Distant Reader - subject-testAct-freebo

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader zip2carrel process, and the input was a Zip file locally cached with the name input-file.zip. Documents in the Zip file have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 11 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 271,911 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 24,719 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 88. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

will, may, men, god, church, yet, one, earl, religion, parliament, test, must, shall, first, much, without, thing, oath, made, make, law, time, take, us, power, man, therefore, act, great, self, sense, good, now, never, laws, government, things, words, reason, might, far, king, well, true, either, council, part, world, give, majesties

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Miscellanies by the Right Noble Lord, the late Lord Marquess of Halifax, The Case of the Earl of Argyle, or, An Exact and full account of his trial, escape, and sentence wherein are insert the act of Parliament injoining the test, the confession of faith, the old act of the king''s oath to be given at his coronation : with several other old acts, made for establishing the Protestant religion : as also several explications made of the test by the conformed clergy : with the secret councils explanation thereof : together with several papers of objections against the test, all framed and emitted by conformists : with the Bishop of Edinburgh''s Vindication of the test, in answer thereunto : as likewise a relation of several matters of fact for better clearing of the said case : whereunto is added an appendix in answer to a late pamphlet called A vindication of His Majestie''s government and judicatories in Scotland, especially with relation to the Earl of Argyle''s process, in so far as concerns the Earl''s trial., and A letter from a gentleman of the Romish religion, to his brother, a person of quality of the same religion, perswading him to go to church, and take those oaths the law directs proving the lawfulness thereof by arguments not disagreeable to doctrines of the Roman Church..

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

protestant religion, early english, english books, every thing, books online, royal highness, penal laws, christ jesus, roman catholicks, creation partnership, text creation, page images, think fit, majesties advocate, let us, will never, legislative power, real presence, every man, tells us, one another, genuine sense, sir george, shall think, found guilty, god almighty, much less, image sets, represented either, three estates, characters represented, true god, tcp schema, lawful way, mean time, george lockhart, true protestant, majesties privy, catholick church, thought fit, jesus christ, crimes libelled, substantial presence, little time, made use, time coming, will make, will give, lawfull way, christ iesus

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are The Case of the Earl of Argyle, or, An Exact and full account of his trial, escape, and sentence wherein are insert the act of Parliament injoining the test, the confession of faith, the old act of the king''s oath to be given at his coronation : with several other old acts, made for establishing the Protestant religion : as also several explications made of the test by the conformed clergy : with the secret councils explanation thereof : together with several papers of objections against the test, all framed and emitted by conformists : with the Bishop of Edinburgh''s Vindication of the test, in answer thereunto : as likewise a relation of several matters of fact for better clearing of the said case : whereunto is added an appendix in answer to a late pamphlet called A vindication of His Majestie''s government and judicatories in Scotland, especially with relation to the Earl of Argyle''s process, in so far as concerns the Earl''s trial. Reasons for abrogating the test imposed upon all members of Parliament, anno 1678, Octob. 30 in these words, I A.B. do solemnly and sincerely, in the presence of God, profess, testifie, and declare, that I do believe that in the Sacrament of the Lord''s Supper there is not any transubstantiation of the elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ, at, or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever, and that the invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary, or any other saint, and the sacrifice of the mass, as they are now used in the Church of Rome, are superstitious and idolatrous : first written for the author''s own satisfaction, and now published for the benefit of all others whom it may concern., and Sam. Ld. Bp. of Oxon, his celebrated reasons for abrogating the test and notions of idolatry, answered by Samuel, Arch-Deacon of Canterbury..

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

church, tcp, religion, laws, law, king, test, nation, government, god, authority, reason, power, people, parliament, oath, lord, liberty, house, council, body, act, worship, world, word, wine, vertue, trimmer, tei, sun, state, royal, roman, publick, protestant, prince, presence, popes, pannel, opinion, nature, men, man, majesty, majesties, loyalty, lords, life, letter, interest

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be earl, and An enquiry into the reasons for abrogating the test imposed on all members of Parliament offered by Sa. Oxon. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

thing, test, time, men, man, things, sense, self, words, part, reason, nothing, power, way, religion, others, author, case, people, hath, body, day, person, matter, nature, tho, word, blood, persons, manner, place, text, interest, subjects, advantage, none, t, ▪, terms, use, side, nation, laws, kind, life, hand, times, truth, alteration, meaning

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, are, was, have, were, had, being, do, made, make, been, take, said, did, give, think, has, say, let, given, having, taken, believe, put, done, am, see, does, thought, swear, know, according, found, set, come, allowed, go, find, hath, intended, making, endeavour, declare, seeing, called, bound, keep, declared, consider

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

earl, god, church, parliament, oath, law, act, religion, government, council, king, laws, protestant, men, majesty, world, majesties, authority, christ, power, idolatry, lord, highness, england, tcp, state, explanation, confession, c., prince, kingdom, faith, lords, bishop, 〉, word, treason, ◊, liberty, hath, 〈, presence, pannel, house, heaven, english, royal, transubstantiation, man, nature

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, his, he, they, their, them, i, our, you, we, him, your, us, himself, her, my, themselves, she, its, me, one, thy, ''em, theirs, yours, ours, thee, ''s, mine, ye, itself, em, herself, ít, yow, whosoever, us''d, severall, l, hitherto, hers, hemself, elf, beatifie, ay

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, such, own, same, great, good, more, true, first, many, much, whole, least, little, necessary, new, general, present, plain, better, very, several, ill, greater, last, particular, late, best, less, guilty, most, clear, full, common, contrary, former, only, greatest, lawful, fit, certain, old, false, second, consistent, real, natural, next, sure, possible

not, so, only, then, as, more, therefore, very, most, never, now, far, too, up, much, well, yet, ever, even, out, first, here, still, indeed, also, rather, no, in, thus, all, less, else, down, especially, certainly, always, thereof, off, often, enough, again, there, long, away, whatsoever, at, together, just, plainly, further

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.