent rome acquires and holdeth deare . and in their round theaters flocks to heare : these or any of these had they liued in the afternoone of the world , as they dyed euen in the morning , i assure my selfe wold haue left more memorable tropheys of that learned muse , whome in their golden numbers they so richly adorned . and amongst our moderne poets ▪ who haue bene industrious in many an elaborate and ingenious poem , euen they whose pennes haue had the greatest traffi●ke with the stage , haue bene in the excuse of these muses most forgetfull but leauing these , lest i make too large a head to a small body ▪ and so mishape my subiect , i will begin with the antiquity of acting comedies , tragedies , and hystories . and first in the golden world . in the first of the olimpiads , amongst many other actiue exercises in which hercules euer trimph●d as victor , there was in his nonage presented vnto him by his tu●or in the fashion of a history , acted by the choyse of the nobility of greece , the worthy and memorable acts of his father iupiter . which being personated with liuely and well-spirited action , wrought such impression in his noble thoughts , that in meere emulation of his fathers valor ( not at the behest of his stepdame iuno ) he perform'd his twelue labours : him valiant theseus followed , and achilles , theseus . which bred in them such hawty and magnanimous attempts , that euery succeeding age hath recorded their worths , vnto fresh admiration . aristotle that prince of philosophers , whose bookes carry such credit , euen in these our vniuers●●ies , that to say ipse dixit is a sufficient axioma , hee hauing the tuition of young alexander , caused the destruction of troy to be acted before his pupill , in which the valor of achilles was so naturally exprest , that it imprest the hart of alexander , in so much that all his succeeding actions were meerly shaped after that patterne , and it may be imagined had achilles neuer liued , alexander had neuer conquered the whole world . the like assertion may be made of that euer-renowned roman iulius caesar. who after the like representation of alexander in the temple of hercules standing in gades was neuer in any peace of thoughts , till by his memorable exployts , hee had purchas'd to himselfe the name of alexander : as alexander till hee thought himselfe of desert to be called achilles : achilles theseus , theseus till he had sufficiently imitated the acts of hercules , and hercules till hee held himselfe worthy to bee called the son of iupiter . why should not the liues of these worthyes , presented in these our dayes , effect the like wonders in the princes of our times , which can no way bee so exquisitly demonstrated , nor so liuely portrayed as by action : oratory is a kind of a speaking picture , therefore may some say , is it not sufficient to discourse to the eares of princes the fame of these conquerors : painting likewise , is a dumbe oratory , therefore may we not as well by some curious pigmalion , drawe their conquests to worke the like loue in princes towards these worthyes by shewing them their pictures drawne to the life , as it wrought on the poore painter to bee inamored of his owne shadow ▪ i answer this . non ●agis expressi vultus per ahenia signa quam per vatis opus , mores animique virorum clarorum apparent . — the visage is no better cut in brasse , nor can the caruer so expresse the face as doth the poets penne whose arts surpasse , to giue mens liues and vertues their due grace . a description is only a shadow receiued by the eare but not perceiued by the eye : so liuely portrature is meerely a forme seene by the eye , but can neither shew action , passion , motion , or any other gesture , to mooue the spirits of the beholder to admiration : but to see a souldier shap'd like a souldier , walke , speake , act like a souldier : to see a hector all besmered in blood , trampling vpon the bulkes of kinges . a troylus returning from the field in the sight of his father priam as if man and horse euen from the steeds rough fetlockes to the plume in the champions helmet had bene together plunged into a purple ocean : to see a pompey ride in triumph , then a caesar conquer that pompey : labouring hanniball aliue , hewing his passage through the alpes . to see as i haue seene , hercules in his owne shape hunting the boare , knocking downe the bull , taming the hart , fighting with hydra , murdering gerion , slaughtring diomed , wounding the stimphalides , killing the centaurs , pashing the lion , squeezing the dragon , dragging cerberus in chaynes , and lastly , on his high pyramides writing nilvltra , oh these were sights to make an alexander . to turne to our domesticke hystories , what english blood seeing the person of any bold english man presented and doth not hugge his fame , and hunnye at his valor , pursuing him in his enterprise with his best wishes , and as beeing wrapt in contemplation , offers to him in his hart all prosperous performance , as if the personater were the man personated , so bewitching a thing is liuely and well spirited action , that it hath power to new mold the harts of the spectators and fashion them to the shape of any noble and notable attempt . what coward to see his contryman valiant would not bee ashamed of his owne cowardise ? what english prince should hee behold the true portrature of that amous king edward the third , foraging france , taking so great a king captiue in his owne country , qua●tering the english lyons with the french flower-delyce , and would not bee suddenly inflam'd with so royall a spectacle , being made apt and fit for the like atchieuement . so of henry the fift : but not to be tedious in any thing . ouid in one of his poems holds this opinion , that romulus was the first that broght plaies into italy , which he thus sets downe ▪ primus sollicitos fecisti romule ludos . cum iurit viduos rapta sabina viros tunc neque marmoreo pendebant vela theatro , &c. which wee english thus . thou noble romulus first playes contriues , to get thy widdowed souldiers sabine wyues . in those dayes from the marble house did wau● no saile , no silken flagge , or ensigne braue . then was the tragicke stage not painted red , or any mixed staines on pillers spred . then did the sceane want art , th'vnready stage was made of grasse and earth in that rude age : about the which were thicke-leau'd branches placed , nor did the audients hold themselues disgraced of turfe and heathy sods to make their seates , fr●m'd in degrees of earth , and mossy peates . thus plac'd in order , euery roman pry'd into her face that sate next by his side ; and closing with her , seuerally gan moue , the innocent sab●ne women to their loue : and whil'st the piper thuscus rudely plaid , and by thrice stamping with his foote had made a signe vnto the rest , there was a shout , whose shrill report pierst all the aire about . n●w at a signe of rape giuen from the king , round through the hou●e the lusty romans fling , leauing no corner of the same vnsought , till euery one a frighted virgin caught . looke as the trembling doue the eagle flyes , or a yong lambe when he the woolfe espyes ; soran the poore girles , filling th' aire with skreekes . emptying of all the colour their pale cheekes . one feare possest them all , but not one looke , this teares her haire , she ; hath her wits forsooke . some sadly sit , some on their mothers call , som● cha●e , some flye , some stay , but frighted all . th●● were the ra●●sh'd sabi●es blushing led ( be●omming shame ) vnto each romans bed . if any striu'd against it , streight her man would ●ak● her on 〈◊〉 knee ( whom feare made w●n ) and ●ay ; why weep'st thou sweet ? what ailes my deere ? d●y vp these drops , these clowds of sorrow cleere . i l'e be to thee , if thou thy griefe wilt smother , such as thy father was vnto thy mother . full well could romulus his souldiers please , to giue them such faire mistresses as these . if such rich wages thou wilt giue to me , great romulus , thy souldier i will ●e . romulus hauing erected the walles of rome , and leading vnder him a warlike nation , being in continuall warre with the sabines , after the choyce selecting of a place , fit 〈◊〉 so famous a citty , and not knowing how to people the same , his traine wholly consisting of souldiers , who without the company of women ( they not hauing any in their army ) could not multiply ; but so were likely that their immortall fames should dye issulesse with their mortall bodies . thus therefore romulus deuised ; after a parle and attonement made with the neighbour nations , hee built a theater , plaine , according to the time ; yet large , fit for the entertainement of so great an assembly , and these were they whose famous issue peopled the cittie of rome , which in after ages grew to such height , that not troy , founded by dardanus , carthage layed by dido , tyru● built by agenor , memphis made by ogdous , thebes seated by cadmus , nor babylon reared by semiramis , were any way equall to this situation grounded by romulus : to which all the discouered kingdomes of the earth after became tributaries . and in the noone-tide of their glory , and height of all their honor , they edified theaters , and amphi-theaters : for in their flourishing common-weale , their publike comedians and tragedians most florished , insomuch that the tragicke and comicke poets , were all generally admired of the people , and particularly euery man of his priuate mec●nas . in the reigne of augustus christ was borne , and as well in his dayes as before his birth , these solemnities were held in the greatest estimation . in iulius caesars time , predecessor to august●● , the fam●us hony-tong'd orator cicero florished ; who , amongst many other his eloquent oratio●s , writ certaine yet extant , for the com●dian ros●ius ( pro roscio comaedo ) of whom we shall speake more large hereafter . these continued in their honour till the reigne of tiberius caesar , and vnder tiberius christ was crucified . to this end do i vse this assertion , because in the full and perfect time our sauiour soiurned on the earth , euen in those happy and peacefull dayes the spacious theaters were in the greatest opinion amongst the romans ; yet , neither christ himselfe , nor any of his san●●ified apostles , in any of their sermons , acts , or documents , so much as named them , or vpon any abusiue occasion , touched them . therefore hence ( me thinkes ) a very probable and important argument may be grounded , that since they , in their diuine wisdomes , knew all the sinnes abounding in the world before that time , taxt and reproued all the abuses reigning in that time , and foresaw all the actions and inconueniences ( to the church preiudiciall ) in the time to come ; since they ( i say ) in all their holy doctrines , bookes , and principles of diuinity , were content to passe them ouer , as things tollerated , and indifferent , why should any nice and ouer-scrupulous heads , since they cannot ground their curiousnesse either vpon the old or new testament , take vpon them to correct , controule , and carpe at that , against which they cannot finde any text in the sacred scriptures ? in the time of nero caesar , the apostle paul was persecuted and suffered , nero was then emperour , paul writ his epistle to the romans , and at the same time did the theaters most florish amongst the romans ; yet where can we quote any place in his epistles , which forbids the church of god , then resident in rome , to absent themselues from any such assemblies . to speake my opinion with all indifferency , god hath not enioyned vs to weare all our apparrell solely to defend the cold ▪ some garments we weare for warmth , others for ornament . so did the children of israel hang eare-rings in their eares , not was it by the law forbidden them . that purity is not look't for at our hands , being mortall and humane , that is required of the angels , being celestiall and diuine . god made vs of earth , men ; knowes our natures , dispositions and imperfections , and therefore hath limited vs a time to reioyce , as hee hath enioyned vs a time to mourne for our transgressiōs . and i hold them more scrupulous than well aduised , that goe about to take from vs the vse of all moderate recreations . why hath god ordained for man , va●●●tie of meates , dainties and delicates , if not to taste thereon ? why doth the world yeeld choyce of honest pastimes , if not decently to vse them ? was not the hare made to be hunted ? the stagge to be chaced ; and so of all other beasts of game in their seuerall kindes ? since god hath prouided vs of these pastimes , why may wee not vse them to his glory ? now if you aske me why were not the theaters as gorgeously built in all other cities of italy as rome ? and why are not play-houses maintained as well in other cities of england , as london ? my answere is : it is not meet euery meane esquire should carry the part belonging to one of the nobility , or for a noble-man to vsurpe the estate of a prince . rome was a metropolis , a place whither all the nations knowne vnder the sunne , resorted : so is london , and being to receiue all estates , all princes , all nations , therefore to affoord them all choyce of pastimes , sports , and recreations : yet were there theaters in all the greatest cities of the world , as we will more largely particularize hereafter . i neuer yet could read any history of any common-weale , which did not thriue & prosper whilst these publike solemnities were held in adoration . oh but ( say some ) marcus aurelius banisht all such triuiall exercises beyond the confines of italy . indeed this emperour was a philosopher of the sect of diogenes , a cini●ke , and whether the hand of diogenes would become a scepter , or a root better , i leaue to your iudgments . this aur●lius was a great & sharpe reprouer , who because the matrons and ladies of rome , in scorne of his person made a play of him ; in his time , interdicted the vse of their theaters . so , because his wife fausti●e plaid false with him , he generally exclaimed against all women : because hims●l●e could not touch an instrument , he banisht all the musitians in rome , and being a meere coward , put all the gladiators and sword-players into exile . and lest his owne suspected life should be againe acted by the comedians , as it before had beene by the noble matrons , he profest himselfe aduersary to all of that quality , so seuere a reformation of the weale publike hee vsed , restraining the citizens of their free liberties , which till his daies was not seene in rome ; but what profited this the weale publicke ? do but peruse the ancient roman chronicles , & you shall vndoubtedly finde , that from the time of this precise emperour , that stately city , whose lofty buildings crowned seuen high hils at once , and ouer-peered them all , streight way began to hang the head , by degrees the forreigne kingdomes reuolted , and the homage done them by strange nations , was in a little space quite abrogated : for they gouerned all the world , some vnder consuls , some vnder p●o-consuls , presidents and pretors , they diuided their dominions and countryes into principalities , some into prouinces , some into toparchyes ▪ some into tetrarchyes , some into tribes , others into ethnarchyes : but now their homage ceast , marc●s aurelius ended their mirth , which presaged that shortly after should begin their sorrow , he banisht their liberty ▪ & immediatly followed their bondage . for rome , which till then kept all the nations of the world in subiectiue awe , was in a little space awd euen by the basest nations of the world . to leaue italy , and looke backe into gr●●ce , the sages and princes of grecia , who for the refinednesse of their language were in such reputation through the world , that all other tongues were esteemed barbarous ; these that were the first vnderstanders , trained vp their youthfull nobility to bee actors , debarring the base mechanickes so worthy imployment : for none but the yong heroes were admitted that practise , so to embolden them in the deliuery of any forraine embassy . these wise men of greece ( o called by the oracle ) could by their industry , finde out no neerer or directer course to plant humanity and manners in the hearts of the multitude then to instruct them by moralized mysteries , what vices to auoyd , what vertues to embrace ; what enorm●tyes to abandon , what ordinances to ob●●●ue : whose liues ( being for s●●e speciall endowments in former times honoured ) they should admire and follow : whose vicious actions ( personated in some licentious liuer ) they should despise & shunne : which borne out as well by the wisedome of the poet , as supported by the worth of the actors , wrought such impression in the hearts of the plebe , that in short space they excelled in ciuility and gouernement , insomuch that from them all the neighbour nations drew their patternes of humanity , as well in the establishing of their lawes , as the reformation of their manners . these magi and gymnosophistae , that liu'd ( as i may say ) in the childhood and infancy of the world , before it knew how to speake perfectly , thought euen in those dayes , that action was the neerest way to plant vnderstanding in the hearts of the ignorant . yea ( but say some ) you ought not to confound the habits of either sex , as to let your boyes weare the attires of virgins , &c. to which i answere : the scriptures are not alwayes to be expounded meerely ▪ according to the letter : ( for in such esta●e stands our may●e sacramentall controuersie ) but they ought exactly to bee conferred with the purpose they handle . to do as the sodomites did , vse preposterous lusts in preposterous habits , is in that text flatly and seuerely forbidden : nor can i imagine any man , that hath in him any taste of relish of christianity , to be guilty of so abhorred a sinne . besides , it is not probable , that playes were meant in that text , because we read not of any playes knowne in that time that deutero●●●ie was writ , among the children of israel , nor do i hold it lawfull to beguile the eyes of the world in confounding the shapes of either sex , as to keepe any youth in the habit of a virgin , or any virgin in the shape of a lad , to shroud them from the eyes of their fathers , tutors , or protectors , or to any other sinister intent whatsoeuer . but to see our youths attired in the habit of women , who knowes not what their intents be ? who cannot distinguish them by their names , assuredly knowing , they are but to represent such a lady , at such a time appoynted ? do not the vniuersities , the fountaines and well● springs of all good arts , learning and documents , admit the like in their colledges ? and they ( i assure my selfe ) are not ignorant of their true vse . in the time of my residence in cambridge , i haue seene tragedyes , comedyes , historyes , pastorals and shewes , publickly acted , in which graduates of good place and reputation , haue bene specially parted : this is held necessary for the emboldening of their iunior schollers , to arme them with audacity , against they come to bee imployed in any publicke exercise , as in the reading of the dialecticke , rhetoricke , ethicke , mathematicke , the physicke , or metaphysicke lectures , it teacheth audacity to the bashfull grammarian , beeing newly admitted into the priuate colledge , and after matriculated and entred as a member of the vniuersity , and makes him a bold sophister , to argue pro et contra , to compose his sillogismes , cathegoricke , or hypotheticke ( simple or compound ) to reason and frame a sufficient argument to proue his questions , or to defend any axioma , to distinguish of any dilemma , & be able to moderate in any argumentation whatsoeuer . to come to rhetoricke , it not onely emboldens a scholler to speake , but instructs him to speake well , and with iudgement , to obserue his comma's , colons , & full poynts , his parentheses , his breathing spaces , and distinctions , to keepe a decorum in his countenance , neither to frown● when he should smile , nor to make vnseemely and disguised faces in the deliuery of his words , not to stare with his eies , draw awry his mouth , confoūd his voice in the hollow of his throat , or teare his words hastily betwixt his teeth , neither to buffet his deske like a mad-man , nor stand in his place like a liuelesse image , demurely plodding , & without any smooth & ●ormal motiō . it instructs him to fit his phrases to his action , and his action to his phrase , and his pronuntiation to them both . tully in his booke ad caium herennium , requires fiue things in an orator , inuention , disposition , eloquuti●n memory , and pronuntiation , yet all are imperfect without the sixt , which is action : for be his inuen●ion neuer so fluent and exquisite , his disposition and order neuer so composed and formall , his eloquence , and elaborate phrases neuer so materiall and pithy , his memory neuer so firme & retentiue , his pronuntiation neuer so musicall and plausiue , yet without a comely and elegant gesture , a gratious and a bewitching kinde of action , a naturall and a familiar motion of the head , the hand , the body , and a moderate and fit countenance sutable to all the rest , i hold all the rest as nothing . a deliuery & sweet actiō is the glosse & beauty of any discourse that belongs to a scholler . and this is the action behoouefull in any that professe this quality , not to vse any impudent or forced motion in any part of the body , no rough , or other violent gesture , nor on the contrary , to stand like a stiffe starcht man , but to qualifie euery thing according to the nature of the person personated : for in ouer-acting trickes , and toyling too much in the anticke habit of humors , men of the ripest desert , greatest opinions , and best reputations , may breake into the most violent absurdities . i take not vpon me to teach , but to aduise : for it becomes my iuniority rather to be pupild my selfe , then to instruct others . to proceed , and to looke into those men that professe themselues aduersaries to this quality , they are none of the grauest , and most ancient doctors of the academy , but onely a sort of finde-faults , such as interest their prodigall tongues in all mens affaires without respect . these i haue heard as liberally in their superficiall censures , taxe the exercises performed in their colledges , as these acted on our publicke stages , not looking into the true & direct vse of either , but ambitiously preferring their owne presumptuous humors , before the profound and authenticall iudgements of all the learned doctors of the vniuersitie . thus you see , that touching the antiquity of actors and acting , they haue not beene new lately begot by any vpstart inuention , but i haue deriued them from the first olimpiads , and i shall continue the vse of ●hem euen till this present age . and so much touching their antiquity . pars superest coepti : pars est exhausta laboris . the end of the first booke . of actors , and their ancient dignitie . the second booke . ivlivs caesar , the famous conquerour , discoursing with marcus cicero , the as famous orator , amongst many other matters debated , it pleased the emperour to aske his opinion of the histriones , the players of rome , pretending some cauell against them , as men whose imployment in the common-weale was vnnecessary : to whom cicero answered thus : content thee caesar , there bee many heads busied & bewitched with these pastimes now in rome , which otherwise would be inquisitiue after thee and thy greatnesse . which answere , how sufficiently the emperour approued , may bee coniectured by the many guifts bestowed , and priuiledges and charters after granted to men of that quality . such was likewise the opinion of a great statesman of this la●d , about the time that certaine bookes were called in question . doubtlesse there be many men of that temper , who were they not carried away , and weaned from their owne corrupt and bad disposition , and by accidentall meanes remoued and altered from their dangerous and sullen intendments , would be found apt and prone to many notorious and trayterous practises . kings & monarches are by god placed and inthroaned supra nos , aboue vs , & we are to regard them as the sun from whom we receiue the light to liue vnder , whose beauty & brightnesse we may onely admire , not meddle with : ne ludamus cum dijs , they that shoot at the st●●res ouer their heads , their arrowes ●all directly downe and wound themselues . but this allusion may bee better referred to the vse of action promised i● ou● third treatise . then to their dignity , which next and immediatly ( by gods grace ) our purpose is to handle . the word tragedy , is deriued from the greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , caper a goat , because the goat being a beast most iniuri●us to ●he vines , was sacrificed to bacchus : heer upon 〈◊〉 writes , that tragedies had their first names from the oblations due to bacchus ; or else of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a kinde of painting , which the tragedians of the old time vsed to stayne their faces with . by the censure of horace , thespis was the first tragicke writer . ignotum tragic● genus invenisse camenae dicitur , & plaustris vexisse po●mata thespis . the vnknowne t●agicke muse thespis fi●st sought , and her high po●ms in her chariot brought . this thespis was an athenian poet , borne in thespina , a free towne in boetia by helicon , of him the nine muses were called thespiades . but by the censure of quintilian , aeschiles was before him , but after them sophocles and eurip●des clothed their tragedies in better ornament . liuius andronicus was the first that writ any roman tragedy , in which kinde of poësie a●cius , pacuvius , seneca , and ouidius excelled . sceptra tamen sumpsi curáque tragedia nostra , creuit , at huic operi quamlibet aptus eram . the sceptred tragedy then proou'd our wit , and to that worke we found vs apt and fit . againe , in his fift booke de tristibus eleg. . carmen quod vestro saltarinostra theatro versibus & plaudiscribis ( amice ) meis . deere friend thou writ'st our muse is 'mongst you song , and in your theaters with plaudits r●ng . likewise in his epistle to augustus , writ from the ponticke island , whither he was banisht . et ded●mus tragicis scriptum regale cothurnis , quaeque grauis debet verba cothurnus habet . with royall stile speakes our cothurnate muse , a buskind phrase in buskin'd playes we vse . the word comedy is deriued from the greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a street , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , cantus , a song , a street song , as signifying there was euer mirth in those streets where comedies most florisht . haec paces habuere bonae ventique secundi . in this kinde aristophanes , e●p●lis , cratinus were famous● after them menander and philemon : succeeding them cicilius , neuius , plautus and terentius . musaque turani tragicis in●ixa cothurnis et tua cum socco , musa , melisse leuis . turanus tragicke buskin grac'd the play , melissa'es comicke shooe made lighter way . the ancient histriographers write , that among the greekes there were diuers places of exercises , appointed for poets , some at the graue of theseus , others at helicon , where they in comedies and tragedies contended for seueral prises , where s●p●ocles was aiudged victor ouer aeschilus : there were others in the citty of elis , where menander was foyled by philomene . in the same kinde hesiod is sayd to haue triumpht ouer homer . so corinna for her excellencies in these inuentions , ( called muscalyrica ) excelled pindarus the theban poet , for which she was fiue times crowned with garlands . the first publicke theater was by dionysius built in athens , it was fashioned in the manner of a semi-circle , or halfe-moone , whose galleries & degrees were reared from the ground , their staires high , in the midst of which did arise the stage , beside , such a conuenient distance from the earth , that the audience assembled might easily behold the whole proiect without impediment . from this the romanes had their first patterne , which at the first not being roof't , but lying open to all weathers , quintus catulus was the first that caused the out-side to bee couered with linnen cloth , and the in-side to bee hung round with curtens of silke . but when marcus scaurus was a●dilis , hee repaired it , and supported it round with pillers of marble . caius curio , at the solemne obsequies of his father , erected a famous theater of timber , in so strange a forme , that on two seuerall stages , two sundry playes might bee acted at once , and yet the one bee no hinderance or impediment to the other ; and when hee so pleased the whole frame was artificially composed to meet in the middest , which made an amphi-theater . pompey the great , after his victories against methridates , king of pontus , saw in the citty mitelene a theater of another forme , and after his triumphes and returne to rome , he raised one after the same patterne , of free stone , of that vastnesse and receit , that within his spaciousnesse it was able at once to receiue fourescore thousand people , euery one to sit , see and heare . in emulation of this sumptuous and gorgious building iulius caesar , successor to pompeyes greatnesse , exceeded him in his famous architecture , hee raised an amphitheater , campo martio , in the field of mars , which as farre excelled pompeyes , as pompeyes did exceed caius curioes , curioes that of marcus scaurus , scaurus that of quintus catulus , or catulus that which was first made in athens by dionysius : for the basses , columnes , pillars , and pyramides were all of hewed marble , the couerings of the stage , which wee call the heauens ( where vpon any occasion their gods descended ) were geometrically supported by a giant-like atlas , whom the poëts for his astrology , feigne to beare heauen on his shoulders , in which an artificiall sunne and moone of extraordinary aspect and brightnesse had their diurnall , and nocturnall motions ; so had the starres their true and coelestiall course ; so had the spheares , which in their continuall motion made a most sweet and rauishing harmony : here were the elements and planets in their degrees , the sky of the moone , the sky of mercury , venus , sol , mars , iupiter and saturne ; the starres , both fixed and wandering : and aboue all these , the first mouer , or primum mobile , there were the signes ; the lines equinoctiall and zodiacal , the meridian circle , or zenith , the orizon circle , or emisphere , the zones torrid & frozen , the poles articke & antarticke , with all other tropickes , orbs , lines , circles , the solstitium & all other motions of the stars , signes , & planets . in briefe , in that little compasse were comprehended the perfect modell of the firmament , the whole frame of the heauens , with all grounds of astronomicall coniecture . from the roofe grew a loouer , or turret , of an exceedding altitude , from which an ensigne of silke waued continually , pendebant vela theatro . but lest i waste too much of that compendiousnesse i haue promised in my discourse , in idle descriptions , i leaue you to iudge the proportion of the body by the making of this one limbe , euery piller , seat , foot-post , staire , gallery , & whatsoeuer else belongs to the furnishing of such a place , being in cost , substance , forme , and artificiall workmanship , most sutable . the floore , stage , roofe , out-side , & in-side , as costly as the pantheon or ●apitols . in the principall galleries were special remote , selected & chosen seats for the emperour , patres conscripti , dictators , consuls , pretors , tribunes , triumviri , decemviri , ediles , curules , and other noble officers among the senators : all other roomes were free for the plebe , or multitude . to this purpose i introduce these famous edifices , as wondring at their cost & state , thus intimating , that if the quality of acting , were ( as some propose ) altogether vnworthy , why for the speciall practise , and memorable imployment of the same , were founded so many rare and admirable monuments : and by whom were they erected ? but by the greatest princes of their times , and the most famous and worthiest of them all , builded by him that was the greatest prince of the world , iulius caesar , at what time in his hand he grip't the vniuersal empire of the earth . so of augustus caesar. inspice ludorum sumptus auguste tuorum empta tibi magno — behold augustus the great pompe and state of these thy playes payd deere for , at hye rate . 〈◊〉 tu sp●ctasti spectandaque sepe d●disti . and could any inferiour quality bee more worthily esteemed or noblier graced , then to haue princes of such magnificence and state to bestow on them places of such port and countenance , had they been neuer well regarded , they had been neuer so sufficiently prouided for , nor would such worthy princes haue striued who should ( by their greatest expence and prouision ) haue done them the amplest dignity , had they not with incredible fauour regarded the quality . i will not trauerse this too farre , least i incurre some suspition of selfe-loue , i rather leaue it to the fauourable consideration of the wise , though to the peruersnesse of the ignorant , who had they any taste either of poe●ie , phylosophy , or historicall antiquity , would rather stand mated at their owne impudent ignorance , then against such noble , and notable examples stand in publicke defiance . i read of a theater built in the midst of the riuer tyber , standing on pillers and arches , the foundation wrought vnder water like london-bridge , the nobles and ladyes in their barges and gondelayes , landed at the very stayres of the galleryes . after these they composed others , but differing in forme from the theater , or amphi-theater , and euery such was called circus , the frame globe-like , & merely round . circus in ha●c exit ●lamataque palma theatris . and the yeare from the first building of rome , fiue hundred threescore and seuen , what time spurius posthumus albinus , and quintus martius philippus , were consuls , nero made one , and the noble flaminius another ; but the greatest was founded by tarquinius priscus , and was called circus maximus : in this the gladiators practised , the widenesse and spaciousnesse was such , that in it they fought at barriers , and many times ran at tilt . dion records eighteene elephants slaine at once in one theater . more particularly to suruey the rarer monuments of rome , neere to the pantheon ( the temple of the roman gods ) at the discent from the hil capitolinus , lies the great forum , by which is scituate the great amphi-theater of tytus , first erected by vespatian , but after ( almost ruined by fire ) by the roman tytus rarely reëdified . it is called colliseus , also a cauea , which signifies a scaffold , also arena ▪ a place of combate , by siluianus and prudentius , which name tertullian , pliny , ouid , firmicus , and apuleins likewise giue it . it had the title of circus , caula and stadium , by suetonius , c●pitolinus and arcadius . cassianus affirmes these theaters consecrated to diana taurica , tertullian , to mars and diana , martiall to iupiter latiaris , and to stigian pluto , whose opinion minutius , & prudentius approue . the first structures were by the tribune curio , which dio , lib. . affirmes . vitruvius lib. . saith , multa theatra , rome structa quotannis . of iulius caesars amphi-theater camp● martio , dio cassius records , which augustus after patronizied , as vi●tor remembers of them , whose charge sta●ilius taurus assisted , of whom dio speaketh thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 &c. anno vrbis , dccxxv . pub. victor forgets not circus flaminij , and suetonius remembers one builded by caligul● , at septa , whose building claudius at first interdicted . nero erected a magnificent theater in the field of mars . suetonius lib. ner. . publius victor speakes further of a castrense theatrum , a theater belōging to the campe in the coūtry of the aesquiles , built by tiberius caesar , and of pompies theater pliny witnesseth . the great theater of statilius being in greatest vse , was burnt in the time of nero , which xiphilinus thus speakes of , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . this was built in the middest of the old citty , and after the combustion repaired by vespatian , consulatu suo . whose coyne of one side , beares the expresse figure of his theater , yet was it onely begun by him , but perfected by his sonne tytus : eutropius and cassiodorus , attribute this place soly to titus , but aurelius victor giues him onely the honour of the perfecting a place so exquisitely begun : this after was repaired by marcus anthonius pius , by whose cost sayth capitolinus , the temple of hadri●nus was repaired , and the great the●●er reëdified , which heliogabalus , by the testimony of lampridius , patronized , and after the senate of rome , tooke to their protection , vnder the gordians . touching theaters without rome , lypsius records theatra circa romani , extructa passim , euen in ierusalem , herodes magnifi●us & illustris rex non vno loco iudeae amphi-theatra aedificauit , extruxit in ips● vrbe sacra , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( as iosephus saith ) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . herod a magnificent and illustrious king , not in one place of iudea , erected amphitheaters , but euen in the holy citty hee built one of greatest receit . also in greece , asia , affricke , spaine , france : nor is there any prouince in which their ancient structures do not yet remaine , or their perishing ruines are not still remembred . in italy , ad lyrim campaniae fluvium iuxta minturnas , remaines part of an ample amphi-theater . at puteolis , a city by the sea-side in campania , miles from naples , one . at capua , a magnificent one of sollid marble . at alba in italy , one . at o●riculum in vmbria one . at verona , one most beautifull . at florens , one whose compasse yet remaines . at athens in greece , one of marble . at pola in istria , by the h●driaticke sea , one described by sebastian serlius . at hyspalis in spaine , one built without the walles of the in 〈◊〉 at 〈◊〉 one of squared stone , the length ● . perches , or poles , the bredth ● . at arelate one . at burdegall one . at nemaus one , remembred by euseb. in ecclesias●ica historia . at lygeris one . another among the heluetians . the ver●ne●se theatrum marmoreum , erected before the time of augustus , as torellus se●ayna in his descriptio● of ver●na , records : but cyrnicus an●onitanus reports it built in the nine and thirtieth yeare of octauian . carolus sigonius re●erres it to the reigne of maximinian , who saith , maximinian built theaters in medi●lanum aquilea , and brixium . the like cornelius tacitus . hist. remembers in placentia , but the descriptiō of the verona theater leuinus kersmakerus sets downe . this the great king francis anno gaue to certaine actors , who thirty dayes space together , represented in the same the acts of the apostles , nor was i● lawfull by the edi●t of the king for any man to remoue any stone within thirty poles of his scituation , lest they should endanger the foundation of the theater . the like haue been in venice , millan , padua . in paris ther● are diuers now in vse by the french kings comedians , as the burgonian , and others . others in massilia , in treuers , in magontia , in agripina , and infinite cities of greece , thebes , carthage , delphos , creet , paph●s , epyrus , also in the citie tydena , so at ciuil in spaine , and at madrill , with others . at the entertainement of the cardinall alphonsus , and the infant of spaine into the low-countryes , they were presented at antwerpe , with sundry pageants and playes : the king of denmark● , father to him that now reigneth , entertained into his seruice , a company of english comedians , commended vnto him by the honourable the earle of lei●ester : the duke of brounswicke , and the landsgraue of hesse● retaine in their courts certaine of ours , of the same quality . but among the romans they were in highest reputation : for in comparison of their playes , they neuer regarded any of their solemnities , there ludifunebres , there floralia , cerealia , fugalia , bachinalia ▪ or lup●rcalia . and amongst vs , one of our best english chroniclers records , that when edward the fourth would shew himselfe in publicke state to the view of the people , hee repaired to his palace at s. iohnes , where he accustomed to see the citty actors . and since then , that house by the princes free gift , hath belong●d to the office of the reuels , where our court playes haue beene in late daies yearely rehersed , perfected , and corrected before they come to the publike view of the prince and the nobility . ouid speaking of the tragicke muse , thus writes . venit & ingenti violenta tragedia passu , fronte com● tor●a palla iacebat humi laeua manus sceptrum late regale tenebat , lydius apta pedum vin●ta cothurnus habet . then came the tragicke muse with a proud pace , measuring her ●low strides with maiesticke grace . her long traine sweepes the earth , and she doth stand , with b●skin'd legge , rough brow , and sceptred hand . well knew the poet what estimation she was in with augustus , whē he describes her holding in her left hand a scepter . now to recite some famous actors that liued in the preceding ages : the first comediās were cincius & falis●us , the first tragedians were minutius , & prothonius . elius donatus in his preface to terence his andrea , saith that in that comedy lucius attilius , latinus prenestinus , and lucius ambiuius turpi● were actors : this comedy was dedicated to cibil , & such were called ludi megalenses , acted in the yeare that m. fuluius was edilis , & quintus minutius valerius , & m. glabrio were curules , which were coūsellers & chiefe officers in rom● , so called because they customably sate in chayres of iuory . the songs that were sung in this comedy were set by fl●ccus , the sonne of clodius . terence his eunuchus or second comedy was acted in the yeare l. posthumus , and l. cornelius were edil . curules , marcus valerius , & caius fannius consuls . the yeare from the building of rome . in his adelphi one protinus acted , & was highly applauded , in his h●●yra iulius seruius . cicero commends one rupilius a rare tragedian : i read of another called arossus , another called theocrines , who purchased him a great applause in the playes called terentini . there were other playes in rome , called actia and pythia , made in the honour of apollo , for killing the dragon python . in those one aesopus bare the praise , a man generally esteemed , who left behind him much substance , which clodius his sonne after possest . quae grauis aesopus , quae doctus rossius egit . labericus was an excellent poet , and a rare actor , who writ a booke of the gesture & action to be vsed by the tragedians and comedians in performance of euery part in his natiue humor . plautus himselfe was so inamored of the actors in his dayes , that hee published many excellent and exquisite comedies , yet extant . aristotle commends one theodoretes to be the best tragedian in his time . this in the presence of alexander personated achilles , which so delighted the emperour , that hee bestowed on him a pension of quinque mille drachmae , fiue thousand drachmaes , and euery thousand drachmaes are twenty nine pounds , three shillings , foure pence sterling . rossius , whom the eloquent orator , & excellent statesman of rome , marcus cicero , for his elegant pronuntiatiō & formall gesture called his iewell , had from the common tresury of the roman exchequer , a daily pention allowed him of so many sestertij as in our coine amount to pound & a marke , or thereabouts , which yearely did arise to any noble mans reuenues . so great was the fame of this roscius , and so good his estimation , that learned cato made a question whether cicero could write better then roscius could speake and act , or rosoius speake and act better then cicero write . many times when they had any important orations , to be with an audible and loud voyce deliuered to the people , they imployed the tongue and memory of this excellent actor , to whom for his worth , the senate granted such large exhibition . — quae peruincere voces , eualuere sonum referunt quem nostra theatra , gorganum mugire putes n●mus aut mare thuscum , tanto cum strepitu ludi spect●atur & artes . what voyce can be compared with the sound , our theaters from their deepe concaues send , for their reuerberate murmures seeme to drownd the gorgan wood when the proud windes contend . or when rough stormes the thuscan billowes raise , with such loud ●oy they ring our arts and playes . to omit all the doctors , zawnyes , pantaloones , harlakeenes , in which the french , but especially the italians , haue beene excellent , and according to the occasion offered to do some right to our english actors , as knell , bently , mils , wilson , crosse , lanam , and others : these , since i neuer saw them , as being before my time , i cannot ( as an eye-witnesse of their desert ) giue them that applause , which no doubt , they worthily merit , yet by the report of many iuditial auditors , their performance of many parts haue been so absolute , that it were a kinde of sinne to drowne their worths in lethe , and not commit their ( almost forgotten ) names to eternity . heere i must needs remember tarleton , in his time gratious with the queene his soueraigne , and in the peoples generall applause , whom succeeded vvil. kemp , as wel in the fauour of her maiesty , as in the opinion & good thoughts of the generall audience . gabriel , singer , pope , phillips , sly , all the right i can do them , is but this , that though they be dead , their deserts yet liue in the remembrance of many . among so many dead let me not forget one yet aliue in his time the most worthy famous , maist●r edward allen. to omit these , as also such as for diuers imperfections , may be thought insufficient for the quality . actors should be men pick'd out personable , according to the parts they present , they should be rather schollers , that though they cānot speake well , know how to speake , or else to haue that volubility ▪ that they can speake well , though they vnderstand not what , & so both imperfections may by instructiōs be helped & amended : but where a good tongue & a good conceit both faile , there can neuer be good actor . i also could wish , that such as are cōdemned for their licentioufnesse , might by a generall consent bee quite excluded our society : for as we are men that stand in the broad eye of the world , so should our manners , gestures , and behauiours , sauour of such gouernment and modesty , to deserue the good thoughts and reports of all men , and to abide the sharpest censures euen of those that are the greatest opposites to the quality . many amongst vs , i know , to be of substance , of gouernment , of sober liues , and temperate carriages , house-keepers , and contributary to all duties enioyned them , equally with them that are rank't with the most bountifull ; and if amongst so many of sort , there be any few degenerate from the rest in that good demeanor , which is both requisite & expected at their hands , let me entreat you not to censure hardly of all for the misdeeds of some , but rather to excuse vs , as ouid doth the generality of women . parcite paucarum diffundere crimen in omnes , spectetur meritis quaeque puella suis. for some offenders ( that perhaps are few ) spare in your thoughts to censure all the crew , since euery breast containes a sundry spirit , let euery one be censur'd as they merit . others there are of whom should you aske my opinion , i must refer you to this , consule theatrum . here i might take fit opportunity to reckon vp all our english writers , & compare them with the greeke , french , italian , & latine poets , not only in their pastorall , historicall , elegeicall , & heroical● po●ms , but in their tragicall , & comical subiects , but it was my chance to happen on the like learnedly done by an approued good scholler , in a booke called wits comon-wealth , to which treatise i wholy referre you , returning to our present subiect . iulius caesar himselfe for his pleasure became an actor , being in shape , state , voyce , iudgement , and all other occurrents , exterior and interior excellent . amongst many other parts acted by him in person , it is recorded of him , that with generall applause in his owne theater he played hercules fure●s , and amongst many other arguments of his compleatnesse , excellence , and extraordinary care in his action , it is thus reported of him : being in the depth of a passion , one of his seruants ( as his part then fell out ) presenting lychas , who before had from deianeira brought him the poysoned shirt , dipt in the bloud of the centaure nessus : he in the middest of his torture and fury , finding this lychas hid in a remote corner ( appoynted him to creep into of purpose ) although he was , as our tragedians vse , but seemingly to kill him by some false imagined wound , yet was caesar so extremely carryed away with the violence of his practised fury , and by the perfect shape of the madnesse of hercules , to which he had fashioned all his actiue spirits , that he slew him dead at his foot , & after swoong him terque quaterque ( as the poet sayes ) about his head . it was the manner of their emperours , in those dayes , in their publicke tragedies to choose out the fittest amongst such , as for capital offences were condemned to dye , and imploy them in such parts as were to be kil'd in the tragedy , wh●● of themselues would make suit rather so to dye with resolution , and by the hands of such princely actors , then otherwise to suffer a shamefull & most detestable end . and these were tragedies naturally performed . and such caius caligula , claudius nero , vitellius , domitianus , cōmodus , & other emperours of rome , vpon their festiuals and holy daies of greatest consecration , vsed to act . therefore m. kid in the spanish tragedy , vpon occasion presenting it selfe , thus writes . why nero thought it no disparagement , and kings and emperours haue tane delight , to make experience of their wits in playes . these exercises , as traditions ▪ haue beene since ( though in better manner ) continued through all ages , amongst all the noblest nations of the earth . but i haue promised to be altogether compendious , presuming that what before is discourst , may for the practise of playes , their antiquity , and dignity be altogether sufficient . i omit the shewes and ceremonies euen in these times generally vsed amongst the catholikes , in which by the churchmen & 〈◊〉 religious , diuers pageants , as of the natiuity , passion , and ascention , with other historicall places of the bible , are at diuers times & seasons of the yeare vsually celebrated ; sed haec pre●er me . in the yeare of the world . of christ . origin writ certaine godly epistles to philip ▪ then emperour of rome , who was the first christian emperour , and in his life i reade , that in the fourth yeare of his reigne , which was the . yeare after the building of rome , he solemnized that yeare , as a iubilee with sumptuous pageants and playes . homer , the most excellent of all poets , composed his illiads in the shape of a tragedy , his odisseas like a comedy . virgil in the first of his aeneiads , in his description of didoes carthage . — hic alta theatris fundamenta locant alij immanesque columnas , rup●bus excidunt scenis decora alta futuris . which proues , that in those dayes immediatly after the ruine of troy , when carthage had her first foundation , they built theaters with stately columnes of stone , as in his description may appeare . i haue sufficiently discourst of the first theaters , and in whose times they were erected , euen till the reigne of iulius caesar , the first emperour , and how they continued in their glory from him till the reigne of marcus aurelius the emperour , and from him euen to these times . now to proue they were in as high estimation at la●edemo● , and athens two the most famous citties of greece . cicero in his booke cato maior , seu de 〈◊〉 . cum athenis ludis quidam grandis natu in theat●●m venisset , &c. an ancient citizen comming into one of the athenian theaters to see the pastimes there solemnized ( which shewes that the most antient and graue frequented them ) by reason of the throng , no man gaue him place or reuerence : but the same citizen being implyo'd in an embassy to lacedemon , and coming like a priuate man into the theater , the generall multitude arose at once , and with great ceremonious reuerence gaue his age place . this cicero alledges to proue the reuerence due to age , and this i may ●itly introduce to the approbation of my present subiect . moreouer , this great statesman of rome , at whose exile twenty thousand of the chiefest roman citizens wore mourning apparrel , oftentimes commends plautus , calling him plautus noster , and atticorum antiqua comedia , where he proceeds further to extoll . aesopus , for personating aiax , and the famous actor rupilius , in epigonus , med●a , menalip , clytemnestra and a●tiopa , proceeding in the same place with this worthy & graue sentence , ergo histrio hoc videbi● in scena , quod non videbit sapiens in vita ? shall a tragedian see that in his scen● which a wise man cannot see in the course of his life ? so in another of his workes , amongst many instructions to his sonne marcus , he applauds turpio ambinius for his action , statius , neuius , and plautus for their writing . ouid in augustum . luminibusque tuis totus quibus vtitur orbis , scenica vidisti lusus adulteria . those eyes with which you all the world suruay , see in your theaters our actors play . augustus caesar , because he would haue some memory of his loue to those places of pastime , reared in rome two stately obelisci , or pyramides , one in iulius caesars temple in the field of mars , another in the great theater , called c●●cus maximus , built by flaminius : these were in height an hundred cubits a peece , in bredth foure cubits , they were first raised by king pheron in the temple of the sunne , and after remoued to rome by augustus : the occasion of their first composu●e was this : pheron for some great crime , committed by him in his youth against the gods , was by them strooke blinde , and so continued the space of ten yeares : but after by a reuelation in the citty bucis , it was told , that if he washt his eyes in the water of a woman that was chaste , and neuer adulterately touch't with any saue her husband , he should againe recouer his sight : the king first tride his wife , then many other of the most graue and best reputed matrons , but continued still in despaire , till at length hee met with one vertuous lady , by whose chastity his ●ight was restored ; whom ( hauing first commanded his queene and the rest to be consumed with fire ) he after married . pheron in memory of this , builded his two pyramides , after remoued to rome by avgvstvs . sanctaque maiestas & erat venerabile nomen ▪ vatibus — the end of the second booke . of actors , and the true vse of their quality . the third booke . tragedies and comedies , saith donatus , ●ad their beginning à rebus diuinis , from diuine sacrifices , they differ thus : in comedies , turbulenta prima , tranquilla vltima , in tragedyes , tranquilla prima , turbulenta vltima , comedies begin in trouble , and end in peace ; tragedies begin in calmes , and ●nd in tempest . of comedies there be three kindes , mouing comedies , called mot●riae , standing comedies , called statariae , or mixt betwixt both , called mistae : they are distributed into foure parts , the prologue , that is , the preface ; the protasis , that is , the proposition , which includes the first act , and presents the actors ; the epitasis , which is the businesse and body of the comedy ; the last the catastrophe , and conclusion : the deffinition of the comedy , according to the latins : a dicourse consisting of diuers institutions , comprehending ciuill and domesticke things , in which is taught , what in our liues and manners is to be followed , what to bee auoyded , the greekes define it thus : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . cicer● saith , a comedy is the imitation of life , the glasse of custome , and the image of truth , in athens they had their first originall . the ancient comedians vsed to attire their actors thus : the old men in white , as the most ancient of all , the yong men in party-coloured garments , to note their diuersity of thoughts , their slaues and seruants in thin and bare vesture , either to note their pouerty , or that they might run the more lighter about their affaires : their parrasites wore robes that were turned in , and intricately wrapped about them ; the fortunate in white , the discontented in decayed vesture , or garments , growne out of fashion ; the rich in purple , the poore in crimson , souldiers wore purple iackets , hand-maids the habits of strange virgins , bawds , pide coates , and curtezans , garments of the colour of mud , to denote their couetousnesse : the stages were hung with rich arras , which was first brought from king attalus into rome : his state-hangings were so costly , that from him all tapestries , and rich arras were called attalia . this being a thing ancient as i haue proued it , next of dignity , as many arguments haue confirmed it , and now euen in these dayes by the best , without exception , fauourably tollerated , why should i yeeld my censure , grounded on such firme and establisht sufficiency , to any tower , founded on sand , any castle built in the aire , or any triuiall vpstart , and meere imaginary opinion . oderunt hilarem tristes tristemque iocosi . i hope there is no man of so vnsensible a spirit , that can inueigh against the true and direct vse of this quality : oh but say they , the romanes in their time , and some in these dayes haue abused it , and therefore we volly out our exclamations against the vse . oh shallow ! because such a man had his house burnt , we shall quite condemne the vse of fire , because one man quaft poyson , we must so ▪ beare to drinke , because some haue beene shipwrak't , no man shall hereafter trafficke by sea . then i may as well argue thus : he cut his finger , therefore must i weare no knife , vond man fell from his horse , therefore must i trauell a foot ; that man surfeited , therfore dare not i eate . what can appeare more absurd then such a grosse and sencelesse assertion ? i could turne this vnpoynted weapon against his breast that aimes it at mine , and reason thus : roscius had a large pension allowed him by the ●enate of rome , why should not an actor of the like desert , haue the like allowance now ? or this , the most famous city and nation in the world h●ld playes in great admiration : ergo , but it is a rule in logicke , exparticu●aribus nih●l fit . these are not the basses we must build vpon , nor the columnes that must support our architecture . et l●tro , & cautus , precingitur ense viator . ille sed insid● 〈◊〉 , ●ic ●ibi portat opem . both theeues and true-men , weapons weare alike ▪ th' one to defend , the other comes to strike . let vs vse fire to warme vs , not to scortch vs , to make ready our necessaries , not to burne our houses : let vs drinke to quench our thirst , not to surfet ; and eate to satisfie nature , not to gormondize . — comediarecta si mente legatur , constabit null● posse nocere — playes are in vse as they are vnderstood , spectators eyes may make them bad or good . shall we condemne a generallity for any one particular misconstruction ? giue me then leaue to argue thus : amongst kings haue there not beene some tyrants ? yet the office of a king is the image of the maiesty of god. amongst true subiects haue there not crept in some false traitors ? euen amongst the twelue there was one ●udas , but shall we for his fault , censure worse of the eleuen ? god forbid : art thou prince or peasant ? art thou of the nobility , or commonalty ? art thou merchant or souldier ? of the citty or country ? art thou preacher or auditor ? art thou tutor or pupill ? there haue beene of thy function bad and good , prophane and holy . i induce these instances to confirme this common argument , that the vse of any generall thing is not for any one particular abuse to be condemned : for if that assertion stood firme , wee should run into many notable inconueniences . qui locus est templi● angustior hau● quoque vitet , in culpam si qua est ingeniosa sua● . to proceed to the matter : first , playing is an ornament to the citty , which strangers of all nations , repairing hither , report of in their countries , beholding them here with some admiration : for what variety of entertainment can there be in any citty of christendome , more then in london ? but some will say , this dish might be very well spared out of the banquet : to him i answere , diogenes ▪ that vsed too seede on rootes , cannot relish a march-pane . secondly , our english tongue , which hath ben the most harsh , vneuen , and broken language of the world , part dutch , part irish , saxon , scotch , welsh , and indeed a gallimaffry of many , but perfect in none , is now by this secondary meanes of playing , continually refined , euery writer striuing in himselfe to adde a new florish vnto it ; so that in processe , from the most rude and vnpolisht tongue , it is growne to a most perfect and composed language , and many excellent workers , and elaborate poems writ in the same , that many nations grow inamored of our tongue ( before despised . ) neither saphicke , ionicke , iambicke , phaleuticke , adonicke , gliconicke , hexamiter , t●tramitrer , pentamiter , asclepediacke , choriambicke , nor any other measured verse vsed amongst the greekes , latins , italians ▪ french , dutch , or spanish writers , but may be exprest in english , be it in blanke verse , or meeter , in distichon , or hexastichon , or in what forme or feet , or what number you can desire . thus you see to what excellency our refined english is brought , that in these daies we are ashamed of that euphony & eloquence which within these yeares , the best tongues in the land were proud to pronounce . thirdly , playes haue made the ignorant more apprehensiue , taught the vnlearned the knowledge of many famous histories , instructed such as cānot reade in the discouery of all our english chronicles : & what man haue you now of that weake capacity , that cannot discourse of any notable thing recorded euen from william the conquerour , nay from the landing of brute , vntill this day , beeing possest of their true vse , for , or because playes are writ with this ayme , and carryed with this methode , to teach the subiects obedience to their king , to shew the people the vntimely ends of such as haue moued tumults , commotions , and insurrections , to present thē with the flourishing estate of such as liue in obedience , exhorting them to allegeance , dehorting them from all trayterous and fellonious stratagems . omne genus scripti grauitate tragedia vin●it . if we present a tragedy , we include the fatall and abortiue ends of such as commit notorious murders , which is aggrauated and acted with all the art that may be , to terrifie men from the like abhorred practises . if wee present a forreigne history , the subiect is so intended , that in the liues of romans , grecians , or others , either the vertues of our country-men are extolled , or their vices reproued , as thus , by the example of caesar to stir souldiers to valour , & magnanimity : by the fall of pompey , that no man trust in his owne strength : we present alexander , killing his friend in his rage , to reproue rashnesse : mydas , choked with his gold , to taxe couetousnesse : nero against tyranny : sardanapalus , against luxury : nynus , against ambition , with infinite others , by sundry instances , either animating men to noble attempts , or attaching the consciences of the spectators , finding themselues toucht in presenting the vices of others . if a morall , it is to perswade men to humanity and good life , to instruct them in ciuility and good manners , shewing them the fruits of honesty , and the end of villany . versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult . againe , horace , arte poëtica . et nostri proavi plautinos & numeros et laudavere sales — if a comedy , it is pleasantly contriued with merry accidents , and intermixt with apt and witty iests , to present before the prince at certain times of solemnity , or else merily fitted to the stage . and what is then the subiect of this harmelesse mirth ? either in the shape of a clowne , to shew others their slouenly and vnhansome behauiour , that they may reforme that simplicity in themselues , which others make their sport , lest they happen to become the like subiect of generall scorne to an auditory , else it intreates of loue , deriding foolish inamorates , who spend their ages , their spirits , nay themselues , in the seruile and ridiculous imployments of their mistresses : and these are mingled with sportfull accidents , to recreate such as of themselues are wholly deuoted to melancholly , which corrupts the bloud : or to refresh such weary spirits as are tired with labour , or study , to moderate the cares and heauinesse of the minde , that they may returne to their trades and faculties with more zeale and earnestnesse , after some small soft and pleasant retirement . sometimes they discourse of pantaloones , vsurers that haue vnthrifty sonnes , which both the fathers and sonnes may behold to their instructions : sometimes of curtesans , to diuulge their subtelties and snares , in which yong men may be intangled , shewing them the meanes to auoyd them . if we present a pastorall , we shew the harmelesse loue of sheepheards diuersly moralized , distinguishing betwixt the craft of the citty , and the innocency of the sheep-coat . briefly , there is neither tragedy , history , comedy , morral or pastorall , from which an infinite vse cannot be gathered . i speake not in the defence of any lasciuious shewes , scurrelous ieasts , or scandalous inuectiues : if there be any such , i banish them quite from my patronage ; yet horace , sermon . satyr . thus writes . eupolis atque cratinus aristophanesque poetae , atque alij quorum comaedia prisca virorum est : si quis erat dignus describi , quod malus , aut fur , quod maechus foret , aut sicarius , aut alioqui , famosus , multa cum libertate notabunt . eupolis , cratinus , aristophanes , and other comike poets in ●he time of horace , with large scope , and vnbridled liberty boldly and plainly scourged all such abuses as in their ages were generally practised , to the staining and blemishing of a faire and beautifull common-weale . likewise , a learned gentleman in his apology for poetry , speakes thus : tragedies well handled be a most w●rthy kinde of poesie . comedies make men see and shame at their faults , and proceeding further amongst other vniuersity-playes , he remembers the tragedy of richard the third , acted in saint iohns in cambridge , so essentially , that had the tyrant phaleris●eheld ●eheld his bloudy proceedings , it had mollified his heart , and made him relent at sight of his inhumane massacres . further , he commends of comedies , the cambridge pedantius , and the oxford bellum grammaticale ; and leauing them passes on to our publicke playes , speaking liberally in their praise , and what commendable vse may bee gathered of them . if you peruse margarita poëtica , you may see what excellent vses and sentences he hath gathered out of t●rence his andrea , euenuchus , and the rest . likewise out of pl●utus his amphi●rio , asinaria , and moreouer , ex comaedijs philodoxis , caroli acret●ni : defalsa hip●●rita , & tristi mer●urij , ronsij versellensis : ex comaedia philanira vgolini parmensis , all reuerend schollers , and comicke poets , reade el●e the tragedies , philunica , petrus , aman , katherina , cla●dij r●iletti beluensis : but i should tire my selfe to reckon the names of all french , roman , german , spanish , italian , and english poets , being in number infinite , and their labours extant to approue their worthinesse . is thy minde noble ? and wouldst thou be further stir'd vp to magnanimity ? behold , vpon the stage thou maist see hercules , achilles , alexander , caesar , alcib●ades , lys●nder , sertorius , haniball , antigonus , phillip of ma●ed 〈◊〉 , methridates of pontus , pyrrhus of epir● , age●laus among the lacedemonians , epaminond●s , amongst the th●hans : sceuola alone entring the armed tents of porsenna : horatius cho●●es alone withstanding the whole army of the he●rurian ▪ leonides of sparta , choosing a lyon to leade a band of dee●● , rather then one deere to conduct an army of lyons , with infinite others in their owne persons qualities , & shapes , animating thee with courage , deterring thee frō cowardise . hast thou of thy country well deserued ? and art thou of thy labour euill requited ? to associate thee thou mayest see the valiant roman marcellus pursue hannibal at nola , conquering syracusa , vanquishing the gauls , all padua , and presently ( for his reward ) banisht his country into greece . there thou mayest see scipio affricanus , now triumphing for the conquest of all affrica , and immediatly exil'd the confines of romania . art thou inclined to lust ? behold the falles of the tarquins , in the rape of lucrece : the guerdon of luxury in the death of sardanapalus : appius destroyed in the rauishing of virginia , and the destruction of troy in the lust of helena . art thou proud ? our scene presents thee with the fall of phaeton , narcissus pining in the loue of his shadow , ambitious hamon , now calling himselfe a god , and by and by thrust headlong among the diuels . we present men with the vglinesse of their vices , to make them the more to abhorre them , as the persians vse , who aboue all sinnes , loathing drunkennesse , accustomed in their solemne feasts , to make their seruants and captiues extremely ouercome with wine , and then call their children to view their nasty and lothsome behauiour , making them hate that sin in themselues , which shewed so grosse and abhominable in others . the like vse may be gathered of the drunkards so naturally imitated in our playes , to the applause of the actor , content of the auditory , and reprouing of the vice . art thou couetous ? go no further then plautus his comedy called euclio . dum fallax servus , durus pater , improba lena vixerit , & meretrixblanda , menandros erit . while ther 's false seruant , or obdurate sire , sly baud , smooth whore , menandros wee 'l admire . to end in a word . art thou addicted to prodigallity ? enuy ? cruelty ? periury ? flattery ? or rage ? our scenes affoord thee store of men to shape your liues by , who be frugall , louing , gentle , trusty , without soothing , and in all things temperate . wouldst thou be honourable ? iust , friendly , moderate , deuout , mercifull , and louing concord ? thou mayest see many of their fates and ruines , who haue beene dishonourable , iniust , ●alse , gluttenous , sacrilegious , bloudy-minded , and brochers of dissention . women likewise that are chaste , are by vs extolled , and encouraged in their vertues , being instanced by diana , belphebe , matilda , lucrece and the countesse of salisbury . the vnchaste are by vs shewed their errors , in the persons of phrin● , lais , ●hais , flora : and amongst vs , rosamond , and mistresse shore . what can sooner print modesty in the soules of the wanton , then by discouering vnto them the monstrousnesse of their sin ? it followes that we proue these exercises to haue bee●e the discouerers of many notorious murders , long concealed from the eyes of the world . to omit all farre-fetcht instances , we wil proue it by a domestike , and home-borne truth , which within these few yeares happened . at lin in norfolke , the then earle of sussex players acting the old history of fryer francis , & presenting a woman , who insatiately doting on a yong gentleman , had ( the more securely to enioy his affection ) mischieuously and seceretly murdered her husband , whose ghost haunted her , and at diuers times in her most solitary and priuate contemplations , in most horrid and fearefull shapes , appeared , and stood before her . as this was acted , a townes-woman ( till then of good estimation and report ) finding her conscience ( at this presenment ) extremely troubled , suddenly skritched and cryd out oh my husband , my husband ! i see the ghost of my husband fiercely threatning and menacing me . at which shrill and vexpected out-cry , the people about her , moou'd to a strange amazement , inquired the reason of her clamour , when presently vn-urged , she told them , that seuen yeares ago , she , to be possest of such a gentleman ( meaning him ) had poysoned her husband , whose fearefull image personated it selfe in the shape of that ghost : whereupon the murdresse was apprehended , before the iustices further examined , & by her voluntary confession after condemned . that this is true , as well by the report of the actors as the records of the towne , there are many eye-witnesses of this accident yet liuing , vocally to confirme it . as strange an accident happened to a company of the same quality some yeares ago ▪ or not so much , who playing late in the night at a place called perin in cornwall , certaine spaniards were landed the same night vnsuspected , and vndiscouered , with intent to take in the towne , spoyle and burne it , when suddenly , euen vpon their entrance , the players ( ignorant as the townes-men of any such attempt ) presenting a battle on the stage with their drum and trumpets strooke vp a lowd alarme : which the enemy hearing , and fearing they were discouered , amazedly retired , made some few idle shot in a brauado , and so in a hurly-burly fled disorderly to their boats . at the report of this tumult , the townes-men were immediatly armed , and pursued them to the sea , praysing god for their happy deliuerance from so great a danger , who by his prouidence made these strangers the instrument and secondary meanes of their escape from such imminent mischife , and the tyranny of so remorcelesse an enemy . another of the like wonder happened at amsterdam in holland , a company of our english comedians ( well knowne ) trauelling those countryes , as they were before the burgers and other the chiefe inhabitants , acting the last part of the sons of aymon , towards the last act of the history , where penitent r●naldo ▪ like a common labourer , liued in disguise , vowing as his last pennance , to labour & carry burdens to the structure of a goodly church there to be erected : whose diligence the labourers enuying , since by-reason of his stature and strength , hee did vsually perfect more worke in a day , then a dozen of the best , ( hee working for his conscience , they for their lucres . ) whereupon by reason his industry had so much disparaged their liuing , conspired amongst themselues to kill him , waiting some opportunity to finde him asleepe , which they might easily doe , since the forest labourers are the soundest sleepers , and industry is the best preparatiue to rest . hauing spy'd their opportunity , they draue a naile into his temples , of which wou●d immediatly he dyed . as the actors handled this , the audience might on a sodaine vnderstand an out-cry , and loud shrike in a remote gallery , and pressing about the place , they might perceiue a woman of great grauity , strangely amazed , who with a distracted & troubled braine oft sighed out these words : oh my husband , my husband ! the play , without further interruption , proceeded ; the woman was to her owne house conducted , without any apparant suspition , euery one coniecturing as their fancies led them . in this agony she some few dayes languished , and on a time , as certaine of her well disposed neighbours came to comfort her , one amongst the rest being church-warden , to him the sexton posts , to tell him of a strange thing happening him in the ripping vp of a graue : see here ( quoth he ) what i haue found , and shewes them a faire skull , with a great nayle pierst quite through the braine-pan , but we cannot coniecture to whom it should belong , nor how long it hath laine in the earth , the graue being confused , and the flesh consumed . at the report of this accident , the woman , out of the trouble of her afflicted conscience , discouered a former murder . for yeares ago , by driuing that nayle into that skull , being the head of her husband , she had trecherously slaine him . this being publickly confest , she was arraigned , condemned , adiudged , and burned . but i draw my subiect to greater length then i purposed : these therefore out of other infinites , i haue collected , both for their familiarnesse and latenesse of memory . thus our antiquity we haue brought from the gr●cian● in the time of hercules : from the maced●nians in the age of alexand●r : from the romans long before iulius caesar , and since him , through the reigns of emperours succeeding , euen to marcus aurelius : after him they were supported by the mantuans , venetians , val●ncians , neopolitans , the florentines , and others : since , by the german princes , the palsgraue , the landsgraue , the dukes of saxony , of brounswicke , &c. the cardinall at bruxels , hath at this time in pay , a company of our english comedians . the french king allowes certaine companies in paris , orleans , besides other cities : so doth the king of spaine , in ciuill , madrill , and other prouinces . but in no country they are of that eminence that ours are : so our most royall , and euer renouned soueraigne , hath licenced vs in london : so did his predecessor , the thrice vertuous virgin , queene elizabeth , and before her , her sister , queene mary , edward the sixth , and their father , henry the eighth : and before these in the tenth yeare of the reigne of edward the fourth , anno . iohn stowe , an ancient and graue chronicler , records ( amongst other varieties tending to the like effect ) that a play was acted at a place called skinners well , fast by clerken-well , which continued eight dayes , and was of matter from adam and eue , ( the first creation of the world . ) the spectators were no worse then the royalty of england . and amongst other commendable exercises in this place , the company of the skinners of london held c●●taine yearely solemne playes . in place wherof , now in these latter daies , the wrastling , and such other pastimes haue been kept , and is still held about bartholmew-tide . also in the yeare . the yeare of the reigne of richard the second , the . of iuly , were the like enterludes recorded of at the same place , which continued dayes together , the king and queene , and nobility being there present . moreouer , to this day , in diuers places of england , there be townes that hold the priuiledge of their faires , and other charters by yearely stage-playes , as at manni●gtree in suffolke , kendall in the north , & others . to let these passe , as things familiarly knowne to all men . now to speake of some abuse lately crept into the quality , as an inueighing against the state , the court , the law , the citty , and their gouernements , with the particularizing of priuate mens humors ( yet aliue ) noble-men , & others . i know it distastes many ; neither do i any way approue it , nor dare i by any meanes excuse it . the liberty which some arrogate to themselues , committing their bitternesse , and liberall inuectiues against all estates , to the mouthes of children , supposing their iuniority to be a priuiledge for any rayling , be it neuer so violent , i could aduise all such , to curbe and limit this presumed liberty within the bands of discretion and gouernment . but wise and iuditial censurers , before whom such complaints shall at any time hereafter come , wil not ( i hope ) impute these abuses to any transgression in vs , who haue euer been carefull and prouident to shun the like . i surcease to prosecute this any further , lest my good meaning be ( by some ) misconstrued : and fearing likewise , lest with tediousnesse i tire the patience of the fauourable reader , heere ( though abruptly ) i conclude my third and last treatise . 〈…〉 to my approued good friend , mr. nicholas okes. the infinite faults escaped in my booke of britaines troy , by the negligence of the printer , as the misquotations , mistaking of sillables , misplacing halfe lines , coining of strāge and neuer heard of words . these being without number , when i would haue taken a particular account of the errata , the printer answered me , hee would not publish his owne disworkemanship , but rather let his owne fault lye vpon the necke of the author : and being fearefull that others of his quality , had beene of the same nature , and condition , and finding you on the contrary , so carefull , and industrious , so serious and laborious to doe the author all the rights of the presse , i could not choose but gratulate your honest indeauours with this short remembrance . here likewise , i must necessarily insert a manifest iniury done me in that worke , by taking the two epistles of paris to helen , and helen to paris , and printing them in a lesse volume , vnder the name of another , which may put the world in opinion i might steale them from him ; and hee to doe himselfe right , hath since published them in his owne name : but as i must acknowledge my lines not worthy his patronage , vnder whom he hath publisht them , so the author i know much offended with m. iaggard ( that altogether vnknowne to him ) presumed to make so bold with his name . these , and the like dishonesties i know you to bee cleere of ; and i could wish but to bee the happy author of so worthy a worke as i could willingly commit to your care and workmanship . yours euer thomas heyvvood . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e a hypocrita propriè personatum histrionem denotat . notes for div a -e vid. page ● notes for div a -e so compared by the fathers . no theater , ●o world . notes for div a -e de arte amandi . . imperante augusto , natus est christus . imperante tiberio crucifixus . notes for div a -e 〈…〉 poltd . virgil. 〈…〉 alex. metapol . theaters . ammianus , lib. . pliny . lib. . dio cassius lib. . dio. lib. su●tonius cap . ta●itus lib. . a mal●um . pliny , lib. . cap. . sicon . 〈◊〉 . hist. occide● . archduke alphonsus . stowe . cincius , faliscus , minutius . prothonius . l. attilius . latinus . prenestinu● . lucius . ambiuius turpi● . flaccus . protinus . l. seruius . offic. . rupilius . arossus . theocrines . aesopus . labericus . theodorete● . notes for div a -e vse of tragedies . vse of historicall playes . vse of morals . vse of comedyes . vse of pastorals . a strange accident happening at a play . a strange accident happening at a play . a strange accident happening at a play . cardinall al●onsus . times kept tide . a letter to a.h. esq., concerning the stage approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing m estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a letter to a.h. esq., concerning the stage hopkins, charles, ?- ? hammond, anthony, - . [ ], p. printed for a. baldwin ..., london : . a defense of the stage, in answer to jeremy collier's short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. "the initials in the title [i.e. a.h.] have been identified as those of anthony hammond. charles hopkins has been suggested as the probable author." cf. nuc pre- . reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng collier, jeremy, - . -- short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage. theater -- religious aspects. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - jonathan blaney sampled and proofread - jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a letter to a. h. esq concerning the stage . london , printed for a. baldwin , near the oxford-arms in warwick-lane , . to a. h. esq &c. sir , forgive me if i think it ill-nature in you to leave the town , at a time when it wants your company , and seems to beg your assistance : how can you propose to live at ease in the country , when so many of your friends , the wits , are engag'd here in open war ? let mr. collier say what he pleases of mr. dryden , i begin to think 't was his prophetick genius mov'd him to declaim against priests ; and there is great reason to complain of their being the incendiaries of the people , when they set the world on fire by preaching , which they were only sent to warm . but what can mr. collier mean by exposing the stage so ? he wou'd not surely have it silenc'd : that wou'd be a little too barbarous , and too much like cant to be entertain'd by men of thought or ingenuity . i wou'd rather suppose he design'd a reformation ; and that is so reasonable , i wonder any man should put his face in disorder , or study a revenge for the attempt . but it may be ask'd , cou'd he not have done that without exposing so many great genius's ? had it not been better to have let mr. durfey alone ? tho' even this method wou'd not have pleas'd every body ; for whate'er effect it has had on mr. vanbroug and congreve ; motteux and guildon resent it to the last degree . is their nothing in their works illustrious , or that cou'd merit censure ? indeed some people are not to be reclaim'd by ridicule ; and mr. collier knowing their vertues , with how much compos'dness and resignation they can bear a hiss , out of compassion , took example by the town and neglected both . it is the observation of some , that where-ever the state flourishes , the theatre has never fail'd of encouragement ; and that 't is hardly possible the state shou'd suffer without the others sinking in its reputation . it is pity that england shou'd be the only exception , and since we have some of our nobility , who have a taste of eloquence , and all those vertues which adorn the stage , that it shou'd want their assistance by whom it was at first rais'd , and since maintain'd : if it has fallen from its purity , or never arriv'd to what they fully lik'd , let it not want their countenance , without whom 't is impossible to be any thing at all , and by whom it may become all that we can wish . they alone can free it from contempt and censure , by maintaining such an awe , that the least glymps of profaneness and immorality shou'd not dare to appear on the stage ; and this may be done by encouraging none but those who write well : for when a good poet takes on him to instruct , we need fear no immodesty ; for 't is impossible in a regular play , he shou'd find room for an indecency . i know you 'll ask , why shou'd i appear so zealous in desiring the favour of the nobility for what is deny'd to be lawful ; and that i ought not to wish an encouragement of the stage , when 't is affirm'd that from thence we derive our corruption of manners . mr. collier has endeavour'd to prove this from the looseness of some of our plays , and then has brought the opinion of the fathers to condemn the theatre in general . as to the first objection , that the debauchery of the town is to be attributed to the looseness of our plays and stage . if this were true , it is an objection only against the present corruption of the theatre ; and is of no force against a regulated stage ; for that admits of nothing immodest or immoral . as to the second objection brought from councils and fathers , if what is quoted were really design'd by them against the theatre in general , yet it can have but little effect with the people , i mean the men of probity and learning ; for they are not to be mov'd by the opinions of others no longer than those opinions are agreeable to reason : no man ought to pay such a respect either to councils or fathers , as to submit his judgment contrary to his reason . their saying so in this case ought to have no more effect with us than if they had at the same time given us their opinion of the truth of transubstantiation . i think the matter ought to be disputed by it self ; for the opinion of the fathers cannot alter the nature of the thing . sir , give me leave to make this digression : 't is my opinion , even in matters of religion , the preaching up the fathers so much has been of fatal consequence . if we run out of our selves to search for truth , we are expos'd to be deceiv'd ; and relying too much upon another's judgment , may be the occasion of an errour in our own . a false quotation or interpretation by a man of some figure , to an easie credulous bigot , has been the conversion of a great many , and of excellent service in the church of rome : they cannot attack any without a father or council , and that to a person who knows nothing of the matter , is as good as a demonstration . the fathers were but men , and as capable to be deceiv'd as others : and i do not know why the bishop of worcester may not deserve an equal esteem ; he understands the languages , and has as much sincerity as any of them ; and why then shou'd he not be able to give the sense of the scripture as well . i have a veneration for them as good men , and where their opinion is a consequent of true reason , it ought to be embraced ; but where 't is not , i need not say it ought to be rejected ; and i think any man may be allowed to dispute whether it be so or no. the bishop of worcester cannot publish a book , but you 'll have an answer to it . it would indeed be of reputation to the councils and fathers , some of them at least , if what were objected against them were of no more force . his philosophy is too rational to be weak'ned by sophistry ; his divinity too solid to be shook by heresie : he seems to have been predestinated to glory , and the appointed instrument to deliver us from popery , atheism , deism , and socinianism , with all those spurious sectaries which have been spawned into the world : what can resist the power of his arguments ? and who is able to abide his force . but to return , i think the controversie , in short , is this : whether the allowance of a theatre in a christian country , is consisting with the christian religion . the answer to this question may be this : that whatever is approved by lawful authority , and is not against any positive revealed law of god , is consisting with the christian religion . now it lies upon the adversaries of the stage to prove , that the theatre is against law or scripture . 't is unfair to take the advantage of the present corruptions , and cry down the stage , because men make an ill use of it . the priests won't allow this argument in another case ; and i think an ill poet is no more an objection against the stage , than a clergyman's being a blockhead , is to the pulpit . 't is our misfortune to have too many in both vocations ; tho' , as bad as the stage is , i don't doubt but the world has receiv'd a great many advantages from it . i shall name you some , and the first may be the reclaiming the manners of the clergy . 't is certain , since the stage has used the gown freely , and the laity have not been afraid to look into their faults , that they are more humble , and less publickly vicious : they know if tom d'urfey can light upon a frail priest , he won't scruple to expose his infirmities , tho' he is not the only whipping tom of the stage ; if they had not others to fear , they wou'd soon grow too many for him . i believe they wou'd be angry , if they thought the people gave the honour of their reformation to the stage ; tho' you can't believe otherwise , if you consider the difference of the former and present clergy , what a strange alteration there is where the knowledge of plays have come ( i wou'd be understood only of those who needed a reformation ) there are now , and have always been , men among them able and sit to give laws , and from whom the world was glad to receive them , who appear'd as burning and shining lights in their generation ; and it was from them we learnt the difference ; it was their light which expos'd the other , and the stage only took their evil deeds , to shew them truly the evils of them . but besides their reforming of manners , the stage has taught them to speak english , and preach more like ambassadors of their great master . it has taught them to argue rationally , and at once mended their stile , and form of their sermons . how did religion labour under heavy language , and how many people rather absented the church , than come to hear the word of god burlesqu'd ? in what a ridiculous dress did religion appear ? when to spin out the time in old proverbs , and wretched puns , a fellow wou'd run it up to six and thirtiethly , before he came to his use and applications . in short , the drunkenness , whoring , insolence , and dulness that has appear'd under a black coat on the stage , have made the men of the same colour of it keep within bounds : and that a man might not teize them with the representation , they have endeavour'd to appear in as differing a form as possible . if what mr. collier says was true , that when a clergyman is brought on the stage , it is with a design to ridicule the function , it wou'd be abominable , and as bad as the town is , wou'd be hiss'd off the stage . i dare say , whatever the intention of the poet is , 't is not receiv'd so by the audience . for at this rate , every foolish peer who is brought on the stage , must be suppos'd to intend a reflection on all the men of condition ; and an alderman , who is a cuckold , must be look'd on as the representative of his brethren . 't is absurd to make no distinction ; as if a particular vice in a particular man , cou'd not be expos'd without a design'd reflection on all who belong to him . it ought to touch no body but whom it concerns ; and it has its end , if it reclaims where it was design'd , and prevents others , by shewing the danger : and this is the design of comedy . but the question is , whether our poets have managed it as they ought ? whether they have not pick'd out a particular person , and expos'd the character in general , under the notion of one man ? i answer to this , that whatever the design of the poet has been , it has not had the effect with the people : for who disbelieves the authority of their function , or thinks the worse of good , learned , and ingenious men among them ? are not the religious very much reverenc'd ? has any body thought the worse of stillingfleet , tillotson , and burnet , upon this account ? who can believe , that when mr. vanbroug disguises a parson , that he thought of these men , or any who lives soberly , and makes religion their business , and at the same time , don't make it inconsistent with good manners ? the good among them know the people love them , and that nothing but their own mis-behaviour draws them into contempt . any minister , tho' he was but of mean understanding , yet if he had other good qualities , if he liv'd soberly , and did his duty religiously , that ever such a man was pickt out to be the scandal of his neighbours , or a ridicule of the stage . whence is it then , that the clergy are so angry ? if you hook but one of them , all the rest are upon your back , and you can't expose his vices without being an enemy to the church : and in this , priests of all religions are the same . but after all , why shou'd mr. collier blame mr. dryden for making dorax exclaim against the mahometan priest ? or how can that be a prejudice to the character of the christian clergy ? is it not natural for such a one as dorax to say as much , and especially against such a one as the mufti in the play ? and does mr. collier blame mr. dryden for writing naturally ? i think it is a fault throughout mr. collier's book , that in his criticisms of the plays , he never considers the person who speaks ; that is , whether 't is not natural for a man of such a character , to say such a thing ? it wou'd have been of more service to have proved , that no person is to be brought on the stage to say an ill thing , and then he had thrown away all the profaneness , which is so much an offence , at once . but if such persons are to be represented , there is not so much reason against any of our present plays , as is urg'd by mr. callier ; for you must allow a coquett to talk like her self , a lover to vent his passion in raptures , and a rake to speak the language of the town . i have already told you , that i am far from vindicating the present stage . i don't know a regular play , or that ought to be represented on a regular stage ; yet i know a great many plays that i would not loose for want of that regularity . who wou'd not have sir g. etheridge , mr. wicherly , and even some of mr. dryden's plays ? who would reject the orphan , because mr. collier objects against a loose speech in it . but mr. collier has laid other things to the poet's charge besides the abuse of the clergy ; and that the profane characters in the play , has had an ill effect on the age , by promoting of immorality and vice. this i very much question ; for i can't apprehend so much danger even in the present stage as mr. collier wou'd suggest . the greatest faults of our plays are their being generally , in one part or other , unnatural : that which is regular in any of them can never be an offence ; and where that monster appears , it rather frightens than allures ; so that we are not in so much danger , even from our very bad plays : for the more monstrous , the less power it has to please ; and whatever looses the power , can never do much damage . so that if mr. collier should make a collection of d'urfey's works , who is there that wou'd become a convert ? and who wou'd turn parson to be drunk and beat the watch ? or who wou'd be proud of an imitation of any of his heroes ? has any body brought themselves under his character , in hopes to recommend them to the world ? it would be happy if the world had learnt no more irreligion from the pulpit than it has from the stage ; at least , the consequence of the first has been more fatal . what dismal effect has the holy cant had upon the multitude : what rebellion , blood-shed and mischief have been encourag'd under the name of sanctity , religion , and the good old cause . whoever learnt to cut a king's throat by seeing of plays ? but by going to church , the people were instructed to bind the king in chains , and his nobles in fetters of iron , that the kingdom ought to be taken away , and given to the saints ; and who wou'd not be a saint for such an inheritance ? who cou'd refuse resisting of authority , when instead of damnation , it was coming forth to the help of the lord against the mighty ? but this is but one mischief of the pulpit ; this is only putting a kingdom in civil broils , intestine wars , and unnatural murthers . but when men of debauch'd principles shall become the teachers of the nation , what may we not expect from their industry and sedition . after all , my lord foppington was never design'd to teach people to speak or act like him ; nor was it intended that the ladies shou'd be byass'd by the example of berinthia to turn coquetts . these and the like characters in other plays , are not propos'd as a direction for the gallant man , or the vertuous lady ; but that seeing how such persons behave themselves on the stage , that they may not make the like figure in the world : but if any body shou'd rather be in love than terrified by these examples , 't is their fault , and not the poets , since the best things are liable to corruptions . but it may be objected , that our poets don't make persons speak like themselves . that indeed is a fault , and i can't say any thing to excuse it but this ; that they who have the judgment to know when a poet speaks improperly , ought to have so much judgment , as not to be by assed by his irregularities : the people who don 't understand it , generally suppose , that what is vertuous is to be imitated , and what is vicious is to be avoided . that this is the general observation of those who frequent plays , may justly be inferr'd from the practice of the town : for i challenge any man to prove , that any one vice , now in being , took its rise from the stage . the stage takes examples from the town . the scene must be really acted in the world before it comes to be expos'd : so that whatever appears vicious or ridiculous , is owing to the wickedness of the times , and not to the theatre . it may be objected , that what is generally acted on the stage , if it was done before , yet it was done in private ; but the stage publishes it . to this i answer , that it does not intend to license it , only to set it in a true light , that it may be expos'd and shunn'd . as to those objections , that the actors are generally debauch'd , and of leud conversation ; and that no person who is a known adulterer , or profane , ought to be encouraged : that the play-house is a resort of vicious persons , and gives opportunity to such who have wicked inclinations . all these wou'd fall upon the advancement of a regular stage ; but as 't is , the objections are not levell'd right ; for the state is chargeable with the immoralities . there are laws for the punishment of vice ; and if the magistrate neglect his duty , he must answer for it . i don't know that any body is oblig'd to a conversation with the players ; and their lives can influence only their associates ; and such they wou'd find , whether they are players or not . when they are on the stage they are confin'd to the poets language : and if we shou'd see mr. powel acting a brave , generous and honest part ; or mrs. knight , a very modest and chaste one , it ought not to give us offence ; because we are not to consider what they are off the stage , but whom they represent : we are to do by them as in religion we do by the priest , mind what they say , and not what they do . tho' the stage is not so abandon'd but that there are some honest and vertuous , for any thing the town can say to the contrary . and i wou'd leave it to themselves , whether they don't find their account in it ; whether the town is not more favourable on any occasion ; so that it ought to be an encouragement to persist in their vertue . the objection against the play-house it self , because it gives opportunities for wickedness , is so trifling , it is hardly worth answering ; for they who are viciously inclin'd will find an opportunity ; and as long as the toleration-act is in force , there is never a meeting in town but will afford extraordinary hints of that kind ; the morning and evening lectures are precious seasons ; mr. doelittle may thresh his heart out , there will be tares among the wheat ; and those houses are haunted with a sort of spirits that are not to be cast out with prayer and fasting . i think from the little i have said , it is certain the town has not been debauch'd by the stage , and that 't is much easier to demonstrate the good , than prove the evil effect even of our bad plays . i have shew'd that there has been a vertue in them ; and we might very well pardon them if it were only for that one benefit , of being so serviceable to the reclaiming of the clergy . if they can give me an instance of any play whose vices have had so ill effect with the people as to counter-balance the good it has wrought in them , i shou'd set my self against the stage too ; but then as to other advantages which we have receiv'd from the plays of the first rank , we are certainly very much in debt to them . the refinement of our tongue is principally owing to them ; good manners and good conversation is owing to our comedy ; and i don't doubt but some of our tragedies have fired some with a greatness of spirit , and taught to act the hero with prudence , vertue and courage . i shall conclude this part of my letter with this observation , that if the present stage has not been so terrible an enemy to christianity , but on the contrary , has afforded a great deal of good to the world ; that a regulated stage wou'd be of infinite service to the nation . i have proposed it as an argument in defence of a regular stage , that it lies on its adversaries to prove it against law or scripture , and so might leave it justify'd till some person or other make the discovery to the world : but because 't is my opinion 't is utterly impossible , i shall give you some reasons why i think it not only lawful in it self , but very necessary in this populous city . and , first , if we consider the matter that ought to be represented , whether it be tragedy or comedy ; there is nothing in either that can offend religion or good manners . tragedy is a representation of an action by some great man , teaching us to regulate our passions with exactness , and by shewing the strange and differing accidents of life , to which the most important persons are subject ; proving to us that vice never goes unpunished ; and that true happiness does not chiefly consist in the enjoyment of this world. comedy is a representation of common conversation ; and its design is to represent things natural ; to shew the faults of particular men in order to correct the faults of the publick , and to amend the people thro' a fear of being expos'd , with this observation , that the ridiculous of the stage is to be only a copy of the ridiculous found in nature . in short , 't is the property both of tragedy and comedy to instruct : the characters in both are to be natural ; and the persons concern'd in the whole action , are to be such whose vertues ought to provoke us to an emulation , or whose vices ought to deter us from imitating their example . the language and sentiments are to be suitable to each character : a wise , good , and great man is to say nothing but what is natural for such a one to say : the gallant man is to appear with all the qualities of a man of honour : and the fool in his proper colour'd coat . the vices of the wicked are not to be represented so nicely , as punish'd severely ; that is , a vicious person is not to be allow'd to plead in favour of his vices , or to represent his villany so calmly as to tempt any man to try practices in another place . vice is only to be brought there to be condemn'd ; and the reason of this is , that our terrour may be excited , and all our passions vent themselves with strength and reason . our pity is not to be extended in a wrong place . in short , the disposition of the play is to be such that all the characters have a proper effect with us . our fear , love , and anger are to be exerted with justice ; and we are to learn from a just fable how to behave our selves in earnest . thus may we exercise our souls by examining our reasonable faculties , and try how we can love to extremity , and yet without a fault ; to be angry and sin not ; to be just without partiality , and rejoyce with them that rejoyce . we are there instructed to love , hate , and fear within measure , how we may be men without dedebasing our souls ; and all this by moving examples , which in spite of stubbornness , will force its impressions ; and 't is our own fault if they are not lasting . this certainly must recommend the stage to the vertuous ; and piety can't be offended at the decent reproving of vice , and the insinuating recommendation of vertue . here we find morality urg'd by precept and example , and the stage reprehending those follies which the pulpit wou'd blush to correct ; for tho' the church is the place to declaim against sin , yet there are some sorts of wickedness which can't be so decently reprov'd there ; so that the stage is serviceable on this account , to supply the defects of the pulpit . in short , whatever may be objected against the present management of the stage , is of no force against such proceedings as these . religion and morality can receive no damage here ; for as long as these rules are observ'd , they strictly include both . it was the opinion of a great master of reason , that tragedy conduces more to the instruction of manking , than even philosophy it self , because it teaches the mind by sense , and rectifies the passions by the passions themselves . and there is this further advantage , that we have always the example of great men before us , and are generally inclinable to take our manners from them . there has indeed authorities been produc'd against the stage , tho' there don't want as ancient advocates for it ; and some of the fathers themselves writ plays , however mr. collier came to forget it . if the theatre is capable to give us such advantage , it will easily be prov'd of what necessity there is for its encouragement in this populous city : if there were no politick reasons , yet the good to religion that may be done by it , is a convincing argument at once for its lawfulness and use. i know the gravity of some can't dispense with so much time to be spent in diversion ; tho' i can't think this a reasonable objection where so much profit may attend our delight . if it be lawful to recreate our selves at all , it can never be amiss to frequent such a diversion , that only takes up our time to make us wiser . i wou'd to god all of them were directed to the same end. no man is to employ himself so as to exclude the duties of religion ; and there is as much danger in minding too much the business of the world , as the pleasures of it ; both of them are to be kept within bounds , and both subservient to religion . the passions of men are active and restless ; and 't is the prudence of every state to encourage some publick exercise to keep them at quiet . if the theatre was down , the churches wou'd not be the fuller for 't . or if they shou'd , religion is not always the design of them who come there ; so that i cannot see that any thing can be allow'd for the publick diversion with so much innocence and so much advantage . i 'm only afraid that such a regularity wou'd be too vertuous for the age ; and i don't doubt but the beaux and poetasters wou'd be full of exclamation : for it wou'd be a dreadful time if the ladies should regard the play more than their beaux airs ; and how wou'd vanbroug be able to pass a comedy on them , if they shou'd once be so nice in their taste as to disgust obscenity ; this indeed wou'd be a vexation , and such a delicacy which mr. congreve cou'd not be pleased with : and if the town shou'd be so refin'd to admit of nothing but what is natural , we can't expect that ever he will gratifie us with another tragedy . durfey and motteux wou'd write no more farces ; guildon and tom. brown , &c. wou'd be the saints with wry mouthes and scrue'd faces : mr. guildon indeed has philosophy enough to support himself under such a calamity , and knows a method to prevent starving ; for who can think that he who writ blunt's life can be at a loss for a decent dispatch of his own ? 't is a deplorable case , indeed , and i pity a man who cannot get bread by writing , and yet must beg or starve without it . the prince of conti believ'd the french stage wou'd not have been so bad if the priests had begun sooner to declaim against it : it is possible that some of our defects may be owing to such a negligence . however 't is never too late to mend ; and since mr. collier has took up the cudgels , i wish the rest of the same coat wou'd so far as is just and reasonable , stand his second : he has his faults , but they are such as i wou'd not have lost his book for . i know there are some violent wits , who will not allow him either wit or style , but , in plain terms , to be a fool. i hope none of them will go about to prove it . i confess he has kept ill company of late ; but surely they don't ground a conjecture upon that , especially when a man only converses to convince . the naming mr. durfey , or examining his works , is not so contagious as to stain a man's reputation . we are indeed to answer for evil communication ; and tho' i cannot justifie a man who wou'd read mr. durfey with too much delight , because we must not set our affection on things below , yet i wou'd pardon any who wou'd read him only to forewarm others of the danger . 't is a misfortune to have good poets stand in need of assistance ; but 't is very much aggravated when they are deny'd it . a man who is oblig'd to write for his bread , is forc'd to be very hasty to prevent starving ; and every man's genius is not so sharp as his appetite . this may be one reason we have so many things appear abortive . some poets have not so much as to save their longing ; and if their muse miscarry , or come with an ugly mark into the world , are rather to be pity'd than condemn'd . in what pangs have i seen some poor creatures to be deliver'd , when at the same time they have fear'd the poverty of their brats , and that the world wou'd discover they were very sick in the breeding . a good poet ought never to want a worthy patron ; and our nobility and gentry ought to be industrious in the advancement of letters . they might do it with great ease and little expence ; for the number is not so great who deserve their countenance . in vain we complain of the irregularity of the stage , if they who cou'd support its honour , want support themselves : so that one great step to advance the theatre , is to take care , that they who write for the stage , do not want for encouragement . you see , sir , i have given my thoughts freely : i wish they may receive your approbation ; because i wou'd never think but to please you . i dare not now think of excusing any thing i have writ ; for i was resolv'd to tie my self to no method , but to think as much as i cou'd for the advantage of the stage , which i must believe very lawful , for any thing i have yet met to the contrary . nor can i be perswaded , that our plays have had so ill effect as some wou'd imagine . the best of our plays have nothing in them that is so scandalous ; and for the worst , i wou'd not allow them the credit , nor the authors the vanity to think they could influence any one man. the evil conversation of some of them wou'd frighten a man from being vicious ; so that they are serviceable against their wills , and do the world a kindness through mistake . i dare not stay any longer with you , tho' i have a great inclination to beg you 'd exeuse the roughness of my stile : but you know i have been busie in virgil ; and that they say , at will 's , is enough to spoil it : but if i had begg'd a more important thing , and ask'd you to forgive the length of my letter , i might assure my felf you wou'd oblige , your humble servant . finis . a second defence of the short view of the prophaneness and immorality of the english stage, &c. being a reply to a book, entituled, the ancient and modern stages surveyed, &c. / by jeremy collier ... short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage collier, jeremy, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a second defence of the short view of the prophaneness and immorality of the english stage, &c. being a reply to a book, entituled, the ancient and modern stages surveyed, &c. / by jeremy collier ... short view of the immorality and profaneness of the english stage collier, jeremy, - . [ ], p. printed for s. keble ... r. sare ... and g. strahan ..., london : . errata: p. [ ]. advertisements on p. [ ]. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng drake, james, - . -- ancient and modern stages survey'd. theater -- moral and ethical aspects. theater -- great britain. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - rina kor sampled and proofread - rina kor text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion books printed for richard sare , at grays-inn-gate in holborn . a short view of the profaneness and immorality of the english stage , a second defence of the short view , &c. being a reply to a book , entituled , the ancient and modern stages surve●ed , &c. essays upon several moral subjects . the emperour marcus antonius his conversation with himself . together with the preliminary discourse of the learned gataker . as also , the emperor's life , written by monsieur d'acier , and supported the authorities collected by dr. stanhope . to which is added the mythological picture of cebes the theban . translated into english from the respective originals , all four by mr. collier . a second defence of the short view of the prophaneness and immorality of the english stage , &c. being a reply to a book , entituled , the ancient and modern stages surveyed , &c. by ieremy collier , m. a. london : printed for s. keble at the turk's-head in fleetstreet , r. sare at gray's-inn-gate in holborn , and g. strahan against the exchange in cornhill . . errata . page . ●ine . for of them read of the poem , p. . margin , for ●sset r. esset , p. . l. . margin , for nempit r. erupit . p. . l. . margin , for immodestiae r. immodestia , p. . l. . for discourr'd r. discours'd , p. . l. . for , r. : p. . l. . for epithe r. epithet , p. . l. ● . for this r. his , p. . l. . for poet r. poet's , ibid. l. . for promotheus r. prometheus , p. . l. . for promotheus r. prometheus , ibid. for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , p. . l. . for under character r. under characters , p. . l. . for sx r. six , p. . l. . dele as i remember , p. . l. . for selecism r. solecisme , p. . l. . for charges r. charge , p. . l. . for dramatists r. dramatist , p. . l. . for l●w r. laws , p. . l. . for belongs r. belong , p. . l. . for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . to the reader . when my adversary first appear'd , i was engaged in business for the press , which i could not well dismiss , till 't was brought somewhat forward . besides , i was sometime at a stand whether to answer , or not , and , i think , had left my book to take its fate , had it not been for the charge of false quotation . as to the author of the survey , &c. his manner is all over extraordinary , but in what relates to my authorities , i think altogether unpresidented ; such a size of assurance , so unsupported by proof and colour , is rarely to be met with . if he continues to cast the cause thus entirely upon his courage , he must dispute by himself . his eagerness to defend the stage , has sometimes transported him into plain rudeness : to this i shall only observe , that railing is a scandalous talent , and an argument of an ill vndertaking . when a man throws dirt , 't is a sign he has no other weapon . these are vnchristian and vngentlemanly sallies , and not so much as allow'd to provocation . having therefore neither liberty , nor fancy for this way , i shall , for the most part , overlook his misbehaviour . as for the stage , i almost despair of doing them any service : they are more enclin'd , i perceive , to repeat their faults then amend them : they make no scruple of coming over again with their ill plays ; as if immodesty and prophaneness were the more valuable for being discover'd . but thus to bear up against evidence , and go on in defiance of religion , is an odd instance of resolution . and besides the ill colour of the quality , 't will fail us at the long run : courage without conscience starts at the other world , and leaves a man dispirited when he has most need of support . to consider that we have done our vtmost to debauch mankind , will be no pleasure at such a iuncture as this. vnless therefore we could demonstrate the grounds of atheism , common sense , if minded , will put us upon a provision beyond the grave . novemb. . ▪ an answer to a book , entituled , the ancient and modern stages surveyed , &c. before i proceed farther with my adversary , it may not be amiss to observe , that his scheme is defective , and the compass of his defence much short of the charge . for he does not apply his answer to any particulars , nor so much as vindicate one passage accused of indecency and irreligion . so that were his whole book true , the imputation of prophaneness and immorality , would still lie heavy upon the stage . this author , to give him some part of his character , seems to rely more upon stratagem and surprize , than plain force , and open attack . his business is all along to perplex the cause and amuse the reader , and to reason , and represent amiss . in the first place he tells us a story , which mr. rymer had told before , about the original of plays ; and charges all the immorality , and disorders of the stage , upon the head of idolatry , and the practice of the mimes and pantomimes . and when he has thus entangled the dispute , and like the scuttle-fish mudded the water , he thinks himself out of reach ; but i shall endeavour to dive after him , and drag him to the surface . in his history of heathenism and the stage , he lays down several unlucky assertions , and ruines himself in his very defence . he lets us know , that paganism was invented to oblige and captivate the people , and gain'd its authority among them by indulging their sensuality , and gratifying their lusts : that the games and shewes were the most engaging parts of their religion , and that the devotional and pompous part of their worship , was ungrateful to the spectators , who impatiently expected the shew . he informs us farther , that the fathers thought it not safe to trust their converts to the temptations of so jolly a religion , that the portion of those that embraced christianity was mortification , that their reward was in reversion , and that present enjoyment is apt to prevail against a remote hope . now if stage-plays were such licentious diversions , if they indulged sensuality and lust , seised so powerfully upon people's inclinations , and made them forget the interests of futurity ; if the case stood thus , ( as the surveyor confesses ) then there were other heavy articles against the stage besides idolatry ; then the bold liberties and luscious pleasures of the place , were sufficient reasons why the fathers declaimed against it ; and by consequence their censures come strong upon the english theatre . the infancy of christianity and the frequency of persecutions , don't alter the measures of behaviour , nor make so great a difference between the primitive and modern christians , as our author would suppose . if 't is possible , we have more reason to be cautious and self-denying , than those who lived in the first ages of our religion . for then the history of our faith was fresh , and the proofs lay nearer to the sense . then miracles were frequent to refresh their memory , and quicken their zeal . besides their very sufferings were awakening circumstances , and a guard upon their virtue . their being so ill used in this world , was naturally apt to make them take the more care about the other . having none of these advantages , we have more need of discipline and recollect on ; and should stand as much aloof from temptation as ever . and therefore whatever debauches our appetites , over-heats our affections , and , as our author phrases it , relaxes the nerves of our zeal , ought by all means to be avoided . the surveyor is now going to take off the censure of the fathers from the stage . and here he begins with st. augustine , who ( says he ) absolves their comedies and tragedies from any fault in the expression , and accuses only the subject matter . to this i answer ; first , that st. augustine's charge against the play-houses runs very high ; he look'd upon them as no better than the nurseries of lewdness and irreligion , and comprehended comedy amongst the rest of their performances ; as appears by his instance in roscius ; but these testimonies were too troublesome for the surveyor to take notice of . secondly , st. augustine , even in this place , blames comedies and tragedies for being very foul and faulty in their fable and matter , * and by consequence could not think them proper for christian diversion . thirdly , st. augustine does not say that comedies , &c. were always clean in the expression . he throws in a sentence which qualifies the proposition , and makes it affirm no farther , than that they were not so smutty as many other things . 't is probable he might mean they were not so rank as the bacchanal and floral solemnities . but these words , sicut alia multa , which change the sence , and make clearly against him , he is pleased to omit in the english , tho they stand staring in the margin , and are part of his own quotation . to falsifie thus in the face of conviction , is like stealing before the bench : but thus he is pleased to detect himself , and to give us a noble discovery of his honesty and cunning , at his first setting out . however he would do well not to rely too much upon an english reader for the future . this gentleman advances to the testimonies cited by the view , &c. and here he is pleased to skip quite over the councils , and takes no notice of above half the fathers , and those he has the courage to undertake , he does but touch at . and thus he confutes a book at the rate that mice do , only by nibbling a little at a few of the leaves . however i must attend him in his method . let us therefore consider that little he can afford us from clemens alexandrinus ; where this father affirms , that the circus and theatre may not improperly be called the chair of pestilence . here the surveyor would know , whence it appears that the dramatick exercises are here aimed at ? were the mimi and pantomimi less concerned with the stage ? &c. in answer to these questions the reader may please to understand , that the surveyor makes great use of the distinction between the drama , ( as he calls it ) and the mimi ; by this means he hopes to perplex the controversy , and divert the censure of the fathers , as if in their opinion comedy and tragedy were inoffensive diversions ; but i shall endeavour to make this evasion unserviceable to him , by shewing , first , that several of the fathers , as appears by the view , &c. censure tragedy and comedy by name . nay , thus much the surveyor himself confesses , that tragedy and comedy is sometimes condemned for company . now if comedy is jointly condemned with the other shews of the theatre , why does he endeavour to make the fathers justifie or overlook it ? why so much pains to take off their censure , and point the satyr another way ? what needs all this rattling with mimes , pantomimes , and drama , as if there was some charm and mystick power in the words ? if the fathers condemn comedy , &c. expresly , 't is to no purpose to contest their sence , and pretend their opinion undeclared . he must own therefore the ancients are full against him in the point . and since comedy and tragedy is thus expresly condemned by the fathers , we have reason to believe it always comprehended under their general censure of the stage . which will appear farther if we consider . secondly , that comedy and tragedy were the principal and most frequent diversions on the stage . that they were the principal , i suppose the surveyor will allow , upon the account of the fable , and the advantage of the plot and characters : the mimi being form'd upon little subjects , and vulgar persons * . that comedy , &c. were the most frequent diversions of the stage , i prove thus ; first , because the mimi , dancing on the stage , &c. were originally part of comedy , as we may learn from suetonius ; and so in all likelihood they continued a great while . secondly , the poets who wrote the mimi or farces were very few , scarcely one to ten of the other dramatists , as appears from athenaeus , and lilius gyraldus . now , why were the comick and tragick poets thus over-proportioned to the mimographi , but because their entertainments were much more frequented and esteemed than the other ? thirdly , it does not appear that the mimi were always more scandalous compositions than comedy . 't is true we have little of this kind of writing remaining ; but by those fragments preserv'd by macrobius , and cited by lilius gyraldus , they seem to have been modest and sententious . and plinius iunior mentioning vergilius romanus , another mimiiambick poet , commends him for his probity and his wit , but does not in the least tax him with any indecency . besides , scaliger in his chapter de saltatione , informs us , that the dances proper to the mimi were apish and fantastical ; but that several belonging to comedy had a wanton and licentious movement . so that of the two , one would think these farces were sometimes the more inoffensive performances . fourthly , 't is certain that the mimes and pantomimes represented comedy and tragedy in their gestures , and dances , as well as they did the mimi or farces properly so call'd . that the pantomimes were concern'd in the drama , is plain from cassiodorus , &c. who tells us , that they could form their gestures into such a significancy , that with the same limbs and features they could act either hercules , or venus ; and make the passions and character of of a king , or a common soldier , visible in their postures , and motions . now kings and heroes , we know , were only counted proper for tragedy . indeed these sort of actors were nothing but mimicks , ( tho much farther improv'd than the moderns ) and therefore as proper to appear in the drama as in any other stage-performance . from whence it will follow , that if these pantomimi's were foul in their gestures , the drama must answer to the indictment ; it being oftentimes only the business of these mimicks to supply the place of the dialogue , and express the passions of the poem . and thus i have plainly prov'd , that when the fathers pass sentence against the stage , the whole mystery and fraternity is included , so that his distinction between the drama , and the mimi and pantomimi , will do him no service . and this may serve to make good not only the testimony of clemens alexandrinus , but of the rest of the fathers , all his objections against the strength of their evidence turning mostly upon this supposition . but because he ventures to attack but two citations more , a little farther consideration of him will be no great matter . i observ'd from theophilus antiochenus , that the christians durst not see the heathen shews upon the account of their indecency and profaneness , and particularly that the stage-adulteries of the gods and hero's were unwarrantable entertainments , &c. here he is positive that the translator very well knew , that tragedy & comedy were unconcern'd and nothing but the mimi aim'd at . say you so ? is not the drama concern'd in such representations as these ? what do you make of plautus's amphytrio , and terence's eunuchus , of euripides's and seneca's thyestes , not to mention any more ? here the adulteries of the gods and hero's are describ'd and acted , and in some of them make part of the main argument : and besides all this , the expression throws it upon the drama . his next complaint against me is for translating theatrum a play-house : this he very shrewdly calls my old way of legerdemain ; for by all means it should have been rendred theatre . i have a fine time on 't to write against a man that does not know what is latin for a play-house ! truly this is a great point ! but i hope horace's authority may satisfie him , that his drama's were acted in the theatre . now this poet addressing to pollio , desires him to stop his tragick muse till the common-wealth was better settled : paulum severae musa tragediae desit theatris . the surveyor goes on with his grievances , and pretends that i wrest tertullian's words , and force him to call pompey ' s theatre a dramatick bawdy-house . and here he has very honestly again put the latin in the margin to confute the english : thither i appeal , and doubt not but the reader will find the original every jot as severe as the translation . but he complains the state of the case is chang'd , the drama wrongfully accus'd , and that tertullian inveigh'd only against the shews of the mimi . that 's strange ! were not comedies and tragedies acted in the theaters ? not in pompey's theatre , the most magnificent in rome ? were farces so much preferr'd to the drama , and the noblest buildings contriv'd only for drolls , and strollers ? tertullian , in this very paragraph , observes , that the theatre was dedicated to bacchus ; and this idol , the surveyor himself informs us , was the patron of the drama , and had his altar on the right-side of the stage . besides , 't is further evident that tertullian levell'd his censure against the drama ( for so i must call it ) by the caution he gives ; he warns the christians not to be surpriz'd by some of the best-complexion'd entertainments . look , says he , upon all the engaging sentences of the stage , their flights of fortitude and philosophy , the loftiness of the stile , and the fineness of the conduct , &c. look upon it only as honey dropping from the bowels of a toad , or the bag of a spider . now i suppose the surveyor is not so hardy as to affirm , that heroick fortitude , lofty expression , and moral sentences , is any way suitable to his description of the mimi . 't is plain therefore , that comedy and tragedy must be struck at in the testimony above mention'd . i must not forget the surveyor's suggestion , that the idolatry of the stage was the principal quarrel the fathers had against it . 't was for this reason that they declaim'd against it with all their nerves and vehemence , as our author words it . the reader may please to take notice , that the fathers had other reasons for their aversion to the stage , besides the charge of idolatry : however , upon this occasion i shall pursue the argument a little farther , and answer , first , that the fathers were no less enemies to immorality than to false worship . indeed , one great reason why paganism was so very criminal , was , because 't was not only an erroneous , but a scandalous belief : 't was because the holy solemnities were lewd , and not only mis-led men's understandings , but debauch'd their practice . now nothing in nature is so counter to christianity as wickedness . idolatry may sometimes be an effect of ignorance ; but immorality lies always open to conscience and inward reproof . so that where vice is cherish'd , and licentiousness is made creditable , there the worst part of heathenism is kept up . the devil is no less really worshipp'd in lewdness and obscenity than he was in venus and iupiter . and yet the surveyor has the courage to affirm , that idolatry is more abhorr'd and expos'd on the english stage than any where else . idolatry expos'd ! what , by burlesking the bible , by smut and swearing , and by hooting , as much as in them lies , all religion out of the universe ? a most admirable expedient ! thus error is cur'd by atheism ▪ and false religion destroy'd , by leaving no truth to counterfeit ! the surveyor observes , that the fathers were alarm'd at the heathen stage as at the approach of an enemy ; they were afraid the indulging these liberties would hazard the interest and belief of christianity : they justly apprehended , that from a liking of the entertainments , they might proceed to approve the occasion of them . now those who frequent the theatres , would do well to consider this caution : for from liking the plays , they may come to like the practice , and slide insensibly from the diversion to the vice and profaneness . i wish this reasoning were not too well grounded upon experiment ; but nothing is more natural than the transition from pleasure to imitation . and thus the fathers restraint holds strong against the english theatre . for lewdness is more catching than heathenism ; and people are much sooner surpriz'd by their appetites , than by their ignorance . 't was this indulgence to sensuality which captivated the world , and gain'd credit and authority to paganism . thus vice gives the main force to the temptation , makes way for error , and by corrupting the will betrays the understanding . and this may serve to satisfie the reader , that his topick of idolatry is nothing to the purpose . upon the whole ; let us suppose , which is not true , that the fathers left comedy and tragedy uncensur'd , and planted their rhetorick against nothing but the shews of the mimi ; let us resign our advantage , and set part of our evidence aside ; what would the surveyor gain by it ? alas ! unless he can clear the innocence , and take off the imputations upon the english stage ; which he never so much as attempts : unless this can be done , his cavils and his confidence , and all his other pretences signifie nothing . for , can we imagine the fathers would ever have endur'd the disorders of the modern stage ? would these holy men have allow'd them their common places of smut , and their sallies of profaneness ? would they have seen lewdness a profession , and religion made sport with , and said nothing against it ? no : such flaming provocations as these would have kindled their spirits , and pressed them to the encounter : their satyr would have thundred , and their discipline been play'd against the enemy ; and the warnings of the pulpit would have sounded as loud as the blasphemies of the play-house : where the honour of god and the interests of eternity suffered so much , they would have shewn a proportionable concern . for like the hero's in aeschylus , upon such an occasion , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 brave in their zeal , and fir'd with resolution , they look'd like lions roaring to the combat ! the surveyor is ●ired with church-antiquity , for it seems all my translations of the fathers are of the same stamp with those he has examined : why , so they are ; but not a jot to his purpose . for notwithstanding , all his clamour about my corrupt version , managing of evidence , and what not ; he has not been able to shew that i have either mistaken the sence , or misapplied the meaning in the least instance ; so that if my main strength , as he is pleased to say , lay in these worthies , the forces are still entire , there is not so much as a vein scratch'd , or a drop of blood lost in the encounter . but i can't forget his character and commendations of the fathers . what would you think st. cyprian , st. chrysostome , st. augustine , and the rest of them were like ? why it seems they are like whelps newly enter'd , they run riot , have much better mouths than noses ; make up a great part of the cry , but are of no service in the chase. nay , then he may well go on with t'other compliment , and tell us , their writings are but the rub●ish of antiquity . bless us ! what strains of contempt and distraction are here ! is this all that 's due to the memory of these venerable men ? and must dignity and merit be thus coarsly treated ? must dogs and martyrs be coupled , and patriarchs describ'd by similitudes from the kennel ? these great defenders of the faith were never saluted in this manner before : jews and heathens , tho they might have had no less malice , had ( as far as it appears ) more modesty than this comes to . one would think he learned this language at the olympicks ( as he calls them ) of moor-fields , or rather at the great house that fronts them . if the fathers are thus despicable , why does he sollicit for their votes , and strive to bring them over to his party ? if he takes them for his friends , he uses them very severely ; but i suppose he despairs of their favour , and would therefore disable their credit . well ; since the fathers are thus unmanageable , and won't be tamper'd with , 't is time to leave them : if the christians won't do , we must try if the heathens will prove any kinder . the surveyor therefore applying to the philosophers , endeavours to bribe them into silence , and bring them to a state of neutrality . but here he is much as untoward in his objections as formerly . he pretends plato does not appear in his own person : granting that , eusebius is a good voucher for his opinion . but after all , plato does appear in his own person , and stands fairly quoted in the margin . truly i think i 'm somewhat to blame for troubling my self with an author so very defective either in eyes or honesty . but it seems the testimony is not full to the purpose . why so ? let 's hear it . plays ( says plato ) raise the passions , and pervert the vse of them , and by consequence are dangerous to morality . this i take it is to the point ; the impeachment runs high , and the articles are plainly mention'd . so that to evade the force of the authority , by saying the nature or measure of the danger is not specified , is not to argue , but trifle , and is in effect to make blots instead of letters with a man's ink. my business in the view , &c. was to sum up the evidence in few words , and not to tire the reader with unnecessary lengths of quotation : however , since he calls for 't , i 'll give it him somewhat more particularly . 't is plato's opinion then , that the diversions of the stage are dangerous to temper and sobriety ; they swell anger and desire too much . tragedy is apt to make men boisterous , and comedy buffoons . thus those passions are cherish'd which ought to be check'd , virtue loses ground , and reason grows precarious . from plato we must go to xenophon : and here his exception is , that the drama is not mention'd . i grant it : but does not this author commend the persians for not suffering their youth to hear any thing amorous or tawdry ? and does he not shew the danger of such a permission ? and is this nothing to the english stage , where love and indecencies are most of the entertainment ? this remark not only reaches the modern , but likewise the ancient dramatists , as far as their compositions were any way licentious . at last the surveyor owns , that bawdry was indeed forbidden to be talk'd to young people in persia , because of the heat of the climate . meaning , that in the latitude of london the case is otherwise : the elevation of the pole has taken off the restraint , and made modesty unnecessary : for in these northern regions , and especially in a hard winter , smut is a very harmless diversion , and a man may talk as brutishly as he pleases ! he is now advanced to aristotle , whose authority , he says , will do me as great service as the two former . now tho' this jest is a good answer to all that he offers in earnest , yet possibly he may take it ill , if his story is not heard out . he objects then , that the passage cited by the view from aristotle , amounts to no more than a general caution against trusting youth in promiscuous company ! to this it may be answered , first , aristotle plainly forbids young people the sight of comedy , as appears even by the latin translation cited by the surveyor : comaediarum spectatores esse lex prohibeat . this is something more than a general caution against promiscuous company : for let the reason of the prohibition be what it will , the drama is particularly struck at , and made counterband goods to one part of human life at least . however , i did ill to palm the general term of debauchery , for the particular one of drunkenness , which it seems was only instanc'd in by the philosopher . here the translation comes hard upon him again ; for not only drunkenness is mention'd , but all the disorders consequent upon it . and is not lewdness oftentimes the effect of intemperance , especially in young people ? secendly , the greek is still more unkind to the surveyor , and shews that he has quite mistaken aristotle's sence ; which in a literal version runs thus : the government should not permit youth to see comedies , till discipline has secured them from the impressions and mischief of such diversions , and they are advanc'd to the age of being admitted to feasts and publick entertainment . this translation is warranted by the original● and by heinsius's paraphrase , and justifies the view to the full . and now his other objection about my misrepresenting aristotle , being founded upon his former mistake , must fall together with it . but the surveyor and mr. dennis think it strange , that aristotle should pronounce thus unkindly upon comedy , and yet leave rules for the writing this kind of poem . why this , if we consider it , is no great mystery : plays are one thing in the abstracted idea , and another in fact and practice : he might dislike the common liberties of the poets , without absolutely condemning the form of them . but that aristotle did not allow of licentious comedy , is plain by the instance before us , by what i cited elsewhere in the view , and by his advice to governours , to banish smut and indecency from the common-wealth . tully's testimony comes next to be examined , who , as i observed , cries out upon licentious plays and poems , as the bane of sobriety and wise thinking : that comedy subsists upon lewdness , and that pleasure is the root of all evil. this one would imagine were pretty home : what does the surveyor say to it ? is the testimony miscited ? not at all . what then ? why these sentences are ends and scraps of authors , and as little to the purpose as if he had cited so many propositions out of euclid ▪ which tho' true , are of no use in this place . no! is tully's censure of licentious plays , affirming that comedy subsists upon lewdness , and that pleasure is the root of all evil ; is all this nothing to the purpose ? this is raging impertinence ; i almost sweat to take notice of such stuff as this is . as for his calling what i produc'd scraps , i must 〈◊〉 him , 't was not for want of plenty that 〈◊〉 him no more ; however , till he can 〈…〉 off his stomach , he has no reason to 〈…〉 of scarcity . the reader , if he please , may see a whole page of declamation to the same purpose ; at the latter end of which he has these words : * these poets are great assistances to virtue , and we have reason to expect most admirable cures from the stage ! yes ! manners must be mightily reformed by those people who make love and lewdness a deity , and teach men to worship their own folly and distraction ! i speak ( says he ) of comedy , which were it not for such licentious management could go on no longer . this passage is quoted by the surveyor , according to his customary policy : he is resolv'd i perceive to make sure work on 't , and to confute himself , for fear it should be done by some body else . but if the case stands thus , the surveyor is positive , that either tully or mr. collier are extreamly mistaken . this is manfully put , i confess ; but i 'm afraid ' twon't do : for if tully should be mistaken , which is very unlikely , it would signifie little ; for 't is not the reasoning , but the authority of tully which is now in question . then as for my self , i can't be mistaken , unless the citation is false , which he does not so much as offer to disprove . he objects farther , that pla●tus and terence are the only comedians remaining , from whom we can form any iudgment of the roman comedy , before or about cicero ' s time ; but these mr. collier assures us are modest to a scruple , especially terence . to this i answer , first , that what i affirm'd of the modesty of terence , was in reference to his language , not to his matter or argument , which is sometimes exceptionable enough to draw the censure of tully upon him . then as to plautus , i introduc'd him with a mark of dislike , and only commended him upon the parallel with the english stage . now where 's the contradiction of all this ? may not men be very much to blame , without being the worst of their kind ? here 's room enough then for cicero's reprimand of plautus and terence , without doing the view the least disservice . but , secondly , plautus and terence are not the only poets from whom we can take any measure of the roman comedy about cicero ' s time : for in this very place tully cites several verses from trabea and caecilius ; and blames these comick poets for magnifying love-adventures , making cupid a god , and flourishing too much upon the satisfactions of sense ; tho' nothing of this was done with the modern grosness . this passage being in the same place with that quoted by the surveyor , he must needs see it : from whence the reader may observe how nicely he keeps up to his usual exactness . farther , tully does not only complain of comedy , but of tragedies too . he blames them for representing their hero's impatient under misfortune ; such instances of weakness and discomposure were , in his opinion , of dangerous example : so that let but the stage ( says he ) strike in with the prejudices of education , and this is enough to baffle the force of virtue , and cut the very sinews of fortitude . the surveyor , at the head of his remarks upon this testimony , brightens his air , and would seem to look kindly upon modesty : but this smile , tho' unusual , appears angry and disturb'd . he supposes no one will defend licentious plays ; but if some warm-headed enthusiastick zealot pretends to find some passages really guilty , they are willing to give them up . this is the only passage in his book , as i remember , in which he drops the least word against lewdness : but then he touches the point very tenderly , clogs the censure with a great many kind proviso's , * and is strangely out of humour with those enthusiastick zealots that make any discovery . and to make all sure , he lays in for countenance and encouragement to the prevailing merit of the main part of the performance . for example , if an apothecary mixes up poison with a receipt , yet if it does not weigh as much in the scale as the rest of the ingredients , all is well enough , and the prevailing merit of the dose , tho' it murthers the patient , ought to be encourag'd . livy's authority comes after tully , and must be considered . this evidence , says the surveyor , comes not near our case , were the credit on 't unexceptionable . his reason is because livy speaks of stage representations●●● general , but the drama was not known amongst the romans at this time when the ludi scenici were invented . i 'le try to make an argument like this . for instance : the city built upon seven hills , and upon the tyber , was by no means rome in the time of tarquinius priscus ; why so ? why , because tho it stood upon the same ground , it was not near so big as 't was afterwards in the reign of augustus . but for all this fine reasoning , esse and bene esse are notions of the same subject . 't is true , things are not always perfected at their first invention ; but i thought the finishing and improvement they might afterwards receive , would not alter them in their name and nature . and as to the business in hand , i have already shewn , that comedy and dancing , and all the diversions of the stage , were perform'd together at first : and that the drama and the ludi scenici were the same , i shall take for granted at present , and afterwards prove it by the surveyor's authority , and by st. augustine's too , who mentioning the original of plays , explains himself expresly in comedy , and tragedy . de civit. dei lib. . cap. . his next undertaking is to quarrel with the translation : to clear this the historian must be cited . now livy giving an account of the original of plays , assigns this reason for the relation ; vt appareat quam ab sano initio res in hanc vix opulentis regnis toler abilem insaniam venerit . he affirms the original of plays were commendable , because they were brought in upon the score of religion ; and to remove a mortality . this being thus reported by livy , i translated the passage above-mentioned as follows ; that the motives are sometimes good , when the means are stark naught . and where 's the mistake of this rendring ? don't the words of the author , and the consequence of the practice , plainly justifie the construction ? nay , his own interpretation makes his objection unreasonable . for he translates vix tolerabilem insaniam , &c. an excessive extravagance which scarce the we 〈◊〉 nation can bear . now if the profusion at these shews were ready to break the back of the roman empire , had not i reason for saying in the version , that the means were stank naught , and the remedy worse than the disease ? but this puts me in mind of another difference to be adjusted . the surveyor contends , that livy in this place does not condemn the immorality , but the luxury , and profu●sion at these shews . the luxury of these diversions , if it must be call'd so , i suppose consists in over-pleasing a vitious palate ; but let that pass . the surveyor supports his conjecture from the citations adding , that this iusania , or disorder , was greater than the we 〈◊〉 nations * could well bear . now says the surveyor , wealthy people have as much need of m●●al●●y as the poor . no doubt on 't ; and are in more danger too of miscarrying in that matter . for , as my adversary has observed , a nation is too apt to grow wealthy , and wanton together : this made sal●st complain , that the riches of the roman empire occasioned the decay of discipline , and the dissolution of manners . without care , people's virtue , i mean their sobriety , is apt to sink with the rise of their fortunes ; their appetites for liberty are more awaken'd by opportunity and temptation : they have more money to purchase their pleasures , and more leisure to enjoy them . and besides , such circumstances are farther within the danger of flattery , and ill example ; 't is no wonder therefore to hear livy affirm , that a government almost overgrown with wealth and power , should be in greater danger of play-house infection , then when they were poor , and more slenderly establish'd : for then their necessities were some security ; they could not go to the expence of vice , nor had so much time to be debauch'd . secondly , that livy by this distraction , * meant licentiousness , will appear by his censure of the stage in another place , which we shall come to by and by . the surveyor rages mightily about my mistranslating the following part of the testimony , which runs thus : the remedy in this case is worse than the disease , and the atonement more infectious than the plague . here i confess my edition mislead me , which , ( as i remember , for i have lost the book ) has inficerent , instead of afficerent , tho i must own this latter reading appears the best . but notwithstanding this accident the surveyor shall be no loser , for livy shall make it up to him another way . and not to defer his satisfaction , this historian informs us , that when a theatre was building by the censors direction , scipio nasica spoke against it in the house , as a vseless and debauching experiment , and got an act for the pulling it down . here livy not only pulls down the play-house , but gives such a reason for the doing it , that one would think should have kept it in rubbish ever after . and if he questions the authority of livy's epitome , sigomus , not to mention vossius , may satisfie him ; who delivers his opinion in these words ; nam sive a livio , sive a floro , sive ab alio quo scriptae sunt , ( haec enim omnia traduntur ) ad roman●s certe res illustrandas accommodatissimae sunt , praesertim vero ubi liviana historia excidit . qua in parte livianam apud quemque obtinere debent auctoritatem . sigon . schol. p. . we must now proceed to the testimony of valerius maximus ; and here the surveyor will make sufficient amends for being somewhat in the right before . this testimony he affirms relates to the arena , and concerns none but the gladiators and caestiarii : and then very liberally again quotes his own confutation in the margin ; * in earnest does this critick not understand the difference between theatres , and amphitheatres , and that the first were for plays , and the latter for prizes ? a little school-learning would have set him right in this matter , and likewise prevented the misfortune of making scenica portenta signifie gladiators ; which i think has more of prodigy in the translation , than in the etymology and story . and now i suppose it may be pretty plain , that either the surveyor does not understand latin , or is not fit to be trusted with it . farther , the surveyor's mistakes are the more unpardonable , because valerius maximus spends almost this whole chapter in describing the rise and progress of plays , the buildings and decorations of the theatre , together with the checks they received from the government . he tells us in the very second paragraph , that these play-houses were begun by messalla , but stop'd by scipio nasica , who sold all their materials by the common cryer . and that the senate made a law , that there should be no seats or benches for the audience to see plays at within a mile of the town . this passage is expresly cited by st. augustine , and hinted by tertullian , to shew how much the play-house was discouraged by the roman magistracy . as to the animofae acies which he would fain wrest to the prizes in spight both of the latin and history of his author , they are to be understood of the quarrels and bloodshed which were not very uncommon at the play-house , as tacitus informs us . for at one riot , which was not the first , there were several burghers , soldiers , a captain , and a colonel of the guards killed in the fray. now , i hope , this company may have more rom●● blood * in their veins , and may better stand for the state in the translation , than his rabble of gladiators , who were generally slaves and malefactors . to return to tacitus , this tumult , as he goes on , was brought before the senate , where the actors had like to have come under a very ignominious discipline : in short , the playhouse had some regulations put upon it , and the disorders of the audience were punished with no less than banishment . this happened in the reign of tiberius ; now the theatre continuing still out of order , and some of the magistracy having often complained of it to no purpose , at last the emperor himself moved in the house , that the lewdness and riots of these diversions might be effectually suppressed : vpon which the players were banished out of italy . there is part of valerius maximus his testimony behind , in which , as i observed in the view , he concludes the consequences of plays intolerable , and that the massilienses did well in clearing the country of them . here the surveyor flies to his old distinction between the mimi and the drama , which having disabled already , i might reasonably call a new cause ; but to give him farther satisfaction , i shall prove , that the stage is here meant in all its latitude and variety of diversion . . then valetius maximus in the beginning of the paragraph , commends the republick of marseilles for the sobriety of their discipline , and keeping up to their ancient customs . * now we are to observe , that the massilienses were a colony of the phocenses in ionia , who not being willing to submit to the persian government , quitted that country , and settled in gaul . now this removal was in the reign of cyrus , in the very infancy of the stage , when there was nothing but some rude beginnings of tragedy at athens ; besides , the massilienses came from phocis , where neither aristotle or lilius gyraldus mention any thing of the settling or invention of the drama : by consequence , if the massilienses were so tenacious of their original customs , they could have no such thing as tragedy and comedy among them ; these entertainments being , as far as it appears , posterior to the forming of their common-wealth . this will appear farther , if we consider , that , as suetonius observes , the business of the mimicks was originally part of comedy * ; so that let us suppose , which we can't grant , that the drama was as ancient as the government of the massilienses , and in use among them , yet we can't with any colour suppose , that the mimi were distinct from comedy at that time of day ; so that if the massilienses were such admirers of the first plan of their government , and stood off so nicely from all innovation , they must exclude the drama as well as the mimi , otherwise the form of their stage would be changed , and their customs receive an alteration . . the reason valerius maximus gives , why the inhabitants of marseilles refused to admit this entertainment , * agrees very well with the drama , it was because the subject and gross of these diversions was mostly intrigne and debauchery : these circumstances the government were afraid might grow infectious , and spread from fiction into practice . now this is exactly the description which tully gives of comedy , which ( says he ) were it not for amours and lewdness , would have no matter to proceed upon * . . the introductive clause which leads to this discountenance , points it clearly on the drama . the massilienses ( says the author ) were extreamly strict and severe in their government and administration * . now by the surveyor's account of the mimes and pantomimes , this could never be meant of them . for they , says he , danced naked , and were in their gestures foul to the last degree of scandal . i would gladly know , what instance of severity it could be to deny admission to such monsters as these ? is it indeed an argument of extraordinary rigour not to allow the grossest liberties , and which had often been marked and punished at rome ? a government can't be said to be remarkably rigid , unless they tie up their subjects to particular restraints , and bar them the freedoms commonly practised elsewhere . the massilienses therefore having this character of severity , it must be because they would not admit of the more inoffensive performances of the stage ; because they refused the diversions of comedy and tragedy , which were then generally permitted in the roman empire . . mimus , the word which the surveyor cavils upon , is by other good authors taken for a play , in the sence of the drama , as this gentleman loves to speak . thus the learned thysius upon the place understands it . the massilienses , ( says he ) cleared their country of comedy , and all sorts of stage-plays . this they did because they looked upon them as the nurseries of lewdness . and suetonius tells us , that augustus being at the point of death , ask'd some of his friends , ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse . now i would ask the surveyor what he thinks of this matter ? did the emperor enquire whether he had been a good pantomime in his life ? whether he had acted like a finish'd debauchee , and been lewd without shame or measure ? did augustus affect such a character as this , or think his memory would be obliged by it ? such a supposition would be a libel upon nero , who when he came to dye had the justice to be displeased with his own lewdness . the meaning therefore of this question of augustus must be , whether he had behaved himself well in his station , and acted his part handsomly , as a good player does upon the stage ; from whence it will follow , that mimus must be taken for a play in its usual signification . but 't is time to dismiss valerius maximus , and pass on to seneca , who it seems has but little to say to the matter . he should have said , he has but little to say to seneca : however , let the view , &c. decide that question . well! if seneca says but little , he is resolved to fortifie his testimony , and help him out . for he frankly confesses , that the roman youth were generally corrupted by the countenance which nero gave to the stage , and to all those arts which gratified and indulged the senses , and that this philosopher's complaint was not unreasonable . truly i think so too , or else i had never cited him . in this place the surveyor is somewhat kinder than ordinary , for here he not only quotes , * . but argues for me too , and gives me both text and margin to make my best of . this knack of writing and recanting at the same time , is a good subtle expedient : for if ever he should be questioned for publishing a book to debauch the nation , he can make substantial proof he has confuted himself , and that it 's to be hoped may stop the prosecution . i must confess i like an author that knocks his own mischief on the head , and like the scorpion is both poyson and antidote . but the surveyor objects , that seneca's charge against the shews * is general . why then they are all comprehended : then he may be sure the most remarkable shews , such as the stage , are concerned in the caution ; especially since the author has elsewhere expressly declaim'd against 〈◊〉 . well i perceive all this skirmishing has nothing but feint and false alarm , but now he is resolved to come to the assault in good earnest , and enter upon the breach of the quotation , for there , if you will believe him , i have made a shift to steal in two falsifications . now to try this cause , and discover the foul play , we must read the deed in the court. the original runs thus . tunc enim per voluptatem vitia facilius surrepunt . the translation thus : for there vice makes an insensible approach , and steals upon us in the disguise of pleasure . * and where is the harm of all this ? harm ! why i have corrupted one of the eight parts of speech , and suborn'd the adverb tunc to give in false evidence , by translating it there , instead of then. nay ▪ that 's intolerable ! for seneca , you must observe , had nothing to say against the shews , and the play-house , the diversion or the company ! the then , the circumstance of time was the bugbear ; all the infection lay in the clock , or the sun-dial : for people may see what shews , and go to what place they please , and be safe enough , provided they do it at no time ; this is exactly the surveyor's reasoning ; and thus he proves the indictment . the next falsification is my rendring the words , per voluptatem , in the disguise of pleasure ; for all that , if he renders them otherwise , i 'm satisfied he 'l do it worse . indeed i think these objections are not made in the disguise of sence . to conclude , if i was so unfair as to steal in two falsifications , i had , it seems the discretion to steal them out again ; for 't is plain , there 's none of them to be found at present . tacitus and plutarch appear next , and are given up by him . but then he is never at a loss , for when he can't reason he can rail , and so the book goes on as well as ever . i produced ovid and mr. wycherley to shew that the audience at the play-house was dangerous , as well as the entertainment : against this the surveyor insinuates , that if nothing but solitude and retirement will secure us , we must not go to church ; for there is mixt company , and bad designs too sometimes . under favour , this does not follow . to go to church is our duty : now a man's business , and especially when religious , is his guard : and god will let no body miscarry for their obedience . besides , the quality of the employment , the solemnity of the place , and the majesty of the presence , is apt to furnish good thoughts , and check those which are otherwise . but at the play-house the case is quite different : this is a place where thinking is out of doors , and seriousness impertinent , here our reason is apt to be surpriz'd , and our caution disarm'd ; here vice stands upon prescription , and lewdness claims privilege to solicit . nay , the very parade , the gaiety , and pleasure of the company , is not without its danger : these circumstances heightned with luscious dialogue , lively action , and airy musick , are very likely to make an unserviceable impression . and thus we see our standing is but slippery , and the tide runs high against flesh and blood : and as for the protection of heaven to bring us off , 't is presumption to expect it . if we will sit in the seat of the scornfull , and make wickedness our diversion , providence we may be sure w●ll withdraw , and leave us to the government of another influence . to do the surveyer right , he is somewhat of my opinion in this matter . he won't deny but a promiscuous conflux of people of all ages , sexes , and conditions , will make the business of intrigue go forward , and facilitate enterprizes of this nature . but he is afraid , if a restraint were laid upon people , and they were kept out of harms way , it would be worse with them : and for the truth of this conjecture , he appeals to the experiment of italy , and spain ; where he observes there is a great deal of care , and yet a great deal of miscarriage . it may be so ; but if they are bad under caution , 't is to be feared liberty would never mend them . his reasoning about the imagination being vitiated ( p. . ) for want of freedom is very slender , for opportunity makes a thief ; the temptation rises upon sight , for sence is stronger than memory , and life , than painting . if the strength of the stream forces the bank to give way , the making the breach wider , is not , i suppose , the proper method to stop the torrent . he had best perswade the dutch to pull up their dikes and their dams ; because in several countreys where the sea is left to its course , it does no manner of damage . i confess i never heard that the spaniards and italians were all fools till now : but it seems so 'tis with them : for they are still perfect strangers to themselves , and know nothing of the temper of their people , after so many ages for information . but of all men , the surveyor should not have been severe upon the reservedness of the spaniards , because he had allowed it in the persians before : his reason was , because the heat of the climate , and the warmth of their constitutions , hurried them very precipitiously ( as he phrases it ) into irregularities . now spain is as hot as persia ; why then all this partiality ? that that 's sawce for a goose is sawce for a gander . why must the poor spaniard be maul'd for his caution , and for preventing his family from being hurried very precipitiously into irregularities ? but after all , the caffres and soldanians , the monsters of africk both in figure and folly , and which , ( as to some of them ) whether men or munkeys , has been disputed . these aequinoctial sages are much wiser , it seems , in the guard of virtue , than the spaniards and italians ! for in many places under the line , where the people go constantly naked , the familiarity of the objects takes away all wantonness of imagination , which the artificial difficulties of some countreys promote . say you so , must spain and italy be reformed by africk , and brought up to the standard of the line ? must people go naked to secure their modesty ? these are wonderful discoveries , and one would almost conclude by the drift of them , that the man had a fancy to turn either adamite or pantomime . these artificial difficulties of cloaths spoil all : they disserve the interest of virtue , and are an impolitick contrivance . this fine phrase puts me in mind of his quareling a sentence of mine for want , as he pretends , of syntax and grammer : and therefore upon this occasion i must tell him , that if the charge was true , sence without grammar , is somewhat better then grammer without sence . ovid , by the surveyor's confession , pleads guilty , and owns not only the opportunity , but the business of the place promotes lewdness . but then he fences against the testimony with his usual evasion , and turns it all upon the representation of the mimi : but the next verse to that , in his margin , will be sufficient to beat him off his guard. vt tamen hoc fatear , ludiquoque semina prebent nequitiae tolli tota theatra jube . thus ovid we see is for quite levelling the enemies works : he is for pulling down all the play-houses , and not leaving so much as a corner of them standing for comedy and tragedy . this line of the poet had too much light to be look'd on , and therefore the surveyor was resolved to wink hard , and get over it . there is another verse likewise in the citation ; which one would have thought might have put him beside the fancy of his mimi ; and 't is this , quid caveat actor , quid juvet arte docet . this pentameter refers much more to dialogue than dancing , to the methods of courtship , and the mysteries of intrigue , which are generally the subject of comedy . and now the surveyor thinks fit to make a halt , and seems extreamly satisfied with his performance : i have , says he , at length run through all his private authorities against the stage . run through them ! yes , like a bowl that gets nothing ; or if you please , like a souldier that runs the gauntlet . indeed this author's method is so very peculiar , he does so often fall foul upon his own book , quote away his argument , and mortifie himself , that one would almost fancy he wrote for a pennance . we are now coming up to the censures of the state ; upon this head i began with the athenians , and observ'd , that this republick made a law , that no iudge of the areopagus should write a comedy . here the surveyor is surpriz'd to find the athenians produced against the drama , of which they were the greatest encouragers . as great encouragers as they were , their forbidding the judges writing comedy , proves they look'd upon 't as the most unreputable part of poetry . now this was enough for my purpose . nay , after a little struggling the surveyor comes forward to a compliance . he grants writing comedy was likely to engage the author in quarrels and partialities , and was also an indignity to the office of a iudge . and is not all this a sign , that there was something untoward and unreputable in the performance ? his objecting , that aristophanes had the better of socrates , is no argument of the standing interest of comedy : for 't is pretty plain socrates was oppress'd by a faction , and executed in a hurry : for soon after , the government repented , his memory was honour'd , and his prosecutor melitus ston'd to death . but after all , the surveyor's being surpriz'd , 't is no such news to find the drama discountenanc'd at athens : for he frankly affirms , there was once a total suppression of it , an abdication , as he calls it , of tragedy and comedy : however i 'm willing to grant him the athenians were none of the worst friends to the stage ; i told him as much : but alass , they paid for their fancy at last ; for the expence of this diversion , their sa●ntring at the playhouse , and minding poets more than field officers , was , as justin observes , the ruine of their government : this pr●digality and sloth made way for slavery : and philip of macedon , a little obscure prince , grew master of the liberties of greece . from athens we must travel to sparta , where i observed the stage was not allow'd under any form or r●gidation . here the surveyor grows angry , because ▪ i gave the lacedemonians a good word , and after having said they were somewhat of my kidney , falls a railing unmercifully upon them , and calls them cynical , proud , and what not . well! these cyni●ks , and he together , put me in mind of old diogenes , who trampled on plato's pride with a greater of his own . i confess the surveyor's ▪ saty● has so much of the rust and roughness he declaims against , that , i 'm afraid , he 'l appear much more unlick'd ( as he has it ) than the lacedemonian laws . but , by this gentleman's favour , i was far from over-flourishing upon the spartan's character , as appears sufficiently from plutarch , to mention no other author . this great man commends them for their courage , their discipline , and their sence ; declares , that he could not perceive any sign of injustice in their constitution : he calls them a nation of philosophers , and takes notice that the neighbouring states and colonies of greece look'd on the city of sparta as a perfect model of good manners , and wise government . to go on ; the surveyor finds fault because i did not assign the reason of the spartans aversion to the stage . to this i must answer , i had no mind to tire the reader with unnecessary talk. who would imagine , but that so wise a government as the spartans , had a good reason for their dislike ? however he must garnish his margin , and have the reason out , tho it makes against him . here 't is then : the lacedemonians allowed neither tragedy nor comedy , that they might not hear any thing contradictory to their laws . no : they had no palate for the rapes and adulteries , and buffoning liberties of the stage . they would not suffer the sobriety of their discipline , and the gravity of their constitution , to be affronted so much as in jest . yes , the surveyor grants they were afraid the luxury of the drama , as 't was practised at athens , might soften their youth , and enervate their minds : and now had not i great reason to be afraid of inserting the citation at length ? but the lacedemonians were only concern'd to preserve the martial spirit of their people . how does that appear ? were the lacedemonians only for one good quality ? had they no concern for the vertues of peace , and the securities of good correspondence among themselves ? that 's strange ! plutarch calls them a nation of philosophers , and makes them strict observers of regularity in general . but for the surveyor's sake , let us suppose them ambitious only of military glory : even this point could not be gained without sobriety of manners . for , if we observe , we shall find the persians , greeks , and romans , &c. were always best soldiers , when they were best men. indeed they held their empire , as it were of virtue and moral philosophy . for when they came to debauch , they grew quickly good for nothing ; and dwindled by degrees from cowardise to servitude . insignificancy , to speak softly , is the natural consequence of lewdness . dissolution destroys both the will and the power to be serviceable . it makes men impatient of discipline , quarrelsom and mutinous , and unable to bear the fatigues of war. a lewd soldier often fails in point of corporal force , is deserted even by his limbs , and has no constitution to be brave , tho never so willing : i mean as to campaigning , and a course of war. thus when the stage is suffered to debauch a nation , and bring vice into credit , people will be in danger of having more confidence than courage . this is the way to soften a martial spirit , and destroy the principles of honour . and thus military glory , and civil vertue , and every thing else that 's worth the owning , must take their leave in a short time . this consequence was wisely foreseen by the lacedemonians , and guarded against accordingly . the surveyor rallies once more , and tells us , that plutarch says indeed , that the spartans did not admit comedy nor tragedy , but says not a syllable of forms , and regulations . this is wonderful civil ! if he grows thus good natured , i must dispute with him no longer . i beseech him , what does he think i argued against in the view , was it not against the liberties of tragedy and comedy ? if he fancies i wrote against punchianello , or the water-works , he is much mistaken . if the lacedemonians refused to admit tragedy , or comedy upon any condition , they refused to admit them under any form. to go farther with him , his old starting hole is stopt , for he can't so much as pretend , that the mimi would pass the test , where the drama was thus discouraged . but i am almost to blame for taking notice of these objections . we must now take a turn in italy . from hence i brought a famous instance , how severely the roman government treated the stage under all its latitude and distinctions . the authority is no less than tully's , in his tract de republica , cited by st. augustine with approbation . * to this testimony the surveyor returns a surprizing answer . since tully does not appear in his own person , we shall not ( says he ) spend any time or ammunition upon him . * well! tho his resolution is right , his reason is wrong . for , what tho tully's books de republica , are lost , they were extant in the time of st. augustine ? is this father's credit so low , that he can't be trusted for a citation ? this treatise of tully was too well known at that time a day to be counterfeited ; so that if st. augustine was unfair in the citation , he wanted both common honesty , and common sence . and after all , i can't perceive that tully has here deposed more against the play-house , than livy did after him , who comes next to be examined . this author , to make short work of the quotation , informs us , that the common players were expelled their tribe , and refused to serve in arms. here the surveyor makes a miserable pother ; reasons backwards and forwards , and makes might and main for the old cover of the pantomimes : and thus by his running upon the file , and doubling , we may perceive he is almost spent . in answer to what he offers , i shall first take notice of his concessions : he grants , in the first place , that the romans went on the same grounds with the lacedaemonians in discouraging the stage . they were afraid their military virtue might suffer by it : now of this supposition i have made my advantage already . secondly , he affirms , that the practice of the stage among the romans fell into the hands of slaves : from whence one would imagine 't was pretty plain that the romans thought this business was too coarse for persons of higher condition . indeed his reason for this custom is very pleasant : he says this profession was thrown up to the slaves , upon the account of its being a polite exercise , and too refin'd a diversion for the rest of the roman youth . now i would gladly know how it comes about , that slaves are so much better bred than their masters , and mob than persons of quality ? upon the surveyor's state of the chronology , this was extreamly unlikely : for if this hapned before the settlement of the drama , the time lies against him ; for then the romans had not conquer'd the polite countries , nor made any inroads upon asia or greece . but let acting be as polite as the surveyor pleases , 't is plain the romans look'd upon it as unreputable , otherwise they would never have left it wholly in the hands of slaves and mercenary foreigners . these concessions one would think were frank enough ; but we shall have more of his liberality by and by ; and in the mean time i shall consider his evasions . in the first place he endeavours to avoid the blow , by fencing with the distinction between the ludi senici and the drama : but this is meer supposition and chimerical fancy , and directly overthrown by a quotation of his own from st. augustine : et haec sunt scenicorum tolerabiliora ludorum , comaediae scilicet & tragediae , &c. the surveyor should take care to keep his margin a little in order ; a bad memory , and a bad cause , do very ill together . secondly , he argues , that this mark of infamy set upon the histriones , can't properly stick upon the actors of tragedy and comedy as such , that law having been made long before the drama was brought to rome . first , with his favour , this mark of disadvantage must evidently stick upon the actors of tragedy , &c. and that by his own argument : for they , and only they , as himself informs us , were call'd histriones . he is now got off the pin of demonstration , and falls down to conjectures , and argues like any almanack : he fansies therefore the mime's and pantomime's were aim'd at in this law. to this i answer , that having prov'd the business of the mime's , &c. to be originally part of the drama , by consequence if the mime's were struck at by this law , the drama will be concern'd in the correction : for the mime's being , as suetonius tells us , originally part of comedy , and comedy , as scaliger observes , being prior to the mime's , this law being an early provision , as the surveyor confesses , could not be made before the mime's and the drama were parted ; from whence it will follow , that the drama must be affected with the censure . and as this law was an early , so 't was a lasting check upon the stage , being in force when livy wrote , as appears by the words of the citation : * and here the historian speaks in comprehensive phrase , and excepting the fabulae atellanae , takes in the play-house , with all its appurtenances ; as appears not only from the term histriones , but from the other expression of ars ludicra , which , by the authority of the civil law , quoted by the surveyor , includes all the denominations and distinctions of the stage . and now having evidently proved the dramatick astors under the discouragement of the roman constitution , we need not stand to the courtesie of his supposition , for to that , after a little struggling , he is willing to come . nay , at last he yields up the supposition for matter of fact , and cites a praetorian edict , hinted by the view , in proof of it ; and because i suppose he wont quarrel at his own translation , it shall serve instead of the latin : whoever ( as the edict runs ) appears on the stage to speak or act , is declar'd infamous . here the surveyor can't deny but comedians and tragedians are included . but then he alledges , that their profession was not branded on the score of immorality , but because they exercis'd it for hire . this being his last refuge , i shall endeavour to drive him out on 't , and prove in contradiction to his assertion , that the play-house was censur'd by the romans upon the charge of immorality , and because of the scandal of their performances ; and that 't was the nature of their profession , and not the mercenary condition of exercising it , which drew the censure upon them . first then , we may learn from tully , as st. augustine cites him , that the romans look'd upon the business of players as ignominious in all the parts of it ; and as gothofred expresses it , 't was counted turpe munus , a scandalous profession . this mark of disadvantage we see comes full upon the function ; there 's no conditions of favour or exceptions for acting grat●s . this state of ignominy was not the punishment of meer hire : the romans were not expell'd their tribe , and thrown out of common privilege only for taking money for their labour : no ; they fought for pay , and pleaded for fees , and traded for gain too , without any such disadvantage to their condition . why then should mettals transmute backwards in the play-house , and money look so dull and scandalous in the actors pockets ? why should the consideration of gain blast their character , forfeit their right , and extinguish the privileges they were born to ? why , i say , should the roman players have such ill luck with their money more than other people , unless because they were thought not to come handsomly by it ? this extraordinary usage plainly affects the matter , and proves the mystery unreputable : and therefore the latter law cited by the surveyor , does nothing of his business . however , it shall be transcrib'd . those that appear upon the stage for gain , are infamous , says pegasus and nerva the son. now by what i have already discourr'd , 't is plain that these words were design'd to check the avarice of the romans , and to keep them from enriching themselves by a 〈◊〉 profession ; and that if they were resolv'd to live upon the practice , they should pay for 't in their character and credit . in short , the intention of this law was to hinder them from dangerous business , and to make them more in love with probity than money . secondly , that the play-house at rome was censur'd for immorality , may be farther undeniably prov'd from valerius maximus , who mentioning the rise of plays much after the same manner with livy , gives the reason why the actors of the fabulae attellanae had better quarter than the rest of the players : and this was , because this diversion was clean and inoffensive , and made agreeable to the sobriety of the roman discipline . t was form'd , as casaubon observes , upon the modesty of the old satyr , and was much more merry than mad. ` this staunchness , as maximus goes on , screen'd the actors from disgrace , and purchas'd their patent of indemnity : so that they were neither ( like the rest of the stage ) expell'd their tribe , nor refus'd to serve in the field . the surveyor proceeds to acquaint us , that tully , tho' a man of great ' vanity and caution , contracted an intimate friendship with roscius an actor , therefore the business of the stage was not unreputable . what tully's opinion was of the stàge , has been sufficiently shewn already : as to this objection , 't is so fully obviated in the view , &c. by tully himself , that i can't imagine why the surveyor mention'd it , unless to fill up the page . but tully made an acquaintance with roscius : most certainly , roscius was considerable in his way , and it seems one of the most moral in his profession : and besides , 't is likely tully might learn something of gesture and pronunciation of him . in short , tully lik'd the man , but not his business . for all that , he defended his cause . that 's true ; he defended him in an action of debt : but what 's that to his profession ? can't a lawyer plead for his client , without justifying his practise , and answering for his trade ? but i 'm afraid i have consider'd this sort of reasoning too much , and therefore shall proceed . the surveyor urges , that scipio africanus and laelius were publickly suspected to have assisted terence in the composition of his plays . suspected ! then it seems 't was no very creditable business . this is an odd way of arguing , if positive evidence from unexceptionable history and law , may be set aside by remote conjectures , which would signifie nothing , if prov'd ; i say , if the best evidence may be thus over-rul'd , we must never prove any thing . this objection was made by mr. dennis , and is sufficiently answer'd in my defence , by the counter-evidence of scipio nasica and horace . but let us suppose , if you please , which the instance is far from proving , that africanus and laelius believ'd the stage not discourag'd on the score of immorality ; the consequence will only be this , that these two persons were of one opinion , and the government of another ; and thus their authority is destroy'd by running counter to the law. this answer will affect his objections from the two caesars and seneca ; which being weaker than the rest , i shall consider them no farther . my instance in the theodosian code , mr. dennis gives up for an unreasonable custom ; but the surveyor , who loves neither yielding nor proving , encounters the authority with a banter . he finds fault indeed with the translation ; but disproves it in no particular : but fails in his own version by his own rule ; for he renders histrio by droll-actor , whereas he has already told us , that this word is peculiar to the top function of the stage , and signifies the players in their best capacity . farther , by his citing the law at length , it appears , that histrio , or an actor in the drama , has as little a character as a pantomime : nay , the language falls rather harder upon the first ; for the pantomime does not suffer so much in the addition , nor has that epithe of disadvantage which describes the other . and thus by his criticisms and exactness , he has made the translation worse , and the case worse . i have now gone through his charge against the testimonies in the last chapter of the view , &c. and i hope fully shewn that my authors have been farily translated and rightly applied . the objections against the pagan part of the authorities , were most of them made by mr. dennis before the surveyor : the answers to the one therefore will hold against the other . but mr. dennis has one exception about st. augustine particular to himself ; 't is this : he says st. augustine , as i have cited him , * has done cicero a great deal of wrong , in the character of roscius . in the first place , my citation of st. augustine is right to a tittle ; and therefore i can have nothing to answer for . and that st. augustine was the least to blame , we have no just reason to suspect . for , first , we are to observe , that tully's oration , pro roscio , cited by mr. dennis , is a great part of it lost , we have neither beginning nor end of it . but in st. augustine's time tully's works were entire . now because a passage is not in part of an argument , to conclude it was not there at all , is an odd way of reasoning . and if 't was not in this oration , there was room enough for it in the rest of tully's works , which are now lost . secondly , the words and sence of this quotation , and that cited by mr. dennis , are so very different , that 't is next to impossible , that st. augustine , if he quoted from memory , should mistake the one for the other : and yet he quotes it roundly , and reasons positively upon it . from whence ( says this father ) tully was most clearly of opinion , that the better a man was , the less fit he was to make a player . and can we imagine a person of s. augustin's character , could mistake so mark'd and memorable a sentence ? he that was so well acquainted with the heathen learning , and particularly with tully , having publickly taught rhetorick in his younger time ? to change the words of an author to so strange a degree , to so very foreign a signification , could be nothing but design . now can we imagine that st. augustine's conscience could digest such a practice as this ? would he who had wrote a whole books against falshood and lying , be guilty of so notorious an instance himself ? what , in an author so well known as tully , in a sentence so very remarkable , and in a treatise written for the satisfaction of the heathens ? for now we are to observe , that st. augustine was encountring some pagan objections about the gospels , and proving the consistency of the evangelists with each other . besides , there was no necessity for so wretched and ridiculous an expedient : the controversie did not languish for this citation ; for as pertinent as it was , st. augustine could easily have gone on without it . but possibly the reader may think i have taken too much notice of a calumny so much without colour : to return therefore to the surveyor . and here once for all , i can't but wonder at his captiousness and noise against the method of my quotations : the authors , says he , were not cited at length , and in their own language , which it seems could be nothing but design . that my meaning was fair , i have made good already ; and that my method was defensible , is no less plain , for i always took care to cite book , chapter , or page , and sometimes edition too . now how could imposition and foul play lie hid under such a punctuality ? when this was done , what need was there of stuff●ing the margin with greek and latin ? why should i give my self a needless fatigue , and trouble the english reader with a foreign language to no purpose ? all unnecessary quoting is either pedantry or ostentation . the surveyor has neither reason nor custom for his demands . what then would the man be at ? i hope he did not expect i should get a certificate , or make affidavit in proof of my authorities ? 't is true , his making a squabble about the testimonies has now somewhat alter'd the case ; insomuch that i am sometimes forced to bring him to the test of the original , to discover his honesty . and now having set the testimonies right , the rest of the surveyor's book will go off apace . the surveyor complains of my censuring the musick and gestures of the playhouse only upon report , having never heard of one , nor seen t'other . as to the playhouse musick , he has given me no occasion to resume that argument , neither did i meddle with their dancing . but here he runs too fast . i only told him , i was no frequenter of the playhouse . i must tell him , i have been there , tho not always for diversion . i am not so much a stranger to that place , as not to have seen the behaviour of their women bold , and the gestures lewd sometimes , witness the hostess in bartholomew fair ! his appeal to the ladies in this case is strangely out of the way . he has reproach'd them too much in the dedication , either to expect their favour , or depend on their decision . the outrage is very gross and comprehensive , as will appear at the first sight . women , says the surveyor to the earl of dorset , and weak men , whose fears are stronger than their iudgments , will be awed into a perswasion before they are convinced of the truth of it . for such people , in most cases , measure the certainty of assertions by the confidence of him that pronounces them . here 's a flourish for ye upon the whole sex ! here 's decency of application , and strains of breeding and conduct ! and does the surveyor call in the ladies to vouch for him after this usage ? after he has disabled their character , and thrown them out of sence and capacity ? his modesty and judgment , i perceive , are much of a size : these complaints , i suppose , were calculated for russia , or rather for constantinople , where the women are said to have no souls . i asserted in the view , &c. with reference to the english stage , that if they have any advantage in their instrumental musick , they lose it in their vocal : their songs being often rampantly l●wd , and irreligious to a flaming excess : now the ancients , as we have seen already , were inoffensive in this respect . here the surveyor falls a railing very liberally , and if his logick would but answer his language , there was no enduring him : but the best on 't is , his reasoning usually makes amends for his railing : and so it happens at present , for at the first opening of the cause , he does no less than give it up . he grants the chorus of the ancients was harmless enough . but then the reason he proves it by is somewhat untoward . this musick , says he , consisted of hymns and praises of their gods , and therefore lewdness would have been impertinent . on the contrary , the pagan idols were lewd , and their worship was lewd , and if the hymns had been so too , they had been all of a piece . where then was the impropriety ? but then this , as st. paul observes , was for the most part done in secret : for nature was not wholly subdued by idolatry . 't was therefore the force of modesty , and the regards of virtue , which made the chorus inoffensive , and not compliance with religion , as the surveyor suggests . and is not the ancient stage much better than the modern upon this account ? for they declin'd smutt , tho their religion allow'd it . but these are resolv'd to charge through their creed , and to have it at any purchase of infamy and danger . to return to the chorus , if that was inoffensive , as the surveyor truly affirms , then the vocal stage musick of the ancients was inoffensive , for they had no songs but in the chorus ; i challenge the surveyor to produce one elsewhere in all the old tragedy and comedy extant : and does it not follow from hence , that the old drama was inoffensive , not only upon the comparison , but even without it ? his running off to the gross liberties of the mimi is a poor relief : for , first , by thus retreating from the subject , he quits the field , and leaves the antient drama in possession of the advantage contested . secondly , in all his ramble and aggravation about the mimi , he neither offers to prove his point by argument or testimony : he neither gives any instance , nor cites any author ; so that the whole of his cause lies only in affirmation and assurance . his saying , that all who are acquainted with the roman stage , know his charge against the mimi to be true , is like the rest . i must tell him , he does not know it to be true , and therefore should not object it . nay , as far as it appears 't is untrue ; for the lewdness of the mimi consisted more in gesture , than expression . i charged the stage with encouraging revenge , and mistaking the notion of honour : this he denies , and would make us believe , that a vindictive humour is almost always made the mark of a tyrant or a villain in tragedy . but by his instance in don manuel he mistakes the point : the disorders of princes was not the dispute in that place : 't was private revenge which was principally aimed at , as appears by the mention of duelling . and is not this humour incouraged by the stage ? don't their characters of figure quarrel in comedy , and murther in tragedy ? is it not honourable to do it , and infamous to refuse it ? and thus , by these maxims , a man is bound to be damn'd in defence of his honour , and can't be a christian without being reckon'd a poltron . to say this , frensy is countenanced in life , and that a poet is obliged to draw according to nature is a lamentable plea. at this rate rapes and adulteries must be acted , and all sort of blasphemy repeated , that nature may be shewn in her colours : but this i have answered already . and therefore his saying , that there can be no breach of morality , without offending against the laws of the drama ; his saying this , is in effect , to make the poets soveraign judges of good and evil ; to give the stage a power paramount to gospel and law , and to make vice the standart of virtue . by this doctrine they may bring all the stench of the stews upon the board , and poyson cum privilegio . for , what is all this , but a close imitation of life ? now if any man dislikes these figures , let him do it at his peril , says the surveyor , for then he finds fault with nature , not with the poet. nay , if those pictures be drawn according to the life , he might as well snarl at the wise providence which governs the world , because he meets more ugly faces then handsom ones , more knaves and fools than honest men , &c. this is admirable reasoning ! for , in the first place , to suppose ugliness so very common , is a satyr upon mankind , and is remote both from truth , and decency : but to make knavery the effect of providence , as this author does by the drift of his reasoning , and the force of his comparison , is next to blasphemy . to proceed from his supposition to his inference : does the surveyor think there 's no difference between natural defects and moral turpitude , and are ugly faces as catching as ugly practices ? certainly , no. the deformities of behaviour are much more dangerous than those of person and understanding . lewdness and atheism are infectious , but folly is a disadvantage to none but him that has it . now , if we are obliged to guard our virtue , and avoid ill discourse , why not in the play-house , as well as in other places ? unless we 'l say , that the wit and figure , and success of a libertine mortifies his example , and makes him less dangerous : and then by the same rule we may conclude , that the malignity of a distemper is a good symptom of health , and that people are likely to do least mischief , when they are best prepared for 't . i must now attend the surveyor in his examination of the greek and roman tragedy , in which he pretends the ancients were defective in the morality of their fable . and upon the comparison of some few instances , endeavours to throw the preference upon the moderns . in this enquiry he spends a great part of his book , which were it never so lucky , would be but little to his purpose . for , to say no more at present , this justification would reach no farther than tragedy , comedy does not enter the dispute upon this head , and therefore must be left defenceless . he throws away abundance of ammunition upon this place , which if he could carry it , would not be worth the storming : this will appear upon the progress of the contest ; and in the mean time i shall endeavour to repel the attack , and disappoint him in the little advantage . in pursuing this point , the surveyor falls into a mighty vein of telling stories , which by the length and manner of them , one would fancy were told more for his own diversion , than the readers . here we must take him by tale , and not by weight ; measure his arguments by the page ; and if a man could be confuted by the yard , he might possibly have done my business . he begins with the fable of sophocles his oedipus , and censures it for being very deficient in the moral . and yet in the next words he owns it may serve to put us in mind of the lubricity of fortune , and the instability of humane greatness . call you this moral very deficient ! does it not hold forth a lesson of justice and moderation to great men ? does it not teach the proper use of prosperity , and prepare us for the turns of adversity ? this moral is so far from being deficient in a play , that it would make a good sermon . but the ground of the quarrel is , this moral is too good for such a heathen as sophocles , and therefore he must not have it . not have it ! what , tho the poem uses it expresly as such ? that 's confessed : for all that the surveyor not only finds fault with mr. dryden , but wont give sophocles leave to understand the moral of his own fable . this is very hard . but since he is resolv'd to refine upon sophocles and mr. dryden , let 's see what he 'l make on 't . now this gentleman tells us , that the genuine moral of the fable ought to have been shewn in setting forth oedipus's ; misfortunes , as a result of his impiety , in advancing his own iudgment above that of his gods ; and thinking by his own wisdom to reverse the immutable decrees of destiny , and upon this account his vanity deserv'd the heaviest chastisement . to this i answer , first , that if this were the moral , it would not be without instruction : it might shew the vanity of contesting with omnipotence , and teach submission to the decrees of heaven , that people should conclude the punishment just by the hand that sent it , and not repine at the mysteries of providence . but secondly , that this sence is not the genuine moral , appears by the surveyor's objection , in which he grants , that predestination was not so universal among the antient heathens , but many held the contrary . and if oedipus was one of this number , he grants his moral falls to the ground . now , that oedipus was no predestinarian , i think is pretty clear from his management : for if he believed a fatality , he must believe his misfortunes irretrievable , and why then was he so weak as to attempt the preventing it ? why then did he quit his fortune and his friends , throw up the expectations of a crown , and run rambling after a known impossibility ? such a piece of pilgrimage is fitter for a goose then a hero , especially one who could look through mysteries , untie riddles , and had a reach of understanding above the rest of mankind . 't is plain therefore , oedipus did not imagine himself under a necessity of of murthering his father . he thought the oracle pronounced no more then a conditional truth ; he took it for a fair warning , but believed the event might be secur'd by care , and caution . farther , by this scheme of fatality the reason of punishment is destroyed , and by consequence the moral sinks with it . for , why should oedipus be punished for attempting to reverse destiny , when all his actions were pre-ordain'd , and he had not so much as his own will in his power ? where there is no choice , there can be no fault : alass ! upon this supposition his vanity was unavoidable , and he could no more help the contesting with fate , than he could over-rule it . for as the surveyor has it from seneca , quicquid patimur mortale genus , quicquid facimus venit ab alto . to make oedipus smart for questioning the oracle in this case , is against all reason and justice : and the poet might as well have brought him to execution , because he could not fly . and thus we see the poet will shift much better by himself than with the surveyor's assistance . the moral of the rest of sophocles's plays is either good , or not bad , by his own confession , and therefore that dispute is at an end : 't is true he excepts a little against hyllus's expostulation with the gods. but this objection was started , and consider'd in the view , &c. orestes's killing his mother , tho not censur'd by the surveyor , lies harder upon sophocles than the other . but when we consider , that he was put upon this practice by the oracle , to revenge his father's murther , and the abuse of his bed ; this consideration , i say , upon the heathen theology , seems to excuse the fact. we are now to proceed to euripides , who is blam'd by the surveyor for not contriving his fable to the advantage of his moral . to this it may be return'd , that his instances of mismanagement in this poet are but few : and even all of those few * won't hold ; and where they do , the plays are defensible upon another head. and because he makes orestes , and the other produced by him , a sample of the rest , it may not be amiss to shew the reader in a word or two , how unfairly euripides is represented by the surveyor . to begin , hecuba his first play , has a moral sufficiently instructive . for , here polydorus comes from the other world to discover treachery and murther . and polymnestor , king of thrace , being the guilty person , is punish'd with the loss of his eyes : this piece of revenge is executed by hecuba , mother to the murther'd person , and being question'd for the fact , she is acquitted by agamemnon ; as indeed she well might , having done nothing unjustifiable by the principles of paganism . the phaenissae is full of moral sentences , and as to the fable , the misfortune of laius and his posterity is declared to proceed from his disobedience to the oracle : which holds forth this lesson , that 't is dangerous to go counter to the instructions of heaven ; and that our duty should always over-rule our desires . hippolitus coronatus is taxed by the surveyor with a defective moral , because an inoffensive young prince of that name miscarries in 't . but this fable , if we look farther , has a great deal of good meaning in 't . for hippolitus is visited in his misfortunes by a goddess who clears his innocence , undertakes his quarrel , and promises to immortalize his memory . the surveyor grants alcestis a moral play , and the same may be said of andromache : for here hermione , who injur'd the royal captive andromache , grows almost distracted with her guilt , and is hardly prevented from dispatching her self . menelaus likewise designing to murther andromache and her son molossus , is disappointed in his barbarity by peleus , who comes in the nick of time to the rescue of the innocent . and at the end of the play , andromache is left in possession of the country , married to helenus , hector's brother , and the crown settled upon her son molossus : and to enrich the moral farther , the generous and compassionate peleus is deifyed by thetis , and transported to the fortunate islands . the moral of the supplices is not amiss . the case stood thus . creon king of thebes refusing burial to the chiefs slain before that town , adrastus , the only surviving confederate , applies to theseus king of athens , for assistance , desiring to be put into a condition to take care of the funerals of his friends . for to have these solemnities unperform'd , was a sad misfortune among the heathens , who believed the ghosts of the deceased had no rest , till their bodies were burnt , and their bones buried , according to that of virgil. nec ripas datur horrendas & rauca fluenta transportare , prius quam sedibus-ossa quierunt . the request being thus reasonable , theseus complies with it , and having demanded justice of creon by an embassy to no purpose , he goes against him in person , defeats his forces in the field , and recovers the dead bodies of the generals . this expedition was a generous instance of humanity to the dead , and living , and in the next play euristheus smarts for persecuting the heraclidae . these injur'd persons are assisted by the athenians , defeat the usurper , and recover their right . to say no more , this play threatens pride with divine vengeance , and pleads strongly for justice and religion . the tragedy of helena gives countenance to probity : for , by the structure of the fable , helena is a lady of virtue , undebauch'd by paris , and never at troy : she is detain'd prisoner in egypt , and proves constant to her husband menelaus , tho courted by theoclymenus king of that country . in short , she conceals menelaus upon his arrival , makes the king believe he was wreck'd , and desiring leave to solemnize his funeral on the shoar , gets an opportunity to escape the tyrant , and set sail . theoclymenus finding himself betray'd , and suspecting his sister theonoe in the plot , resolves to murther her ; but is perswaded to desist , and brought to temper by the machine of castor and pollux . here the moral lies upon the surface , is apparently virtuous , and therefore i shall say no more about it . to conclude , euripides's electra stands upon the same foot of excuse with that of sophocles , and therefore i shall pass it over . from this short survey the reader may perceive , that much the major part of euripides's plays are unexceptionable in their moral ; and that poetick justice was generally the poet's care : which appears farther by his apology for his ixion . for , some of the audience censuring the conduct of this play , for suffering ixion to flourish , and thrive upon this wickedness ; the poet desires them to have patience , for , says he , i broke him upon the wheel at last , and then he paid for all . the surveyor therefore is much mistaken in making the ancients so negligent in their fable : as if a good moral from them was rather the effect of casualty than choice . there are four tragedies of euripides still unmention'd ; that is , his orestes , medea , hercules furens , and ion : here i confess the byass of the fable is not so well contriv'd , as in the rest . but then he may be in a great measure excused upon these two following considerations : first , because euripides takes care to correct the malignity of his fable by moral sentences , and philosophical advice , of which , as the surveyor ●onfesses , he is very liberal . yes : the anciens , says he , deliver'd their instructions in wise sayings scatter'd in the dialogue , or at the close ; now these sentences were possibly more intelligible to a common understanding , than the mystery of plots , and the revolution of fables : and therefore when the rest of the play was not stuffed with lewdness , might govern in the minds of an audience , and make a significant impression : but , secondly , that which goes farthest in the justification of euripides is , that the disposition of the fable was seldom in his power : the subject was generally history , or received tradition ; from which 't was unsafe to vary . for , to cross upon common belief , and give matter of fact the lye , was the way to spoil the probability and relish of the poem . the antients therefore , as the surveyor remarks from aristotle , being forc'd to take the fable as they found it , the fault lay in the history , which made the poet more excusable . and this may serve to shew , that euripides is much better complexion'd than the surveyor was pleas'd to draw him . he is mistaken likewise in affirming , that euripides does not touch the passions like sophocles : for , no less a judge than quintilian gives him the preference : he had , says he , an admirable stroak at the pathos in general ; and for raising compassion , was clearly superior to sophocles . and if quintilian's authority stood in need of being confirm'd , the poet hippolitus coronatus , to say nothing farther , might vouch for him . from euripides the surveyor goes backward to aeschylus , but this poet will quickly be disengag'd , for the whole attack is made only upon a sentence or two in his promotheus vinctus . but here he is out again in his impeachment , and misrepresents the reason of promotheus's punishment . for 't was not meer good nature that made promotheus miscarry . 't was because he made bold with iupiter's prerogative , broke into his administration , and dispos'd of his bounty against his will. — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 — and in the next page : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . promotheus pretended it seems to understand what was fit for the world better than iupiter , and to love mankind more than he that made them . now to do this , is arrogance , and imputation with a witness . besides , as appears in the latter part of the play , he scorn'd a release from his torments , menaced his pretended supream , and rattled his chains against his judge . but 't is high time for the surveyor to quit the coast of greece , having met with no prize after all his cruising . he is now sailing homewards , and trying to mend his voyage , by touching at rome . and , to conclude the allegory , seneca is the man , to make his fortunes . and here he would perswade the reader , that i took all seneca ' s plays for the work of one man. his reason is , i suppose , because i call'd them seneca's tragedies : because i did not distinguish between the plays written by marcus , and those by lucius annaeus seneca ; and run out into pedantry and foreign observation . but enough of this . the surveyor remarks , that all seneca's tragedies are of greek extraction : ( for the octavia is not worth the naming . ) they are so . and so much the better , for then , where they need it , what i have offer'd for the greeks , may serve for their apology . then the plan of the fable takes it's refuge in history ; and comes down with excuse to the poet. besides , the surve●or takes notice , that seneca refines upon the justice of euripides in his hippolytus , and mends his moral . why , this is just as one would wish . but then the man grows angry , because i did not distinguish the plays of seneca the philosopher from the rest , and exempt him from censure . why , truly i had no leisure for trifling in criticisms : and moreover , i could not wholly excuse him ; for his rants ( if they belong to him ) are sometimes as extravagant as may be * . his parallel of ajax oileus with a late misfortune won't hold . for ajax was sunk in his blasphemy , and had his breath stop'd with a thunderbolt : he is no person of the drama ; but what then ? this instance is sufficient to shew the poet's justice , and make an example of the crime . his pretended division of tragedy from aristotle into moral and pathetick , is strangely misrepresented . by this distinction he would make us believe , that according to aristotle , the pathetick tragedy had no regard to morality , and poetick justice . but this is not only contrary to matter of fact , but to the authority of the citation . for , aristotle makes four branches of his division of tragedy , and not two only , as this author quotes him . these four kinds of tragedy the philosopher forms upon the four principal excellencies relating to this art. the first sort he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or that which turns chiefly upon intrigue , and discovery ; the second is the pathetick , the beauty of which consists in the skill of touching the passions , and awakening terror and pity to an unusual degree . now if the fable was well cast , and poetick justice observed , as i have prov'd it often happen'd ; in this case i say , this sort of tragedy , is every jot as instructive , or in other words as moral , as any other . the d sort was distinguish'd by a plain and pompous narration without surprize of incidents or revolution of affairs . here the gods made a great part of the dialogue , and the peculiarity of it lay in the majesty of the presence , of the subject and expression . the fourth is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or moral , so called because , as appears by the instances , and the learned paraphrast goulston , it dealt chiefly in virtuous examples , and characters of justice and piety . in a word , the distinction goes more upon person , character , and discourse , than upon fable and event . and thus 't is plain , that aristotle was far from having any of the surveyor's fancie 's in his head : for all these kinds of tragedy notwithstanding their difference , were equally capable of a good moral , and of adjusting rewards and punishments , and therefore this philosopher was no such inexhaustible spring of corruption , no such everlasting source of infection , as this gentleman and his terrible rhetorick would make him . having now disabled his instances of exception , and vindicated the antients ; the design of his attack is defeated . and his long declamation , into which he has ramm'd so many hard words , will recoil upon himself ; and discharge nothing but smoke and noise , paper and powder . for by this time i suppose 't is pretty clear that my satyr ( as he calls it ) does not come near so full upon the antients , as upon the moderns . for first , as we have seen the old tragedians were generally unexceptionable in their fable ; and when they were not , t is because they were tied down to the models of history and religion , upon which account both aristotle and the surveyor are willing to make them an allowance . secondly , the antient tragick poets were clean in their expression . and thirdly , they are not near so full of profaneness and atheistical rants . the surveyor is resolv'd notwithstanding to produce some modern tragedies , which tho they have little to say , are to look boldly upon the court , and pass their resolution for their innocence ; and here shakespear's hamlet is brought first , and a great many words spent to prove the regularity and instructiveness of the fable . but , what 's all this to the controversy ? my exceptions to hamlet related only to his indecencies of language ; and how handsomly the surveyor justifies that , we shall see afterwards . however here the surveyor was resolv'd to set up a king of clouts of his own making ; and then to fall on and conquer him with great bravery : or , perhaps his heart being better than his sight , he might mistake the wind-mill for the gyant . his next instance is in the orphan , against the fable of which tho i did not except , yet 't is by no means so staunch as he would make it . for here 's no just distinction of fate upon the merit of the persons ; but the good and bad , the innocent and guilty , fall under a common misfortune . cleomenes comes next under the surveyor's examination : this play he taxes extreamly with the want of a moral . and does this prove , that the fable of the moderns is preferable to the antients ? what makes him argue on my side ? how some people's vanity rides their judgment ! he must be throwing his criticisms about , tho he falls upon his friends , and weakens his argument by his discovery . the two remaining tragedies are don sebastian and the mourning bride . now he knows i have made several material objections against these plays , which he does not attempt to remove . i must tell him therefore once for all , that the justification of the fable is no answer : for i did not charge the moderns with being being infection all over : no , they may do execution enough without that . besides , the fable by his own reasoning works least sensibly , it sleeps as it were in the veins , and is slow in the operation . but foul images , and profane discourse , are of a quicker dispatch , and like the plague sudden , and sure . and then the decency , moral sentences , and gravity of the antients were a sort of counterpoyson to the fable : for , as the surveyor observes , the discourse of the antient tragedy was frequently moral , when the fable was not . to which i must add , that when the moderns are staunch in their main fable , their episodes and under-character are much out of order , and encourage vice by giving it success . he would gladly put in still for some advantages to the moderns , with respect to the moral ; but the claim sticks cruelly in the making out . he mentions three particulars , the two first of which are no more than one , and that is , that the moderns are never at the expence of a miracle to bring about a wicked design , as the antients have notoriously done . to this i answer , first , that he has over-charged the antients , and multiplied his instances beyond matter of fact ; as appears by what i have proved already . secondly , in those few plays where the allegation is true , they represented the history of their theology , they had common belief for their excuse , so that it seems rather the fault of the religion , than the poet. and as for the moderns , their standing off from this conduct seems to proceed more from management than scruple ; by the liberties they take in other cases , we have no reason to believe they declined this ill use of machine out of conscience : but because they know this expedient won't take : the method looks unnatural , and the credulity of the audience is not high enough to make it go down . his second advantage for the moderns is , that their malefactors are generally punish'd . the antients did the same , as i have prov'd from the three greek tragedians . but after all , the moderns are far from being so careful in the execution of justice as he pretends . for i 'm mistaken if libertines that expose vertue , and droll upon religion , are not great malefactors . to steal property , is not so bad as to steal principle ; for this latter practice extinguishes the notion of right , and makes thieving universal . he that destroys the distinction of good and evil , is the worst tyrant ; for he encourages all men to be like himself . now these sort of malefactors are cherished and rewarded by the modern stage . the surveyor proceeding in defence of the moderns , affirms , that the fable of every play is undoubtedly the author 's own , whencesoever he takes the story , and he may model it as he pleases ; the characters are not so , for these the poet is oblig'd to take from nature . to this i answer , first , in contradiction to his assertion , that when the poet writes from history , he is in a great measure confin'd to matter of fact , so that the fable is not in his own power to model as he pleases . this , besides the reason of the thing , is already granted by the surveyor , who brought aristotle's authority for the case . to which i shall add that of horace , which may be applied both to fable and characters . aut famam sequere , aut convenientia finge , scriptor . now 't is both aristotle's and horace's judgment , that a tragick poet should rather go upon fact , and known tradition , than pure invention in the choice of his subject . rectius iliacum carmen deducis in actus , quam si proferres ignota , indictaque primus . secondly , 't is very possible to keep an irregular character under discipline ; for terrence's strumpets don't talk smut , and the same conduct will hold in other cases . in a word , we must not stretch propriety to the prejudice of virtue , nor make nature a plea for debauchery . but this pretence i have fully satisfied elsewhere . his last effort upon the fable of the antients is , that neither aristotle nor horace , amongst all their excellent rules for dramatick writing , have taken the least notice of poetick iustice. but that neither of these great men were so regardless of the fable , as the surveyor would make them , will appear from what follows : for , first , aristole affirms , that to represent a person of probity * unhappy , would not only be unpoetical , but * scandalous , and detestable : and on the other hand , to make a very wicked man successful , is the most improper conduct imaginable , and has not so much as a jot of the due requisites of tragedy in 't . the first reason he gives for this censure is , because such preposterous management fails in a proper regard to mankind * . now , if an unrighteous treatment of virtue and vice , and male-administration upon merit , is in the opinion of aristotle , a neglect of humane nature , a scandalous practice , and a breach of dramatick law , then certainly this philosopher did not over-look the respects of justice in his preceps for tragedy . this , if need be , will appear farther from the qualifications he requires in his hero , who is to suffer at the latter end of the play. this chief person he would have of a middling size for his morals , neither remarkable one way nor t'other : he would not have him flamingly wicked , for then no body would be concern'd for his misfortune , compassion would sleep , and tragedy flag . but then he must fall into some great indiscretion , and be guilty of considerable mismanagement ; he must be punish'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , for some notorious failure in his conduct ; for some fault which he might have prevented ; otherwise you bring him under the character of those virtuous persons , * whom aristotle says 't is scandalous to make unhappy . thus we see he suffers for his faults , he is made a malefactor , tho not to the degree of falling unpitied . and thus the example works the right way , and the audience is alarm'd into caution . thus they are held to their good behaviour , and the passion of terror is purg'd ; which advantages could never follow if the hero had no faults to justifie his misfortune . for to see a good man punish'd for that he can't help , is the way to make the passions of the tragedy run riot , and grow mutinous against providence ; and is rather an argument for despair than circumspection . and this may serve to shew , that aristotle was not regardless of poetick justice . and that horace , who goes upon the plan of the antients , was of the same mind , is evident from his advice to the chorus , to appear for virtue , and perform the offices of friendship ; to recommend justice , and pray the gods that fortune might follow desert ●* . now the chorus , we know , was to unite with the subject , to support the design of the play , and represent the sence of the poet. if therefore horace would have the chorus solicit thus strongly for justice ; he expected , no doubt , the catastrophe should be govern'd by the same instructions . and thus i have endeavour'd to detect his calumnies upon the antients , to vindicate their fable , and to disappoint him in his project upon the comparison . and alass ! if the moderns could have carried this part of the preference , it would have done them but little service . a formal piece of justice at the end of a lewd play , is nothing but a piece of grimace , and a politick hypocrisy . 't is much such a strain of conduct , as it would be to let a mad dog loose among the crowd , and then knock him on the head when he has bitten a great part of them . and yet this poor excuse has no pretence in modern comedy , where libertinism comes generally off with victory and flying colours . and to this performance of the stage the surveyor now leads me , and begins with the definition of comedy : but against the latitude and construction of his interpretation , i have argued in my defence , of which , according to his method , he takes no notice . and by his description of the business of comedy , we have no reason to expect any good from it . he says the design of comedy is rather civil prudence than morality , and as he is pleas'd to go on , we are not to expect it should confer grace , or mend principles . then as for the characters , tho he would not have them all vitious , he means not just to qualifie them for newgate , or tyburn ; but then especial care must be taken , that there is no person of sobriety amongst them : no , they must be all men of pleasure ; for if they are tainted with too much honesty , they will disagree with the company , and spoil the projects of the stage . well! i perceive the surveyor is resolv'd , notwithstanding his pretences to the contrary , to make the modern writers of comedy more licentious than the antient ; for doemones in plautus informs us , that the comick poets in his time us'd to pretend to discipline , and throw in lectures of morality . and tho the surveyor takes care to get all his characters of figure debauch'd , and won't suffer any thing of conscience or regularity to tread the stage , for fear the audience might suffer by the example : yet plautus was of another mind , for in his captivi all the characters are sober , and well in order , and particularly tyndarus and philochares , two young gentlemen , are men of vertue ; and so is lusiteles , another of the same quality and age , in his trinummus . and then as to persons farther advanced in years , there are several instances both in plautus and terence , of behaviour not exceptionable . but our stage has refined upon the old model : their characters must be all libertines , their diversion smut , and their lectures , swearing and profaneness . their business is not to teach morality , but lewdness , not to confer grace , but to debauch nature , not to mend principles , but to destroy them . indeed , how can the consequence of such entertainments be otherwise ? where the persons are all libertines , where they run such lengths of excess , and balk nothing that makes a jest. where profaneness is sometimes season'd with wit , and lewdness polish'd with turns of fancy . where the infection is made palatable , the mischief fortified , and their weapons pointed , to pass the better through a man's body . now , who would learn civil prudence and management from such instructions as these ? where a man will be in danger to bring away much more vice than discretion . is it worth one's while to get caution with the loss of conscience ? or , have his pocket pick'd only for the sake of wit and dexterity ? who would choose bedlam for his seat of diversion : or , see posture clark do his tricks , and act his metamorphoses , with the plague about him ? 't is true , the surveyor is contented , that not only a gentleman of wit , but of honour too , should be introduced into comedy ; but then he guards again in limitation , for he must be a man of wild unreclaim'd honour : a man of wild honour ! truly , i think , no man's honour can be wilder then his notion : honour without probity is next to a contradiction in terms , and besides , 't is good for very little . for , to speak plainly , 't is nothing more than pride and fashion , and civility to a man's self . i don't say but persons of figure may be sometimes out of order in comedy , and he misreports me in affirming the contrary * : but then this should not be done without restrictions , and guard of behaviour . * and besides they should be disciplin'd accordingly . when dramatick gentlemen of sence are knaves , or debauchees , the poet should take care to make them losers by their liberty : they should mortifie them for their misbehaviour , treat them with disappointment , and put them out of countenance . and here the misfortune ought to rise in proportion to the quality , for fear the figure should otherwise recommend the lewdness . and to do the surveyor right , he is himself sensible of the necessity of this conduct , at least in some measure . for he grants by implication , that the poet is obliged to bring his libertine to a sence of his extravagance , and a resolution of amendment . but that even this is not done appears sufficiently in my view , and may be made good much farther from the plays cited in the preface of my defence . but before i pass on , i am oblig'd to take notice of his saying , that fools of what quality soever , are the proper goods and chattels of the stage , which the poets may dispose of as they think fit . by his favour , to make weakness of understanding the subject of comick mirth , has neither religion nor good nature in 't : to expose a man for being born without sence , is a satyr upon the creation ; 't is just as reasonable as it would be to beat a dwarf for being under s●x foot high . thus to make sport with the misfortunes of nature , and insult unavoidable infirmities , is down-right barbarity . beside , such sort of ridicule can cure no distemper , nor recover any body ; not the patient , for he is uncapable of remedy ; and as for other people , they are out of danger of the disease , and therefore need no preservative . to proceed : the surveyor finding the arguments of the view somewhat troublesome , would gladly throw them off upon the score of declamation : as if they were only a few noisy glittering sentences , put together to no purpose . now , tho i am no pretender to the talent of haranguing , yet suppose the allegation was true , 't would do him no service . for oratory is by no means inconsistent with logick . no , perspicuity of proof , is , as as longinus observes , one part of the sublime . indeed rhetorick is nothing but reason well dress'd , and arguments put into order . to affirm , that sence won't agree with proper and moving expressions , is a strange conclusion . 't is as much as to say , that a good suit of cloaths is a very naughty thing : for let it sit never so easie , yet if it happens to look handsomly , 't will be sure to weaken a man's body , and take away the use of his limbs . but i must follow him . ben iohnson , i took notice , never scrupled to confess , that 't was the office of a comick poet to imitate justice , and instruct to life . and mr. dryden at last came up to the same opinion . this rule the surveyor was sensible agreed very ill with the english stage . and thus finding himself streighten'd moves for new liberty , and tho he stands by himself , had much rather bend the rule , then reform the practise . if you 'l believe him , this sort of discipline is impracticable : for the licentiousness of men of fortune , unless it be such as brings their vnderstandings into question , must never be censur'd or exposed in comedy . that is , if a libertine ben't a fool , he may be as lewd and profane as he pleases , and yet have fair quarter , and make a good hand on 't . yes ; for , as the surveyor continues , how immoral and offensive this misbehaviour may be to sober people , the man must escape the censure of comedy , because he can't be tried in her way . that 's hard ! why , then , if she must make malefactors , and won't punish them , let her court be put down . if sence is a protection to debauchery , and the most offensive immoralities must not be touched ; if vice must appear only for favour and forage , for parade and diversion ; if all this liberty is presumed on by the the laws of comedy , and the privilege of the poem ? then , i say , the very definition condemns it . 't is a nusance in its nature , and poyson in its constitution . i urged there was no arguing from some instances of favour to vitious young people in plautus and terence ; that the consequence would not hold from rome to london , because those pagan poets had a greater compass of liberty in their religion . to this his answer , to make it short , is , that these poets , especially terence , were too great masters of their own art to take an improper liberty , only because 't was not dangerous . who told him , it was an improper liberty ? the measures of practice are form'd upon rules of notion , and schemes of belief : now the directions for life and manners , are strangely different in the divisions of heathenism and christianity ; and therefore those liberties might be proper enough in the first , which are intolerable in the latter . but this objection will be rallied afterwards , and therefore i shall now pursue it no farther . but the surveyor has a small reserve : the laws of rome , says he , were very severe , and required regularity of life ; the magistrates likewise , and censors of manners , would never have suffer'd examples of such ill consequence to have been produced openly . from whence he would have it follow , that if plautus and terence had suspected the indulgences above-mention'd , had tended any ways to the debauching of their youth , they durst not have ventur'd them into publick view . to this i answer in a word ; that the roman magistrates notwithstanding the severity of their government , suffered the excesses of the pantomines , and therefore might well allow of much lesser degrees of liberty in their comick poets : i say , they suffered the pantomimes , against whom the surveyor declaims so heartily , and charges so very high with scandal and brutality . and if these gross entertainments would go down , why should they take check at the more inoffensive sallies of gallantry ? as the case stood , t is no wonder if a lucky libertine should sometimes pass muster . but plautus and terence coppied faithfully from nature and depicted humane life in its true and just proportion : let them depict what they please , they did not study the worst likeness ; tho their pencil was sometimes bold , they shaded many blemishes , and aimed at the fairest resemblance . the surveyor rises in his resolution ; and and sticks not to affirm , that if the images , answer life , the foulness of them can never be a fault . so far from that , the crime lies quite on the other side . for to be displeas'd with a true representation tho' never so hideous , is no better than to quarrel with providence whose creature mankind is ; say you so , does providence make monsters in vice , as well as in figure ? can't a scandalous play be disliked without arraigning of providence ? i thought wickedness had not been the work of creation , but misbehaviour ; and that god had made the man , but not the sinner . what wretched shifts these men are put to , to make lewdness passable ! however , the surveyor is resolved not to quit his hold : he will have it that when nature is not wrong'd these liberties of making vice successful , and what you please besides , are an unalienable right : it seems they are entayl'd upon the poets , and descend by course of law , from the roman to the english stage : yes , say's the surveyor they have a right to all the priviledges of their predecessors . that is a christian has a clear title to imitate all the wickedness his heathen predecessors have practised before him . in the course of the argument , i prefer'd the precepts of horace , to the example of plautus and terence , and cited him for the contrary opinion . how can that be replies the surveyor , since horace draws youth with the same features and complexion that those comick poets had done before ? and in proof of his assertion , he produces the picture . cereus in vitium flecti monitoribus asper , &c. this description , continues he , is not a bare character , of the humours of young people , but a rule to draw them by . i agree with him : but then , as they have a byass to the character , they ought to have the consequences too : the poet should make them smart for the prodigality of their humour , for their ungovernable heats , and the folly of their appetites . and that this was horace's opinion appears from the rest of his advice * . but the surveyor can't find the obscenities of plautus condemn'd by horace ; and yet he is lucky enough to cite the place , so that it might have been his own discovery as well as mine . at nostri proavi plautinos & numeros , & landavere sales ; nimium patienter utrumque , ( nedicam stulte ) mirati * si modo ego , & vos scimus inurbanum , † * lepido seponere dicto , legitimumque sonum digitis callemus , & arte . here the surveyor was pretty near horace's meaning , for he grants plautus's raillery was censur'd because his iests were clownish : and why were they clownish ? because they were too often foul , and smutty ; they were carried too far , and push'd to indecency . * and that horace was not for this broad liberty , appears farther from his disswasive : aut immunda crepent , ignominiosaque dicta , offenduntur enim , quibus est equus , & pater , & res . but these verses belong to the satyrae , and therefore 't is legerdemain to apply them to the drama . not at all : 't is plain , horace condemns obscenity , and that the roman gentry had no relish for smutty entertainments . and if they would not allow it in their rustick satyrae , where there was some pretence of character to cover it ; 't would have gone down much worse , in the more polite diversions of comedy . i gave a short character from horace of the serviceableness of the antient poets , to government and private life , and that by consequence they aim'd more at improvement then pleasure . this , the surveyor answers , was but a compliment to poetry in general , and that comedy was not invented in the time of orpheus . granting all that ; if the compliment was to poetry in general , one would think it should reach to all the parts of it . and tho orpheus might live before comedy , horace was long enough after it . and this is he who informs us , that the usefulness of the antient poets , and the sobriety of their conduct , gain'd them their reputation . sic honor & nomen , divinis vatibus , atque carminibus venit . as much as to say , that the reward was fasten'd to the merit : and that if later poets would purchase their fame , they must follow their pattern . from the directions of horace to the chorus , i infer'd , that this poet would allow no countenance or good fortune to an immoral character . and foreseeing it might be replied , that tragedy was only concern'd , i endeavour'd to remove the objection . to this the surveyor opposes the authority of horace , as if the chorus was put down with old comedy . for , lex est accepta chorusque tupiter obticuit sublata jure nocendi . the case was thus ; the old comedy in the chorus had taken too much liberty with the government , and outrag'd persons of condition by name . upon this alcibiades had eupolis thrown over-board for his baptae , and got a bill passed , that the stage should at their peril name no body in their satyr . this is the law which horace refers to ; and therefore his testimony proves no more , than that the liberty of the chorus was silenc'd , which restraint was consistent enough with the use of it . and to prove the chorus did not expire with old comedy , i produced for evidence aristophanes's , plutus . but against this instance the surveyor starts two objections , for he 'l neither admit the plutus for new comedy ; nor so much as allow it as chorus . i must try if i can perswade him out of his rigour . in the first place then , why must not the plutus pass for new comedy ? t is plainly not old comedy . right , the surveyor grants as much ; the deviations , says he , in it from the former practice , make it lead up the van of the middle comedy . now the difference between middle and new comedy seem'd so insignificant to the learn'd turnebus , that he branches the greek comedy into no more than two divisions , old and new. to which i may add , that the scholiast upon aristophanes calls the plutus , a sort of new comedy . devit . & script . aristoph . ed. amstel . his next objection is that the plutus has no true chorus : * just now it had none at all : but i find he flags in his prosecution . but why is it no true chorus ? aristophanes who wrote the play , i suppose liked it well enough , and calls it a chorus ; and t is somewhat hard his word cannot be taken ; if he did not make it as he should do , he must answer for it not i. dacier likewise affirms the chorus was continued in the middle comedy . nay the surveyor's scaliger confesses the chorus was taken out ; and if so , one would think t was in before . but the chorus seems to be in a condition to defend it self , and to have all reasonable requisites , and capacities ; for it consists of a plurality of persons , acts in the dialogue , and offers to sing in the parabases . but after all , the surveyor won't allow it to be a legitimate chorus : no! not when aristophanes was the father on 't , and owns the issue ! well , i can't produce the mother , and therefore if one side of the genealogy won't satisfie , i must leave him . but i 'm to blame for talking of these matters , for it seems i read no more of the plutus than the list of the persons of the drama ; why then , i had a notable guess with me , for i have abstracted the dialogue for some pages together , as the reader may perceive if he pleases : i think a little more modesty would do this author no harm . my inference from aristotle ( as oblique as it is ) for the continuance of the chorus , i shall venture with his exceptions , only observing that where he says the magistrates giving the chorus , means nothing but paying the actors : he should have said the actors in the chorus ; for so aristotle is interpreted by petitus and goulston . and whereas he affirms 't is certain , menander had no chorus ; he should have given us something better than his bare word for 't , considering menander is lost , and there 's no appealing to the author . if he argues , that menander had no chorus because his imitator terence has none , the consequence is not good . for tho a chorus is not to be found in the remains of plautus and terence , yet dacier is positive , that the romans made use of it in comedy , and mentions the fabulae attellanae for an instance . he can't deny but that moliere has reviv'd the chorus in comedy : but then he pretends the poet was in his second infancy , and us'd this expedient only as crutches to support the infirmity of his age. but this exception goes upon a mistake , both in the reason , and the history . first , moliere was no such decrepit person , for he acted in his malade imaginaire not many hours before his death : and , as i remember , the writer of his life reports him not to have outlived his four and fiftieth year . and then , secondly , that the chorus is no sign of a languid , declining muse is clear from quintilian , who prefers the spirit , vigour , and elocution of the old comedy to that of the new. now , the chorus the surveyor grants had always a part in the old comedy . he would gladly know to what end i would have a chorus in the english comedy : to this i can only answer , that i am surpriz'd at his question , having given him no manner of occasion for 't . he goes on in his defence of the modern comedy , and alledges , that the success of libertines is not given to the licentiousness , but to the wit and sence , &c. which are predominant in the character . to this i answer , first , that to make lewdness fortunate and fashionable , is a dangerous representation : for it takes off the restraints of shame , gives a varnish to the vice , and heightens the temptation . secondly , treating loose characters with sence and respect , provokes to imitation , and makes the infection catching . many people are more inclinable to talk wittily , than to act wisely . now the wit is generally not to be come at without the libertinism ; for the matter is so contriv'd , that the sugar and the ratsbane must go together . the wit , i say , lies generally in luscious indecencies , and outrages of virtue and religion : 't is brisk only because 't is bold , and rather spits than sparkles : its spirits are but lees a little alembick'd , and like some wood it shines only in its rotteness . thirdly , as to his forgers and pick-pockets he talks of , his conveyance , i take it , is not very clean . if he must make use of these gentlemen , let his pickpocket be seated on the bench , let him appear with figure and equipage , swagger in the court , ridicule the judges , and banter the laws ; and always have a pack'd jury to bring him honourably off . let but this be done , and then we need not question but the mystery of cutting a purse would soon drop its ill character , improve into a creditable profession ; and it may be , as much studied as coke upon littleton . i urged in the view , &c. that horace having expresly mention'd the progress of comedy , advised the poet to form his work upon the precepts of socrates and plato , and the models of moral philosophy ; and from hence i infer'd , that by horace's rule the poet was oblig'd to sobriety of conduct , &c. to this the surveyor replies , that the list of qualifications mention'd by horace , seem prepar'd only for tragick and epick poetry . his reason is , because the business seems too publick , and too much rais'd for comedy . but under favour , there 's no need of buskins : for the description descends to private affairs , to the regards of blood , and the laws of friendship : now these duties , in the judgment of quintilian , were taught no where better than in the comedies of menander ; where all the offices of life were run through , and every relation adjusted . to this i may add the authority of the learn'd dacier , who understands these instructions of horace , to relate to comedy . ( tom. . p. . ) the surveyor makes another little stand , and fences with the distinction between moral , and poetical manners ; affirming , that horace is to be understood of manners only in the latter sence . but by this gentleman's favour , 't is pretty plain , that horace must mean both ; to what purpose else should he recommend the rules , and writings of plato , and socrates ? these great men gave no instructions about poetry , unless to stand clear on 't ; nor treated manners in any other signification than that of philosophy . the surveyor , who is extreamly eager to find faults , and apt to make them , charges my account of poetical manners as deficient . it may be so : however , 't was sufficient for purpose and occasion . and besides , this place gave him notice of another , where there is a description much as full , tho not so tedious as his own . i complain'd , as i had great reason , that the stage made women , single women , and women of quality talk smuttily : here the surveyor cries , i run upon the wrong scent , argue too fast from the premisses , and because modesty is the character of women , misinfer , that no woman must be shewn without it . yes , i stand by the conclusion , that no woman ought to be shewn without modesty , unless she appears for censure and infamy , or , as mr. rymer speaks , to be kick'd in comedy . and even then , there ought to be a regard to the audience ; and tho the character is foul , the language should be clean . but to bring single women , and quality fo that sex , under these disorders , is still more unaccountable . 't is a direct crossing upon nature and custom , and a breach of manners , both ceremonious and poetick . for , do virgins and bawds . discourse in the same dialect ? is there no difference between ladies and little prostitutes ? or , is rampancy and lewdness the character of breeding ? if not , why is nature thus disguis'd , and quality mismark'd , and all to the disadvantage of sobriety ? but the surveyor objects , that tho courage is the characteristick of the other sex , yet 't is neither solecism nor general affront , to represent a man a coward . to this i answer , first , that courage is not reckon'd a quality so essential to a man , as modesty to a woman ; the expectation of it is not so general , nor the failure so monstrous ; and therefore his instance is not parallel . secondly , there are some circumstances and conditions of life , which tie this qualification faster , and as it were incorporate it to the sex ▪ and that is breeding , quality , &c. and to argue upon his own similitude ; tho to represent men sometimes as cowards , may be no solecism , yet to represent hercules or hector , such , would be great impropriety . now , decency of language is as much the character of gentlewomen , as bravery is of heroes ; so that to give a lady the nauseous liberties of a procuress , degrades her in her quality , and is both affronting and improper . thirdly , this practice , as i have prov'd it , being frequent , and without censure upon our stage , is still more unpardonable . fourthly , i observ'd , that this freedom was a breach of good behaviour to the audience , of which he is pleas'd not to take any notice . the surveyor urges farther , that the vices of particular women , are no affront to the sex in general ; but this excuse , were it true , without limitation , would not serve his turn . for i have prov'd , that the english stage have given the women a coarse character in general , and play'd their satyr upon the whole sex. but before i proceed , i must not forget how the surveyor takes occasion to tell us , that in plays the characters are neither vniversal nor general : his first reason is , because marks so comprehensive are the impressions and signatures of nature , which are not to be corrected or improv'd by us . now one would have thought the characters would have been the better for answering the truest proportion ; and coming up to the standard . this appears to have been horace's opinion , who recommends it as a rule to his stage poet. respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo doctum imitatorem , & ver as hinc ducere voces . that is , as dacier interprets him , nature is the right plan for life and manners . and therefore a good poet , who has a mind to bring a covetous , or ambitious person upon the stage , will choose to form the image more upon idea , than example ; and paint him rather from general notion , than particular life , et ver as hinc ducere voces . for this is consulting the original , and the way to give truth , and strength to the resemblance . whereas to draw from particulars in the world , is , as plato speaks , no more than a second-hand likeness , and but copying at the best . in individuals a quality is often cramp'd and disguis'd by other passions , and does not strike out to its full extent : but an idea considers the progress of inclination , makes way for fancy and freedom , and gives a character its just compass and distinction . and therefore those images which are fit for sight , should be taken from thence . the surveyor objects in the next place , that such comprehensive marks give us no idea of the person characteriz'd , but what is common to the rest of the species , and don't sufficiently distinguish him . but the reason of this objection stands upon nice ground , and will be apt to run off into unwarrantable practice : to keep the character within the crowd , is the most inoffensive method . indeed the distinction ought not to turn upon persons , but things , the quality should be mark'd , but not the man ; and the vice expos'd , without pointing at the vitious . for to descend to particulars , and fall to characterizing , is no better than libel , and personal abuse . in short , the poet should endeavour to abstract the fault from the subject , to hover in generals , and fly at the whole covey : for if he once comes to single out his quarry , he discovers himself a bird of prey . his saying the impresses , and signatures of nature , are not to be corrected or improv'd , and therefore not to be meddled with , is a great mistake . for if these impresses and signatures , are any better than iargon , he must mean the good and bad qualities incident to humane nature . now take them either way , and his proposition is not true . for , first , people's miscarriages are by no means inevitable . the blemishes in conduct , and character , are the consequences of choice . the faults of nature in this sence , are none of her necessities , and therefore very capable of correction . and then , as for the virtues , and noble qualities , if they are sometimes heighten'd above practice , where is the harm on●t ? example does not reach up to the utmost extent of power . and therefore if nature was shewn to the best advantage , and stretch'd to the length of her capacity , the pattern might be serviceable , and awaken to industry , and imitation . we are now coming to the parallel of the expressions , and here the surveyor gives in a collection of smut and prophaneness , in which he pretends the poets of greece and rome , are more licentious than ours . he acquaints us besides , according to his customary flourishes , that he has some hundreds of instances in reserve . and yet after all , he desires the reader to take notice , that he does not charge these passages as faults , or immoralities upon the antients , &c. how careful he is not to fall foul on debauchery ? he seems afraid left the reader should mistake him for a person that lay under some faint prepossessions of modesty . yes : the pedantry of virtue , and the pretences to religion , are uncreditable qualities , and a man must clear his reputation of them as well as he can ! he charges the licentiousness of the antients with immorality ! by no means ! that would be soure and cynical indeed ! he understands himself better than to range smut , and profaneness , under immorality ! such a censure would recoyl upon himself . if these practices are faults , then his whole book is little better than a defence of lewdness , and a plea for irreligion . the truth of this imputation , tho a severe one , is very evident : for having brought several gross instances of indecency out of plautus he justifies the imitation of them ; and roundly affirms , that since antient , and modern poets , ought to be govern'd by the same laws , 't is but reason , that one as well as 'tother , should be allow'd the benefit of them : that is , the benefit of smut and lewdness . thus the english dramatists are brought off without the least blemish or blot in their scutcheon . but here 's more comfort for them behind : for he is pleas'd to affirm , that if the passages of the antient poets were compar'd with those produced by me out of the moderns , the comparative rudeness , and profaneness of the latter would vanish . and yet he takes particular care to inform the reader , that he does not charge the antients with any faults , or immoralities upon this score : adding withall , that the moderns ought to have the benefit of the same liberty . from whence 't is plain to a demonstration , that this author has given the stage a greater latitude , and prompted them to an improvement in distraction . they may , it seems , lard their plays thicker with obscenities , discharge their oaths faster , and double their blasphemies . well! i perceive wickedness would have a glorious time on 't under this surveyor ! but is he sure after all , that the antient and modern poets , as poets , are to be govern'd by the same laws . is there no difference between the doctrines of heathenism and christianity ? are the objects of worship the same in both ? and are knowledge and ignorance to be treated with the same allowance ? i thought the modern poets , as well as other people , had been under the jurisdiction of god almighty , and tied up to the laws of the gospel . but it seems the stage is all franchises , and privileg'd ground : the muses have a particular exemption , and the christian is dispenc'd with by the poet. this is the surveyor's reasoning . however , to give him his due , he has formerly been not altogether of this opinion . for elsewhere he tells us , that the main business of a chorus is cut off by our religion , which is the reason we have no hymns nor anthems sung upon the stage , but make use of smutty songs in stead of them . i find then by his own confession , that the change of religion has some influence upon the stage : this was his former judgment , but he improves by writing , and his last will must stand . the surveyor in his parallel , blackens the antients most unmercifully , and swells their charge beyond all truth and proportion . this is done to make the moderns look the more tolerable , and keep them the better in countenance . but a little pains will serve to wipe off most of the spots , and restore them to their complexion . and here i can't help observing , that let the antients be as faulty as may be , the surveyor should by no means pretend to discover it : for he has already fully acquitted the greek and roman dramatists of all imputations of indecency , and roundly pronounced , that tho the mimi were scandalously lewd , the drama was not at all . but to return : before he draws out upon the old poets , he endeavours to defend his ophelia . and here he tells us a long story , how warrantable her love was , how artfully manur'd , and strongly forc'd up ; and by his description , one would think he was raising a muskmelon . but then , as ill luck , and the poet would have it , her humble servant hamlet killing her father by mistake , and counterfeiting madness , ruined all . this misfortune must needs make horrible convulsions in a mind so tender , and , as the surveyor compliments the ladies , in a sex so weak . well : her father was kill'd , &c. but , what then ? must she needs lament in smut , and pay her respects in distraction ? are luscious expressions the natural effect of deep sorrow , and can't she appear tender , without being rotten ? however , to do the surveyor right , he has produced the exceptionable lines , for 't was the song which i complain'd of . and this , if you 'l believe him , is so innocent , that there 's no fear of offending the modesty of the most chast ear. i 'm sorry he seems to have lost the very notion of deceny . he 's more to blame for transcribing , then ophelia was for singing this ditty , because he wants her madness for his excuse . now 't is but an untoward business , when a man is the worse for being in his wits . but now the surveyor is come to his dissection of the old poets : and here his reading upon the body is admirable ; and to magnifie his skill , he spies out more diseases then e're the patient died of . he often arraigns an innocent expression , and when 't is not so , his paraphrase is much grosser than the text. for 't is generally his way when he lights upon a sore place , to make it much worse for the dressing . however , he seems to have gotten a very agreeable subject : for his ink flows amain , and his invention grows very copious : he seems to swim at his ease , and his fancy plays down the stream , and tumbles in the mud , with great satisfaction . he begins with sophocles's antigone : this lady he pretends makes some intemperate discoveries , and does not keep up to the decencies of sex , and condition . to understand something of the fable , this antigone was by king creon her uncle , sentenc'd to be shut up in a cave , and starv'd to death , only for burying her brother polynices contrary to the king's order : she was likewise contracted to his son haemon . now , tho she had stood firm against the menaces of creon , and shewn her self brave and good natur'd to an extraordinary pitch ; yet when she comes to be led to execution , her fortitude gives way a little to the tenderness of her sex ; she breaks out into some natural starts of concern , and according to the custom of that age , and the eastern countreys , * laments her dying young and single . but she makes a shift to govern her language , and keeps her passion from boiling over . i shall transcribe his most serviceable line , in which she complains of the disappointment of her fortune , and that she must go off . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is , that she must die single , and be cross'd in her love with haemon : upon whom , tho the surveyor overlook'd it , 't is plain she had settled her affection . for when creon threatned to break the contract , she discovers her regards to haemon in a very intelligible , tho decent expression . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . his next instance is electra , who goes a little upon the complaint of antigone . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this lady , we must understand , had seen her father murther'd , by her mother and aegisthus ; she was likewise ill treated in the family , and had no body to take care of her interest , and make good the expectations of her birth : she had none but her brother orestes to depend on , and his long absence made her afraid she was forgotten . in short , she was impatient for his return , and seems rather to wish for protection and revenge , than a settlement . and were it otherwise , the expression is perfectly inoffensive . and thus sophocles stands disengaged without difficulty ; and had the english stage been thus reserv'd , they had sav'd me the trouble of a whole chapter . as for aeschylus the surveyor does not so much as offer at him ; so that there 's two of the three greek tragedians secur'd . but euripides is now set to the bar , and terribly handled for giving this line to polyxena when she was going to be sacrificed . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . that is , she was going to die unmarried , and without being dispos'd of according to the privilege of her condition . this complaint is in the surveyor's aggravation very unreasonable . he grows very tragical upon the occasion , taxes the princess with incontinence , meanness of spirit , and an inte●●●rate desire of engaging with the conquerour of her country , tho at the disadvantage of being his slave . but this lady is wrong'd by the surveyor , the case is misreported , and , as it sometimes happens , the indictment is set forth with a great deal more noise than law. let the lady speak for her self . now in this very scene , she laments the misfortunes of her family ; and lets us understand , that her birth gave her just pretences to be dispos'd of to a monarch : but now the ruine of her country had chang'd the prospect , and made marriage her aversion : she could now expect nothing but that some little slave should be forc'd upon her . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and therefore she goes boldly to the altar , congratulates her murther , and is pleas'd with the rescue of death : she is glad not to survive her greatness any longer ; and says , life is over-purchas'd upon the terms of ignominy . in a word , she is so far from deserving the surveyor's censure , that when she comes to the block , she makes decency her last care , and expires in the character of her condition . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the surveyor is now for persecuting her sister cassandra , and one would almost think , that he had , like iuno , a spite to the whole family . this lady he blames for being too forward in discovering her satisfaction at the news of her match with agamemnon ; but , first , here is not so much as the least exceptionable expression ; but the language is inoffensive to the most exact niceness : and therefore he has blackn'd the page with greek to no purpose . secondly , cassandra's forwardness to comply proceeded purely from her revenge . being in a prophetick fit , she foresaw this match would prove fatal to agamemnon and his whole family . and tho she knew her self was shortly to be murther'd , yet the prospect of revenging her country , and destroying her greatest enemies , made her run into transport , and desire her mother to congratulate her happiness . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and after having enlarg'd upon the misfortunes of the greeks , and shewn how gloriously the trojans died in the defence of their country , she perswades hecuba not to afflict her self ; for now , says she , i am going to make the general a full return , and to finish his ruine . — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . but cassandra , in the surveyor's opinion , should not have been so forward to rush upon her own dishonour . to clear this , we must understand , that cassandra was under extraordinary circumstances : she was possess'd both by apollo , and a very governing passion besides : now 't is no wonder if the transports of prophecy and revenge , should make her a little overlook other considerations . but this reason apart , it does not appear that cassandra was forc'd upon any dishonourable engagement ; for the favour of a prince was not , as talthybius tells her mother , unreputable at that time of day . polygamy was then the practice of several countreys , and particularly the custom of her own , as appears from the discourse between hermione , and andromache * . as for old hecuba , i confess euripedes has given her a luscious expression to make her interest with agamemnon . but then it does not come up to the pitch of scandal of many passages of the english stage : 't is meer bashfulness to some of their songs , and courtship : and thus out of nineteen plays in euripides , the surveyor has made a shift to furnish one passage out of order . but instead of producing one out of nineteen , i could return him nineteen out of one , from th● moderns , were it convenient . but as the surveyor reports the case , euripides has somewhat farther to answer for . ●tis true his tenderness is such that he refuses to give in particulars ; but the reader is referred in general to the exceptionable plays . well : dolus latet in generalibus is a true saying . the surveyor has hid himself in a folio , and now is safe enough : he loves like caeus to make a smother in his cave , to conceal his foul play. indeed i think the smoke is his best defence , and the finding him out the hardest part of the enterprize . to come up with him . his instance in hermione and andromache , is altogether short . they chide , 't is true , a little too warmly for their quality , if we breed them by our own times ; but nothing foul or disorderly passes between them : and as for creusa , his quarrel with her is nothing but ill-will : for she does not in the least run her self a ground in her story , but relates her misfortune with great reservedness . neither does her son ion put any uncivil question to her . his modesty is very defensible , if not his manners : tho' even in this latter respect the young people upon the stage are now more free with their parents than this comes to . and lastly , electra is innocent of the accusation he brings against her . 't is true , she encourages orestes to kill his mother , but then she stands clear of indecency , and says nothing in that respect , misbecoming her character : so far from that , that she won't so much as mention the debaucheries of aegystus ; no not when she was recounting his other villanies , and triumphing in his being dispatch'd . she runs over his guilt in murther and injustice , but when she came to his lewdness , she cuts off her story , and declares it , no fit subject for a single lady . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the greeks being now dismiss'd , seneca comes on for another hearing . and phaedra in hippolitus is pitch'd upon for a character of misbehaviour : but the surveyor knows i excepted against her management my self ; and censured the freedom of her discovery , only with this abatement , that her language was under discipline : and that the latter part of my assertion was no less true than the former , will easily be understood by any one that reads the poet in himself , and not in the surveyor's paraphrase . but it seems the nurse runs over in her expression , and does not suit her language to her advice ; and here the force of the charge lies all in one word , ( for the rest is only for show ; ) in an answer to which , we may observe that words don't always keep close to their first signification ; but grow sometimes the worse for the wearing : and that the old romans had an idea different from the surveyor's , in the expression under debate , appears sufficiently from st. hieroms epistles , who uses it without scruple . i observ'd that we had no courting in seneca , except in the hercules furens , where the tyrant lycus addresses megara very briefly , and in modest remote language . this the surveyor does not deny ; but then he pretends to give an instance of ly●us's misbehaviour to amphitrio , i shall transcribe his quotation for the reader . iovi dedisti conjugem regi dabis . et te magistro non novum hoc discet nurus , etiam viro probante meliorem sequi ; sin copulari pertinax taedis negat , vel ex coact a nobilem partum feram . now am i at a loss to what purpose these fine verses were cited . it must be for the learning in the language . yes : he may possibly , like some patients , fancy the physick works much the better , for the latin in the bill . but he goes on with wonderful courage , as if he was resolv'd to swagger the reader out of some part of his sences : if these allowances , says he , may be made , ( meaning for the last citation ) i 'le engage to prove , there never was an immodest thing said upon the english stage . certainly this author has a tast peculiar to himself ! one would think he should be better read in smut , by his talent in writing it . i 'm afraid this ignorance is all affected : and that he has gotten the trick of shrinking up his understanding , as they say some beggars do their arms upon occasion . he tells me , i forgot the shameful solicitations which phraedra us'd to corrupt hippolytus . he knows i took notice of phraedra's irregular freedoms , but then , tho her solicitations are shameful , they are not smutty . he would perswade the reader , that seneca's agamemnon is stock'd with curiosities of this kind . and yet there is but one line which looks the least that way : and that is clytemnestra's reproach to aegystus , in which she tells him , that his lewdness was the only proof of his manhood . quem venere tantum scimus illicita virum . now this rebuke is so comparatively civil , that were it in some of our plays , the modesty of it would almost put it out of countenance , and kill the expression . the surveyor has hitherto found but small returns from his enquiry . he has rang'd over a great deal of ground , and quarter'd the fields of greece and italy . but all this questing has sprung but very little game . however , he seems extreamly busie , and by his motion would make you believe every butterfly was worth the setting . whoever , says he , consults the passages amiss in sophocles or euripides , or censures with the allowances made to seneca , will find the most exceptionable passages in our poets , whether comick or tragick , very excusable upon a fair construction . the moderns compar'd with the greek tragedians and seneca , in point of decency , and sobriety of language ! he may almost as well compare aristophanes with terenco , and the sixth aeneid of virgil , with the sixth satyr of iuvenal . the moderns ! who not only glance , but dwell upon an ill subject , bandy it between the two sexes , and keep it up to shew their skill in the exercise . yes : they love to flourish upon lewdness , to refresh it with repetition ; and beat it out into length and circumstances . sometimes to distinguish a foul thought , they deliver it in scripture phrase , and set it in gold to make it sparkle the better . in short , they omit nothing to explain the mystery , and cultivate the interest of debauchery : nothing that may fortifie the poison , and make it more poinant and palatable . to lay their disorders before the reader , were the sight proper , would swell into a book , and be a tedious undertaking . 't would be infamy of bulk , and voluminous distraction ; not to be scan'd by the line , but weigh'd by the pound . such plays are much more fit for the solemnities of flora and ceres , than the entertainments of those who are baptiz'd . 't is almost pity they han't a set of pantomimes to do justice to the subject , and dance up to the spirit of the dialogue . the surveyor pleads for a distinction between the private sentiments of the man , and the publick ones of the poet , and that the liberties of a character ought not to be laid to the charge of the dramatists that represents them . this author must think this pleasure , but quintilian was of another mind ; who lets us know , that afranius , a vitious comick poet , discover'd his practice in his plays . * indeed nothing is more natural than for a man's fancy to flow into his ink , and when he can , to make his business his diversion . father : a poet that writes loosely can never be excus'd , for this is done either out of inclination , or interest : if the first , he 's a person of no sobriety , if the second , of no conscience : as for the plea from the nature and propriety of characters , 't is answer'd already in my defence , but the surveyor was resolv'd to jog on , and overlook it . the surveyor in his examination of plautus , says , i may blush for my defence of this poet , for affirming his censurable passages are very moderate , as the world goes , and that several of our single plays shall far out do all this put together . now tho this may be true in the compass he has given it , yet 't is much more than i affirm'd . but this author , according to his custom , has extended my assertion to the whole works of plautus , which relates only to the misbehaviour of women . and in this sence of the comparison , i still defend plautus , and in proof of the point appeal to the old batchelour , the soldier 's fortune , and several other english plays . the surveyor opens the case farther against plautus , and presses the particulars of the charge . and first his amphitruo is loaded with a heavy accusation . but the best on 't is , here 's a mistake of the person , which is enough in all conscience to quash the indictment . that rankness of language which the surveyor charges upon plautus , is all interpolation , and belongs to another author . now as the poet has no reason to answer for what does not belong to him , so these ungenuine additions were particularly excepted by me . my adversary , if he writes awake , must needs know these decent quotations were nothing to his purpose . but possibly the nosegay was made up , for a curiosity to the reader , and to oblige his own smelling : and to make plautus amends for giving him more then his due , he 's resolv'd to take something from him : for at the latter end of amphytrio , he slides away the word facere , * which quite alters the sence , and makes compliance sound up to obscenity . but this is no wonder , for i observe the surveyor is mightily light-finger'd this way , and generally steals off the modesty of an author . and to aggravate the theft , the motive is more malice , than necessity : for he does not filch , to make use of his neighbours goods , but to destroy them . his objection against the morality of the dialogue between demaenetus and argyrippus in the asinaria , is out of the question : i warranted no farther than the expression , nor that neither , but with reference to the moderns . his next instance is in the curculio , where phaedromus and planesium salute each other too eagerly : it may be so ; but then we may observe , they had not seen one another for some time , and the visit was made with difficulty : and under such circumstances , had they been both of the same sex , they might have discover'd some affection extraordinary . however he can't say the expression is foul , and if it was , 't is a slave that speaks it , * and so nothing to his purpose . to shew the comparative modesty of plautus , i took notice , that the slaves and pandars who had the greatest liberty , seldom play'd their gambols before women ; that there are , as i remember , but four instances to the contrary ; and that even there , the women these men discourse with , are two of them slaves , and the third a wench . here he is sorry for my want of memory , but i have much more reason to condole with him for the loss of his own . for olympio , upon whom he would make his advantage , will do him no service , the liberties of this slave in the casina are expresly barred both by name and play , and stand first in the list of the exception . i grant cleostrata urges olympio to tell the story , but then tho the drift of her fancy may be amiss , the complexion of her language is bright , unless in one line , which , if not interpreted to her ignorance , is no more then a double entendre . artemona's allegory in the asinaria is somewhat less offensive than this , tho none of the most reserv'd . thus he has made a shift to muster up two exceptionable sentences of women of some consideration in plautus . but alass ! what are these to the repeated and luscious freedoms of elvira , of the ladies in the country wife , of belinda , and lady plyant , of narcissa , and lady dunce . not to mention a great many others . here the weeds are extreamly rank , and thick set : and were they worth the gathering , the reader might be plentifully furnish'd for a little pains . the surveyor has something farther with artemona , and pretends her frankness gave her slave parasitus the boldness to put a very untoward question to her . 't is this , possis si forte accubantem tuum virum conspexeris , cum coronae amplexum amicam si vide as cognoscere ? of these lines he gives a foul and mistaken translation , and which is clearly confuted both by the text and notes . every body knows beds and garlards were for eating and publick entertainment . and then gremio jacuit nova nupta mariti was usual enough : this was somewhat of the case of the husband demenetus , who was discover'd at supper with his son , and his wench . and that the appearance was fair , is evident from the slaves advices to his mistress : he desires her to stay a little for information about their behaviour : paras : hem tibi hominem : art. perii ! par. paulisper mane . aucupemus ex insidiis clanculum quam rem gerunt . and upon the immediate progress of the story , the old man , the young one , and the woman , drink , and discourse all together . i observ'd farther to the advantage of plautus , that his men who talk intemperately are generally slaves , adding , that i thought dordalus the pander , and lusiteles a young gentleman , were the only exception : and this latter was only guilty of one over airy expression . but it seems the surveyor is somewhat sharper at these enquiries , and after his rummaging over comedies has catched periplectimines tripping in one word ; and that too used by way of reproof . now , that the expression , tho out of order , is not so gross as he would represent it , appears from lambin's note upon the epilogue to the captivi : and from chremes's reprimand of clitipho in terence . * to conclude this matter , what periplectimenes speaks , the hostess in bartholomew fair acts , and that , i take it , is somewhat more foul , and expressive . once more and plautus is dismiss'd . i affirm'd , that this poets prologues and epilogues were inoffensive . this the surveyor confesses is a great point , but seems to think it cann't be carried . but here the reader may please to observe , that the dispute turns only upon indecency of language , for i never intended to vouch the doctrine , and morals of plautus : and thus the epilogue in the asinaria is nothing to the surveyor's purpose , being perfectly clean in the expression . as for the epilogue of the captivi 't is all in defence of virtue , as well as the play ; and the actors urge their modesty , as an argument for favour to the audience . 't is true they plead their merit in one ungovern'd expression ; to which , in the case of periplectimenes , i have spoken already . his remaining objection is against the epilogue in the casina . and here i grant the principle is ill enough , but that is foreign to the question . but for any other objection , i can't perceive the strength of it . for , as to the last line , upon which i suppose he founds himself , this sentence seems rather to contain an ill wish , and a menace of disappointment , than any thing else . * besides ; as to debauch't principle , the prologue to the plot and no plot , is as bad as 't is possible , and over and above much more scandalous in language , than the epilogue to plautus's casina ; in which the disadvantage is shaded , and the expression made more remote . and can the surveyor now find in his heart to compare the prologues and epilogues of plautus with those of the moderns ? * is the decency and complexion the same in both ? a man must have a great command of his blood , to affirm this without blushing ; and be almost as much a master of his face , as he is of his conscience . as for terence , he is so staunch and regular , that there 's no medling with him : no , the surveyor does not think fit to attack this poet ; but leaves him as a standing reproach upon the english stage . i must now follow him in his remarks upon the chapter of the abuse of the clergy . and here his spleen against the church disorders him extreamly , and indeed almost throws him into fits. he would gladly say something to purpose against the clergy , but the subject fails him . this makes him rail most unmercifully ; for spight and impotence together are generally very clamorous and impertinent . to shew the unreasonableness of the stage-scurrilities upon the clergy , i endeavour'd to make out the right this order had to regard , and fair usage . first , because of their relation to the deity , where i observ'd that christian priests are the principal ministers of god's kingdom : they represent his person , publish his law , pass his pardons , and preside in his worship . i thought these things had been so plain that they needed no confirmation , but since the surveyor contests the point , i shall briefly make it good . now , i desire to know of the surveyor , what it is to represent another ? is it not to be his agent , and to manage his affairs by vertue of his authority ? and does not the priest seal covenants in god's name ? does he not baptize by commission , and exercise part of that power which our saviour had upon earth ? the surveyor's objection upon this head is amazingly ridieulous : for by his reasoning no man can represent the person of god , without being possessed of the divine attributes , and able to sustain the figure of omnipotence . as much as to say , that a prince can't send another as his ambassadour , unless his person , prerogative and appearance , is equal to his own . and therefore if the ambassadour falls short of his master in the advantages of body , or mind , in the extent of his dominions , or the magnificence of his retinue ; if any thing of this happens , let the credentials be what they will , the characters it seems sinks , and the representation becomes impossible . this is strong reasoning , i confess , for it almost argues the world in pieces . at this rate princes must travel to keep the peace , and transact all their matters by interview , and personal visit : for a plenipotentiary is a dangerous thing : they can't prefer a subject to an embassy , without communicating their royalty , and making an equal to themselves . and thus the surveyor has gone a great way towards breaking the correspondence of christendom . farther , i thought the surveyor would have allow'd angels , at least , for their name sake , to have represented god almighty : but by this reasoning michael himself is struck out of capacity , and the highest order of spirits unqualified for the office : for no created being has any of the divine attributes , nor which is more , can have them . he says the regards that i insist on for the priesthood , belongs to the governours of the church . now , tho he mayn't know it , priests are governours , within their precinct ; they have regimen animarum , the guidance of souls , and the concerns of eternity in their care , and that one would think were none of the least interest of the parish . i grant theatrum is a hard word to construe , but i fancied the surveyor might have known the english of rector well enough . by this time , i hope , the representation may be allow'd . but then as to the authority of publishing the laws of god , passing his pardons , and presiding in his worship , these privileges , he says , were peculiar to the apostles . but his affirmation apart , the holy scriptures teach us , that the people are to seek the law at the priest's mouth , for he is the messenger of the lord of hosts . and the church of england in her form of ordination gives the priest authority to preach the word of god , and to minister the holy sacraments ; and which in her articles she denies to belong to the supream civil power : and as for the power of passing pardons , and giving absolution , 't is founded upon that solemn commission given by our saviour . as my father hath sent me , even so send i you , whosesoever sins ye remit , they are remitted unto them , and whosesoever sins ye retain , they are retain'd . and can any one imagine that words so plain in the expression , and so solemn in the occasion , are void of weight and signification ? not to mention the right they imply of admitting into the church , and excluding from it ; not to mention this , they must amount to this meaning at the lowest , that those who neglect this ordinance of god , and refuse to apply for absolution to persons thus authoriz'd , shan't have their sins forgiven , tho otherwise not unqualified . and thus , to put a resembling case , a malefactor can't have the benefit of the prince's pardon unless it passes the seals , and runs through the forms of law. and that this power was not peculiar to the apostles , but design'd for a standing advantage , and settled upon the successions of the hierarchy ; is plain by the doctrine , and practice of our own church : for at the ordination of priests the authority of remitting and retaining sin , is confer'd in the same words , whosesoever sins ye remit , &c. and in the office for the visitation for the sick , the priest making express mention of his authority from our saviour , absolves the penitent from all his sins , in the name of the father , the son , and the holy ghost . and as this authority of the priest is thus fully maintain'd by the church , so 't is no less acknowledg'd by the state : for the book of common prayer , with the form of ordination , &c. stands upon a bottom of law , and has two acts of parliament to defend it . for tho the spiritual privileges of the priesthood are independent of the civil magistrate , yet the statutes above-mention'd imply an assent to the charter deliver'd by our saviour , and are a fair acknowledgment of the power . and thus , the surveyor , to make a blow at the clergy , has charg'd through gospel and law , contradicted the bible and the statute-book , and fallen foul upon the highest authority both in church and state. but still he questions , whether the commission of every christian priest be of equal extent and validity with that of the apostles . i grant the first part of his proposition : that the apostles had peculiar advantages in their authority , and that their jurisdiction was larger than that of succeeding priests , or bishops either , is not denied . but tho their commission was larger , 't was not more valid than that of the present priesthood . for this stands upon the authority of the new testament , upon the credit of undoubted succession , and the known practice of christendom for almost seventeen hundred years together . what , tho they are not call'd immediately by god himself , nor endued with supernatural and miraculous faculties , does this affect the credibility of their credentials ? i suppose princes are the ministers of god , and deputed to govern under him ; and must the proof of their commission depend upon miracles and immediate designation ? must they be proclaim'd from the clouds , and anointed by an angel from heaven ? and are not their subjects to own them till they can make out their title by supernatural evidence ; by the gift of tongues , and raising the dead ? the absurdity of these consequences may inform the surveyor , that there 's no need of a miraculous credential to prove a delegation from heaven . the surveyor in stating the difference between the ordinary priests , and the apostles , makes several mistakes : and were he in the right , the dispute is foreign to the controversy . he affirms the apostles doctrine had no other evidence than their own affirmation and the works that they did : yes : they had moreover the completion of prophecies , and the agreement of the old testament ; and these corroborating circumstances , were extreamly considerable . he goes on , and alledges in abatement of the present priesthood , that persons of this order have no natural gifts above other men , to warrant a pretence to an extraordinary mission . is the bounty of god then confin'd to privilege● of nature ? or , is he not at liberty to chuse what officers he pleases ? i conceive the surveyor won't deny this . had the apostles then any of these advantages above others ? so far from that , that they seem rather to fall short of the common standard . their apprehensions at first were very heavy , and their reason check'd by a low education . and which is more , they were rather chosen for these disadvantages : for this made their doctrine the more unquestionable , and the evidence of their inspiration the greater . to see such unpromising persons so wise in their discourse , so wonderful in their actions , and so unusual in their success , must needs convince the world that god was with them . and thus the surveyor's assertion is false both in fact , and reasoning . his saying , that this commission of the apostles and their successors , expir'd upon the conversion of princes to christianity , is a great mistake : the church is still independent , her authority unalterable , neither is she in things purely spiritual , subordinate to the civil power . this truth i have elsewhere proved at large , and thither i refer the reader . the surveyor in speaking to the importance of the priests office , would not allow him to preside any more in gods worship , than a clerk in parliament presides over the house , because be reads the bills , and petitions to them . it seems then the relation of the priest , and the congregation , is the same with that of the clerk to the parliament . what would this author be at ? does he mean , that when the priest reads the bible , the people may debate whether it shall pass or not , and divide into yeas and noes , about saying amen to the lord's prayer . one would think by his worthy similitude , that the people went to church to be worship'd , and that the liturgie was only a parcel of humble petitions put up to the parish . the surveyor is extreamly desirous to have a religious character expos'd on the stage ; but against this liberty , i have given my reasons at large ; which when the surveyor has replied to , he may possibly hear farther from me . my adversary is now upon arguing against the plea of prescription , and would gladly make out , that the heathen stage has treated the priests as coarsly as the christian. and here aeschylus is as surly as before , and won't so much as appear in the cause . however , sophocles lay in his way , and in he must come ; but then this poet by his air and heaviness , looks more like a prisoner than a witness ; well! we must hear his depositions in his ajax flagellifer , what then is to be done here ? does the poet bait a priest like the relapse ? by no means . does he represent a priest in his play ? not that neither . then i suppose he spoke ill of him behind his back ? i confess that was not as it should be . the best on 't is , the mischief lies in a little compass : 't is all in a line or two at the end of the play : here the chorus , in regard of the surprizing events they had observ'd , are pleas'd to say , that seeing , was believing , and that ne're a diviner could tell before-hand , how matters would go . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 now if this instance must have an answer , i reply ; that prophets or diviners held a very small proportion to the rest of the priests , so that the censure , tho gentle , falls only on the skirts of the profession . but then to go even thus far , looks like straining upon sophocles . for the natural meaning of the moral seems to be thus ; that humane foresight is short , and the future impenetrable ; and therefore people ought to guard accordingly upon the present . but i 'm afraid i have been too long upon this matter , and so have used the reader a great deal worse , than sophocles did the prophet . his next instance in iocasta , is obviated , and answer'd ; and so is that following in creon ; who is declar'd by the chorus to be punish'd for his haughtiness and impiety . however , for once , let 's see what the surveyor will make out of creon . now this prince being dissatisfied with tiresias's discovery in divination , makes this angry reflection ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is , your augurs are all a covetous sort of people . now , tho the regard which creon shew'd tiresias in the preceding line , * calls for a soft construction , yet the surveyor gives the text a mobbish turn , and foists in some of his own ill language besides : in his version it stands thus . they were all a pack of mercenary corrupt fellows . this , it seems , is the english of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . at this rate , if he were to turn st. paul's citation from aratus , the translation of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , would run thus : mankind are a pack of fellows of heavenly extraction . we see what lean evidence sophoeles proves , tho under the surveyor's management : i hope i have made him speak a little fuller on the other side ; his first testimony from euripides is levelled only against soothsaying and divination . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and yet even here he over-translat●s the original * , spoils the breeding of the character , and makes generals rail like carmen . and in the same play he translates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fellow , and makes the best word in the greek ▪ the worst in the english. farther , we may take notice , that these warm expressions were spoken against calchas the augur : and tho one of them was deliver'd by achilles , who was all passion and violence , yet 't was in the absence of the person censur'd . and as for calchas , his interest is great , and his figure creditable in the play * . his instance in pentheus , and likewise what he offers from seneca , is answer'd in the view , where the reader may see an over-ballance of evidence for the other side . but we must leave the priests , and go on to the gods their masters : now these the surveyor pretends were used with great freedom by the antients . he begins with sophocles , and objects the rants of ajax , creon , and philoctetes , but here his charge is somewhat inhumane . these characters have smarted severely for their impiety : now persons that have suffer'd the law , should not be reproach'd with their crimes : and therefore in scotland they say when a man is hanged , he 's justified . but the surveyor wants time for a collection out of this poet : not unlikely : people that have nothing to pay , are generally in haste . euripides is once more summon'd : now this poet , i granted , had some profane passages uncorrected : and 't is well my concession was thus frank , for i perceive the surveyor can hardly prove it : however his performance must be examin'd . his first citation from the hecuba is the best . but here he loses more in his skill , than he gains in his luck . for he quite mistakes the meaning of part of talthybiu●'s expostulation ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which he thus translates . o iupiter ! what shall i say ? should mankind address themselves to you ? &c. whereas it should have been rendred thus . o iupiter ! i 'm at a stand whether humane affairs are part of your administration , or not , &c. but i shall pursue the advantage no farther . this might be a piece of honest ignorance for ought i know : and no man can play more then he sees . but then he should be a little cautious not to venture out of his depth , till he can swim better . polymnestor in this tragedy is another instance how far the surveyor is to be trusted . the words must be transcrib'd ; in which this prince complains of the uncertainty of prosperity , and the suddain turns of fate ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . let 's now see what english the surveyor can afford us to this greek . oh , what a stippery thing is humane grandeur , which is never secure ? thus far all 's well . but then the remainder is wretchedly wrested into atheism and misconstruction : — the gods ( says he ) perplex and harrass mankind , that our ignorance may support their altars , and worship . but the poet's meaning stands thus . the gods make humane affairs floating , and uncertain ; that so our ignorance of future events , may prevent the fancy of independence , and make us apply to heaven for a better protection . now this is a sence of piety , instead of prophaneness . and to justifie the translation , i appeal not only to the text , and latin version , but to the greek scholiast , who is expressly for it . farther : if there had been any thing of prophaneness in this reflection , polymnestor paid dearly for 't . for soon after his eyes are pluck'd out , and his children murther'd before him * to proceed . electra's expostulation is horribly misrepresented . this lady seeing helena upon her return from troy , and that she brought back her beauty with her infamy , makes this remark upon 't . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . that is , advantages of person are a misfortune to some people ; but extreamly serviceable to such as make a right use of them . here the surveyor bestirs him notably . he keeps the last line to himself , maims the period , and then rigs out this pious translation ; o nature , what a curse art thou upon mortals ! as much as to say , he has found a heathen president for the blasphemy of the moderns : whereas 't is notoriously evident , that here is not the least glance against providence ; and that only the endowments and advantages of nature are meant by the expression . orestes is no more the surveyor's friend than electra his sister . for when menelaus question'd him about the murther of his mother , he pleads the oracle in his excuse . and when the other was surpriz'd at the singularity of the order , he replies , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . that is , we are not to dispute the gods commands , but obey them , for the divine nature is too big for humane understandings . and if the surveyor thinks this too much a paraphrase , orestes shall speak in his own translation . 't is thus : we serve the gods whatever they be . why then , it seems , he did not question their being , but thought religion very well worth the minding . yes : his piety appears farther in his next answer , for when menelaus seem'd to wonder why apollo did not rescue him from his misfortune ; he tells him , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . that is , as the scholiast interprets , the gods are not suddain in their administrations ; but take time in rewards , and punishments , to try the good , and recover the evil. his objection from the cyclops is fully prevented in the view . however the poet must be cited , and the gyant brought in , for the sake of the civil translation . besides , a little greek , tho nothing to the purpose , has a face of learning , and looks big upon the english reader . in the ion , by translating 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rascal , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whoremaster , he makes creusa , and her servant much coarser than they are in euripides . 't is true the servant being moved with the suppos'd ill usage of his mistress , propos'd the firing of apollo's temple ; but immediately he recollects himself , and advises her to another revenge , more in her power . to conclude with euripides , hecuba , says the surveyor , thinks the gods 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , bad friends ; he should have said sluggish , and then he had been right . as for seneca he stands barr'd : why then is his atheistical chorus produced , and why in the version of the earl of rochester ? was this transition made for the benefit of the publick , or in honour of the deceas'd ? not the latter , for that noble lord , abhor'd such prophane liberties at his death . thus , to refresh the blemishes of his life , is the greatest outrage to his memory : 't is almost enough to raise him upon the surveyor , to make his ghost resent the usage , and flash correction in his face ; but after all , 't is highly improbable that the chorus spoke the poet's opinion , if , as heinsius , scaliger , and others believe , 't was written by seneca the philosopher : for every body knows he was far enough from being an atheist . and now we have done with authorities ; and here , tho the surveyor has but very bad luck with his poets , yet he has taken great care to conceal the misfortune ; for in his citations he mentions neither act , nor page , but refers to the plays at large . this , i confess , is the right way to discourage the reader 's enquiry , and make him rather believe , than go look . and now i may safely affirm , that several single plays of the moderns , * have not only more , but some bolder passages of prophaneness , than all he has cited from the antients put together . and which is harder still , i have made but a slender discovery of the english stage . thus some people refine upon heathenism ; thus they improve upon their creed , and make amends in their lives , for the odds of their understanding ! in the close of all , the surveyor offers hypothetically , as he calls it , that is faintly , to justifie the stage-freedoms with the nobility . but , by his favour , this ridiculous character must either be drawn for single persons , or quality in general : now either way his satyr falls under his own lash ; for from hence it must follow , that he who makes a lord of a fool , makes a fool of a lord , which he grants is no compliment . but the surveyor having not reply'd to my reasons against this liberty , i need say nothing more upon the argument . i have now done with the surveyor , and heartily wish him a better subject : for a bad cause , besides its own evil , is apt to produce a resembling defence : it often runs an author upon calumny , coarse expedients , and little management : which , as they are no sure methods to raise a character ; so , at one time or other , they 'l certainly displease a man's self . the end . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e the ancient and modern stages surv●yed , &c. p. , . p. , . the ancient and modern stages surveyed , &c. p. . p. , . p. , . p. . p. . view , &c. p. , , . defe●ce , &c. p. , . * multa rerum turpitudine . n●lla , saltem sicut alia multa , verborum obscenitate compos●●ae . de ●ivit . dei lib. cap. . p. . 〈◊〉 * lilius gyraldus de poet. hist. dial. . diomedes libr. . in fragm . sueton. primis temporibus ut asserit tranquillus , omnia quaein scenaversentur in c●media ag●bantur ; nam & pantomimus & choraules in comaedia canebant . macrob. lib. ▪ saturn . cap. . gyrald de po●● . hist. d●●al . . p. . s●alig . poet. lib. . cap. . p. , . macrob. saturn . lib. . cap. . gyraldus , p. . de dial. . p. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . nihil nobis cum impudicitia theatri , &c. tertul. apol. cap , . ancient and modern stage survey'd , p . horat. carm. lib. . od. . p. . itaque pempe●us magnus , solo theatro suo minor , cum illam arcem omnium turpitudinum extruxisset , &c. tertul. de spectac . cap. . p. . omnia illic se●● fortia , seu honesta , seu sonora , seu subtilia proinde ha●e ac si stillicidia mellis de libacunculo venenato , &c. de spectac . cap. . p. . see view , &c. chap. . defence , &c. p. . p. . p. . aeschyl . septem contr . theb●s . p. . p. . ● p. . ibid. p. . view , p. . surv. p. . plat. de 〈◊〉 . lib. . p. . ed. franc. surv. p. . view , &c. p. . survey●r , p ▪ . view , p. . survey●r , p. . p. . vel ebrictatis , vel aliarum inde nascentiunt rerum incommodis disciplina liberos efficiat . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . arist. polit. lib. . cap. . ed. lugd. batav . surveyor , p. . dennis , p. . v●ew , &c. p. . p●lit . lib. . cap . view , p. , survey●r , p. . * o praeclaram emendatricem vitae poeticam , quae amorem flagitii , & levitatis auctorem , in concilio deorum collocondum putet● de comedia loquor quae si haec flagitia non prob●remus nulla ssset omnino . tusc. quest. lib. . surv. p. . ibid. tusc. quaest. lib. . tusc. quaest. lib. . surv. p. . * ibid. ibid. survey , p. . dec. . lib. . view , p. . survey , p. , . * v 〈…〉 survey , p. . * insania . cum piaculorum magis conquisitio animos , quam corpora morbi inficerent . quum locatum à censoribus theatrum extrueretur , p. cornelio nasica auctore tanquam inutile , & nociturum publicis moribus , ex senatus consulto destructum est . liv. lib. . in epit. * ad theatra gradus faciendus est : — religionem civili sanguin● scenico●um portentorum gratia macularunt . valer. max. lib. . cap. . survey . p. . quaest. 〈…〉 august . de 〈…〉 lib. . cap. . tertull. de spect. cap. . at th●atnali licentia proximo pri●ne anno caepta , gravius tum nempit . occisis non modo a plebe , &c. tacit. annal. lib. . . cap. . * 〈…〉 surveyor , p. . . 〈…〉 annal. lib. . cap. . view , p. . * prisci moris , observatia . val. max. l. . cap. . lilius gyraeld . de poet . hist. dial. . * vid. supra . * nullum aditum in scenam mimis dando , &c. quorum argument a majore ex parte stuprorum continent actus , ne talia spectandi consuetudo , etiam imitandi licentiam sumat . l. . cap. . * tusc. quest. lib. . vid. supra . * ea civitas severitatis custos accerrim● est . ibid. surveyor , p. . it 〈…〉 comedi●n omnesque adeo scenicos ludos republica sua ejecerunt ; vid●bant enim eam esse lasciviae matrem nequitiae magistram , &c. thysius in loc. su●to● . in august . surveyor , p. . view , &c. p. . surveyor , p. , . * nihil vero tam damnosa●a bonis moribus quam in aliquo spectaculo desidere , tunc emm per voluptatem vitia facilius surrepunt . senec. epist. . survey , p. . * spectaculum , p. . view , p. . * view , p. . surveyor , p. . surv. p. . survey , p. , . ibid. surveyor , p. . surveyor , p. . survey , p. . ibid. de t●ist . lib. . view , . view , p. . ov . remed . amor. p. . view , p. . survey , p. , . survey , p. . 〈…〉 survey , p. . view , p. . iustin , lib. . sub . fe●● . view , p. . survey , p. . pl●t . in lyeurg . l●con . institut . survey , p. . ut neque joconeque serio cos q●i legibus contradicerent audirent . lacon . instit. survey , p. . survey , p. , . survey , p. . ibid. survey , p. . * romani , sicut apud ciceronem idem scipio loquitur , cum artem ludicr am scenamque totam probr● ducerent , genus id hominum non modo honore c●vium reliquorum carere , s●d etiam tribu moveri not at one censori● voluerunt . * survey , p. . st. august de civ . dei lib. . cap. . view , p. . liv. dec. . l. . view , p. , surv. p. , . surv. p. , . ibid. ibid. surv. p. . p. . surv. p. , . surv. p. ● . de civ . dei , lib. . surv. p. . surv. p. . surv. p. . v. d. supr● . se●l . poet , lib. . c. . eò institutum manet , &c. ab histri●nibus pollu● . expertes artis ludicrae . surv. p. . surv. p. , . ibid. p. . surv. p. . artem ludicram scenamq● to●am probro discer●nt , de civ . d● . lib. . c. . view , p. . omnes propter praemium in scenam prodeuntes , &c. surv. p. . quod genus delectationis italica 〈◊〉 temperatum , ideoque vacuum nota est : nam neque tribu movetur , neque a militaribus stipendiis repellitur , valer. max. lib. . c. . casaub. in loc. surv. p. . view , p. ● . . view , ibid. surv. p. . surv. p. . usefulness of the stage , p. . defence , &c. p. . . 〈…〉 surv. p. . pantomimum veste humili , aut vil●m offerat histrionein &c. usefulness of the stage , p. . * nonne cicero corum cum ro●cium quend●● laudare● 〈…〉 solus esset dignus qui in scenam deberet intrare : ita virum bonum ●t solus esset dignus qui eo non deberet accedere : quid aliud apertissimè ostendens nisi illam sccnam esse tam turpem , ut tan to minus ibi ess● homo debeat , q●●nto magis fuerit vir bon●● . a●g . de consensu evangelist , lib. . view , &c. p. . surveyor , p. . view , p. . epist. ded. view , p. . survey , p. . p. . view , p. . survey , p. . view , p. , . defence , p. , , &c. surv. p. . ibid. survey , p. . survey , p. . survey , p. . p. . survey , p. . . ibid. survey . p. , to . soph. t●achin . view , p. . sophoc . electr● act . survey , p. ▪ . * ibid. eurip. phaeniss . p. . ed. cantabr . hipp●l . p. , &c. androm . p. , . androm . p. , . androm . p. , . vit. eurip. ed. cant●br . survey , p. . survey , p. . p. . surv. p. , . survey , p. in affectibus vero cum omnibus mirus , tum in ●is qui mis●ratione constant , facile praecipuus . quintil. instit. lib. . cap. . survey , p. prom. vinct . p. , . ed. stanl . view , p. . survey . p. . p. . survey . p. . survey . p. . * senec. troad . act. . survey . p. . survey . p. . aristot. de poet. cap. . survey . p. . survey , p. . , & deinc . survey . p. . survey p. , . survey . p. , to . survey . p. . see view and defence . survey . p. . survey p. . view , , , & alib . survey . p. . survey . ibid. view , &c. p. , , & alib . survey p. . survey . p. , . h●rat de art . poet . arist. de poet . cap. . horat. de art. poet . view , p. , , , . defence , p. , , & alib . survey , p. . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . de poet . cap. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ibid. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . arist. de poet . cap. . ut redeat miseris , abeat fortunae super bis . horat. de art. poet . defence , p. , , . survey , p. . p. . rudens . act. . sc. . survey , p. . * surv. p. . * defence , p. , . survey , p. . view , p. , , & alib . survey , p. . survey , p. , , & alib . view , p. . . survey . p. . surv. p. . view , p. . surv. p. . surv. p. ● , . surv. p. , , & alib . survey . p. . surv. p. . ibid. view , p. . surv. p. . surv. p. . * 〈…〉 surv. p. . * quia versus plauti non satis numerose scripti , & saepe obscaeni sunt . † minell . in loe. * i●civile & scurrile dictum . id. * il a des plaisanteries souvent outrées ▪ dacier in l●c. horat. de art. poet. view , p. . surv. p. , . view , p. . surv. p. . de art. poet. de art. poet. lil. gyrald . de poet. hist. dial. . p. , . view , p. . surv. p. . surv. p. , . duplex est apud graecos comaedia antiqua & nova . turneb in lib. . instit. quintil. cap. . surv. p. . * surv. p. . scalig. poet. lib. . cap. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . chor. in plut. act. . sc. . surv. p. . view , p. . survey . p. . p. . p. . remarques sur l' art poetique d' horace tom. . p. . survey . ibid. & p. . instit. or. lib. . cap. . survey . p. . p. . p. . view , p. . survey , p. . institut . lib. . cap. . omnibus r●bus , personis , affectibus , accommodatus . survey . p. . p. . view , p. , . surv. p. , . see defence , p. , , , &c. survey . p. ● ● . survey , p. . view , p. , , . survey . p. . de art. poet. ibid. survey , p. . survey . p. . p. . survey . p. , . survey . p. , . survey . p. , p. p. . p. . * iudg. . v. . survey , p. . survey . p. . sophoc . ●lect . act. . & alib . survey . p. . survey . p. . eurip. hec. act. . eurip. p. , . ed. cantab. ibid. p. . surv. p. , , . troad . p. . ibid. . survey p. . . troad . p. . * androm . p. , . virg. aeneid . . surv. p. . androm . p. , , . ion. p. , , . p. . electr. p. , . surv. p. . view , p. . survey . p. . epist. advers . helvid . & alib . view , p. . herc. fur. surv. p. . survey , p. . ibid. agam. act. . survery , p. , . survey , p. , . * mores suos fassus . instit. orat. lib. . cap. . defence , p. , , &c. surv. p. . view , p. . surv. p. , . view , p. . * me● vi subacta est facere . amph. act. . sc. . * 〈◊〉 , p. . view , p. . s●●v . p. . view , p. . survey , p . spanish-friar . old batch . double-dealer . fool in fashion . soldiers fortune . asimar . act. . sc. . view , p. . mrl. glor. act. . * heauton . act. . s. . ed. in usum delphin . view , p. . surv. p. . survey . p. . p. . surv. p. . * vid. donat. in loc. * see view , p. . survey , p. . view , p. . st. math. . . st. ioh. . . survey . p. , . survey , p. , . survey , p. . malach. . art. . st. joh. . , . eliz. car. . survey . p. . ibid. survey , p. . p. , . moral essays , office chap. survey . p. . survey . p. . defence , from p. , to p. ● . view , &c. ajax . flag . survey . p. . view , p. , . sophoc . antig. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . act. . . ●view , p. . iphig . in aulid . * a vain-glorious rascally race , surv. p. . — iracundus , inexorabilis acer , jura negat sibi nata , nihil non arroget armis . horat. de art. poet. * eurip. iphig . in aulid . p. . & alib . view , p. , . survey , p. . view , p. , , . surv. p. , . view , p. . hec. p. . surv. p. . survey . p. ▪ * eurip. hec. p. , . eurip. orist . p. . surv. . orest. p. . survey . p. . view , p. . survey , p. . ion. p. , . ion. p. . survey . p. . troad . . see vir● , p. . surv. p. . * see view , and defence , ref . survey . p. . survey . p. . view , p. . defence . p. . to p. .